Diclofenac Sodium - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

DICLOFENAC SODIUM A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J ...

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DICLOFENAC SODIUM A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Diclofenac Sodium: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00358-9 1. Diclofenac Sodium-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on diclofenac sodium. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DICLOFENAC SODIUM .............................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Diclofenac Sodium ........................................................................ 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND DICLOFENAC SODIUM .................................................................... 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 Finding Nutrition Studies on Diclofenac Sodium ....................................................................... 41 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 43 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 43 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND DICLOFENAC SODIUM .............................................. 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 45 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 51 General References ....................................................................................................................... 52 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON DICLOFENAC SODIUM ........................................................................... 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Patents on Diclofenac Sodium ..................................................................................................... 53 Patent Applications on Diclofenac Sodium ................................................................................. 63 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 64 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 67 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 69 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 71 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 73 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 75 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 77 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 77 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 77 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 83 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 85 DICLOFENAC SODIUM DICTIONARY ................................................................................... 87 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 123

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with diclofenac sodium is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about diclofenac sodium, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to diclofenac sodium, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on diclofenac sodium. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to diclofenac sodium, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on diclofenac sodium. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DICLOFENAC SODIUM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on diclofenac sodium.

Federally Funded Research on Diclofenac Sodium The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to diclofenac sodium. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to diclofenac sodium. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore diclofenac sodium.

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

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Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “diclofenac sodium” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for diclofenac sodium in the PubMed Central database: •

Therapeutic Effects of Benzoxazinorifamycin KRM-1648 Administered Alone or in Combination with a Half-Sized Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor or the Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Diclofenac Sodium against Mycobacterium avium Complex Infection in Mice. by Sano C, Shimizu T, Sato K, Kawauchi H, Kawahara S, Tomioka H.; 1999 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89078

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with diclofenac sodium, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “diclofenac sodium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for diclofenac sodium (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A clinical trial of the analgesic properties of Voltaren (diclofenac sodium). Author(s): Hultin M, Olander KJ. Source: Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1978; (22): 42-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=356244

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A comparative bioavailability study on two sustained-release formulations of diclofenac sodium following a single dose administration. Author(s): Hasan MM, Najib NM, Muti H. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1993 August; 31(8): 387-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8225684

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With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A comparative short-term trial with Voltaren (diclofenac sodium) and naproxen in soft-tissue rheumatism. Author(s): Valtonen EJ. Source: Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1978; (22): 69-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=356249

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A comparative study between diclofenac sodium and indomethacin in degenerative joint and extra--articular diseases. Author(s): Limpaphayom M, Chotigavanichaya C, Kasemsant D, Laohasurayotin S, Keokarn T. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1976 August; 59(8): 349-54. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1085807

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A comparative study of naproxen with diclofenac sodium in osteoarthrosis of the knees. Author(s): Scharf Y, Nahir M, Schapira D, Lorber M. Source: Rheumatol Rehabil. 1982 August; 21(3): 167-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7048497

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A comparative study of the influence of tolfenamic acid (Clotam) and diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) on the gastrointestinal mucosa in patients with a history of NSAID-related dyspeptic symptoms. Author(s): Hendel L, Larsen E, Bonnevie O. Source: Pharmacology & Toxicology. 1994; 75 Suppl 2: 49-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7816781

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A comparison of diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) and pethidine as post-operative analgesics in major elective surgical procedures. Author(s): Philip PJ, Lema LE, Carneiro PM. Source: East Afr Med J. 1985 September; 62(9): 666-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3908080

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A comparison of naproxen and diclofenac sodium in the treatment of osteoarthritis in elderly patients. Author(s): Vetter G. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1985 July; 39(7): 276-81. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3896286

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A comparison of two different formulations of diclofenac sodium 0.1% in the treatment of inflammation following cataract-intraocular lens surgery. Author(s): Mester U, Lohmann C, Pleyer U, Steinkamp G, Volcker E, Kruger H, Raj PS. Source: Drugs in R&D. 2002; 3(3): 143-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12099157

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A double-blind clinical trial to determine if an interaction exists between diclofenac sodium and the oral anticoagulant acenocoumarol (nicoumalone). Author(s): Michot F, Ajdacic K, Glaus L. Source: J Int Med Res. 1975; 3(3): 153-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=162671

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A double-blind comparison of diclofenac sodium (Voltarol) and placebo in inpatients with rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Fowler PD. Source: Rheumatol Rehabil. 1979; Suppl 2: 75-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=394279

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A double-blind multicentre comparison of diclofenac sodium and naproxen in osteoarthrosis of the hip. Author(s): Car A, Jajic I, Krampac I, Vitaus M, Zenic N, Zivkovic M. Source: Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1978; (22): 63-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=356248

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A double-blind randomised multicentre study with tenoxicam, piroxicam and diclofenac sodium retard in the treatment of ambulant patients with osteoarthritis and extra-articular rheumatism. Author(s): Moser U, Waldburger H, Schwarz HA, Gobelet CA. Source: Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1989; 80: 71-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2688081

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A gastroscopic and histological double-blind study of the effects of diclofenac sodium and naproxen on the human gastric mucosa. Author(s): Lehtola J, Sipponen P. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1977; 6(2): 97-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=331465

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A long-term investigation of a new antirheumatic drug, diclofenac sodium (Voltaren). Author(s): Soorensen K. Source: Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1978; (22): 81-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=308262

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A multi-centre comparative study of diclofenac sodium and a dipyrone/spasmolytic combination, and a single-centre comparative study of diclofenac sodium and pethidine in renal colic patients in India. Author(s): Marthak KV, Gokarn AM, Rao AV, Sane SP, Mahanta RK, Sheth RD, Chavda KD, Rane BS, Vaidya AB. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1991; 12(6): 366-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2044396

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A multicentre study of diclofenac sodium slow-release (Voltaren Retard) in the treatment of rheumatic disorders in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Author(s): Al-Sharkawi MS. Source: J Int Med Res. 1984; 12(4): 244-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6381168

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A new metabolite of diclofenac sodium in human plasma. Author(s): Faigle JW, Bottcher I, Godbillon J, Kriemler HP, Schlumpf E, Schneider W, Schweizer A, Stierlin H, Winkler T. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 1988 October; 18(10): 1191-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3266538

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A prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, diclofenac sodium in the treatment of primary nocturnal enuresis. Author(s): Batislam E, Nuhoglu B, Peskircioglu L, Emir L, Uygur C, Germiyanoglu C, Erol D. Source: Acta Urol Belg. 1995 September; 63(3): 35-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7484520

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A randomized double-masked trial comparing ketorolac tromethamine 0.5%, diclofenac sodium 0.1%, and prednisolone acetate 1% in reducing postphacoemulsification flare and cells. Author(s): el-Harazi SM, Ruiz RS, Feldman RM, Villanueva G, Chuang AZ. Source: Ophthalmic Surgery and Lasers. 1998 July; 29(7): 539-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9674003

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A rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of diclofenac sodium in serum and its use in pharmacokinetic studies. Author(s): el-Sayed YM, Abdel-Hameed ME, Suleiman MS, Najib NM. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1988 October; 40(10): 727-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2907543

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A review of spontaneously reported adverse drug reactions with diclofenac sodium (Voltarol). Author(s): Ciucci AG. Source: Rheumatol Rehabil. 1979; Suppl 2: 116-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=161058

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A study of the effect of aspirin on the pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous diclofenac sodium. Author(s): Willis JV, Kendall MJ, Jack DB. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1980 November; 18(5): 415-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7439264

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A study on the relative bioavailability of a sustained-release formulation of diclofenac sodium. Author(s): Suleiman MS, Najib N, el-Sayed Y, Hasan M, Abdulahameed M. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1989 June; 27(6): 276-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2737796

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An automated method for the determination of diclofenac sodium in human plasma. Author(s): Brunner LA, Luders RC. Source: Journal of Chromatographic Science. 1991 July; 29(7): 287-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1869614

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An open assessment of the efficacy and tolerability of diclofenac sodium (Voltarol) in patients with rheumatic disease and a comparative study of diclofenac sodium (Voltarol) with indomethacin in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): McMahon MF, Cash HC. Source: Rheumatol Rehabil. 1979; Suppl 2: 81-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=394281

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An open comparative study of the analgesic effects of tenoxicam and diclofenac sodium after third molar surgery. Author(s): Roelofse JA, van der Bijl P, Joubert JJ. Source: Anesth Pain Control Dent. 1993 Fall; 2(4): 217-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8180524

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Analgesic activity of flupirtine maleate: a controlled double-blind study with diclofenac sodium in orthopaedics. Author(s): Mastronardi P, D'Onofrio M, Scanni E, Pinto M, Frontespezi S, Ceccarelli MG, Bianchi F, Mazzarella B. Source: J Int Med Res. 1988 September-October; 16(5): 338-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3058538

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Analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficacy of tenoxicam and diclofenac sodium after third molar surgery. Author(s): Roelofse JA, Van der Bijl P, Joubert JJ. Source: Anesthesia Progress. 1996 Fall; 43(4): 103-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10323115

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Analgesic effects of prostaglandin synthesis inhibition by diclofenac sodium. Author(s): Kral JG. Source: Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1985 November; 15(2 Suppl 1): 93-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3878593

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Analysis of the Brazilian literature on diclofenac sodium (Voltarol). Author(s): Bonomo I. Source: Rheumatol Rehabil. 1979; Suppl 2: 72-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=394278

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Anaphylactic reaction to oral diclofenac sodium sustained-release tablet. Author(s): Milman U, Hermoni D. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1994 December; 30(12): 909-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8002276

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Antipyretic therapy in ICU patients: evaluation of low dose diclofenac sodium. Author(s): Pesenti A, Riboni A, Basilico E, Grossi E. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1986; 12(5): 370-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3771916

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Antipyretic therapy with diclofenac sodium. Observations on effect and serious side effects in critically ill patients. Author(s): Zandstra DF, Stoutenbeek CP, Alexander JP. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1983; 9(1): 21-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6833624

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Application of dual radiotelemetric technique in studying drug-drug interaction between diclofenac sodium and ranitidine HCl in volunteers. Author(s): Alioth C, Blum RA, D'Andrea DT, Kochak GM, Teng L, Ziehmer BA, Schentag JJ, Chan KK. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 1993 November; 10(11): 1688-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8290486

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Diclofenac Sodium

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Application of radiotelemetric technique in evaluating diclofenac sodium absorption after oral administration of various dosage forms in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Chan KK, Mojaverian P, Ziehmer BA, John VA. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 1990 October; 7(10): 1026-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2281031

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Bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties of 2 sustained-release formulations of diclofenac sodium, Voltaren vs inflaban: effect of food on inflaban bioavailability. Author(s): Zmeili S, Hasan M, Najib N, Sallam E, Deleq S, Shubair M. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1996 December; 34(12): 564-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8996854

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Biotransformation of diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) in animals and in man. I. Isolation and identification of principal metabolites. Author(s): Stierlin H, Faigle JW, Sallmann A, Kung W, Richter WJ, Kriemler HP, Alt KO, Winkler T. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 1979 October; 9(10): 601-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=119352

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Biotransformation of diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) in animals and in man. II. Quantitative determination of the unchanged drug and principal phenolic metabolites, in urine and bile. Author(s): Stierlin H, Faigle JW. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 1979 October; 9(10): 611-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=119353

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Chronic active hepatitis associated with diclofenac sodium therapy. Author(s): Mazeika PK, Ford MJ. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1989 March; 43(3): 125-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2611118

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Clinical efficacy of diclofenac sodium on postsurgical inflammation after intraocular lens implantation. Author(s): Matsuo K, Hojou H, Honbou M, Miyata N. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1995 May; 21(3): 309-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7674169

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Clinical evaluation of ketoprofen (Orudis) in lumbago - a double-blind comparison with diclofenac sodium. Author(s): Matsumo S, Kaneda K, Norhara Y. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1981 July-August; 35(7-8): 266. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6459111

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Colonic perforation associated with slow-release diclofenac sodium. Author(s): Adhiyaman V, Asghar M, White AD. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2000 June; 54(5): 338-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10954963

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Combination of low-dose epidural morphine and intramuscular diclofenac sodium in postcesarean analgesia. Author(s): Sun HL, Wu CC, Lin MS, Chang CF, Mok MS. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1992 July; 75(1): 64-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1616164

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Comparative bioavailability and in vitro characterization of two brands of diclofenac sodium enteric-coated tablets. Author(s): el-Sayed Y, Suleiman MS, Hasan M, Najib N, Muti H, Abdulhameed M. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1988 October; 26(10): 487-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3235214

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Comparative bioavailability of diclofenac hydroxyethylpyrrolidine vs diclofenac sodium in man. Author(s): Maggi CA, Lualdi P, Mautone G. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1990; 38(2): 207-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2338120

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Comparative bioavailability of two enteric-coated tablet preparations of diclofenac sodium. Author(s): Paton DM. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1987; 7(4): 239-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3596865

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Comparative bioavailability of two tablet formulations of diclofenac sodium in normal subjects. Author(s): Hasan MM, Najib NM, Rawashdeh NM, Sallam EN, Shubair MS, Alawneh Y. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1991 May; 29(5): 178-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2071269

12

Diclofenac Sodium

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Comparative clinical trials with diclofenac sodium (Voltarol) and naproxen in rheumatic conditions: investigation of possible changes in diclofenac dose and dose interval. Author(s): Bach GL. Source: Rheumatol Rehabil. 1979; Suppl 2: 69-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=394277

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Comparative pharmacokinetic analysis of a novel sustained-release dosage form of diclofenac sodium in healthy subjects. Author(s): Raz I, Hussein Z, Samara E, Ben-David J. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1988 May; 26(5): 246-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3410601

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Comparative pharmacokinetic evaluation of compressed suppositories of diclofenac sodium in humans. Author(s): Ramakrishna S, Fadnavis NW, Diwan PV. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1996 February; 46(2): 175-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8720309

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Comparative study of diclofenac sodium and flurbiprofen in osteoarthritis. Author(s): Shaikh KA, Ali M, Sharafatullah T. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1996 December; 46(12): 270-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9000826

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Comparative study of diclofenac sodium and paracetamol for treatment of pain after adenotonsillectomy in children. Author(s): Tawalbeh MI, Nawasreh OO, Husban AM. Source: Saudi Med J. 2001 February; 22(2): 121-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11299404

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Comparison of diclofenac sodium and aspirin in the treatment of acute sports injuries. Author(s): Garagiola U. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1989 July-August; 17(4): 589. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2675653

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Comparison of diclofenac sodium and aspirin in the treatment of acute sports injuries. Author(s): Duncan JJ, Farr JE. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1988 November-December; 16(6): 6569. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3149152

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Comparison of diclofenac sodium and flurbiprofen for inhibition of surgically induced miosis. Author(s): Roberts CW. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1996; 22 Suppl 1: 780-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9279672

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Comparison of diclofenac sodium and morphine sulphate for postoperative analgesia after day case inguinal hernia surgery. Author(s): Alberts JC. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1997 March; 79(2): 155-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9135250

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Comparison of diclofenac sodium and morphine sulphate for postoperative analgesia after day case inguinal hernia surgery. Author(s): Anyanwu A. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1997 March; 79(2): 155. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9135249

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Comparison of diclofenac sodium and morphine sulphate for postoperative analgesia after day case inguinal hernia surgery. Author(s): McEvoy A, Livingstone JI, Cahill CJ. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1996 July; 78(4): 363-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8712652

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Comparison of efficacy of and tolerance to ketoprofen and diclofenac sodium in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Boey ML, Rae S, Feng PH. Source: Singapore Med J. 1988 June; 29(3): 240-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3187575

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Comparison of ketorolac tromethamine, diclofenac sodium, and moist drops for ocular pain after radial keratotomy. Author(s): McDonald MB, Brint SF, Caplan DI, Bourque LB, Shoaf K. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1999 August; 25(8): 1097-108. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10445196

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Comparison of occult blood loss caused by pirazolac and diclofenac sodium: a double-blind crossover study. Author(s): Bown RL, Martin BK, Geddawi M. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1985; 9(8): 548-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3875451

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Diclofenac Sodium

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Comparison of the analgesic efficacy of rofecoxib and enteric-coated diclofenac sodium in the treatment of postoperative dental pain: a randomized, placebocontrolled clinical trial. Author(s): Chang DJ, Desjardins PJ, Chen E, Polis AB, McAvoy M, Mockoviak SH, Geba GP. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2002 April; 24(4): 490-503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12017395

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Comparison of the antiinflammatory efficacy of chondroitin sulfate and diclofenac sodium in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Author(s): Morreale P, Manopulo R, Galati M, Boccanera L, Saponati G, Bocchi L. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1996 August; 23(8): 1385-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8856618

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Comparison of the morphine-sparing effects of diclofenac sodium and ketorolac tromethamine after major orthopedic surgery. Author(s): Alexander R, El-Moalem HE, Gan TJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2002 May; 14(3): 187-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12031750

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Control of fever by continuous, low-dose diclofenac sodium infusion in acute cerebral damage patients. Author(s): Cormio M, Citerio G, Spear S, Fumagalli R, Pesenti A. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2000 May; 26(5): 552-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10923729

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Controlled-release indomethacin and sustained-release diclofenac sodium in the treatment of osteoarthritis: a comparative controlled clinical trial in general practice. Author(s): Gostick N, James IG, Khong TK, Roy P, Shepherd PR, Miller AJ. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1990; 12(3): 135-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2272187

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Controlled-release indomethacin and sustained-release diclofenac sodium in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a comparative controlled clinical trial. Author(s): Crowley B, Hamill JJ, Lyndon S, McKellican JF, Williams P, Miller AJ. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1990; 12(3): 143-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2272188

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Decrease in normal human corneal sensitivity with topical diclofenac sodium. Author(s): Szerenyi K, Sorken K, Garbus JJ, Lee M, McDonnell PJ. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1994 September 15; 118(3): 312-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8085587

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Decrease of postoperative inflammation with diclofenac sodium. Author(s): Ply JJ. Source: Ophthalmology. 1996 September; 103(9): 1331. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8841286

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Determination of diclofenac sodium by capillary zone electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. Author(s): Ji W, Zhan J. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2000 January 28; 868(1): 101-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10677083

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Determination of the population pharmacokinetic parameters of sustained-release and enteric-coated oral formulations, and the suppository formulation of diclofenac sodium by simultaneous data fitting using NONMEM. Author(s): Idkaidek NM, Amidon GL, Smith DE, Najib NM, Hassan MM. Source: Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 1998 April; 19(3): 169-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9570000

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Development and biopharmaceutical evaluation of osmotic pump tablets for controlled delivery of diclofenac sodium. Author(s): Rani M, Surana R, Sankar C, Mishra B. Source: Acta Pharm. 2003 December; 53(4): 263-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14769233

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Dexamethasone versus diclofenac sodium eyedrops to treat inflammation after cataract surgery. Author(s): Othenin-Girard P, Tritten JJ, Pittet N, Herbort CP. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1994 January; 20(1): 9-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8133491

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Diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) and ibuprofen in rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized double-blind study. Author(s): Meinicke J, Danneskiold-Samsoe B. Source: Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1980; 35: 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7006069

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Diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) and indomethacin in the ambulatory treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind multicentre study. Author(s): Mutru O, Penttila M, Pesonen J, Salmela P, Suhonen O, Sonck T. Source: Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1978; (22): 51-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=356246

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Diclofenac Sodium

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Diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) and naproxen in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a comparative double-blind study. Author(s): Kajander A, Martio J. Source: Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1978; (22): 57-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=356247

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Diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) reduced exercise-induced injury in human skeletal muscle. Author(s): O'Grady M, Hackney AC, Schneider K, Bossen E, Steinberg K, Douglas JM Jr, Murray WJ, Watkins WD. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2000 July; 32(7): 1191-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10912880

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Diclofenac sodium (Voltaren): results of a multi-centre comparative trial in adultonset rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Durrigl T, Vitaus M, Pucar I, Miko M. Source: J Int Med Res. 1975; 3(3): 139-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=162669

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Diclofenac sodium (Voltarol) and indomethacin: a multicentre comparative study in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Author(s): Barnes CG, Berry H, Carter ME, Downie WW, Fowler PD, Moll JM, Perry JD, Sawaf MS, Wright V. Source: Rheumatol Rehabil. 1979; Suppl 2: 135-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=394275

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Diclofenac sodium (Voltarol): a double-blind comparative study with ibuprofen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Cardoe N, Fowler PD. Source: Rheumatol Rehabil. 1979; Suppl 2: 89-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=394282

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Diclofenac sodium (Voltarol): drug interactions and special studies. Author(s): Fowler PD. Source: Rheumatol Rehabil. 1979; Suppl 2: 60-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=394276

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Diclofenac sodium and bruising. Author(s): Khazan U, Toth M, Mutgi A. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1990 March 15; 112(6): 472-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2310112

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Diclofenac sodium and cyclosporin A inhibit human lens epithelial cell proliferation in culture. Author(s): Cortina P, Gomez-Lechon MJ, Navea A, Menezo JL, Terencio MC, DiazLlopis M. Source: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 1997 March; 235(3): 180-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9085114

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Diclofenac sodium and intractable epilepsy. Author(s): Al-Waili NS. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1986 May; 73(5): 507. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3727929

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Diclofenac sodium and low dose epidural morphine for postcesarean analgesia. Author(s): Sun HL, Cheng KW, Chien CC, Che CJ, Chang CF. Source: Ma Zui Xue Za Zhi. 1990 September; 28(3): 295-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2277569

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Diclofenac sodium and spasmolytic drugs in the treatment of ureteral colic: a comparative study. Author(s): Basar I, Bircan K, Tasar C, Ergen A, Cakmak F, Remzi D. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 1991; 23(3): 227-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1889968

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Diclofenac sodium and thyroid function tests. Author(s): Fowler PD, Crook PR, Hothersall TE. Source: Rheumatol Rehabil. 1982 February; 21(1): 42-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7036321

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Diclofenac sodium as an alternative treatment of temporomandibular joint pain. Author(s): Ekberg EC, Kopp S, Akerman S. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 1996 June; 54(3): 154-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8811136

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Diclofenac sodium for pain relief following laparoscopic sterilization. Author(s): Somwanshi M, Tripathi A, Singh B. Source: Trop Doct. 1997 April; 27(2): 124-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9133813

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Diclofenac Sodium

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Diclofenac sodium for post-tonsillectomy pain in children. Author(s): Watters CH, Patterson CC, Mathews HM, Campbell W. Source: Anaesthesia. 1988 August; 43(8): 641-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3421455

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Diclofenac sodium in biliary colic: a double blind trial. Author(s): Broggini M, Corbetta E, Grossi E, Borghi C. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1984 April 7; 288(6423): 1042. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6423186

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Diclofenac sodium in renal colic. Author(s): Lundstam S, Sengupta CH, Timbal Y, Vignoni A. Source: The Practitioner. 1984 August; 228(1394): 704-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6473273

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Diclofenac sodium in the treatment of painful stiff shoulder. Author(s): Huskisson EC, Bryans R. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1983; 8(5): 350-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6340976

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Diclofenac sodium in the treatment of primary nocturnal enuresis: double-blind crossover study. Author(s): Al-Waili NS. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1986 February; 13(2): 139-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3519020

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Diclofenac sodium in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Author(s): Caldwell JR. Source: Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1985 November; 15(2 Suppl 1): 73-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4081794

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Diclofenac sodium in ureteral colic: a double-blind comparison trial with placebo. Author(s): Vignoni A, Fierro A, Moreschini G, Cau M, Agostino A, Daniele E, Foti G, Grossi E. Source: J Int Med Res. 1983; 11(5): 303-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6357890

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Diclofenac sodium incorporated PLGA (50:50) microspheres: formulation considerations and in vitro/in vivo evaluation. Author(s): Tuncay M, Calis S, Kas HS, Ercan MT, Peksoy I, Hincal AA. Source: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2000 February 15; 195(1-2): 179-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10675695

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Diclofenac sodium inhibits bone resorption in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Bell NH, Hollis BW, Shary JR, Eyre DR, Eastell R, Colwell A, Russell RG. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1994 April; 96(4): 349-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8166154

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Diclofenac sodium suppository in the treatment of primary nocturnal enuresis. Author(s): Metin A, Aykol N. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 1992; 24(2): 113-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1624253

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Diclofenac sodium versus acetylsalicylic acid: a randomized study in febrile patients. Author(s): Bettini R, Grossi E, Rapazzini P, Giardina G. Source: J Int Med Res. 1986; 14(2): 95-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3516755

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Diclofenac sodium versus fentanyl for analgesia in laparoscopic sterilization. Author(s): Grace D, Milligan KR, Loughran PG, McCaughey W. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1994 May; 38(4): 342-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8067220

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Diclofenac sodium versus pethidine in acute renal colic. Author(s): Hetherington JW, Philp NH. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1986 January 25; 292(6515): 237-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3081085

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Diclofenac sodium, 0.1% (Voltaren Ophtha), versus sodium chloride, 5%, in the treatment of filamentary keratitis. Author(s): Avisar R, Robinson A, Appel I, Yassur Y, Weinberger D. Source: Cornea. 2000 March; 19(2): 145-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10746444

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Diclofenac sodium, a negative chemokinetic factor for neutrophil locomotion. Author(s): Perianin A, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA, Giroud JP, Hakim J. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1985 October 1; 34(19): 3433-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3902025

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Diclofenac Sodium

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Diclofenac sodium, diflunisal and naproxen: patient preferences for antiinflammatory drugs in rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Huskisson EC, Dieppe PA, Scott J, Jones H. Source: Rheumatol Rehabil. 1982 November; 21(4): 238-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7134745

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Diclofenac sodium. Author(s): Small RE. Source: Clin Pharm. 1989 August; 8(8): 545-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2670397

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Diclofenac sodium. A reappraisal of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy. Author(s): Todd PA, Sorkin EM. Source: Drugs. 1988 March; 35(3): 244-85. Review. Erratum In: Drugs 1988 July; 36(1): Preceding 1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3286213

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Diclofenac sodium: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in rheumatic diseases and pain of varying origin. Author(s): Brogden RN, Heel RC, Pakes GE, Speight TM, Avery GS. Source: Drugs. 1980 July; 20(1): 24-48. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6772422

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Diclofenac sodium: blood concentration of the slow-release form and influence on the metabolism of kallikrein. Author(s): Gross W, Kroh J, Krebs A, Zoller H. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1984; 34(10): 1327-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6335038

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Diclofenac sodium-chlormezanone poisoning. Author(s): Netter P, Lambert H, Larcan A, Godbillon J, Gosset G. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1984; 26(4): 535-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6734713

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Double blind randomized controlled trial of sodium meclofenamate (Meclomen) and diclofenac sodium (Voltaren): post validation reapplication of the WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index. Author(s): Bellamy N, Kean WF, Buchanan WW, Gerecz-Simon E, Campbell J. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1992 January; 19(1): 153-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1556679

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Double-blind randomized controlled trial of flurbiprofen-SR (ANSAID-SR) and diclofenac sodium-SR (Voltaren-SR) in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Author(s): Bellamy N, Bensen WG, Ford PM, Huang SH, Lang JY. Source: Clinical and Investigative Medicine. Medecine Clinique Et Experimentale. 1992 October; 15(5): 427-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1458715

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Double-blind randomized trial of diclofenac sodium versus placebo in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Weisman MH. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1986; 8(4): 427-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3524843

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Double-blind, placebo-controlled study on effects of diclofenac sodium and indomethacin on postprandial gastric motility in man. Author(s): Bassotti G, Bucaneve G, Furno P, Morelli A, Del Favero A. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1998 June; 43(6): 1172-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9635603

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Double-blind, randomized and parallel comparison between droxicam and diclofenac sodium in patients with coxarthrosis and gonarthrosis. Author(s): Corts Giner JR, Garcia Borras JJ. Source: Eur J Rheumatol Inflamm. 1991; 11(4): 29-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1365487

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Effect of diclofenac sodium (feloran) on platelet aggregation. Author(s): Tyutyulkova N, Gorantcheva Y, Lisitchkov T. Source: Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1984 January; 6(1): 21-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6717167

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Effect of diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) on hypoxia-induced corneal edema in humans. Author(s): Goldberg MA, McNamara N, Nguyen NT, Lerner L, Rosenblum LH, Park DW, Abbott RL, Levy B. Source: The Clao Journal : Official Publication of the Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Inc. 1995 January; 21(1): 61-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7712610

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Effect of diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) on spermatogenesis of infertile oligospermic patients. Author(s): Moskovitz B, Lin R, Nassar S, Levin DR. Source: European Urology. 1988; 14(5): 395-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3169083

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Diclofenac Sodium

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Effect of diclofenac sodium and dexamethasone on cultured human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts. Author(s): Sun R, Gimbel HV, Liu S, Guo D, Hollenberg MD. Source: Ophthalmic Surgery and Lasers. 1999 May; 30(5): 382-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10334026

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Effect of diclofenac sodium on the arachidonic acid cascade. Author(s): Ku EC, Lee W, Kothari HV, Scholer DW. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1986 April 28; 80(4B): 18-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3085488

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Effect of diclofenac sodium, tolfenamic acid and indomethacin on the production of superoxide induced by N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine in normal human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Author(s): Friman C, Johnston C, Chew C, Davis P. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1986; 15(1): 41-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3008321

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Effective treatment of osteoarthritis with a 150 mg prolonged-release of diclofenac sodium. Author(s): Arcangeli P, Andreotti L, Palazzini E. Source: Riv Eur Sci Med Farmacol. 1996 September-December; 18(5-6): 217-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9177625

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Effectiveness and tolerance of piroxicam 0.5% and diclofenac sodium 0.1% in controlling inflammation after cataract surgery. Author(s): Scuderi B, Driussi GB, Chizzolini M, Salvetat ML, Beltrame G. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 2003 July; 13(6): 536-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12948311

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Effects of diclofenac sodium and indomethacin on proliferation and collagen synthesis of lens epithelial cells in vitro. Author(s): Nishi O, Nishi K, Fujiwara T, Shirasawa E. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1995 July; 21(4): 461-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8523295

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Effects of diclofenac sodium on arachidonic acid metabolism. Author(s): Ku EC, Kothari H, Lee W, Kimble EF, Liauw LH. Source: Agents Actions Suppl. 1985; 17: 189-93. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3937447

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Effects of parenteral diclofenac sodium on upper gastrointestinal motility after food in man. Author(s): Bassotti G, Bucaneve G, Betti C, Patoia L, Baratta E, Maresca V, Pelli MA, Morelli A, Del Favero A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991; 41(5): 497-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1761083

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Efficacy and safety of diclofenac sodium in rheumatoid arthritis. Experience in the United States. Author(s): Caldwell JR. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1986 April 28; 80(4B): 43-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3518432

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Efficacy and safety of repeated postoperative administration of intramuscular diclofenac sodium in the treatment of post-cesarean section pain: a double-blind study. Author(s): Al-Waili NS. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2001 March-April; 32(2): 148-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11343813

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Efficacy and tolerance of diclofenac sodium 0.1%, flurbiprofen 0.03%, and indomethacin 1.0% in controlling postoperative inflammation. Author(s): Diestelhorst M, Schmidl B, Konen W, Mester U, Raj PS. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1996; 22 Suppl 1: 788-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9279673

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Efficacy of diclofenac sodium ophthalmic solution versus placebo in reducing inflammation following cataract extraction and posterior chamber lens implantation. Author(s): Kraff MC, Martin RG, Neumann AC, Weinstein AJ. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1994 March; 20(2): 138-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8201562

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Efficacy of diclofenac sodium softgel 100 mg with or without caffeine 100 mg in migraine without aura: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Author(s): Peroutka SJ, Lyon JA, Swarbrick J, Lipton RB, Kolodner K, Goldstein J. Source: Headache. 2004 February; 44(2): 136-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14756851

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Efficacy of diclofenac sodium solution in reducing discomfort after cataract surgery. Author(s): Fry LL. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1995 March; 21(2): 187-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7791060

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Diclofenac Sodium

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Estrogen and diclofenac sodium therapy in a prepubertal female with idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis. Author(s): Wright NM, Metzger DL, Key LL. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 1995 April-June; 8(2): 135-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7584708

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Evaluation of diclofenac sodium 0.1% ophthalmic solution in the treatment of ocular symptoms after bilateral radial keratotomy. Author(s): Hettinger ME, Gill DJ, Robin JB, Levy RH, Koester J. Source: Cornea. 1997 July; 16(4): 406-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9220237

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Evaluation of diclofenac sodium as a perioperative analgesic. Author(s): Chandralekha, Bhalotra AR, Saksena R. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 1994 December; 48(12): 277-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7875749

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Extractionless determination of diclofenac sodium in serum using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection. Author(s): Moncrieff J. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1992 May 20; 577(1): 185-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1400740

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Factors affecting the pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium (Voltarol). Author(s): Kendall MJ, Thornhill DP, Willis JV. Source: Rheumatol Rehabil. 1979; Suppl 2: 38-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=531447

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Fatal anaphylactic reaction to oral diclofenac sodium. Author(s): Sen I, Mitra S, Gombar KK. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2001 April; 48(4): 421. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11339789

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Flow-injection spectrophotometric determination of diclofenac sodium in pharmaceuticals and urine samples. Author(s): Garcia MS, Albero MI, Sanchez-Pedreno C, Molina J. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 1998 June; 17(2): 267-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9638579

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Formulation and evaluation of diclofenac sodium using hydrophilic matrices. Author(s): Rao YM, Veni JK, Jayasagar G. Source: Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 2001 September; 27(8): 759-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11699827

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Gamma-scintigraphic study of the gastrointestinal transit and in vivo dissolution of a controlled release diclofenac sodium formulation in xanthan gum matrices. Author(s): Billa N, Yuen KH, Khader MA, Omar A. Source: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2000 May 15; 201(1): 109-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10867269

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High performance liquid chromatographic determination of diclofenac sodium in plasma using column-switching technique for sample clean-up. Author(s): Lee HS, Kim EJ, Zee OP, Lee YJ. Source: Archiv Der Pharmazie. 1989 November; 322(11): 801-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2624525

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Human transbuccal absorption of diclofenac sodium from a prototype hydrogel delivery device. Author(s): Cassidy J, Berner B, Chan K, John V, Toon S, Holt B, Rowland M. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 1993 January; 10(1): 126-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8430049

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Ibuprofen and diclofenac sodium in the treatment of osteoarthritis: a comparative trial of two once-daily sustained-release NSAID formulations. Author(s): Baumgartner H, Schwarz HA, Blum W, Bruhin A, Gallachi G, Goldinger G, Saxer M, Trost H. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1996; 13(8): 435-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9010610

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In vitro and in vivo comparison of two diclofenac sodium sustained release oral formulations. Author(s): Su SF, Chou CH, Kung CF, Huang JD. Source: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2003 July 9; 260(1): 39-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12818808

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In vitro corneal permeability of diclofenac sodium in formulations containing cyclodextrins compared to the commercial product voltaren ophtha. Author(s): Reer O, Bock TK, Muller BW. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1994 September; 83(9): 1345-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7830253

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Diclofenac Sodium

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In vitro protein binding of diclofenac sodium in plasma and synovial fluid. Author(s): Chan KK, Vyas KH, Brandt KD. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1987 February; 76(2): 105-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3572745

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Intoxication with sulindac, tiaramide hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium. Author(s): Harima Y, Maekawa T, Miyauchi Y, Tsutsui T, Sakabe T, Koshiro A. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1987; 13(5): 361-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3655104

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Intramuscular diclofenac sodium as adjuvant therapy for type I decompression sickness: a case report. Author(s): Douglas JD. Source: Undersea Biomed Res. 1986 December; 13(4): 457-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3810985

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Intramuscular diclofenac sodium for postoperative analgesia after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomised, controlled trial. Author(s): Wilson YG, Rhodes M, Ahmed R, Daugherty M, Cawthorn SJ, Armstrong CP. Source: Surgical Laparoscopy & Endoscopy. 1994 October; 4(5): 340-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8000630

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Intramuscular diclofenac sodium versus intravenous Baralgin in the treatment of renal colic. Author(s): Sanahuja J, Corbera G, Garau J, Pla R, Carmen Carre M. Source: Dicp. 1990 April; 24(4): 361-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2183488

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Intramuscular piroxicam versus intramuscular diclofenac sodium in the treatment of acute renal colic: double-blind study. Author(s): Al-Waili NS, Saloom KY. Source: European Journal of Medical Research. 1999 January 26; 4(1): 23-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9892571

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Intramuscular treatment of migraine attacks using diclofenac sodium: a crossover clinical trial. Author(s): Del Bene E, Poggioni M, Garagiola U, Maresca V. Source: J Int Med Res. 1987 January-February; 15(1): 44-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3545942

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Intravenous diclofenac sodium decreases prostaglandin synthesis and postoperative symptoms after general anaesthesia in outpatients undergoing dental surgery. Author(s): Valanne J, Korttila K, Ylikorkala O. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1987 November; 31(8): 722-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3324615

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Intravenous diclofenac sodium. Does its administration before operation suppress postoperative pain? Author(s): Campbell WI, Kendrick R, Patterson C. Source: Anaesthesia. 1990 September; 45(9): 763-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2240539

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In-vitro and in-vivo studies of the diclofenac sodium controlled-release matrix tablets. Author(s): Liu CH, Kao YH, Chen SC, Sokoloski TD, Sheu MT. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1995 May; 47(5): 360-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7494183

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Ionization with diclofenac sodium in rheumatic disorders: a double-blind placebocontrolled trial. Author(s): Vecchini L, Grossi E. Source: J Int Med Res. 1984; 12(6): 346-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6394405

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Keratitis associated with presumed polyendocrinopathy syndrome: treatment with fluorometholone and diclofenac sodium. Author(s): Des Marchais B, Bazin R. Source: Can J Ophthalmol. 1995 December; 30(7): 380-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8963942

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Ketoprofen vs naproxen or diclofenac sodium in osteoarthritis. Author(s): Waterworth RF, Waterworth SM. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1990 October; 17(10): 1424-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2254909

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Ketorolac versus diclofenac sodium in cancer pain. Author(s): Toscani F, Piva L, Corli O, Gallucci M, Speranza R, Tamburini M, De Conno F, Ventafridda V. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1994 April; 44(4): 550-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8011010

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Lack of efficacy of acetaminophen in treating symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison trial with diclofenac sodium. Author(s): Case JP, Baliunas AJ, Block JA. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2003 January 27; 163(2): 169-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12546607

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Maternal diclofenac sodium ingestion and severe neonatal pulmonary hypertension. Author(s): Siu KL, Lee WH. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2004 March; 40(3): 152-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15009583

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Mefenamic acid and diclofenac sodium in osteoarthritis of the weight bearing joints: a double blind comparison. Author(s): Aylward M, Maddock J, Lewis PA, Dewland PM. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1985 April; 39(4): 135-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3893502

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Mefenamic acid compared with diclofenac sodium in elderly patients with osteoarthritis. Author(s): Stewart I, Thomas A. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1988 August; 42(8): 316-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3061435

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Meloxicam in osteoarthritis: a 6-month, double-blind comparison with diclofenac sodium. Author(s): Hosie J, Distel M, Bluhmki E. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1996 April; 35 Suppl 1: 39-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8630635

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Modelling of indometacin and diclofenac sodium binding to the molecule of human serum albumin. Author(s): Russeva V, Mihailova D. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1996 March; 46(3): 288-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8901151

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Monitoring diclofenac sodium in single human erythrocytes introduced by electroporation using capillary zone electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. Author(s): Dong Q, Jin W. Source: Electrophoresis. 2001 August; 22(13): 2786-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11545409

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Near fatal asthma following ingestion of diclofenac sodium tablet. Author(s): Gupta D, Aggarwal AN, Aggarwal PN, Jindal SK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2000 February; 48(2): 258-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11229165

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Neuropathy: call for info. on Voltaren Emulgel (topical diclofenac sodium). Author(s): James JS. Source: Aids Treat News. 1999 June 18; (No 321): 1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11366714

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Night pain and morning stiffness in osteoarthritis: a crossover study of flurbiprofen and diclofenac sodium. Author(s): Siegmeth W, Noyelle RM. Source: J Int Med Res. 1988 May-June; 16(3): 182-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3044870

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NMR study on the low-affinity interaction of human serum albumin with diclofenac sodium. Author(s): Ji ZS, Li CG, Mao XA, Liu ML, Hu JM. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2002 August; 50(8): 1017-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12192129

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No adverse effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, sulindac and diclofenac sodium, on blood pressure control with a calcium antagonist, nifedipine, in elderly hypertensive patients. Author(s): Takeuchi K, Abe K, Yasujima M, Sato M, Tanno M, Sato K, Yoshinaga K. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1991 November; 165(3): 201-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1807007

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Ondansetron versus diclofenac sodium in the treatment of acute ureteral colic: a double blind controlled trial. Author(s): Ergene U, Pekdemir M, Canda E, Kirkali Z, Fowler J, Coskun F. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 2001; 33(2): 315-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12092646

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Open study of a diclofenac sodium prolonged-release in patients suffering from coxarthrosis. Author(s): Varese C, Palazzini A. Source: Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 1997 January-June; 1(1-3): 57-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9444800

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Oxaprozin versus diclofenac sodium in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Santo JE, Queiroz MV. Source: J Int Med Res. 1988 March-April; 16(2): 150-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3378661

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Painful blotchy erythema: presentation of a case and successful control with diclofenac sodium. Author(s): Wahba-Yahav AV, Zion M. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1994 July; 54(1): 34, 36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7924447

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Peri-operative administration of rectal diclofenac sodium. The effect on renal function in patients undergoing minor orthopaedic surgery. Author(s): Irwin MG, Roulson CJ, Jones RD, Cheng IK, Visram AR, Chan YM. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 1995 July; 12(4): 403-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7588670

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Pharmacokinetic analysis of the absorption characteristics of diclofenac sodium in man by use of a multi-segment absorption model. Author(s): Mahmood I. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1996 December; 48(12): 1260-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9004188

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Pharmacokinetic studies on diclofenac sodium in young and old volunteers. Author(s): Willis JV, Kendall MJ. Source: Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1978; (22): 36-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=278178

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Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of diclofenac sodium in Yucatan miniature pigs. Author(s): Oberle RL, Das H, Wong SL, Chan KK, Sawchuk RJ. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 1994 May; 11(5): 698-703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8058639

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Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) and metabolites in patients with impaired renal function. Author(s): Stierlin H, Faigle JW, Colombi A. Source: Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1978; (22): 30-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=356243

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Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium after intramuscular administration in combination with triamcinolone acetate. Author(s): Derendorf H, Mullersman G, Barth J, Gruner A, Mollmann H. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1986; 31(3): 363-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3792436

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Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium in chronic active hepatitis and alcoholic cirrhosis. Author(s): Lill JS, O'Sullivan T, Bauer LA, Horn JR, Carithers R Jr, Strandness DE, Lau H, Chan K, Thakker K. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2000 March; 40(3): 250-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10709153

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Pharmacokinetics of intravenous diclofenac sodium in children. Author(s): Korpela R, Olkkola KT. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1990; 38(3): 293-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2340849

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Pharmacology of diclofenac sodium (Voltaren). Author(s): Scholer DW, Boettcher I, Ku EC, Schweizer A. Source: Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1985 November; 15(2 Suppl 1): 61-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3936179

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Pharmacology of diclofenac sodium. Author(s): Scholer DW, Ku EC, Boettcher I, Schweizer A. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1986 April 28; 80(4B): 34-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3085490

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Physical incompatibility of injection diclofenac sodium with Isolyte P. Author(s): Sinha PK, Neema PK, Manikandan S, Unnikrishnan KP. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2004 March; 98(3): 876. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14980967

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Piroxicam fast-dissolving dosage form vs diclofenac sodium in the treatment of acute renal colic: a double-blind controlled trial. Author(s): Supervia A, Pedro-Botet J, Nogues X, Echarte JL, Minguez S, Iglesias ML, Gelabert A. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1998 January; 81(1): 27-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9467472

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Plasma and synovial fluid concentrations of diclofenac sodium and its hydroxylated metabolites during once-daily administration of a 100 mg slow-release formulation. Author(s): Fowler PD, Dawes PT, John VA, Shotton PA. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1986; 31(4): 469-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3469101

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Plasma and synovial fluid concentrations of diclofenac sodium and its major hydroxylated metabolites during long-term treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Fowler PD, Shadforth MF, Crook PR, John VA. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1983; 25(3): 389-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6628528

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Postoperative pain relief in children. A comparison between caudal bupivacaine and intramuscular diclofenac sodium. Author(s): Ryhanen P, Adamski J, Puhakka K, Leppaluoto J, Vuolteenaho O, Ryhanen J. Source: Anaesthesia. 1994 January; 49(1): 57-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7906104

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Premedication with controlled release diclofenac sodium reduces post-operative pain after minor gynaecological surgery. Author(s): Bamber MJ, Tweedie IE, Breeze C, Williams NE. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 1997 July; 14(4): 421-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9253571

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Preoperative diclofenac sodium reduces post-laparoscopy pain. Author(s): Gillberg LE, Harsten AS, Stahl LB. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1993 May; 40(5 Pt 1): 406-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8513518

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Prescribing rationale and budgetary outcomes associated with the introduction of a combined formulation of diclofenac sodium and misoprostol in Canada. Author(s): Sclar DA, Robison LM, Maheu A, Skaer TL. Source: J Int Med Res. 1995 November-December; 23(6): 439-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8746611

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Preservative-free diclofenac sodium 0.1% for vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): D'Angelo G, Lambiase A, Cortes M, Sgrulletta R, Pasqualetti R, Lamagna A, Bonini S. Source: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 2003 March; 241(3): 192-5. Epub 2003 February 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12644942

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Pretreatment with topical diclofenac sodium to decrease postoperative inflammation. Author(s): Roberts CW. Source: Ophthalmology. 1996 April; 103(4): 636-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8618764

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Prostaglandin-synthetase inhibition with diclofenac sodium in treatment of renal colic: comparison with use of a narcotic analgesic. Author(s): Lundstam SO, Leissner KH, Wahlander LA, Kral JG. Source: Lancet. 1982 May 15; 1(8281): 1096-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6122892

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Report on a long-term tolerability study of up to two years with diclofenac sodium (Voltaren). Author(s): Ciccolunghi SN, Chaudri HA, Schubiger BI, Reddrop R. Source: Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1978; (22): 86-96. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=356251

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Rofecoxib, a specific inhibitor of cyclooxygenase 2, with clinical efficacy comparable with that of diclofenac sodium: results of a one-year, randomized, clinical trial in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee and hip. Rofecoxib Phase III Protocol 035 Study Group. Author(s): Cannon GW, Caldwell JR, Holt P, McLean B, Seidenberg B, Bolognese J, Ehrich E, Mukhopadhyay S, Daniels B. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2000 May; 43(5): 978-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10817549

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Safety and efficacy of diclofenac sodium 0.1% ophthalmic solution in acute seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Author(s): Laibovitz RA, Koester J, Schaich L, Reaves TA. Source: Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics : the Official Journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1995 Fall; 11(3): 361-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8590268

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Simultaneous determination of diclofenac sodium and its hydroxy metabolites by capillary column gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. Author(s): Schneider W, Degen PH. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1981 November 6; 217: 263-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7320113

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Simultaneous determination of diclofenac sodium and its metabolites in plasma by capillary column gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. Author(s): Schneider W, Degen PH. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1986 December 19; 383(2): 412-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3558571

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Slow release diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) in soft tissue rheumatism-a multicentre trial. Author(s): Jaffer NA. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1983 April; 33(4): 95-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6410092

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Small bowel perforation associated with an excessive dose of slow release diclofenac sodium. Author(s): Deakin M. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1988 August 13; 297(6646): 488-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3139171

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Study of efficacy and tolerance of ketoprofen and diclofenac sodium in the treatment of acute rheumatic and traumatic conditions. Author(s): Jokhio IA, Siddiqui KA, Waraich T, Abbas M, Ali A. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1998 December; 48(12): 373-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10531772

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Study of the solid-phase extraction of diclofenac sodium, indomethacin and phenylbutazone for their analysis in human urine by liquid chromatography. Author(s): Bakkali A, Corta E, Berrueta LA, Gallo B, Vicente F. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1999 June 11; 729(1-2): 139-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10410936

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Systemic diclofenac sodium to maintain mydriasis during phacoemulsification. Author(s): Sidiki SS, Wykes WN. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1998 May; 24(5): 684-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9610454

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Taste masking of diclofenac sodium using microencapsulation. Author(s): Al-Omran MF, Al-Suwayeh SA, El-Helw AM, Saleh SI. Source: Journal of Microencapsulation. 2002 January-February; 19(1): 45-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11811758

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The beneficial effect of diclofenac sodium in the treatment of filamentary keratitis. Author(s): Grinbaum A, Yassur I, Avni I. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2001 June; 119(6): 926-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11405858

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The effect of diclofenac sodium on renal function. Author(s): Kinn AC, Elbarouni J, Seideman P, Sollevi A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 1989; 23(2): 153-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2756361

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The effect of diclofenac sodium on the initial comfort of RGP contact lenses: a pilot study. Author(s): Gordon A, Bartlett JD, Lin M. Source: J Am Optom Assoc. 1999 August; 70(8): 509-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10506814

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The effect of diclofenac sodium on urinary concentration of calcium, uric acid and glycosaminoglycans in traumatic paraplegics. Author(s): Sharma S, Vaidyanathan S, Thind SK, Nath R, Sankaranarayanan A. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1991 September; 68(3): 240-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1913063

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The effect of diclofenac sodium ophthalmic solution on intraocular pressure following cataract extraction. Author(s): Strelow SA, Sherwood MB, Broncato LJ, Napier A, Driebe WT Jr, Guy JR, Vickers FF, Mellars K. Source: Ophthalmic Surg. 1992 March; 23(3): 170-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1574284

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The effects of diclofenac sodium on arachidonic acid metabolism. Author(s): Ku EC, Lee W, Kothari HV, Kimble EF, Liauw L, Tjan J. Source: Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1985 November; 15(2 Suppl 1): 36-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3936178

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The effects of oxyphenbutazone and diclofenac sodium on the blood picture. Author(s): Joubert JJ. Source: J Dent Assoc S Afr. 1978 February; 33(2): 73-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=361771

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The efficacy and safety of fentiazac and diclofenac sodium in peri-arthritis of the shoulder: a multi-centre, double-blind comparison. Author(s): Thumb N, Kolarz G, Scherak O, Mayrhofer F. Source: J Int Med Res. 1987 November-December; 15(6): 327-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3325316

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The efficacy of diclofenac sodium (Voltarol) with and without paracetamol in the control of post-surgical dental pain. Author(s): Matthews RW, Scully CM, Levers BG. Source: British Dental Journal. 1984 November 24; 157(10): 357-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6394041

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The influence of diclofenac sodium (Voltarol) on free, protein-bound and total plasma L-tryptophan in adult healthy male subjects. Author(s): Aylward M, Fowler PD, John V, Maddock J, Seldrup J. Source: Rheumatol Rehabil. 1979; Suppl 2: 47-59. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=316913

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The long-term efficacy and tolerability of Voltaren (diclofenac sodium) and indomethacin in rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Bijlsma A. Source: Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1978; (22): 74-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=356250

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The maintenance of per-operative mydriasis in phacoemulsification with topical diclofenac sodium. Author(s): Antcliff RJ, Trew DR. Source: Eye (London, England). 1997; 11 ( Pt 3): 389-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9373483

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The morphine sparing effects of diclofenac sodium following abdominal surgery. Author(s): Hodsman NB, Burns J, Blyth A, Kenny GN, McArdle CS, Rotman H. Source: Anaesthesia. 1987 September; 42(9): 1005-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3118730

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The opioid-sparing effect of diclofenac sodium in outpatient extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). Author(s): Fredman B, Jedeikin R, Olsfanger D, Aronheim M. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 1993 March-April; 5(2): 141-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8097400

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The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of diclofenac sodium (Voltarol) in animals and man. Author(s): John VA. Source: Rheumatol Rehabil. 1979; Suppl 2: 22-37. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=119296

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The pharmacokinetics of a new sustained-release form of diclofenac sodium in humans. Author(s): Mascher H. Source: Drug Des Deliv. 1989 June; 4(4): 303-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2775450

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The pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium following intravenous and oral administration. Author(s): Willis JV, Kendall MJ, Flinn RM, Thornhill DP, Welling PG. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1979; 16(6): 405-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=527637

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The pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium in patients with active rheumatoid disease. Author(s): Crook PR, Willis JV, Kendall MJ, Jack DB, Fowler PD. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1982; 21(4): 331-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7056279

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The pharmacology of diclofenac sodium (Voltarol). Author(s): Maier R, Menasse R, Riesterer L, Pericin C, Ruegg M, Ziel R. Source: Rheumatol Rehabil. 1979; Suppl 2: 11-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=119295

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The role of preoperative subconjunctival mydricaine and topical diclofenac sodium 0.1% in maintaining mydriasis during vitrectomy. Author(s): Kulshrestha MK, Rauz S, Goble RR, Stavrakas IA, Kirkby GR. Source: Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2000; 20(1): 46-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10696747

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The use of diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) suppositories as an antipyretic in children with fever due to acute infections: a double-blind, between-patient, placebocontrolled study. Author(s): Polman HA, Huijbers WA, Augusteijn R. Source: J Int Med Res. 1981; 9(5): 343-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7028533

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The use of Voltaren (diclofenac sodium, Ciba) in acute renal colic. Author(s): Tanko A, Tamas G. Source: Acta Chir Hung. 1995-96; 35(3-4): 285-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9262725

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The value and results of long-term studies with diclofenac sodium (Voltarol). Author(s): Ciccolunghi SN, Chaudri HA, Schubiger BI. Source: Rheumatol Rehabil. 1979; Suppl 2: 100-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=394274

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Topical diclofenac sodium after excimer laser phototherapeutic keratectomy. Author(s): Forster W, Ratkay I, Krueger R, Busse H. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 1997 May-June; 13(3): 3113. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9183765

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Topical diclofenac sodium compared with prednisolone acetate after phacoemulsification-lens implant surgery. Author(s): Demco TA, Sutton H, Demco CJ, Raj PS. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 1997 July-September; 7(3): 236-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9352276

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Topical diclofenac sodium decreases the substance P content of tears. Author(s): Yamada M, Ogata M, Kawai M, Mochizuki H, Mashima Y. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2002 January; 120(1): 51-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11786057

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Topical diclofenac sodium for treatment of postoperative inflammation in cataract surgery. Author(s): Reddy MS, Suneetha N, Thomas RK, Battu RR. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 2000 September; 48(3): 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11217255

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Topical diclofenac sodium in the management of anesthetic abuse keratopathy. Author(s): Dornic DI, Thomas JM, Lass JH. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1998 May; 125(5): 719-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9625565

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Topical ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% versus diclofenac sodium 0.1% to inhibit miosis during cataract surgery. Author(s): Srinivasan R, Madhavaranga. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2002 March; 28(3): 517-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11973101

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Transdermal iontophoretic delivery of diclofenac sodium from various polymer formulations: in vitro and in vivo studies. Author(s): Fang JY, Sung KC, Lin HH, Fang CL. Source: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 1999 February 1; 178(1): 83-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10205628

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Treating rheumatoid arthritis early with disease modifying drugs reduces joint damage: a randomised double blind trial of sulphasalazine vs diclofenac sodium. Author(s): Choy EH, Scott DL, Kingsley GH, Williams P, Wojtulewski J, Papasavvas G, Henderson E, Macfarlane D, Erhardt C, Young A, Plant MJ, Panayi GS. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 May-June; 20(3): 351-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12102471

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Treatment of acute migraine attack with diclofenac sodium: a double-blind study. Author(s): Karachalios GN, Fotiadou A, Chrisikos N, Karabetsos A, Kehagioglou K. Source: Headache. 1992 February; 32(2): 98-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1551795

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Treatment of biliary colic with prostaglandin-synthetase inhibition: diclofenac sodium. Author(s): Karachalios GN, Tsimiklic S, Asimakis G, Helas G. Source: Singapore Med J. 1986 June; 27(3): 207-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3764455

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Treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis with diclofenac sodium. Author(s): Haapasaari J, Wuolijoki E, Ylijoki H. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1983; 12(4): 325-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6361986

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Treatment of ocular inflammation with diclofenac sodium: double-blind trial following cataract surgery. Author(s): Ronen S, Rozenman Y, Zylbermann R, Berson D. Source: Ann Ophthalmol. 1985 September; 17(9): 577-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3904570

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Treatment of primary dysmenorrhea with diclofenac sodium. Author(s): Riihiluoma P, Wuolijoki E, Pulkkinen MO. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1981 September; 12(3): 189-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7028529

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Treatment of renal colic by desmopressin intranasal spray and diclofenac sodium. Author(s): el-Sherif AE, Salem M, Yahia H, al-Sharkawy WA, al-Sayrafi M. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1995 May; 153(5): 1395-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7714949

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Two double blind trials of diclofenac sodium with aspirin and with naproxen in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Kolodny AL. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1988 August; 15(8): 1205-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3054094

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Ultrastructural and functional studies on human platelets incubated with diclofenac sodium (Voltaren). Author(s): Djaldetti M, Fishman P, Creter D, Notti I. Source: Acta Haematologica. 1982; 68(4): 285-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6817571

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Urea-formaldehyde nanocapsules for the controlled release of diclofenac sodium. Author(s): Kulkarni AR, Soppimath KS, Aminabhavi TM. Source: Journal of Microencapsulation. 2000 July-August; 17(4): 449-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10898085

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Urinary excretion of inorganic pyrophosphate by normal subjects and patients with renal calculi in north-western India and the effect of diclofenac sodium upon urinary excretion of pyrophosphate in stone formers. Author(s): Sharma S, Vaidyanathan S, Thind SK, Nath R. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 1992; 48(4): 404-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1329300

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Voltaren (diclofenac sodium)-induced ileocolitis. Author(s): Witham R. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1991 February; 86(2): 246-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1992644

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND DICLOFENAC SODIUM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and diclofenac sodium.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Diclofenac Sodium The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “diclofenac sodium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “diclofenac sodium” (or a synonym): •

Determination of cyanocobalamin, betamethasone, and diclofenac sodium in pharmaceutical formulations, by high performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Catedra de Ensayo y Valoracion de Medicamentos, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. Source: Gonzalez, L Yuln, G Volonte, M G J-Pharm-Biomed-Anal. 1999 July; 20(3): 48792 0731-7085

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Development of diclofenac sodium controlled release solid dispersion powders and capsules by freeze drying technique using ethylcellulose and chitosan as carriers. Author(s): Faculty of Pharmacy, Rangsit University Patumtani, Thailand. Source: Dangprasirt, P Pongwai, S Drug-Dev-Ind-Pharm. 1998 October; 24(10): 947-53 0363-9045

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Effect of indomethacin, diclofenac sodium and sodium salicylate on peripheral blood cell counts in sublethally gamma-irradiated mice. Author(s): Institute of Biophysics, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Brno. Source: Pospisil, M Netikova, J Kozubik, A Pipalova, I Strahlenther-Onkol. 1989 August; 165(8): 627-31 0179-7158

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HPTLC determination of diclofenac sodium from serum. Author(s): Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Prin. K.M. Kundnani College Of Pharmacy, Plot no 47, R.G. Thadani Marg, Worli, Mumbai 400018, India. [email protected] Source: Lala, L G D'Mello, P M Naik, S R J-Pharm-Biomed-Anal. 2002 July 1; 29(3): 53944 0731-7085

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In vitro and in vivo evaluation of diclofenac sodium loaded albumin microspheres. Author(s): University of Hacettepe, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Sihhiye/Ankara, Turkey. Source: Tuncay, M Calis, S Kas, H S Ercan, M T Peksoy, I Hincal, A A J-Microencapsul. 2000 Mar-April; 17(2): 145-55 0265-2048

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Influence of drug:hydroxypropylmethylcellulose ratio, drug and polymer particle size and compression force on the release of diclofenac sodium from HPMC tablets. Author(s): School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, UK. Source: Velasco, M V Ford, J L Rowe, P Rajabi Siahboomi, A R J-Control-Release. 1999 January 4; 57(1): 75-85 0168-3659

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Influence of propylene glycol and isopropyl myristate on the in vitro percutaneous penetration of diclofenac sodium from carbopol gels. Author(s): Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnologia Farmaceutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Navarra, Apdo. 177. 31080, Pamplona, Spain. [email protected] Source: Arellano, A Santoyo, S Martin, C Ygartua, P Eur-J-Pharm-Sci. 1999 January; 7(2): 129-35 0928-0987

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Multiunit controlled-release diclofenac sodium capsules using complex of chitosan with sodium alginate or pectin. Author(s): Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. [email protected] Source: Mitrevej, A Sinchaipanid, N Rungvejhavuttivittaya, Y Kositchaiyong, V PharmDev-Technol. 2001 August; 6(3): 385-92 1083-7450

Nutrition

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The effect of glycyrrhizin on the release rate and skin penetration of diclofenac sodium from topical formulations. Author(s): Department of Pharmacy, School of Health and Life Sciences, FranklinWilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NN, UK. [email protected] Source: Nokhodchi, A Nazemiyeh, H Ghafourian, T Hassan Zadeh, D Valizadeh, H Bahary, L A Farmaco. 2002 November; 57(11): 883-8 0014-827X

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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Diclofenac Sodium

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to diclofenac sodium; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Minerals Chondroitin Alternative names: chondroitin sulfate, sodium chondroitin sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chondroitin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Food and Diet Chondroitin Sulfate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND DICLOFENAC SODIUM Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to diclofenac sodium. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to diclofenac sodium and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “diclofenac sodium” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to diclofenac sodium: •

A comparison of gastrointestinal permeability induced by diclofenac-phospholipid complex with diclofenac acid and its sodium salt. Author(s): Khazaeinia T, Jamali F. Source: Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences [electronic Resource] : a Publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe Canadienne Des Sciences Pharmaceutiques. 2003 September-December; 6(3): 352-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14738716

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A long-term fish diet modifies the toxic properties of human partially oxidized LDL on vascular preparations in vitro. Author(s): Seppo L, Karjala K, Nevala R, Korpela R, Lahteenmaki T, Solatunturi E, Tikkanen MJ, Vapaatalo H.

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Source: Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology : an Official Journal of the Polish Physiological Society. 2000 June; 51(2): 251-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10898098 •

Ambroxol inhibits peroxynitrite-induced damage of alpha1-antiproteinase and free radical production in activated phagocytic cells. Author(s): Lee CS, Jang YY, Song JS, Song JH, Han ES. Source: Pharmacology & Toxicology. 2002 September; 91(3): 140-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12427115

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Anaesthesia for caesarean section in a patient with myotonic dystrophy receiving warfarin therapy. Author(s): Campbell AM, Thompson N. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1995 May; 42(5 Pt 1): 409-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7614649

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Anti-inflammatory properties and inhibition of leukotriene C4 biosynthesis in vitro by flavonoid baicalein from Scutellaria baicalensis georgy roots. Author(s): Butenko IG, Gladtchenko SV, Galushko SV. Source: Agents Actions. 1993; 39 Spec No: C49-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8273583

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Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and acute toxicity effects of Zhumeria majdae extracts in mice and rats. Author(s): Hosseinzadeh H, Ramezani M, Fadishei M, Mahmoudi M. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2002 March; 9(2): 135-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11995946

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Antiulcer activity of Mikania cordata. Author(s): Paul RK, Jabbar A, Rashid MA. Source: Fitoterapia. 2000 December; 71(6): 701-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11077180

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Carcinogenesis and its modification by environmental endocrine disruptors: in vivo experimental and epidemiological findings. Author(s): Tsuda H, Naito A, Kim CK, Fukamachi K, Nomoto H, Moore MA. Source: Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2003 June; 33(6): 259-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12913079

Alternative Medicine 47

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Characterization of enhanced intestinal permeability; electrophysiological study on the effects of diclofenac and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Author(s): Yamashita S, Saitoh H, Nakanishi K, Masada M, Nadai T, Kimura T. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1985 July; 37(7): 512-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2863363

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Comparison of the antinociceptive effect of celecoxib, diclofenac and resveratrol in the formalin test. Author(s): Torres-Lopez JE, Ortiz MI, Castaneda-Hernandez G, Alonso-Lopez R, Asomoza-Espinosa R, Granados-Soto V. Source: Life Sciences. 2002 February 22; 70(14): 1669-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11991254

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Compressed xanthan and karaya gum matrices: hydration, erosion and drug release mechanisms. Author(s): Munday DL, Cox PJ. Source: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2000 August 10; 203(1-2): 179-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10967440

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Concentration-response relationships for three nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the rat intestine. Author(s): Ford J, Houston JB. Source: Human & Experimental Toxicology. 1995 July; 14(7): 573-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7576817

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Double-blind controlled clinical study of the efficacy and tolerability of diclofenacN-(2-hydroxyethyl)-pyrrolidine lecithin gel compared with diclofenac-N-(2hydroxyethyl)-pyrrolidine gel in patients with peri and extraarticular inflammatory diseases. Author(s): Fioravanti A, Cicero MR, Nerucci F, Manopulo R, Marcolongo R. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1999; 25(5): 235-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10568212

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Drug-induced hepatic injury. Author(s): Farrell GC. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1997 October; 12(9-10): S242-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9407344

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Effect of alcohol extract of Achyranthes aspera Linn. on acute and subacute inflammation. Author(s): Vetrichelvan T, Jegadeesan M.

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Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 January; 17(1): 77-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12557252 •

Effect of Cleome arabica leaves extract on inflammatory cells response in rat. Author(s): Selloum L, Arrar L, Medani B, Khenchouche A, Bisker H. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1995 November; 23(4): 609S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8654794

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Effect of drug release rate on therapeutic outcomes: formulation dependence of gastrointestinal toxicity of diclofenac in the rat. Author(s): Khazaeinia T, Jamali F. Source: Inflammopharmacology. 2004; 12(1): 69-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15035780

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Effect of etodolac on prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis, active oxygen generation and bradykinin formation. Author(s): Inoue K, Motonaga A, Dainaka J, Nishimura T, Hashii H, Yamate K, Ueda F, Kimura K. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 1994 December; 51(6): 457-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7708812

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Effect of Panax ginseng and diazepam on brain 5-hydroxytryptamine and its modification by diclofenac in rat. Author(s): Bhattcharyya D, Sur TK. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1999 October; 43(4): 505-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10776470

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Effect of pretreatment of skin with cyclic monoterpenes on permeation of diclofenac in hairless rat. Author(s): Obata Y, Takayama K, Maitani Y, Machida Y, Nagai T. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1993 March; 16(3): 312-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8364480

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Effectiveness of leech therapy in osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, controlled trial. Author(s): Michalsen A, Klotz S, Ludtke R, Moebus S, Spahn G, Dobos GJ. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003 November 4; 139(9): 724-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14597456

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Effects of diclofenac sodium and disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate on electrical parameters of the mucosal membrane and their relation to the permeability

Alternative Medicine 49

enhancing effects in the rat jejunum. Author(s): Yamashita S, Saitoh H, Nakanishi K, Masada M, Nadai T, Kimura T. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1987 August; 39(8): 621-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2888853 •

Effects of high-dose fish oil on rheumatoid arthritis after stopping nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Clinical and immune correlates. Author(s): Kremer JM, Lawrence DA, Petrillo GF, Litts LL, Mullaly PM, Rynes RI, Stocker RP, Parhami N, Greenstein NS, Fuchs BR, et al. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1995 August; 38(8): 1107-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7639807

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Effects of some probable antioxidants on selenite-induced cataract formation and oxidative stress-related parameters in rats. Author(s): Orhan H, Marol S, Hepsen IF, Sahin G. Source: Toxicology. 1999 December 6; 139(3): 219-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10647922

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Efficacy and tolerability of oral enzyme therapy as compared to diclofenac in active osteoarthrosis of knee joint: an open randomized controlled clinical trial. Author(s): Tilwe GH, Beria S, Turakhia NH, Daftary GV, Schiess W. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2001 June; 49: 617-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11584936

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Electroacupuncture versus diclofenac in symptomatic treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Sangdee C, Teekachunhatean S, Sananpanich K, Sugandhavesa N, Chiewchantanakit S, Pojchamarnwiputh S, Jayasvasti S. Source: Bmc Complementary and Alternative Medicine [electronic Resource]. 2002 March 21; 2(1): 3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11914160

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Experimental pain induced by electrical and thermal stimulation of the skin in healthy man: sensitivity to 75 and 150 mg diclofenac sodium in comparison with 60 mg codeine and placebo. Author(s): Stacher G, Steinringer H, Schneider S, Mittelbach G, Winklehner S, Gaupmann G. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1986 January; 21(1): 35-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3947505

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Fish Balistes capriscus skin extract-induced relaxation in mesenteric arterial bed of rat. Author(s): Cavalli LS, Possette PL, Schmidt B, Kruel C, Grando M, Badiale Furlong E, Cezar-Vaz MR, Barros DM, Muccillo-Baisch AL.

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Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 October; 88(2-3): 215-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12963145 •

Grapefruit juice potentiates the anti-inflammatory effects of diclofenac on the carrageenan-induced rat's paw oedema. Author(s): Mahgoub AA. Source: Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 2002 January; 45(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11820853

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Growth inhibition of human malignant glioma cells in vitro by agents which interfere with biosynthesis of eicosanoids. Author(s): Blomgren H, Kling-Andersson G. Source: Anticancer Res. 1992 May-June; 12(3): 981-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1622156

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Histomorphological and lectin-histochemical confirmation of the antidegenerative effect of diclofenac in experimental osteoarthrosis. Author(s): Hoedt-Schmidt S, Scheid A, Kalbhen DA. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1989 October; 39(10): 1212-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2610713

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Hyperbaric oxygen treatment reduces carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in rats. Author(s): Sumen G, Cimsit M, Eroglu L. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2001 November 16; 431(2): 265-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11728435

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Initial stages of neural regeneration in Helisoma trivolvis are dependent upon PLA2 activity. Author(s): Geddis MS, Rehder V. Source: Journal of Neurobiology. 2003 March; 54(4): 555-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12555268

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Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies on interaction of “Trikatu” with diclofenac sodium. Author(s): Lala LG, D'Mello PM, Naik SR. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2004 April; 91(2-3): 277-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15120451

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The anti-ulcerogenic effect of an alkaloidal fraction from Mikania cordata on diclofenac sodium-induced gastrointestinal lesions in rats. Author(s): Mosaddik MA, Alam KM.

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Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2000 September; 52(9): 1157-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11045898 •

The effect of glycyrrhizin on the release rate and skin penetration of diclofenac sodium from topical formulations. Author(s): Nokhodchi A, Nazemiyeh H, Ghafourian T, Hassan-Zadeh D, Valizadeh H, Bahary LA. Source: Farmaco (Societa Chimica Italiana : 1989). 2002 November; 57(11): 883-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12484536

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to diclofenac sodium; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Osteoarthritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Osteoarthritis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •

Herbs and Supplements Diclofenac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON DICLOFENAC SODIUM Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “diclofenac sodium” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on diclofenac sodium, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Diclofenac Sodium By performing a patent search focusing on diclofenac sodium, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on diclofenac sodium: •

Anti-inflammatory eye drop Inventor(s): Maeda; Makoto (Tokyo, JP), Maruyama; Hiroki (Tokyo, JP), Oguma; Touru (Tokyo, JP), Suzuki; Hiroe (Tokyo, JP), Takeuchi; Masanobu (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Wakamoto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,929,115 Date filed: July 21, 1997 Abstract: An anti-inflammatory eye drop comprises(a) 0.05 to 0.7 weight/volume % of diclofenac sodium;(b) 1 to 10 weight/volume % of.gamma.-cyclodextrin;(c) 1 to 20 weight/volume % of polyvinyl pyrrolidone; and(d) 0.002 to 0.01 weight/volume % of benzethonium chloride or 0.002 to 0.005 weight/volume % of benzalkonium chloride,and has a pH value ranging from 7.0 to 8.5.The anti-inflammatory eye drop may comprise diclofenac sodium in a wide range of concentration, is stable over a long time period and shows only a low degree of ocular irritation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an anti-inflammatory eye drop comprising diclofenac sodium (hereinafter referred to as DFNa) as an effective component, to which.gamma.-cyclodextrin (hereinafter referred to as.gamma.-CyD) which is a watersoluble cyclodextrin and a polyvinylpyrrolidone (hereinafter referred to as PVP) are added to impart storage stability over a long period of time to the eye drop and to alleviate ocular irritation thereof. An aqueous eye drop comprising DFNa which is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent has been used for protecting a patient from suffering from post-operative inflammatory conditions and complications during and after operations, when the patient is subjected to cataract surgery, because of the strong prostaglandin biosynthesis-inhibitory action of the anti-inflammatory agent. If the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents are used in eye drops, most of these antiinflammatory agents have an irritating action to mucous membranes and eyes and an effect of causing a strong ocular pain. The inventors of this invention have provided an anti-inflammatory eye drop which comprises at least one non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents selected from the group consisting of ibuprofen, indometacin, ketoprofen, naproxen and flufenamic acid as a basis and a salt of calcium or magnesium with a physiologically acceptable acid as an ocular irritation-alleviating agent ›Japanese Examined Patent Publication (hereinafter referred to as "J.P. KOKOKU) No. Hei 1-19362! in order to alleviate the ocular irritation and the ocular pain induced by the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent. In addition, the inventors have provided an antiinflammatory eye drop which comprises DFNa and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate or.alpha.- and.beta.-cyclodextrin, as an auxiliary agent for dissolution, in an amount ranging from 5 to 10 times (weight basis) the amount of DFNa (J.P. KOKOKU No. Hei 2-6329). Moreover, the inventors of this invention have developed an eye drop which comprises a chemically modified.beta.-cyclodextrin in combination with DFNa and which does not cause ocular irritation immediately after being dropped in the eyes and is excellent in storage stability and filed a patent application ›Japanese UnExamined Patent Publication (hereinafter referred to as "J.P. KOKAI") No. Hei 6-16547!. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05929115__

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Composition and method for transdermal delivery of diclofenac Inventor(s): Betlach, II; Charles J. (Pembroke Pines, FL) Assignee(s): Sano Corporation (Pembroke Pines, FL) Patent Number: 5,374,661 Date filed: March 16, 1993 Abstract: The topical drug delivery composition and method of the present invention provides a composition and method for delivering amounts of diclofenac effective for treating inflamed and/or painful joints or muscles percutaneously via a gel. Diclofenac sodium is solubilized in a mixture of water, a low molecular weight alcohol, and a glycol. In the present invention, the transdermal flux of diclofenac is unexpectedly enhanced by the addition of an ether alcohol and a fatty alcohol ester. The transdermal flux can be further enhanced by the addition of a glycol such as hexylene glycol. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition and method for topical delivery of an anti-inflammatory drug. More particularly, the present invention is a composition and method for increasing the transdermal permeation of diclofenac from a cosmetically acceptable gel preparation. Diclofenac sodium, sodium O-(2,6dichlorophenyl)-acetate is a non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drug. It is a phenylacetic acid derivative, which was designed based on known structure-activity relationships of other anti-inflammatory drugs. Diclofenac is a weak acid, pKa 4.0. It has a molecular weight of 318.1 and a partition coefficient into n-octanol from aqueous buffer, pH 7.4, of 13:4. Diclofenac can exist as many different salts of which diclofenac sodium is only one. Diclofenac demonstrates anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activity. It may be unique among non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs in its pharmacological effect on the arachidonic acid cascade. Diclofenac inhibits the cyclooxygenase pathway with subsequent reduction in prostaglandin and thromboxane production. On a molar basis, diclofenac is 3 to 1000 times more potent than other nonsteroidal, antiinflammatory drugs in inhibiting cyclooxygenase activity. Diclofenac also may inhibit the lipoxygenase pathway with subsequent reduction in leukotriene production. Leukotriene B.sub.4 and other leukotrienes, to a lesser extent, are strong proinflammatory compounds. They promote chemotaxis, superoxide production, leukocyte aggregation, and lytic enzyme release. In addition, diclofenac reduces arachidonic acid availability by inhibiting its release and stimulating its reuptake. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05374661__

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Diclofenac sodium plaster Inventor(s): Ikeda; Yasuo (Narashino, JP), Iwasa; Akira (Yotsukaido, JP), Kasai; Shuichi (Narita, JP), Okuyama; Hirohisa (Tomisatomachi, JP), Otsuka; Shigenori (Chiba, JP) Assignee(s): SS Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,208,035 Date filed: December 3, 1991 Abstract: A diclofenac sodium plaster has a backing material and a paste spread on the backing material. The paste is composed of diclofenac sodium, a penetration enhancer composed of 1-menthol and propylene glycol, and a hydrophilic base composed principally of a water-soluble polymer.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a diclofenac sodium plaster containing diclofenac sodium and having good percutaneous absorption. Diclofenac sodium is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic and is now available as oral preparations and suppositories on the market. However, oral or rectal administration involves the problem of various side effects, led by stomach troubles, while suppositories are accompanied by the problem of shock or the like which may be caused by an abrupt increase in the diclofenac concentration in blood. To overcome such problems, formulations for external use, such as ointments, creams and liquid preparations, have been proposed with a view to allowing diclofenac sodium to act locally or on the whole body. In practice, however, there is no external preparation with good percutaneous absorption. The present inventors previously found that a gel-type ointment having excellent percutaneous absorption can be obtained by adding diclofenac or a salt thereof (and menthol) to a gel-form base which has been obtained by neutralizing a gelling agent with ammonia or an alkylamine, and filed a patent application there-on (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 49722/1990. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05208035__ •

Emulsified external treatment composition containing diclofenac sodium Inventor(s): Suzuki; Takashi (Yokohama, JP) Assignee(s): Shiseido Company Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,472,982 Date filed: December 29, 1993 Abstract: An emulsified composition for treating the skin containing diclofenac sodium, a fatty acid and a dialkyl carboxylate, as essential components. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an emulsified external treatment composition containing diclofenac sodium and having an excellent stability. Diclofenac sodium is an excellent nonsteroidal antiphlogistic analgesic in the form of white crystals or a crystalline powder, is soluble in an alcoholic solvent such as methanol or ethanol, but is not easily solubilized in a polar oil such as ether, chloroform, diethyl phthalate, diethyl adipate, diisopropyl adipate, and diethyl sebacate. Accordingly, as the method of using diclofenac sodium in an external treatment agent, since it is soluble in an alcohol, there is known a gel preparation as in the case of indomethacin (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 59-76013) or an oily ointment having an improved solubility in an oily base by using a dissolving aid such as propylene glycol, (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 59-33211). Also, O/W type emulsion bases have been developed (Progress in Medicine, Vol. 4, 1411-1413, 1984), but have a problem of stability of the pharmaceutical preparation, and a satisfactory emulsion base has not been obtained. When an emulsified external treatment agent containing diclofenac sodium is prepared, it is very difficult to effect emulsification, because diclofenac sodium, although slightly soluble in water, is substantially not soluble in diethyl adipate or diethyl sebacate, and even if emulsification is effected by dissolving it in water while heating, a drawback arises in that diclofenac sodium crystals will be precipitated after a certain time. Although the development of an emulsion base having an excellent texture is desired, an emulsified external treatment agent stably containing diclofenac sodium is not known to date. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05472982__

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Gel preparations for external application Inventor(s): Kamishita; Takuzo (Takatsuki, JP) Assignee(s): Toko Yakuhin Industry Co., Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 4,543,251 Date filed: December 9, 1983 Abstract: A gel preparation for external application by being prepared from diclofenac sodium as the active ingredient, water, lower alkanols and glycols as medium, a carboxyvinyl polymer as gelating agent, a weak basic substances and optionally adding peppermint oil, l-menthol or salicylic acid ester as auxiliary agent. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to gel preparations for external application containing diclofenac sodium as active ingredient and having good stability and nice feeling on use. In this regard, a gel preparation for external application containing indomethacin, a non-steroid drug, is known (Japanese Patent Laid-open No. Sho 53(1978)-81616). In this preparation, however, there is a question of stability and there is a defect that its yellow color due to the color of indomethacin itself soils clothes as it is applied on the skin. Thus, the inventor of the present invention has found preparations for external application which consist of a solution comprising another non-steroid compound having antiinflammatory and analgetic effects, at least one of peppermint oil and salicylic acid ester in an amount sufficient to dissolve the non-steroid compound and a base for external application (Japanese Patent Application No. Sho 56(1981)128032). However, only water-insoluble compounds having antiinflammatory and analgetic effects may be used in such preparations. The present invention provides gel preparations for external application characterized by being prepared from diclofenac sodium as the active ingredient, water, lower alkanols and glycols as medium, a carboxyvinyl polymer as gelating agent and a weak basic substance as neutralizing agent. The gel preparations for external application of this invention have good stability and nice feeling on use and show excellent antiinflammatory and analgetic effects by cutaneous absorption. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04543251__

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Gel preparations for topical application of diclofenac sodium Inventor(s): Kamishita; Takuzo (Takatsuki, JP) Assignee(s): Toko Yakuhin Industry Co., Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 4,670,254 Date filed: September 24, 1985 Abstract: Anti-inflammatory, stable and painless topical gel preparations comprising diclofenac sodium as the active ingredient; water, ethanol and a glycol as the solvent medium; a carboxyvinyl polymer obtained by the polymerization of acrylic acid as a gelling agent; and a weakly basic aliphatic amine as a neutralizing agent for the carboxyvinyl polymer. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to stable, painless gel preparations for the topical application of diclofenac sodium. In this regard, a gel preparation for topical application containing indomethacin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, is known (Japanese Patent Laid-open No. Sho 53(1978)-81616). However, this preparation is unstable, and possesses a yellow color (the color of indomethacin) which soils clothes.

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Accordingly, it is among the objects of the present invention to provide topical formulations containing diclofenac sodium which are stable, which may be readily employed without pain or other side effects, and which do not soil clothing or have other undesirable characteristics. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04670254__ •

Irritation relief using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory compounds Inventor(s): Dishler; Jon G. (6295 S. Macon Way, Englewood, CO 80111) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,567,733 Date filed: April 27, 1995 Abstract: A method of relieving irritation to a patient's mucous membrane is provided and comprises contacting the mucous membrane with a non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent, such as diclofenac sodium, that may be instilled as a spray of drop-wise into the nasopharynx mucosa. The same methodology can also be employed to relieve irritation of a patient's nasopharynx mucosa resulting from anesthesia by endotracheal intubation. A method of administering anesthesia in order to reduce irritation of the tracheal mucosa is also provided and comprises the steps of instilling a quantity of diclofenac sodium solution into the patient's tracheal mucosa, allowing the diclofenac sodium to operate for a selected interval of time, intubating the patient with an anesthesia delivery tube after this interval of time, and delivering a selected anesthesia to the patient. Excerpt(s): The present invention broadly concerns methods of relieving irritation of a patient's mucous membrane. More particularly, however, the present invention concerns relief of irritation to the mucous membranes located in nasopharyngeal passageway. Specifically of concern is the relief of irritation which results from the endotracheal intubation of the patient, especially during anesthesia. Irritation of various mucous membranes can result from a variety of factors. On one hand, irritation may result from infections of the mucous membrane by a disease entity, such as occurs with strep throat. On the other hand, irritation of the mucous membranes can be caused directly by physical trauma to the mucous membrane, for example, by surgery or by abrasion from the insertion of a medical instrument. For example, the mucous membranes associated with the nasopharyngeal passage may be traumatized by insertion of a medical instrument such as a nasogastric tube, an anesthesia tube and the like. Types of surgery which can traumatize the nasopharyngeal passageway include tonsillectomies, tracheostomies, vocal cord surgery, etc. Here, irritation may occur to the buccal membrane, the oropharynx, the uvula, the trachea and/or the larynx. Of particular concern to the present invention, however, is the trauma caused to the various tracheal mucosa resulting from endotracheal intubation which accompanies general anesthesia. Here, an endotracheal tube is inserted into the throat of a patient undergoing general anesthesia, and a cuff is inflated to block the air passageway. The anesthesia is administered through the endotracheal tube. This anesthesia technique can traumatize the tracheal mucosa in several ways. First, the physical rubbing of the endotracheal tube against the tracheal mucosa tends to irritate this mucous membrane. The irritation can be exacerbated by the inflation of the cuff provided on the device. Second, the tracheal mucosa may be damaged by the anesthesia itself or by desiccation from the anesthetic agent. As a result, the patient typically experiences extreme discomfort following

Patents 59

anesthesia in the form of a painful sore throat, which condition may persist for several days. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05567733__ •

Liquid suppository composition of diclofenac sodium Inventor(s): Cho; Su Jin (Seoul, KR), Jung; Jae Hee (Seoul, KR), Ryu; Jei Man (Kyunggido, KR), Yoon; Sung June (Seoul, KR) Assignee(s): Dong Wha Pharm. Ind. Co., Ltd. (KR) Patent Number: 6,488,954 Date filed: August 24, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a liquid suppository composition comprising diclofenac sodium, poloxamer and at least one polymer select from the group consisting of polyethylene oxide and polyvinylpyrrolidone. The composition provides the advantages of. (1) a feel of foreign matter or discomfort does not occur when the composition is rectally administered; and (2) administration is easy and after rectal administration, the composition is neither leaked out from the anus nor shifted into the end of large intestine. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a liquid suppository composition of diclofenac sodium. Diclofenac sodium, 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid, monosodium salt, (Voltaren.RTM., CibaGeneva Pharmaceuticals, Summit, N.J., USA) is one of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents with analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties. The potency of its antipyretic effect is similar to that of indomethacin, phenylbutazone and acetylsalicylic acid, while having the effect of uterine contraction, antihypertension and the treatment for menstrual disorder. Although oral-administered diclofenac sodium is almost completely absorbed, its typical adverse reactions in the gastrointestinal tract include gastric ulcer, GI hemorrhage and perforation. To avoid the various adverse reactions associated with the oral administration of diclofenac sodium, its suppository form was already introduced. However, the said suppository form has another disadvantages, that is not only the general disadvantages of the suppository form, but also adverse effects due to sudden increasing of blood concentration of drug after its administration and due to the inconveniency of twice medication per day. a method of adding polyglycerin fatty acid ester to the base of conventional suppository. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06488954__

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Long acting diclofenac sodium preparation Inventor(s): Otani; Yoshiharu (Yokohama, JP), Sawayanagi; Yoichi (Shibuya, JP) Assignee(s): Dojin Iyaku-Kako Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 4,948,581 Date filed: February 15, 1989 Abstract: A diclofenac sodium preparation comprising a rapidly soluble component including an active ingredient consisting essentially of diclofenac sodium, and an enteric component including an active ingredient consisting essentially of diclofenac sodium and an enteric coating therefor provides prolonged action when the enteric

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coating is formed from a mixture comprising 100 parts by weight of a methacrylic acidmethyl methacrylate copolymer, 3-40 parts by weight of a glycerin fatty acid ester, and 1-150 parts by weight of talc. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a long acting diclofenac sodium preparation, and more particularly, to a long acting diclofenac sodium preparation in which a rapidly soluble component is combined with an enteric component having an enteric coating to provide prolonged action. Diclofenac sodium or sodium 2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenylacetate belonging to a class of non-steroid drugs has as high antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic actions as indomethacin. Highly evaluated for its effectiveness, diclofenac sodium has been widely used clinically in the form of tablets and suppositories. It is generally known that diclofenac sodium migrates into blood within 30 minutes and reaches the maximum concentration in blood within 2 hours after oral administration and the blood concentration half life is as short as 1.3 hours. Since diclofenac sodium is quickly absorbed in and excreted from blood, it is difficult to maintain in blood for a long time. For this reason, currently commercially available diclofenac sodium tablets must be taken three times a day. In addition, it has been reported that oral administration of diclofenac sodium would often induce various side effects including gastroenteritis. Therefore, there is a strong need for a long acting preparation which can sustain the action of diclofenac sodium in safe over an extended period of time. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04948581__ •

Long-acting diclofenac sodium preparation Inventor(s): Iwasa; Akira (Yotsukaido, JP), Kasai; Syuichi (Narita, JP), Okada; Minoru (Kioroshihigashi, JP) Assignee(s): SS Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 4,968,505 Date filed: May 17, 1989 Abstract: A long-acting diclofenac sodium preparation is disclosed. The preparation comprises a sustained-release diclofenac sodium component which is prepared by coating a sustained-release coat onto a pharmaceutical composition comprising diclofenac sodium and an organic acid. It can decrease the maximum blood concentration of diclofenac by suppressing and controlling the rate of release of diclofenac sodium and maintain the blood concentration of diclofenac constant for a considerably long period of time. The risk of side-effect occurrences is reduced and patients is released from frequent administration of the medicine. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a long-acting diclofenac sodium preparation, and, more particularly, to a long-acting diclofenac sodium preparation comprising a sustained-release diclofenac sodium component which is prepared by coating a sustained-release coat onto a pharmaceutical composition comprising diclofenac sodium and an organic acid. The utility of diclofenac sodium, which is a kind of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is highly appreciated because of its strong anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions. Diclofenac sodium is thus widely used clinically. The blood concentration half life of this compound is, however, very short. This necessitates nuisance of administering the compound three times a day, each time after meal. This nuisance leads to patient non-compliance such as failure of taking the compound. This is the situation unfavorable to the proper clinical control. Another

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problem involving diclofenac sodium administration is a significant side effect due to a rapid increase in the blood concentration. Demand has therefore existed for the development of a long-acting diclofenac sodium preparation which is capable of exhibiting the effect of diclofenac sodium in a most safe and efficacious manner over a long period of time. In view of this situation, the present inventors carried out research related to a sustained-release diclofenac sodium component. As a result, the inventors have found that a sustained-release diclofenac sodium component which is prepared by coating a sustained-release coat onto a pharmaceutical composition comprising diclofenac sodium and an organic acid is able to suppress the diclofenac concentration in blood and to maintain the concentration constant over a prolonged period of time. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04968505__ •

Oily patches for external use containing diclofenac sodium Inventor(s): Kawaji; Toshikuni (Kagawa-ken, JP), Yamaji; Masahiro (Kagawa-ken, JP) Assignee(s): Teikoku Seiyaku Co., Ltd. (Kagawa-ken, JP) Patent Number: 6,262,121 Date filed: May 17, 1999 Abstract: The oil patches containing diclofenac sodium which are characterized in that diclofenac sodium, isostearic acid and a fatty acid having 10 to 18 carbon atoms which is liquid at ordinary temperature are combined in an adhesive. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to external oil patches containing diclofenac sodium which hardly show skin irritation and which do not decrease of release of the said drug. Diclofenac sodium is sold as non-steroidal anti-inflamatoric antipyretic analgesics in the form of tablets, capsules or suppositories for the purpose of systemic action. When diclofenac sodium is orally administered, side effects on the stomach, such as stomach unpleasant feelings, occur. To reduce such side effects, therefore, preparations for transdermal absorption of diclofenac sodium have been studied. Because diclofenac sodium hardly dissolves in water and an oil base, external preparations containing diclofenac sodium are prepared in the state of dispersion of diclofenac sodium. However, transdermal absorption of diclofenac sodium is not good in the state of dispersion preparations. Accordingly, techniques to dissolve diclofenac sodium in external preparations by additives have been developed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06262121__

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Topical treatment of ocular pain after corneal surgery Inventor(s): Sher; Neal A. (2837 Glenhurst Ave. South, Minneapolis, MN 55416) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,117,907 Date filed: April 14, 1993 Abstract: Post-operative method for the treatment of ocular pain following corneal reprofiling surgery by topical administration of an ophthalmic nonsteroidal solution and an ophthalmic steroidal composition. The nonsteroidal solution comprises a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent such as diclofenac sodium and the steroidal composition contains a corticosteroid such as fluorometholone. These ophthalmic

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medicaments when used in combination reduce the post-operative pain particularly associated with phototherapeutic keratectomy and photorefractive keratectomy performed with an excimer laser and promote re-epithelialization over the reprofiled corneal surface. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for the topical treatment of ocular pain following corneal surgery. More particularly, the invention relates to the topical ophthalmic use of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent in combination with a steroid for treating post-operative pain associated with corneal reprofiling surgeries. Various surgical procedures are known for altering the geometry of the cornea to correct refractive errors in vision. Such surgical procedures include radial keratotomy (RK) which is intended to correct myopia caused by excessive corneal curvature. In this procedure, a series of incisions is made in the cornea, usually penetrating about 90 to 95% of the thickness of the cornea. The incisions radiate outwardly from the corneal center and allow the cornea to relax and to flatten out somewhat, thereby reducing or eliminating nearsightedness. Similar corneal reprofiling procedures such as incisional keratotomy (IK), in which the incisions are made in directions other than radial, have been employed to correct certain astigmatisms. Until recently, such surgical procedures were commonly carried out using instruments such as diamond or steel knives and razors. However, the results achieved in corneal operations using mechanical instruments are not highly predictable or controllable in any given patient and some patients have encountered post-operative discomfort and moderate pain related to damaged ocular tissue caused by surgical abrasion. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06117907__ •

Transparent aqueous solution of diclofenac sodium and medicinal compositions with the use of the same Inventor(s): Ishikawa; Kazuyuki (Ami-machi, JP), Matsumoto; Takaaki (Ami-machi, JP), Ogura; Eiji (Ami-machi, JP), Ota; Shinichi (Ami-machi, JP), Sekine; Takashi (Ami-machi, JP) Assignee(s): Oishi Koseido Co., Ltd. (Tosu, JP), Tsumura & Co. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,054,484 Date filed: August 7, 1998 Abstract: Disclosed are a clear aqueous solution of diclofenac sodium dissolved in a mixed solvent of a fatty acid dialkylolamide and water; an anti-inflammatory analgesic composition excellent in percutaneous absorption, which comprises the clear aqueous solution and a higher unsaturated aliphatic alcohol contained in the solution; and a selfadhesive cataplasm comprising a cataplasm base and the clear aqueous solution, polybutene and gelatin added in the base. The clear aqueous solution of diclofenac sodium contains, in particular, diclofenac sodium, a fatty acid dialkylolamide and water at a ratio falling within a hexagonal region formed by linking the points A, B, C, D, E and F in the figure. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a clear aqueous solution of diclofenac sodium and a medicinal composition making use of the solution. More specifically, the present invention is concerned with a clear aqueous solution with diclofenac sodium stably dissolved therein, which is useful for the provision of aqueous medicinal preparations and the like; a medicinal composition featuring an increase in percutaneous absorption of the clear aqueous solution without impairment to the solubility of diclofenac sodium;

Patents 63

and a self-adhesive cataplasm making use of the aqueous solution and having percutaneous absorption and sufficient adhesiveness. Diclofenac sodium is a nonsteroidal pharmaceutical having excellent anti-inflammatory analgesic effects and, along with indomethacin having similar drug efficacy, is one of pharmaceuticals which are most widely used. This diclofenac sodium is now furnished or sold on the market only in the unit dosage form of oral preparations and suppositories. When orally administered, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics such as diclofenac sodium and indomethacin are however known to develop side effects such as gastrointestinal problems depending on the dose. In particular, even if an inflamed part to which administration is intended is a local part such as a joint or a part around the joint, the administration of an oral preparation or a suppository also requires to increase the drug concentrations in parts other than the inflamed part in order to obtain an effective drug concentration in the affected part. This has led to the administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics at excessively high doses, thereby arousing concerns about such side effects as mentioned above. Research and development work has therefore been conducted on topical dosage forms of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics. For substances having relatively high lipophilicity such as indomethacin and ketoprofen, topical transdermal preparations such as external liquid preparations, ointments and plasters have already been furnished and are available on the market. Concerning diclofenac sodium, however, it is the current situation that no practically acceptable transdermal preparation is available yet due to difficulty in stably dissolving it in a base. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06054484__

Patent Applications on Diclofenac Sodium As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to diclofenac sodium: •

Analgesic/antiinflammatory patches for topical use Inventor(s): Arai, Hiroshi; (Gunma, JP), Kawabata, Shogo; (Saitama, JP), Matsumura, Yukihiro; (Saitama, JP), Okuyama, Hirohisa; (Chiba, JP), Saito, Masaaki; (Saitama, JP), Sasaki, Yasuhiko; (Saitama, JP), Suzuki, Makoto; (Chiba, JP), Yamazaki, Masaru; (Saitama, JP) Correspondence: Oblon, Spivak, Mcclelland, Maier & Neustadt, P.C.; 1940 Duke Street; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20030175331 Date filed: January 23, 2003 Abstract: The invention provides an analgesic anti-inflammatory patch of a hydrophobic type for topical application containing, in a Pressure Sensitive Adhesive (PSA), diclofenac sodium, pyrrolidone or a derivative thereof, a polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester, and an organic acid. The patch exerts the following effects:(1) diclofenac sodium is effectively and continuously released from a Pressure Sensitive Adhesive (PSA) and percutaneously absorbed, thereby attaining sustained, excellent pharmaceutical and

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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pharmacological effects;(2) the patch per se has high tackiness and safety; and(3) diclofenac sodium remains stable in the Pressure Sensitive Adhesive (PSA). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a patch containing diclofenac sodium as an active ingredient, the patch exhibiting excellent releasability and percutaneous absorbability of diclofenac sodium and exerting a stable analgesic anti-inflammatory effect for a long period of time upon topical application. Diclofenac sodium exerts excellent antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects. Drug preparations containing diclofenac sodium are generally divided into peroral drugs exhibiting a systemic action and drugs for external use exhibiting a topical action. When a peroral drug is administered, grave, systemic adverse effects such as gastrointestinal disorders occur, thereby calling for further development of percutaneous-absorption-type patches for topical application for mitigating such adverse effects. In connection with a patch containing a non-steroidal analgesic anti-inflammatory drug such as diclofenac sodium, the most important issues are effective, sustained percutaneous absorption of the active ingredient into the disturbed portion directly under the patch and delivery of the active ingredient to the disturbed portion directly under the patch. Since diclofenac sodium has considerably low solubility in water and an oily component, a wide range of studies have been carried out in order to stabilize it in a dissolved state in a drug for external use for promoting percutaneous absorption from a patch. For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (kokai) No. 61-280426 discloses incorporation of an organic acid (citric acid) as an additive for enhancing the solubility and percutaneous absorbability of diclofenac sodium. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (kokai) No. 4-193826 discloses incorporation of an essential oil component such as menthol or mentha oil as a percutaneous absorption promoter for diclofenac sodium. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (kokai) No. 5-178763 discloses incorporation of a polyhydric alcohol medium-chain fatty acid ester as a solubilizer for slightly soluble drugs. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (kokai) No. 11-222443 discloses incorporation of 1-menthol and a pyrrolidone (pyrrolidone or at least one derivative thereof) as a percutaneous absorption promoter for diclofenac sodium. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with diclofenac sodium, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “diclofenac sodium” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on diclofenac sodium. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning diclofenac sodium. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

65

APPENDICES

67

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “diclofenac sodium” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 3660 19 981 7 3 4670

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “diclofenac sodium” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on diclofenac sodium can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internetbased services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to diclofenac sodium. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to diclofenac sodium. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “diclofenac sodium”:

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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/carpaltunnelsyndrome.html Interstitial Cystitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/interstitialcystitis.html Laboratory Tests http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/laboratorytests.html Lupus http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lupus.html Sprains and Strains http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sprainsandstrains.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to diclofenac sodium. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to diclofenac sodium. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with diclofenac sodium. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about diclofenac sodium. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “diclofenac sodium” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “diclofenac sodium”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “diclofenac sodium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “diclofenac sodium” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

77

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

79

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on diclofenac sodium: •

Basic Guidelines for Diclofenac Sodium Diclofenac sodium overdose Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002630.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Diclofenac Sodium Agitation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003212.htm Blurred vision Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003029.htm Coma Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003202.htm Confusion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003205.htm

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Convulsions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Diarrhea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003126.htm Drowsiness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003208.htm Emesis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Nausea and/or vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Rapid breathing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003071.htm Rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Ringing in the ears Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003043.htm Stomach pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Unsteadiness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003199.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Diclofenac Sodium Gastric lavage Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003882.htm

•

Background Topics for Diclofenac Sodium Labored breathing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000007.htm Respiratory Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002290.htm Unconscious Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000022.htm

Online Glossaries 85

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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DICLOFENAC SODIUM DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abrasion: 1. The wearing away of a substance or structure (such as the skin or the teeth) through some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. 2. An area of body surface denuded of skin or mucous membrane by some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. [EU] Accommodation: Adjustment, especially that of the eye for various distances. [EU] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine. [NIH] Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adjuvant Therapy: Treatment given after the primary treatment to increase the chances of a cure. Adjuvant therapy may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy. [NIH]

Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure

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and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaphylactic: Pertaining to anaphylaxis. [EU] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve

Dictionary 89

function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anginal: Pertaining to or characteristic of angina. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidiuretic: Suppressing the rate of urine formation. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiphlogistic: An agent that counteracts inflammation and fever. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aqueous fluid: Clear, watery fluid that flows between and nourishes the lens and the cornea; secreted by the ciliary processes. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat

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as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Argipressin: Cys-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH2, cyclic 1-6 disulfide. The usual mammalian antidiuretic hormone, it is a cyclic nonapeptide with arginine in position 8 of the chain. Argipressin is used to treat diabetes insipidus and as hemostatic because of its vasoconstrictor action. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriolar: Pertaining to or resembling arterioles. [EU] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Autacoids: A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benzethonium: Bactericidal cationic quaternary ammonium surfactant used as a topical anti-infective agent. It is an ingredient in medicaments, deodorants, mouthwashes, etc., and is used to disinfect apparatus, etc., in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries, in surgery, and also as a preservative. The compound is toxic orally as a result of neuromuscular blockade. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH]

Dictionary 91

Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Regions: Anatomical areas of the body. [NIH] Bone Resorption: Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Caesarean section: A surgical incision through the abdominal and uterine walls in order to deliver a baby. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a

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pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Permeability: Property of blood capillary walls that allows for the selective exchange of substances. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (tight junctions) which may limit large molecule movement. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ,

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or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cecum: The beginning of the large intestine. The cecum is connected to the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum. [NIH] Celecoxib: A drug that reduces pain. Celecoxib belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied for cancer prevention. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cesarean Section: Extraction of the fetus by means of abdominal hysterotomy. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm. [NIH] Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenecity. [NIH] Cholecystectomy: Surgical removal of the gallbladder. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chondroitin sulfate: The major glycosaminoglycan (a type of sugar molecule) in cartilage. [NIH]

Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other

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medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Colic: Paroxysms of pain. This condition usually occurs in the abdominal region but may occur in other body regions as well. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement

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activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concretion: Minute, hard, yellow masses found in the palpebral conjunctivae of elderly people or following chronic conjunctivitis, composed of the products of cellular degeneration retained in the depressions and tubular recesses in the conjunctiva. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constrict: Tighten; narrow. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic

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hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclodextrins: A homologous group of cyclic glucans consisting of alpha-1,4 bound glucose units obtained by the action of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase on starch or similar substrates. The enzyme is produced by certain species of Bacillus. Cyclodextrins form inclusion complexes with a wide variety of substances. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Desiccation: Removal of moisture from a substance (chemical, food, tissue, etc.). [NIH] Desmopressin: A synthetic analog of the natural hormone 8-arginine vasopressin (argipressin). Its action is mediated by the vasopressin receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating factor VIII and von Willebrand factor. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous

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hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt, diclofenac sodium. [NIH] Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of aspirin. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity

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of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Eicosanoids: A class of oxygenated, endogenous, unsaturated fatty acids derived from arachidonic acid. They include prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid compounds (HETE). They are hormone-like substances that act near the site of synthesis without altering functions throughout the body. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Electroporation: A technique in which electric pulses of intensity in kilovolts per centimeter and of microsecond-to-millisecond duration cause a temporary loss of the semipermeability of cell membranes, thus leading to ion leakage, escape of metabolites, and increased uptake by cells of drugs, molecular probes, and DNA. Some applications of electroporation include introduction of plasmids or foreign DNA into living cells for transfection, fusion of cells to prepare hybridomas, and insertion of proteins into cell membranes. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion

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medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endophthalmitis: Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye; not all layers of the uvea are affected. Fungi, necrosis of intraocular tumors, and retained intraocular foreign bodies often cause a purulent endophthalmitis. [NIH] Endotracheal intubation: Insertion of an airtube into the windpipe. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enteric-coated: A term designating a special coating applied to tablets or capsules which prevents release and absorption of their contents until they reach the intestines. [EU] Enterohepatic: Of or involving the intestine and liver. [EU] Enterohepatic Circulation: Recycling through liver by excretion in bile, reabsorption from intestines into portal circulation, passage back into liver, and re-excretion in bile. [NIH] Enuresis: Involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which urinary control should have been achieved; often used alone with specific reference to involuntary discharge of urine occurring during sleep at night (bed-wetting, nocturnal enuresis). [EU] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH]

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Etodolac: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with potent analgesic and antiarthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and in the alleviation of postoperative pain. [NIH] Excimer laser: An ultraviolet laser used in refractive surgery to remove corneal tissue. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Fentanyl: A narcotic opioid drug that is used in the treatment of pain. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Freeze Drying: Method of tissue preparation in which the tissue specimen is frozen and then dehydrated at low temperature in a high vacuum. This method is also used for dehydrating pharmaceutical and food products. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as

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Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal Transit: Passage of food (sometimes in the form of a test meal) through the gastrointestinal tract as measured in minutes or hours. The rate of passage through the intestine is an indicator of small bowel function. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glioma: A cancer of the brain that comes from glial, or supportive, cells. [NIH] Glucans: Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycols: A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycan: A type of long, unbranched polysaccharide molecule. Glycosaminoglycans are major structural components of cartilage and are also found in the cornea of the eye. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Gynaecological: Pertaining to gynaecology. [EU] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half

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of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic

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cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrogel: A network of cross-linked hydrophilic macromolecules used in biomedical applications. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperaemia: An excess of blood in a part; engorgement. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Hysterotomy: An incision in the uterus, performed through either the abdomen or the vagina. [NIH] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH]

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Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incisional: The removal of a sample of tissue for examination under a microscope. [NIH] Incubated: Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when returned to the body.) [NIH] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Inguinal Hernia: A small part of the large or small intestine or bladder that pushes into the groin. May cause pain and feelings of pressure or burning in the groin. Often requires surgery. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intraocular pressure: Pressure of the fluid inside the eye; normal IOP varies among individuals. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH]

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Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Isopropyl: A gene mutation inducer. [NIH] Jejunum: That portion of the small intestine which extends from the duodenum to the ileum; called also intestinum jejunum. [EU] Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog produced by the action of tissue and glandular kallikreins on low-molecular-weight kininogen. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that functions through vasodilatation. [NIH] Karaya Gum: Polysaccharide gum from Sterculia urens, an Indian tree; it is used as suspending or stabilizing agent in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; also as bulkforming laxative, surgical lubricant and adhesive, and in the treatment of skin ulcers. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratectomy: The surgical removal of corneal tissue. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH] Keratoconjunctivitis: Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva. [NIH] Keratotomy: A surgical incision (cut) of the cornea. [NIH] Ketoprofen: An ibuprofen-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. [NIH] Ketorolac: A drug that belongs to a family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to indomethacin. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Laparoscopy: Examination, therapy or surgery of the abdomen's interior by means of a laparoscope. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the

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outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lithotripsy: The destruction of a calculus of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or gallbladder by physical forces, including crushing with a lithotriptor through a catheter. Focused percutaneous ultrasound and focused hydraulic shock waves may be used without surgery. Lithotripsy does not include the dissolving of stones by acids or litholysis. Lithotripsy by laser is laser lithotripsy. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lumbago: Pain in the lumbar region. [EU] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH]

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Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Menthol: An alcohol produced from mint oils or prepared synthetically. [NIH] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methacrylate: A vinyl monomer. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH]

labeled

with

Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Miosis: Pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the conjunctiva or cornea. [NIH] Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Probes: A group of atoms or molecules attached to other molecules or cellular structures and used in studying the properties of these molecules and structures. Radioactive DNA or RNA sequences are used in molecular genetics to detect the presence of a complementary sequence by molecular hybridization. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU]

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Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Musculoskeletal System: Themuscles, bones, and cartilage of the body. [NIH] Mydriasis: Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in Adie syndrome. [NIH]

Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myopia: That error of refraction in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too long from front to back (axial m.) or of an increased strength in refractive power of the media of the eye (index m.). Called also nearsightedness, because the near point is less distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. [EU] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Myristate: Pharmacological activator of protein kinase C. [NIH] Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout. [NIH] Narcosis: A general and nonspecific reversible depression of neuronal excitability, produced by a number of physical and chemical aspects, usually resulting in stupor. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nasogastric: The process of passing a small, flexible plastic tube through the nose or mouth into the stomach or small intestine. [NIH] Nasopharynx: The nasal part of the pharynx, lying above the level of the soft palate. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Nearsightedness: The common term for myopia. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH]

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Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful antianginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. The use of nifedipine as a tocolytic is being investigated. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Occult Blood: Chemical, spectroscopic, or microscopic detection of extremely small amounts of blood. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oculomotor: Cranial nerve III. It originate from the lower ventral surface of the midbrain and is classified as a motor nerve. [NIH] Oculomotor Nerve: The 3d cranial nerve. The oculomotor nerve sends motor fibers to the levator muscles of the eyelid and to the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles of the eye. It also sends parasympathetic efferents (via the ciliary ganglion) to the muscles controlling pupillary constriction and accommodation. The motor fibers originate in the oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain. [NIH] Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Oropharynx: Oral part of the pharynx. [NIH] Orthopaedic: Pertaining to the correction of deformities of the musculoskeletal system; pertaining to orthopaedics. [EU] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated

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by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Oxytocic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting oxytocia (= rapid labor). 2. An agent that hastens evacuation of the uterus by stimulating contractions of the myometrium. [EU]

Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or

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substance. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Perioperative: Around the time of surgery; usually lasts from the time of going into the hospital or doctor's office for surgery until the time the patient goes home. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peroral: Performed through or administered through the mouth. [EU] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenylacetate: A drug being studied in the treatment of cancer. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH]

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Piroxicam: 4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-N-2-pyridyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide 1,1dioxide. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent that is well established in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Its usefulness has also been demonstrated in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and postoperative pain. Its long half-life enables it to be administered once daily. The drug has also been shown to be effective if administered rectally. Gastrointestinal complaints are the most frequently reported side effects. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plant Oils: Oils derived from plants or plant products. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmids: Any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant. Plasmids are self-replicating circular molecules of DNA that are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polyethylene Glycols: Alpha-Hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyls). Additional polymers of ethylene oxide and water and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid, depending on the molecular weight, indicated by a number following the name. Used as surfactants in industry, including foods, cosmetics and pharmaceutics; in

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biomedicine, as dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, tablet excipients. Some specific groups are lauromagrogols, nonoxynols, octoxynols and poloxamers. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Posterior chamber: The space between the back of the iris and the front face of the vitreous; filled with aqueous fluid. [NIH] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postprandial: Occurring after dinner, or after a meal; postcibal. [EU] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The

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predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific proteinbinding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Radial Keratotomy: Commonly referred to as RK; a surgical procedure designed to correct myopia (nearsightedness) by flattening the cornea using radial cuts. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons,

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and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractive Errors: Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus. [NIH] Refractive Power: The ability of an object, such as the eye, to bend light as light passes through it. [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Detachment: Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost

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during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12). [NIH] Retreatment: The therapy of the same disease in a patient, with the same agent or procedure repeated after initial treatment, or with an additional or alternate measure or follow-up. It does not include therapy which requires more than one administration of a therapeutic agent or regimen. Retreatment is often used with reference to a different modality when the original one was inadequate, harmful, or unsuccessful. [NIH] Rheumatic Diseases: Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as

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the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sodium salicylate: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Sodium salicylate may be tolerated by people who are sensitive to aspirin. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spasmolytic: Checking spasms; antispasmodic. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spermatogenesis: Process of formation and development of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH]

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Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups. Other factors contributing to structure-activity relationship include chemical reactivity, electronic effects, resonance, and inductive effects. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subconjunctival: Situated or occurring beneath the conjunctiva. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active anti-inflammatory analgesic that undergoes enterohepatic circulation to maintain constant blood levels without causing gastrointestinal side effects. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Suppository: A medicated mass adapted for introduction into the rectal, vaginal, or urethral orifice of the body, suppository bases are solid at room temperature but melt or dissolve at body temperature. Commonly used bases are cocoa butter, glycerinated gelatin, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights, and fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol. [EU] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH]

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Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Fluid: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the synovial membrane. It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts and serves to lubricate joints. [NIH] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Talc: A native magnesium silicate. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH]

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Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ulcerogenic: Causing ulceration; leading to the production of ulcers. [EU] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uvula: Uvula palatinae; specifically, the tongue-like process which projects from the middle of the posterior edge of the soft palate. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitrectomy: Removal of the whole or part of the vitreous body in treating endophthalmitis, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, intraocular foreign bodies, and some types of glaucoma. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU]

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Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vocal cord: The vocal folds of the larynx. [NIH] Voltaren: Anti-inflammatory drug. [NIH] Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdomen, 87, 91, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 111, 118 Abdominal, 36, 87, 91, 93, 94, 100, 107, 110, 111 Abrasion, 58, 62, 87 Accommodation, 87, 108, 109 Acetaminophen, 28, 87 Acetylgalactosamine, 87 Acetylglucosamine, 87 Acute renal, 19, 26, 31, 38, 87 Adenosine, 87, 92, 111 Adjuvant, 26, 87 Adjuvant Therapy, 26, 87 Adrenal Cortex, 87, 95, 96, 113 Adverse Effect, 29, 59, 64, 87, 117 Affinity, 29, 87 Albumin, 42, 87, 112, 119 Alertness, 88, 92 Algorithms, 88, 91 Alimentary, 88, 110 Alkaline, 88, 92, 111 Alkaloid, 88, 107 Allylamine, 88 Alpha-1, 88, 96 Alternative medicine, 88 Amine, 57, 88, 102 Ammonia, 56, 88 Anaesthesia, 18, 24, 27, 32, 36, 46, 88 Analog, 88, 96, 107 Anaphylactic, 9, 24, 88 Anaphylaxis, 88 Anatomical, 88, 91, 103 Androgens, 87, 88, 96 Anesthesia, 9, 11, 14, 31, 36, 58, 88 Anginal, 89, 109 Anions, 88, 89, 105, 116 Anorexia, 89, 100 Antagonism, 89, 92 Antiallergic, 89, 96 Antibody, 87, 89, 94, 102, 104, 115, 117 Anticoagulant, 6, 89, 114, 121 Antidiuretic, 89, 90, 96 Antigen, 87, 88, 89, 94, 102, 103, 104 Anti-infective, 89, 90 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 54, 59, 89, 90, 93, 96, 105 Antineoplastic, 89, 96

Antioxidant, 89, 110 Antiphlogistic, 56, 89 Antipyretic, 9, 37, 55, 59, 60, 61, 64, 87, 89, 97, 100, 105, 108 Antispasmodic, 89, 109, 117 Anus, 59, 89, 94, 115 Anxiety, 89, 93 Aqueous, 54, 55, 62, 89, 90, 99, 106, 113 Aqueous fluid, 89, 113 Arachidonic Acid, 22, 35, 55, 89, 98, 106, 113 Arginine, 90, 96 Argipressin, 90, 96 Arterial, 49, 88, 90, 103, 114 Arteries, 90, 91, 108, 114, 119 Arteriolar, 90, 91 Arterioles, 90, 91, 92 Artery, 90, 98 Articular, 5, 6, 90, 110 Ascites, 90, 109 Aspirin, 8, 12, 40, 90, 97, 117 Atrial, 90, 121 Atrial Fibrillation, 90, 121 Autacoids, 90, 104 B Bactericidal, 90, 99 Base, 55, 56, 57, 59, 61, 62, 63, 90, 105, 111 Benzethonium, 54, 90 Bilateral, 24, 90 Bile, 10, 90, 91, 99, 100, 106, 118 Bile Acids, 90, 118 Bile Acids and Salts, 90 Bile duct, 91 Biliary, 18, 39, 91, 92 Biliary Tract, 91, 92 Bilirubin, 88, 91 Bioavailability, 4, 8, 10, 11, 91 Biochemical, 19, 48, 91, 106, 110, 116 Biopsy, 91, 110 Biosynthesis, 46, 48, 50, 54, 90, 91 Biotechnology, 3, 4, 69, 91 Bladder, 91, 95, 104, 106, 120 Blood Coagulation, 91, 92 Blood pressure, 29, 91, 103, 109, 114 Blood vessel, 91, 92, 98, 107, 111, 117, 120 Body Fluids, 91 Body Regions, 91, 94 Bone Resorption, 19, 91, 100

124

Diclofenac Sodium

Bowel, 34, 91, 101, 104, 105, 118 Bradykinin, 48, 91, 105, 112 Bronchi, 91, 119 Buccal, 58, 91, 106 Bupivacaine, 32, 91 C Caesarean section, 46, 91 Caffeine, 23, 91 Calcium, 29, 35, 54, 92, 94, 109 Calculi, 40, 92, 101 Capillary, 15, 28, 33, 34, 91, 92, 120 Capillary Permeability, 91, 92 Capsules, 42, 61, 92, 97, 99 Carbohydrate, 92, 96 Carcinogenic, 92, 113, 118 Cardiac, 88, 90, 92, 100, 118 Cardiovascular, 92, 106, 116 Case report, 26, 92, 94 Case series, 92, 94 Cataract, 5, 10, 13, 15, 22, 23, 34, 35, 38, 39, 49, 54, 92, 115 Catheter, 92, 104, 106 Catheterization, 92, 104 Caudal, 32, 93, 113 Cecum, 93, 105 Celecoxib, 47, 93 Cell, 17, 42, 87, 91, 93, 94, 98, 99, 100, 103, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 115, 121 Cell Count, 42, 93 Cell Division, 93, 112 Cell membrane, 93, 98 Cell proliferation, 17, 93 Central Nervous System, 92, 93, 102, 106, 107, 116 Cerebral, 14, 93 Cerebrum, 93 Cesarean Section, 23, 93 Character, 93, 96 Chemotaxis, 55, 93 Chemotherapy, 87, 93 Chlormezanone, 20, 93 Chloroform, 56, 93 Cholecystectomy, 26, 93 Cholesterol, 90, 93, 118 Chondroitin sulfate, 14, 44, 93 Chronic, 10, 31, 93, 95, 104, 118 Cirrhosis, 31, 93 Clinical study, 47, 93, 95 Clinical trial, 3, 4, 6, 12, 26, 33, 69, 94, 95, 97, 115 Cloning, 91, 94 Coagulation, 91, 94, 112, 121

Codeine, 49, 94, 109 Colic, 7, 17, 18, 19, 26, 29, 31, 33, 38, 39, 40, 94 Collagen, 22, 94, 100, 112, 113 Colloidal, 87, 94, 98, 111, 116 Colon, 94, 105 Complement, 94, 95, 112 Complementary and alternative medicine, 45, 52, 95 Complementary medicine, 45, 95 Compliance, 60, 95 Computational Biology, 69, 95 Concretion, 92, 95 Congestion, 95, 99 Conjunctiva, 95, 105, 107, 118 Conjunctivitis, 33, 95 Connective Tissue, 94, 95, 96, 116 Consciousness, 88, 95, 97 Constrict, 95, 108 Constriction, 95, 107, 109 Contamination, 95, 102 Contraindications, ii, 95 Controlled clinical trial, 14, 49, 95 Controlled study, 21, 37, 95 Cornea, 19, 24, 62, 89, 95, 101, 105, 107, 114 Corticosteroid, 61, 95, 113 Cortisol, 88, 96 Cortisone, 96 Cutaneous, 30, 57, 96, 106 Cyclic, 48, 90, 92, 96, 114 Cyclodextrins, 25, 96 D Decompression, 26, 96 Decompression Sickness, 26, 96 Degenerative, 5, 96, 102, 110, 115 Dermis, 96, 119 Desiccation, 58, 96 Desmopressin, 40, 96 Dexamethasone, 15, 22, 96 Diabetic Retinopathy, 96, 120 Diagnostic procedure, 53, 97 Diarrhoea, 97, 100 Diflunisal, 20, 97 Digestion, 88, 90, 91, 97, 104, 106, 118 Dilation, 91, 97, 108 Direct, iii, 97, 115 Disinfectant, 97, 99 Disorientation, 96, 97 Dissociation, 87, 97 Diuresis, 92, 97 Dopamine, 97, 108, 111

125

Dorsal, 97, 113 Dosage Forms, 10, 63, 97 Double-blind, 6, 8, 11, 13, 15, 16, 18, 21, 23, 26, 27, 28, 31, 36, 37, 39, 47, 97 Drug Interactions, 16, 97 Drug Tolerance, 98, 119 Duodenum, 90, 98, 105, 118 Dysmenorrhea, 40, 98, 108, 112 E Edema, 21, 96, 98, 109 Efficacy, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 20, 23, 28, 33, 34, 36, 47, 49, 63, 98 Eicosanoids, 50, 98 Elastin, 94, 98 Elective, 5, 98 Electrolyte, 96, 98, 107 Electrons, 89, 90, 98, 105, 110, 114 Electrophoresis, 15, 28, 98 Electroporation, 28, 98 Emboli, 98, 121 Embolism, 98, 114, 121 Embolization, 98, 121 Emollient, 98, 109 Emulsion, 56, 98 Endogenous, 97, 98, 99, 114 Endophthalmitis, 99, 120 Endotracheal intubation, 58, 99 Enhancer, 55, 99 Enteric-coated, 11, 14, 15, 99 Enterohepatic, 99, 118 Enterohepatic Circulation, 99, 118 Enuresis, 7, 18, 19, 99 Environmental Health, 68, 70, 99 Enzymatic, 92, 94, 99, 102, 115 Enzyme, 49, 55, 96, 99, 104, 110, 112, 119, 121 Epidemiological, 46, 99 Epidural, 11, 17, 99 Epithelial, 17, 22, 99, 102 Epithelial Cells, 22, 99, 102 Epithelium, 99, 100, 105, 115 Erythema, 30, 99 Erythrocytes, 28, 99 Esophagus, 99, 111, 118 Ethanol, 56, 57, 99 Ether, 55, 56, 99 Etodolac, 48, 100 Excimer laser, 38, 62, 100 Exogenous, 99, 100, 114 Extracellular, 95, 100 Extracellular Matrix, 95, 100 Extracorporeal, 36, 100

Extraction, 23, 34, 35, 93, 100, 115 F Family Planning, 69, 100 Fat, 89, 90, 96, 98, 100, 106, 117, 118, 119 Fatty acids, 88, 98, 100, 113, 119 Febrile, 19, 100 Fentanyl, 19, 100 Fetus, 93, 100 Fibroblasts, 22, 100 Flatus, 100 Flurbiprofen, 12, 13, 21, 23, 29, 100 Fold, 100, 107 Forearm, 91, 100 Freeze Drying, 42, 100 G Gallbladder, 87, 91, 93, 100, 106 Gas, 33, 34, 88, 96, 100, 103, 109 Gastric, 6, 21, 59, 84, 97, 100, 102, 107, 115 Gastric Acid, 100, 107 Gastric Mucosa, 6, 100 Gastroenteritis, 60, 100 Gastrointestinal, 5, 23, 25, 45, 48, 50, 59, 63, 64, 91, 99, 101, 106, 112, 115, 116, 118 Gastrointestinal tract, 59, 99, 101, 106, 116 Gastrointestinal Transit, 25, 101 Gels, 42, 101 Gene, 91, 101, 105 Ginseng, 48, 101 Gland, 87, 96, 101, 110, 112, 116, 119 Glioma, 50, 101 Glucans, 96, 101 Glucocorticoid, 96, 101, 113 Glucose, 96, 101, 102, 116 Glycols, 57, 101 Glycosaminoglycan, 93, 101 Gonadal, 101, 118 Gout, 101, 108 Governing Board, 101, 113 Grafting, 101, 103 Groin, 101, 104 Gynaecological, 32, 101 H Half-Life, 101, 112 Haptens, 87, 102 Headache, 23, 39, 84, 92, 102 Heart failure, 102, 109 Hemoglobin, 99, 102 Hemorrhage, 59, 97, 102 Hepatic, 47, 88, 102 Hepatitis, 10, 31, 102 Hepatitis A, 10, 31, 102 Hepatocytes, 102

126

Diclofenac Sodium

Hepatovirus, 102 Heterogeneity, 87, 102 Histamine, 102, 115 Homologous, 96, 102 Hormonal, 96, 102 Hormone, 87, 90, 96, 98, 102, 113, 116, 119 Hormone therapy, 87, 102 Hybridomas, 98, 102 Hydration, 47, 103 Hydrogel, 25, 103 Hydrogen, 88, 90, 92, 103, 106, 107, 110 Hydrophilic, 25, 55, 103 Hydrophobic, 63, 103 Hydroxylysine, 94, 103 Hydroxyproline, 94, 103 Hyperaemia, 95, 103 Hypersensitivity, 88, 103, 106, 116 Hypertension, 102, 103 Hypoxia, 21, 103 Hysterotomy, 93, 103 I Ibuprofen, 15, 16, 25, 54, 103, 105 Idiopathic, 24, 103 Ileum, 93, 103, 105 Imidazole, 102, 103, 115 Immune response, 87, 89, 96, 102, 103, 118, 120 Immune system, 103, 106, 120, 121 Immunology, 87, 103 Impairment, 62, 103 Implantation, 10, 23, 103 In vitro, 11, 19, 22, 25, 26, 39, 42, 45, 46, 50, 103 In vivo, 19, 25, 39, 42, 46, 103, 118, 119 Incision, 91, 103, 104, 105 Incisional, 62, 104 Incubated, 40, 104 Indomethacin, 5, 8, 14, 15, 16, 21, 22, 23, 34, 36, 42, 56, 57, 59, 60, 63, 104, 105 Infection, 4, 100, 104, 106, 116, 121 Infusion, 14, 104 Ingestion, 28, 29, 104, 107, 112 Inguinal, 13, 104 Inguinal Hernia, 13, 104 Inhalation, 104, 112 Innervation, 104, 107 Inorganic, 40, 104 Inpatients, 6, 104 Intestinal, 47, 104 Intestine, 47, 90, 91, 99, 101, 104, 105 Intracellular, 92, 104, 114 Intramuscular, 11, 23, 26, 31, 32, 104, 110

Intraocular, 5, 10, 35, 99, 104, 120 Intraocular pressure, 35, 104 Intravenous, 8, 26, 27, 31, 37, 104, 110 Intrinsic, 87, 104 Intubation, 58, 93, 104 Involuntary, 99, 105, 117 Ions, 90, 97, 98, 103, 105 Iris, 95, 105, 113, 114 Isopropyl, 42, 105 J Jejunum, 49, 105 K Kallidin, 91, 105 Karaya Gum, 47, 105 Kb, 68, 105 Keratectomy, 38, 62, 105 Keratitis, 19, 27, 35, 105 Keratoconjunctivitis, 32, 105 Keratotomy, 62, 105 Ketoprofen, 11, 13, 27, 34, 54, 63, 105 Ketorolac, 7, 13, 14, 27, 39, 105 Ketorolac Tromethamine, 7, 13, 14, 39, 105 Kidney stone, 105, 120 L Laparoscopy, 26, 32, 105 Large Intestine, 59, 93, 104, 105, 115, 117 Larynx, 58, 105, 119, 121 Laxative, 105 Lectin, 50, 105 Lens, 5, 10, 17, 21, 22, 23, 38, 89, 92, 106, 121 Lesion, 106, 120 Leukotrienes, 48, 55, 90, 98, 106 Linkages, 101, 102, 106 Lipid, 92, 106, 110 Lipid Peroxidation, 106, 110 Lithotripsy, 36, 106 Liver, 87, 88, 90, 91, 93, 99, 100, 102, 106 Localized, 104, 106, 109, 112, 120 Locomotion, 19, 106, 112 Lumbago, 11, 106 Lumbar, 106 Lupus, 74, 106 Lymphatic, 104, 106, 109 Lytic, 55, 106 M Malignant, 50, 89, 106 Malnutrition, 88, 106 Mediate, 97, 106, 115 MEDLINE, 69, 106 Melanin, 105, 106, 111

127

Membrane, 48, 58, 87, 93, 94, 95, 100, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110, 115, 119, 121 Menopause, 106, 113 Menstruation, 98, 106, 107 Menthol, 55, 56, 57, 64, 107 Mesenteric, 49, 107 Mesentery, 107 Metabolite, 7, 107 Methacrylate, 60, 107 Methanol, 56, 107 Microbe, 107, 119 Microorganism, 107, 121 Microspheres, 19, 42, 107 Mineralocorticoids, 87, 96, 107 Miosis, 13, 39, 107 Misoprostol, 32, 107 Modification, 46, 48, 107 Molecular, 55, 69, 71, 91, 95, 98, 101, 105, 107, 112, 118, 119 Molecular Probes, 98, 107 Molecule, 28, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 97, 101, 105, 107, 110, 115 Morphine, 11, 13, 14, 17, 36, 94, 107, 108, 109 Morphology, 92, 107 Motility, 21, 23, 104, 107, 116 Mucosa, 5, 58, 100, 106, 108 Musculoskeletal System, 108, 109 Mydriasis, 34, 36, 37, 108 Myocardial infarction, 108, 121 Myopia, 62, 108, 114, 115 Myotonic Dystrophy, 46, 108 Myristate, 42, 108 N Naproxen, 5, 6, 12, 16, 20, 27, 40, 54, 108 Narcosis, 108 Narcotic, 33, 100, 107, 108 Nasogastric, 58, 108 Nasopharynx, 58, 108 Nausea, 84, 97, 100, 108 Nearsightedness, 62, 108, 114 Neonatal, 28, 108 Nervous System, 93, 108, 118 Neural, 50, 108, 115 Neuromuscular, 90, 108 Neurotransmitter, 87, 91, 97, 102, 108, 118 Neutrophil, 19, 108 Niacin, 109, 120 Nifedipine, 29, 109 Nitrogen, 88, 96, 109, 120 Nucleus, 96, 109

O Occult, 13, 109 Occult Blood, 13, 109 Ocular, 13, 24, 33, 39, 54, 61, 62, 109 Oculomotor, 108, 109 Oculomotor Nerve, 108, 109 Oedema, 50, 109 Ointments, 56, 63, 97, 109 Opacity, 92, 109 Ophthalmic, 7, 22, 23, 24, 33, 35, 61, 62, 109 Opiate, 107, 109 Opium, 107, 109 Oropharynx, 58, 109 Orthopaedic, 30, 109 Osmosis, 109 Osmotic, 15, 87, 109, 116 Osteoarthritis, 5, 6, 8, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 33, 48, 49, 51, 100, 105, 110, 112 Osteoporosis, 24, 110 Outpatient, 36, 110 Overdose, 83, 110 Oxidation, 89, 106, 110 Oxidative metabolism, 106, 110 Oxidative Stress, 49, 110 Oxygenation, 96, 110 Oxytocic, 107, 110 P Palate, 108, 110, 120 Pancreas, 87, 110 Parenteral, 23, 110 Particle, 42, 110 Patch, 63, 64, 110, 119 Pepsin, 107, 110 Percutaneous, 42, 56, 62, 64, 106, 110 Perforation, 11, 34, 59, 110 Perfusion, 103, 111 Periodontal disease, 100, 111 Perioperative, 24, 111 Peripheral blood, 42, 111 Peritoneal, 90, 109, 111 Peritoneal Cavity, 90, 109, 111 Peroral, 64, 111 Petrolatum, 99, 111 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 99, 111, 113 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 97, 111 Pharmacodynamic, 20, 50, 111 Pharmacokinetic, 7, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 50, 111 Pharmacologic, 89, 90, 102, 111, 119 Pharynx, 108, 109, 111

128

Diclofenac Sodium

Phenolphthalein, 99, 111 Phenylacetate, 60, 111 Phenylalanine, 22, 111 Phosphorus, 92, 111 Physiologic, 91, 102, 107, 111, 113, 115 Pilot study, 35, 111 Piroxicam, 6, 22, 26, 31, 112 Pituitary Gland, 96, 112 Plant Oils, 109, 112 Plants, 88, 101, 106, 107, 112, 116, 119 Plasma, 7, 8, 25, 26, 32, 34, 36, 87, 93, 102, 107, 112, 116 Plasma protein, 87, 112, 116 Plasmids, 98, 112 Platelet Aggregation, 21, 112, 119 Platelets, 40, 112, 116, 119 Pleural, 109, 112 Pleural cavity, 109, 112 Pneumonia, 95, 112 Poisoning, 20, 100, 108, 112 Polyethylene, 59, 112, 118 Polyethylene Glycols, 112, 118 Polypeptide, 94, 113 Posterior, 23, 97, 105, 110, 113, 120 Posterior chamber, 23, 113 Postmenopausal, 19, 110, 113 Postoperative, 13, 14, 15, 23, 26, 27, 32, 33, 38, 100, 105, 112, 113 Postprandial, 21, 113 Potentiates, 50, 113 Practice Guidelines, 70, 113 Precursor, 90, 97, 99, 111, 113, 120 Prednisolone, 7, 38, 113 Preoperative, 32, 37, 113 Progesterone, 113, 118 Progressive, 93, 98, 108, 110, 113 Proline, 94, 103, 113 Promoter, 64, 113 Prophylaxis, 113, 121 Propylene Glycol, 42, 55, 56, 113 Prostaglandin, 7, 9, 27, 33, 39, 48, 54, 55, 107, 113, 119 Prostaglandins A, 104, 114 Protein Binding, 26, 114 Protein C, 88, 114 Protein S, 91, 114 Proteins, 89, 93, 94, 98, 107, 109, 110, 112, 114, 116 Public Policy, 69, 114 Publishing, 4, 114 Pulmonary, 28, 91, 106, 114, 118, 121 Pulmonary Artery, 91, 114

Pulmonary Embolism, 114, 121 Pulmonary hypertension, 28, 114 Pupil, 95, 97, 114 Q Quaternary, 90, 114 R Radial Keratotomy, 13, 24, 62, 114 Radiation, 87, 114, 115 Radiation therapy, 87, 114 Radioactive, 101, 103, 107, 115 Radiological, 110, 115 Randomized, 7, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 23, 28, 33, 48, 49, 98, 115 Ranitidine, 9, 115 Receptor, 89, 96, 97, 115, 116 Rectal, 30, 56, 59, 115, 118 Rectum, 89, 94, 100, 105, 115 Refer, 1, 91, 94, 106, 115, 119 Refraction, 108, 115 Refractive Errors, 62, 115 Refractive Power, 108, 115 Regeneration, 50, 115 Regimen, 98, 115, 116 Resorption, 115 Retina, 37, 96, 106, 108, 115, 121 Retinal, 97, 115, 120 Retinal Detachment, 97, 115, 120 Retreatment, 33, 116 Rheumatic Diseases, 20, 116 Rheumatoid, 6, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 23, 32, 36, 37, 39, 40, 49, 52, 100, 105, 108, 112, 116 Rheumatoid arthritis, 6, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 23, 32, 36, 39, 40, 49, 100, 105, 108, 112, 116 S Salicylate, 97, 116, 117 Salicylic, 57, 116 Saponins, 116, 118 Screening, 94, 116 Secretion, 96, 102, 107, 115, 116 Sedative, 94, 116 Senile, 110, 116 Sensibility, 88, 116 Serotonin, 108, 116, 120 Serum, 7, 24, 28, 29, 42, 87, 94, 107, 116 Serum Albumin, 28, 29, 116 Shock, 36, 56, 88, 106, 116, 119 Side effect, 9, 56, 58, 60, 61, 63, 87, 97, 112, 116, 118, 119 Skeletal, 16, 88, 117 Skeleton, 113, 117

129

Small intestine, 93, 98, 102, 103, 104, 105, 108, 117 Smooth muscle, 88, 90, 92, 102, 107, 117, 118 Sodium salicylate, 42, 117 Soft tissue, 34, 117 Solvent, 56, 57, 62, 93, 99, 107, 109, 111, 113, 117 Spasm, 89, 93, 117 Spasmolytic, 7, 17, 117 Specialist, 75, 97, 117 Species, 96, 101, 112, 117, 120 Specificity, 87, 117 Spectroscopic, 109, 117 Spermatogenesis, 21, 117 Spermatozoa, 117 Sphincter, 105, 117 Spinal cord, 93, 99, 108, 117 Spondylitis, 30, 100, 117 Steel, 62, 117 Sterilization, 17, 19, 117 Steroid, 57, 60, 62, 90, 96, 116, 118 Stimulant, 92, 102, 105, 118 Stomach, 56, 61, 84, 87, 99, 100, 101, 102, 108, 110, 111, 117, 118 Stool, 94, 105, 118 Stress, 96, 101, 108, 110, 116, 118 Structure-Activity Relationship, 55, 118 Stupor, 108, 118 Subacute, 47, 104, 118 Subconjunctival, 37, 118 Subcutaneous, 98, 109, 110, 118 Substance P, 107, 116, 118 Sulindac, 26, 29, 118 Superoxide, 22, 55, 118 Suppository, 15, 19, 59, 63, 113, 118 Suppression, 96, 118 Surfactant, 90, 118 Symptomatic, 28, 49, 118 Symptomatic treatment, 49, 118 Synovial, 26, 32, 119 Synovial Fluid, 26, 32, 119 Synovial Membrane, 119 Systemic, 34, 61, 64, 88, 91, 104, 109, 113, 115, 119, 121 T Talc, 60, 119 Thermal, 49, 97, 119 Thrombin, 112, 114, 119 Thrombocytes, 112, 119 Thromboxanes, 90, 98, 119 Thyroid, 17, 119

Thyroxine, 88, 111, 119 Tissue, 5, 62, 89, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 98, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 109, 110, 111, 112, 115, 117, 118, 119 Tolerance, 13, 22, 23, 34, 119 Topical, 14, 29, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 43, 51, 55, 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 90, 99, 111, 119 Toxic, iv, 45, 90, 107, 119 Toxicity, 46, 48, 97, 119 Toxicology, 5, 46, 47, 49, 70, 119 Toxin, 119 Trachea, 58, 91, 105, 111, 119 Transdermal, 39, 55, 61, 63, 119 Transfection, 91, 98, 119 Trauma, 58, 102, 119 Tryptophan, 36, 94, 116, 120 Tuberculosis, 106, 116, 120 Tunica, 108, 120 U Ulcer, 59, 107, 120 Ulceration, 120 Ulcerogenic, 50, 120 Urethra, 120 Uric, 35, 101, 120 Urinary, 35, 40, 92, 99, 120 Urine, 10, 24, 34, 89, 91, 97, 99, 105, 120 Uterine Contraction, 59, 120 Uvula, 58, 120 V Vaccine, 87, 120 Vaginal, 118, 120 Vascular, 45, 88, 96, 104, 109, 120 Vasodilator, 91, 97, 102, 109, 120 Vein, 104, 120 Venous, 109, 114, 120, 121 Venous Thrombosis, 120, 121 Venules, 91, 92, 120 Vertebrae, 117, 120 Veterinary Medicine, 69, 120 Virulence, 119, 120 Virus, 99, 120 Vitrectomy, 37, 120 Vitreous, 96, 106, 113, 115, 120, 121 Vitreous Body, 115, 120, 121 Vitro, 27, 121 Vivo, 27, 121 Vocal cord, 58, 121 Voltaren, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 25, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 59, 121 W Warfarin, 46, 121 White blood cell, 89, 104, 108, 121

130

Diclofenac Sodium

Windpipe, 99, 111, 119, 121

131

132

Diclofenac Sodium

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