DIGESTIVE ENZYMES A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1 Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Digestive Enzymes: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84392-9 1. Digestive Enzymes-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on digestive enzymes. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DIGESTIVE ENZYMES ................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Digestive Enzymes........................................................................ 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 18 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 19 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND DIGESTIVE ENZYMES....................................................................... 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 Finding Nutrition Studies on Digestive Enzymes ...................................................................... 27 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 29 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND DIGESTIVE ENZYMES ................................................ 31 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 31 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 31 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 35 General References ....................................................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON DIGESTIVE ENZYMES .................................................................. 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 Dissertations on Digestive Enzymes ........................................................................................... 39 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON DIGESTIVE ENZYMES ............................................................................. 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 Patents on Digestive Enzymes..................................................................................................... 41 Patent Applications on Digestive Enzymes................................................................................. 55 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 65 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON DIGESTIVE ENZYMES................................................................................. 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 67 Chapters on Digestive Enzymes .................................................................................................. 68 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON DIGESTIVE ENZYMES ...................................................................... 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Video Recordings ......................................................................................................................... 69 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 73 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 75 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 77 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 79 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 83 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 85 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 85 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 85 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 91 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 91
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DIGESTIVE ENZYMES DICTIONARY...................................................................................... 93 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 149
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with digestive enzymes is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about digestive enzymes, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to digestive enzymes, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on digestive enzymes. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to digestive enzymes, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on digestive enzymes. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DIGESTIVE ENZYMES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on digestive enzymes.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and digestive enzymes, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “digestive enzymes” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Reasons for Skin Breakdown and How to Handle This Problem Source: Metro Washington By-Pass. 96(66): 6. July 1991. Contact: Available from United Ostomy Association. Metropolitan Washington Chapter, Washington Hospital Center, East Building, Room 3102, 110 Irving Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20010. (202) 877-6019. Summary: Skin breakdown, one of the most common problems ostomates encounter, can be avoided with proper care and management. This brief article stresses the importance of prevention and regular skin care. Three typical causes of skin breakdown are discussed: allergy, exposure of skin to digestive enzymes, and infection with bacteria or a fungus.
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Molecular and Cell Biology of the Small Intestine Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 7(2): 202-206. April 1991. Summary: This article addresses the molecular and cell biology of the small intestine. The small intestinal epithelium contains four principal differentiated cell types: enterocytes, goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, and Paneth cells. The author reviews recent studies that have provided new insights into the regulation of gene expression in these cells. Topics include the role of luminal epidermal growth factor, spatial differentiation of the intestinal epithelium, regulation of gastrointestinal hormone gene expression, regulation and expression of brush-border digestive enzymes, transporters, alkaline phosphatase structure, cytochrome P450 expression, and purine metabolism. 28 annotated references.
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Boosting Your Fiber Intake Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 15(6): 41-44. November-December 1998. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Summary: This article presents an overview of fiber and its health benefits. Fiber is a type of carbohydrate that is present in the fruits, stalks, and leaves of plants. Although fiber is passed undigested through the human body because humans lack the digestive enzymes needed to break down fiber into usable material, its health benefits are derived from its passage through the intestines. Types of fiber are insoluble and soluble fiber. Insoluble fiber, which is found mainly in the cell walls of plants, sweeps potentially harmful substances quickly through the colon. The unique properties of insoluble fiber may have a role in the prevention of cancer, diverticulitis, and hemorrhoids. Soluble fiber, which includes gums, mucilages, and pectin, creates a gummy solution when mixed with water. Eating large amounts of soluble fiber appears to have a positive effect on postmeal blood glucose levels. In addition, a diet high in soluble fiber lowers blood cholesterol and triglycerides. The article presents tips and recipes for getting started on a high fiber diet. Each recipe is accompanied by nutritional analyses that note the diabetes exchanges per serving; number of calories; number of grams of carbohydrates, protein, fat, and fiber; and number of milligrams of sodium. The serving size and number of carbohydrate choices are also provided for each recipe.
Federally Funded Research on Digestive Enzymes The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to digestive enzymes. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to digestive enzymes. 2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore digestive enzymes. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for digestive enzymes: •
Project Title: ACUTE PANCREATITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Steer, Michael L.; Professor of Surgery; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center St 1005 Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1982; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (Adapted from investigator's abstract) Currently available evidence indicates that digestive enzyme zymogens such as trypsinogen become prematurely activated within acinar cells of the pancreas during the early stages of acute pancreatitis. Activated digestive enzymes are believed to cause cell injury leading to acinar cell death and pancreatitis. The proposed project will pursue the following specific aims: 1) to define the mechanisms responsible for premature activation of zymogens within the pancreas and the role of those activated digestive enzymes in the evolution of acute pancreatitis; and 2) to determine if the type of acinar cell death (ie, necrosis or apoptosis) during acute pancreatitis regulates the severity of that acute pancreatitis. The specific aim #1 studies will build on the observation that infusion of a supramaximally stimulating dose of the CCK analog caerulein causes intrapancreatic activation of trypsinogen as well as pancreatitis in rats. Furthermore, cathepsin B mediated activation of trypsinogen occurs when isolated acini are incubated in vitro with supramaximally stimulating concentrations of caerulein. In the proposed studies, the intracellular location of trypsinogen activation, the cellular events involved in trypsinogen activation, and the mechanism by which trypsinogen activation leads to cell injury will be determined. In the specific aim #2 studies, several models of experimental pancreatitis in laboratory animals (mice, rats, opossums) will be utilized to evaluate the possibility that apoptosis minimizes the severity of pancreatitis. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon will be examined and the potential value of treating established pancreatitis by inducing apoptosis will be evaluated. Successful completion of these proposed studies will provide important new insights into the cellular basis for acute pancreatitis and identify methods of either preventing or minimizing the severity of this frequently lethal disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CASEIN COATED CAP PARTICLES FOR ORAL INSULIN DELIVERY Principal Investigator & Institution: Morcol, Tulin; Biosante Pharmaceuticals, Inc 4600 Highlands Pky, Ste A&B Smyrna, Ga 30082 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Parenteral administration of insulin via the subcutaneous route is the only commercially available therapy to treat insulindependent diabetes mellitus. Multiple daily injections are required to manage and maintain blood glucose control due to its relatively short duration of action (4 to 8 hours). Oral insulin would provide an attractive alternative. However, successful development of an oral insulin formulation has been hampered by the numerous and complex barriers to protein absorption inherent to the gastrointestinal tract. A novel delivery system has emerged that may overcome these obstacles. The design of this delivery system incorporates an understanding of the complex barriers to oral insulin absorption and results in the production of biodegradable, insulin-impregnated, calcium
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phosphate / polyethylene glycol microparticles coated with casein. The characterization of particle size and morphology, their associated physicochemical properties, and the critical factors affecting these parameters will assist in formula optimization and process development. Thus, the aims of Phase I are to prepare a lot of casein coated, insulinladen microparticles utilizing the most current manufacturing process; to fully characterize them in terms of particle size, particle morphology, % loading of insulin, insulin activity, relative component composition, moisture content, stability against digestive enzymes, pH-dependent dissolution characteristics, and storage stability; and to demonstrate a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose with concomitant increase in serum insulin levels in rodents. Furthermore, modification and adaptation of the delivery system to another orally challenged therapeutic protein, such as human growth hormone, would demonstrate general utility of the delivery system. The long-range goal of this research is to develop a novel, safe, efficacious, long-acting, oral delivery system for insulin demonstrating a dose dependency with reduced variability that may be applicable to other therapeutically relevant proteins. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHARACTERIZATION AND SORTING OF ZYMOGEN GRANULE PROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lowe, Anson W.; Medicine; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-1991; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The exocrine pancreas is responsible for the synthesis and secretion of digestive enzymes into the intestine. The acinar cell is responsible for the pancreas' exocrine functions and can be characterized as a polarized secretory epithelia. Digestive enzyme secretion is also regulated and can be stimulated with acetylcholine and cholecystokinin. The key subcellular organelle responsible for regulated secretion in the acinar cell is the zymogen granule; a secretory vesicle that stores and concentrates digestive enzymes until secretion is stimulated. The focus of this project has been the characterization of zymogen granule membrane proteins as a means toward understanding the mechanisms underlying the formation of secretory granules and the targeting of proteins to the regulated secretory pathway. GP2 is the dominant protein in the zymogen granule membrane and accounts for 35 percent of the total granule membrane protein. In vitro studies have demonstrated that GP2 is able to aggregate with other exocrine regulated secretory proteins in acidic conditions designed to mimic the trans-Golgi network and immature secretory granule where sorting occurs. GP2 is initially bound to the membrane through a glycosylphosphotidylinositol linkage, which by itself confers membrane protein sorting to the apical plasma membrane. Because GP2 exhibits binding to the soluble digestive enzymes within the granule and contains a sorting determinant for the apical plasma membrane, it is likely that the protein plays a significant role in sorting digestive enzymes into the zymogen granule and the regulated pathway. The goal of this application for the next funding period is to define GP2's function. Transgenic knockout techniques will be employed to produce a mouse with a GP2 null allele. Because GP2 is specifically expressed in the pancreatic zymogen granule and the exocrine pancreas is not functional until after birth, it is unlikely that an embryonic lethal will result from the mutation. Thus preparations have been made to analyze the resultant mutant mice using biochemical, morphological, and physiological approaches. Electron microscopy will be used to study GP2's role on the formation of the zymogen granule. Primary pancreatic cultures will be used to study the integrity of the regulated secretory pathway in the mutants. To establish that any
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resultant phenotypes are truly secondary to the GP2 null mutant, preparations have been made for the reconstitution of wild-type GP2 in primary pancreatic cultures using adenovirus mediated gene delivery. Adenovirus expression of a variety of mutant GP2 constructs will be used to identify important functional domains in the protein. Last, studies will be performed on the effects of the GP2 mutation in experimentally induced pancreatitis. The model we propose to generate will provide important information on GP2 biology and may also provide potential models for human acute and chronic pancreatic diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND LIPID ANALYSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Woollett, Laura A.; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This Core Unit has two primary functions. One function of this Core Unit is to analyze plasma, tissue, and intestinal lumen samples for lipid concentration and composition, and to size micelles and vesicles. This Core Unit will also function as a source of expertise in a variety of studies of mice, in vivo rates of sterol synthesis in hamsters and mice, and LDL uptake rates in hamsters. Due to the types of analyses being completed, this Core will serve all projects in a highly interactive and collaborative manner. The first function of this Core is to analyze lipid concentration and content of different types of samples generated from humans and animals. Plasma total and LDL cholesterol concentrations will be determined by standardized techniques. Postprandial samples from intestinal lumen of both animals and humans will be assayed for cholesterol solubility, micellar and vesicular size, bile acid composition and concentration, cholesterol concentration, phospholipid concentration and glyceride concentration. The second function of this Core utilizes the expertise of the lead and participating investigators. Cholesterol and triglyceride absorption, as determined by secretion of radiolabeled lipid into lymph, will be measured in this Core in mice lacking various digestive enzymes. In addition, this ore will study sterol balance across mice lacking the same digestive enzymes by measuring in vivo rates of synthesis in the liver, small intestine and remaining carcass. Finally, in vivo sterol synthesis rates and LDL-cholesterol uptake rates will be determined in hamsters fed diets similar to human if the various diets resulted in changes in sterol fractional synthetic rates, LDLcholesterol levels or mRNA levels for HMG-CoA reductase or the LDL receptor. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--ISLET ISOLATION AND TRANSPLANTATION FACILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Mordes, John P.; Univ of Massachusetts Med Sch Worcester Office of Research Funding Worcester, Ma 01655 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The Islet Isolation and Transplantation Core will provide Project investigators with a reliable supply of isolated mouse, rat, and human pancreatic islets for use in transplantation. Mouse and rat islets will be prepared by the personnel of the Core. Human islets will be obtained from Dr. Camillo Ricordi at the University of Miami. The Islet Core will supervise the receipt, assessment, counting, and distribution of the human islets. Core personnel will also perform all islet transplantation surgery. The need for this Core was recognized in our previous proposal, and our laboratory has supported the activities of an Islet Isolation Core since 1991. The need for the core is
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determined by both biological and logistical considerations. Islets comprise less than 1% of the mass of the pancreas, are distributed nearly uniformly throughout a gland laden with digestive enzymes, and are fixed in position by a network of vasculature and fibrous tissue. Their isolation is a time-consuming procedure that requires considerable skill. On average, each mouse or rat islet transplant recipient requires all the islets that can be obtained from about four donors. In our experience, one technician can process enough donors to transplant 3 to 4 chemically diabetic mice per day. Each mouse requires 20 islets per gram of body weight to restore normoglycemia. Program Project investigators anticipate performing 1,500 to 2,000 transplants yearly, all using mouse recipients. One technician engaged in islet isolation will be required to satisfy the projected need for mouse and rat tissue and to transplant all mouse, rat, and human islets. The procedures required for islet transplantation beneath the kidney capsule require the development and maintenance of surgical skill. The level of skill required is particularly high because of the need to maintain strict asepsis; many of the transplants will be performed using immunodeficient scid mice. The proposed Islet Isolation Core facility is intended to avoid duplication of effort in the Program Project's laboratories and enhance quality control. The Core will also facilitate the Program Project concept by standardizing a key shared methodology, allowing comparisons of results among Projects. Our islet isolation procedure is a modified collagenase method carried out under aseptic conditions. If investigators should require additional processing of islets in the form of prolonged culture to remove passenger leukocytes or the preparation of porcine islets, the Islet Core can also provide this service. Islet transplantation will be performed by the Core staff in viral antibody free quarters in the case of rat recipients and in a special quarantine facility in the case of scid mice. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DIET, DISEASE, AND PANCREATIC ENZYME SYNTHESIS IN HUMANS Principal Investigator & Institution: O'keefe, Stephen J.; Internal Medicine; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Va 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: Acute pancreatitis is a disease of high mortality, induced by premature activation of digestive enzymes in the pancreas, and accompanied by a severe systemic immunoinflammatory response and protein catabolism. Meeting nutritional needs is difficult because food-induced pancreatic stimulation may exacerbate the disease process, and intravenous nutrition (TPN), while "resting the pancreas," increases the risk of septicemia and mucosal atrophy. Recent controlled clinical trials suggest that tubefeeding with elemental diets has advantages over TPN with regard to cost, safety (less infective complications), and efficacy (more anticatabolic). However, it is unknown in humans whether elemental diets stimulate the pancreas, and the beneficial effects may simply reflect better metabolic control and fewer serious complications. Consequently, Dr. O'Keefe and colleagues plan to measure the effects of duodenal infusions of elemental diets on pancreatic enzyme synthesis and secretion in normal volunteers and patients with acute pancreatitis using a unique method that they have developed, based on the 6-hr intravenous and enteral infusion of two isotope-labeled amino acids and measurement of their uptake into trypsin and amylase proteins extracted from duodenal secretions. The method also allows them to obtain simultaneous measurements of the rates of protein catabolism and utilization of dietary amino acids for the synthesis of mucosal proteins (obtained by endoscopic biopsy). Studies will be conducted in groups of 8 normal volunteers to compare the relative effects of complex and elemental diets
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given as duodenal infusions, versus TPN, on the normal response to a complex oral diet. The results will then be used to evaluate the responses in 20 patients with acute pancreatitis randomized to receive enteral elemental or TPN. The results of these investigations are expected to provide valuable new information on both the stimulatory effects of food on the human digestive system and the nutritional value of modern nutritional support techniques, and help determine why elemental diets are more effective than TPN in the management of patients with acute pancreatitis. The results are also expected to form a scientific basis for the design of disease-specific diets for patients with acute pancreatic disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DIETARY REGULATION OF PANCREATIC DIGESTIVE ENZYMES Principal Investigator & Institution: Williams, John A.; Professor; Physiology; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 21-AUG-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The pancreas shortly after each meal secretes the majority of the enzymes required for digestion of a diverse array of dietary components. To match the amount of available digestive enzymes to digestive need, both the synthesis of digestive enzymes and the size of the gland are regulated. This is in part via the hormones and neurotransmitters that stimulate digestive enzyme secretion, particularly cholecystokinin (CCK), but also by dietary components, particularly amino acids. It is the purpose of the proposed work to characterize this regulation, uncover the molecular mechanisms, and relate the stimulatory mechanisms to the integrative response. Specific Aims of this proposal include: (1) determining the role and mechanism by which food, amino acids and CCK induce the synthesis of pancreatic digestive enzymes. We will first establish the time course and extent of enhanced pancreatic protein synthesis in mice after feeding. The state of activation of translation initiation factors, particularly elF2 and eIF4E, and p70 ribosomal S6 kinase will be evaluated. We will determine the effects of amino acids particularly leucine as a signal to initiate protein synthesis and activate the translation machinery. We will also determine the relative importance and synergy of CCK, amino acids and insulin in regulating protein synthesis. (2) We will determine the role by which CCK and amino acids enhance pancreatic growth. We will determine the effects of dietary protein in the absence of CCK on MAP kinase and other growth mediating pathways, and we will determine if diet-induced growth in the absence of CCK is dependent on calcineurin, similar to the effect of CCK with a normal diet. (3) We will determine the mechanism of calcineurin in induction of pancreatic protein synthesis and growth. Whether activated calcineurin is sufficient to induce growth and protein synthesis will be determined. We will also determine whether calcincunn-induced gene regulation is involved in the growth response. These studies will be carried out in normal mice fed different diets or gavage-fed trypsin inhibitor or amino acids. They will also make use of a mutant mouse line with CCK-deleted and involve the construction of a transgenic mouse line with constitutively active calcineurin targeted to the pancreas. Studies will be carried out both in vivo and in isolated pancreatic acini. Immunosuppressants such as cyclosponn A and FK506 will be used to inhibit calcineurin and rapamycin to inhibit mTOR. This work, in addition to understanding normal function may assist in designing diets to maximally stimulate pancreatic growth to counteract pancreatic insufficiency. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ENTEROKINASE--AN INTESTINAL DIGESTIVE PROTEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Sadler, J Evan.; Professor & Howard Hughes Investigator; Internal Medicine; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 18-SEP-1995; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Enteropeptidase (also known as enterokinase) is a protease of the intestinal brush border that specifically cleaves trypsinogen to yield trypsin, which then cleaves and activates other pancreatic zymogens. This regulatory mechanism confines the activity of digestive hydrolases to the gut. Enteropeptidase is synthesized as a single chain zymogen, whereas active enteropeptidase contains a approximately 47 kDa serine protease domain (light chain) and a disulfide-linked approximately 120 kDa heavy chain. Enteropeptidase is conserved among vertebrates, and congenital deficiency causes intestinal malabsorption. Understanding the targeting and structure-function relationships of this ancient, essential protease is critical to understanding the regulation of digestive enzymes in vivo. Specific Aim 1 is to characterize the signals that specify apical targeting of enteropeptidase. Preliminary studies have identified two motifs that contain apical targeting information. These signals will be dissected by mutagenesis and expression of chimeric proteins in polarized MDCK cells. In addition, the role of sphingolipid and cholesterol-rich "raft" domains in enteropeptidase sorting will be defined. Specific Aim 2 is to define the structural basis for the recognition by enteropeptidase of substrates and inhibitors. Enteropeptidase recognizes substrates that resemble the trypsinogen activation peptide, Val-Asp-Asp-Asp-Asp-Lys, but enteropeptidase cleaves trypsinogen with approximately 500-fold greater catalytic efficiency than it cleaves similar model peptides. This specificity for trypsinogen is determined by "exosites" on both the light chain and the noncatalytic heavy chain that are distinct from the catalytic center. These exosites will be characterized by targeted mutagenesis and by selection of optimal substrates from phage display libraries. Specific Aim 3 is to determine the three-dimensional structure of the enteropeptidase catalytic domain complexed with substrate analogs and inhibitors. The crystallographic structure is being refined of the recombinant enteropeptidase catalytic domain (L-BEK) complexed with an analog of the trypsinogen activation peptide, Val-Asp-Asp-Asp-AspLys-chloromethane. This structure provides a framework to understand the specificity of enteropeptidase in atomic detail and to predict the effects of mutagenesis. Additional structures will be determined for mutant enzymes with novel specificity and for selected enzyme-inhibitor complexes, including L-BEK (Lys99A1a), L-BEK-STI, and L-BEK-BPTI. The complementary approaches of mutagenesis, kinetic analysis and structure determination will provide new insight into the range of properties that evolution can confer on trypsin-like serine proteases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK AND PANCREATIC ENZYME PRODUCTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hoyt, David B.; Surgery; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 920930934 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-MAR-2004; Project End 28-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Hemorrhagic shock is accompanied by a strong inflammatory reaction, the origin of which has been hypothesized in the past to be associated with specific mediators such as endotoxin, oxygen free radicals, cytokines and platelet activating factor. No conclusive evidence has been advanced that may lead to clinical utility. Instead, we have recently obtained evidence indicating that the
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powerful digestive enzymes, synthesized in the pancreas as part of normal digestion, may play a central role in shock and multiorgan failure. These powerful enzymes have the ability to digest almost all biological tissues. Self-digestion is prevented by compartmentalization of the fully activated enzymes in the lumen of the intestine by the mucosal epithelial barrier. In hemorrhagic shock, the mucosal barrier becomes permeable to pancreatic enzymes. The digestive enzymes enter into the wall of the intestine and initiate self-digestion of autologous submucosal extracellular matrix proteins and tissue cells, a process which leads to the production of inflammatory mediators. As an early line of defense, we hypothesize that inhibition of pancreatic enzymes in the lumen of the intestine serves to attenuate the formation of inflammatory mediators in hemorrhagic shock and consequently cell and tissue injury as well as multiorgan failure. Accordingly, we propose the following three specific aims in a porcine model of severe hemorrhagic shock: I. To examine different levels of pressure reductions and ischemic periods and their impact on the effectiveness of pancreatic enzyme inhibition to reduce the effects of inflammatory factors and improve cardiovascular function in this model; II. To examine different pancreatic enzyme inhibitors and determine optimal dosages for these enzyme inhibitors and method of delivery; and III. To evaluate the impact of intra-luminal protease inhibition in the intestine on mortality and end organ failure over 7 days after severe hemorrhagic shock. Our preliminary results indicate that blockade of digestive enzymes (serine proteases, lipases) in the lumen of the intestine provides a highly significant protection against formation of inflammatory mediators and early symptoms of multiorgan failure. The results of this research provide not only an approach to examine the different enzymatic and inflammatory processes in hemorrhagic shock but also to directly serve as the basis for possible intervention in patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IRON & OXYGEN BIOLOGY IN SCD, HH & BETA-THAL MICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Theil, Elizabeth C.; Senior Scientist; Children's Hospital & Res Ctr at Oakland Research Center at Oakland Oakland, Ca 94609 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: Patients with primary or secondary hemochromatosis are liable to cardiac and hepatic failure, and type II diabetes. Despite the (highly likely) conjecture that ironmediated tissue damage involves the conspiracy of cellular oxidizing and reducing equivalents, the pathophysiologic events have not been fully elucidated. The present investigations represent an attempt to define the toxic effects of iron on intracellular organelles, in particular, mitochondria and lysosomes. The tissues at risk- heart, liver and pancreatic beta cells - all have highly active mitochondria which incidentally generate activated oxygen species capable of causing synergistic toxicity with intracellular iron. Our investigations center about three specific hypotheses: (1) Iron is more toxic to cells with active mitochondria. (2) The mitochondrial genome is preferentially damaged by iron-mediated oxidative reactions and accumulation of mutational events leads to mitochondrial dysfunction. (3) 'Loose' intracellular iron also causes the oxidative destabilization of lysosomes, causing leak of digestive enzymes into the cell cytoplasm and eventuating in apoptotic or necrotic cell death. These hypotheses will be tested by: (1) Determining whether cultured myeloid cells and myoblasts with active mitochondria are more readily damaged by iron loading than are cells depleted in mitochondrial function (via long-term culture in ethidium bromide or treatment with selected inhibitors). (2) Using full-length quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we will determine whether the mitochondrial genome in iron-loaded cultured
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Digestive Enzymes
myoblasts accumulates modification which prevent read-through by the polymerase compared with similar lengths of genes within the nuclear genome. In these experiments, several techniques will also be used to estimate the state of 'intactness' of cellular lysosomes. (3) Similar investigations of mitochondrial vs. nuclear DNA damage and lysosomal integrity will also be conducted on mice with congenital or acquired ironoverload, mice expressing 50 percent of normal manganese superoxide dismutase (the mitochondrial form of the enzyme), sickle hemoglobin and thalassemia. The resulting information will be used to help probe the efficiency of presently available and experimental chelators, not only in promoting iron excretion but also in the prevention of defined types of cellular damage. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MEMBRANE TRAFFICKING IN MAMMALIAN CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Brown, William J.; Associate Professor; Molecular Biology and Genetics; Cornell University Ithaca Office of Sponsored Programs Ithaca, Ny 14853 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 21-SEP-1996; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: Secretion and endocytosis play critical roles in the health and function of both individual cells and multi-cellular organisms to control a wide variety of physiological processes including nutrient uptake, secretion of hormones and digestive enzymes, synaptic transmission between nerve cells, and defense against foreign pathogens. Both secretion and endocytosis critically depend on the transport of cargo, e.g., polypeptide hormones, between various intracellular organelles of these pathways. One mechanism for transporting cargo involves the formation of small membranous vesicles that bud from one compartment and travel to and fuse with a target compartment. More recently, however, another possible means for transporting material between intracellular compartments has become the subject of growing interest-namely, the formation of uniformly sized membrane tubules from the Golgi complex, trans Golgi network (TGN), and endosomes. Little is known about the exact function of these tubules, or how they are formed. Over the last two years of this grant, we have been performing basic cell biological research in order to elucidate the function of these tubules and their molecular mechanism of formation in mammalian cells. To do this, we have developed and utilized both in vitro and permeabilized cell systems which reconstitute tubule formation from both Golgi and endosome membranes. Using these, and other in vivo assays, we have obtained complementary lines of evidence indicating that membrane tubulation uniquely requires a cytoplasmic Ca2+- independent phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzyme. The central hypothesis that we propose to test is that a specific cytoplasmic PLA2 is intimately involved in the formation of membrane tubules that function in Golgi-to-ER retrograde trafficking, and the assembly of an intact, fully interconnected Golgi complex. Our plan is to identify the specific enzyme, isolate a cDNA, and prepare antibodies against the protein. These reagents, along with pharmacological inhibitors of PLA2s, will then be used to explore the specific functions of tubules in cells through over- expression and ablation and in in vitro reconstitution assays. These studies will contribute to the elucidation of novel PLA2- dependent, membrane tubule-mediated intracellular trafficking events in the secretory pathway. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PRODUCTS
MICROVASCULAR
INJURY
AND
PANCREATIC
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ENZYME
Principal Investigator & Institution: Schmid-Schonbein, Geert W.; Professor; Biology; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 920930934 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): One of the important unresolved issues in physiological shock is understanding the mechanism leading to formation of an inflammatory cascade. Shock is accompanied by cell activation in the microcirculation, leukocyte infiltration, cell dysfunction, apoptosis and organ failure. We recently obtained evidence that pancreatic enzymes serve as a powerful source for generation of humoral inflammatory mediators in the ischemic intestine. Blockade of pancreatic enzymes in the lumen of the ischemic intestine leads to high levels of protection against inflammation and multi-organ failure. Our results point to an important role for pancreatic serine proteinases. In accordance with this evidence we hypothesize that pancreatic digestive enzymes in the intestine can escape across the brush border cell barrier during ischemia and thereafter produce humoral inflammatory mediators by digestion of extracellular matrix proteins and other cellular components. Our Specific Aims are (1) to identify specific pancreatic enzyme activities which contribute to humoral microvascular activator production in hemorrhagic shock by enzyme blockade in the lumen of the ischemic intestine and by introduction of purified pancreatic enzymes into the lumen of the small intestine; (2) to examine the pancreatic enzyme localization in the tissue before and after intestinal ischemia and determine the production of inflammatory mediator production in the interstitial space of the small intestine; (3) to examine molecular mechanisms for initiation of inflammation in a peripheral organ after activator production by pancreatic enzymes in the intestine; and (4) to purify and characterize selected inflammatory mediators produced by pancreatic enzymes from homogenates of pancreas as an ubiquitous source of inflammatory mediators and from digests of purified extracellular matrix proteins (including fibronectin, vitronectin, and collagen I, III and IV) with serine proteinases. We will study, using state of the art digital in-vivo microscopy, transport and action of pancreatic enzymes in combination with biochemical identification of inflammatory mediators in the rat shock model. Biochemical identification of the inflammatory mediators is facilitated by availability of large quantities of starting material from harvested rat and pig pancreatic tissue. Understanding the trigger mechanisms for inflammation in shock will lead to new treatment modalities in man. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR DETERMINATION
REGULATION
OF
PANCREAS
CELL
FATE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Stanger, Ben Z.; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Most organs contain a variety differentiated cell types that are derived from a pool of uncommitted progenitor cells. How the correct number of different cell types are specified - the process of cell fate determination - is a central question in organogenesis. This problem applies to the pancreas, which contains exocrine cells, which produce digestive enzymes, and endocrine cells, which make pancreatic hormones, including insulin. The goal of this project is to understand the mechanism by which pancreatic progenitor cells are instructed to become exocrine or
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Digestive Enzymes
endocrine cells, through the process of cell fate determination. Previous work has suggested that Notch - a complex receptor signaling pathway that is widely used during embryogenesis to control differentiation - plays an important role determining pancreatic cell fate. This proposal aims to answer three questions. First, can manipulation of the Notch signal lead to changes in the proportion of exocrine and endocrine cells that form? This will be addressed by mis-expressing activators and inhibitors of the Notch pathway in transgenic mice to determine the effect on cell fate. Second, how are Notch signals regulated in the pancreas? This will be addressed by characterizing the expression of elements of the Notch pathway when known mediators of endocrine differentiation are expressed in chick embryos. Third, what is the function of the mouse Sel-1l protein, a negative regulator of Notch in C. elegans which is expressed in the mammalian pancreas. This will be addressed by inactivating the Sel-1l gene. Clarifying the mechanism by which cell fate decisions are made in the pancreas will enhance the general understanding of the process of organogenesis. Many degenerative diseases, including pancreatic insufficiency and type I diabetes, result from the loss important differentiated cell types. Practically, an understanding of the mechanisms by which the organism specifies such cell types may confer the ability to experimentally manipulate tissues for therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MYT1 FUNCTION FOR ENDOCRINE ISLET DEVELOPMENT & FUCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Gu, Guoqiang; Cell and Developmental Biology; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-DEC-2003; Project End 30-NOV-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The vertebrate pancreas has two glands: exocrine acini and pancreatic ducts comprise the exocrine pancreas, which secretes and transports digestive enzymes to the duodenum; four types of endocrine cells ( 13,5, and PP cells) form endocrine islets of Langerhans, which secrete endocrine hormones to regulate a variety of physiological processes. Disease related to the pancreas includes pancreatic cancer, one of the leading causes of cancer death, and diabetes mellitus, which afflicts over 16 million individuals in the United States. As a result, pancreasrelated studies not only shed light on the basic mechanisms that direct organogenesis, but also bear strong implications for human health. Despite the increased efforts and rapid progress in elucidating the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying pancreatic development, little is known about the regulatory interactions that lead to pancreatic cell differentiation. For example, although it is known that Notch signaling participates in endocrine-exocrine cell fate determination by controlling the expression of a basic loop-helix-loop protein, NGN3, it is not known what other factors cooperate with NGN3 to induce mature endocrine cell differentiation nor what factors are needed to maintain proper islet function. In order to address these questions, this principal investigator has successfully utilized a temporally controlled cell marking technique to identify progenitor cells for mature endocrine islets. We found that transient Ngn3 expression in the pancreatic buds marks endocrine progenitor cells. Isolation of the Ngn3-expressing cells by GFP tagging and examination of their gene expression profiles using microarray-based analysis has revealed several candidate genes that may play roles in endocrine development. Our preliminary data indicate that the products of one of these candidate genes, myelin transcription factor I (Mytl, which produces two MYT1 isoforms), potentially interact with NGN3 and are involved in endocrine differentiation. In this proposal, we will first develop MYT 1 peptide antibodies to extensively study
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Mytl expression in the pancreas at different stages. Then we will utilize a temporally controlled gain-of-function approach to investigate the hypothesis that MYT1 provides competence to pancreatic cells to differentiate to mature islet cells in response to NGN3. Specifically, we will co-express Mytl and Ngn3 in pancreatic cells at different stages to determine whether they cooperate to induce islet cell maturation. In addition, loss of function approaches, including siRNA or knockout, will be utilized to selectively inactivate Mytl at embryonic or adult stages to examine its function for endocrine development and function. These fundamental studies not only identify molecular cascades for organogenesis, but also reveal crucial factors that can be used to induce endocrine differentiation or regeneration, so that functional islet ceils can be induced for relief of diabetic symptoms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FUNCTION
NEUROPEPTIDE
REGULATION
OF
ENTEROPANCREATIC
Principal Investigator & Institution: Mulholland, Michael W.; Professor of Surgery; Surgery; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JAN-1991; Project End 31-DEC-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Obesity is a major health concern in the United States, affecting 35% of the adult population and almost one fourth of children. Obesity causes or complicates a number of diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, diabetes and osteoarthritis. Obesity increases the risk of many forms of cancer. Obesity complicates the treatment of surgical patients and is a major risk factor for postoperative complications. At the physiologic level, obesity is a disorder of energy imbalance, developing when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure. Food intake is largely regulated by the central nervous system, particularly the hypothalamus. Through a combination of genetic and biochemical approaches, novel peptide mediators which regulate energy homeostasis have recently been identified, and are the focus of major investigative efforts. While it seems intuitive that peptides that regulate food intake would also affect secretion of digestive enzymes, few studies have addressed this topic. The overall hypothesis of this proposal is that feeding peptides regulate pancreatic exocrine secretion via neural control mechanisms. This hypothesis is encompassed in the following specific aims: (1 To investigate the mechanisms by which ghrelin and CART peptide regulate pancreatic exocrine secretion in vivo: (2 To define the cellular mechanisms that regulate expression and release of neuronal ghrelin and CART peptide; (3 To determine the cellular mechanisms by which ghrelin and CART peptide regulate excitability of parasympathetic neurons that project to the pancreas; and (4 To study long-term cellular mechanisms by which feeding neuroligands regulate pancreatic neurons. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PANCREAS TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND CANCER MODEL SYSTEMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Konieczny, Stephen F.; Associate Professor; Biological Sciences; Purdue University West Lafayette West Lafayette, in 479072040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2000; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: (adapted from investigator's abstract): The development of the mammalian pancreas represents an attractive model system to study the molecular signals that
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Digestive Enzymes
direct the commitment and differentiation of epithelial cells along different cell lineages. The pancreas consists of two distinct tissue types which carry out different essential functions. The endocrine pancreas regulates blood sugar levels by secreting glucagon or insulin whereas the exocrine pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenal part of the small intestine. Although many of the transcription factors responsible for endocrine pancreas formation have been identified and extensively studied, the molecular regulatory circuits that control the establishment and maintenance of the exocrine pancreas are just beginning to be elucidated. Towards a goal of identifying key transcriptional regulators of pancreatic development and function, a novel basic helixloop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor (Mistl) recently was identified that accumulates to high levels in pancreatic exocrine cells. Mistl gene expression is initially detected at mouse embryonic day E10.5 in the developing pancreas and remains expressed to high levels in the acinar cells of the adult. Although the Mistl nuclear protein is capable of binding to specific DNA targets as a homodimer or as a heterodimer with other bHLH transcription factors, it lacks a typical transcription activation domain and instead can serve as a transcriptional repressor in some experimental systems. At this time, a true role for Mistl activity in pancreatic function has not been established, although its expression pattern and DNA binding capabilities suggest that Mistl likely serves as a key regulator of exocrine pancreas gene activity. In order to characterize further the biochemical properties of the Mistl protein and the role of Mistl in pancreatic development, studies are proposed to (1) examine the activity of Mistl using a pancreatic cell line model system, (2) identify pancreas-specific Mistl protein binding partners and (3) utilize mouse genetic approaches to create Mistl homozygous null mice and to identify Mistl target genes. In addition, targeted replacement of the Mistl gene with an activated K-ras allele will be performed to generate novel pancreatic cancer models. A complete characterization of Mistl activity in exocrine pancreatic cells will add critical new information regarding normal pancreatic development and function and may provide future strategies for combating several key human diseases, including acute pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BINDING
SIGNAL SEQUENCES--CONFORMATION AND
MEMBRANE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Gierasch, Lila M.; Professor and Head; Biochem and Molecular Biology; University of Massachusetts Amherst 408 Goodell Building Amherst, Ma 01003 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1988; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: Signal sequences play a central role in the membrane targeting and translocation of nearly all secreted proteins and many integral membrane proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This project has as its goal the elucidation of the conformations and interactions of signal sequences as they participate in the steps that make up the export pathway, namely, recognition of a nascent or newly synthesized secretory protein, targeting of the protein to the appropriate membrane, initiation of interactions with lipids and proteins of the membrane- resident translocation apparatus, and translocation of the polypeptide chain across the membrane. We seek a fundamental physical-chemical understanding of how signal sequences may take part in these steps. In the next project period, we will focus on the roles of signal sequences in early steps in export-recognition and targeting. To this end, we will continue studies using synthetic signal peptides and a battery of biophysical and biochemical methods to elucidate the nature of signal sequence binding by two proteins that serve as the first
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point of recognition of a protein that is destined for the export pathway, namely the signal recognition particle (SRP), which recognizes secretory proteins in eubacteria and targets them to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, and SecA, the central player in membrane insertion of the polypeptide chain in bacteria, and to relate the findings to the mechanism of protein export in bacteria and mammals. In our studies, we will use Ffh, the E. coli homologue of the mammalian SRP54, as our SRP model. Fluorescence, circular dichroism, nuclear magnetic resonance, and site-specific mutagenesis will be used to determine the conformation of signal peptides upon binding to Ffh and to SecA, and, correspondingly, the structural basis of the protein's ability to bind signal peptides. Furthermore, we will explore the influence of binding to signal sequences and other ligands on the function of Ffh and SecA. Notably, we will explore the relationship of the 4.5S RNA to the structural stability and functions of Ffh. Since all serum antibodies digestive enzymes, and peptide hormones are secreted, as are many other physiologically important proteins, this research will provide important fundamental insight into several biomedical problems. The bacterial secretory apparatus is also a target for new antibiotics, the design of which will be aided by detailed understanding of the key components. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TRANSCRIPTIONAL RESPONSIVE GENES
CONTROL
OF
CARBOHYDRATE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Rhoads, David B.; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: The general goal of this project is to increase our understanding of the transcriptional mechanisms regulating carbohydrate- responsive genes. Glucose homeostasis depends on the strict control of numerous enzymatic and absorptive pathways. As a model, we have been studying the small intestinal high-affinity Na+/glucose cotransporter (SGLT1), the activity of which shows diurnal periodicity and induction by carbohydrate. We have shown that SGLT1 expression exhibits diurnal periodicity in both mRNA abundance and transcription. The rat SGLT1 promoter contains an HNF-1 (hepatocyte nuclear factor 1) element that forms complexes with intestinal epithelial cell nuclear extracts differing in the presence of the HNF-1beta isoform depending on the time of day nuclei were isolated. The presence of homologous HNF-1 sites in the carbohydrate-response elements in the promoters of two other carbohydrate-responsive genes--liver pyruvate kinase and sucrase- isomaltase, which we have also shown to exhibit diurnal periodicity--indicates that HNF-1 may mediate both the diurnal transcription program as well as induction by dietary carbohydrate. Periodicity in the intestinal SGLT1 mRNA levels in rhesus monkeys suggests that a similar mechanism is also present in humans. It is proposed that rhythmic SGLT1 transcription is controlled by the diurnal activation (or synthesis) of transcription factors interacting with the SGLT1 promoter. Identifying the factors responsible and defining their functions are important steps toward delineating these homeostatic mechanisms. To these ends, two hypotheses will be tested: (1) "Circadian" elements in the SGLT1 promoter drive its diurnal transcription; and (2) Carbohydrate induces SGLT1 and other carbohydrate-responsive genes by modulating their diurnal expression program. Because a wide range of proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism--digestive enzymes, transporters, glycolytic enzymes, and gluconeogenic enzymes--are carbohydrate- responsive, knowledge of the shared and distinctive pathways regulating the expression of members of this class will lead to a better understanding of changes in
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Digestive Enzymes
carbohydrate tolerance. Underscoring the importance of elucidating this regulation, mutations have recently been identified in both HNF-1alpha and beta dimerization partners that are etiologic in one or more forms of diabetes in humans. Finally, it is anticipated that elucidation of the mechanisms regulating SGLT1 may reveal targets amenable to pharmaceutical control of carbohydrate absorption in conditions such as obesity and diabetes mellitus. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TRANSGENIC MOUSE MODELS OF PANCREATIC EXOCRINE FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Delisle, Robert C.; Associate Professor; Anatomy and Cell Biology; University of Kansas Medical Center Msn 1039 Kansas City, Ks 66160 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): This grant application proposes to develop genetically engineered mouse models for acute pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis-related pancreatitis. We will focus on a recently discovered gene, which preliminary data suggest may play a role in development of pancreatitis, and also in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis (CF). The gene is called crpd in the mouse and dmbt1 in humans and it encodes the protein Muclin, a high molecular weight, and sulfated glycoprotein. This gene is most highly expressed in the exocrine pancreas, but also as different transcripts in other organs including the intestine, gallbladder, and kidney. The hypothesis is that Muclin is required for normal zymogen granule formation and subsequent solubilization of digestive enzymes upon exocytosis of the granules. We predict that if this gene is a disrupted zymogen granule will fail to mature creating a situation in the acinar cell where the zymogens will be prone to become activated, resulting in pancreatitis. The Muclin-deficient mouse model is intended to explore this hypothesis and, if this is borne out, it will make looking for mutations in this gene in human idiopathic pancreatitis a reasonable endeavor. We also predict that mice over expressing Muclin will exhibit poor release of zymogens after exocytosis and will be prone to CFlike plugging of the acinar lumen, which may predispose to pancreatitis. In CFTR-/mice, a model for CF, the pancreas exhibits over expression of Muclin, which is associated with protein, plugs in the acinar lumen. Mice with a Muclin transgene targeted to the pancreas will allow testing of this hypothesis. The specific aims are to produce genetically engineered mice: 1). Globally deficient in Muclin by targeting the first exon, which is present in all transcripts of this gene. 2). An exocrine cell-specific defective Muclin by targeting the last exon which is translated only in exocrine cell transcripts of the gene and codes for a transmembrane domain that may be important for Muclin' s exocrine function; 3). That over expresses Muclin in the pancreatic acinar cell using the rat elastase promoter to direct cell specific expression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National
3
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
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Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “digestive enzymes” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for digestive enzymes in the PubMed Central database: •
Experimental pancreatitis is mediated by low-affinity cholecystokinin receptors that inhibit digestive enzyme secretion. by Saluja AK, Saluja M, Printz H, Zavertnik A, Sengupta A, Steer ML.; 1989 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=298412
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Mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida utilis with increased susceptibility to digestive enzymes. by Mehta RD, Gregory KF.; 1981 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=243847
•
Pancreatic Digestive Enzyme Secretion in the Rabbit: Rapid Cyclic Variations in Enzyme Composition. by Adelson JW, Clarizo R, Coutu JA.; 1995 Mar 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=42256
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with digestive enzymes, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “digestive enzymes” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for digestive enzymes (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):
4 With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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Digestive Enzymes
•
A clinical double-blind trial with a broad spectrum digestive enzyme product (“Combizym”) in geriatric practice. Author(s): Kataria MS, Bhaskarrao D. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1969 January 1; 23(1): 15-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4884205&dopt=Abstract
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A double-blind clinical trial with a digestive enzyme product. Author(s): Karani S, Kataria MS, Barber AE. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1971 August; 25(8): 375-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4935696&dopt=Abstract
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A micromethod for separation and identification of digestive enzymes in brush border membrane fragments of single human intestinal biopsies. Author(s): Freiburghaus AU, Hauri HP, Green J, Hadorn B. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1978 June 15; 86(3): 227-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=668114&dopt=Abstract
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A novel human chymotrypsin-like digestive enzyme. Author(s): Reseland JE, Larsen F, Solheim J, Eriksen JA, Hanssen LE, Prydz H. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1997 March 21; 272(12): 8099-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9065485&dopt=Abstract
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Adaptive and nonadaptive changes in digestive enzyme capacity influencing digestive function. Author(s): Snook JT. Source: Fed Proc. 1974 January; 33(1): 88-93. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4589420&dopt=Abstract
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Alcoholic pancreatitis. Possible role of digestive enzyme and lysosomal hydrolase colocalization and abnormal trafficking of proteins after exit site at trans Golgi network (TGN). Author(s): Singh M. Source: International Journal of Pancreatology : Official Journal of the International Association of Pancreatology. 1991 February; 8(2): 111-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2033322&dopt=Abstract
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Amniotic fluid digestive enzymes: diagnostic value in fetal gastrointestinal obstructions. Author(s): Muller F, Dommergues M, Ville Y, Lewin F, Delvalez-Morichon N, NihoulFekete C, Bargy F, Dumez Y, Boue A. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1994 October; 14(10): 973-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7899271&dopt=Abstract
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An evaluation with piglets of bovine milk, hydrolyzed bovine milk, and isolated soybean proteins included in infant milk formulas. I. Effect on organ development, digestive enzyme activities, and amino acid digestibility. Author(s): Moughan PJ, Pedraza M, Smith WC, Williams M, Wilson MN. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1990 April; 10(3): 385-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2109054&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in some digestive enzymes after a seven-day orbital flight. Author(s): Groza P, Ursea N, Vasilescu F, Munteanu A, Lungu D, Bolocan N. Source: Physiologie. 1983 January-March; 20(1): 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6189136&dopt=Abstract
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Cobalamin-specific R binder in pernicious anemia gastric juice: production by digestive enzyme action on saliva R binder. Author(s): Herzlich BC, Herbert V. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1985 November; 80(11): 841-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2996328&dopt=Abstract
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Conservation of digestive enzymes. Author(s): Rothman S, Liebow C, Isenman L. Source: Physiological Reviews. 2002 January; 82(1): 1-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11773607&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary bulk as a limiting factor for nutrient intake in pre-school children: IV. Effect of digestive enzymes on the viscosity of starch-based weaning foods. Author(s): Karlsson A, Svanberg U. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 1982 October; 28(5): 230-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6294317&dopt=Abstract
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Differential distribution of digestive enzymes in isolated epithelial cells from developing human fetal small intestine and colon. Author(s): Menard D, Pothier P. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1987 July-August; 6(4): 50916. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2892905&dopt=Abstract
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Digestive enzymes and protease inhibitors in plasma from patients with acute pancreatitis. Author(s): Dubick MA, Mar G, Mayer AD, Majumdar AP, McMahon MJ, Geokas MC. Source: Pancreas. 1987; 2(2): 187-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2442742&dopt=Abstract
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Digestive enzymes and their control in haematophagous arthropods. Author(s): Gooding RH. Source: Acta Tropica. 1975; 32(2): 96-111. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=240263&dopt=Abstract
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Digestive enzymes in human milk: stability at suboptimal storage temperatures. Author(s): Hamosh M, Henderson TR, Ellis LA, Mao JI, Hamosh P. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1997 January; 24(1): 38-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9093984&dopt=Abstract
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Discharge of newly synthesized proteins in pure juice collected from the human pancreas. Indication of more than one pool of intracellular digestive enzymes. Author(s): Robberecht P, Cremer M, Christophe J. Source: Gastroenterology. 1977 March; 72(3): 417-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=832790&dopt=Abstract
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Drug eruption (erythema multiforme type) due to a digestive enzyme drug. Author(s): Miyoshi H, Kanzaki T. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1998 January; 25(1): 28-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9519606&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of orally administered betel leaf (Piper betle Linn.) on digestive enzymes of pancreas and intestinal mucosa and on bile production in rats. Author(s): Prabhu MS, Platel K, Saraswathi G, Srinivasan K. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 1995 October; 33(10): 752-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8575807&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of pH, dietary proteins and trypsin inhibitors on the hydrolytic rate of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) by rat digestive enzymes. Author(s): Takada K, Ushirogawa Y. Source: J Pharmacobiodyn. 1991 July; 14(7): 363-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1724987&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of dietary fiber on digestive enzyme activity and bile acids in the small intestine. Author(s): Schneeman BO, Gallaher D. Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1985 December; 180(3): 409-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2417249&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of pancreatic digestive enzymes, sodium bicarbonate, and a proton pump inhibitor on steatorrhoea caused by pancreatic diseases. Author(s): Nakamura T, Takebe K, Kudoh K, Ishii M, Imamura K, Kikuchi H, Kasai F, Tandoh Y, Yamada N, Arai Y, et al. Source: J Int Med Res. 1995 January-February; 23(1): 37-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7774757&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of preparations of Chinese medicinal prescriptions on digestive enzymes in vitro and in vivo. Author(s): Yamasaki K, Kajimura K, Nakano M, Yokoyama H, Yoneda K, Umezawa C. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1998 February; 21(2): 133-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9514607&dopt=Abstract
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Enteropancreatic circulation of digestive enzymes. Author(s): Scheele G, Rohr G. Source: Gastroenterology. 1984 April; 86(4): 778-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6698378&dopt=Abstract
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Expression of pancreatic digestive enzymes in normal and pathologic epithelial cells of the human gastrointestinal system. Author(s): Terada T, Kitamura Y, Ashida K, Matsunaga Y, Kato M, Harada K, Morita T, Ohta T, Nakanuma Y. Source: Virchows Archiv : an International Journal of Pathology. 1997 September; 431(3): 195-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9334841&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of human digestive enzymes by hydrogenated malto-oligosaccharides. Author(s): Wursch P, Del Vedovo S. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1981; 51(2): 161-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6169675&dopt=Abstract
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Intracellular signaling mechanisms activated by cholecystokinin-regulating synthesis and secretion of digestive enzymes in pancreatic acinar cells. Author(s): Williams JA. Source: Annual Review of Physiology. 2001; 63: 77-97. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11181949&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Does the pancreas secrete digestive enzymes individually or in a group? Author(s): Rothman SS. Source: Gastroenterology. 1976 April; 70(4): 635-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1254150&dopt=Abstract
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Milk lipids and neonatal fat digestion: relationship between fatty acid composition, endogenous and exogenous digestive enzymes and digestion of milk fat. Author(s): Hamosh M, Iverson SJ, Kirk CL, Hamosh P. Source: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. 1994; 75: 86-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7871838&dopt=Abstract
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Nutritional and metabolic response to plant inhibitors of digestive enzymes. Author(s): Gallaher D, Schneeman BO. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1984; 177: 299-320. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6208766&dopt=Abstract
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Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of human amniotic fluids sampled at 17-18 weeks of pregnancy in cases of decreased digestive enzyme activities and detected cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Le Moyec L, Muller F, Eugene M, Spraul M. Source: Clinical Biochemistry. 1994 December; 27(6): 475-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7697893&dopt=Abstract
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Randomized controlled study of digestive enzyme activity following trophic feeding. Author(s): McClure RJ, Newell SJ. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2002; 91(3): 292-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12022301&dopt=Abstract
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Reduction in virus-neutralizing activity of a bovine colostrum immunoglobulin concentrate by gastric acid and digestive enzymes. Author(s): Petschow BW, Talbott RD. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1994 August; 19(2): 228-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7815246&dopt=Abstract
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Stimulus-secretion coupling of pancreatic digestive enzyme secretion. Author(s): Williams JA, Groblewski GE, Ohnishi H, Yule DI. Source: Digestion. 1997; 58 Suppl 1: 42-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9225090&dopt=Abstract
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Studies on prophylaxis of cow's milk allergy by digestive enzymes. Author(s): Gamo I, Yabuuchi H, Nishida M, Ikeda T, Ichihara H, Toyoshima K. Source: Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1966 June; 8(15): 1-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4960556&dopt=Abstract
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The case of the disappearing pancreatic digestive enzymes. Author(s): Rothman SS, Grendell JH. Source: Gastroenterology. 1983 December; 85(6): 1438-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6628935&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of digestive enzymes on the binding and bacteriostatic properties of lactoferrin and vitamin B12 binder in human milk. Author(s): Samson RR, Mirtle C, McClelland DB. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1980 July; 69(4): 517-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6778068&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of digestive enzymes on characteristics of placental insulin receptor. Comparison of particulate and soluble receptor preparations. Author(s): Clark S, DeLuise M, Larkins RG, Melick RA, Harrison LC. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1978 July 15; 174(1): 37-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=100106&dopt=Abstract
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The endocrine secretion of mammalian digestive enzymes by exocrine glands. Author(s): Isenman L, Liebow C, Rothman S. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1999 February; 276(2 Pt 1): E223-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9950780&dopt=Abstract
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The inhibition of digestive enzymes by polyphenolic compounds. Author(s): Griffiths DW. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1986; 199: 509-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3799290&dopt=Abstract
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The primary structure of langur (Presbytis entellus) pancreatic ribonuclease: adaptive features in digestive enzymes in mammals. Author(s): Beintema JJ. Source: Molecular Biology and Evolution. 1990 September; 7(5): 470-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2263196&dopt=Abstract
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Use of substrate-coated barium sulfate tablets in the evaluation of digestive enzyme deficiency. Author(s): Kalifa LG, Koehler RE, Margulis AR, Goldberg HI, Stoughton JA, Gibson RD. Source: Radiology. 1976 August; 120(2): 303-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=935478&dopt=Abstract
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Utility of pancreatic digestive enzyme immunohistochemistry in the differential diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma and metastatic adenocarcinoma of the liver. Author(s): Terada T, Nakanuma Y. Source: Pathology International. 1996 March; 46(3): 183-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10846568&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND DIGESTIVE ENZYMES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and digestive enzymes.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Digestive Enzymes The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “digestive enzymes” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “digestive enzymes” (or a synonym): •
Comparison of pancreatic digestive enzyme secretion induced by volatile fatty acids in mice, Japanese field voles and goats. Source: Harada, E. Comp-Biochem-Physiol-A-Comp-Physiol. Oxford : Pergamon Press. 1985. volume 81 (3) page 539-543. ill. 0300-9629
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Development of porcine digestive enzymes with special reference to ribonuclease. Source: Baintner, K Farkas, J Acta-Vet-Hung. 1989; 37(3): 281-8 0236-6290
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Effect of formulated diet on digestive enzymes of Labeo rohita (Ham.). Author(s): Centre for Aquafeed and Nutrition (CAFeN), Research Department of Zoology, St. Xavier's College (autonomous), Palayankottai 627 002, India. Source: Sethuramalingam, T A Haniffa, M A Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 2002 January; 40(1): 83-8 0019-5189
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Effect of orally administered betel leaf (Piper betle Linn.) on digestive enzymes of pancreas and intestinal mucosa and on bile production in rats. Author(s): Department of Studies in Food Sciences and Nutrition, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri. Source: Prabhu, M S Platel, K Saraswathi, G Srinivasan, K Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 1995 October; 33(10): 752-6 0019-5189
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Effect of pH, dietary proteins and trypsin inhibitors on the hydrolytic rate of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) by rat digestive enzymes. Author(s): Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan. Source: Takada, K Ushirogawa, Y J-Pharmacobiodyn. 1991 July; 14(7): 363-70 0386-846X
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Effects of digestive enzymes on the solubility of trace elements in food. Source: McWeeny, D.J. Crews, H.M. Massey, R.C. Burrell, J.A. Trace elements in man and animals : TEMA 5 : proceedings of the fifth International Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals / editors C.F. Mills, I. Bremner, & J.K. Chesters. Farnham Royal, Slough : Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, c1985. page 628-630. ISBN: 085198553X
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Effects of preparations of Chinese medicinal prescriptions on digestive enzymes in vitro and in vivo. Author(s): Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Japan. Source: Yamasaki, K Kajimura, K Nakano, M Yokoyama, H Yoneda, K Umezawa, C Biol-Pharm-Bull. 1998 February; 21(2): 133-9 0918-6158
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Immunological control of scab mites: digestive enzymes as candidate compounds. Author(s): Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
[email protected] Source: Nisbet, A J Billingsley, P F Vet-Parasitol. 1999 June 30; 83(3-4): 231-9 0304-4017
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Influence of dietary spices and their active principles on pancreatic digestive enzymes in albino rats. Author(s): Central Food Technological Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, India. Source: Platel, K Srinivasan, K Nahrung. 2000 February; 44(1): 42-6 0027-769X
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Inhibition of saccharide digestive enzymes by tea polyphenols. Source: Honda, M. ACS-symp-ser. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society, 1974. 1994. (547) page 83-89. 0097-6156
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Molecular cloning of cDNAs encoding a range of digestive enzymes from a phytophagous beetle, Phaedon cochleariae. Source: Girard, C. Jouanin, L. Insect-biochem-mol-biol. Oxford, UK : Elsevier Science Ltd. December 1999. volume 29 (12) page 1129-1142. 0965-1748
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Pancreatic acinar cell necrosis with intact storage of digestive enzymes in selenomethionine treated rats. Author(s): Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Finland. Source: Hietaranta, A J Nevalainen, T J Aho, H J Hamalainen, O M Suortamo, S H Virchows-Arch-B-Cell-Pathol-Incl-Mol-Pathol. 1990; 58(6): 397-403 0340-6075
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Secretion of lysosomal and digestive enzymes into pancreatic juice under physiological and pathological conditions in rabbits. Author(s): First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan. Source: Hirano, T Manabe, T Printz, H Saluja, A Steer, M Nippon-Geka-Hokan. 1992 March 1; 61(2): 103-24 0003-9152
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Tannins: thermostable pigments which complex dietary proteins and inhibit digestive enzymes. Author(s): Escuela de Biologia, Universidad Central de Venezuela. Source: Carmona, A Arch-Latinoam-Nutr. 1996 December; 44(4 Suppl 1): 31S-35S 00040622
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to digestive enzymes; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Vitamins Vitamin B Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10067,00.html
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Minerals Folate Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Food and Diet Blood Type Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND DIGESTIVE ENZYMES Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to digestive enzymes. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to digestive enzymes and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “digestive enzymes” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to digestive enzymes: •
A mutation in glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase alters endocytosis in CHO cells. Author(s): Robbins AR, Ward RD, Oliver C. Source: The Journal of Cell Biology. 1995 September; 130(5): 1093-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7657694&dopt=Abstract
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A novel synbiotic therapy dramatically improved the intestinal function of a pediatric patient with laryngotracheo-esophageal cleft (LTEC) in the intensive care unit. Author(s): Kanamori Y, Hashizume K, Sugiyama M, Mortomi M, Yuki N, Tanaka R. Source: Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2002 December; 21(6): 527-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12468374&dopt=Abstract
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Carotenol fatty acid esters: easy substrates for digestive enzymes? Author(s): Breithaupt DE, Bamedi A, Wirt U. Source: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. 2002 August; 132(4): 721-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12128058&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary soya beans and kidney beans stimulate secretion of cholecystokinin and pancreatic digestive enzymes in 400-day-old Hooded-Lister rats but only soya beans induce growth of the pancreas. Author(s): Grant G, Alonso R, Edwards JE, Murray S. Source: Pancreas. 2000 April; 20(3): 305-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10766458&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of orally administered betel leaf (Piper betle Linn.) on digestive enzymes of pancreas and intestinal mucosa and on bile production in rats. Author(s): Prabhu MS, Platel K, Saraswathi G, Srinivasan K. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 1995 October; 33(10): 752-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8575807&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of crude drugs on various digestive enzymes in vitro and in vivo. Author(s): Yamasaki K, Takagi Y, Sakagami Y, Nunoura Y, Yokoyama H, Yoneda K, Umezawa C. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1986 February; 34(2): 819-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3708733&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of dietary essential oil components on growth performance, digestive enzymes and lipid metabolism in female broiler chickens. Author(s): Lee KW, Everts H, Kappert HJ, Frehner M, Losa R, Beynen AC. Source: British Poultry Science. 2003 July; 44(3): 450-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12964629&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of preparations of Chinese medicinal prescriptions on digestive enzymes in vitro and in vivo. Author(s): Yamasaki K, Kajimura K, Nakano M, Yokoyama H, Yoneda K, Umezawa C. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1998 February; 21(2): 133-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9514607&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of synthetic pyrethroids and methidation on activities of some digestive enzymes in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Author(s): Simon LM, Laszlo K, Kotorman M, Vertesi A, Bagi K, Nemcsok J.
Alternative Medicine 33
Source: Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part. B, Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes. 1999 September; 34(5): 819-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10466103&dopt=Abstract •
Immunological control of scab mites: digestive enzymes as candidate compounds. Author(s): Nisbet AJ, Billingsley PF. Source: Veterinary Parasitology. 1999 June 30; 83(3-4): 231-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10423005&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro influence of spices and spice-active principles on digestive enzymes of rat pancreas and small intestine. Author(s): Ramakrishna Rao R, Platel K, Srinivasan K. Source: Die Nahrung. 2003 December; 47(6): 408-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14727769&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro inhibition of digestive enzymes by heavy metals and their reversal by chelating agent: Part I. Mercuric chloride intoxication. Author(s): Sastry KV, Gupta PK. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1978 December; 20(6): 729-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=107987&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro inhibition of digestive enzymes by heavy metals and their reversal by chelating agent: Part II. Lead nitrate intoxication. Author(s): Sastry KV, Gupta PK. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1978 December; 20(6): 736-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=107988&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of dietary spices and their active principles on pancreatic digestive enzymes in albino rats. Author(s): Platel K, Srinivasan K. Source: Die Nahrung. 2000 February; 44(1): 42-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10702999&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of dietary spices or their active principles on digestive enzymes of small intestinal mucosa in rats. Author(s): Platel K, Srinivasan K. Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 1996 January; 47(1): 55-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8616674&dopt=Abstract
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Investigations about influence of the content of plant crude protein in the ration on the utilization of urea in dairy cattle. 6. Digestive enzymes and their interactions in
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contents of proximal small intestine. Author(s): Baintner K, Sommer A. Source: Archiv Fur Tierernahrung. 1984 July; 34(7): 496-504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6435591&dopt=Abstract •
Midgut adaptation and digestive enzyme distribution in a phloem feeding insect, the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. Author(s): Cristofoletti PT, Ribeiro AF, Deraison C, Rahbe Y, Terra WR. Source: Journal of Insect Physiology. 2003 January; 49(1): 11-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12770012&dopt=Abstract
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Regional distribution and substrate specificity of digestive enzymes involved in terminal digestion in Musca domestica hind-midguts. Author(s): Jordao BP, Terra WR. Source: Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology. 1991; 17(2-3): 157-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1802031&dopt=Abstract
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Tannins: thermostable pigments which complex dietary proteins and inhibit digestive enzymes. Author(s): Carmona A. Source: Arch Latinoam Nutr. 1996 December; 44(4 Suppl 1): 31S-35S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9137636&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of diets containing field beans of high or low polyphenolic content on the activity of digestive enzymes in the intestines of rats. Author(s): Griffiths DW, Moseley G. Source: J Sci Food Agric. 1980 March; 31(3): 255-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6966014&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of proanthocyanidin-rich hulls and proanthocyanidin extracts from bean (Vicia faba L.) hulls on nutrient digestibility and digestive enzyme activities in young chicks. Author(s): Yuste P, Longstaff M, McCorquodale C. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1992 January; 67(1): 57-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1547203&dopt=Abstract
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The inhibition of digestive enzymes by extracts of field bean (Vicia faba). Author(s): Griffiths DW. Source: J Sci Food Agric. 1979 May; 30(5): 458-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=470346&dopt=Abstract
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The inhibitory effects of hull polysaccharides and tannins of field beans (Vicia faba L.) on the digestion of amino acids, starch and lipid and on digestive enzyme
Alternative Medicine 35
activities in young chicks. Author(s): Longstaff M, McNab JM. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1991 March; 65(2): 199-216. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1645991&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to digestive enzymes; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Acne Rosacea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bursitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Constipation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heartburn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Intestinal Parasites Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Irritable Bowel Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nail Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pancreatic Insufficiency Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Psoriasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spastic Colon Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stress Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Herbs and Supplements Alfalfa Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Ananas Comosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bovine Colostrum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bromelain Alternative names: Ananas comosus, Bromelainum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bromelain Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bromelain Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,760,00.html
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Bromelainum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Digestive Enzymes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Digestive Enzymes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10051,00.html Glandular Extracts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Greater Celandine Alternative names: Chelidonium majus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Herbal Digestive Formula Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10104,00.html Medium-Chain Triglycerides Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Proteolytic Enzymes Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON DIGESTIVE ENZYMES Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to digestive enzymes. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “digestive enzymes” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on digestive enzymes, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Digestive Enzymes ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to digestive enzymes. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Digestive Enzyme Activities in Herbivorous and Carnivorous Prickleback Fishes (Teleostei: Stichaeidae): Ontogenetic, Dietary, and Phylogenetic Effects (Cebidichthys Violaceus, Xiphister Mucosus, Xiphister Atropurpureus, Anoplarchus Purpurescens) by German, Donovan Parks, MS from California State University, Fullerton, 2003, 56 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1411686
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON DIGESTIVE ENZYMES Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “digestive enzymes” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on digestive enzymes, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Digestive Enzymes By performing a patent search focusing on digestive enzymes, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on digestive enzymes: •
Castanospermine esters and glycosides Inventor(s): Daniel; John K. (Indianapolis, IN), Liu; Paul S. (Cincinnati, OH), Rhinehart; Barry L. (Cincinnati, OH) Assignee(s): Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. (cincinnati, Oh) Patent Number: 5,017,563 Date filed: May 1, 1990 Abstract: Castanospermine mono- and di-esters and glycosides active as inhibitors of carbohydrate digestive enzymes and useful in treating diabetes are described herein. The compounds are prepared by the reaction of castanospermine with an appropriate acid halide or anhydride or with an appropriate glycosyl halide or glycosyl acetimidate under conditions which would favor the isolation of the mono- and di-esterified and glycosylated products. Various blocking groups, which can be selectively removed under mild conditions, can also be used to favor the formation of certain isomers. Excerpt(s): The isolation of this compound and the determination of its structure has been described by L. D. Hohenshutz, et al., Phytochemistry, 20, 811 (1981). As part of his study of castanospermine, Hohenshutz obtained castanospermine tetra-acetate by the reaction of castanospermine with a very large excess of acetic anhydride but there is no suggestion of any other esters of castanospermine in the article. The C.sub.1-18 alkanoyl groups referred to above can be straight- or branched-chain and can be exemplified by formyl, acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, isobutyryl, hexanoyl, octanoyl, decanoyl and hexadecanoyl. C.sub.2-18 Alkanoyl is defined similarly except it does not include formyl. Examples of (R""--X--)(C.sub.2-18 alkanoyl) groups are 3-hydroxypropanoyl, 3mercaptopropanoyl, 2-butoxypropanoyl, 2-(methylthio)propanoyl and 2aminobutanoyl. The group (C.sub.1-4 alkoxy)--CO--(CH.sub.2).sub.n --CO-- describes an acyl group derived from an alkanedicarboxylic acid containing n+2 carbon atoms and having one of the ackd groups esterified with an alkyl group containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. The C.sub.3-6 cycloalkane groups referred to above can be exemplified by cyclopropane, cyclopentane and cyclohexane. The halogens referred to above can be exemplified by fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The C.sub.2-6 alkanoyl groups referred to above (Ac) can be exemplified by acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, isobutyryl, and hexanoyl. The C.sub.1-4 alkyl groups referred to above, whether alone or as part of an alkoxy, an alkylsulfonyl or an alkylmercapto or some other group, can be straight- or branched-chain alkyl groups containing up to 4 carbon atoms. Examples of various such groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, methoxy, ethoxy, butoxy, methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, methylmercapto and ethylmercapto. The phenyl (C.sub.2-6 alkanoyl) groups referred to above can be exemplified by benzeneacetyl and benzenepropionyl. In the phenyl[(R""--X--)C.sub.2-6 alkanoyl] groups referred to above, the phenyl and the R""--X-- groups are both attached directly to the C.sub.2-6 alkanoyl group. Examples of such groups are.alpha.-hydroxybenzene-acetyl,.alpha.-mercaptobenzeneacetyl,.alpha.amino-benzenepropanoyl and.beta.-methoxybenzenepropanoyl. The various naphthalenecarbonyl, pyridinecarbonyl, thiophenecarbonyl and furancarbonyl groups referred to above include the various position isomers and these can be exemplified by naphthalene-1-carbonyl, naphthalene-2-carbonyl, nicotinoyl, isonicotinoyl, thiophene-2carbonyl, thiophene-3-carbonyl, furan-2-carbonyl and furan-3-carbonyl. The
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naphthalene, pyridine, thiophene and furan groups can be optionally further substituted as indicated above. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05017563__ •
Compositions of digestive enzymes and salts of bile acids and process for preparation thereof Inventor(s): Sipos; Tibor (Lebanon, NJ) Assignee(s): Digestive Care Inc. (lebanon, Nj) Patent Number: 5,260,074 Date filed: June 22, 1992 Abstract: Disclosed are gastric acid-resistant polymer-coated digestive enzymes/ursodeoxycholate compositions, process for their preparations and methods of treating digestive disorders, impaired liver function, cystic fibrosis, regulating the absorption of dietary cholesterol, and for dissolving gallstones by administering the compositions to a mammal in need of such treatment. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to digestive enzymes and salts of bile acids, and more particularly salts of ursodeoxycholic acid compositions for ingestion by a mammal, a process for preparing said compositions, and a method for treating digestive disorders, impaired liver function, cystic fibrosis, regulating dietary cholesterol absorption and for dissolving gallstones by administering said compositions to a mammal in need of such treatment. It is known in the prior art that pancreatic enzymes administered to mammals can remedy enzyme deficiency caused by various diseased conditions of the pancreas, such as cystic fibrosis, pancreatitis, pancreatic enzyme deficiency and old age. Oral administration of compositions containing these enzymes requires the presence of certain conditions in order for them to be safe and effective as will be described hereunder. Pancreatic enzymes produced by the patient's pancreas are released into the duodenum, the pH of which is close to neutral or slightly alkaline. Under these pH conditions the enzymes are active and digestion of the food by the enzymes proceeds normally in the upper segment of the intestine. However, when pancreatic enzymes are administered exogenously to the patient, the gastric conditions in the stomach, namely the presence of acid and pepsin, will irreversibly inactive the enzymes. Therefore, orally administered enzymes must be protected against gastric inactivation so that they remain intact during their transit through the stomach into the duodenum. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05260074__
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Controlled-release garlic formulations Inventor(s): Blatt; Yoav (Rehovot, IL), Cohen; David (Petach Tikva, IL), Friedman; Oded (Holon, IL), Kimmelman; Eugene (Rehovot, IL), Rotman; Avner (Rehovot, IL) Assignee(s): Bio Dar Ltd. (yavne, Il) Patent Number: 6,270,803 Date filed: October 7, 1998 Abstract: There are provided orally-administrable formulations for the controlled release of granulated garlic, comprising particles of granulated garlic coated with a film comprising a mixture of at least one water soluble polymer and at least one water
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insoluble polymer, said at least one water soluble polymer and at least one water insoluble polymer being present in a ratio that produces a substantially zero order linear release pattern of at least one active ingredient. Preferably, the formulations are characterized in that the total in vitro dissolution time of said formulations required for release of 75% of the Allicin available from said formulations based upon the total amount of alliin initially present in said formulations is between about 4 and about 12 hours, as determined by U.S.P. XXIII paddle method at a paddle speed of 150 rpm, using simulated intestinal fluid without the digestive enzymes normally found in intestinal fluid, containing 0.1% w/w sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), at pH 6.8, and a temperature of 37.degree. C. A process for preparing the formulations of the invention is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to formulations for the controlled or extended release of certain bioactive compounds, and to processes for the preparation of the same. Powdered and granulated garlic are good sources of allicin,.gamma.-glutamyl peptides and certain other bioactive compounds. Allicin and.gamma.-glutamyl peptides have broad and significant biological and therapeutic activities, including prevention of arteriosclerosis; lowering elevated levels of serum cholesterol and triglycerides; hypotensive effects; anticarcinogenic effects; antidiabetic effects; inhibition of platelet aggregation; and activation of fibrinolysis (Reuter & Sendl, "Allium sativum and Allium ursinum: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Applications", in: Economic and Medicinal Plant Research, Academic Press, New York, 1994, pp. 54-113; Koch & Hahn, "Knoblauch: Grundlagen der therapeutischen Anwendung von Allium sativum L.", Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich 1988; Kochh & Lawson, "Garlic, The Science and Therapeutic Application of Allium sativum L. and Related Species", Williams & Wilkins 1996). It has thus been established that Garlic powder and granules can serve as a important nutritional supplement, and that garlic, in the proper form, is a good source of those biologically active compounds which are believed to be responsible for the above-mentioned therapeutic effects. However, it has also been found that in garlic powder or granules which is stored for long periods, the active ingredients present in freshly ground garlic are often eliminated or otherwise rendered inactive. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06270803__ •
Cosmetic composition containing alpha hydroxyacids, salicyclic acid, and enzyme mixture of bromelain and papain Inventor(s): Ozlen; Susan N. (Chatsworth, CA) Assignee(s): Longevity Network. Ltd. (henderson, Nv) Patent Number: 5,441,740 Date filed: May 6, 1994 Abstract: Compositions containing at least one alpha hydroxyacid, salicylic acid, and at least one digestive enzyme derived from fruit are disclosed for cosmetic uses in the treatment of various skin conditions such as lack of adequate skin firmness, wrinkles, and dry skin. Various formulations of the compositions including gels, creams, lotions and ointments are disclosed for topical use. The alpha hydroxyacids include glycolic acid, lactic acid and citric acid. The digestive enzymes include bromelain and papain. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to cosmetic compositions, and more particularly to such compositions containing alpha hydroxyacids, salicylic acid, and digestive enzymes. Skin problems range between severe skin disorders such as eczema, psoriasis
Patents 45
and the like, and less severe skin conditions, such as wrinkles, acne and dry skin. In the past, treatment has included various compositions containing a wide variety of active ingredients such as organic and inorganic acids, steroids, fungicides, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory substances. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05441740__ •
Digestive enzyme-containing medicament Inventor(s): Kariya; Kinya (Aichi, JP), Ogawa; Tomonari (Aichi, JP), Okabe; Susumu (Kyoto, JP) Assignee(s): Amano Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (aichi, Jp) Patent Number: 6,013,680 Date filed: October 21, 1998 Abstract: To provide a medicament that can be used as a drug for the effective treatment of gastric ulcers, duodenal ulcers and like diseases of the digestive tract. The medicament comprises a combination of at least one agent selected from the group consisting of histamine H.sub.2 receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors, and a digestive enzyme. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a medicament which contains a digestive enzyme. More particularly, it relates to a medicament comprising a histamine H.sub.2 receptor antagonist ("H.sub.2 blocker" hereinafter) and/or a proton pump inhibitor ("PPI" hereinafter) together with a digestive enzyme. The medicament of the present invention can be used as a drug for the effective treatment of gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer and like diseases of the digestive tract. Gastric and duodenal ulcers are diseases of the digestive tract which are induced by various causes such as mental stress, eating habits and intake of stimulative drinks and food. These diseases are caused by the autolysis of the mucous membranes of the digestive tract with gastric juices and are generally referred to as peptic ulcers. Peptic ulcers are caused by the increase of gastric acid, pepsin and like causative factors, and by the inability to prevent the increase of these factors due to the weakening of the body's defense mechanisms. Examples of pharmaceutical preparations to be used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers, through the inhibition of the causative factors include an antacid which neutralizes gastric acid, an anti-pepsin agent, a gastric mucosa protecting agent, an anticholinergic drug which inhibits secretion of gastric acid, a parasympatholytic drug, an H.sub.2 blocker, a PPI, and like factors. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06013680__
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Method of stabilizing pharmaceutical preparations comprising digestive enzyme mixtures Inventor(s): Galle; Manfred (Isernhagen, DE) Assignee(s): Solvay Pharmaceuticals Gmbh (hannover, De) Patent Number: 5,993,806 Date filed: August 22, 1997 Abstract: The use of complex lipids, especially lecithin, as additives to stabilize watersoluble pharmaceutical preparations of digestive enzyme mixtures containing lipases and proteases, especially pancreatin-containing digestive enzyme mixtures, which are
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suitable for preparing aqueous solutions for continuous introduction into the gastrointestinal tract by means of a tube, against a decrease in lipolytic activity under the influence of moisture. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of complex lipids as additives stabilizing against a decrease in lipolytic activity under the influence of moisture to water-soluble pharmaceutical preparations of digestive enzyme mixtures which contain protease/lipase mixtures, in particular pancreatin, and which are suitable for preparing aqueous solutions for continuous introduction into the gastrointestinal tract by means of tubes. The invention furthermore relates to water-soluble pharmaceutical preparations of digestive enzyme mixtures containing lipases and proteases, especially of pancreatincontaining digestive enzyme mixtures, which are stabilized by complex lipids against a decrease in lipolytic activity under the influence of moisture, and which are suitable for preparing aqueous solutions which can be introduced into the gastrointestinal tract of mammals or humans by means of a tube. A deficiency of digestive enzymes may occur in mammals, especially humans, for example caused by a pathological change in the pancreas resulting from chronic pancreatitis, digestive insufficiency after stomach operations, hepatic or biliary disorders. It is already known that deficiency manifestations of these types can be treated by administration of non-endogenous pancreatin-containing digestive enzyme mixtures such as, for example, pancreatic enzymes, especially pancreatin, which may optionally also contain added lipases. The pancreatic enzymes are normally administered orally in the form of solid preparations. In order for the administered enzyme mixtures taken orally not to undergo unwanted irreversible denaturation in the stomach by gastric acid and proteolytic enzymes, such as pepsin, present therein, it is necessary to provide the enzyme mixtures with a coating resistant to gastric fluid. A coating of this type permits the intact enzyme mixtures to pass through the stomach to their site of action, the duodenum, where the protective layer is degraded by the neutral to slightly alkaline conditions prevailing therein, and the enzymes are released. Like the endogenous pancreatic enzymes of the healthy person, the orally administered enzymes are able to display their enzymatic effects, in particular amylolytic, lipolytic and proteolytic activities, there. Solid pancreatin formulations of this type which can be coated with a film resistant to gastric fluid and are in the form of micropellets are described, for example, in Bodecker et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,378,462 (=DE 4,227,385), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05993806__ •
Methods and compositions of adherent starch granules for encapsulating pest control agents Inventor(s): McGuire; Michael R. (Metamora, IL), Shasha; Baruch S. (Peoria, IL) Assignee(s): The United States of America AS Represented by the Secretary of (washington, Dc) Patent Number: 5,837,273 Date filed: July 16, 1991 Abstract: The present invention relates to methods and compositions for encapsulating biologically active agents in starch-based adherent granules. Simple and economic methods have been developed to prepare said adherent granules. Compositions and characteristics of the granules are disclosed, including their capability for sustained release of pest control agents. These methods and compositions are useful in controlling
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insects and other species of pests having chewing mouth parts and amylase digestive enzymes. Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains generally to methods and compositions related to control of pests (e.g., insects, weeds, plant pathogens), more specifically insects, and more particularly to control of insects on plant foliar surfaces. The invention especially concerns adherent granules made of starch that are carriers for pest control agents, and methods to produce said granules. Myriad approaches have been pursued to control pests. Many of these methods and compositions are directed to control of pests that attack plants, most notably commercially valuable plants. Although much current agricultural research has pest control as its objective, pest destruction of plants and plant products is still a major problem. Pesticides, biological or chemical agents that kill pests, have been encapsulated in starch which was crosslinked with borate, calcium, or xanthide, thereby producing a matrix that can be processed into granules of desired sizes and densities (Shasha et al., 1984; Trimnell et al., 1982; Wing et al., 1983). However, these methods cannot be used for most living biological pesticides because the reagents and conditions are too harsh for their survival. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05837273__ •
Microencapsulated and controlled-release herbal formulations Inventor(s): Blatt; Yoav (Rehovot, IL), Cohen; David (Petach Tikva, IL), Kimmelman; Eugene (Rehovot, IL), Rotman; Avner (Rehovot, IL) Assignee(s): Bio Dar Ltd. (yavne, Il) Patent Number: 6,340,478 Date filed: June 7, 1999 Abstract: There is provided an orally-administrable formulation for the controlled release or stable storage of a granulated herb, comprising a granulated herb and at least one carrier, adjuvant or excipient therefor. Preferably, the formulation is characterized in that the total in vitro dissolution time of said formulation required for release of 75% of the active ingredients available from the formulation is between about 4 and about 18 hours, as determined by the U.S.P. XXIII paddle method at a paddle speed of 150 rpm, using simulated intestinal fluid without the digestive enzymes normally found in intestinal fluid, containing 0.1% w/w sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), at pH 6.8, and a temperature of 37.degree. C. A process for the preparation of such formulation is also provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to formulations for the controlled or extended release of certain bioactive compounds, and to processes for the preparation of the same. Powdered and granulated herbal (botanical) extracts and dried, ground dry plants are good and well accepted sources of certain bioactive compounds. Thus, for example, garlic is a good source for Allicin and.gamma.glutamyl peptides; St. John's Wort is a source for Hypericin and Hyperforine, and Echinacea is a source for certain Echinosides. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06340478__
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Nutritional formula Inventor(s): Greenberg; Mike (11633 San Vicente Bl. #214, Los Angeles, CA 90049) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,569,458 Date filed: September 14, 1994 Abstract: A vitamin and mineral formulation which provides for improved absorption of its nutrients by the addition of digestive enzymes to the formula and including the herb goldenseal to prevent the enzymes from eating up the other nutrients, giving it the capability to retain its value for up to six months. Goldenseal, in conjunction with dandelion and chamomile, also neutralizes the pH of the supplement, thus avoiding a common supplemental problem of widespread ineffectiveness due to large quantities of nutrients being deposited simultaneously into the digestive system. In addition, the formulation of the new invention provides the user with 70 different nutrients, including ginkgo biloba which increases brain alpha rhythms which are associated with mental alertness. Further, the new invention employs an alternate method of construction that does not require high heat or pressure levels, nor the addition of binders or glue like additives. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to vitamin and mineral supplement formulations and more particularly to a capsulated formulation providing digestive enzymes for improved absorption of the nutrients into the body, a special herb to increase blood circulation in the brain, and also a means for balancing the pH of the invention in order to prevent undesired interactions between components in the formulation. Invention and use in the subject area is known to the public. As for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,737,364 entitled Nutritional Dry food Concentrate, by Theodore Kalogris shows a highly nutritional dry food concentrate consisting entirely of plant and other non-animal natural components having a low caloric content and containing no added simple sugars. The nutritional dry food concentrate consisting entirely of natural ingredients is useful as supplement and in a weight reduction program. Also, U.S. Pat. No. 3,962,416 entitled Preserved Nutrients and Products, by Sol Katzen shows an encapsulation agent and a nutrient are admixed, and then the encapsulating agent is gelatinized polymerized under high pressure and temperature so as to encapsulate the nutrient. The encapsulation allows the nutrient to be kept in a dry stabilized state for a long period of time without the loss of potency. Further, the encapsulation allows the nutrients to be released into the digestive tract after a predetermined amount of time. The digestive tract digests the encapsulating agent thereby fleeing the nutrient. Encapsulation is preferably conducted using a heated extruder or expander. The encapsulating agent may be a high protein vegetable composition, such as, wheat flour gluten, a grain flower or carbohydrate flour. The nutrients may be in particulate or liquid form and can be such elements as vitamins, amino acids, lipids, enzymes, and inorganic salts (minerals). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05569458__
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pH and temperature sensitive terpolymers for oral drug delivery Inventor(s): Bae; You H. (Salt Lake City, UT) Assignee(s): Macromed, Inc. (salt Lake City, Ut) Patent Number: 5,484,610 Date filed: January 2, 1991 Abstract: Terpolymers which are sensitive to pH and temperature are useful carriers for conducting bioactive agents through the gastric juices of the stomach in protected form. Such terpolymers swell at the higher physiologic pH of the intestinal tract causing release of the bioactive agents into the intestine. The terpolymers are linear and are made up of 35 to 99 wt % of a temperature sensitive component, which imparts to the terpolymer LCST (lower critical solution temperature) properties below body temperatures, 1 to 30 wt % of a pH sensitive component having a pK.sub.a in the range of from 2 to 8 which functions through ionization or deionization of carboxylic acid groups to prevent the bioactive agent from being lost at low pH but allows bioactive agent release at physiological pH of about 7.4 and a hydrophobic component which stabilizes the LCST below body temperatures and compensates for bioactive agent effects on the terpolymers. Such terpolymers provide for safe bioactive agent loading, a simple procedure for dosage form fabrication and the terpolymer functions as a protective carrier in the acidic environment of the stomach and also protects the bioactive agents from digestive enzymes until the bioactive agent is released in the intestinal tract. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to pH and temperature sensitive terpolymers which are useful as carriers or coating materials for oral drug delivery. More particularly, this invention relates to terpolymers having pH sensitive, temperature sensitive and hydrophobic components. This class of terpolymers allows for drug-laden compositions to be orally ingested, pass through the acidic environment of the stomach and into the intestinal tract where the drugs are released in response to temperature and pH conditions. Most polymeric controlled drug delivery systems have been developed to achieve desirable release rates. A zero-order (or constant-rate) of drug delivery is preferable to achieve optimal therapeutic effects. Zero-order release of a drug from monolithic polymer devices cannot generally be obtained because the drug concentration gradient within the polymer matrix falls with time. Various types of approaches have been developed to improve release rates. One approach includes introduction of a diffusional barrier on the surface of a polymer matrix. Lee et al, "Drug Release from Hydrogel Devices with Rate-Controlling Barriers", J. Membr. Sci., 7, 293303 (1980), disclose methods for introducing rate-controlling barriers on the surface of monolithic hydrogel devices prepared from poly-HEMA (polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate) and a copolymer of HEMA and MEEMA (methoxyethoxyethyl methacrylate). The rate limiting barrier was produced in monolithic devices by soaking in an ethanolic solution of the crosslinking agent EGDMA (ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) followed by UV (ultraviolet) radiation. Release of progesterone from such devices in vitro was zero-order. A different method of improving release is to control hydrogel swelling. Hopfenberg et al., "Swelling-Controlled, Constant Rate Delivery Systems", Polym. Eng. Sci. 18 1186-1191 (1978) address materials and conditions required for in vitro constant rate absorption of a liquid into a glassy polymer to produce prototype devices for constant rate delivery of a solute (drug), molecularly dispersed within the polymer, to the surrounding liquid environment and discuss the development of such devices for the swelling-controlled release of drugs. In a similar vein, crystalline/glassy transition controlled release is discussed by Graham et al.,
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"Hydrogels for Controlled Drug Delivery", Biomaterials 5, 27-36 (1984). Lee, "Novel Approach to Zero-order Drug Delivery Via Immobilized Nonuniform Drug Distribution in Glassy Hydrogels", J. Pharm. Sci. 73, 1344-1347 (1984) refers to improving release by means of a loading method utilizing a controlled-extraction process on initially dry, drug-loaded hydrogels to generate an inflection-point-containing drug concentration profile followed by a vacuum freeze-drying step to rapidly remove the swelling solvent and immobilize in situ a nonuniform drug distribution. An approach wherein the principal energy source governing the release of drugs from polymeric matrices is osmotic in nature is discussed by Gale et al, "Use of Osmotically Active Therapeutic Agents in Monolithic Systems", J. Memb. Sci. 2, 319-331 (1980). Mueller et al., "GradientIPN-Modified Hydrogel Beads: Their Synthesis by Diffusion-Polycondensation and Function as Controlled Drug Delivery Agents", J. App. Polym. Sci. 27, 4043-4064 (1982), discuss the utilization of osmotic and gradient effects in using IPN (interpenetrating polymer network) membranes and matrices to improve drug delivery rates. The use of heterogeneous interpenetrating polymer network matrices for the controlled release of drugs is further disclosed by Bae et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,921,287 which issued Jun. 5, 1990. The network disclosed is a heterogeneous matrix formed from a hydrophilic component such as polyethylene oxide (PEO) or poly(N,N'-dimethyl acrylamide-co-styrene) (DMM.sub.m -co-styrene) and a hydrophobic component such as styrene, an alkyl methacrylate or polytetramethylene ether glycol. The relative amounts of the two components, or "domains", can be varied, as can the diffusivities and solubilities of the drug combinations to be loaded therein, to control and change, as desired, the time release profile of incorporated drug. The control of release from matrices by varying the geometry is disclosed by Hsieh, et al. "Zero-Order Controlled-Release Polymer Matrices for Micro- and Macromolecules", J. Pharm. Sci. 72, 17-22 (1983). These are but representative of numerous methods/and or devices which have been proposed as a means for improving delivery of orally ingested drug-laden compositions. However, approaches heretofore made generally suffer from complicated fabrication procedures which may not be economical, practical, and may not even be suitable for preparing polymers for oral drug delivery. One problem is that the release of the incorporated drug is at a predetermined rate regardless of environmental conditions. Perhaps even more detrimental is that the drug-laden polymer must pass through the high acidic environment of the stomach where the drug may be released and/or undergo rapid hydrolysis or, in the case of peptides and proteins, denaturation and hydrolysis. Preferably, drugs in dosage forms for human applications should be incorporated into the carrier system using straightforward procedures under clean, nontoxic conditions to maintain the activity of the labile drugs. Drug incorporation is generally performed by the polymerization of monomeric materials in the presence of drugs, the solvent casting of drug polymer solutions or by a solvent sorption technique of polymerized and purified polymers. In the pre-polymer drug incorporation methods the purification of the final product is often neglected or impossible to accomplish. This leaves unreacted or other undesirable components in the product which may lead to difficulties in clinical applications. In cases of solvent casting or solvent sorption techniques, nontoxic solvents are used for drug/polymer dissolution or as the swelling agent. These methods are considered beneficial for some active agents in stable organic solvents. However, polypeptide or protein drugs undergo conformational changes or denaturation, even with relatively nontoxic alcoholic solutions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05484610__
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Pharmaceutical capsule compositions and structures for gastric sensitive materials Inventor(s): Nugent; Mark (1202 Stratford La., Algonquin, IL 60102) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,601,896 Date filed: March 21, 1984 Abstract: This invention provides oral dosage forms of therapeutic agents such as digestive enzymes which are subject to degradation and loss of activity at gastric pH. and compositions and methods for preparing same. Capsules of their components are formulated from a composition comprising a plastic homogeneous mass of gastric fluid impervious material such as cellulosic derivatives or collagenous material; from 10-65% by weight of a diluent selected from the group consisting of water, a lipid having a melting point above mammalian body temperature and a water miscible solvent; 4-60% by weight of procollagen; and 30-86% by weight of collagen or elastin. The composition is formed into finished capsules of relatively homogeneous composition comprising 1050% by weight of procollagen and 40-96% by weight of a material selected from the group consisting of collagen and elastin, and having less than 4% by weight of fat and water-soluble protein. Prior art pH dependent enteric coat materials such as cellulose acetate phthalate may be incorporated at a level of 1.0-40%. At time of oral administration, an activator capable of dissolving the capsule wall is allowed to contact the interior surface of the capsule. In the case of cellulosic composition outer walls, cellulose or a non-enzymatic alkaline buffer is applied, and a proteolytic enzyme is employed to dissolve collagenous materials. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to improved capsule compositions and structures of pharmaceutical compounds which are difficult to administer orally and more specifically relates to oral unitary dosage forms of therapeutic materials which are subject to degradation under gastric conditions, such as digestive enzymes, and especially pancreatic preparations of animal origin. Digestive enzyme replacement therapy is beneficial in patients with cystic fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis, postpancreatectomy, ductal obstructions caused by tumors of the pancreas, pancreatic insufficiency, steatorrhea of malabsorption syndrome and post-gastrectomy (Bilroth II and total) and for betagalactosidase deficiency. Many products are currently marketed for enzyme replacement therapy where pancreatic exocrine insuffiency exists. Various types of enteric-coated tablets, capsules, enzyme powders and mixtures of enzymes with anticholinergics and barbituates are included among the products which are now sold. While it is difficult to assess efficiency of the various protective means that have been employed, the large number of combinations of coatings, buffers, antiacids, H.sub.2 receptor antagonists and so on, coupled with the literature's conflicting views as to their effectiveness leads to the conclusion that optimal dosage forms or regimens have not yet been developed. Pancreatic enzymes are active under neutral or slightly alkaline conditions. In the presence of acid pH and pepsin, that is under the conditions encountered in the mammalian stomach, they are irreversibly inactivated and totally lose their biological activity. It it recognized by the art that orally administered pancreatic enzymes must be protected from degradation during passage through the stomach. While various enteric coatings have been reported in the prior art, they are hampered by several problems and have thus not been accepted without reservation because most of them are permeable to gastric fluids or they fail to disintegrate promptly upon passage into the duodenum to allow rapid mixing with the chyme so as to achieve maximum biological effect.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04601896__ •
Pharmaceutical composition suitable for intestinal administration Inventor(s): Fujii; Setsuro (Toyonaka, JP), Ikegaya; Kouji (Higashi-Murayama, JP), Nagakura; Masahiko (Sayama, JP), Yokoo; Nobuo (Sayama, JP), Yokoyama; Touru (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Kowa Co., Ltd. (nagoya, Jp) Patent Number: 4,639,435 Date filed: June 27, 1984 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition is disclosed which comprises a physiologically active substance possessing peptide bonds in its structure and being inactivable by digestive enzymes, the active substance being other than insulin, and a synthetic chymotrypsin inhibitor. The composition is particularly suitable for intestinal absorption of the active substance. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a novel pharmaceutical composition suitable for intestinal absorption. A number of natural substances have recently come into use for medicinal purposes. However, since most of these natural substances possess peptide bonds in their configurations, they are readily decomposed and denatured by the action of digestive enzymes, when administered orally, and hence do not exert their inherently desired effects. Although it is reported that a certain level of physiological effectiveness can be obtained by administration of physiologically active substances in larger doses, the active substances are rather expensive and necessarily suffer economical disadvantages. The larger doses just mentioned are limited solely to some special cases. Because of the foregoing problem, these physiologically active substances are usually administered by an injection route. Such route of administration gives patients pain and experiences other inconveniences. Consequently, this lends an impetus to the development for a more advanced form of administration of the physiologically active substances. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04639435__
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Pharmaceutical compositions comprising esters or amides as active ingredients Inventor(s): Kim; Soonih (Osaka, JP), Sasatani; Seiei (Osaka, JP), Takeda; Kazuhisa (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (osaka, Jp) Patent Number: 4,889,723 Date filed: April 13, 1988 Abstract: The present invention relates to new pharmaceutical compositions characterizing that esters or amides are suspended or dissolved in a middle chain glyceride or a mixure thereof. These pharmaceutical compositions inhibit the degradation of the active ingredient (i.e. esters or amides) by the action of various digestive enzymes in digestive system. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with new pharmaceutical compositions comprising esters or amides as active ingredients. More particularly, it relates to pharmaceutical compositions characterizing that esters or amides are suspended or
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dissolved in middle chain glycerides (referred to as "MCG" hereafter) or mixtures thereof. The degradation of the esters or amides by digestive enzymes (e.g. esterases and peptidases) is inhibited by suspending or dissolving the said esters or amides in MCGs. Out of many esters, various esters of guanidinobenzoic acid are known to be useful as medicines, for example, useful in the treatment of acute pancreatitis etc. owing to their anti-plasmin activity and anti-trypsin acitivity and in the treatment of pulmonary emphysema etc. owing to their inhibitory activity on elastase. Recently, As a result of their detailed research on pharmacokinetics in oral administration of the above esters, the present inventors have found unexpected facts. That is, it has been confirmed that these esters are degraded by the action of various esterase in digestive system, especially in intestine comparatively rapidly. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04889723__ •
Predigested seed food composition Inventor(s): Santillo, Jr.; Humbart D. (5010 Glenwood Dr., Williamsville, NY 14221) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,891,493 Date filed: November 25, 1997 Abstract: A seed food composition enzymatically predigested to be more readily digestible and utilizable by humans than the seed starting material from which it is derived. A quantity of seeds, either whole seeds or seeds having been modified from their raw, whole, natural state, as by drying, shelling or sprouting is macerated and comminuted. Water is added to form a slurry, and one or more plant-digestive enzymes are introduced. The slurry may be heated and pH may be adjusted and nutrient compounds introduced as required to enhance enzyme activity. When enzymatic predigestion has proceeded to a desired state, characterized by partial or complete conversion of all the enzyme substrate in the seed material or by a desired level of enzyme reaction products, the slurry preferably is dried to a powder and may be mixed subsequently with enzymes and other known materials or compounds to improve, for example, appearance, palatability, shelf life, or nutritive potential. A predigested seed food composition may be incorporated as a high-nutrition component in a wider range of edible end products, such as milkshakes or other drinks, baby foods, baked goods including breads, cookies, cereals, food bars, animal food supplements and the like. The dried, powdered form-of the composition may be used as a flour substitute, nutritional enhancer, or extender in many recipes. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to concentrated food supplements, more particularly to food supplements derived from seeds, including nuts and grains, and most particularly to food supplements derived from seeds wherein the nutritive material has been at least partially digested enzymatically prior to ingestion by the user. As used herein, the term "seed" means the fertilized, ripened ovule of a flowering plant containing an embryo and capable normally of germination to produce a new plant. Nuts and grains are types of seeds widely used in human nutrition. Some well-known examples of nuts are peanuts, walnuts, coconuts, pine nuts, cashew nuts, hickory nuts, chestnuts, almonds, brazil nuts, and filberts. Some well-known examples of grains are wheat, corn, oats, rye, rice, and barley. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05891493__
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Starch encapsulation of entomopathogens Inventor(s): Dunkle; Richard L. (Morton, IL), Shasha; Baruch S. (Peoria, IL) Assignee(s): The United States of America, AS Represented by the Secretary of (washington, Dc) Patent Number: 4,859,377 Date filed: July 10, 1987 Abstract: Biological control agents such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses have been encapsulated in a protective, starch matrix without the use of chemical crosslinking agents. The agent is blended into a dispersion of pregelatinized starch, which is thereafter subjected to conditions suitable for retrogradation. Dispersions can be formulated either for recovery of dry granules or as sprayable liquids. Encapsulated products are useful in controlling insects and other pest species having chewing mouth parts and amylase digestive enzymes. Excerpt(s): Encapsulation is rapidly becoming a major technology for formulating bioactive agents. Encapsulation has significantly extended field life of agricultural pesticides by offering protection from environmental exposure and resultant chemical and biological degradation. Moreover, it has allowed application of many pesticides at reduced dosages and less frequent intervals, thus reducing environmental contamination and extending residual activity. Encapsulation technology similar to that developed for chemical pesticides could be useful to protect entomopathogens such as Bacillus thuringiensis (B.T.), nuclear polyhedrosis viruses, microsporidians, and other biocontrol agents. Most biocontrol agents are susceptible to rapid environmental degradation caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation, heat, desiccation, substrate pH, and microbial competition, which severely limits their practical utility. Economically feasible formulation technology that provides long-term protection of biocontrol agents from environmental degradation and also promotes infection of the target pest is critically needed to further their use in applied pest control. This invention relates to a novel encapsulation system which satisfies these criteria. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04859377__
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Thiol protease inhibitor Inventor(s): Brunke; Karen J. (Belmont, CA), Chan; Victor J. (Oakland, CA), DelucaFlaherty; Camille (Palo Alto, CA), Scarafia; Liliana E. C. (Mountain View, CA) Assignee(s): Sandoz Ltd. (basel, Ch) Patent Number: 5,629,469 Date filed: February 10, 1995 Abstract: A novel thiol protease inhibitor peptide is isolated from Diabrotica virgifera designated virgiferin. The DNA encoding virgiferin and modified virgiferin peptides are claimed. These sequences maybe cloned into vectors and used to transform plants conferring reduced susceptibility to damage by plant pests that have thiol proteases as digestive enzymes including insects and nematodes and particularly Coleopteran insects. Excerpt(s): This invention is concerned with novel protease inhibitor peptides, nucleic acid sequences encoding these peptides, incorporation of protease inhibitor genes into the genome of a plant and the expression of the inhibitor gene or genes in plants
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wherein said plants have reduced susceptibility to damage caused by plant pests including insects and nematodes. The invention is further directed to biotechnological methods for producing said inhibitor peptides, insecticidal compositions containing said inhibitor peptides and the use of said peptides in combatting or reducing insect damage to plants. Certain plant pests particularly Colepteran insects and those insects of the genus Diabrotica cause tremendous damage to crop plants. In the past and currently, chemical fumigation has been used to control such insect damage. Additionally crop rotation practices can control Diabrotica populations. However, excessive use of insecticidal chemicals is not environmentally desirable and the practice of crop rotation may not be feasible for all growers. There is also increasing evidence that annual crop rotation may not provide complete protection from Diabrotica due to the increased prevalence of extended diapause in some Diabrotica populations. Therefore a means of protecting the plants from such insect damage by a mechanism other than chemical control or crop rotation would be very beneficial. Proteases or peptidases, hereinafter referred to collectively as proteases, are enzymes which hydrolyze peptide bonds in proteins or peptides and demonstrate this activity at the ends of peptides (exopeptidases) or within the peptide chain (endopeptidases). The endopeptidases in particular cleave internal peptide bonds with different degrees of specificity for particular amino acyl residues. The protease enzymes are classified on the basis of their catalytic residues. Thus, with thiol proteases a cysteine sulfhydryl group participates directly in cleavage of the substrate peptide bond. Proteases are ubiquitous in nature and it is well documented that these enzymes are present in insect and other plant pests. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05629469__
Patent Applications on Digestive Enzymes As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to digestive enzymes: •
Anti-aging nutritional supplement Inventor(s): Giampapa, Vincent C.; (Montclair, NJ) Correspondence: Melvin K. Silverman; Suite 500; 500 West Cypress Creek Road; Fort Lauderdale; FL; 33309; US Patent Application Number: 20040001817 Date filed: May 13, 2003 Abstract: An anti-aging nutritional supplement composition includes vitamins, minerals, an inflammatory process support, a blood sugar/insulin support, a botanical antioxidants, a methylating factor, a DNA repair agent, a fat metabolizer, an absorption enhancer, a brain function support, whole foods, a cellular energizer, a nucleotide precursor, amino acids, a fatty acid complex, and digestive enzymes. The composition supplies nutritional supplements necessary for proper glycation, DNA methylation, anti-oxidation, and control of inflammatory processes. The composition and the method of use provide an effective anti-aging treatment by decreasing DNA damage, increasing DNA repair, and improving immune function of human body.
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Excerpt(s): This application is the non-provisional patent application of provisional patent application serial No. 60/378,160 filed May 14, 2002, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. The instant invention relates to a program of oral supplementation to augment what is termed the cellular soup. The cellular soup constitutes extracellular and intra-cellular fluid which acts respectively to nourish the extracellular matrix, such as tissue and nerves, and the intra-cellular matrix which comprises the inner structure of the cells, this including the cell nucleus and the mitrocondria which are the energy producing elements within every living cell. The cell nucleus is where most genetic functions occur, including the aging process. Accordingly, proper nourishment to the cell nucleus and mitrocondria is an essential aspect of any anti-aging therapy. Within context of the instant invention, the term of cell represents both somatic cell and adult stem cell. Within the cellular soups are many organic compounds which affect the metabolic process, these including vitamins, minerals, enzymes, amino acids, pre-hormones (known as hormonal precursors), cofactors, antioxidants, anti-inflammatories, anti-glycation agents and DNA methylation control agents. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Composition for intestinal delivery Inventor(s): Vandenberg, Grant William; (Treffle, CA) Correspondence: Ogilvy Renault; 1981 Mcgill College Avenue; Suite 1600; Montreal; QC; H3a2y3; CA Patent Application Number: 20030118547 Date filed: November 14, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a new composition, use and method for oral administration to a human or an animal of a physiologically active agent comprising neutralizing agents to increase pH in the digestive system to prevent denaturation, inhibitors of digestive enzymes to substantially prevent enzymatic digestion, and at least uptake-increasing agents which increases intestinal absorption of a physiologically active agent, a drug and/or a nutrient. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition and a method for oral administration of physiological active products and intestinal delivery thereof. The physiological active products administered with the present invention allows to achieve a better systemic delivery and, immunologic induction, and has demonstrated improved nutritional, nutraceutical, and therapeutic capacities. The conventional route of therapy involving protein or peptide drugs is via parenteral administration (i.e., by injection). This is primarily due to the lack of absorption of such drugs through the gastrointestinal tract. However, injections are painful and sometimes difficult to administer relative to other dosage forms. Patient compliance is an important consideration as well since some of these drugs may require frequent administration to juvenile or geriactric patients. Oral delivery is preferable to injections for patient acceptance since it is less painful and more convenient for the patient. However, delivery of therapeutic polypeptides through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract has a number of problems such as low pH in the stomach, proteolytic degradation of the drug in the small intestine, low absorption through the intestinal membrane, and limited stability of such formulations, especially as an aqueous solution, which are all potential barriers to absorption of polypeptides following oral administration. Recent efforts to deliver polypeptides orally have focused on the use of absorption enhancers. This has led to the discovery that a suspension of
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sodium salicylate in an excess of an oil can enhance the absorption of human growth hormone from the GI tract. While absorption is improved by this combination, the bioavailability is of only up to about 10-20% of the protein (with reference to intravenous), which is still quite low. As a result, larger amounts of proteins must be administered orally in order to provide the required therapeutic level of protein in the plasma. This is a particular problem with proteins and polypeptides which, even with the advent of biotechnology, are still of relatively limited availability and are complex chemical entities as well, and very expensive as a result. Additionally, the liquid or semi-solid compositions of the prior art are difficult to formulate or package into a dosage form for oral delivery. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Endoscopic gastric bypass Inventor(s): Bessler, Marc; (Teaneck, NJ) Correspondence: William H. Dippert; Reed Smith Llp; 599 Lexington Avenue, 29th Floor; New York; NY; 10022; US Patent Application Number: 20040039452 Date filed: August 26, 2002 Abstract: An endoscopic device separates ingested food from gastric fluids or gastric fluids and digestive enzymes, to treat obesity. In a particular embodiment a gastric bypass stent comprises a tubular member and two or more stent members defining a lumen. The tubular member has a substantially liquid impervious coating or covering and one or more lateral openings to permit one-way liquid flow. Excerpt(s): The invention disclosed herein relates to a method and device for treating obesity. More particularly, the invention relates to a method and device wherein a covered stent having at least one one-way valve is positioned to extend from a patient's gastro-esophageal junction to the patient's duodenum. Surgical treatment of morbid obesity dates back to 1954 when the first jejunoileal bypass (intestinal) was done specifically for weight loss. The premise of this bypass was that patients could eat large amounts of food and the excess would either be poorly digested or passed along too rapidly for the body to absorb excess calories. In addition, intestinal bypass caused a temporary decrease in appetite which also resulted in weight loss. Unfortunately, essential nutrients were also lost in the stool. Because the effects of intestinal bypass were too difficult to predict and manage, the original form of the operation is no longer performed. In 1969 it was noted that near-total removal of the stomach for cancer or ulcers caused patients to remain at below normal weight. This suggested that a gastric bypass could be used for severe obesity. This approach involved stapling off most of the stomach, bypassing the duodenum, and allowing the undigested food to pass along directly into the intestine. Most of the early operations eventually failed because the pouch became enlarged. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Enhanced protein thermostability and temperature resistance Inventor(s): Laksanalamai, Pongpan; (Baltimore, MD), Robb, Frank T.; (Silver Spring, MD) Correspondence: Steven J. Hultquist; Intellectual Property/technology Law; P.O. Box 14329; Research Triangle Park; NC; 27709; US Patent Application Number: 20020077459 Date filed: April 16, 2001 Abstract: Small heat shock proteins, e.g., Pyrococcus fuiosus (Pfu-sHSP), confer thermotolerance on cellular cultures and on proteins in cellular extracts during prolonged incubation at elevated temperature, demonstrating the ability to protect cellular proteins and maintain cellular viability under heat stress conditions. Such heat shock proteins are effective to combat enzymatic aggregation and intracellular precipitation during heat stress, and thereby enable enhancement of the utility and stability of enzymes in various applications, e.g., Taq polymerase in PCR applications, digestive enzymes in microbial degradative applications, etc. Excerpt(s): The priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/197,274 filed Apr. 14, 2000 in the names of Frank T. Robb and Pongpan Laksanalami for "Enhanced Protein Thermostability and Temperature Resistance" is hereby claimed. The present invention generally relates to a heat shock protein from Pyrococcus furiosus, to a method of protecting and extending the durability of a recombinant DNA polymerase, and to a PCR kit. All organisms respond to elevated temperature by specifically inducing the expression of a set of new proteins, termed "heat shock proteins" or "HSPs." Although this response has been known for over thirty years, the specific role of individual HSPs in the overall response is still largely unknown. The HSPs to which functional character has been attributed have been characterized as molecular chaperones that enable protein folding, preventing denaturation of other proteins, or mediating proteolysis. This role, however, has only been demonstrated for a few of the many known HSPs and the function of other HSPs remains unknown. Moreover, it is not known which of the HSPs are essentials for the overall shock response except in the cases described below. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method for diagnosing and treating dysautonomia and other dysautonomic conditions Inventor(s): Fallon, Joan M.; (Yonkers, NY) Correspondence: Frank Chau, ESQ.; F. Chau & Associates, Llp; Suite 501; 1900 Hempstead Turnpike; East Meadow; NY; 11554; US Patent Application Number: 20020037284 Date filed: August 14, 2001 Abstract: Methods for aiding in the diagnosis of dysautonomic disorders and dysautonomic conditions and methods for treating individuals diagnosed as having a dysautonomic disorder or a dysautonomic condition. In one aspect, a diagnosis method comprising analyzing a stool sample of an individual for the presence of a biological marker wherein the quantity of the biological marker is an indication of whether the invidual has, or can develop, a dysuatonic disorder or dysautonomic condition, as well as a therapuetic method for treating a dysautonomic disorder or dysautonomic
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condition by administration of, e.g., secretin, neuropeptides, peptides and/or digestive enzymes. Excerpt(s): This application is based on, and claims the benefit of, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/224,991, filed on Aug. 14, 2000, which is fully incorporated herein by reference. The present invention generally relates to methods for aiding in the diagnosis of dysautonomic disorders and dysautonomic conditions and methods for treating individuals diagnosed as having a dysautonomic disorder or a dysautonomic condition. More particularly, the invention relates to a diagnosis method comprising analyzing a stool sample of an individual for the presence of a biological marker (or marker compound) that provides an indication of whether the invidual has, or can develop, a dysuatonic disorder or dysautonomic condition, as well as a therapuetic method for treating a dysautonomic disorder or dysautonomic condition by administration of, e.g., secretin, neuropeptides, peptides and/or digestive enzymes. Familial Dysautonomia (FD), which is also known as Riley-day syndrome, is an autosomal recessive sensory neuropathy that affects approximately 1 in 4,000 individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. This disorder is marked by a reduction of unmyelinated and small myelinated fibers as well as a reduction of dopamine-betahyrozylase in the bood. FD decreases both the sympathetic neurons and the peripheral small fibers that modulate temperature regulation. It is thought to arise from both the failure of intrauterine development of neurons and their postnatal development. Symptomotology of FD includes, e.g., renal disease, corneal ulcerations, mental retardation, loss of pain and vibratory senses, in coordination of movements, diarrhea, esophageal reflux, secretory diarrhea, gastrointestinal paresis, hypotension, facial abnormalities, altered dentition, increased salivary secretion, abnormalities of the sweat glands, bowel distension, fecal impaction, prolonged QT intervals (>440), risk of sudden death, and orthostatic syncope. Further features include decreased pain sensation, decreased temperature regulation, difficulty feeding, lack of overflow tears while crying, recurrent pneumonias, scoliosis or hyperkyhsis, increased sweating and skin blotching, decreased stature, as well as other conditions associated with autonomic dysfunction. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF PANCREATITIS Inventor(s): AOKI, KEI ROGER; (COTO DE CAZA, CA), SACHS, GEORGE; (ENCINO, CA) Correspondence: Allergan Inc; 2525 Dupont Drive; Irvine; CA; 92612 Patent Application Number: 20010018049 Date filed: April 8, 1999 Abstract: Methods and compositions for the treatment of acute pancreatitis in a mammal. Particular compositions comprise a binding element, a translocation element, and a therapeutic element able to prevent accumulation of digestive enzymes within the pancreas. Excerpt(s): The present invention includes methods and compositions for the treatment of acute pancreatitis. In a preferred embodiment the invention concerns the use of agents to reduce or prevent the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes within the pancreas. Such agents are targeted to pancreatic cells, and serve to prevent the exocytotic fusion of vesicles containing these enzymes with the plasma membrane. The
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invention is also concerned with methods of treating a mammal suffering from pancreatitis through the administration of such agents. Pancreatitis is a serious medical condition involving an inflammation of the pancreas. In acute or chronic pancreatitis the inflammation manifests itself in the release and activation of pancreatic enzymes within the organ itself, leading to autodigestion. In many cases of acute pancreatitis, the condition can lead to death. In normal mammals, the pancreas, a large gland similar in structure to the salivary gland, is responsible for the production and secretion of digestive enzymes, which digest ingested food, and bicarbonate for the neutralization of the acidic chyme produced in the stomach. The pancreas contains acinar cells, responsible for enzyme production, and ductal cells, which secrete large amounts of sodium bicarbonate solution. The combined secretion product is termed "pancreatic juice"; this liquid flows through the pancreatic duct past the sphincter of Oddi into the duodenum. The secretion of pancreatic juice is stimulated by the presence of chyme in the upper portions of the small intestine, and the precise composition of pancreatic juice appears to be influenced by the types of compounds (carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and/or nucleic acid) in the chyme. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Methods for sterilizing preparations of digestive enzymes Inventor(s): Burgess, Wilson; (Clifton, VA), Drohan, William N.; (Springfield, VA), Griko, Yuri; (Gaithersburg, MD), Macphee, Martin J.; (Montgomery Village, MD), Mann, David M.; (Gaithersburg, MD) Correspondence: Fleshner & Kim, Llp; P.O. Box 221200; Chantilly; VA; 20153-1200; US Patent Application Number: 20030049245 Date filed: August 31, 2001 Abstract: Methods are disclosed for sterilizing preparations of digestive enzymes to reduce the level of one or more active biological contaminants or pathogens therein, such as viruses, bacteria (including inter- and intracellular bacteria, such as mycoplasmas, ureaplasmas, nanobacteria, chlamydia, rickettsias), yeasts, molds, fungi, prions or similar agents responsible, alone or in combination, for TSEs and/or single or multicellular parasites. These methods involve sterilizing preparations of digestive enzymes, such as trypsin,.alpha.-galactosidase and iduronate-2-sulfatase, with irradiation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods for sterilizing preparations of digestive enzymes to reduce the level of one or more active biological contaminants or pathogens therein, such as viruses, bacteria (including inter- and intracellular bacteria, such as mycoplasmas, ureaplasmas, nanobacteria, chlamydia, rickettsias), yeasts, molds, fungi, prions or similar agents responsible, alone or in combination, for TSEs and/or single or multicellular parasites. The present invention particularly relates to methods of sterilizing preparations of digestive enzymes, such as trypsin,.alpha.-galactosidase and iduronate 2-sulfatase, with irradiation. The principal foods upon which an organism, such as a human, survives can be broadly categorized as carbohydrates, fats and proteins. These substances, however, are useless as nutrients without the process of digestion to break down foods. Digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth and stomach. Saliva contains the enzyme ptyalin (an alpha-amylase), which hydrolyses starch into maltose and other small polymers of glucose. The pancreatic alpha-amylase is similar to the salivary ptyalin, but several times as powerful. Therefore, soon after chyme empties into the duodenum and mixes with pancreatic juice, virtually all of the
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starches are converted into disaccharides and small glucose polymers. These disaccharides and small glucose polymers are hydrolysed into monosaccharides by intestinal epithelial enzymes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Methods of treating pervasive development disorders Inventor(s): Fallon, Joan M.; (Yonkers, NY) Correspondence: Frank Chau; F. Chau & Associates, Llp; Suite 501; 1900 Hempstead Turnpike; East Meadow; NY; 11554; US Patent Application Number: 20020090653 Date filed: December 31, 2001 Abstract: A method of utilizing the chymotrypsin level of an individual as a measure of the success of secretin, other neuropeptides, and peptides or digestive enzyme administration to such individuals, and in particular, as a prognosticative of potential secretin, other neuropeptides, peptides, and digestive enzyme administration for persons having ADD, ADHD, Autism and other PDD related disorders. In one aspect, a method for determining the efficacy of secretin, other neuropeptides, peptides, or digestive enzymes for the treatment of an individual diagnosed with a pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) comprises obtaining a sample of feces from an individual, determining a quantitative level of chymotrypsin present in the sample, and correlating the quantitative level of chymotrypsin determined to be present in the sample with the PDD to determine the efficacy of treating the individual with secretin, other neuropeptides, peptides, or digestive enzyme administration. In another aspect, a therapeutic method for treating an individual diagnosed with a PDD pervasive developmental disorder comprises determining the efficacy of secretin, other neuropeptides, peptides, and digestive enzyme administration for the treatment of the individual based on a measure of the individual's chymotrypsin level, and administering secretin, other neuropeptides, peptides, or digestive enzymes to the individual based on the determination of the measure of the individual's chymotrypsin level. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a method for treating individuals diagnosed with a form of PDD (pervasive development disorder) and other disorders such as ADD (attention deficit disorder) and ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). More specifically, the present invention is directed to therapeutic method for treating individuals with such disorders by administering secretin, other neuropeptides, peptides, and/or digestive enzymes, as well as a prognosticative method for determining the potential effectiveness of the administration of secretin, other neuropeptides, peptides, and/or digestive enzymes for the treatment of such disorders. PDDs are a class of disorders defined by both American and International diagnostic systems (i.e., the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) and World Health Organization: International Classification of Diseases, Tenth revision (ICD-10)). The spectrum of PDDs include disorders such as Autism, Aspergers, ADD, and ADHD. PDDs are typically characterized by multiple distortions in the development of basic psychological functions that are involved in the development of social skills and language, such as attention, perception reality testing and motor movement. In addition, many children diagnosed with Autism, for example, suffer from primary diffuse gastrointestinal problems such as protracted diarrhea and constipation. Although PDDs are currently of unknown etiology, many conventional
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methods, such as dietary alteration, behavioral modification, and medication, have been utilized for treating individuals suffering from PDD related disorders. Unfortunately, PDD related disorders have no known treatment beyond that which is symptomatic, and these conventional methods have proven unsuccessful in allowing such children and adults to become symptom, or disorder free. A child which displays signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity is typically diagnosed as having ADD and/or ADHD. With these disorders, there can be marked disturbances of organization, distractibility, impulsivity, restlessness, and other disturbances of language and/or social behavior. A combination of psychiatric care and medicine is typically used for treating children with ADD and ADHD. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Nucleic acid and protein sequences of bovine epidermal growth factor Inventor(s): Benkel, Bernhard F.; (Lethbridge, CA), Bilodeau-Goeseels, Sylvie; (Lethbridge, CA), John, Sushil Jacob; (Lethbridge, CA), Selinger, Leonard Brent; (Lethbridge, CA) Correspondence: Greenlee Winner And Sullivan P C; 5370 Manhattan Circle; Suite 201; Boulder; CO; 80303; US Patent Application Number: 20030059802 Date filed: May 17, 2002 Abstract: The invention provides a nucleotide sequence of bovine epidermal growth factor (bEGF) and the deduced amino acid sequence of the encoded protein. The invention further provides the nucleotide sequence of mature bEGF and the deduced mature bEGF protein. The invention extends to homologous nucleic acids, proteins, and fragments functionally equivalent to the nucleotide sequence of the bEGF gene and bEGF protein, respectively. Bovine EGF may be expressed in microorganisms such as E. coli or P. pastoris, and plant hosts, such as potato. Activity of recombinant bEGF may be confirmed using a cell proliferation/DNA synthesis assay. Bovine EGF demonstrates utility in livestock and dairy productions as a supplement in farm animal feed to promote growth; to prevent or treat intestinal infections; to stimulate precocious maturation of gut cells to secrete an appropriate spectrum of digestive enzymes; and to increase nutrient absorption. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/292,136, filed May 18, 2001. To the extent that it is consistent herewith, the aforementioned application is incorporated herein by reference. The invention pertains to nucleic acid and protein sequences of bovine epidermal growth factor. In recent years, a highly competitive market place and environmental concerns have , encouraged researchers to develop technologies to improve the efficiency of livestock and dairy productions. However, a greater public awareness of animal welfare issues and of food production indicates that further improvement in efficiency may have to be achieved without compromising animal health and well-being. Recent findings in a number of animal systems suggest that epidermal growth factor (EGF) may be used in livestock and dairy productions as a feed additive to stimulate precocious maturation of gut cells to secrete an appropriate spectrum of digestive enzymes; increase nutrient absorption; and prevent or treat intestinal infection. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Pesticidal activity of functionalized alkenes Inventor(s): Linderman, Russell J.; (Green Oaks, IL), Roe, R. Michael; (Apex, NC), Thompson, Deborah M.; (Raleigh, NC), Vanderherehen, Matthew; (Raleigh, NC) Correspondence: Myers Bigel Sibley & Sajovec; PO Box 37428; Raleigh; NC; 27627; US Patent Application Number: 20020193436 Date filed: June 7, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides non-peptide organic compounds that have a structure analogous to or reminiscent of the TMOF structure and have pesticidal activity. Thus the present invention concerns pesticidal compounds that inhibit digestion in pests by terminating or otherwise blocking synthesis of digestive enzymes by activating a TMOF receptor (collectively referred to herein as "pesticidal compounds"). The pesticidal compounds and other compounds of the present invention are usefully employed in the control of pests, particularly insect pests such as mosquitoes, which ingest blood. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of commonly owned, copending application Ser. No. 09/457,509, filed Dec. 8, 1999, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The present invention concerns functionalized alkenes, along with alkane and alkyne analogs thereof, that have pesticidal activity, along with methods of use thereof. Many blood-ingesting pests are known to feed on humans and animals, and many pests are vectors for pathogenic microorganisms that threaten human and animal health, including commercially important livestock, pets and other animals. Various species of mosquitoes, for example, transmit diseases caused by viruses, and many are vectors for disease-causing nematodes and protozoa. Mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles transmit Plasmodium, the protozoan which causes malaria, a devastating disease which results in approximately 1 million deaths annually. The mosquito species Aedes aegypti transmits an arbovirus that causes yellow fever in humans. Other arboviruses transmitted by Aedes species include the causative agents of dengue fever, eastern and western encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, chikungunya, oroponehe and bunyarnidera. The genus Culex, which includes the common house mosquito C. pipiens, is implicated in the transmission of various forms of encephalitis and filarial worms. The common house mosquito also transmits Wuchereria banuffi and Brugia malayi, which cause various forms of lymphatic filariasis, including elephantiasis. Trypanasomas cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease, is transmitted by various species of blood-ingesting Triatominae bugs. The tsetse fly (Glossina spp.) transmits African trypanosomal diseases of humans and cattle. Many other diseases are transmitted by various blood-ingesting pest species. The order Diptera contains a large number of blood-ingesting and disease-bearing insects, including, for example, mosquitoes, black flies, no-see-ums (punkies), horse flies, deer flies and tsetse flies. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Reducing lead bioavailability Inventor(s): Stanforth, Robert R.; (Singapore, SG) Correspondence: Birch Stewart Kolasch & Birch; PO Box 747; Falls Church; VA; 220400747; US Patent Application Number: 20020115899 Date filed: December 15, 2000 Abstract: A method for reducing the solubility of lead during digestion or in the environment has been developed. Lead is incorporated into a solid material formed by the in situ oxidation of iron. This can be accomplished by introducing ferrous iron into the soil, either in solid or liquid form, and then oxidizing the iron with either air or an introduced oxidant. Solubility of the lead is significantly reduced even under very acidic conditions by incorporation into the iron oxide material. Acid generated during the oxidation and precipitation of iron can be neutralized using common neutralizing agents such as limestone, lime, magnesium oxide, or magnesium hydroxide. In another method, the calcium or magnesium can be added either as neutral salts or as salts of alkaline anions, e.g., calcium carbonate. The calcium and magnesium ions form strong complexes with digestive enzymes, preventing the lead from forming soluble lead complexes with the enzymes. This reduces the bioavailability of the lead. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains generally to the field of treating materials containing lead--such as waste materials and soil--with chemical compounds which serve to reduce the bioavailability of the lead. The materials containing lead include hazardous wastes. The present invention is particularly useful in the field of treating solid wastes containing unacceptable levels of leachable lead, in order to control leaching in the natural environment and during digestion after accidental ingestion. Lead is one of the more common metals found in the environment, and also one of the more toxic. It is widely distributed in soil and at waste disposal sites due to its use in leaded gasoline, paint, batteries, and general widespread industrial use. The impact of lead on humans, particularly children, is being noted at increasing lower levels. Lead impacts both learning ability and behavior, particularly in children. For that reason, there is serious concern about levels of lead in the soil, and the impact of that lead on children. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry has estimated that the number of children in the U.S. exposed to lead in soil or dust at levels of concern is between 5.9 and 11.7 million (Impact of Lead-Contaminated Soil on Public Health, ATSDR, 1992). Thus there is an increasing need to reduce the toxicity of lead in soil and waste, as well as to provide for safe disposal of lead-containing wastes. Much of the focus of lead treatment studies until recently has been on the reduction of the leaching potential of lead from waste materials, particularly as measured in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test, which is used to classify wastes as hazardous. A number of treatment technologies have been developed for immobilizing lead in wastes using phosphate, so as to render the wastes non-hazardous. See e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,737,356, 5,037,479, 5,193,936, 5,245,114, 5,430,233, 5,512,702, 5,536,899, and 5,569,155. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Zsig33-like peptides Inventor(s): Bishop, Paul D.; (Fall City, WA), Deisher, Theresa A.; (Seattle, WA), Jaspers, Stephen R.; (Edmonds, WA), Sheppard, Paul O.; (Granite Falls, WA) Correspondence: Robyn Adams; Zymogenetics, INC.; 1201 Eastlake Avenue East; Seattle; WA; 98102; US Patent Application Number: 20020055156 Date filed: May 10, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to peptides related to the zsig33 peptide, including agonists, antagonists, and antibodies. Methods of modulating gastric contractility, nutrient uptake, growth hormones, the secretion of digestive enzymes and hormones, and/or secretion of enzymes and/or hormones in the pancreas are also included. Excerpt(s): This application is related to Provisional Application 60/203,300 filed on May 11, 2000. Under 35 U.S.C.sctn. 119(e)(1), this application claims benefit of said Provisional Application. Many of the regulatory peptides that are important in maintaining nutritional homeostasis are found in the gastrointestinal environment. These peptides may be synthesized in the digestive system and act locally, but can also be identified in the brain as well. In addition, the reverse is also found, i.e., peptides are synthesized in the brain, but found to regulate cells in the gastrointestinal tract. This phenomenon has been called the "brain-gut axis" and is important for signaling satiety, regulating body temperature and other physiological processes that require feedback between the brain and gut. The gut peptide hormones include gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon, secretin, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), motilin, somatostatin, pancreatic peptide (PP), substance P and neuropeptide Y (NPY), and use several different mechanisms of action. For example, gastrin, motilin and CCK function as endocrine- and neurocrine-type hormones. Others, such as gastrin and GIP, are thought to act exclusively in an endocrine fashion. Other modes of action include a combination of endocrine, neurocrine and paracrine action (somatostatin); exclusively neurocrine action (NPY); and a combination of neurocrine and paracrine actions (VIP and Substance P). Most of the gut hormone actions are mediated by membrane-bound receptors and activate second messenger systems. For a review of gut peptides see, Mulvihill et al., in Basic and Clinical Endocrinology, pp.551570, 4th edition Greenspan F. S. and Baxter, J. D. editors., Appleton & Lange: Norwalk, Conn., 1994. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with digestive enzymes, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “digestive enzymes” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on digestive enzymes.
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You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning digestive enzymes. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON DIGESTIVE ENZYMES Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to digestive enzymes. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on digestive enzymes include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “digestive enzymes” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “digestive enzymes” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “digestive enzymes” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Digestive Enzymes by Jeffrey Bland, et al; ISBN: 0879833319; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879833319/icongroupinterna
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Digestive Enzymes: The Key to Good Health and Longevity by Rita Elkins; ISBN: 1580540287; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580540287/icongroupinterna
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Enzymes for Digestive Health and Nutritional Wealth: The Practical Guide for Digestive Enzymes by Karen Defelice; ISBN: 0972591869; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0972591869/icongroupinterna
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Estimating the Optimum pH and Temperature for Digestive Enzyme Activity by H. Anthony Neidig (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0875404448; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875404448/icongroupinterna
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Chapters on Digestive Enzymes In order to find chapters that specifically relate to digestive enzymes, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and digestive enzymes using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “digestive enzymes” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on digestive enzymes: •
Digestive Enzymes and Gallstone Solubilizers Source: in Moreau, D., ed. Nursing96 Drug Handbook. Springhouse, PA: Nursing96 Books. Springhouse Corporation. 1996. p. 627-632. Contact: Available from Springhouse Publishing. 1111 Bethlehem Pike, P.O. Box 908, Springhouse, PA 19477. (800) 331-3170 or (215) 646-4670 or (215) 646-4671. Fax (215) 6468716. PRICE: $29.95. ISBN: 087434817x. ISSN: 0273320x. Summary: This chapter on digestive enzymes and gallstone stabilizers is from a nursing handbook on pharmaceuticals. The handbook is designed to provide drug information that focuses on what nurses need to know by emphasizing the clinical aspects of drug therapy. The chapter begins with an alphabetical list of the generic names of drugs described in the chapter, followed by an alphabetical list of brand names. Finally comes a list of selected combination products in which these drugs are found. Specific information on each drug is arranged under the following headings: How Supplied, Action, Onset, Peak, Duration, Indications and Dosage, Adverse Reactions, Interactions, Contraindications, and Nursing Considerations. Drugs covered are chenodiol, monooctanoin, pancreatin, pancrelipase, and ursodiol.
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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON DIGESTIVE ENZYMES Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on digestive enzymes. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on digestive enzymes is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “digestive enzymes” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “digestive enzymes” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on digestive enzymes: •
Digestive System Source: Calhoun, KY: NIMCO. 199x. (videocassette). Contact: Available from NIMCO. P.O. Box 9, 102 Highway 81 North, Calhoun, KY 42327-0009. (800) 962-6662 or (502) 273-5050. Fax (502) 273-2584. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $59.95. Summary: This videotape program provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the digestive system. Designed to introduce students in the health care fields to basic anatomical terms, the program reviews each part of the digestive system and accessory organs. The program, similar to a slide presentation, shows black and white, anatomical illustrations, with a voice-over describing the structures to be found in each drawing. Illustrations depict the oral cavity, the tongue, the salivary glands, secretory cells of the salivary glands, the palate, the pharynx, the esophagus, the mechanism of swallowing, location of the stomach, divisions and curvatures of the
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stomach, layers of the stomach wall, gastric glands and mucosa, the small and large intestine, muscle and villus of the intestinal wall (including mucosal structures), the anal canal, liver structure, the gallbladder, hepatic and bile ducts, and pancreas. A final section outlines the mechanical and chemical aspects of digestion, including the digestion of carbohydrate, protein, and fat, and then explains how each organ in the digestive system participates in digestion. Also covered is the absorption of water and minerals and the role of digestive enzymes in the digestive function. The videotape contains no introduction or visible narrator. The address and toll free telephone number of the producer are provided at the end.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
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These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
11
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “digestive enzymes” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 7892 44 698 3 188 8825
HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “digestive enzymes” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
13
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
14
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
18 Adapted 19
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on digestive enzymes can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internetbased services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to digestive enzymes. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to digestive enzymes. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “digestive enzymes”:
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Other guides Colonic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/colonicdiseases.html Cystic Fibrosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cysticfibrosis.html Digestive Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/digestivediseases.html Pancreatic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pancreaticdiseases.html Stomach Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/stomachdisorders.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on digestive enzymes. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Pancreatitis Source: Bethesda, MD: American Gastroenterological Association. 199x. [4 p.]. Contact: American Gastroenterological Association (AGA). 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Seventh Floor, Bethesda, MD 20814. (800) 668-5237 or (301) 654-2055. Fax (301) 652-3890. Website: www.gastro.org. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk copies available. Summary: Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas; it usually begins at an acute stage and in some cases may become chronic after a severe or recurrent attack. When the pancreas becomes inflamed, the digestive enzymes attack the tissue that produces them. This brochure from the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) reviews the problem of pancreatitis. Topics include a description of acute and chronic pancreatitis, the symptoms of pancreatitis, how to know if medical assistance should be consulted for abdominal pain, and treatment options. With chronic pancreatitis, the pancreas may eventually stop producing the enzymes that are necessary for the body to digest and absorb nutrients. The symptoms of pancreatitis include a gradual or sudden severe pain in the center part of the upper abdomen that goes through to the back, nausea and vomiting, fever, jaundice (a yellowing of the skin), shock, weight loss, and symptoms of
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diabetes mellitus. Most cases of acute pancreatitis are mild and involve a short hospital stay to help heal the pancreas. Chronic pancreatitis is a much more persistent condition and occurs more often in men than in women. Treatment focuses on nutritional and metabolic needs and on relieving the pain of pancreatitis. Surgery may be required to remove contributing gallstones, to drain the pancreatic duct, or to remove part of the pancreas. Most people who have chronic pancreatitis have a good prognosis if they follow the required dietary changes and take their medications and required supplements. The brochure includes a diagram of the digestive tract, with organs labeled, and a glossary of related terms. 1 figure. •
What Can Digestion Tell You About Your Health? Source: Asheville, NC: Great Smokies Diagnostic Laboratory. 1998. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from Great Smokies Diagnostic Laboratory. 63 Zillicoa Street, Asheville, NC 28801-1074. (800) 522-4762 or (704) 253-0621. Fax (704) 252-9303. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.greatsmokies-lab.com. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure describes the Comprehensive Digestive Stool Analysis (CDSA), a group of 25 tests performed on a stool sample, which can reveal information about a patient's gastrointestinal health. The CDSA evaluates the digestion of food molecules and absorption of nutrients, the presence of hidden yeast or bacterial infections, intestinal flora balance, intestinal immune function, and dietary fiber intake. The brochure emphasizes that poor digestion or imbalances in the intestinal flora can result in many illnesses, from annoying complaints such as chronic constipation and abdominal pain, to more serious illnesses that may appear unrelated to digestion, such as asthma or migraines. The brochure reviews the role of some of the components of a healthy gastrointestinal tract, including stomach acid and other digestive enzymes, the bacteria in the digestive tract, and the immune system. For proper gastrointestinal health, the body must carefully coordinate the breakdown, absorption, and elimination of food. Bacteria must be in proper balance, and immune function must be adequate. The brochure includes a checklist readers can use to assess their own need for a CDSA. 1 figure.
•
Managing Your Ileostomy Source: Libertyville, IL: Hollister Incorporated. 1997. 12 p. Contact: Available from Hollister Incorporated. 2000 Hollister Drive, Libertyville, IL 60048. (800) 323-4060. Fax (847) 918-3994. PRICE: Single copy free. Also available for free at www.holister.com/educatio/educatio.htm. Summary: This patient education booklet provides information for patients about managing an ileostomy. The booklet answers some common questions about ileostomy surgery and eases concerns about living with an ileostomy. The booklet first reviews the anatomy and functions of the human digestive system, focusing on the intestines. An ileostomy is a surgically created opening into the small intestine, through the abdomen. The purpose of an ileostomy is to allow stool to bypass a diseased or damaged part of the colon. To construct an ileostomy, the surgeon brings part of the person's small intestine (ileum) through the abdominal wall; this new opening on the abdomen is called a stoma. The booklet notes that determining where the stoma will be placed on the abdomen is a very important part of the preparations for surgery. Generally, an ileostomy stoma is located on the abdomen in the lower right quadrant. The stool from an ileostomy comes directly from the small intestine, so the stool contains digestive enzymes that can be very irritating to the skin. Because of that, the pouch that is worn
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must have a protective skin barrier to fit around the stoma. Odor is a major concern for people who are about to have ileostomy surgery; the booklet reviews steps that can be taken to lessen the odor problem. The booklet encourages readers to eat a balanced, nutritional diet and to be aware of particular foods that may cause a problem for them (foods that form gas, specifically). The booklet discusses diarrhea and how to handle it, medications and their potential side effects on the stool, bathing or showering, skin care, clothing, rehabilitation issues (including returning to work and traveling), exercise and sports, and sex and personal relationships. The booklet includes a pocket inside the back cover, with cards for patient's individual discharge information, a summary of tips regarding when to contact a health care provider, and a list of support and resource organizations. 5 figures. •
Gastroparesis Source: Camp Hill, PA: Chek-Med Systems, Inc. 199x. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from Chek-Med Systems, Inc. 200 Grandview Avenue, Camp Hill, PA 17011-1706. (800) 451-5797 or (717) 761-1170. Fax (717) 761-0216. PRICE: $22.00 per pack of 50 brochures; 3 pack minimum. Summary: This patient education brochure describes gastroparesis, a condition when the rate of the electrical motility wave of the stomach slows and the stomach contracts less frequently. The result is that food just remains in the stomach, relying on acid and digestive enzymes to break down the food and on gravity to empty the stomach. The brochure lists the causes (etiology) of gastroparesis, including diabetes; scars from ulcers and tumors; drug effects; previous stomach surgery; anorexia and buliemia; neurologic or brain disorders; disorders such as lupus, scleroderma, and poor blood supply to the stomach; and idiopathic causes (unknown). The usual symptoms of gastroparesis are a feeling of fullness after only a few bites of food, bloating, excessive belching, and nausea. Medications to reduce or eliminate stomach acid usually do not help much. When gastroparesis is severe, there may be frequent heartburn and regurgitation of stomach juices into the mouth. The diagnosis includes a medial history, physical exam, upper gastrointestinal (GI) barium x-ray, and upper endoscopy; a gastric or stomach emptying test is the best method of making the diagnosis. An electrogastrogram (EGG) may also be used, but is not available in all areas. Treatment includes identification and treatment of any underlying disorder (such as diabetes), attention to diet and nutrition, and medications including cisapride (Propulsid), domperidome (Motilin), metoclopramide (Reglan), and bethanechol (Urecholine). The brochure concludes that gastroparesis is a fairly frequent medical problem, but by working with the physician, most patients are able to reach a satisfactory treatment program. 2 figures.
•
Gas in the Digestive Tract Source: Bethesda, MD: American Gastroenterological Association. 199x. [4 p.]. Contact: American Gastroenterological Association (AGA). 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Seventh Floor, Bethesda, MD 20814. (800) 668-5237 or (301) 654-2055. Fax (301) 652-3890. Website: www.gastro.org. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk copies available. Summary: When gas in the digestive tract does not pass out of the body easily, it can collect, causing bloating and discomfort. This brochure from the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) reviews the problem of gas in the digestive tract (flatulence). Topics include the major causes of flatulence, the symptoms of the condition, repetitive belching, the causes of abdominal pain and bloating, and treatment strategies. A common source of upper intestinal gas is swallowed air. Sometimes
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belching accompanies movement of stomach contents backup (reflux) into the esophagus. Another cause of repeated belching is gastritis (inflammation of the stomach), including that caused by the Helicobacter pylori bacteria. The brochure explores the role of food in the production of gas in the lower intestine, including dietary fiber and problems with lactose (milk sugar) intolerance. Some over the counter drugs, such as simethicone, activated charcoal, and digestive enzymes, are prescribed as helpful for relieving gassiness. Sometimes doctors also prescribe a treatment plan designed to help move gas through the intestines more readily. One sidebar reminds readers of steps that can be taken to prevent excessive belching or flatus. The brochure includes a list of references and a diagram of the digestive tract, with organs labeled. 1 figure. 3 references. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to digestive enzymes. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to digestive enzymes. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with digestive enzymes.
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The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about digestive enzymes. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “digestive enzymes” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “digestive enzymes”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “digestive enzymes” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “digestive enzymes” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
21
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
22
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
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•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
91
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
93
DIGESTIVE ENZYMES DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acrylamide: A colorless, odorless, highly water soluble vinyl monomer formed from the hydration of acrylonitrile. It is primarily used in research laboratories for electrophoresis, chromatography, and electron microscopy and in the sewage and wastewater treatment industries. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU]
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Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alpha Cell: A type of cell in the pancreas (in areas called the islets of Langerhans). Alpha cells make and release a hormone called glucagon, which raises the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha Rhythm: One of four types of brain waves characterized by a relatively high voltage or amplitude and a frequency of 8-13 Hz. They constitute the majority of waves recorded by EEG registering the activity of the parietal and occipital lobes when the individual is awake, but relaxed with the eyes closed. [NIH] Alpha-Amylase: An enzyme that catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-glycosidic linkages in starch, glycogen, and related polysaccharides and oligosaccharides containing 3 or more 1,4-alpha-linked D-glucose units. EC 3.2.1.1. [NIH]
Dictionary 95
Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Aminopeptidases: A subclass of exopeptidases that act on the free N terminus end of a polypeptide liberating a single amino acid residue. EC 3.4.11. [NIH] Amino-terminal: The end of a protein or polypeptide chain that contains a free amino group (-NH2). [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]
Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amylase: An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anastomosis: A procedure to connect healthy sections of tubular structures in the body after the diseased portion has been surgically removed. [NIH]
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Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Animal Welfare: The protection of animals in laboratories or other specific environments and the promotion of their health through better nutrition, housing, and care. This may be carried out through legislation or regulation. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]
Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticarcinogenic: Pertaining to something that prevents or delays the development of cancer. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidiabetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates diabetes. [EU] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]
Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antioxidants: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the
Dictionary 97
oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Asepsis: The prevention of access by infecting organisms to the locus of potential infection. [NIH]
Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspartic: The naturally occurring substance is L-aspartic acid. One of the acidic-amino-acids is obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins. [NIH] Aspartic Endopeptidases: A sub-subclass of endopeptidases that depend on an aspartic acid residue for their activity. EC 3.4.23. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH]
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Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autolysis: The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. [NIH] Barium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid, barium salt (1:1). A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Belching: Noisy release of gas from the stomach through the mouth. Also called burping. [NIH]
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, cardiac rate changes, and bronchial spasms. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in
Dictionary 99
the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Cell Count: A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH]
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Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bromelain: An enzyme found in pineapples that breaks down other proteins, such as collagen and muscle fiber, and has anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a meat tenderizer in the food industry. [NIH] Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 36, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchial Spasm: Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchioles: The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs. [NIH] Bronchoconstriction: Diminution of the caliber of a bronchus physiologically or as a result of pharmacological intervention. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]
Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Caerulein: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to cholecystokinin. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcineurin: A calcium- and calmodulin-binding protein present in highest concentrations in the central nervous system. Calcineurin is composed of two subunits. A catalytic subunit, calcineurin A, and a regulatory subunit, calcineurin B, with molecular weights of about 60 kD and 19 kD, respectively. Calcineurin has been shown to dephosphorylate a number of phosphoproteins including histones, myosin light chain, and the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. It is involved in the regulation of signal transduction and is the target of an important class of immunophilin-immunosuppressive drug complexes in T-lymphocytes that act by inhibiting T-cell activation. EC 3.1.3.-. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic
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weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carboxypeptidases: Enzymes that act at a free C-terminus of a polypeptide to liberate a single amino acid residue. They are further divided based on their catalytic mechanism into serine-type carboxypeptidases EC 3.4.16; metallocarboxypeptidases, EC 3.4.17; and cysteinetype carboxypeptidases, EC 3.4.18. EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Catabolism: Any destructive metabolic process by which organisms convert substances into excreted compounds. [EU] Catalytic Domain: The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cecum: The beginning of the large intestine. The cecum is connected to the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and
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leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Lineage: The developmental history of cells as traced from the first division of the original cell or cells in the embryo. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like species native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia. The dried flower-heads of two species, Anthemis nobilis (Chamaemelum nobile) and Matricaria recutita, have specific use as herbs. They are administered as tea, extracts, tinctures, or ointments. Chamomile contains choline, coumarins, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, salicylate derivatives, tannins, and volatile oils. [NIH] Chaperonins: A class of sequence-related molecular chaperones found in bacteria, mitochondria, and plastids. Chaperonins are abundant constitutive proteins that increase in amount after stresses such as heat shock, bacterial infection of macrophages, and an increase in the cellular content of unfolded proteins. Bacterial chaperonins are major immunogens in human bacterial infections because of their accumulation during the stress of infection. Two members of this class of chaperones are chaperonin 10 and chaperonin 60. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones. [NIH] Chimeric Proteins: Proteins in individuals that are derived from genetically different zygotes. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH]
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Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholecystokinin: A 33-amino acid peptide secreted by the upper intestinal mucosa and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety. [NIH] Choleretic: A choleretic agent. [EU] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chyme: A thick liquid made of partially digested food and stomach juices. This liquid is made in the stomach and moves into the small intestine for further digestion. [NIH] Chymopapain: A cysteine endopeptidase isolated from papaya latex. Preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. EC 3.4.22.6. [NIH] Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, chymotrypsinogen and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by trypsin. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clathrin: The main structural coat protein of coated vesicles which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. Clathrin also interacts with cytoskeletal proteins. [NIH] Claviceps: A genus of ascomycetous fungi, family Clavicipitaceae, order Hypocreales, parasitic on various grasses. The sclerotia contain several toxic alkaloids. Claviceps purpurea on rye causes ergotism. [NIH] Cleave: A double-stranded cut in DNA with a restriction endonuclease. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH]
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Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clot Retraction: Retraction of a clot resulting from contraction of platelet pseudopods attached to fibrin strands that is dependent on the contractile protein thrombosthenin. Used as a measure of platelet function. [NIH] Coated Vesicles: Vesicles formed when cell-membrane coated pits invaginate and pinch off. The outer surface of these vesicles are covered with a lattice-like network of coat proteins, such as clathrin, coat protein complex proteins, or caveolins. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colostrum: The thin, yellow, serous fluid secreted by the mammary glands during pregnancy and immediately postpartum before lactation begins. It consists of immunologically active substances, white blood cells, water, protein, fat, and carbohydrates. [NIH]
Common Bile Duct: The largest biliary duct. It is formed by the junction of the cystic duct and the hepatic duct. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative
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pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
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Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneal Ulcer: Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Coumarins: Synthetic or naturally occurring substances related to coumarin, the deltalactone of coumarinic acid. Coumarin itself occurs in the tonka bean. The various coumarins have a wide range of proposed actions and uses including as anticoagulants, pharmaceutical aids, indicators and reagents, photoreactive substances, and antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cysteine Endopeptidases: Endopeptidases which have a cysteine involved in the catalytic process. This group of enzymes is inactivated by sulfhydryl reagents. EC 3.4.22. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious
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level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]
Dentition: The teeth in the dental arch; ordinarily used to designate the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. [EU] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Desiccation: Removal of moisture from a substance (chemical, food, tissue, etc.). [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados. [NIH]
Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Dietary Proteins: Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the essential amino acids. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH]
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Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dimerization: The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Dipeptidases: Exopeptidases that specifically act on dipeptides. EC 3.4.13. [NIH] Dipeptidyl Peptidases: Enzymes which cleave dipeptides from the amino terminal of a polypeptide. Dipeptidyl peptidase I, II, III, IV are known. They hydrolyze the betanaphthylamides of glycine-arginine, lysine-alanine, arginine-arginine and glycine-proline, respectively. Dipeptidyl peptidase I is cathepsin C. EC 3.4.14.-. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disaccharides: Sugars composed of two monosaccharides linked by glycoside bonds. [NIH] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diurnal: Occurring during the day. [EU] Diverticula: Plural form of diverticulum. [NIH] Diverticulitis: Inflammation of a diverticulum or diverticula. [NIH] Diverticulum: A pathological condition manifested as a pouch or sac opening from a tubular or sacular organ. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated
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with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Combinations: Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture. It is differentiated from combination drug therapy in which two or more drugs are administered separately for a combined effect. [NIH] Drug Delivery Systems: Systems of administering drugs through controlled delivery so that an optimum amount reaches the target site. Drug delivery systems encompass the carrier, route, and target. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenal Ulcer: An ulcer in the lining of the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). [NIH]
Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ego: The conscious portion of the personality structure which serves to mediate between the demands of the primitive instinctual drives, (the id), of internalized parental and social prohibitions or the conscience, (the superego), and of reality. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus
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becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]
Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endopeptidases: A subclass of peptide hydrolases. They are classified primarily by their catalytic mechanism. Specificity is used only for identification of individual enzymes. They comprise the serine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.21; cysteine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.22; aspartic endopeptidases, EC 3.4.23, metalloendopeptidases, EC 3.4.24; and a group of enzymes yet to be assigned to any of the above sub-classes, EC 3.4.99. EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Endosomes: Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when coated vesicles shed their clathrin coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU]
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Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Energy Intake: Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enteric-coated: A term designating a special coating applied to tablets or capsules which prevents release and absorption of their contents until they reach the intestines. [EU] Enterocytes: Terminally differentiated cells comprising the majority of the external surface of the intestinal epithelium (see intestinal mucosa). Unlike goblet cells, they do not produce or secrete mucins, nor do they secrete cryptdins as do the paneth cells. [NIH] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]
Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6 kD polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a
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fungus. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Multiforme: A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic "bull's-eye" lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide. [NIH] Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins. [NIH]
Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exon: The part of the DNA that encodes the information for the actual amino acid sequence of the protein. In many eucaryotic genes, the coding sequences consist of a series of exons alternating with intron sequences. [NIH] Exopeptidases: A sub-subclass of peptide hydrolases that act only near the ends of polypeptide chains. Exopeptidases are further divided into aminopeptidases, EC 3.4.11; dipeptidases, EC 3.4.13; dipeptidyl peptidases & tripeptidyl peptidases, EC 3.4.14; peptidyldipeptidases, EC 3.4.15; carboxypeptidases, EC 3.4.16 - EC 3.4.18, and omega peptidases, EC 3.4.19. EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Expander: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight. used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. called also extender. [NIH]
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Extender: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight, used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinolysis: The natural enzymatic dissolution of fibrin. [NIH] Fibronectins: Glycoproteins found on the surfaces of cells, particularly in fibrillar structures. The proteins are lost or reduced when these cells undergo viral or chemical transformation. They are highly susceptible to proteolysis and are substrates for activated blood coagulation factor VIII. The forms present in plasma are called cold-insoluble globulins. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH]
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Filariasis: Infections with nematodes of the superfamily Filarioidea. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischaemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face. [NIH] Flatulence: Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluid Therapy: Therapy whose basic objective is to restore the volume and composition of the body fluids to normal with respect to water-electrolyte balance. Fluids may be administered intravenously, orally, by intermittent gavage, or by hypodermoclysis. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallstones: The solid masses or stones made of cholesterol or bilirubin that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH]
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Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastrectomy: An operation to remove all or part of the stomach. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Bypass: Surgical procedure in which the stomach is transected high on the body. The resulting proximal remnant is joined to a loop of the jejunum in an end-to-side anastomosis. This procedure is used frequently in the treatment of morbid obesity. [NIH] Gastric Emptying: The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]
Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastroparesis: Nerve or muscle damage in the stomach. Causes slow digestion and emptying, vomiting, nausea, or bloating. Also called delayed gastric emptying. [NIH] Gavage: Feeding by a tube passed into the stomach; called also tube feeding. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base
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sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Ginkgo biloba: Exclusive species of the genus Ginkgo, family Ginkgoacea. It produces extracts of medicinal interest. Ginkgo may refer to the genus or species. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate: An aldotriose which is an important intermediate in glycolysis and in tryptophan biosynthesis. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycolysis: The pathway by which glucose is catabolized into two molecules of pyruvic acid with the generation of ATP. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycans: Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or Nacetylgalactosamine. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Goblet Cells: Cells of the epithelial lining that produce and secrete mucins. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of health-
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related institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Halogens: A family of nonmetallic, generally electronegative, elements of group VIIa of the periodic table. They are all multivalent and have oxidation numbers of -1 (the most common), 1, 3, 5, and 7. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Hazardous Waste: Waste products which, upon release into the atmosphere, water or soil, cause health risks to humans or animals through skin contact, inhalation or ingestion. Hazardous waste sites which contain hazardous waste substances go here. [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Heat-Shock Proteins: Proteins which are synthesized in eukaryotic organisms and bacteria in response to hyperthermia and other environmental stresses. They increase thermal tolerance and perform functions essential to cell survival under these conditions. [NIH] Heat-Shock Proteins 90: A class of molecular chaperones whose members act in the mechanism of signal transduction by steroid receptors. [NIH] Helix-loop-helix: Regulatory protein of cell cycle. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemochromatosis: A disease that occurs when the body absorbs too much iron. The body stores the excess iron in the liver, pancreas, and other organs. May cause cirrhosis of the liver. Also called iron overload disease. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially
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lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhoids: Varicosities of the hemorrhoidal venous plexuses. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterodimer: Zippered pair of nonidentical proteins. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homodimer: Protein-binding "activation domains" always combine with identical proteins. [NIH]
Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Human growth hormone: A protein hormone, secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary, which promotes growth of the whole body by stimulating protein synthesis. The human gene has already been cloned and successfully expressed in bacteria. [NIH]
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Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrogel: A network of cross-linked hydrophilic macromolecules used in biomedical applications. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolases: Any member of the class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of the substrate and the addition of water to the resulting molecules, e.g., esterases, glycosidases (glycoside hydrolases), lipases, nucleotidases, peptidases (peptide hydrolases), and phosphatases (phosphoric monoester hydrolases). EC 3. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypotensive: Characterized by or causing diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally low blood pressure. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileostomy: Surgical creation of an external opening into the ileum for fecal diversion or drainage. Loop or tube procedures are most often employed. [NIH]
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Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Ileus: Obstruction of the intestines. [EU] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunophilin: A drug for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impaction: The trapping of an object in a body passage. Examples are stones in the bile duct or hardened stool in the colon. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incubated: Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when returned to the body.) [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local
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infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]
Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Flora: The bacteria, yeasts, and fungi that grow normally in the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH]
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Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Islet: Cell producing insulin in pancreas. [NIH] Isozymes: The multiple forms of a single enzyme. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]
Jejunoileal Bypass: A surgical procedure consisting of the anastomosis of the proximal part of the jejunum to the distal portion of the ileum, so as to bypass the nutrient-absorptive segment of the small intestine, to treat morbid obesity. [NIH] Jejunum: That portion of the small intestine which extends from the duodenum to the ileum; called also intestinum jejunum. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH]
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Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Lenses: Pieces of glass or other transparent materials used for magnification or increased visual acuity. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH]
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Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Magnesium Hydroxide: Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral brucite. It acts as an antacid with cathartic effects. [NIH] Magnesium Oxide: Magnesium oxide (MgO). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral periclase. In aqueous media combines quickly with water to form magnesium hydroxide. It is used as an antacid and mild laxative and has many nonmedicinal uses. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (magnetic resonance imaging). [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malabsorption syndrome: A group of symptoms such as gas, bloating, abdominal pain, and diarrhea resulting from the body's inability to properly absorb nutrients. [NIH] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of
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plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Assistance: Financing of medical care provided to public assistance recipients. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH]
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Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]
Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metalloendopeptidases: Endopeptidases which use a metal, normally zinc, in the catalytic mechanism. This group of enzymes is inactivated by metal chelators. EC 3.4.24. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Micelles: Electrically charged colloidal particles or ions consisting of oriented molecules; aggregates of a number of molecules held loosely together by secondary bonds. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH]
labeled
with
Miscible: Susceptible of being mixed. [EU] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired
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from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Chaperones: A family of cellular proteins that mediate the correct assembly or disassembly of other polypeptides, and in some cases their assembly into oligomeric structures, but which are not components of those final structures. It is believed that chaperone proteins assist polypeptides to self-assemble by inhibiting alternative assembly pathways that produce nonfunctional structures. Some classes of molecular chaperones are the nucleoplasmins, the chaperonins, the heat-shock proteins 70, and the heat-shock proteins 90. [NIH] Molecular mass: The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule, based on a scale in which the atomic masses of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are 1, 12, 14, and 16, respectively. For example, the molecular mass of water, which has two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, is 18 (i.e., 2 + 16). [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motilin: A 22-amino acid polypeptide (molecular weight 2700) isolated from the duodenum. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect. [NIH]
Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multivalent: Pertaining to a group of 5 or more homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphasis in meiosis. [NIH] Mycoplasma: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria bounded by a plasma membrane only. Its organisms are parasites and pathogens, found on the mucous membranes of humans, animals, and birds. [NIH] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myeloid Cells: Cells which include the monocytes and the granulocytes. [NIH]
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Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neurosyphilis: A late form of syphilis that affects the brain and may lead to dementia and death. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutralization: An act or process of neutralizing. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH]
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Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleotidases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of a nucleotide and water to a nucleoside and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.-. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritional Support: The administration of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient by means other than normal eating. It does not include fluid therapy which normalizes body fluids to restore water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Occipital Lobe: Posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Omeprazole: A highly effective inhibitor of gastric acid secretion used in the therapy of gastric ulcers and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The drug inhibits the H(+)-K(+)-ATPase (H(+)-K(+)-exchanging ATPase) in a pH-dependent manner. This ATPase is considered the proton pump in the secretory membrane of the parietal cell. [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]
Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU]
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Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Organogenesis: Clonal propagation which involves culturing explants from roots, leaves, or stems to form undifferentiated callus tissue; after the cells form shoots, they are separated and rooted. Alternatively, if the callus is put in liquid culture, somatic embryos form. [NIH] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatectomy: Surgery to remove the pancreas. In a total pancreatectomy, a portion of the stomach, the duodenum, common bile duct, gallbladder, spleen, and nearby lymph nodes also are removed. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Pancreatic Ducts: Ducts that collect pancreatic juice from the pancreas and supply it to the duodenum. [NIH] Pancreatic enzymes: A group of proteins secreted by the pancreas which aid in the digestion of food. [NIH] Pancreatic Hormones: Peptide hormones secreted into the blood by cells in the Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. The alpha cells secrete glucagon; the beta cells secrete insulin; the delta cells secrete somatostatin; and the PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide. [NIH] Pancreatic Insufficiency: Absence of or reduced pancreatic exocrine secretion into the duodenum and resultant poor digestion of lipids, vitamins, nitrogen, and carbohydrates. [NIH]
Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH]
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Pancreatic Polypeptide: A 36-amino acid polypeptide with physiological regulatory functions. It is secreted by pancreatic tissue. Plasma pancreatic polypeptide increases after ingestion of food, with age, and in disease states. A lack of pancreatic polypeptide in the islets of Langerhans has been associated with the obese syndrome in rats and mice. [NIH] Pancreatin: A mammalian pancreatic extract composed of enzymes with protease, amylase and lipase activities. It is used as a digestant in pancreatic malfunction. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Pancrelipase: A preparation of hog pancreatic enzymes standardized for lipase content. [NIH]
Paneth Cells: Epithelial cells found in the basal part of the intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn). Paneth cells synthesize and secrete lysozyme and cryptdins. [NIH] Papain: A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Carica papaya. It is also the name used for a purified mixture of papain and chymopapain that is used as a topical enzymatic debriding agent. EC 3.4.22.2. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paraparesis: Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; muscular diseases; intracranial hypertension; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves
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peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Hydrolases: A subclass of enzymes from the hydrolase class that catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Exopeptidases and endopeptidases make up the sub-subclasses for this group. EC 3.4. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Periodicity: The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian). [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Pernicious: Tending to a fatal issue. [EU] Pernicious anemia: A type of anemia (low red blood cell count) caused by the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12. [NIH] Pest Control: The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous insects or other animals. [NIH] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotypes: An organism as observed, i. e. as judged by its visually perceptible characters resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH]
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Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases: A group of hydrolases which catalyze the hydrolysis of monophosphoric esters with the production of one mole of orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Phototransduction: The transducing of light energy to afferent nerve impulses, such as takes place in the retinal rods and cones. After light photons are absorbed by the photopigments, the signal is transmitted to the outer segment membrane by the cyclic GMP second messenger system, where it closes the sodium channels. This channel gating ultimately generates an action potential in the inner retina. [NIH] Physicochemical: Pertaining to physics and chemistry. [EU] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plant Oils: Oils derived from plants or plant products. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH]
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Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. Plastids are used in phylogenetic studies. [NIH] Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by platelets, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including hypotension, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and bronchoconstriction. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]
Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate: A biocompatible, hydrophilic, inert gel that is permeable to tissue fluids. It is used as an embedding medium for microscopy, as a coating for implants and prostheses, for contact lenses, as microspheres in adsorption research, etc. [NIH]
Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH]
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Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postoperative Complications: Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prions: Small proteinaceous infectious particles which resist inactivation by procedures that modify nucleic acids and contain an abnormal isoform of a cellular protein which is a major and necessary component. The abnormal (scrapie) isoform is PrPSc (PrPSc proteins) and the cellular isoform PrPC (PrPC proteins). The primary amino acid sequence of the two isoforms is identical. Human diseases caused by prions include Creutzfeldt-Jakob syndrome and Gerstmann-Straussler syndrome. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Procollagen: A biosynthetic precursor of collagen containing additional amino acid sequences at the amino-terminal ends of the three polypeptide chains. Protocollagen, a precursor of procollagen consists of procollagen peptide chains in which proline and lysine have not yet been hydroxylated. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH]
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Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Promotor: In an operon, a nucleotide sequence located at the operator end which contains all the signals for the correct initiation of genetic transcription by the RNA polymerase holoenzyme and determines the maximal rate of RNA synthesis. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protease Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (endopeptidases). [NIH] Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific proteinbinding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein Folding: A rapid biochemical reaction involved in the formation of proteins. It begins even before a protein has been completely synthesized and proceeds through discrete intermediates (primary, secondary, and tertiary structures) before the final structure (quaternary structure) is developed. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Proton Pump: Integral membrane proteins that transport protons across a membrane against a concentration gradient. This transport is driven by hydrolysis of ATP by H(+)transporting ATP synthase. [NIH] Proton Pump Inhibitors: Medicines that stop the stomach's acid pump. Examples are omeprazole (oh-MEH-prah-zol) (Prilosec) and lansoprazole (lan-SOH-prah-zol) (Prevacid). [NIH]
Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the
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animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Public Assistance: Financial assistance to impoverished persons for the essentials of living through federal, state or local government programs. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary Emphysema: Condition of the lungs characterized by increase beyond normal in the size of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, either from dilatation of the alveoli or from destruction of their walls. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Pyruvate Kinase: ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase. A phosphotransferase that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of ATP. It has four isozymes (L, R, M1, and M2). Deficiency of the enzyme results in hemolytic anemia. EC 2.7.1.40. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a
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machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Reconstitution: 1. A type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. The restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recur: To occur again. Recurrence is the return of cancer, at the same site as the original (primary) tumor or in another location, after the tumor had disappeared. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH]
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Response Elements: Nucleotide sequences, usually upstream, which are recognized by specific regulatory transcription factors, thereby causing gene response to various regulatory agents. These elements may be found in both promotor and enhancer regions. [NIH]
Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Ribonuclease: RNA-digesting enzyme. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]
Ruminants: A suborder of the order Artiodactyla whose members have the distinguishing feature of a four-chambered stomach. Horns or antlers are usually present, at least in males. [NIH]
Rye: A hardy grain crop, Secale cereale, grown in northern climates. It is the most frequent host to ergot (claviceps), the toxic fungus. Its hybrid with wheat is triticale, another grain. [NIH]
Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Scoliosis: A lateral curvature of the spine. [NIH] Scrapie: A fatal disease of the nervous system in sheep and goats, characterized by pruritus, debility, and locomotor incoordination. It is caused by proteinaceous infectious particles called prions. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Second Messenger Systems: Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter.
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They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system. [NIH] Secretin: A hormone made in the duodenum. Causes the stomach to make pepsin, the liver to make bile, and the pancreas to make a digestive juice. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Selenomethionine: Diagnostic aid in pancreas function determination. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serine Endopeptidases: Any member of the group of endopeptidases containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis. EC 3.4.21. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Recognition Particle: A cytosolic ribonucleoprotein complex that acts to induce elongation arrest of nascent presecretory and membrane proteins until the ribosome becomes associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. It consists of a 7S RNA and at least six polypeptide subunits (relative molecular masses 9, 14, 19, 54, 68, and 72K). [NIH] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH]
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Simethicone: A mixture of dimethyl polysiloxanes and silica gel used as an antiflatulent. Without the addition of silica gel (dimethicone), it is used as an ointment base ingredient and skin protectant. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Social Behavior: Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions. [NIH] Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry. [NIH] Sodium salicylate: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Sodium salicylate may be tolerated by people who are sensitive to aspirin. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatostatin: A polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus, and other tissues and organs. It inhibits the release of human growth hormone, and also modulates important physiological functions of the kidney, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. Somatostatin also acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of
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a disease. [EU] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Steatorrhea: A condition in which the body cannot absorb fat. Causes a buildup of fat in the stool and loose, greasy, and foul bowel movements. [NIH] Steatorrhoea: Excessive amounts of fats in the feces, as in malabsorption syndromes. [EU] Stent: A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to provide support and keep the structure open. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stoma: A surgically created opening from an area inside the body to the outside. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and
Dictionary 143
peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts. [NIH] Sudden death: Cardiac arrest caused by an irregular heartbeat. The term "death" is somewhat misleading, because some patients survive. [NIH] Sulfates: Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sunburn: An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or second-
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messenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Syncope: A temporary suspension of consciousness due to generalized cerebral schemia, a faint or swoon. [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Thalassemia: A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make
Dictionary 145
permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Total pancreatectomy: Surgery to remove the entire pancreas. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Trophic: Of or pertaining to nutrition. [EU] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is
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converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Trypsin Inhibitors: Serine proteinase inhibitors which inhibit trypsin. They may be endogenous or exogenous compounds. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tsetse Flies: Bloodsucking flies of the genus Glossina, found primarily in equatorial Africa. Several species are intermediate hosts of trypanosomes. [NIH] Tube-feeding: Feeding by a tube passed into the stomach. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ultraviolet radiation: Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. UV radiation can damage the skin and cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. UV radiation that reaches the earth's surface is made up of two types of rays, called UVA and UVB rays. UVB rays are more likely than UVA rays to cause sunburn, but UVA rays pass deeper into the skin. Scientists have long thought that UVB radiation can cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. They now think that UVA radiation also may add to skin damage that can lead to skin cancer and cause premature aging. For this reason, skin specialists recommend that people use sunscreens that reflect, absorb, or scatter both kinds of UV radiation. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]
Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH]
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Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villus: Cell found in the lining of the small intestine. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a
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radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yellow Fever: An acute infectious disease primarily of the tropics, caused by a virus and transmitted to man by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Haemagogus. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
149
INDEX A Abdomen, 80, 81, 93, 99, 100, 111, 121, 123, 130, 131, 142, 144 Abdominal, 80, 81, 82, 93, 98, 115, 124, 130, 131 Abdominal Pain, 80, 81, 82, 93, 115, 124 Ablation, 12, 93 Acceptor, 93, 130 Acetylcholine, 6, 93, 103, 112, 128 Acne, 35, 45, 93, 139 Acrylamide, 50, 93 Acrylonitrile, 93 Acyl, 42, 55, 93 Adaptability, 93, 101 Adaptation, 6, 34, 93 Adenocarcinoma, 26, 93, 118 Adenovirus, 7, 93 Adjustment, 93 Adjuvant, 47, 93 Adrenal Cortex, 94, 135 Adrenergic, 94, 108, 111, 143 Adsorption, 94, 134 Adverse Effect, 94, 140 Aerobic, 94, 126 Affinity, 17, 19, 94, 141 Agonist, 94, 98, 108 Alertness, 48, 94 Algorithms, 94, 99 Alimentary, 94, 107, 131, 132 Alkaline, 4, 43, 46, 51, 64, 94, 95, 98, 100 Alkaline Phosphatase, 4, 94 Alpha Cell, 94, 130 Alpha Particles, 94, 137 Alpha Rhythm, 48, 94 Alpha-Amylase, 60, 94 Alternative medicine, 95 Alveoli, 95, 107, 137 Amine, 95, 118 Amino Acid Sequence, 62, 95, 96, 112, 116, 135 Aminopeptidases, 95, 112 Amino-terminal, 95, 135 Ammonia, 95, 143, 146 Amnion, 95 Amniotic Fluid, 24, 95 Ampulla, 95, 110 Amylase, 8, 47, 54, 60, 95, 131 Anaerobic, 95, 127
Anaesthesia, 95, 120 Anal, 70, 95 Analog, 5, 10, 95 Analogous, 63, 95, 145 Anastomosis, 95, 115, 122 Anatomical, 69, 96, 102, 120, 139 Anemia, 96, 124, 132, 137, 144 Animal Welfare, 62, 96 Anionic, 96, 141 Anions, 64, 96, 122, 143 Annealing, 96, 134 Anode, 96 Anorexia, 82, 96, 115, 146 Antibacterial, 96, 141 Antibiotic, 96, 141 Antibodies, 12, 14, 17, 65, 96, 117, 120, 124, 133 Antibody, 8, 94, 96, 104, 106, 117, 118, 120, 122, 125, 127, 138, 141, 148 Anticarcinogenic, 44, 96 Anticholinergic, 45, 96 Anticoagulant, 96, 136 Antidiabetic, 44, 96 Antiemetic, 96, 126 Antigen, 94, 96, 104, 118, 120, 125 Anti-infective, 96, 119, 122 Anti-inflammatory, 45, 96, 97, 100, 139, 141 Antioxidants, 55, 56, 96 Antiviral, 97, 112 Anus, 95, 97, 100, 104, 114 Apoptosis, 5, 13, 97 Aqueous, 46, 56, 97, 98, 106, 119, 124, 141 Arginine, 97, 108, 146 Aromatic, 97, 103, 133, 142 Arterial, 97, 136 Arteries, 97, 99, 106, 126 Arterioles, 97, 99, 126 Arteriolosclerosis, 97 Arteriosclerosis, 44, 97 Arteriovenous, 97, 126 Articular, 97, 130 Asepsis, 8, 97 Aseptic, 8, 97 Aspartic, 97, 103, 110 Aspartic Endopeptidases, 97, 110 Aspirin, 97, 141 Assay, 62, 97
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Asymptomatic, 97, 114, 131 Atrophy, 8, 98 Autodigestion, 60, 98, 131 Autologous, 11, 98 Autolysis, 45, 98 Autonomic, 59, 93, 98, 129, 132 B Bacterial Infections, 81, 98, 102 Bacterial Physiology, 93, 98 Bacteriostatic, 25, 98 Barium, 25, 82, 98 Barium Sulfate, 25, 98 Base, 98, 107, 115, 122, 141, 146 Basement Membrane, 98, 113, 123 Basophils, 98, 117, 123, 134 Belching, 82, 98 Bethanechol, 82, 98 Bile, 7, 22, 28, 32, 43, 70, 98, 99, 102, 114, 119, 120, 122, 123, 140, 146 Bile Acids, 22, 43, 98 Bile Acids and Salts, 98 Bile duct, 70, 99, 114, 120 Bile Pigments, 99, 122 Biliary, 46, 99, 100, 104, 131 Biliary Tract, 99, 131 Bilirubin, 99, 114, 119 Bioavailability, 57, 64, 99 Biochemical, 6, 13, 15, 16, 25, 99, 123, 130, 136 Biopsy, 8, 99 Biotechnology, 18, 19, 57, 75, 99 Biotransformation, 99 Bladder, 99, 105, 146 Bloating, 82, 99, 115, 124 Blood Cell Count, 99, 132 Blood Coagulation, 99, 101, 113, 144 Blood Glucose, 4, 5, 99, 117, 121 Blood pressure, 99, 119, 127, 141 Blood vessel, 99, 101, 102, 118, 122, 124, 126, 141, 142, 144, 147 Body Fluids, 99, 100, 109, 114, 129, 141 Bone Marrow, 99, 115, 124, 127 Bowel, 36, 59, 95, 100, 107, 121, 123, 142 Bowel Movement, 100, 107, 142 Brachytherapy, 100, 121, 122, 138, 147 Branch, 89, 100, 124, 131, 141 Breakdown, 3, 81, 100, 107, 114 Bromelain, 36, 44, 100 Bromine, 42, 100 Bronchial, 98, 100, 118 Bronchial Spasm, 98, 100 Bronchioles, 95, 100, 137
Bronchoconstriction, 100, 134 Buccal, 100, 124 Buffers, 51, 100 Bypass, 57, 81, 100, 122 C Caerulein, 5, 100 Calcification, 97, 100 Calcineurin, 9, 100 Calcium, 5, 47, 64, 100, 101, 103, 104, 140 Calcium Carbonate, 64, 101 Callus, 101, 110, 130 Calmodulin, 100, 101 Capsules, 51, 101, 109, 111 Carbohydrate, 4, 17, 42, 48, 60, 70, 101, 116, 134 Carboxypeptidases, 101, 112 Carcinogenic, 101, 121, 136 Carcinoma, 101 Cardiac, 11, 98, 101, 111, 112, 115, 128, 143 Cardiovascular, 11, 15, 101 Catabolism, 8, 101 Catalytic Domain, 10, 101 Catecholamine, 101, 108 Cations, 101, 122 Caudal, 101, 107, 119, 135 Cecum, 101, 123 Cell Death, 5, 11, 97, 101 Cell Differentiation, 14, 101, 140 Cell Division, 98, 102, 125, 126, 133, 136 Cell Lineage, 16, 102 Cell membrane, 102, 112, 114, 133 Cell proliferation, 62, 97, 102, 140 Cell Respiration, 102, 126 Cellobiose, 102 Cellulose, 51, 102, 114, 133 Central Nervous System, 15, 93, 100, 102, 103, 114 Cerebral, 102, 111, 125, 129, 144 Chamomile, 48, 102 Chaperonins, 102, 127 Character, 58, 102, 107, 116 Chenodeoxycholic Acid, 102, 146 Chimeric Proteins, 10, 102 Chin, 102, 126 Chlorine, 42, 103 Chlorophyll, 103, 114 Cholecystokinin, 6, 9, 19, 23, 32, 65, 100, 103 Choleretic, 102, 103, 146 Cholesterol, 4, 7, 10, 43, 44, 98, 103, 114 Choline, 102, 103 Chromatin, 97, 103, 111, 128
Index 151
Chromosome, 103, 117, 123 Chronic, 7, 46, 51, 60, 80, 81, 103, 121, 131, 137, 139, 142, 146 Chyme, 51, 60, 103 Chymopapain, 103, 131 Chymotrypsin, 20, 52, 61, 103 Cirrhosis, 103, 117 Citric Acid, 44, 103 Citrus, 103 Clathrin, 103, 104, 110 Claviceps, 103, 139 Cleave, 55, 103, 108 Clinical Medicine, 103, 135 Clinical study, 103, 105 Clinical trial, 5, 20, 75, 103, 104, 105, 109, 138 Cloning, 29, 99, 104 Clot Retraction, 104, 133 Coated Vesicles, 103, 104, 110 Cofactor, 104, 136, 144 Collagen, 13, 51, 95, 98, 100, 104, 113, 134, 135 Collapse, 100, 104 Colloidal, 104, 110, 112, 113, 126 Colon, 4, 21, 36, 81, 104, 120, 123 Colostrum, 24, 36, 104 Common Bile Duct, 104, 130 Complement, 104, 105, 116 Complementary and alternative medicine, 31, 37, 105 Complementary medicine, 31, 105 Compliance, 56, 105 Computational Biology, 75, 105 Concomitant, 6, 105 Congestion, 105, 112 Conjugated, 98, 102, 105, 106 Connective Tissue, 99, 104, 105, 107, 113, 114, 124, 126 Consciousness, 105, 108, 144 Constipation, 35, 61, 81, 105 Constriction, 105, 122 Contamination, 33, 54, 105 Contractility, 65, 105 Contraindications, ii, 68, 105 Contrast medium, 98, 105 Controlled clinical trial, 8, 105 Controlled study, 24, 105 Coordination, 59, 106 Cornea, 106 Corneal Ulcer, 59, 106 Coronary, 106, 126 Coronary Thrombosis, 106, 126
Corpus, 106, 135, 144 Corpus Luteum, 106, 135 Coumarins, 102, 106 Cutaneous, 106, 124 Cyclic, 19, 101, 106, 133, 140 Cysteine Endopeptidases, 106, 110 Cytochrome, 4, 106 Cytokines, 10, 106 Cytoplasm, 11, 97, 98, 102, 106, 111, 127, 128, 139 D Deamination, 106, 146 Decarboxylation, 106, 118 Defense Mechanisms, 45, 106 Degenerative, 14, 107, 130 Deletion, 97, 107 Denaturation, 46, 50, 56, 58, 107, 134 Dendrites, 107, 128 Density, 107, 134 Dental Caries, 107, 114 Dentition, 59, 107 Dermatitis, 107, 109 Dermatosis, 107, 114 Dermis, 107, 143 Desiccation, 54, 107 Diabetes Mellitus, 14, 18, 81, 107, 116, 117 Diagnostic procedure, 41, 107 Diarrhea, 59, 61, 82, 107, 124 Diencephalon, 107, 119, 144 Dietary Fats, 107, 123 Dietary Fiber, 22, 81, 83, 107 Dietary Proteins, 22, 28, 29, 34, 107 Digestive system, 9, 48, 52, 53, 56, 65, 69, 81, 107 Digestive tract, 45, 48, 81, 82, 107, 141 Dihydrotestosterone, 108, 138 Dihydroxy, 108, 112 Dilatation, 108, 135, 137 Dimerization, 18, 108 Dimethyl, 50, 108, 141 Dipeptidases, 108, 112 Dipeptidyl Peptidases, 108, 112 Diploid, 108, 133 Direct, iii, 14, 16, 18, 103, 108, 135, 138, 143 Disaccharides, 61, 108 Discrete, 108, 136 Dissociation, 94, 108, 122 Distal, 108, 122, 137 Diurnal, 17, 108 Diverticula, 108 Diverticulitis, 4, 108 Diverticulum, 108
152
Digestive Enzymes
Dopamine, 59, 108, 126, 128, 133 Dorsal, 108, 112, 135 Dosage Forms, 50, 51, 56, 108 Dose-dependent, 6, 109 Double-blind, 20, 109 Drive, ii, vi, 17, 27, 81, 109 Drug Combinations, 50, 109 Drug Delivery Systems, 49, 109 Drug Tolerance, 109, 144 Duct, 60, 81, 95, 104, 109, 112, 139, 143 Duodenal Ulcer, 45, 109 Duodenum, 14, 43, 46, 51, 57, 60, 98, 103, 109, 110, 115, 122, 127, 130, 140, 142 E Eczema, 44, 109 Effector, 93, 104, 109 Effector cell, 109 Efficacy, 8, 61, 109 Ego, 109, 138 Elastic, 109, 116, 143 Elasticity, 97, 109 Elastin, 51, 104, 109, 113 Electrolysis, 96, 101, 109 Electrolyte, 109, 114, 129, 141, 146 Electrophoresis, 93, 110 Elementary Particles, 110, 124, 128, 136 Embryo, 53, 95, 101, 102, 110, 120 Embryogenesis, 14, 110 Emollient, 110, 129 Encapsulated, 47, 54, 110 Encephalitis, 63, 110 Encephalitis, Viral, 110 Endemic, 110, 124 Endocytosis, 12, 31, 110 Endogenous, 24, 46, 108, 109, 110, 136, 145, 146 Endopeptidases, 55, 97, 106, 110, 126, 132, 136, 140 Endoscope, 110 Endoscopic, 8, 57, 110 Endoscopy, 82, 110 Endosomes, 12, 110 Endotoxic, 110, 123 Endotoxin, 10, 110, 111 Energy Intake, 15, 111 Enhancer, 53, 55, 111, 139 Enteric-coated, 51, 111 Enterocytes, 4, 111 Enteropeptidase, 10, 111, 146 Environmental Exposure, 54, 111 Environmental Health, 74, 76, 111
Enzymatic, 11, 17, 46, 51, 53, 56, 58, 95, 101, 105, 107, 111, 113, 118, 131, 134 Enzyme Inhibitors, 11, 111 Eosinophils, 111, 117, 123 Epidermal, 4, 62, 111 Epidermal Growth Factor, 4, 62, 111 Epidermis, 107, 111 Epigastric, 111, 130 Epinephrine, 94, 108, 111, 128, 129, 146 Epithelial, 11, 16, 17, 21, 23, 61, 93, 106, 111, 116, 123, 131 Epithelial Cells, 16, 21, 23, 111, 123 Epithelium, 4, 98, 111, 115 Ergot, 111, 139 Erythema, 22, 112, 143 Erythema Multiforme, 22, 112 Esophageal, 31, 57, 59, 112 Esophagus, 69, 83, 107, 112, 117, 132, 138, 142 Ether, 50, 112 Ethidium, 11, 112 Ethylene Glycol, 49, 112 Eukaryotic Cells, 112, 130 Evacuation, 105, 112, 115, 123 Excipient, 47, 112 Excitability, 15, 112 Exhaustion, 112, 124 Exocrine, 6, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 25, 51, 103, 112, 130 Exocytosis, 18, 112 Exogenous, 24, 94, 99, 109, 110, 112, 136, 146 Exon, 18, 112 Exopeptidases, 55, 95, 108, 112, 132 Expander, 48, 112 Extender, 53, 112, 113 Extensor, 113, 137 External-beam radiation, 113, 122, 138, 147 Extracellular, 11, 13, 56, 105, 110, 113, 141 Extracellular Matrix, 11, 13, 56, 105, 113 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 11, 13, 113 Extracellular Space, 113 Extraction, 50, 113 Extrapyramidal, 108, 113 Extremity, 113, 131 Eye Infections, 93, 113 F Facial, 59, 113 Family Planning, 75, 113 Fat, 4, 24, 51, 55, 70, 98, 99, 104, 113, 123, 141, 142, 143, 145
Index 153
Fatty acids, 28, 113 Feces, 61, 105, 113, 142 Fibrin, 99, 104, 113, 133, 144 Fibrinolysis, 44, 113 Fibronectins, 113 Fibrosis, 18, 24, 43, 51, 80, 113, 114, 139 Filariasis, 63, 114 Flatulence, 82, 114 Flatus, 83, 114 Fluid Therapy, 114, 129 Fluorescence, 17, 112, 114 Fluorine, 42, 114 Fold, 10, 114 Free Radicals, 10, 108, 114 Fungi, 60, 103, 113, 114, 121, 126, 148 Fungus, 3, 112, 114, 139 G Gallbladder, 18, 70, 93, 99, 103, 107, 114, 130 Gallstones, 43, 81, 99, 102, 114, 146 Ganglia, 93, 114, 128, 132 Gap Junctions, 114, 144 Gas, 82, 95, 98, 103, 114, 119, 124, 129 Gasoline, 64, 115 Gastrectomy, 51, 115 Gastric Bypass, 57, 115 Gastric Emptying, 115 Gastric Juices, 45, 49, 115, 132 Gastric Mucosa, 45, 115, 132 Gastrin, 65, 115, 118 Gastritis, 83, 115 Gastroenteritis, 100, 115 Gastrointestinal, 4, 5, 20, 23, 46, 56, 59, 61, 65, 81, 82, 103, 111, 114, 115, 125, 141, 142, 143 Gastrointestinal tract, 5, 46, 56, 65, 81, 114, 115, 141, 142 Gastroparesis, 82, 115 Gavage, 9, 114, 115 Gels, 44, 115 Gene, 4, 7, 9, 14, 16, 18, 54, 62, 93, 99, 115, 116, 118, 129, 139 Gene Expression, 4, 14, 16, 115 Gene Therapy, 93, 115 Genetic Code, 115, 129 Genetic Engineering, 99, 104, 116 Genetic testing, 116, 134 Genotype, 116, 132 Ginkgo biloba, 48, 116 Gland, 8, 9, 60, 94, 116, 124, 130, 140, 142, 143, 144
Glucose, 6, 17, 60, 94, 99, 102, 107, 116, 117, 121 Glucose Intolerance, 107, 116 Gluten, 48, 116 Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate, 31, 116 Glycine, 95, 98, 102, 108, 116, 128, 140 Glycogen, 94, 116 Glycolysis, 116 Glycoprotein, 18, 116, 123, 144 Glycosaminoglycans, 113, 116 Glycoside, 108, 116, 119 Glycosidic, 94, 102, 116, 129 Goats, 28, 116, 139 Goblet Cells, 4, 111, 116 Governing Board, 116, 135 Gram-negative, 110, 117, 127 Granule, 6, 18, 117, 139 Granulocyte, 22, 28, 117 Growth, 9, 32, 62, 65, 96, 97, 98, 101, 102, 111, 117, 118, 125, 133, 140, 144, 146 H Habitual, 102, 117 Halogens, 42, 117 Haploid, 117, 133 Haptens, 94, 117 Hazardous Waste, 64, 117 Heartbeat, 117, 143 Heartburn, 36, 82, 117 Heat-Shock Proteins, 117, 127 Heat-Shock Proteins 90, 117, 127 Helix-loop-helix, 16, 117 Heme, 99, 106, 117 Hemochromatosis, 11, 117 Hemodialysis, 101, 117 Hemoglobin, 12, 96, 99, 117, 118, 123, 144 Hemoglobin A, 12, 118 Hemolytic, 118, 137, 144 Hemorrhoids, 4, 118 Hepatic, 11, 46, 70, 104, 118 Hepatocellular, 26, 118 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 26, 118 Hepatocyte, 17, 118 Hereditary, 118, 144 Heredity, 115, 118 Heterodimer, 16, 118 Heterogeneity, 94, 118 Heterotrophic, 114, 118 Histamine, 45, 118 Histidine, 118 Homeostasis, 15, 17, 65, 118 Homodimer, 16, 118 Homogeneous, 51, 97, 118, 132
154
Digestive Enzymes
Homologous, 17, 62, 115, 118, 127, 143 Hormonal, 56, 98, 118, 132 Hormone, 4, 65, 94, 111, 115, 118, 121, 122, 125, 135, 139, 140, 141, 144 Host, 118, 139, 147 Human growth hormone, 6, 57, 118, 141 Humoral, 13, 119 Humour, 119 Hybrid, 119, 139 Hydration, 93, 119 Hydrogel, 49, 119 Hydrogen, 93, 95, 98, 100, 101, 107, 113, 119, 127, 128, 130, 136, 143 Hydrogen Peroxide, 119, 143 Hydrolases, 10, 119, 133 Hydrolysis, 50, 97, 99, 102, 119, 132, 133, 136, 146 Hydrophilic, 50, 119, 134 Hydrophobic, 49, 119 Hydroxylysine, 104, 119 Hydroxyproline, 95, 104, 119 Hyperbilirubinemia, 119, 122 Hypotension, 59, 98, 119, 134 Hypotensive, 44, 119 Hypothalamus, 15, 107, 119, 141, 144 I Id, 30, 35, 83, 88, 90, 109, 119 Idiopathic, 18, 82, 119 Ileostomy, 81, 119 Ileum, 81, 101, 119, 120, 122 Ileus, 100, 120 Immune function, 55, 81, 120 Immune response, 93, 96, 117, 120, 143, 147 Immune system, 81, 109, 120, 124, 147 Immunogenic, 120, 123 Immunoglobulin, 24, 96, 120, 127 Immunohistochemistry, 26, 120 Immunologic, 56, 120, 138 Immunology, 93, 94, 120 Immunophilin, 100, 120 Immunosuppressive, 100, 120 Impaction, 59, 120 Impairment, 113, 120, 126 Implant radiation, 120, 121, 122, 138, 147 In situ, 50, 64, 120 In vitro, 5, 6, 12, 23, 28, 32, 33, 44, 47, 49, 115, 120, 134 In vivo, 7, 9, 10, 12, 15, 23, 28, 32, 115, 120 Incubated, 5, 120 Incubation, 58, 120 Indicative, 67, 120, 131, 147
Induction, 9, 17, 56, 120 Infarction, 106, 120, 126 Infection, 3, 54, 62, 97, 102, 106, 110, 113, 115, 117, 120, 124, 128, 142, 147 Infiltration, 13, 121 Inflammation, 13, 60, 80, 83, 93, 96, 97, 107, 108, 110, 113, 114, 115, 121, 131, 134, 142, 147 Infusion, 5, 8, 121, 145 Ingestion, 43, 53, 64, 117, 121, 131, 134 Inhalation, 117, 121, 134 Initiation, 9, 13, 16, 121, 136, 145 Inorganic, 45, 48, 121, 124, 143 Inositol, 121, 140 Inotropic, 108, 121 Insecticides, 121, 132 Insight, 10, 17, 121 Insulin, 5, 9, 13, 16, 25, 52, 55, 121, 122, 130 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 5, 121 Intensive Care, 31, 121 Internal radiation, 121, 122, 138, 147 Interstitial, 13, 100, 113, 121, 122, 147 Intestinal Flora, 81, 121 Intestinal Mucosa, 22, 28, 32, 33, 103, 111, 121 Intestine, 4, 6, 7, 11, 13, 16, 18, 21, 22, 33, 34, 43, 49, 53, 56, 57, 60, 81, 83, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 109, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 141, 146, 147 Intoxication, 33, 122 Intracellular, 5, 11, 12, 22, 23, 58, 60, 103, 120, 122, 125, 139, 140 Intracellular Membranes, 122, 125 Intramuscular, 122, 131 Intravenous, 8, 57, 121, 122, 131 Intrinsic, 94, 98, 122 Iodine, 42, 122 Ion Channels, 122, 143 Ionization, 49, 122 Ionizing, 94, 111, 122, 138 Ions, 64, 98, 100, 101, 108, 109, 119, 122, 126 Irradiation, 60, 122, 148 Ischemia, 13, 98, 122 Islet, 7, 14, 122 Isozymes, 122, 137 J Jaundice, 80, 119, 122 Jejunoileal Bypass, 57, 122 Jejunum, 115, 122 Joint, 97, 122, 130
Index 155
K Kb, 74, 122 Kinetic, 10, 122, 123 L Labile, 50, 104, 123 Lactation, 104, 123 Laminin, 98, 113, 123 Large Intestine, 70, 101, 107, 121, 123, 138, 141 Laxative, 102, 123, 124 Lectin, 123, 125 Lenses, 123, 134, 138 Lethal, 5, 6, 123 Leucine, 9, 123, 132 Leukocytes, 8, 98, 99, 106, 111, 123, 127, 128 Library Services, 88, 123 Life cycle, 114, 123 Ligands, 17, 123 Linkage, 6, 102, 123 Lipase, 46, 123, 131 Lipid, 7, 32, 34, 51, 60, 97, 103, 121, 123, 145 Lipid A, 34, 123 Lipopolysaccharides, 123 Liver, 7, 11, 17, 26, 43, 70, 93, 98, 99, 103, 107, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, 123, 140, 146 Lobe, 118, 123, 131 Localization, 13, 120, 123 Localized, 107, 110, 120, 123, 133, 139, 146 Locomotion, 124, 133 Loop, 14, 115, 119, 124 Lumen, 7, 11, 13, 18, 57, 124 Lupus, 82, 124 Lymph, 7, 119, 124, 130, 142 Lymph node, 124, 130 Lymphatic, 63, 121, 124, 126, 142, 144 Lymphatic system, 124, 142, 144 Lymphocyte, 96, 124, 125 Lymphoid, 96, 124 Lysine, 108, 119, 124, 135, 146 M Magnesium Hydroxide, 64, 124 Magnesium Oxide, 64, 124 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 124 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 24, 124 Malabsorption, 10, 51, 124, 142 Malabsorption syndrome, 51, 124, 142 Malaria, 63, 124, 125 Malaria, Falciparum, 124, 125 Malaria, Vivax, 124, 125
Malignant, 93, 97, 125, 138 Malnutrition, 98, 125 Mammary, 104, 125 Mannans, 114, 125 Meat, 100, 107, 125 Medial, 82, 97, 125, 129 Mediate, 17, 108, 109, 125, 127 Mediator, 13, 103, 125 Medical Assistance, 80, 125 Medicament, 45, 125 MEDLINE, 75, 125 Meiosis, 125, 127, 143 Melanoma, 125, 146 Membrane Proteins, 6, 16, 125, 136, 140 Memory, 96, 125 Meninges, 102, 125 Menstrual Cycle, 125, 135 Mental, iv, 4, 45, 48, 59, 61, 74, 76, 102, 108, 125, 126, 137, 146 Mental Retardation, 59, 126 Mesenchymal, 111, 126 Metabolite, 99, 108, 126 Metalloendopeptidases, 110, 126 Metastasis, 126 Metastatic, 26, 126 Methionine, 108, 126, 143 Metoclopramide, 82, 126 MI, 91, 126 Micelles, 7, 126 Microbe, 126, 145 Microbiology, 93, 126 Microcirculation, 13, 126, 134 Microorganism, 104, 126, 131, 147 Micro-organism, 107, 126, 133 Microscopy, 6, 13, 93, 98, 126, 134 Microspheres, 126, 134 Miscible, 51, 126, 132 Mitochondria, 11, 102, 126, 130 Mitosis, 97, 126 Modification, 6, 12, 62, 95, 116, 126 Molecular Chaperones, 58, 102, 117, 127 Molecular mass, 127, 140 Molecule, 96, 98, 104, 108, 109, 116, 119, 123, 127, 130, 138, 140, 143 Monitor, 127, 129 Monoclonal, 122, 127, 138, 148 Monocytes, 123, 127, 134 Morphological, 6, 110, 114, 127 Morphology, 6, 127 Motilin, 65, 82, 127 Motility, 82, 127 Motion Sickness, 127, 128
156
Digestive Enzymes
Motor Activity, 127 Mucins, 111, 116, 127, 139 Mucosa, 70, 115, 124, 127 Multivalent, 117, 127 Mycoplasma, 60, 127 Myelin, 14, 127 Myeloid Cells, 11, 127 Myocardium, 126, 128 Myosin, 100, 128 N Nausea, 80, 82, 96, 108, 115, 128, 146 Need, 3, 7, 9, 43, 64, 68, 69, 81, 84, 94, 116, 128, 144 Neonatal, 24, 128 Nerve, 12, 94, 102, 107, 115, 125, 128, 133, 135, 139, 142, 145 Nervous System, 102, 125, 128, 132, 139, 143, 144 Neural, 15, 119, 128, 132 Neurologic, 82, 128 Neuromuscular, 93, 128, 146 Neuromuscular Junction, 93, 128 Neuronal, 15, 128 Neurons, 15, 59, 107, 114, 128, 143 Neuropathy, 59, 128 Neuropeptide, 65, 128 Neurosyphilis, 128, 131 Neurotransmitter, 93, 95, 108, 116, 118, 122, 128, 129, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143 Neutralization, 60, 128 Neutrons, 94, 122, 128, 137 Neutrophils, 117, 123, 128, 134 Nitrogen, 95, 113, 127, 129, 130, 146 Norepinephrine, 94, 108, 128, 129 Nuclear, 12, 16, 17, 54, 112, 129 Nuclei, 17, 94, 115, 116, 124, 126, 128, 129, 136 Nucleic acid, 54, 60, 62, 112, 115, 129, 135, 137 Nucleotidases, 119, 129 Nucleus, 56, 97, 98, 103, 106, 110, 111, 112, 125, 127, 128, 129, 136, 142 Nutritional Support, 9, 129 O Occipital Lobe, 94, 129 Ointments, 44, 102, 109, 129 Oligosaccharides, 23, 94, 129 Omeprazole, 129, 136 Operon, 129, 136, 138 Optic Chiasm, 119, 129 Orbit, 129 Orbital, 21, 129
Organelles, 11, 12, 103, 106, 127, 130, 134 Organogenesis, 13, 14, 130 Orthostatic, 59, 130 Osmosis, 130 Osmotic, 50, 130 Osteoarthritis, 15, 130 Ovum, 106, 123, 130, 135 Oxidation, 55, 64, 93, 97, 99, 106, 117, 130 P Palate, 69, 130 Pancreatectomy, 51, 130 Pancreatic cancer, 14, 16, 130 Pancreatic Ducts, 14, 130 Pancreatic enzymes, 11, 13, 43, 46, 51, 60, 130, 131 Pancreatic Hormones, 13, 130 Pancreatic Insufficiency, 9, 14, 36, 51, 130 Pancreatic Juice, 29, 60, 103, 130 Pancreatic Polypeptide, 130, 131 Pancreatin, 45, 46, 68, 131 Pancreatitis, 5, 7, 8, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 43, 46, 51, 53, 59, 80, 131 Pancrelipase, 68, 131 Paneth Cells, 111, 131 Papain, 44, 131 Paralysis, 131 Paraparesis, 131 Parenteral, 5, 56, 111, 131 Paresis, 59, 131 Parietal, 94, 129, 131 Pathogen, 120, 131 Pathogenesis, 18, 131 Pathologic, 23, 97, 99, 106, 119, 131, 135, 137 Pathologic Processes, 97, 131 Patient Education, 80, 81, 82, 86, 88, 91, 131 Pelvis, 93, 131, 146 Pepsin, 43, 45, 46, 51, 131, 132, 140 Pepsin A, 45, 131, 132 Peptic, 45, 132 Peptic Ulcer, 45, 132 Peptide, 10, 14, 15, 17, 52, 54, 55, 56, 63, 65, 95, 103, 110, 111, 112, 119, 130, 131, 132, 135, 136 Peptide Hydrolases, 110, 112, 119, 132 Perception, 61, 132 Periodicity, 17, 132 Peripheral Nervous System, 128, 131, 132, 141, 143 Pernicious, 21, 132 Pernicious anemia, 21, 132
Index 157
Pest Control, 46, 47, 54, 132 Pesticides, 33, 47, 54, 121, 132 Petroleum, 115, 132 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 45, 46, 102, 132 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 109, 132 Pharmacokinetic, 132 Pharmacologic, 132, 145, 146 Pharynx, 69, 132 Phenotypes, 7, 132 Phenyl, 42, 132 Phenylalanine, 132, 133, 146 Phospholipids, 113, 121, 133 Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases, 119, 133 Phosphorus, 101, 133 Phosphorylation, 133, 137 Phototransduction, 133, 140 Physicochemical, 6, 133 Physiologic, 15, 49, 94, 125, 133, 138 Physiology, 9, 23, 25, 32, 34, 69, 133 Pigments, 29, 34, 99, 133, 134 Placenta, 133, 135 Plant Oils, 129, 133 Plants, 4, 47, 54, 103, 116, 123, 127, 129, 133, 142, 145 Plasma, 6, 7, 21, 57, 59, 96, 102, 112, 113, 116, 117, 127, 131, 133, 138 Plasma cells, 96, 133 Plasmin, 53, 133, 134 Plasminogen, 133, 134 Plasminogen Activators, 133, 134 Plastids, 102, 130, 134 Platelet Activating Factor, 10, 134 Platelet Aggregation, 44, 134 Platelets, 134, 144 Platinum, 124, 134 Pneumonia, 105, 134 Poisoning, 111, 115, 122, 128, 134, 140 Polyethylene, 6, 50, 134 Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate, 49, 134 Polymerase, 11, 58, 134, 136, 138 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 11, 134 Polymers, 50, 60, 134, 136, 142 Polysaccharide, 96, 102, 134, 136 Posterior, 95, 108, 129, 130, 135 Postnatal, 59, 135 Postoperative, 15, 135 Postoperative Complications, 15, 135 Postsynaptic, 135, 140, 144 Practice Guidelines, 76, 135 Precipitation, 58, 64, 135
Precursor, 55, 103, 108, 109, 111, 129, 133, 135, 146 Prenatal, 20, 110, 135 Presynaptic, 128, 135, 143 Prevalence, 55, 135 Prions, 60, 135, 139 Probe, 12, 135 Procollagen, 51, 135 Progesterone, 49, 135 Progressive, 97, 101, 103, 106, 109, 117, 130, 135 Projection, 107, 129, 135 Proline, 104, 108, 119, 135 Promoter, 17, 18, 136 Promotor, 136, 139 Prone, 18, 136 Prophase, 127, 136, 143 Prophylaxis, 24, 136, 139 Protease, 10, 11, 21, 46, 54, 131, 136 Protease Inhibitors, 21, 136 Protein Binding, 16, 136 Protein C, 8, 95, 104, 136, 146 Protein Conformation, 95, 136 Protein Folding, 58, 136 Protein S, 6, 9, 62, 99, 116, 118, 136, 139 Proteoglycans, 98, 113, 136 Proteolytic, 37, 46, 51, 56, 104, 111, 131, 133, 134, 136 Proton Pump, 23, 45, 129, 136 Proton Pump Inhibitors, 45, 136 Protons, 94, 119, 122, 124, 136, 137 Protozoa, 63, 126, 136, 137 Protozoal, 137 Protozoan, 63, 124, 137 Proximal, 34, 108, 115, 122, 135, 137 Pruritic, 109, 137 Psoriasis, 36, 44, 137, 139 Psychiatric, 62, 137 Psychiatry, 137 Psychic, 126, 137 Public Assistance, 125, 137 Public Policy, 75, 137 Pulmonary, 53, 99, 103, 137, 143 Pulmonary Edema, 103, 137 Pulmonary Emphysema, 53, 137 Purines, 137, 140 Pyrimidines, 137, 140 Pyruvate Kinase, 17, 137 Q Quaternary, 136, 137
158
Digestive Enzymes
R Radiation, 49, 98, 110, 111, 113, 114, 121, 122, 137, 138, 146, 147 Radiation therapy, 113, 121, 122, 137, 147 Radioactive, 119, 120, 121, 122, 129, 138, 147 Radiolabeled, 7, 122, 138, 148 Radiotherapy, 100, 122, 138, 148 Randomized, 9, 24, 109, 138 Reagent, 103, 138 Reality Testing, 61, 138 Receptor, 7, 14, 25, 45, 51, 63, 93, 96, 108, 138, 140 Recombinant, 10, 58, 62, 138 Reconstitution, 7, 12, 138 Rectum, 97, 100, 104, 107, 114, 123, 138 Recur, 132, 138 Recurrence, 132, 138 Reductase, 7, 138 Refer, 1, 100, 104, 114, 116, 123, 124, 128, 138, 145 Reflux, 35, 36, 59, 83, 138 Refraction, 138, 141 Regeneration, 15, 138 Regimen, 109, 138 Regurgitation, 82, 117, 138 Repressor, 16, 129, 138 Response Elements, 17, 139 Restoration, 138, 139 Retinoids, 139, 147 Retrograde, 12, 139 Ribonuclease, 25, 28, 139 Ribosome, 139, 140, 145 Rigidity, 133, 139 Risk factor, 15, 139 Rodenticides, 132, 139 Ruminants, 116, 139 Rye, 53, 103, 111, 139 S Salicylate, 102, 139, 141 Salicylic, 44, 139 Saliva, 21, 60, 139 Salivary, 59, 60, 69, 107, 130, 139, 142 Salivary glands, 69, 107, 139 Scatter, 139, 146 Scleroderma, 82, 97, 139 Sclerosis, 97, 139 Scoliosis, 59, 139 Scrapie, 135, 139 Screening, 104, 139 Second Messenger Systems, 65, 139 Secretin, 59, 61, 65, 140
Secretory, 6, 12, 16, 59, 69, 129, 140, 143 Selenomethionine, 29, 140 Septic, 97, 140 Septicemia, 8, 140 Sequencing, 134, 140 Serine, 10, 11, 13, 101, 103, 110, 140, 145, 146 Serine Endopeptidases, 110, 140 Serous, 104, 140 Serum, 6, 17, 44, 104, 138, 140 Shock, 10, 13, 58, 80, 102, 140, 145 Side effect, 82, 94, 140, 145 Signal Recognition Particle, 17, 140 Signal Transduction, 100, 117, 121, 140 Simethicone, 83, 141 Smooth muscle, 98, 100, 118, 141, 143 Social Behavior, 62, 141 Sodium, 4, 23, 44, 47, 57, 60, 133, 141, 143 Sodium Bicarbonate, 23, 60, 141 Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, 44, 47, 141 Sodium salicylate, 57, 141 Solvent, 50, 51, 130, 132, 141 Soma, 141 Somatic, 56, 110, 119, 125, 126, 130, 132, 141 Somatostatin, 65, 130, 141 Specialist, 84, 141 Species, 11, 44, 47, 54, 63, 102, 111, 115, 116, 119, 124, 125, 126, 127, 141, 142, 145, 146, 147 Specificity, 10, 55, 94, 110, 141 Spectrum, 20, 61, 62, 141 Sphincter, 60, 142 Spices, 28, 33, 142 Spinal cord, 102, 103, 125, 128, 131, 132, 142 Spleen, 124, 130, 142 Steatorrhea, 51, 142 Steatorrhoea, 23, 142 Stent, 57, 142 Sterile, 97, 142 Steroids, 45, 142 Stimulant, 118, 142 Stimulus, 24, 105, 109, 122, 142, 144 Stoma, 81, 142 Stool, 57, 58, 59, 81, 104, 120, 123, 142 Strand, 134, 142 Stress, 36, 45, 58, 101, 102, 115, 128, 142 Styrene, 50, 142 Subacute, 121, 142 Subclinical, 120, 142 Subcutaneous, 5, 131, 142
Index 159
Submaxillary, 111, 142 Subspecies, 141, 142 Substance P, 52, 65, 126, 138, 140, 142 Substrate, 10, 25, 34, 53, 54, 55, 101, 111, 119, 143 Substrate Specificity, 34, 143 Sudden death, 59, 143 Sulfates, 141, 143 Sulfur, 113, 126, 143 Sunburn, 143, 146 Superoxide, 12, 143 Superoxide Dismutase, 12, 143 Supplementation, 56, 143 Surfactant, 141, 143 Sweat, 59, 107, 143 Sweat Glands, 59, 107, 143 Sympathomimetic, 108, 111, 129, 143 Symptomatic, 62, 131, 143 Synapse, 94, 128, 135, 143, 145 Synapsis, 143 Synaptic, 12, 128, 140, 143 Synaptic Transmission, 12, 143 Syncope, 59, 144 Synergistic, 11, 144 Systemic, 8, 56, 99, 111, 121, 122, 134, 138, 139, 140, 141, 144, 147 T Testosterone, 138, 144 Thalassemia, 12, 144 Thermal, 108, 117, 128, 134, 144 Third Ventricle, 119, 144 Thorax, 93, 144 Threonine, 140, 144 Threshold, 112, 144 Thrombin, 113, 134, 136, 144 Thrombocytopenia, 134, 144 Thrombomodulin, 136, 144 Thrombosis, 136, 144 Thrombus, 106, 120, 134, 144 Thymus, 124, 144 Thyroid, 122, 144, 146 Tolerance, 18, 93, 116, 117, 144 Tone, 98, 144 Tooth Preparation, 93, 145 Topical, 44, 119, 131, 141, 145 Total pancreatectomy, 130, 145 Toxic, iv, 11, 64, 103, 111, 128, 139, 142, 145 Toxicity, 11, 64, 145 Toxicokinetics, 145 Toxicology, 33, 76, 145 Toxin, 110, 111, 144, 145
Trace element, 28, 114, 145 Trachea, 132, 144, 145 Transcription Factors, 16, 17, 139, 145 Transfection, 99, 115, 145 Transfusion, 112, 113, 145 Translation, 9, 95, 145 Translocation, 16, 59, 145 Transmitter, 93, 108, 122, 125, 129, 145 Transplantation, 7, 145 Trauma, 131, 145 Triglyceride, 7, 145 Trophic, 24, 145 Trypsin, 8, 9, 10, 22, 28, 53, 60, 103, 111, 145, 146, 148 Trypsin Inhibitors, 22, 28, 146 Tryptophan, 104, 116, 146 Tsetse Flies, 63, 146 Tube-feeding, 8, 146 Tunica, 127, 146 Tyrosine, 108, 146 U Ulcer, 45, 109, 132, 146 Ultraviolet radiation, 54, 143, 146 Unconscious, 106, 119, 146 Uraemia, 131, 146 Urea, 33, 143, 146 Urinary, 98, 146 Urinary Retention, 98, 146 Urine, 99, 111, 146 Ursodeoxycholic Acid, 43, 146 Uterus, 106, 135, 146 V Vaccine, 93, 147 Vacuoles, 110, 130, 147 Vascular, 107, 120, 121, 126, 133, 134, 144, 147 Vasculitis, 131, 147 Vasoactive, 65, 147 Vasodilator, 108, 118, 147 Vein, 49, 97, 122, 129, 147 Venous, 97, 99, 118, 136, 147 Venules, 99, 126, 147 Vesicular, 7, 147 Veterinary Medicine, 75, 147 Villus, 70, 147 Viral, 8, 106, 110, 113, 147 Virulence, 145, 147 Virus, 24, 111, 116, 147, 148 Viscosity, 21, 147 Vitamin A, 48, 121, 147 Vitro, 12, 49, 147 Vivo, 7, 13, 147
160
Digestive Enzymes
W White blood cell, 96, 104, 117, 120, 123, 124, 133, 147 Windpipe, 132, 144, 147 X X-ray, 82, 98, 105, 114, 122, 129, 137, 138, 147
X-ray therapy, 122, 147 Y Yeasts, 60, 114, 121, 148 Yellow Fever, 63, 148 Z Zymogen, 6, 10, 18, 103, 136, 148
