Coenzyme Q - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

COENZYME Q A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET

R EFERENCES

COENZYME Q A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Coenzyme Q: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00277-9 1. Coenzyme Q-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on coenzyme Q. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON COENZYME Q............................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Coenzyme Q.................................................................................. 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 8 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 9 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND COENZYME Q.................................................................................. 25 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 25 Finding Nutrition Studies on Coenzyme Q................................................................................. 25 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 28 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND COENZYME Q ........................................................... 31 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 31 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 31 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 46 General References ....................................................................................................................... 54 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON COENZYME Q ........................................................................................ 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Patents on Coenzyme Q............................................................................................................... 55 Patent Applications on Coenzyme Q ........................................................................................... 64 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 71 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 75 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 77 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 79 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 81 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 83 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 85 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 85 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 85 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 91 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 91 COENZYME Q DICTIONARY ..................................................................................................... 93 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 127

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with coenzyme Q is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about coenzyme Q, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to coenzyme Q, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on coenzyme Q. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to coenzyme Q, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on coenzyme Q. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON COENZYME Q Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on coenzyme Q.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and coenzyme Q, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “coenzyme Q” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

An Alternative Treatment Activist Manifesto - Special Issue Source: GMHC Treatment Issues; Vol. 7, No. 11 / 12. Contact: Gay Mens Health Crisis, 119 W 24th St Tisch Bldg, New York, NY, 10011-1995, (212) 367-1205, http://www.gmhc.org. Summary: This special issue summarizes information on alternative treatments for HIV/AIDS. It provides an historical review on alternative therapies and describes common alternative therapies, vitamins, Chinese herbs, and antioxidants. Specific therapies include Acemannan, Artemisia, Astragalus, Bitter Melon, Spirulina, Coenzyme Q10, Compound Q, Curcumin, Echinacea, Garlic, Germanium-132, Ginseng, Glycyrrhizyn (Licorice Root), Green Barley Leaf Extract, Hypericin, Iscador, Lactobacillus Acidophilus, Milk Thistle (Silymarin), PCM-4, Prunellin, Shark Cartilage,

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Shiitake Mushrooms, and Sho-Saiko-To (SSKT). The issue features an interview with Jane Buckle, Director of Research Coordination at the Research Council on Complementary Medicine in London, an advocacy agency for alternative therapies. Vitamin requirements, deficiencies, and supplementation are discussed. One article addresses antioxidants, oxidative stress, and the role of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in the synthesis of glutathione (GSH). It identifies points for evaluating alternative treatments and examines the controversial Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1993 (S. 784/H.R. 1709).

Federally Funded Research on Coenzyme Q The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to coenzyme Q. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to coenzyme Q. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore coenzyme Q. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for coenzyme Q: •

Project Title: BIOENERGETICS IN ANIMAL MODELS OF HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Beal, M Flint.; Professor; Neurology and Neuroscience; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The pathogenesis of Huntington's Disease (HD) is as yet unknown but there is substantial evidence that both altered gene transcription as well as mitochondrial dysfunction play an important role. There is evidence that huntingtin binds to transcription factors which results in decreased expression of genes which may play a critical role in neuronal survival. A secondary consequence of this appears to be impaired oxidative phosphorylation and increased generation of reactive oxygen species. In our prior grant, we showed that there was impaired oxidative phosphorylation in transgenic mouse models of Huntington's disease, and that this was associated with increased oxidative damage. We also showed that agents such as creatine and coenzyme Q, which improve cellular bioenergetics, exert neuroprotective effects in transgenic mouse models of Huntington's disease. In the present proposal, we intend to extend these studies to two further unique transgenic mouse models of Huntington's disease. We will determine whether there is mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage in a knock-in mouse model developed by MacDonald and

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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colleagues. These mice are a very accurate genetic model of Huntington's disease. We will also examine the tetracycline-off model developed by Yamamoto and colleagues to determine whether there is mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage with the gene turned on, which then resolves once the gone is turned off. We will carry out similar studies with an inducible cell culture model. We will investigate whether histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors exert neuroprotective effects by altering gene transcription in transgenic mouse models of Huntington's disease. We will examine whether a phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor can exert neuroprotective effects in transgenic mouse models of HD by increasing cyclic AMP levels, leading to increased CREB transcriptional activity, and whether this improves mitochondrial function. Our prior studies showed that combinations of agents, which target different disease mechanisms in Huntington's disease, may exert additive neuroprotective effects. We will, therefore, examine whether a combination of creatine or coenzyme Q with either a HDAC inhibitor or a phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor can exert additive neuroprotective effects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CLINICAL TRIAL OF HIGH DOSE COQ10 IN ALS - QALS-CLIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Kaufmann, Petra; Neurology; Columbia University Health Sciences Po Box 49 New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-APR-2004; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is one of the most devastating neurological diseases leading to death typically in 3 years of onset. Treatment is severely limited, and no cure is available. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been implicated in ALS pathophysiology. Coenzyme Q 10 (CoQ 10), a mitochondrial cofactor and powerful antioxidant, prolongs survival in the transgenic ALS mouse model and slows functional decline in other human neurodegenerative disease. CoQ 10 is a nonprescription dietary supplement with an excellent safety profile and central nervous system penetration. Thus, we propose to conduct a 2-stage phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multi-center clinical trial of high-dose, solubilized CoQ 10 against placebo (target enrollment 185 patients at 18 clinical sites). This project will test the hypothesis that CoQ 10 reduces functional decline in patients with ALS. Aim 1 will consist of two stages. Stage 1 identifies which of two CoQ 10 doses is preferable (1000 mg. or 2000 mg. daily). Stage 2 compares the selected dose against placebo to assess whether evidence of efficacy is sufficient to justify proceeding to a future phase III trial. The primary outcome measure is the change in ALS Functional Rating Scale revised (ALSFRSr) score from baseline (randomization) to 9 months. We chose the ALSFRSr because: (1) It measures daily living functional abilities, a clinically meaningful outcome; (2) it is a validated predictor of survival; and (3) its ease of administration will minimize subject dropout. Aim 2 will determine whether CoQ 10 affects secondary measures: (1) forced vital capacity, (2) fatigue severity, (3) health-related quality-of-life, and (4) serum oxidative stress markers. Because median disease duration is short, the pool of ALS clinical trial participants at any given time is quite limited. Survival as an outcome measure is the gold standard for phase HI trials, but requires a large sample size. Because several new agents will soon be available for clinical testing, it is vital to reduce the number of patients required for phase II trials if these agents are to be tested in a timely, effective way. Aim 3 will evaluate alternative outcome measures to determine if their use can decrease the sample size required for ALS trials (see QALS-STAT). If CoQ 10 is effective in reducing functional decline in ALS, after phase III confirmation this knowledge will have an immediate impact on clinical practice and our understanding of ALS pathophysiology.

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This application is the clinical part (QALS-CLIN) of two separate, but highly coordinated units, which together constitute QALS (Clinical Trial of High Dose CoQ 10 in ALS). A separate R01 grant proposal (QALS-STA T, PI JLP Thompson) has been submitted for conduct of the statistical operations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COENZYME Q AND AGING IN CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Clarke, Catherine Freitag.; Associate Professor; Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is an excellent model for genetic studies of the aging process. Gene mutations that increase life span have been identified in C. elegans that have homologs in vertebrates and appear to act by highly conserved mechanisms, and in pathways that parallel those present in humans. Mutations in the C. elegans clk-1 gene result in an extended life span, slowed development and sluggish behavior. Homology of clk-1 and COQ7 suggested that the long-lived C. elegans clk-1 mutants are defective in ubiquinone (coenzyme Q or CoQ) biosynthesis. Normally nematodes are provided a diet of CoQ-replete E. coli. In the absence of dietary CoQ, the clk-1 mutants display their true phenotype - growth arrest in early development and sterility when emerging from the dauer stage. These results suggest that clk-1 is essential for coenzyme Q biosynthesis, and that the aging and developmental phenotypes previously described may be attributed to CoQ levels. CoQ functions in cells as a redox-active coenzyme of both mitochondria and plasma membrane electron transport, as an essential lipid soluble antioxidant, and plays a role in thermogenesis (uncoupling) and apoptosis. Our recent studies indicate that both mean and maximum life span of wild-type nematodes fed Q-less diets is extended 60 percent. This life span extension is quite robust and is observed in all Age mutants tested so far, when transferred to the Q-less diet as adults. A compelling hypothesis for this life extension is that the standard E. coli Q8-replete diet affects the amount and type of quinones present, which in turn affects reactive oxygen species production by modulating the state of mitochondrial respiration in the nematode. We propose to evaluate the relationship between Q metabolism and aging by employing biochemistry and molecular genetics. It is likely that the studies proposed here will define the metabolic alterations resulting from dietary CoQ, and will help determine how diet/environment and genotype interact to change longevity. Based on the strong conservation of CoQ function, our findings will be very relevant to aging in other organisms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: COENZYME Q AND REMACEMIDE IN HUNTINGTONS DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Walker, Francis; Wake Forest University 1834 Wake Forest Road Winston-Salem, Nc 27106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: COENZYME Q INTAKE, OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND AGING IN MICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Sohal, Rajindar S.; Timothy M. Chan Professor of Molecular; Molecular Pharm & Toxicology; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: The main purpose of this study is to determine whether the long-term administration of co-enzyme Q (CoQ) , or ubiquinone, retards or accelerates the aging process in mice and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. CoQ is present in the hydrophobic interior of virtually all the cellular membranes and has versatile functions. It is best known as a component of the electron transport system in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where, in concert with alpha-tocopherol, it also acts as an antioxidant, inhibiting oxidative damage. Paradoxically, auto-oxidation of CoQ is also the main source of mitochondrial superoxide anion radical and H2O2 generation CoQ is being widely consumed by humans as a dietary supplement, even though the effects of long-term intake of CoQ are virtually unknown. Whether the long-term intake of CoQ leads to an attenuation or an exacerbation of oxidative stress has not been determine. The present study will elucidate the nature of biochemical and behavioral perturbations following the administration of exogenous CoQ10 to mice. The specific hypothesis to be validated or refuted is that "CoQ administration will decrease the level of oxidative stress, improve and preserve mitochondrial respiratory functions, enhance motor and cognitive performance, and extend life span of mice." Specific Aims include determination of the effects of CoQ administration on: (1) the longevity of mice; (2) ageassociated changes in mitochondrial respiratory functions and oxidative damage; (3) perturbations of homeostasis among the main anti-oxidative defenses; (4) age-related accrual of oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and DNA in tissue homogenates; and (5) age-associated decline in cognitive and motor abilities of the mice. Results of this study will provide an understanding of the mechanisms by which CoQ intake may have a beneficial or deleterious effect on the aging process in mice. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DOWN SYNDROME, MITOCHONDRIAL DNA AND OXIDATIVE STRESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sinha, Santosh K.; Brain Insights, Inc. 17595 Harvard Ave, Ste C123 Irvine, Ca 926148522 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (Verbatim from the Applicant's Abstract) Human chromosome 21 (HC21) harbors genes which is believed to be associated with a number of neurological diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS 1), familial Alzheimer disease (FAD), and Down syndrome (DS). Among these, DS constitutes the most common disease resulting from partial or total trisomy of HC21. DS is characterized by a number of pathological consequences the most important of which result in precocious aging often accompanied by signs of Alzheimer disease (AD). Several early observations indicated that a small HC21 segment (Down syndrome critical region or DSCR) containing a restricted number of genetic elements may be responsible for most of the Down symptoms. Other regions of HC21 and even some genes present on heterologous diploid chromosomes may also contribute to the complex phenotype of DS either through compensatory or additive interactions. This is presumed to be especially true for genes which code for antioxidant enzymes and which are dispersed throughout the

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nuclear genome. This has particular relevance in view of the fact that trisomy of HC21 leads to an overexpression of at least two enzymes which are implicated in the production and metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS), viz., superoxide dismutase (SOD I) and carbonyl reductase (CBR). In the absence of compensatory support from other antioxidant genes located on heterologous chromosomes (such as glutathione peroxidase and catalase genes), trisomy of HC21 may lead to an accumulation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals which could severely damage the functional integrity of the cell. One important consequence of such a situation would be lesions in mitochondrial DNA that is especially vulnerable to oxidative injury. The major goals of the present project are to (A) examine the interactions between some of the the key genes of trisomic CH21 and other chromosomal genes, and (B) to verify if antioxidants such as coenzyme Q, vitamin E and ascorbic acid, individually or in combination, could play a positive role in at least partially restoring the normal functioning of trisomic HC21 cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “coenzyme Q” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for coenzyme Q in the PubMed Central database: •

A dietary source of coenzyme Q is essential for growth of long-lived Caenorhabditis elegans clk-1 mutants. by Jonassen T, Larsen PL, Clarke CF.; 2001 Jan 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=14601

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Lovastatin decreases coenzyme Q levels in humans. by Folkers K, Langsjoen P, Willis R, Richardson P, Xia LJ, Ye CQ, Tamagawa H.; 1990 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=55074

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Lovastatin decreases coenzyme Q levels in rats. by Willis RA, Folkers K, Tucker JL, Ye CQ, Xia LJ, Tamagawa H.; 1990 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=55073

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Muscle coenzyme Q deficiency in familial mitochondrial encephalomyopathy. by Ogasahara S, Engel AG, Frens D, Mack D.; 1989 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=286916

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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REACTIONS OF COENZYME Q IN THE DPNH DEHYDROGENASE SEGMENT OF THE RESPIRATORY CHAIN. by Machinist JM, Singer TP.; 1965 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=219536

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Requirement for coenzyme Q in plasma membrane electron transport. by Sun IL, Sun EE, Crane FL, Morre DJ, Lindgren A, Low H.; 1992 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=50502

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The Role of DT-Diaphorase in the Maintenance of the Reduced Antioxidant Form of Coenzyme Q in Membrane Systems. by Beyer RE, Segura-Aguilar J, Bernardo SD, Cavazzoni M, Fato R, Fiorentini D, Galli MC, Setti M, Landi L, Lenaz G.; 1996 Mar 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=39831

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Uncoupling proteins 2 and 3 are highly active H + transporters and highly nucleotide sensitive when activated by coenzyme Q (ubiquinone). by Echtay KS, Winkler E, Frischmuth K, Klingenberg M.; 2001 Feb 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=29271

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with coenzyme Q, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “coenzyme Q” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for coenzyme Q (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

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31P NMR spectroscopy and ergometer exercise test as evidence for muscle oxidative performance improvement with coenzyme Q in mitochondrial myopathies. Author(s): Bendahan D, Desnuelle C, Vanuxem D, Confort-Gouny S, Figarella-Branger D, Pellissier JF, Kozak-Ribbens G, Pouget J, Serratrice G, Cozzone PJ. Source: Neurology. 1992 June; 42(6): 1203-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1603348

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A clinical study of the effect of coenzyme Q on congestive heart failure. Author(s): Ishiyama T, Morita Y, Toyama S, Yamagami T, Tsukamoto N. Source: Japanese Heart Journal. 1976 January; 17(1): 32-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=778433

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A dietary source of coenzyme Q is essential for growth of long-lived Caenorhabditis elegans clk-1 mutants. Author(s): Jonassen T, Larsen PL, Clarke CF. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2001 January 16; 98(2): 421-6. Epub 2001 Jan 02. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11136229

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A mitochondrial encephalomyopathy: the first case with an established defect at the level of coenzyme Q. Author(s): Fischer JC, Ruitenbeek W, Gabreels FJ, Janssen AJ, Renier WO, Sengers RC, Stadhouders AM, ter Laak HJ, Trijbels JM, Veerkamp JH. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1986 February; 144(5): 441-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3956532

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A role for reduced coenzyme Q in atherosclerosis? Author(s): Thomas SR, Witting PK, Stocker R. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 1999; 9(2-4): 207-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10416033

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Aging, mitochondria, and coenzyme Q(10): the neglected relationship. Author(s): Bliznakov EG. Source: Biochimie. 1999 December; 81(12): 1131-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10917692

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An analysis of the role of coenzyme Q in free radical generation and as an antioxidant. Author(s): Beyer RE. Source: Biochemistry and Cell Biology = Biochimie Et Biologie Cellulaire. 1992 June; 70(6): 390-403. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1333230

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Antioxidant and prooxidant properties of mitochondrial Coenzyme Q. Author(s): James AM, Smith RA, Murphy MP. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2004 March 1; 423(1): 47-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14989264

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Antioxidant function of coenzyme Q. Author(s): Kawasaki T. Source: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1992; Spec No: 552-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1297810

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Assay of coenzyme Q(10) in plasma by a single dilution step. Author(s): Mosca F, Fattorini D, Bompadre S, Littarru GP. Source: Analytical Biochemistry. 2002 June 1; 305(1): 49-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12018945

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Bioenergetics in clinical medicine XIV. Studies on an apparent deficiency of coenzyme Q-10 in patients with cardiovascular and related diseases. Author(s): Folkers K, Watanabe T. Source: J Med. 1978; 9(1): 67-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=276562

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Bioenergetics in clinical medicine. II. Adjunctive treatment with coenzyme Q in periodontal therapy. Author(s): Wilkinson EG, Arnold RM, Folkers K, Hansen I, Kishi H. Source: Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1975 September; 12(1): 111-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1103247

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Bioenergetics in clinical medicine. XI. Studies on coenzyme Q and diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Kishi T, Kishi H, Watanabe T, Folkers K. Source: J Med. 1976; 7(3-4): 307-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1070515

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Bioenergetics in clinical medicine-X. Survey of the adjunctive use of coenzyme Q with oral therapy in treating periodontal disease. Author(s): Folkers K, Watanabe T. Source: J Med. 1977; 8(5): 333-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=338850

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Biomedical and clinical aspects of coenzyme Q. Author(s): Littarru GP. Source: Clin Investig. 1993 August; 71(8): 587-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8219648

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Can correction of sub-optimal coenzyme Q status improve beta-cell function in type II diabetics? Author(s): McCarty MF. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1999 May; 52(5): 397-400. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10416946

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Ceramide-dependent caspase 3 activation is prevented by coenzyme Q from plasma membrane in serum-deprived cells. Author(s): Navas P, Fernandez-Ayala DM, Martin SF, Lopez-Lluch G, De Caboa R, Rodriguez-Aguilera JC, Villalba JM. Source: Free Radical Research. 2002 April; 36(4): 369-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12069099

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Changes in the levels of coenzyme Q homologues, alpha-tocopherol and malondialdehyde in human tissue during the course of circulatory shock. Author(s): Corbucci GG, Gasparetto A, Antonelli M, Bufi M, De Blasi RA. Source: Int J Tissue React. 1986; 8(5): 421-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3023253

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Characterization of the isoprenoid chain of coenzyme Q in Plasmodium falciparum. Author(s): de Macedo CS, Uhrig ML, Kimura EA, Katzin AM. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 2002 January 22; 207(1): 13-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11886744

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Coenzyme Q and analogs for coenzymic activity. Author(s): Wan YP, Folkers K. Source: Methods Enzymol. 1978; 53: 591-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=713857

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Coenzyme Q and heart disease. Author(s): Cerrato PL. Source: Rn. 1999 June; 62(6): 61-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10504995

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Coenzyme Q and the stability of biological membranes. Author(s): Fitch CD, Folkers K. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1967 January 23; 26(2): 128-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6030260

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Coenzyme Q blocks biochemical but not receptor-mediated apoptosis by increasing mitochondrial antioxidant protection. Author(s): Alleva R, Tomasetti M, Andera L, Gellert N, Borghi B, Weber C, Murphy MP, Neuzil J. Source: Febs Letters. 2001 August 10; 503(1): 46-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11513852

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Coenzyme Q can control the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation. Author(s): Battino M, Fato R, Parenti-Castelli G, Lenaz G. Source: Int J Tissue React. 1990; 12(3): 137-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2276890

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Coenzyme Q cytoprotective mechanisms. Author(s): Chan TS, Wilson JX, O'Brien PJ. Source: Methods Enzymol. 2004; 382: 89-104. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15047098

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Coenzyme Q differentially modulates phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase gene expression and free radicals production in malignant and nonmalignant prostate cells. Author(s): Quiles JL, Farquharson AJ, Ramirez-Tortosa MC, Grant I, Milne L, Huertas JR, Battino M, Mataix J, Wahle KW. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 2003; 18(1-4): 265-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14695942

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Coenzyme Q improves LDL resistance to ex vivo oxidation but does not enhance endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic young adults. Author(s): Raitakari OT, McCredie RJ, Witting P, Griffiths KA, Letters J, Sullivan D, Stocker R, Celermajer DS. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2000 April 1; 28(7): 1100-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10832071

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Coenzyme Q in cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Singh RB, Niaz MA, Rastogi V, Rastogi SS. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1998 March; 46(3): 299-306. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11273351

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Coenzyme Q in serum and muscle of 5 patients with Kearns-Sayre syndrome and 12 patients with ophthalmoplegia plus. Author(s): Zierz S, Jahns G, Jerusalem F. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1989 February; 236(2): 97-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2709060

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Coenzyme Q protects cells against serum withdrawal-induced apoptosis by inhibition of ceramide release and caspase-3 activation. Author(s): Fernandez-Ayala DJ, Martin SF, Barroso MP, Gomez-Diaz C, Villalba JM, Rodriguez-Aguilera JC, Lopez-Lluch G, Navas P. Source: Antioxidants & Redox Signalling. 2000 Summer; 2(2): 263-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11229531

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Coenzyme Q systems in ascomycetous black yeasts. Author(s): Yamada Y, Sugihara K, Van Eijk GW, Roeijmans HJ, De Hoog GS. Source: Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1989 November; 56(4): 349-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2694957

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Coenzyme Q versus hypertension: does CoQ decrease endothelial superoxide generation? Author(s): McCarty MF. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1999 October; 53(4): 300-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10608264

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Coenzyme Q(10) and congestive heart failure: what is the verdict? Author(s): Raj SR, Weisel RD, Verma S. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2002 October; 18(10): 1054-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12420040

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Coenzyme Q(10) and idebenone in the therapy of respiratory chain diseases: rationale and comparative benefits. Author(s): Geromel V, Darin N, Chretien D, Benit P, DeLonlay P, Rotig A, Munnich A, Rustin P. Source: Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 2002 September-October; 77(1-2): 21-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12359126

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Coenzyme Q(10) improves endothelial dysfunction of the brachial artery in Type II diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Watts GF, Playford DA, Croft KD, Ward NC, Mori TA, Burke V. Source: Diabetologia. 2002 March; 45(3): 420-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11914748

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Coenzyme Q, alpha tocopherol and delayed function in human kidney transplantation. Author(s): Serino F, Citterio F, Lippa S, Oradei A, Agnes S, Nanni G, Pozzetto A, Littarru G, Castagneto M. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1990 August; 22(4): 1375-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2389334

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Coenzyme Q, Vitamin E and Apo-E alleles in Alzheimer Disease. Author(s): Battino M, Bompadre S, Leone L, Devecchi E, Degiuli A, D'Agostino F, Cambie G, D'Agostino M, Faggi L, Colturani G, Gorini A, Villa RF. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 2003; 18(1-4): 277-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14695944

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Coenzyme Q. Author(s): Matthews PM, Arnold DL. Source: Neurology. 1993 March; 43(3 Pt 1): 628-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8451017

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Coenzyme Q. alpha tocopherol graft uptake and lipid peroxidation in human liver transplantation: evidence of energy metabolism protection in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution-preserved livers. Author(s): Serino F, Agnes S, Lippa S, Oradei A, Citterio F, Iannace C, Sollazzi L, Avolio AW, Pelosi G, Littarru G, et al. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1990 October; 22(5): 2194-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2219341

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Coenzyme Q: potentially useful index of bioenergetic and oxidative status of spermatozoa. Author(s): Angelitti AG, Colacicco L, Calla C, Arizzi M, Lippa S. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1995 February; 41(2): 217-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7874774

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Coenzyme Q-responsive Leigh's encephalopathy in two sisters. Author(s): Van Maldergem L, Trijbels F, DiMauro S, Sindelar PJ, Musumeci O, Janssen A, Delberghe X, Martin JJ, Gillerot Y. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2002 December; 52(6): 750-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12447928

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Correction of pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction with coenzyme Q(10) in a patient with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes syndrome and diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Liou CW, Huang CC, Lin TK, Tsai JL, Wei YH. Source: European Neurology. 2000; 43(1): 54-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10601810

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Cosupplementation with coenzyme Q prevents the prooxidant effect of alphatocopherol and increases the resistance of LDL to transition metal-dependent oxidation initiation. Author(s): Thomas SR, Neuzil J, Stocker R. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1996 May; 16(5): 687-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8963727

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Cytochrome c oxidase and coenzyme Q in neuromuscular diseases: a histochemical study. Author(s): Doriguzzi C, Palmucci L, Pollo B, Mongini T, Maniscalco M, Chiado-Piat L, Schiffer D. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 1990; 81(1): 25-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1964758

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Decreased levels of coenzyme Q(10) in patients with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Gazdik F, Gvozdjakova A, Nadvornikova R, Repicka L, Jahnova E, Kucharska J, Pijak MR, Gazdikova K. Source: Allergy. 2002 September; 57(9): 811-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12169177

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Deficiency of coenzyme Q 10 in gingival tissue from patients with periodontal disease. Author(s): Littarru GP, Nakamura R, Ho L, Folkers K, Kuzell WC. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1971 October; 68(10): 2332-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5289867

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Deficiency of coenzyme Q 10 in human heart disease. I. Author(s): Littaru GP, Ho L, Folkers K. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1972; 42(2): 291-305. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5053855

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Deficiency of coenzyme Q 10 in human heart disease. II. Author(s): Littarru GP, Ho L, Folkers K. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1972; 42(3): 413-34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5086647

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Deficiency of coenzyme Q in gingiva of patients with periodontal disease. Author(s): Nakamura R, Littarru GP, Folkers K, Wilkinson EG. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1973; 43(1): 84-92. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4696825

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Determination of coenzyme Q in human plasma. Author(s): Kaplan P, Sebestianova N, Turiakova J, Kucera I. Source: Physiological Research / Academia Scientiarum Bohemoslovaca. 1996; 45(1): 3945. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8884922

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Effect of coenzyme Q administration on hypercitricemia of patients with periodontal disease. Author(s): Tsunemitsu A, Matsumura T. Source: Journal of Dental Research. 1967 November-December; 46(6): 1382-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5234908

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Effect of coenzyme Q on serum levels of creatine phosphokinase in preclinical muscular dystrophy. Author(s): Folkers K, Nakamura R, Littarru GP, Zellweger H, Brunkhorst JB, Williams CW Jr, Langston JH. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1974 May; 71(5): 2098-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4525474

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Effects of inhibitors of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase on coenzyme Q and dolichol biosynthesis. Author(s): Appelkvist EL, Edlund C, Low P, Schedin S, Kalen A, Dallner G. Source: Clin Investig. 1993; 71(8 Suppl): S97-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8241713

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Evidence for coenzyme Q function in transplasma membrane electron transport. Author(s): Sun IL, Sun EE, Crane FL, Morre DJ. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1990 November 15; 172(3): 979-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2244922

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Evidence for enhanced treatment of periodontal disease by therapy with coenzyme Q. Author(s): Matsumura T, Saji S, Nakamura R, Folkers K. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1973 April; 43(4): 537-48. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4588762

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Exogenous coenzyme Q (coq) fails to increase coq in skeletal muscle of two patients with mitochondrial myopathies. Author(s): Zierz S, von Wersebe O, Bleistein J, Jerusalem F. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1990 March; 95(3): 283-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2358821

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Findings in muscle in complex I (NADH coenzyme Q reductase) deficiency. Author(s): Koga Y, Nonaka I, Kobayashi M, Tojyo M, Nihei K. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1988 December; 24(6): 749-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3144939

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Free radical production by activated haem proteins: protective effect of coenzyme Q. Author(s): Mordente A, Martorana GE, Miggiano GA, Petitti T, Giardina B, Littarru GP, Santini SA. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1994; 15 Suppl: S109-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7752822

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Function of coenzyme Q in the cell: some biochemical and physiological properties. Author(s): Rauchova H, Drahota Z, Lenaz G. Source: Physiological Research / Academia Scientiarum Bohemoslovaca. 1995; 44(4): 209-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8789639

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Hematological activity of coenzyme Q in an anemia of human malnutrition. Author(s): Majaj AS, Folkers K. Source: Int Z Vitaminforsch. 1968; 38(2): 182-95. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4974557

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High-performance liquid chromatography of coenzyme Q-related compounds and its application to biological materials. Author(s): Okamoto T, Fukui K, Nakamoto M, Kishi T, Okishio T, Yamagami T, Kanamori N, Kishi H, Hiraoka E. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1985 July 12; 342(1): 35-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4044758

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HPLC analysis of reduced and oxidized coenzyme Q(10) in human plasma. Author(s): Tang PH, Miles MV, DeGrauw A, Hershey A, Pesce A. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 2001 February; 47(2): 256-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11159774

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Inhibition of LDL oxidation by ubiquinol-10. A protective mechanism for coenzyme Q in atherogenesis? Author(s): Thomas SR, Neuzil J, Stocker R. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1997; 18 Suppl: S85-103. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9266510

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Interactions between ascorbyl free radical and coenzyme Q at the plasma membrane. Author(s): Arroyo A, Navarro F, Gomez-Diaz C, Crane FL, Alcain FJ, Navas P, Villalba JM. Source: Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes. 2000 April; 32(2): 199-210. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11768753

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Investigation of regulatory mechanisms in coenzyme Q metabolism. Author(s): Grunler J, Dallner G. Source: Methods Enzymol. 2004; 378: 3-17. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15038955

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Lack of effect of coenzyme Q on left ventricular function in patients with congestive heart failure. Author(s): Langsjoen PH. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2000 March 1; 35(3): 816-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10716489

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Lack of effect of coenzyme Q on left ventricular function in patients with congestive heart failure. Author(s): Watson PS, Scalia GM, Galbraith A, Burstow DJ, Bett N, Aroney CN. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1999 May; 33(6): 1549-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10334422

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Lovastatin decreases coenzyme Q levels in humans. Author(s): Folkers K, Langsjoen P, Willis R, Richardson P, Xia LJ, Ye CQ, Tamagawa H. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1990 November; 87(22): 8931-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2247468

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Metabolism and function of coenzyme Q. Author(s): Turunen M, Olsson J, Dallner G. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2004 January 28; 1660(1-2): 171-99. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14757233

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Mitochondrial production of oxygen radical species and the role of Coenzyme Q as an antioxidant. Author(s): Genova ML, Pich MM, Biondi A, Bernacchia A, Falasca A, Bovina C, Formiggini G, Parenti Castelli G, Lenaz G. Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.). 2003 May; 228(5): 506-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12709577

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Mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction caused by coenzyme Q deficiency. Author(s): Rustin P, Munnich A, Rotig A. Source: Methods Enzymol. 2004; 382: 81-8. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15047097

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Muscle coenzyme Q deficiency in familial mitochondrial encephalomyopathy. Author(s): Ogasahara S, Engel AG, Frens D, Mack D. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1989 April; 86(7): 2379-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2928337

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Natural distribution and occurrence of coenzyme Q homologues. Author(s): Battino M, Ferri E, Gorini A, Federico Villa R, Rodriguez Huertas JF, Fiorella P, Genova ML, Lenaz G, Marchetti M. Source: Membr Biochem. 1990 July-September; 9(3): 179-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2135303

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New quinolinequinone inhibitors of mitochondrial reductase systems and reversal by coenzyme Q. Author(s): Skelton FS, Bowman CM, Porter TH, Folkers K. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1971 April 2; 43(1): 1027. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5579935

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Normal levels of coenzyme Q-10 in patients awaiting cardiac transplantation. Author(s): Sehested J, Heidt P, Hetzer R. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1993 June; 25(3): 2365-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8516932

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Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the evaluation of mitochondrial myopathies: results of a 6-month therapy study with coenzyme Q. Author(s): Gold R, Seibel P, Reinelt G, Schindler R, Landwehr P, Beck A, Reichmann H. Source: European Neurology. 1996; 36(4): 191-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8814419

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Plasma coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) concentrations in patients treated with simvastatin. Author(s): Watts GF, Castelluccio C, Rice-Evans C, Taub NA, Baum H, Quinn PJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1993 November; 46(11): 1055-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8254097

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Plasma coenzyme Q(10) in children and adolescents undergoing doxorubicin therapy. Author(s): Eaton S, Skinner R, Hale JP, Pourfarzam M, Roberts A, Price L, Bartlett K. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 2000 December; 302(1-2): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11074059

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Plasma levels of coenzyme Q(10), vitamin E and lipids in uremic patients on conservative therapy and hemodialysis treatment: some possible biochemical and clinical implications. Author(s): Lippa S, Colacicco L, Bondanini F, Calla C, Gozzo ML, Ciccariello M, Angelitti AG. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 2000 February 25; 292(1-2): 81-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10686278

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Prooxidant functions of coenzyme Q. Author(s): Nohl H, Gille L, Kozlov AV. Source: Subcell Biochem. 1998; 30: 509-26. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9932528

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Quantitative determination of vitamin E and oxidized and reduced coenzyme Q by high-performance liquid chromatography with in-line ultraviolet and electrochemical detection. Author(s): Lang JK, Packer L. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1987 January 9; 385: 109-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3558576

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Regulation of ceramide signaling by plasma membrane coenzyme Q reductases. Author(s): Navas P, Manuel Villalba J. Source: Methods Enzymol. 2004; 378: 200-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15038970

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Regulatory aspects of coenzyme Q metabolism. Author(s): Turunen M, Swiezewska E, Chojnacki T, Sindelar P, Dallner G. Source: Free Radical Research. 2002 April; 36(4): 437-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12069108

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Relationships between coenzyme Q and vitamin E. Author(s): Folkers K. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1974 September; 27(9): 1026-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4213358

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Requirement for coenzyme Q in plasma membrane electron transport. Author(s): Sun IL, Sun EE, Crane FL, Morre DJ, Lindgren A, Low H. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1992 December 1; 89(23): 11126-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1454789

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Role of coenzyme Q and superoxide in vitamin E cycling. Author(s): Kagan VE, Tyurina YY, Witt E. Source: Subcell Biochem. 1998; 30: 491-507. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9932527

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Role of cytochrome b5 reductase on the antioxidant function of coenzyme Q in the plasma membrane. Author(s): Villalba JM, Navarro F, Gomez-Diaz C, Arroyo A, Bello RI, Navas P. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1997; 18 Suppl: S7-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9266501

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Role of plasma membrane coenzyme Q on the regulation of apoptosis. Author(s): Lopez-Lluch G, Barroso MP, Martin SF, Fernandez-Ayala DJ, Gomez-Diaz C, Villalba JM, Navas P. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 1999; 9(2-4): 171-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10416029

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Serum levels of coenzyme Q in patients with Lewy body disease. Author(s): Molina JA, de Bustos F, Ortiz S, Del Ser T, Seijo M, Benito-Leon J, Oliva JM, Perez S, Manzanares J. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 2002 September; 109(9): 1195-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12203046

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Simultaneous determination of oxidized and reduced coenzyme Q and alphatocopherol in biological samples by high performance liquid chromatography with platinum catalyst reduction and electrochemical detection. Author(s): Wakabayashi H, Yamato S, Nakajima M, Shimada K. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1994 August; 17(8): 997-1002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7820130

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Stabilization of extracellular ascorbate mediated by coenzyme Q transmembrane electron transport. Author(s): Arroyo A, Rodriguez-Aguilera JC, Santos-Ocana C, Villalba JM, Navas P. Source: Methods Enzymol. 2004; 378: 207-17. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15038971

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Stimulation of serum-free cell proliferation by coenzyme Q. Author(s): Sun IL, Sun EE, Crane FL. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1992 November 30; 189(1): 8-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1449508

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Study of periodontal disease and coenzyme Q. Author(s): Iwamoto Y, Nakamura R, Folkers K, Morrison RF. Source: Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1975 June; 11(2): 265-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1153872

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Survey on the vitamin aspects of coenzyme Q. Author(s): Folkers K. Source: Int Z Vitaminforsch. 1969; 39(3): 334-52. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4986931

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The chemoprotective effect of coenzyme Q on lipids in the paint and lacquer industry workers. Author(s): Dlugosz A, Sawicka E. Source: International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health. 1998; 11(2): 153-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9753894

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The diversity of coenzyme Q function. Author(s): Crane FL, Navas P. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1997; 18 Suppl: S1-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9266500

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The essential functions of coenzyme Q. Author(s): Crane FL, Sun IL, Sun EE. Source: Clin Investig. 1993; 71(8 Suppl): S55-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8241706

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The participation of coenzyme Q in free radical production and antioxidation. Author(s): Beyer RE. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 1990; 8(6): 545-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2193854

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The potential of coenzyme Q 10 (NSC-140865) in cancer treatment. Author(s): Folkers K. Source: Cancer Chemother Rep 2. 1974 December; 4(4): 19-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4218125

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The role of ascorbate in antioxidant protection of biomembranes: interaction with vitamin E and coenzyme Q. Author(s): Beyer RE. Source: Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes. 1994 August; 26(4): 349-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7844109

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Transient improvement of pyruvate metabolism after coenzyme Q therapy in KearnsSayre syndrome: MRS study. Author(s): Choi C, Sunwoo IN, Kim HS, Kim DI. Source: Yonsei Medical Journal. 2000 October; 41(5): 676-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11079632

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Ubiquinol and a coenzyme Q reducing system protect platelet mitochondrial function of transfusional buffy coats from oxidative stress. Author(s): Merlo Pich M, Castagnoli A, Biondi A, Bernacchia A, Tazzari PL, D'Aurelio M, Parenti Castelli G, Formiggini G, Conte R, Bovina C, Lenaz G. Source: Free Radical Research. 2002 April; 36(4): 429-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12069107

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Uncoupling proteins 2 and 3 are highly active H(+) transporters and highly nucleotide sensitive when activated by coenzyme Q (ubiquinone). Author(s): Echtay KS, Winkler E, Frischmuth K, Klingenberg M. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2001 February 13; 98(4): 1416-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11171965

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Vitamin E and coenzyme Q concentrations in the thyroid tissues of patients with various thyroid disorders. Author(s): Mano T, Iwase K, Hayashi R, Hayakawa N, Uchimura K, Makino M, Nagata M, Sawai Y, Oda N, Hamada M, Aono T, Nakai A, Nagasaka A, Itoh M. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1998 April; 315(4): 230-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9537635

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Yeast Coq5 C-methyltransferase is required for stability of other polypeptides involved in coenzyme Q biosynthesis. Author(s): Baba SW, Belogrudov GI, Lee JC, Lee PT, Strahan J, Shepherd JN, Clarke CF. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2004 March 12; 279(11): 10052-9. Epub 2003 December 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14701817

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND COENZYME Q Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and coenzyme Q.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Coenzyme Q The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “coenzyme Q” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “coenzyme Q” (or a synonym): •

A critical appraisal of the mitochondrial coenzyme Q pool. Author(s): Dipartimento di Biochimica, Universita di Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy. [email protected] Source: Lenaz, G FEBS-Lett. 2001 December 7; 509(2): 151-5 0014-5793

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Antioxidant effect of coenzyme Q on hydrogen peroxide-activated myoglobin. Author(s): Istituto di Chimica Biologica, Universita Cattolica, Roma. Source: Mordente, A Martorana, G E Santini, S A Miggiano, G A Petitti, T Giardina, B Battino, M Littarru, G P Clin-Investig. 1993; 71(8 Suppl): S92-6 0941-0198

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Comparisons of coenzyme Q bound to mitochondrial membrane proteins among different mammalian species. Author(s): Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA. Source: Lass, A Sohal, R S Free-Radic-Biol-Med. 1999 July; 27(1-2): 220-6 0891-5849

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Critical aspects of the antioxidant function of coenzyme Q in biomembranes. Author(s): Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary University Vienna, Austria. [email protected] Source: Nohl, H Gille, L Kozlov, A V Biofactors. 1999; 9(2-4): 155-61 0951-6433

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Deficit of coenzyme Q in heart and liver mitochondria of rats with streptozotocininduced diabetes. Author(s): Pharmacobiochemical Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. Source: Kucharska, J Braunova, Z Ulicna, O Zlatos, L Gvozdjakova, A Physiol-Res. 2000; 49(4): 411-8 0862-8408

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Distribution of coenzyme Q homologues in brain. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks 58203, USA. Source: Albano, C B Muralikrishnan, D Ebadi, M Neurochem-Res. 2002 May; 27(5): 35968 0364-3190

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Early and long-term effects of chronic low-dose radiation and coenzyme Q diet on the proliferation of rat spleen T cells. Author(s): Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow District, Russia. Source: Novoselova, E G Semiletova, N V Makar, V R Gordon RYa Indian-J-BiochemBiophys. 1998 April; 35(2): 103-7 0301-1208

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Involvement of retinoid X receptor alpha in coenzyme Q metabolism. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 10391 Stockholm, Sweden. Source: Bentinger, M Turunen, M Zhang, X X Wan, Y J Dallner, G J-Mol-Biol. 2003 February 21; 326(3): 795-803 0022-2836

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Lovastatin induces cell death in cardiomyocytes that is not reversible by coenzyme Q 10. Author(s): University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. [email protected] Source: Rabkin, S W Pharmacol-Toxicol. 2002 June; 90(6): 343-5 0901-9928

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Mouse homologue of coq7/clk-1, longevity gene in Caenorhabditis elegans, is essential for coenzyme Q synthesis, maintenance of mitochondrial integrity, and neurogenesis. Author(s): Department of Molecular Genetics, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan. Source: Nakai, D Yuasa, S Takahashi, M Shimizu, T Asaumi, S Isono, K Takao, T Suzuki, Y Kuroyanagi, H Hirokawa, K Koseki, H Shirsawa, T Biochem-Biophys-Res-Commun. 2001 November 30; 289(2): 463-71 0006-291X

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NADH and NADPH-dependent reduction of coenzyme Q at the plasma membrane. Author(s): Departamento de Biologia Celular, Fisiologia e Immunologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cordoba, Spain. Source: Arroyo, A Kagan, V E Tyurin, V A Burgess, J R de Cabo, R Navas, P Villalba, J M Antioxid-Redox-Signal. 2000 Summer; 2(2): 251-62 1523-0864

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Oxidative stress induced by exercise and dietary fat modulates the coenzyme Q and vitamin A balance between plasma and mitochondria. Author(s): Department of Physiology, University of Granada, Spain. Source: Quiles, J L Huertas, J R Manas, M Ochoa, J J Battino, M Mataix, J Int-J-VitamNutr-Res. 1999 July; 69(4): 243-9 0300-9831

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Protective effect of exogenous coenzyme Q in rats subjected to partial hepatic ischemia and reperfusion. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry G. Moruzzi, University of Bologna, Italy. Source: Genova, M L Bonacorsi, E D'Aurelio, M Formiggini, G Nardo, B Cuccomarino, S Turi, P Pich, M M Lenaz, G Bovina, C Biofactors. 1999; 9(2-4): 345-9 0951-6433

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The effect of idebenone, a coenzyme Q analogue, on hydrophobic bile acid toxicity to isolated rat hepatocytes and hepatic mitochondria. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, USA. Source: Shivaram, K N Winklhofer Roob, B M Straka, M S Devereaux, M W Everson, G Mierau, G W Sokol, R J Free-Radic-Biol-Med. 1998 September; 25(4-5): 480-92 0891-5849

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The interaction of coenzyme Q with phosphatidylethanolamine membranes. Author(s): Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular (A), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Spain. Source: Gomez Fernandez, J C Llamas, M A Aranda, F J Eur-J-Biochem. 1999 February; 259(3): 739-46 0014-2956

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Uptake of exogenous coenzyme Q and transport to mitochondria is required for bc1 complex stability in yeast coq mutants. Author(s): Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA. Source: Santos Ocana, Carlos Do, Thai Q Padilla, Sergio Navas, Placido Clarke, Catherine F J-Biol-Chem. 2002 March 29; 277(13): 10973-81 0021-9258

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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to coenzyme Q; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Vitamin B6 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin C Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,904,00.html

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Minerals Atorvastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carnitine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Fluvastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lovastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pravastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Selenium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10055,00.html Simvastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Statin Drugs Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Food and Diet Sprains and Strains Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND COENZYME Q Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to coenzyme Q. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to coenzyme Q and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “coenzyme Q” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to coenzyme Q: •

A respiration-deficient Chinese hamster cell line with a defect in NADH-coenzyme Q reductase. Author(s): DeFrancesco L, Scheffler IE, Bissell MJ. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1976 August 10; 251(15): 4588-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=947896

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Adriamycin cardiotoxicity: early detection by systolic time interval and possible prevention by coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Cortes EP, Gupta M, Chou C, Amin VC, Folkers K. Source: Cancer Treat Rep. 1978 June; 62(6): 887-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=667863

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Aminooxyacetic acid striatal lesions attenuated by 1,3-butanediol and coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Brouillet E, Henshaw DR, Schulz JB, Beal MF.

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Source: Neuroscience Letters. 1994 August 15; 177(1-2): 58-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7824183 •

An aging-related cell surface NADH oxidase (arNOX) generates superoxide and is inhibited by coenzyme Q. Author(s): Morre DM, Guo F, Morre DJ. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2003 December; 254(1-2): 101-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14674687

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An open, pilot study to evaluate the potential benefits of coenzyme Q10 combined with Ginkgo biloba extract in fibromyalgia syndrome. Author(s): Lister RE. Source: J Int Med Res. 2002 March-April; 30(2): 195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12025528

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Anti-atherogenic effect of coenzyme Q10 in apolipoprotein E gene knockout mice. Author(s): Witting PK, Pettersson K, Letters J, Stocker R. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2000 August; 29(3-4): 295-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11035258

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Anticoagulant effects on plasma coenzyme Q(10) estimated by HPLC with coulometric detection. Author(s): Tang PH, Miles MV, Steele P, DeGrauw A, Chuck G, Schroer L, Pesce A. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 2002 April; 318(1-2): 127-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11880122

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Antioxidative effect of dietary coenzyme Q10 in human blood plasma. Author(s): Weber C, Sejersgard Jakobsen T, Mortensen SA, Paulsen G, Holmer G. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1994; 64(4): 311-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7883471

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Antioxidative efficacy of parallel and combined supplementation with coenzyme Q10 and d-alpha-tocopherol in mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical study. Author(s): Kaikkonen J, Nyyssonen K, Tomasi A, Iannone A, Tuomainen TP, PorkkalaSarataho E, Salonen JT. Source: Free Radical Research. 2000 September; 33(3): 329-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10993487

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Apparent partial remission of breast cancer in 'high risk' patients supplemented with nutritional antioxidants, essential fatty acids and coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Lockwood K, Moesgaard S, Hanioka T, Folkers K.

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Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1994; 15 Suppl: S231-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7752835 •

Ask the doctor: I have a leaky aortic valve and my left ventricle is slowly enlarging. I have started taking coenzyme Q10, which is supposed to help my heart beat stronger. I know that you have not been enthusiastic about this supplement in the past, but has any new information come in? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Heart Letter : from Harvard Medical School. 2000 July; 10(11): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10877882

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beta2-Integrin and lipid modifications indicate a non-antioxidant mechanism for the anti-atherogenic effect of dietary coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Turunen M, Wehlin L, Sjoberg M, Lundahl J, Dallner G, Brismar K, Sindelar PJ. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2002 August 16; 296(2): 255-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12163010

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Bioavailability of four oral coenzyme Q10 formulations in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Weis M, Mortensen SA, Rassing MR, Moller-Sonnergaard J, Poulsen G, Rasmussen SN. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1994; 15 Suppl: S273-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7752839

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Blood concentration of coenzyme Q(10) increases in rats when esterified forms are administered. Author(s): Turunen M, Appelkvist EL, Sindelar P, Dallner G. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1999 December; 129(12): 2113-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10573536

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Ca(2+)-induced mitochondrial membrane permeabilization: role of coenzyme Q redox state. Author(s): Kowaltowski AJ, Castilho RF, Vercesi AE. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1995 July; 269(1 Pt 1): C141-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7631741

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Carnitine and coenzyme Q10: biochemical properties and functions, synergism and complementary action. Author(s): Bertelli A, Ronca G. Source: Int J Tissue React. 1990; 12(3): 183-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2276898

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Cellular redox activity of coenzyme Q10: effect of CoQ10 supplementation on human skeletal muscle. Author(s): Linnane AW, Kopsidas G, Zhang C, Yarovaya N, Kovalenko S, Papakostopoulos P, Eastwood H, Graves S, Richardson M. Source: Free Radical Research. 2002 April; 36(4): 445-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12069109

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Cerebellar ataxia and coenzyme Q10 deficiency. Author(s): Lamperti C, Naini A, Hirano M, De Vivo DC, Bertini E, Servidei S, Valeriani M, Lynch D, Banwell B, Berg M, Dubrovsky T, Chiriboga C, Angelini C, Pegoraro E, DiMauro S. Source: Neurology. 2003 April 8; 60(7): 1206-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12682339

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Changes in mitochondrial complex I activity and coenzyme Q binding site in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). Author(s): Ghelli A, Degli Esposti M, Carelli V, Lenaz G. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1997; 18 Suppl: S263-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9266534

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Coenzyme Q and vitamin E interactions. Author(s): Sohal RS. Source: Methods Enzymol. 2004; 378: 146-51. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15038964

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Coenzyme Q cytoprotective mechanisms for mitochondrial complex I cytopathies involves NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1(NQO1). Author(s): Chan TS, Teng S, Wilson JX, Galati G, Khan S, O'Brien PJ. Source: Free Radical Research. 2002 April; 36(4): 421-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12069106

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Coenzyme Q intake elevates the mitochondrial and tissue levels of Coenzyme Q and alpha-tocopherol in young mice. Author(s): Kamzalov S, Sumien N, Forster MJ, Sohal RS. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 October; 133(10): 3175-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14519806

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Coenzyme Q supplementation protects from age-related DNA double-strand breaks and increases lifespan in rats fed on a PUFA-rich diet. Author(s): Quiles JL, Ochoa JJ, Huertas JR, Mataix J. Source: Experimental Gerontology. 2004 February; 39(2): 189-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15036411

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Coenzyme Q(10) supplementation in infertile men with idiopathic asthenozoospermia: an open, uncontrolled pilot study. Author(s): Balercia G, Mosca F, Mantero F, Boscaro M, Mancini A, Ricciardo-Lamonica G, Littarru G. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2004 January; 81(1): 93-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14711549

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Coenzyme Q(10) supplementation inhibits aortic lipid oxidation but fails to attenuate intimal thickening in balloon-injured New Zealand white rabbits. Author(s): Choy KJ, Deng YM, Hou JY, Wu B, Lau A, Witting PK, Stocker R. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2003 August 1; 35(3): 300-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12885592

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Coenzyme Q10 and cardiovascular disease: a review. Author(s): Sarter B. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 2002 July; 16(4): 9-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12597259

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Coenzyme Q-10 and cardiovascular health. Author(s): Jones K, Hughes K, Mischley L, McKenna DJ. Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2004 January-February; 10(1): 2230; Quiz 31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14727496

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Coenzyme Q10 as a possible treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. Author(s): Beal MF. Source: Free Radical Research. 2002 April; 36(4): 455-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12069110

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Coenzyme Q10 improves blood pressure and glycaemic control: a controlled trial in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Hodgson JM, Watts GF, Playford DA, Burke V, Croft KD. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 November; 56(11): 1137-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12428181

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Coenzyme Q10 in health and disease. Author(s): Overvad K, Diamant B, Holm L, Holmer G, Mortensen SA, Stender S. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 October; 53(10): 764-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10556981

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Coenzyme Q10 in plasma and erythrocytes: comparison of antioxidant levels in healthy probands after oral supplementation and in patients suffering from sickle cell anemia.

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Author(s): Niklowitz P, Menke T, Wiesel T, Mayatepek E, Zschocke J, Okun JG, Andler W. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 2002 December; 326(1-2): 155-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12417107 •

Coenzyme Q10 reduces the toxicity of rotenone in neuronal cultures by preserving the mitochondrial membrane potential. Author(s): Menke T, Gille G, Reber F, Janetzky B, Andler W, Funk RH, Reichmann H. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 2003; 18(1-4): 65-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14695921

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Coenzyme Q10 supplementation and recovery from ischemia in senescent rat myocardium. Author(s): Lonnrot K, Tolvanen JP, Porsti I, Ahola T, Hervonen A, Alho H. Source: Life Sciences. 1999; 64(5): 315-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10072191

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Coenzyme Q10 supplementation provides mild symptomatic benefit in patients with Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Muller T, Buttner T, Gholipour AF, Kuhn W. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 May 8; 341(3): 201-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12697283

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Coenzyme q10. Author(s): Pepping J. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 1999 March 15; 56(6): 519-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10192685

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Coenzyme Q10: a vital therapeutic nutrient for the heart with special application in congestive heart failure. Author(s): Sinatra ST. Source: Conn Med. 1997 November; 61(11): 707-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9419958

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Coenzyme Q10: absorption, antioxidative properties, determinants, and plasma levels. Author(s): Kaikkonen J, Tuomainen TP, Nyyssonen K, Salonen JT. Source: Free Radical Research. 2002 April; 36(4): 389-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12069102

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Coenzyme Q-10: efficacy, safety, and use. Author(s): Jones K, Hughes K, Mischley L, McKenna DJ. Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2002 May-June; 8(3): 42-55; Quiz 56, 138. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12017500

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Coenzyme Q10-containing composition (Immugen) protects against occupational and environmental stress in workers of the gas and oil industry. Author(s): Korkina L, Deeva I, Ibragimova G, Shakula A, Luci A, De Luca C. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 2003; 18(1-4): 245-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14695940

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Control of arterial tone after long-term coenzyme Q10 supplementation in senescent rats. Author(s): Lonnrot K, Porsti I, Alho H, Wu X, Hervonen A, Tolvanen JP. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 1998 August; 124(7): 1500-6. Erratum In: Br J Pharmacol 1998 December; 125(8): 1788. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9723964

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Cytoprotective and anticancer properties of coenzyme Q versus capsaicin. Author(s): Galati G, O'Brien PJ. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 2003; 18(1-4): 195-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14695935

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Dietary coenzyme Q(10) supplement renders swine hearts resistant to ischemiareperfusion injury. Author(s): Maulik N, Yoshida T, Engelman RM, Bagchi D, Otani H, Das DK. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2000 April; 278(4): H1084-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10749701

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Dietary coenzyme Q10 and mitochondrial status. Author(s): Chow CK. Source: Methods Enzymol. 2004; 382: 105-12. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15047099

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Dietary coenzyme Q10 supplementation alters platelet size and inhibits human vitronectin (CD51/CD61) receptor expression. Author(s): Serebruany VL, Ordonez JV, Herzog WR, Rohde M, Mortensen SA, Folkers K, Gurbel PA. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1997 January; 29(1): 16-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9007665

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Dietary supplementation with coenzyme Q10 results in increased levels of ubiquinol10 within circulating lipoproteins and increased resistance of human low-density lipoprotein to the initiation of lipid peroxidation. Author(s): Mohr D, Bowry VW, Stocker R. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1992 June 26; 1126(3): 247-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1637852

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Dietary supplements of vitamin E, beta-carotene, coenzyme Q10 and selenium protect tissues against lipid peroxidation in rat tissue slices. Author(s): Leibovitz B, Hu ML, Tappel AL. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1990 January; 120(1): 97-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2303916

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Effect of coenzyme Q10 and Ginkgo biloba on warfarin dosage in stable, long-term warfarin treated outpatients. A randomised, double blind, placebo-crossover trial. Author(s): Engelsen J, Nielsen JD, Winther K. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2002 June; 87(6): 1075-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12083489

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Effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on cardiac hypertrophy of male rats consuming a high-fructose, low-copper diet. Author(s): Lewis CG, Fields M, Burns WA, Lure MD. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 1993 May-June; 37(2-3): 137-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7688527

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Effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on mitochondrial function after myocardial ischemia reperfusion. Author(s): Crestanello JA, Doliba NM, Doliba NM, Babsky AM, Niborii K, Osbakken MD, Whitman GJ. Source: The Journal of Surgical Research. 2002 February; 102(2): 221-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11796022

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Effect of combined coenzyme Q10 and d-alpha-tocopheryl acetate supplementation on exercise-induced lipid peroxidation and muscular damage: a placebo-controlled double-blind study in marathon runners. Author(s): Kaikkonen J, Kosonen L, Nyyssonen K, Porkkala-Sarataho E, Salonen R, Korpela H, Salonen JT. Source: Free Radical Research. 1998 July; 29(1): 85-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9733025

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Effect of dietary coenzyme Q10 as an antioxidant in human plasma. Author(s): Weber C, Jakobsen TS, Mortensen SA, Paulsen G, Holmer G.

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Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1994; 15 Suppl: S97-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7752850 •

Effect of intermittent sound stimulation on cochlear microphonics and the possible preventive effect of coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Morimitsu T, Hagiwara T, Ide M, Matsumoto I, Okada S. Source: Hearing Research. 1980 August; 3(2): 155-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7419483

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Effect of oral coenzyme Q10 supplementation on the oxidation resistance of human VLDL+LDL fraction: absorption and antioxidative properties of oil and granulebased preparations. Author(s): Kaikkonen J, Nyyssonen K, Porkkala-Sarataho E, Poulsen HE, Metsa-Ketela T, Hayn M, Salonen R, Salonen JT. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 1997; 22(7): 1195-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9098093

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Effect of topical application of coenzyme Q10 on adult periodontitis. Author(s): Hanioka T, Tanaka M, Ojima M, Shizukuishi S, Folkers K. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1994; 15 Suppl: S241-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7752836

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Effects of coenzyme Q(10) administration on its tissue concentrations, mitochondrial oxidant generation, and oxidative stress in the rat. Author(s): Kwong LK, Kamzalov S, Rebrin I, Bayne AC, Jana CK, Morris P, Forster MJ, Sohal RS. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2002 September 1; 33(5): 627-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12208349

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Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on exercise performance, VO2max, and lipid peroxidation in trained cyclists. Author(s): Braun B, Clarkson PM, Freedson PS, Kohl RL. Source: Int J Sport Nutr. 1991 December; 1(4): 353-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1844568

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Effects of combined quercetin and coenzyme Q(10) treatment on oxidative stress in normal and diabetic rats. Author(s): Coldiron AD Jr, Sanders RA, Watkins JB 3rd. Source: Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology. 2002; 16(4): 197-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12242689

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Effects of oral coenzyme Q10 supplementation on sodium nitrite-induced lipid peroxidation in rats. Author(s): Grudzinski IP, Frankiewicz-Jozko A. Source: Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2001; 52(3): 213-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11771113

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Effects of oral supplementation of coenzyme Q10 on 31P-NMR detected skeletal muscle energy metabolism in middle-aged post-polio subjects and normal volunteers. Author(s): Mizuno M, Quistorff B, Theorell H, Theorell M, Chance B. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1997; 18 Suppl: S291-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9266539

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Effects of short-term supplementation with coenzyme Q10 on myocardial protection during cardiac operations. Author(s): Taggart DP, Jenkins M, Hooper J, Hadjinikolas L, Kemp M, Hue D, Bennett G. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1996 March; 61(3): 829-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8619701

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Effects of tamoxifen, melatonin, coenzyme Q10, and L-carnitine supplementation on bacterial growth in the presence of mycotoxins. Author(s): Atroshi F, Rizzo A, Westermarck T, Ali-vehmas T. Source: Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 1998 October; 38(4): 289-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9774492

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Hemostatic changes after dietary coenzyme Q10 supplementation in swine. Author(s): Serebruany VL, Herzog WR, Atamas SP, Gurbel PA, Rohde M, Mortensen SA, Folkers K. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1996 August; 28(2): 175-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8856471

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In vivo supplementation with coenzyme Q10 enhances the recovery of human lymphocytes from oxidative DNA damage. Author(s): Tomasetti M, Alleva R, Borghi B, Collins AR. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2001 June; 15(8): 1425-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11387245

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Ineffectiveness of oral coenzyme Q10 supplementation in 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, type 3. Author(s): Costeff H, Apter N, Elpeleg ON, Prialnic M, Bohles HJ.

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Source: Brain & Development. 1998 January; 20(1): 33-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9533558 •

Ion transport and respiratory control in vesicles formed from reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide coenzyme Q reductase and phospholipids. Author(s): Ragan CI, Hinkle PC. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1975 November 10; 250(21): 8472-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=386

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Italian multicenter study on the efficacy and safety of coenzyme Q10 as adjuvant therapy in heart failure. Author(s): Lampertico M, Comis S. Source: Clin Investig. 1993; 71(8 Suppl): S129-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8241696

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Low molecular weight analogs of coenzyme Q as hydrogen acceptors and donors in systems of the respiratory chain. Author(s): Wan YP, Williams RH, Folkers K, Leung KH, Racker E. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1975 March 3; 63(1): 115. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1125004

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Monounsaturated diet lowers LDL oxidisability in type IIb and type IV dyslipidemia without affecting coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E contents. Author(s): Svegliati Baroni S, Amelio M, Fiorito A, Gaddi A, Littarru G, Battino M. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 1999; 9(2-4): 325-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10416048

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No effect of supplementation with vitamin E, ascorbic acid, or coenzyme Q10 on oxidative DNA damage estimated by 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine excretion in smokers. Author(s): Prieme H, Loft S, Nyyssonen K, Salonen JT, Poulsen HE. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 February; 65(2): 503-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9022536

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Olive oil supplemented with vitamin E affects mitochondrial coenzyme Q levels in liver of rats after an oxidative stress induced by adriamycin. Author(s): Quiles JL, Ramirez-Tortosa MC, Huertas JR, Ibanez S, Gomez JA, Battino M, Mataix J. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 1999; 9(2-4): 331-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10416049

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Partial and complete regression of breast cancer in patients in relation to dosage of coenzyme Q10. Author(s): Lockwood K, Moesgaard S, Folkers K. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1994 March 30; 199(3): 1504-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7908519

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Protection by vitamin E selenium, trolox C, ascorbic acid palmitate, acetylcysteine, coenzyme Q, beta-carotene, canthaxanthin, and (+)-catechin against oxidative damage to liver slices measured by oxidized heme proteins. Author(s): Chen H, Tappel AL. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 1994 April; 16(4): 437-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8005528

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Protection of adenylate pool and energy charge by L-carnitine and coenzyme Q during energy depletion in rat heart slices. Author(s): Conte A, Palmieri L, Ronca G, Giovannini L, Bertelli A. Source: Int J Tissue React. 1990; 12(3): 187-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2276899

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Protection of vitamin E, selenium, trolox C, ascorbic acid palmitate, acetylcysteine, coenzyme Q0, coenzyme Q10, beta-carotene, canthaxanthin, and (+)-catechin against oxidative damage to rat blood and tissues in vivo. Author(s): Chen H, Tappel AL. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 1995 May; 18(5): 949-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7797106

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Protective action of L-carnitine and coenzyme Q10 against hepatic triglyceride infiltration induced by hyperbaric oxygen and ethanol. Author(s): Bertelli A, Cerrati A, Giovannini L, Mian M, Spaggiari P, Bertelli AA. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1993; 19(2): 65-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8223144

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Protective synergic effect of coenzyme Q10 and carnitine on hyperbaric oxygen toxicity. Author(s): Bertelli A, Bertelli AA, Giovannini L, Spaggiari P. Source: Int J Tissue React. 1990; 12(3): 193-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2276900

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Quercetin, coenzyme Q10, and L-canavanine as protective agents against lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide generation in endotoxin-induced shock in rat brain. Author(s): Abd El-Gawad HM, Khalifa AE.

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Source: Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 2001 March; 43(3): 257-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11401418 •

Questions & answers. I take a statin to lower my LDL (bad) cholesterol level, but I've heard statins inhibit the production of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). Should I take a CoQ10 supplement? Author(s): Ornato JP. Source: Health News. 2004 April; 10(4): 16. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15088591

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Questions about coenzyme Q-10. Author(s): Daiell R. Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2002 November-December; 8(6): 18; Author Reply 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12440833

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Rabbit liver mitochondria coenzyme Q10 and hydroperoxide levels: an experimental model of atherosclerosis. Author(s): Ramirez-Tortosa MC, Quiles JL, Gil A, Mataix J. Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 1997; 18 Suppl: S233-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9266527

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Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of coenzyme Q10 in isolated systolic hypertension. Author(s): Burke BE, Neuenschwander R, Olson RD. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2001 November; 94(11): 1112-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11780680

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Reaction sites of rotenone in the respiratory chain and in soluble DPNH-coenzyme Q reductase. Author(s): Horgan DJ, Singer TP. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1967 May 5; 27(3): 35660. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6035117

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Regulation of coenzyme Q biosynthesis and breakdown. Author(s): Dallner G, Brismar K, Chojnacki T, Swiezewska E. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 2003; 18(1-4): 11-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14695916

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Relevance of the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q10 and of the four bases of DNA as a rationale for the molecular causes of cancer and a therapy. Author(s): Folkers K. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1996 July 16; 224(2): 358-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8702395

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Solid-phase extraction of lipid from Saccharomyces cerevisiae followed by highperformance liquid chromatography analysis of coenzyme Q content. Author(s): Hagerman RA, Anthony MJ, Willis RA. Source: Analytical Biochemistry. 2001 September 1; 296(1): 141-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11520043

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Specificity of coenzyme Q inhibition of an aging-related cell surface NADH oxidase (ECTO-NOX) that generates superoxide. Author(s): Morre DM, Morre DJ. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 2003; 18(1-4): 33-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14695918

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Stability and bioequivalence studies of two marketed formulations of coenzyme Q10 in beagle dogs. Author(s): Kommuru TR, Ashraf M, Khan MA, Reddy IK. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1999 July; 47(7): 1024-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10434405

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Studies on the respiratory chain-linked reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase. XI. Transformation of the dehydrogenase to reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-coenzyme Q reductase. Author(s): Salach J, Singer TP, Bader P. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1967 October 25; 242(20): 4555-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6070265

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Synergic and complementary effects of L-carnitine and coenzyme Q on long-chain fatty acid metabolism and on protection against anthracycline damage. Author(s): Conte A, Palmieri L, Ronca G, Giovannini L, Bertelli A. Source: Int J Tissue React. 1990; 12(3): 197-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2276901

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The clinical use of HMG CoA-reductase inhibitors and the associated depletion of coenzyme Q10. A review of animal and human publications. Author(s): Langsjoen PH, Langsjoen AM.

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Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 2003; 18(1-4): 101-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14695925 •

The coenzyme Q10 content of the average Danish diet. Author(s): Weber C, Bysted A, Hllmer G. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1997; 67(2): 123-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9129255

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The non-equivalence of binding sites of coenzyme quinone and rotenone in mitochondrial NADH-CoQ reductase. Author(s): Ahmed I, Krishnamoorthy G. Source: Febs Letters. 1992 April 6; 300(3): 275-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1313376

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The restoration of DPNH oxidase activity by coenzyme Q (ubiquinone). Author(s): Szarkowska L. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1966 March; 113(3): 519-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4287664

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The role of coenzyme Q-10 in aging: a follow-up study on life-long oral supplementation Q-10 in rats. Author(s): Lonnrot K, Metsa-Ketela T, Alho H. Source: Gerontology. 1995; 41 Suppl 2: 109-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8821325

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The second coenzyme Q1 binding site of bovine heart NADH: coenzyme Q oxidoreductase. Author(s): Nakashima Y, Shinzawa-Itoh K, Watanabe K, Naoki K, Hano N, Yoshikawa S. Source: Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes. 2002 April; 34(2): 89-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12018892

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Therapeutic effects of coenzyme Q10 and remacemide in transgenic mouse models of Huntington's disease. Author(s): Ferrante RJ, Andreassen OA, Dedeoglu A, Ferrante KL, Jenkins BG, Hersch SM, Beal MF. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2002 March 1; 22(5): 1592-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11880489

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Two sites of coenzyme Q in mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Author(s): Castelli A, Lenaz G, Folkers K.

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Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1969 January 27; 34(2): 200-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5796740 •

Uptake of dietary coenzyme Q supplement is limited in rats. Author(s): Zhang Y, Aberg F, Appelkvist EL, Dallner G, Ernster L. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1995 March; 125(3): 446-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7876919

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Virgin olive oil and coenzyme Q10 protect heart mitochondria from peroxidative damage during aging. Author(s): Huertas JR, Martinez-Velasco E, Ibanez S, Lopez-Frias M, Ochoa JJ, Quiles J, Parenti Castelli G, Mataix J, Lenaz G. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 1999; 9(2-4): 337-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10416050

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Vitamin activity of coenzyme Q in chickens and turkeys. Author(s): Larsen M, Couch JR, Enzmann F, Boler L, Mustafa HT, Folkers K. Source: Int Z Vitaminforsch. 1969; 39(4): 447-56. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5378739

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Vitamin deficiencies and perspectives on coenzyme Q. Author(s): Folkers K. Source: Int Z Vitaminforsch. 1967; 37(4): 526-38. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4879806

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Vitamin E, selenium, trolox C, ascorbic acid palmitate, acetylcysteine, coenzyme Q, beta-carotene, canthaxanthin, and (+)-catechin protect against oxidative damage to kidney, heart, lung and spleen. Author(s): Chen H, Tappel AL. Source: Free Radical Research. 1995 February; 22(2): 177-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7704186

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to coenzyme Q; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Alzheimer's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Angina Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Angina Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anorexia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arteriosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Atherosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Atherosclerosis and Heart Disease Prevention Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bone Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Brain Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Breast Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Breast Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cardiomyopathy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cardiomyopathy Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Colon Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Coronary Artery Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dementia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diabetes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diabetes Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Emphysema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Endocarditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fibromyalgia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gingivitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glaucoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gum Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heart Attack Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Blood Pressure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com HIV and AIDS Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Alternative names: High Blood Pressure Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hyperthyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Immune System Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insulin Resistance Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Lung Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lung Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lyme Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lymphoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Male Infertility Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Male Infertility Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Miscarriage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Multiple Sclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Muscular Dystrophy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pericarditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Periodontal Disease Alternative names: Gum Disease Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Prostate Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pulmonary Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pulmonary Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Radiation Damage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Raynaud's Phenomenon Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Senile Dementia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Shock Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spontaneous Abortion Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stroke Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Water Retention Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •

Herbs and Supplements Acetaminophen Alternative names: Acephen, Aceta, Amaphen, Anoquan, Apacet, Arthritis Foundation Aspirin Free, Arthritis Foundation Nighttime, Aspirin Free Anacin, Aspirin Free Excedrin, Bayer Select, Dapacin, Dynafed, Endolor, Esgic, Excedrin P.M., Fem-Etts, Femcet, Feverall, Fioricet, Fiorpap, Genapap, Genebs, Halenol, Isocet, Liquiprin, Mapap, Maranox, Meda, Medigesic, Midol, Multi-Symptom Pamprin, Neopap, Nighttime Pamprin, Oraphen-PD, Panadol, Phrenilin, Repan, Ridenol, Sedapap, Silapap, Sominex Pain Relief, Tapanol, Tempra, Tylenol, Uni-Ace, Unisom with Pain Relief Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Alpha Lipoic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alpha2-Adrenergic Agonists Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Antioxidants Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10004,00.html Antioxidants and Free Radicals Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Arginine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Beta-Blockers Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-Blockers Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Clonidine Alternative names: Catapres Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Coenzyme Q Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,768,00.html Coenzyme Q10 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Coenzyme Q10 Alternative names: CoQ10 Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com CoQ10 Alternative names: Coenzyme Q10 Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Doxorubicin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eleuthero Alternative names: Siberian Ginseng, Eleuthero; Acanthopanax/Eleutherococcus senticosus Rupr. & Maxim. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Fibric Acid Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gemfibrozil Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hydralazine Alternative names: Apresoline Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Melaleuca Alternative names: Tea Tree Oil; Melaleuca alternifolia Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Methyldopa Alternative names: Aldomet Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Oral Hypoglycemics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Perphenazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Phenothiazine Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phenothiazines Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Propranolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Red Yeast Rice Alternative names: Monascus purpureus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Red Yeast Rice Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10054,00.html Sulfonylureas Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Taurine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Thioridazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thioxanthene Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Timolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tricyclic Antidepressants Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tricyclic Antidepressants Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vasodilators Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Warfarin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Warfarin Alternative names: Coumadin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON COENZYME Q Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “coenzyme Q” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on coenzyme Q, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Coenzyme Q By performing a patent search focusing on coenzyme Q, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on coenzyme Q: •

Coenzyme Q products exhibiting high dissolution qualities Inventor(s): Chopra; Raj K. (704 Dermott Ct., Westbury, NY 11590) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,300,377 Date filed: February 22, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition in liquid dosage form of coenzyme Q or ubiquinone which can be formulated into cosmetic, dietary supplement or pharmaceutical dosage form for administration to patients. The dosage form comprises an effective amount of coenzyme Q or ubiquinone ranging from about 0.05% to about 15%, more preferably about 1% to about 10.0% by weight of the composition in combination with a polysorbate surfactant such as a Tween.TM., surfactant, a vegetable oil or triglyceride, in further combination with a glyceryl ester in amounts effective to produce a liquid dosage form. Optional additives include a phospholipid such as hydroxylated lecithin, among others such as tocopherols or tocopherol esters effective to solubilize the ubiquinone in combination as well as other bioactive agents. Compositions according to the present invention avoid the inclusion of a polyhydric alcohol solvent in solubilizing amounts. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions comprising coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) in liquid form which provides enhanced bioavailability and may be presented in dietary supplement, cosmetic or pharmaceutical dosage form (preferably oral dosage form), including hard or soft gelatin capsules for oral administration. Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone), a dietary supplement, is a vitamin-like substance which is used to treat congestive heart failure and other cardiac problems, including heart ailments and diseases such as congestive heart failure, as well as a number of other conditions including high blood pressure, mitochochondrial disorders, including mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, anoxia, lactic acidosis, strokelike symptoms, neurodegenerative diseases, Kearns-Sayre syndrome and Alper's disease, among others. Coenzyme Q is the best known of a group of lipophilic quinones which have the capacity to transfer reducing equivalents or electrons within a lipid phase of cellular membranes. Reduced benzoquinones in general are effective reductants for oxygen or lipid radicals. Early studies showed that reduced coenzyme Q is an effective antioxidant. See, Mellors and Tappel, 1996, J. Biol. Chem., 241: 4353-4356. Reduced coenzyme Q now appears to function as part of a complex chain of antioxidant activity. An important role of coenzyme Q can be in reduction of radicals of.alpha.-tocopherol and ascorbate formed when these antioxidants are oxidized by oxygen or carboxyl radicals. There are no enzymes for direct reduction of tocopheryl radical or external ascorbate radical, but there are enzymes in all membranes which can reduce coenzyme Q and the reduced coenzyme Q can reduce the tocopheryl or ascorbate radicals to restore tocopherol or ascorbate. Without the support of enzymes to reduce coenzyme Q, the reduced coenzyme Q would not be a very effective antioxidant because the semiquinone formed by interaction with lipid or oxygen radicals is readily autooxidized with formation of a superoxide radical. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06300377__

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Combination preparation for stimulating the growth of hair and optionally the growth of skin and nails as well as for preventing or eliminating the loss of hair Inventor(s): Klett-Loch; Lore Maria (Bautzener Weg 1-3, D-68309 Mannheim, DE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,013,279 Date filed: June 6, 1997 Abstract: A combination preparation for stimulating the growth of hair and, optionally, the growth of skin and nails with a combination of active ingredients comprising vitamins, enzymes, and amino acids develops its effects from within the body, in that the combination of active ingredients of the combination preparation is made as a component of a form of oral administration, and that it comprises at least: 1.25 wt. % provitamin A; 0.27 wt. % vitamin B.sub.1; 5.25 wt. % vitamins of the B.sub.2 group; 0.37 wt. % vitamin B.sub.6; 0.001 wt. % vitamin B.sub.12; 15.61 wt. % vitamin C; 2.5 wt. % vitamin E; 1.04 wt. % coenzyme Q 10; 0.02 wt. % methionine; and 0.018 wt. % cystine. To increase the effectiveness of the combination preparation, its use is described as a supplement to a topically applicable hair growth stimulant, in particular a thymuscontaining therapeutical agent. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a combination preparation for stimulating, on the one hand, the growth of hair and, optionally, the growth of skin and nails and for preventing or eliminating, on the other hand, the loss of hair to the extent that the hair follicles are still present or intact. More specifically, the combination preparation is a combination of active ingredients which contains vitamins, enzymes, and amino acids. In practice, preparations for stimulating the growth of hair have been known for a long time, and they comprise a great variety of compositions. For example, such preparations may contain sulfur or sulfur compounds, vitamins, hormones, cholesterol- and lecithincontaining substances. On the one hand, such combination preparations are used for the preventive preservation and the health of the hair. On the other hand, however, they are also used for curing the loss of hair. In both women and men, the occurrence of an increased loss of hair is accompanied by the fear of becoming totally bald-headed. Besides the medical aspect, disturbances in the hair growth thus present a great personal problem for the affected person. The rate of growth of the hair amounts to about 0.35 mm per day, the hair density is from about 80,000 to 150,000 hairs per head. A loss of 100 hairs per day constitutes already a pathological effluvium. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06013279__

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Method of medical treatment of pancreatic insufficiency Inventor(s): Kanno; Tomio (Sapporo, JA) Assignee(s): Eisai Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JA) Patent Number: 4,068,001 Date filed: February 9, 1977 Abstract: The invention relates to a new use of Coenzyme Q compounds, and more particularly, to a method of medical treatment of pancreatic insufficiency by administering Coenzyme Q compounds. Excerpt(s): Coenzyme Q is also called "ubiquinone". I have studied other medical indications of Coenzyme Q and have found, unexpectedly in view of the prior art, that

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Coenzymes Q are effective for the improvement of lowered functions of pancreas and pancreas external secretion. I have found that Coenzymes Q are, therefore, effective as medicaments for treating pancreatic insufficiency which causes lowering of pancreas functions and of diseases which result from the lowering of pancreas functions, for example, chronic pancreatitis, impaired digestion-absorption syndrome and pancreas external secretion insufficiency. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04068001__ •

Method of treating benign forgetfulness Inventor(s): Hamilton; Nathan D. (Palo Alto, CA) Assignee(s): Juvenon Inc. (Orinda, CA) Patent Number: 6,335,361 Date filed: November 2, 2000 Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods to treat cognition disorders, particularly those associated with aging. The method comprises administering a combination of a carnitine and an oxidant. Preferably the oxidant is thioctic acid. Preferably 0.12 grams to 3 grams of carnitine (particularly ALC) and 0.12 and 1.5 grams of R-.alpha.-lipoic acid are administered. Optionally, coenzyme Q and/or creatine also are administered. Preferably 10 mg to 500 mg/day of coenzyme Q10 and 1 to 30 grams/day of creatine are administered. The same method can be used to treat cognition deficits associated with carbon monoxide poisoning, mild traumatic brain injury, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, obsessive-compulsive disorder, environmental toxin exposure, and other conditions. Excerpt(s): This invention is related to the prevention and amelioration of memory deficits related to aging and other causes. More specifically, this invention is related to the administration of micronutrients, such as an antioxidant, a canitine product, and optionally coenzyme Q and/or creatine to those at risk of memory loss. Many adults gradually develop noticeable difficulties in memory, at first for names, then for events, and sometimes even occasionally for spatial relationships. The majority of healthy older people complain about forgetfulness and decreased concentration, and this compromises their quality of life. It is well established that virtually all aspects of cognitive functioning deteriorate with age. There has also been a rapid increase in the interest of clinicians, researchers and the pharmaceutical industry in the development of new classes of drugs for the palliative treatment of age-related cognitive deficits and dementing conditions. This widely experienced so-called benign forgetfulness, or benign senescent forgetfulness, bears no proven relationship to degenerative dementia but may be a forewarning, since there are some similarities. Kral was the first to introduce diagnostic terminology for age-associated changes in memory (J Gerontol 13: 169-176, 1958; Can Med Assoc J 86: 257-260, 1962). He used the term "benign senescent forgetfulness" (BSF) to distinguish subjects with mild memory decline from those with more severe, "malignant" changes (MSF), and also from those with normal memory functions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06335361__

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Nutrient therapy for immuno-compromised patients Inventor(s): Germano; Carl (New City, NY) Assignee(s): Millenium Biotechnologies, Inc. (Barnardsville, NJ) Patent Number: 6,503,506 Date filed: August 10, 2001 Abstract: A nutritional supplement is taught for treating chronic debilitating diseases such as HIV/AIDS to overcome conditions of oxidative stress, decreased lean muscle mass, decreased energy production (mitochondrial failure) and support immune function. It comprises orally administrable superoxide dismutase (SOD), preferably SOD/GLIADIN, in combination with other antioxidant/immune support components (Beta Glucans, Nucleotides, Fruit Polyphenols); High Immunoglobin Whey; (undenatured whey), Ornithine alpha ketoglutarate (OKG), Branched Chain Amino Acids and Glutamine to reduce loss of lean muscle mass; and Coenzyme Q 10, D-Ribose and L-Carnitine to provide energy support (decrease mitochondrial failure). Excerpt(s): Unfortunately there appears to be a growing number of people suffering from chronic debilitating diseases characterized by muscle tissue wasting, decreased energy and oxidative stress and immune impairment. Most dramatic of such disease is the major increase in HIV presently infecting over 50 million people. Currently approximately 22 million people have died from the consequences of HIV induced Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV attacks the human immune system, weakening the body and reducing the patient's ability to ward off opportunistic infections, ultimately rendering him/her defenseless against diseases that usually and under normal circumstances can be successfully treated. There is no cure for AIDS. Over the years a sizable array of vaccines, antiretroviral drugs, such as AZT and other viral suppressive compounds, have been developed that seek to--if not defeat, at least control the rate at which HIV replicates and thereby slow the progression of the disease, or even arrest it. However, most of these drugs to be effective have to be taken in combination with complicated regimes that need to be followed meticulously and indefinitely. More importantly, the toxic nature of these drugs leads to further decreases in host defense, energy production and increases in oxidative stress furthering the development of the disease. These drugs are expensive and not affordable by many if not most HIV infected persons. Furthermore, even if available and affordable, there presently are no reliable data on the side effects of such long term therapy, or HIV's capacity to mutate into drug resistant strains. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06503506__

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Nutritional supplement for increased energy and stamina Inventor(s): Hamilton; Nathan D. (San Francisco, CA) Assignee(s): Juvenon, Inc. (Orinda, CA) Patent Number: 6,479,069 Date filed: September 8, 2000 Abstract: Disclosed herein are compositions to meet the needs of individuals, including humans and pets. Nutritional beverages, powders to make the same, a pudding and a nutritional bar are disclosed whose compositions include the R-.alpha.-lipoic acid in the amount of 0.12 grams to 1.5 grams and L-carnitine in the amount of 0.12 grams to 3

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grams in addition to the usual composition. Optionally, effective amounts of coenzyme Q and/or creatine also are added. These additional components fight age-related declines in mitochondrial function which result in less energy and other signs of aging. Excerpt(s): The present invention is generally directed to dietary supplements and nutritional beverages. More specifically, the present invention relates to the addition of the combination of lipoic acid and carnitine to these compositions. Liquid diet supplements or nutritional drinks have been used for years to provide needed calories, protein, vitamins and minerals to people too sick or frail to eat sufficient amounts of solid food. Now these products are being marketed as energy boosters to people who want to remain energetic, particularly those aged 50 and older. The oldest and by far the best selling nutritional drink is made by the Ross Products Division of Abbott Laboratories (Columbus, Ohio). For 1997, its sales exceeded $170 million, which does not even include the higher-calorie Ensure Plus.RTM. or the lower calorie Ensure Light.RTM. beverages. Another competitor for active older consumers include Sandoz Nutrition (Minneapolis, Minn.) which sells ReSource.RTM., the official nutritional drink of the senior Professional Golf Association tour. Mead Johnson Nutritionals (Evansville, Ind.) also has been marketing its Boost.RTM. drink to seniors. Registered dietitians state that these nutritional drinks are better than a snack such as a bag of cheese curls and a soda. Although the nutritional drinks are being marketed as meal replacements, dietitians warn that the drinks are an inadequate substitute for three balanced meals. Each 8-ounce can or carton has about 20-25% of the Recommended Daily Allowance of an assortment of vitamins and minerals but lacks fiber and other nutrients found in nature. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06479069__ •

Process for producing coenzyme Q Inventor(s): Kagotani; Keiichi (Takasago, JP), Kawaharada; Hajime (Kakogawa, JP), Noda; Norio (Takasago, JP), Shimada; Yoshio (Kakogawa, JP), Watanabe; Kiyoshi (Akashi, JP) Assignee(s): Kanegafuchi Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 4,194,065 Date filed: October 18, 1977 Abstract: A process is disclosed wherein yeast cells containing coenzyme Q in large quantities are efficiently produced by aerobically cultivating a yeast, in which maximum specific growth rate is not less than 0.15 hr.sup.-1 under optimum cultural conditions, in a nutrient medium in which said yeast can grow, while maintaining the dissolved oxygen concentration in the culture broth at not less than 2 ppm and controlling the average specific growth rate through the whole period of cultivation at not more than 0.1 hr.sup.-1, and coenzyme Q is recovered from the resulting yeast cells. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for the production of coenzyme Q (hereinafter referred to as Co-Q). More specifically, the present invention relates to a process for the advantageous production of Co-Q from yeast cells which are produced efficiently and contain large quantities of Co-Q. Co-Q is a quinone derivative which plays an important role in the terminal electron transport system of organisms. The structure of Co-Q is 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone having an isoprenoid side chain at the 6 position, and there are various homologs including Co-Q.sub.6 -CoQ.sub.10 depending on the number of the isoprene unit in the side chain. Co-Q occurs in

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various kinds of organisms and those in yeasts are known to be Co-Q.sub.6 -CoQ.sub.10. Their physiological activity and pharmacological effects recently have been elucidated. Co-Q hitherto has been produced by extraction from animals and plants and partly by chemical synthesis, but the cost is so high that industrial production on a large scale has been difficult. Therefore, attempts to produce Co-Q by fermentation recently have been attempted. However, the Co-Q content of cells produced by the usual method of cultivating microorganisms is rather low. There is a method in which a yeast of the genus Candida is cultivated in a medium containing n-alkane with the addition of a precursor of Co-Q such as p-hydroxybenzoic acid to increase the Co-Q content of cells (Japanese Pat. No. 673,128). However, in this method, the amounts of Co-Q produced per culture broth are small and the carbon source is limited to n-alkane. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04194065__ •

Process for the production of coenzyme Q Inventor(s): Aida; Ko (No. 681-2, Oazanegishi, Urawa-shi, Saitama-ken, JP), Kawada; Izumi (Yokohama, JP), Uchida; Kinya (Mitaka, JP) Assignee(s): Aida; Ko (Urawa, JP) Patent Number: 4,205,125 Date filed: January 25, 1979 Abstract: A process for producing Coenzyme Q which comprises cultivating a microorganism belonging to genus Pseudomonas in a culture medium to which at least one member selected from the group consisting of isopentenyl alcohol (3-methyl-3butene-1-ol), dimethyl allyl alcohol (3-methyl-2-butene-1-ol), geraniol, isopentenyl acetate, dimethyl allyl acetate, geranyl acetate and.beta.-methyl crotonic acid is added, and obtaining thus formed Coenzyme Q. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for the production of Coenzyme Q. More particularly, it is concerned with a process for the production of Coenzyme Q which comprises cultivating a microorganism belonging to the genus pseudomonas in a culture medium to which at least one member selected from the group consisting of isopentenyl alcohol, dimethyl allyl alcohol, geraniol, isopentenyl acetate, dimethyl allyl acetate, geranyl acetate and.beta.-methyl crotonic acid is added to form Coenzyme Q and obtaining it. Coenzyme Q is widely distributed in animals, plants and microorganisms etc., and it plays an important role as a constitutive element of the terminal electron transfer system. Recently it has been clarified that Coenzyme Q exhibits excellent medical and phisiological activities to various diseases. In particular, Coenzyme Q.sub.10 is considered most valuable as a medicine since Coenzyme Q of a human being is Coenzyme Q.sub.10. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04205125__

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Process for the production of coenzyme Q Inventor(s): Ideguchi; Satoshi (Hyogo, JP), Kawaharada; Hajime (Hyogo, JP), Ogura; Masahiro (Hyogo, JP), Shimada; Masahiko (Hyogo, JP), Watanabe; Kiyoshi (Hyogo, JP) Assignee(s): Kanegafuchi Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 4,447,362 Date filed: September 8, 1977 Abstract: A process is disclosed wherein coenzyme Q is prepared from tissues of animals and plants or microbial cells by treating a water suspension of said materials with an alkali, or with an acid and then an alkali, and by extracting the treated suspension with at least one water-immiscible organic solvent followed by recovery of coenzyme Q from the extract. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for the production of coenzyme Q (hereinafter referred to as Co-Q) in high yields from tissues of animals and plants, or microbial cells, which contain Co-Q. Co-Q occurs in mitochondria of animals and plant tissues, and microbial cells, and is known to play an important role in organisms as an essential factor in the terminal electron transport system. Many reports on the pharmacological and clinical effects of Co-Q have been presented, and remarkable effects on congestive heart failure, coronary insufficiency, muscular dystrophy caused by malnutrition, and anemia have been elucidated. Thus, its value as a medicine has recently increased. The methods known for the extraction of Co-Q from natural sources include a direct saponification method in which materials containing Co-Q are directly saponified with an alcoholic alkali hydroxide in the presence of an antioxidant such as pyrogallol and thereafter Co-Q is extracted with a hydrophobic solvent such as nhexane and purified by column chromatography. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04447362__

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Protection of a food, cosmetic or pharmaceutical product against oxidation Inventor(s): Bracco; Umberto (Vevey, CH), Loliger; Jurg (Corseaux, CH), Saucy; Francoise (Blonay, CH) Assignee(s): Nestec S.A. (Vevey, CH) Patent Number: 5,258,179 Date filed: January 28, 1993 Abstract: Foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals containing a lipid susceptible to oxidation are protected from oxidation by incorporating an effective amount of a coenzyme Q in a lipid phase of the food, cosmetic or pharmaceutical. Ascorbic acid and a phospholipid may be incorporated in combination with the coenzyme Q to provide synergistic protection from oxidation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for the protection of a fat or a food, cosmetic or pharmaceutical product containing a fat against oxidation and to the use of coenzyme Q as an antioxidant in a food, cosmetic or pharmaceutical product containing a fat. It is known that the coenzyme Q (CoQ), or ubiquinone, which has been isolated from the lipids of mitochondria, is involved in the basic mechanisms of energy production by respiration, in the transport of electrons in mitochondria and in oxidative phosphorylation. Its antioxidant activity in biological media is known, cf. for example Littarru et al., Fats and Perspectives, Drugs exptl. clin. Res. X (7), 1491-496. However, in

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a different environment, such as a food, cosmetic or pharmaceutical product containing lipids, the oxidized form, namely quinone, could be expected to have no antioxidant activity because quinones are normally considered to be deactivation products of antioxidants of the hydroquinone type. It has now unexpectedly been found that ubiquinone in its quinone form has a significant antioxidant activity in food, cosmetic or pharmaceutical products containing lipids, more particularly in oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05258179__ •

Restoration of impaired cardiac function of patients with diverse muscular dystrophies by therapy with coenzyme Q10 Inventor(s): Folkers; Karl (Austin, TX), Wolaniuk; Janusz (Indianapolis, IN) Assignee(s): Board of Regents, The University of Texas System (Austin, TX) Patent Number: 4,885,167 Date filed: February 16, 1988 Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of Coenzyme Q in the treatment of slow muscle degeneration, commonly known to those of skill in the art so a dystrophy or atrophy, and the accompanying cardiac complications typically identified in such patients. Administration of Coenzyme Q, and particularly the analog Coenzyme Q.sub.10 (CoQ.sub.10) to humans increases the pumping of blood by the heart, and thereby increases tissue oxygeneration throughout the body. The net physiological effect halts the progression of muscle deterioration and improves cardiac function. An overall improvement in the quality of life for these human subjects is also observed, said patients reportedly experiencing less fatigue.A method for treating human patients with progressive muscular dystrophies or the neurogenic atrophies with Coenzyme Q.sub.10 (CoQ.sub.10) specifically disclosed. The method is similarly effective for the treatment of any form of muscle degeneration or cardiac muscular dysfunction independently. Excerpt(s): We have made three related discoveries on the administration of coenzyme Q.sub.10 (vitamin Q.sub.10) to patients with diverse muscular dystrophies and diverse neurogenic atrophies. The first discovery was the recognition that, in spite of the unknown and variable genetic defects, a patient with a form of muscular dystrophy or a patient with a form of neurogenic atrophy, could have the impaired cardiac function be significantly improved by treatment with coenzyme Q.sub.10 and not improved by treatment with a matching placebo. The second discovery was the recognition that all patients with eight diverse forms of muscular dystrophies and neurogenic atrophies had an increase in their impaired cardiac function by treatment with coenzyme Q.sub.10. It was almost unbelievable that all patients with such diverse genetic diseases should all respond by this therapy and show a significant increase in the pumping of the blood by their hearts. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04885167__

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Synthetic analogs having the activity of naturally occurring forms of coenzyme Q Inventor(s): Folkers; Karl (6406 Mesa Drive, Austin, TX 78731), Wan; Yieh-Ping (1100 Reinli, Apt. 209, Austin, TX 78723) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 3,974,187 Date filed: February 28, 1975 Abstract: Synthetic 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone is converted into a series of new 6-alkyl derivatives. These 6-alkyl derivatives have straight carbon chains which are both saturated and unsaturated. The unsaturated derivatives contain one, two, three and four double bonds. These new synthetic quinones are analogs of the naturally occurring forms of coenzyme Q and have the same fundamental electron-transfer capacity of the natural forms of coenzyme Q. Although the degree of the activity of these new synthetic analogs differ, some of these new synthetic analogs are effective substitutes for the natural forms of coenzyme Q. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to new, synthetically produced 6-alkyl derivatives of 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone. These new 6-alkyl derivatives have the coenzymatic activities of the natural forms of coenzyme Q and specifically that of the form, coenzyme Q.sub.10. More particularly, this invention relates to a process for synthesizing coenzymatically active analogs of the human coenzyme Q.sub.10 which function in the electron-transfer mechanisms of respiration and coupled oxidative phosphorylation. These mechanisms are indispensable to mammalian life. The human form of coenzyme Q is coenzyme Q.sub.10 (see formula below), and it is presumed to occur in every cell of every organ and every tissue of the human body which have mitochondria. Coenzyme Q.sub.10 has the biological characteristics of a vitamin, and exists in human tissue in trace amounts as do the well-known vitamins. Coenzyme Q.sub.10 occurs similarly in the tissue of cattle, and hundreds or thousands of hearts from cattle may be obtained from slaughter houses and used for the isolation of coenzyme Q.sub.10 in pure form by a tedious and expensive process. These naturally occurring forms of coenzyme Q exist in other living species including many of the higher plants. Again, the occurrence is in trace amounts and the isolation of a pure naturally occurring coenzyme Q from such other living source materials is a large-scale process. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03974187__

Patent Applications on Coenzyme Q As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to coenzyme Q:

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Composition for transmucosal adminstration containing conenzyme q as the active ingredient Inventor(s): Fujii, Kenji; (Hyogo, JP), Hidaka, Takayoshi; (Hyogo, JP), Hosoe, Kazunori; (Hyogo, JP), Kawabe, Taizo; (Hyogo, JP) Correspondence: Sughrue Mion, Pllc; 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.; Suite 800; Washington; DC; 20037; US Patent Application Number: 20040115181 Date filed: October 28, 2003 Abstract: The present invention relates to the supply of coenzyme Q which is highly useful in maintaining human health, and provides a method and preparations whereby coenzyme Q can be efficiently supplied to patients having difficulties in oral administration, aged having swallowing difficulties and patients with diseases caused by topical disorders. It is found that the coenzyme Q concentration in the blood or topical mucosae can be elevated by using a composition for transmucosal administration containing oxidized coenzyme Q and/or reduced coenzyme Q as the active ingredient, wherein the total content of the oxidized coenzyme Q and the reduced coenzyme Q amounts to 0.0001 to 99% by weight of the whole composition. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition for transmucosal administration containing coenzyme Q as an active ingredient. Coenzyme Q is an essential component which is distributed in a wide variety of living organisms ranging from bacteria to mammals. It is known that coenzyme Q undergoes oxidation/reduction cycles in living organisms and functions as an electron carrier in an electron transport system, and reduced coenzyme Q is an antioxidant. It is also known that in many animals including humans, fishes, and birds, coenzyme Q is mainly composed of coenzyme Q.sub.10 having 10 repeat structures in its side chain, and about 40% to 90% of coenzyme Q present in living organisms is generally in its reduced form. Since coenzyme Q can be synthesized in living organisms, coenzyme Q does not belong to the vitamin group, but it is thought to be substantially the same as vitamins. Also, the human ability of biosynthesis of coenzyme Q.sub.10 decreases with aging to decrease the coenzyme Q.sub.10 content in living organisms, and thus the need for supplying coenzyme Q.sub.10 in some form is demanded. In coenzyme Q.sub.10 oxidized coenzyme Q.sub.10 is used as an agent for a congestive heart failure in medical applications. In addition to medical applications, oxidized coenzyme Q.sub.10 is used as a nutritional supplement or nutritional adjuvant like vitamins, or used for effectively treating an allergic disease or increasing athletic ability. Therefore, the effectiveness of oxidized coenzyme Q.sub.10 has been reported in a wide variety of fields. Furthermore, the effectiveness for brain diseases such as dementia, and the like has been reported, and it can thus be expected that oxidized coenzyme Q.sub.10 has high effectiveness for elderly persons. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Cosmetics to support skin metabolism Inventor(s): Hamilton, Nathan D.; (Palo Alto, CA) Correspondence: Barbara J. Luther, Chartered; 18124 Wedge Parkway, #516; Reno; NV; 89511; US Patent Application Number: 20020044913 Date filed: February 12, 2001 Abstract: Disclosed herein are cosmetic compositions to support skin metabolism and ameliorate the appearance of aging. Cosmetics such as masks, sunscreens, and lotions are particularly preferred. The compositions contain 0.01-30% of an antioxidant (preferably R-.alpha.-lipoic acid), 0.01-30% of a carnitine (preferably ALC), and optionally 0.01-15% of a coenzyme Q (preferably Q10), and/or 0.01-30% of a creatine. Also disclosed are methods of treatment of aged, photoaged, dry, lined or wrinkled skin. A method of protecting skin from the deleterious effects of sun exposure includes applying a sunscreen composition containing 0.001-10% antioxidant, 0.001-10% carnitine, and optionally 0.001-10% coenzyme Q and/or 0.140% creatine. The antioxidant, a carnitine, and optionally coenzyme Q and/or creatine fight age-related declines in skin mitochondrial function, which result in the appearance of aging. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/181,793, filed Feb. 11, 2000, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/223,584, filed Aug. 7, 2000. The present invention is generally directed to cosmetics. More specifically, the present invention relates to the addition of the combination of lipoic acid, carnitine, and optionally coenzyme Q and/or creatine to cosmetic compositions. The skin is the largest organ in the body. The skin protects the deeper tissues from injury, drying, and invasion by foreign organisms. The skin contains the peripheral endings of many sensory nerves, as well as blood vessels. It plays an important part in regulating body temperature and also has limited excretory and absorbing powers. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method of treating age-related vision impairment Inventor(s): Hamilton, Nathan D.; (Palo Alto, CA) Correspondence: Skinner, Sutton, Watson & Rounds; 548 California Street; Reno; NV; 89509; US Patent Application Number: 20020077349 Date filed: April 27, 2001 Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods to treat age-related vision losses. The method comprises administering a combination of a carnitine and an oxidant. Preferably the oxidant is thioctic acid. Preferably 0.12 grams to 3 grams of carnitine (particularly ALC) and 0.12 and 1.5 grams of R-.alpha.-lipoic acid are administered. Optionally, coenzyme Q and/or creatine also are administered. Preferably 10 mg to 500 mg/day of coenzyme Q10 and 1 to 30 grams/day of creatine are administered. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/706,207, now pending, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/223,167, filed Aug. 7, 2000, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/163,352, filed Nov. 3, 1999. This invention is related to the prevention and amelioration of vision impairment due to aging and other causes. More specifically, this invention is related to

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the administration of micronutrients, such as an antioxidant, a carnitine product, and optionally coenzyme Q and/or creatine to those at risk of age-related vision loss. With age prominent changes occur in the brain and include a decrease in brain weight, gyral atrophy, ventricular dilation, and selective loss of neurons within different brain regions (Kemper, Neuroanatomical and neuropathological changes during aging and dementia. In: Martin A L, Knoefel J E (eds). GERIATRIC NEUROLOGY (2nd ed). Oxford University Press, New York City, pp. 3-67, 1994). The relevance of these changes to behavioral measurements is still largely ambiguous (e.g., Lezak, NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT (3rd ed). Oxford University Press, New York, 1995). In addition to biological changes, environmental contexts are reflected in age-related cognitive changes (Arbuckle et al., Psychol Aging 7: 25-36, 1992). Recent studies with advanced brain imaging methods (especially PET and functional MRI) have elucidated the neuroanatomical localization of cognitive functions (e.g., Frackowiak, Trends Neurosci 17: 109-115, 1994; Moscovitch et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 37213725, 1995; Schacter et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 321-325, 1996). So far, very few of these studies have considered the effects of aging (Eustache et al., Neuropsychologia 33: 867-887, 1995; Grady et al., Science 269: 218-221, 1995). However, some associations between age-related cerebral and cognitive changes have been suggested. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Nutritional supplements for aged pets Inventor(s): Hamilton, Nathan D.; (San Francisco, CA) Correspondence: Barbara J. Luther, Chartered; 18124 Wedge Parkway, #516; Reno; NV; 89511; US Patent Application Number: 20010043983 Date filed: January 25, 2001 Abstract: Disclosed herein are compositions to meet the needs of aged pets and other animals. Pet foods, pet treats and pet supplements with anti-aging effects are disclosed whose compositions include the R-.alpha.-lipoic acid in the amount of 0.10 grams to 1.5 grams and L-carnitine in the amount of 0.10 grams to 3 grams in addition to the usual composition. Optionally, coenzyme Q can be added in an amount of at least 1 mg/day. Optionally, creatine can be added in an amount of at least 0.2 grams/day. These additional components fight age-related declines in mitochondrial function, which result in less energy and other signs of aging. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/178,073, filed Jan. 25, 2000, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/223,586, filed Aug. 7, 2000. The present invention is generally directed to pet food and dietary supplements. More specifically, the present invention relates to the addition of the combination of lipoic acid and carnitine to these compositions. Optional additional ingredients are coenzyme Q and creatine. Many pet foods contain nutrition for a specific stage of the pet's life. Stages of a pet's life are broken down as follows: kitten or puppy is up to 1 year, adult cat or dog is one to six years, and a senior cat or dog is over six years old. However, different animals age at different rates. Cats are often considered older or senior, at seven to eight years of age and geriatric or very old at 10 to 12 years. Dogs often are considered older between 7.5 and 13.5 years of age. Dogs often are considered older when they reach half of their life expectancy, which corresponds to about five years for larger dogs and seven years for smaller dogs.

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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Preparation for hair and/or scalp Inventor(s): Fujii, Kenji; (Hyogo, JP), Hidaka, Takayoshi; (Hyogo, JP), Hosoe, Kazunori; (Hyogo, JP), Kawabe, Taizo; (Hyogo, JP) Correspondence: Sughrue Mion, Pllc; 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.; Suite 800; Washington; DC; 20037; US Patent Application Number: 20040122109 Date filed: October 28, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides a preparation for hair and/or scalp which is effective in growing hair and preventing hair removal and has an excellent skin-care effect on the scalp and high safety. The preparation comprises, as active ingredients, either oxidized coenzyme Q and reduced coenzyme Q or reduced coenzyme Q alone, the total content of oxidized coenzyme Q and reduced coenzyme Q being 0.0001 to 99% by weight based on the whole of the preparation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a preparation for hair and/or scalp. Many hair cosmetics, medical products and quasi-drugs used for hair restoration and/or hair growth have been conventionally created. A general hair restoration tonic preparation contains a hair restoration ingredient which penetrates into the hair roots to expand the blood vessels and promote blood circulation, and further stimulates the hair papilla to promote hair growth, an ingredient for giving a feel of freshness, an ingredient exhibiting a bacetricidal action, and an ingredient for preventing scurf and itching. More specifically, many hair restoration tonics contain minoxidil, female hormone, vitamin E, pantothenic acid, capsicum tincture, ginger tincture, a sialid extract, cepharanthin, and a photosensitive element as hair restoration ingredients; ethanol as an ingredient which gives a feel of freshness and has a bactericidal action; resorcin, salicylic acid, and zinc pyrithione as ingredients for preventing scurf; and antihistamine as an ingredient for preventing itching. However, a sufficient hair restoring effect cannot be obtained by the above-described conventional hair restoration ingredients, and in some cases, these ingredients have undesirable influences on the user. Therefore, a method of use must be strictly controlled. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Stable solution of reduced coenzyme q Inventor(s): Fujii, Kenji; (Hyogo, JP), Hidaka, Takayoshi; (Hyogo, JP), Hosoe, Kazunori; (Hyogo, JP), Kawabe, Taizo; (Hyogo, JP) Correspondence: Sughrue Mion, Pllc; 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.; Suite 800; Washington; DC; 20037; US Patent Application Number: 20040126367 Date filed: October 28, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides a composition of a practically usable solution capable of stably maintaining, against oxidation, reduced coenzyme Q, which has not been employed in practice so far because of being liable to undergo oxidation and hydrophobic, a method of preparing the solution and a method of storing the solution.

Patents 69

A solution of reduced coenzyme Q which can be stored at a low temperature or room temperature over a long time can be prepared by coating reduced coenzyme Q with liposome made of refined soybean lecithin, etc, and solubilizing, or solubilizing or emulsifying reduced coenzyme Q by using a surfactant at a low temperature. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a solution containing reduced coenzyme Q as a component, and particularly to a solution which can stably maintain reduced coenzyme Q against oxidation. Coenzyme Q is an essential component which is distributed in a wide variety of living organisms ranging from bacteria to mammals, and is known as a component of the electron transport system of cellular mitochondria in living organisms. It is also known that coenzyme Q undergoes oxidation/reduction cycles in the mitochondria and functions as an electron carrier in the electron transport system, and reduced coenzyme Q has an antioxidative effect. Human coenzyme Q is mainly composed of coenzyme Q.sub.10, having 10 repeat structures in its side chain, and about 40% to 90% of coenzyme Q present in living organisms is generally in its a reduced form. Examples of physiological functions of coenzyme Q include the activation of energy production through activating mitochondrial function, activation of cardiopulmonary function, stabilization of cellular membranes, production of cells through an antioxidative effects, and the like. Coenzyme Q is used in various applications, for example, oxidized coenzyme Q.sub.10 is used in the treatment of a congestive heart failure due to its effects on the heart. In addition to therapeutic usage, coenzyme Q is orally used as a nutritional supplement or a nutritional adjuvant like vitamins. However, coenzyme Q is insoluble in water because of its hydrophobicity, and is thus only actually used as an oral agent and a skin agent. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

SYNTHESIS OF COENZYME Q10 UBIQUINONE Inventor(s): West, Daniel David; (Rockport, ME) Correspondence: Evelyn M. Sommer; 30th Floor; 825 Third Avenue; New York; NY; 10022; US Patent Application Number: 20030028054 Date filed: June 14, 2001 Abstract: Processes for the stereospecific synthesis of coenzyme Q10, ubiquinone, are disclosed; a total synthetic procedure using geraniol as the starting material. The process of the invention results in high yields of isometrically pure ubiquinone. The synthetic coenzyme Q 10 can be used as an antioxidant, a nutritional supplement and as a pharmaceutical in treating many conditions. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an improved process for the stereospecific synthesis of Coenzyme Q10, ubiquinone. The present invention also relates to the therapeutically useful optically pure isomers of Coenzyme 10 and refers to new pharmaceutical compositions which contain the optically pure isomers of coenzyme Q10 dissolved or suspended in a suitable vehicle which are useful for example in preventing anoxic tissular damage, particularly in the myocardium Previous procedures for ubiquinone isolation had several drawbacks; many steps were involved, the yields were low, the intermediates were difficult to purify, overall costs were high, and the final products were obtained as mixtures of isomers, cis(Z) and trans (E). Coenzyme Q gives reference to a series of quinones which are widely distributed in animals, plants and microorganisms. These quinones have been shown to function in biological electron

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transport systems which are responsible for energy conversion within living cells. In structure, the coenzyme Q group closely resembles the members of the vitamin K group and the tocopherylquinones, which are derived from tocopherols (vitamin E), in that they all possess a quinone ring attached to a long hydrocarbon tail. The quinones of the coenzyme Q series which are found in various biological species differ only slightly in chemical structure and form a group of related, 2-3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-benzoquinones with a polyisoprenoid side chain in the 6-position which varies in length from 30 to 50 carbon atoms. Since each isoprenoid unit in the chain contains five carbon atoms, the number of isoprenoid units in the side chain varies from 6 to 10. The different numbers of the groups have been designated by a subscript following the Q to denote the number of isoprenoid units in the side chain, as in Q10. Difference in properties are due to the difference in length of the side chain. The members of the group known to occur naturally are Q6 through Q10. Coenzyme Q functions as an agent for carrying out oxidation and reduction within cells. Its primary site of function is in the terminal electron transport system where it acts as an electron or hydrogen carrier between the flavoproteins (which catalyze the oxidation of succinate and reduced pyridine nucleotides) and the cytochromes. This process, is carried out in the mitochondria of cells of higher organisms. Certain bacteria and lower organisms do not contain any coenzyme Q. It has been shown that many of these organisms contain vitamin K, instead and that this quinone functions in electron transport in much the same way as coenzyme Q. Similarly, plant chloroplasts do not contain coenzyme Q, but do contain plastoquinones, which are structurally related to coenzyme Q. Plastoquinone functions in the electron transport process involved in photosynthesis. In some organisms, coenzyme Q is present together with other quinones, such as vitamin K, tocopherylquinones, and plastoquinones; and each type of quinone can carry out different parts of the electron transport functions. Coenzyme Q10, is a ubiquinone. Ubiquinones are a class of lipid soluble benzoquinones that are involved in mitochondrial electron transport. and are essential electron and proton carriers that function in the production of biochemical energy in all cells of aerobic organisms; participating in the transport of electrons from organic substrates to oxygen in the respiratory chain of mitochondria. In addition, coenzyme Q10 has antioxidant and membrane stabilizing properties that serve to prevent cellular damage resulting from normal metabolic processes. It plays an important role as an antioxidant to neutralize potentially damaging free radicals created in part by the energy-generating process. As an energy carrier, coenzyme Q10 is continually going through an oxidation reduction cycle. As each coenzyme Q10 molecule accepts electrons, it is reduced, when it gives up electrons, it becomes oxidized again. In coenzyme Q10's reduced form (ubiquinol), the coenzyme Q 10 molecule holds electrons loosely and will quite easily give up one or two electrons to neutralize free radicals. In its electron rich reduced form, coenzyme Q10 is as potent an antioxidant as vitamin E. Coenzyme Q10's main role as an antioxidant is in the mitochondria where it first participates in the process by which free radicals are generated and then helps to quench the extra free radicals that threaten cellular components such as DNA, RNA, and cell membranes. One of coenzyme Q10's key antioxidant actions is within the cell membrane, where it counters the oxidative attack of polyunsaturated lipids (lipid peroxidation), which causes damage in a self-propagating, destructive chain reaction that ultimately results in membrane degeneration leading to cell death. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 71

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with coenzyme Q, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “coenzyme Q” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on coenzyme Q. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning coenzyme Q. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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APPENDICES

75

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “coenzyme Q” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 4188 25 261 5 22 4501

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “coenzyme Q” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on coenzyme Q can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to coenzyme Q. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to coenzyme Q. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “coenzyme Q”:

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Alzheimer's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alzheimersdisease.html Antioxidants http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/antioxidants.html Cancer Alternative Therapy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/canceralternativetherapy.html Herbal Medicine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herbalmedicine.html Legionnaires' Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/legionnairesdisease.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to coenzyme Q. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to coenzyme Q. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with coenzyme Q. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about coenzyme Q. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “coenzyme Q” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “coenzyme Q”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “coenzyme Q” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “coenzyme Q” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

91

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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COENZYME Q DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acatalasia: A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the absence of catalase activity. Though usually asymptomatic, a syndrome of oral ulcerations and gangrene may be present. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylcysteine: The N-acetyl derivative of cysteine. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adjuvant Therapy: Treatment given after the primary treatment to increase the chances of a cure. Adjuvant therapy may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy. [NIH]

Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among

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simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ambulatory Care: Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility. [NIH]

Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anthracycline: A member of a family of anticancer drugs that are also antibiotics. [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH]

Dictionary 95

Antihistamine: A drug that counteracts the action of histamine. The antihistamines are of two types. The conventional ones, as those used in allergies, block the H1 histamine receptors, whereas the others block the H2 receptors. Called also antihistaminic. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Valve: The valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta which prevents backflow into the left ventricle. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atherogenic: Causing the formation of plaque in the lining of the arteries. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial

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impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]

Axillary Artery: The continuation of the subclavian artery; it distributes over the upper limb, axilla, chest and shoulder. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzoquinones: Benzene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups. [NIH] Beta Rays: A stream of positive or negative electrons ejected with high energy from a disintegrating atomic nucleus; most biomedically used isotopes emit negative particles (electrons or negatrons, rather than positrons). Cathode rays are low-energy negative electrons produced in cathode ray tubes, also called television tubes or oscilloscopes. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in

Dictionary 97

the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Artery: The continuation of the axillary artery; it branches into the radial and ulnar arteries. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Diseases: Pathologic conditions affecting the brain, which is composed of the intracranial components of the central nervous system. This includes (but is not limited to) the cerebral cortex; intracranial white matter; basal ganglia; thalamus; hypothalamus; brain stem; and cerebellum. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Canthaxanthin: A trans-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. The compound is used as an oral suntanning agent and as a food and drug coloring agent. It is believed that it inhibits development of tumor cells and neoplastic transformation through its antioxidant properties. Oral ingestion of the compound causes canthaxanthin retinopathy. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the

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interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Fragility: The lack of resistance, or susceptibility, of capillaries to damage or disruption under conditions of increased stress. [NIH] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsicum: A genus of Solanaceous shrubs that yield capsaicin. Several varieties have sweet or pungent edible fruits that are used as vegetables when fresh and spices when the pods are dried. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrates: The largest class of organic compounds, including starches, glycogens, cellulose, gums, and simple sugars. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiotoxicity: Toxicity that affects the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Catalase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in acatalasia. EC 1.11.1.6. [NIH]

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Catechin: Extracted from Uncaria gambier, Acacia catechu and other plants; it stabilizes collagen and is therefore used in tanning and dyeing; it prevents capillary fragility and abnormal permeability, but was formerly used as an antidiarrheal. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Ceramide: A type of fat produced in the body. It may cause some types of cells to die, and is being studied in cancer treatment. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemoprotective: A quality of some drugs used in cancer treatment. Chemoprotective agents protect healthy tissue from the toxic effects of anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Chloroplasts: Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll, which is associated with the membrane of thylakoids. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of higher plants. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH]

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Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]

Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cognition Disorders: Disturbances in the mental process related to thinking, reasoning, and judgment. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH]

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Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compulsions: In psychology, an irresistible urge, sometimes amounting to obsession to perform a particular act which usually is carried out against the performer's will or better judgment. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH]

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Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of the coronary arteries. [NIH] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. [NIH]

Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytochrome b: Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme or a related heme as the prosthetic group. The prosthetic group is not covalently bound to the protein moiety. [NIH] Cytochrome b5: A cytochrome occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum that acts as an intermediate electron carrier in some reactions catalyzed by mixed function oxidases, e.g., fatty acid desaturation. It further activates molecular oxygen for an attack on the substrate. MW 16kDa. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Daunorubicin: Very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of leukemias and other neoplasms.

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[NIH]

Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Deoxyguanosine: A nucleoside consisting of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose. [NIH]

Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dolichol: Eicosamethyl octacontanonadecasen-1-o1. Polyprenol found in animal tissues that contains about 20 isoprene residues, the one carrying the alcohol group being saturated. [NIH]

Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Doxorubicin: Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetics. It is a

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hydroxy derivative of daunorubicin and is used in treatment of both leukemia and solid tumors. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyslipidemia: Disorders in the lipoprotein metabolism; classified as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, combined hyperlipidemia, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. All of the dyslipidemias can be primary or secondary. Both elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol predispose to premature atherosclerosis. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Energetic: Exhibiting energy : strenuous; operating with force, vigour, or effect. [EU] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH]

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Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Ergometer: An instrument for measuring the force of muscular contraction. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Exercise Test: Controlled physical activity, more strenuous than at rest, which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used. The intensity of exercise is often graded, using criteria such as rate of work done, oxygen consumption, and heart rate. Physiological data obtained from an exercise test may be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of disease severity, and to evaluate therapy. Data may also be used in prescribing exercise by determining a person's exercise capacity. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fasciculation: A small local contraction of muscles, visible through the skin, representing a spontaneous discharge of a number of fibres innervated by a single motor nerve filament. [EU]

Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or

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suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycols: A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located

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on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Guanine: One of the four DNA bases. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histone Deacetylase: Hydrolyzes N-acetyl groups on histones. [NIH] Histones: Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded

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structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxides: Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group. [NIH] Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH that is present in hydroxides, alcohols, phenols, glycols. [NIH] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertriglyceridemia: Condition of elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood; an inherited form occurs in familial hyperlipoproteinemia IIb and hyperlipoproteinemia type IV. It has been linked to higher risk of heart disease and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH]

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Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] In-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH]

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Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoprenoid: Molecule that might anchor G protein to the cell membrane as it is hydrophobic. [NIH]

Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Transplantation: The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Life Expectancy: A figure representing the number of years, based on known statistics, to which any person of a given age may reasonably expect to live. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposome: A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Mitochondria: Yellow discoloration of the liver due to fatty degeneration of liver parenchymal cells; the cause may be chemical poisoning. [NIH] Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or

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site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (magnetic resonance imaging). [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Lipids: Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for

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active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methyltransferase: A drug-metabolizing enzyme. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Micronutrients: Essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Muscle Hypertonia: Abnormal increase in skeletal or smooth muscle tone. Skeletal muscle hypertonicity may be associated with pyramidal tract lesions or basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Mutate: To change the genetic material of a cell. Then changes (mutations) can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect. [NIH] Mycotoxins: Toxins derived from bacteria or fungi. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the

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blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH]

Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myoglobin: A conjugated protein which is the oxygen-transporting pigment of muscle. It is made up of one globin polypeptide chain and one heme group. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Diseases: A general term encompassing lower motor neuron disease; peripheral nervous system diseases; and certain muscular diseases. Manifestations include muscle weakness; fasciculation; muscle atrophy; spasm; myokymia; muscle hypertonia, myalgias, and musclehypotonia. [NIH]

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Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Ophthalmoplegia: Paralysis of one or more of the ocular muscles due to disorders of the eye muscles, neuromuscular junction, supporting soft tissue, tendons, or innervation to the muscles. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor

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molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electron transfer through the cytochrome system liberating free energy which is transformed into high-energy phosphate bonds. [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Insufficiency: Absence of or reduced pancreatic exocrine secretion into the duodenum and resultant poor digestion of lipids, vitamins, nitrogen, and carbohydrates. [NIH]

Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Partial response: A decrease in the size of a tumor, or in the extent of cancer in the body, in response to treatment. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]

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Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH]

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Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protective Agents: Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent. [NIH]

Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH]

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Pseudomonas: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants. [NIH] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Quinones: Hydrocarbon rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of

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diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]

Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rotenone: A botanical insecticide that is an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport. [NIH]

Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH]

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Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Saponification: The hydrolysis of an ester into an alcohol and acid. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Selective estrogen receptor modulator: SERM. A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues, but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are SERMs. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminiferous tubule: Tube used to transport sperm made in the testes. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shivering: Involuntary contraction or twitching of the muscles. It is a physiologic method of heat production in man and other mammals. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Simvastatin: A derivative of lovastatin and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL receptors, it increases breakdown of LDL-cholesterol (lipoproteins, LDL cholesterol). [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects

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many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation.

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[EU]

Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppressive: Tending to suppress : effecting suppression; specifically : serving to suppress activity, function, symptoms. [EU] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tamoxifen: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It acts as an agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is an estrogen antagonist in mammary and uterine. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein

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synthesis. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]

Thermogenesis: The generation of heat in order to maintain body temperature. The uncoupled oxidation of fatty acids contained within brown adipose tissue and shivering are examples of thermogenesis in mammals. [NIH] Thioctic Acid: A vitamin-like antioxidant that acts as a free-radical scavenger. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thylakoids: Membranous cisternae of the chloroplast containing photosynthetic pigments, reaction centers, and the electron-transport chain. Each thylakoid consists of a flattened sac of membrane enclosing a narrow intra-thylakoid space (Lackie and Dow, Dictionary of Cell Biology, 2nd ed). Individual thylakoids are interconnected and tend to stack to form aggregates called grana. They are found in cyanobacteria and all plants. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and

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pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Trisomy: The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell. [NIH]

Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in electron transport in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals. [NIH] Univalent: Pertaining to an unpaired chromosome during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH]

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Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular Function: The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the ventricles. [NIH]

Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vital Capacity: The volume of air that is exhaled by a maximal expiration following a maximal inspiration. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers'

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and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdominal, 93, 115 Acatalasia, 93, 98 Acceptor, 93, 110, 114 Acetylcholine, 93, 114 Acetylcysteine, 4, 42, 46, 93 Acidosis, 15, 56, 93 Adaptability, 93, 99 Adenine, 41, 44, 93 Adipose Tissue, 93, 123 Adjuvant, 41, 65, 69, 93 Adjuvant Therapy, 41, 93 Adverse Effect, 93, 120 Aerobic, 70, 93, 105, 112, 118, 124 Affinity, 93, 94, 110, 121 Age of Onset, 94, 124 Agonist, 94, 122 Algorithms, 94, 97 Alkaline, 93, 94 Alkaloid, 94, 98 Alleles, 15, 94 Alpha Particles, 94, 118 Alternative medicine, 94 Ambulatory Care, 94 Amino Acids, 57, 59, 94, 115, 117, 122, 124 Analog, 63, 94 Anatomical, 94, 96, 109, 120 Anemia, 18, 35, 62, 94 Anions, 94, 110, 122 Anthracycline, 44, 94, 102 Antibiotic, 94, 102, 103, 122 Anticoagulant, 32, 94, 125 Antihistamine, 68, 95 Anti-infective, 95, 108 Antiviral, 93, 95 Anxiety, 95, 114 Aorta, 95, 125 Aortic Valve, 33, 95 Apoptosis, 6, 13, 14, 22, 95, 98 Aqueous, 95, 96, 102, 108, 110 Arginine, 51, 95, 108, 114 Arterial, 37, 95, 108, 117, 122 Arteries, 95, 97, 102, 111, 113 Arterioles, 95, 97, 113 Artery, 48, 95, 96, 104, 113, 119 Ascorbic Acid, 8, 41, 42, 46, 95 Aseptic, 95, 121 Asymptomatic, 93, 95, 115

Ataxia, 34, 95, 123 Atherogenic, 32, 33, 95 Atmospheric Pressure, 95, 108 Atrial, 95, 125 Atrial Fibrillation, 95, 125 Atrium, 95, 96, 125 Atrophy, 63, 67, 96, 113 Attenuated, 31, 96, 103 Attenuation, 7, 96 Autodigestion, 96, 115 Axillary, 96, 97 Axillary Artery, 96, 97 B Bacteria, 65, 69, 70, 94, 96, 104, 107, 112, 118, 119, 124 Bactericidal, 68, 96, 105 Basal Ganglia, 95, 96, 97, 112 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 95, 96, 112 Base, 93, 96, 103, 110, 124 Benign, 58, 96 Benzoquinones, 56, 70, 96 Beta Rays, 96, 104 Bile, 27, 96, 97, 110, 121 Bile Acids, 96, 121 Bile Acids and Salts, 96 Biliary, 97, 115 Biliary Tract, 97, 115 Binding Sites, 45, 97 Bioavailability, 33, 56, 97 Biochemical, 7, 12, 13, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 33, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 70, 94, 97, 110 Biosynthesis, 6, 17, 24, 43, 44, 65, 97, 111, 120 Biotechnology, 8, 9, 77, 97 Bladder, 97, 113, 117, 124 Blood pressure, 35, 56, 97, 98, 108, 112, 121 Blood vessel, 66, 68, 97, 98, 99, 104, 110, 111, 122, 123, 124, 125 Body Fluids, 97, 121 Brachial, 14, 97 Brachial Artery, 14, 97 Bradykinin, 97, 114 Brain Diseases, 65, 97 Bronchi, 97, 124 Bronchial, 16, 97, 107 C Canthaxanthin, 42, 46, 97 Capillary, 97, 98, 99, 119, 125

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Capillary Fragility, 98, 99, 119 Capsaicin, 37, 98 Capsicum, 68, 98 Capsules, 56, 98 Carbohydrates, 98, 99, 115 Carbon Dioxide, 98, 119 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning, 58, 98 Carcinogenic, 98, 109, 121 Cardiac, 20, 38, 40, 56, 63, 95, 98, 113, 121 Cardiopulmonary, 69, 98 Cardiotoxicity, 31, 98 Cardiovascular, 11, 13, 35, 37, 40, 98, 105 Cardiovascular disease, 13, 35, 98 Carnitine, 29, 33, 40, 42, 44, 58, 59, 60, 66, 67, 98 Carotene, 38, 42, 46, 98 Case report, 98, 100 Case series, 98, 100 Caspase, 12, 14, 98 Catalase, 8, 93, 98 Catechin, 42, 46, 99 Cathode, 96, 99, 104 Cell Death, 26, 70, 95, 99, 113 Cell Division, 96, 99, 112, 116 Cell membrane, 70, 99, 110, 116 Cell proliferation, 23, 99 Cell Respiration, 99, 112, 119 Central Nervous System, 5, 93, 97, 99 Ceramide, 12, 14, 21, 99 Cerebellar, 34, 95, 99, 119 Cerebellum, 97, 99, 119 Cerebral, 67, 95, 96, 97, 99 Cerebral Cortex, 95, 97, 99 Cerebrovascular, 96, 98, 99, 123 Cerebrum, 99 Character, 99, 103 Chemoprotective, 23, 99 Chemotherapy, 93, 99 Chlorophyll, 99 Chloroplasts, 70, 99 Cholesterol, 43, 49, 57, 96, 99, 102, 104, 108, 110, 111, 120, 121, 122 Chromatin, 95, 100, 111, 121 Chromosomal, 8, 100, 107 Chromosome, 7, 100, 107, 124 Chronic, 26, 48, 58, 59, 100, 109, 115, 124 CIS, 69, 100 Clinical Medicine, 11, 100, 117 Clinical study, 10, 32, 100 Clinical trial, 4, 5, 77, 100, 103, 112, 118 Cloning, 97, 100 Coagulation, 100, 125

Cochlea, 100 Cochlear, 39, 100 Cofactor, 5, 100, 117 Cognition, 58, 100 Cognition Disorders, 58, 100 Collagen, 99, 100, 116 Complement, 101 Complementary and alternative medicine, 31, 54, 101 Complementary medicine, 31, 101 Compulsions, 101, 114 Computational Biology, 77, 101 Conception, 101, 121 Congestive heart failure, 10, 14, 19, 36, 56, 62, 65, 69, 101 Conjugated, 96, 101, 102, 113 Connective Tissue, 95, 100, 101, 105 Consciousness, 102, 103, 118 Constriction, 102, 110 Contraindications, ii, 102 Coronary, 48, 62, 98, 102, 113 Coronary Arteriosclerosis, 102, 113 Coronary heart disease, 98, 102 Creatine, 4, 17, 58, 60, 66, 67, 102 Creatinine, 102, 124 Cyclic, 5, 102, 107, 114, 116 Cysteine, 93, 102, 122 Cystine, 57, 102 Cytochrome, 16, 22, 102, 115 Cytochrome b, 22, 102 Cytochrome b5, 22, 102 Cytoplasm, 95, 99, 102, 111 D Daunorubicin, 102, 104 Degenerative, 58, 103, 119 Deletion, 95, 103 Dementia, 48, 50, 58, 65, 67, 103 Dendrites, 103, 114 Deoxyguanosine, 41, 103 Deuterium, 103, 108 Diabetes Mellitus, 11, 14, 15, 48, 103, 106, 107, 109 Diagnostic procedure, 55, 103 Dialyzer, 103, 107 Diastolic, 103, 108 Diffusion, 103, 109 Digestion, 58, 96, 103, 110, 115, 122 Dihydrotestosterone, 103, 119 Dilation, 67, 97, 103 Dilution, 11, 103 Dimethyl, 61, 103 Diploid, 7, 103, 116, 124

129

Direct, iii, 56, 62, 100, 103, 119 Disinfectant, 103, 105 Dolichol, 17, 103 Double-blind, 5, 38, 43, 103 Doxorubicin, 21, 52, 103 Duodenum, 96, 104, 115, 122 Dyslipidemia, 41, 104 Dystrophy, 17, 50, 62, 63, 104 E Efficacy, 5, 32, 37, 41, 104 Elastic, 104, 122 Electrolyte, 104, 121, 124 Electrons, 56, 62, 70, 95, 96, 99, 104, 110, 111, 115, 118 Elementary Particles, 104, 111, 114, 117 Emboli, 104, 125 Embolism, 104, 118, 125 Embolization, 104, 125 Encephalopathy, 15, 104 Endothelium, 104, 114 Endothelium-derived, 104, 114 Endotoxin, 42, 104 Energetic, 60, 104 Environmental Health, 23, 76, 78, 104 Enzymatic, 98, 101, 104, 107, 112 Enzyme, 7, 98, 100, 104, 105, 106, 107, 111, 112, 113, 116, 119, 120, 122 Epigastric, 105, 115 Epithelial, 105, 107 Epithelial Cells, 105, 107 Ergometer, 9, 105 Erythrocytes, 35, 94, 105 Estrogen, 105, 120, 122 Ethanol, 42, 68, 105 Exercise Test, 9, 105 Exocrine, 105, 115 Exogenous, 7, 17, 27, 105, 124 Expiration, 105, 119, 125 Extracellular, 22, 101, 105, 121 Extraction, 44, 61, 62, 105 F Family Planning, 77, 105 Fasciculation, 105, 113 Fat, 27, 62, 93, 96, 98, 99, 102, 104, 105, 110, 117, 122, 124 Fatigue, 5, 63, 105, 107 Fatty acids, 32, 105, 106, 123 Fermentation, 61, 105 Fibrosis, 105, 120 Flatus, 105, 106 Follicles, 105 Forearm, 97, 105

Free Radicals, 13, 51, 70, 95, 105, 113 Fructose, 38, 106 G Gas, 37, 98, 103, 105, 106, 108, 114, 125 Gastric, 96, 98, 106, 107 Gastrin, 106, 108 Gastrointestinal, 97, 105, 106, 122 Gastrointestinal tract, 105, 106 Gene, 4, 6, 13, 27, 32, 94, 97, 106 Gene Expression, 13, 106 Genetics, 6, 14, 27, 106 Genotype, 6, 106, 116 Geriatric, 67, 106 Germ Cells, 106, 121 Ginger, 68, 106 Gland, 106, 115, 117, 120, 123 Glucose, 95, 103, 106, 107, 109 Glucose Intolerance, 103, 106 Glutathione Peroxidase, 8, 13, 106, 120 Glycerol, 106, 116 Glycerophospholipids, 106, 116 Glycols, 106, 108 Governing Board, 107, 117 Graft, 15, 107, 113 Gram-negative, 107, 118 Granule, 39, 107 Guanine, 103, 107 Guanylate Cyclase, 107, 114 H Hair follicles, 57, 107 Haploid, 107, 116 Heart attack, 98, 107 Heart failure, 41, 56, 107 Hemodialysis, 21, 103, 107 Hemoglobin, 94, 105, 107 Hemorrhage, 107, 113, 122 Hepatic, 27, 42, 107, 120 Hepatocytes, 27, 107 Hereditary, 34, 107, 113 Heredity, 106, 107 Histamine, 95, 107 Histone Deacetylase, 5, 107 Histones, 100, 107 Homeostasis, 7, 108 Homologous, 94, 108 Hormonal, 96, 108 Hormone, 68, 93, 106, 108, 109, 112, 120, 122, 123 Hormone therapy, 93, 108 Hydrogen, 26, 41, 70, 93, 96, 98, 103, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 117, 122

130

Coenzyme Q

Hydrogen Peroxide, 26, 98, 106, 108, 110, 122 Hydrolysis, 108, 117, 120 Hydrophobic, 7, 27, 62, 68, 106, 108, 110 Hydroxides, 108 Hydroxyl Radical, 8, 108 Hyperbaric, 42, 108 Hyperbaric oxygen, 42, 108 Hypercholesterolemia, 49, 104, 108 Hyperlipidemia, 104, 108 Hypertension, 14, 43, 49, 50, 98, 108, 124 Hypertriglyceridemia, 104, 108 Hypertrophy, 38, 108 Hypothalamus, 97, 108 I Idiopathic, 35, 109 Immune response, 93, 109, 122, 125 Immune system, 59, 109, 124 Immunology, 93, 109 Immunosuppression, 109, 114 Impairment, 59, 66, 95, 109 In vitro, 109 In vivo, 40, 42, 109 Induction, 109, 120 Infarction, 109, 119 Infection, 95, 109, 111, 114 Infiltration, 42, 109 Inflammation, 105, 109, 115, 117, 119, 124 Ingestion, 97, 109, 117 Initiation, 16, 38, 109, 124 In-line, 21, 109 Innervation, 109, 114 Insulin, 49, 109, 124 Intermittent, 39, 109 Intestinal, 98, 109 Intoxication, 110, 125 Intracellular, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 119, 120 Intracellular Membranes, 110, 111, 112 Involuntary, 96, 110, 113, 120, 121 Ions, 96, 104, 108, 110 Ischemia, 27, 36, 37, 96, 110, 113, 119 Isoprenoid, 12, 60, 70, 110 K Kb, 76, 110 Kidney Transplantation, 14, 110 L Lectin, 110, 112 Lesion, 110 Lethal, 96, 110 Leukemia, 104, 110 Life Expectancy, 67, 110

Ligament, 110, 117 Lipid, 6, 15, 33, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 56, 62, 70, 106, 109, 110, 115, 124 Lipid Peroxidation, 15, 38, 39, 40, 42, 70, 110, 115 Lipophilic, 56, 110 Lipoprotein, 104, 107, 110, 111 Liposome, 69, 110 Liver, 15, 26, 41, 42, 43, 93, 96, 97, 98, 107, 110, 111 Liver Mitochondria, 26, 43, 110 Liver Transplantation, 15, 110 Localization, 67, 110 Localized, 109, 111, 116 Locomotion, 111, 116 Lovastatin, 8, 19, 26, 29, 111, 120 Low-density lipoprotein, 38, 104, 110, 111 Lymphatic, 104, 109, 111, 121, 123 Lymphatic system, 111, 121, 123 Lymphocytes, 40, 111, 121, 123 Lymphoid, 111 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 111 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 20, 111 Malignant, 13, 58, 111 Malnutrition, 18, 62, 96, 111 Malondialdehyde, 12, 111 Mammary, 111, 122 MEDLINE, 77, 111 Membrane Lipids, 111, 116 Membrane Proteins, 26, 112 Memory, 58, 103, 112 Meninges, 99, 112 Mental, iv, 4, 76, 78, 99, 100, 103, 105, 112, 120, 124 Metabolite, 103, 111, 112 Methyltransferase, 24, 112 Microbe, 112, 123 Micronutrients, 58, 67, 112 Microorganism, 61, 100, 112 Mitochondria, 6, 10, 27, 45, 46, 62, 64, 69, 70, 112, 113 Mitosis, 95, 112 Modification, 112, 118 Molecule, 70, 96, 97, 100, 101, 104, 108, 110, 112, 114, 119 Monitor, 102, 112, 114 Mucolytic, 93, 112 Multicenter study, 41, 112 Muscle Hypertonia, 112, 113 Mutate, 59, 112

131

Mycotoxins, 40, 112 Mydriatic, 103, 112 Myocardial infarction, 112, 113, 125 Myocardial Ischemia, 38, 113 Myocardial Reperfusion, 113, 119 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 113, 119 Myocardium, 36, 69, 112, 113 Myoglobin, 26, 113 N NCI, 1, 75, 100, 113 Necrosis, 95, 109, 112, 113, 119 Nervous System, 99, 113, 114, 116 Neurodegenerative Diseases, 35, 56, 96, 113 Neurogenic, 63, 113 Neuromuscular, 16, 93, 113, 114, 124 Neuromuscular Diseases, 16, 113 Neuromuscular Junction, 93, 114 Neuronal, 4, 36, 114 Neurons, 67, 103, 114 Neuropathy, 34, 114 Neutrons, 94, 114, 118 Nitric Oxide, 42, 114 Nitrogen, 94, 114, 115 Nuclear, 8, 96, 104, 113, 114, 123 Nuclei, 94, 104, 108, 111, 112, 114, 117 Nucleus, 95, 96, 100, 102, 103, 104, 111, 114, 117, 122, 123 O Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 58, 114 Ocular, 114 Ophthalmoplegia, 13, 114 Opportunistic Infections, 59, 114 Outpatient, 114 Oxidation, 7, 13, 16, 18, 35, 39, 62, 65, 68, 69, 70, 93, 95, 102, 106, 110, 114, 115, 123 Oxidative Phosphorylation, 4, 13, 62, 64, 115 Oxidative Stress, 4, 5, 7, 24, 39, 41, 59, 115 Oxygen Consumption, 105, 115, 119 P Palliative, 58, 115 Pancreas, 58, 93, 109, 115 Pancreatic, 15, 57, 58, 98, 115 Pancreatic Insufficiency, 57, 58, 115 Pancreatitis, 58, 115 Papilla, 68, 115 Partial remission, 32, 115, 119 Partial response, 115 Particle, 110, 115 Pathologic, 93, 95, 97, 102, 115 Pathologic Processes, 95, 115

Pathophysiology, 5, 115 Pelvic, 115, 117 Peptide, 115, 117 Periodontal disease, 11, 16, 17, 23, 115 Periodontitis, 39, 115 Peripheral Nervous System, 113, 116, 122 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 113, 116 Pharmacologic, 116, 124 Phenotype, 6, 7, 116 Phosphodiesterase, 5, 116 Phospholipids, 41, 105, 110, 111, 116 Phosphorus, 20, 116 Phosphorylated, 100, 116 Phosphorylation, 4, 116 Physiologic, 94, 97, 112, 116, 119, 120 Pigment, 97, 99, 113, 116 Pilot study, 32, 35, 116 Plants, 61, 62, 64, 69, 94, 98, 99, 106, 110, 116, 117, 118, 119, 123, 124 Plaque, 95, 116 Plasma, 6, 9, 11, 12, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 27, 32, 35, 36, 38, 99, 106, 107, 116, 120 Platelet Aggregation, 114, 116 Platelets, 114, 116 Pneumonia, 102, 117 Poisoning, 110, 117 Pollen, 117, 118 Polypeptide, 100, 113, 117 Polyunsaturated fat, 63, 117 Posterior, 95, 99, 115, 117 Practice Guidelines, 78, 117 Preclinical, 17, 117 Precursor, 61, 104, 117 Progression, 59, 63, 117 Progressive, 63, 103, 113, 117 Prophylaxis, 117, 125 Prostate, 13, 50, 117 Protective Agents, 42, 117 Protein S, 97, 117, 123 Protons, 94, 108, 111, 117, 118 Protozoa, 112, 117 Pseudomonas, 61, 118 Psychoactive, 118, 125 Public Policy, 77, 118 Publishing, 8, 118 Pulmonary, 48, 50, 97, 105, 118, 122, 125 Pulmonary Artery, 97, 118, 125 Pulmonary Embolism, 118, 125 Pupil, 103, 112, 118 Q Quality of Life, 58, 63, 118

132

Coenzyme Q

Quercetin, 39, 42, 118 Quinones, 6, 56, 63, 64, 69, 118 R Radiation, 26, 50, 93, 104, 106, 108, 109, 118, 125 Radiation therapy, 93, 108, 118 Radioactive, 108, 114, 118 Random Allocation, 118 Randomization, 5, 118 Randomized, 5, 32, 43, 104, 118 Reactive Oxygen Species, 4, 6, 8, 118 Receptor, 13, 26, 37, 119 Rectum, 105, 106, 117, 119 Red Nucleus, 95, 119 Reductase, 8, 17, 18, 20, 22, 29, 31, 41, 43, 44, 45, 111, 119, 120 Refer, 1, 101, 110, 111, 114, 119, 124 Regimen, 104, 119 Remission, 119 Reperfusion, 27, 37, 38, 113, 119 Reperfusion Injury, 37, 119 Respiration, 6, 31, 62, 64, 98, 112, 119 Retinoid, 26, 119 Retinopathy, 97, 119 Rickettsiae, 119 Rigidity, 116, 119 Rod, 118, 119 Rotenone, 36, 43, 45, 119 Rutin, 118, 119 S Salicylic, 68, 120 Saponification, 62, 120 Schizoid, 120, 125 Schizophrenia, 120, 125 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 120, 125 Sclerosis, 5, 7, 50, 120 Screening, 100, 120 Secretion, 58, 107, 115, 120 Selective estrogen receptor modulator, 120, 122 Selenium, 29, 38, 42, 46, 120 Semen, 117, 120 Seminiferous tubule, 120, 121 Serum, 5, 12, 13, 14, 17, 22, 23, 101, 111, 120 Shivering, 120, 123 Shock, 12, 42, 51, 120, 124 Side effect, 59, 93, 120, 123 Simvastatin, 20, 29, 120 Skeletal, 17, 34, 40, 112, 120, 121 Skeleton, 120 Small intestine, 104, 108, 121

Social Environment, 118, 121 Sodium, 40, 121 Solid tumor, 104, 121 Solvent, 56, 62, 105, 106, 121 Soybean Oil, 117, 121 Spasm, 113, 121 Specialist, 83, 103, 121 Species, 19, 26, 64, 70, 98, 112, 118, 121, 122, 124, 125 Sperm, 100, 117, 120, 121 Spermatozoa, 15, 120, 121 Spinal cord, 97, 99, 112, 113, 114, 116, 121 Spleen, 26, 46, 111, 121 Sporadic, 113, 121 Stabilization, 22, 69, 121 Sterility, 6, 35, 121 Steroid, 96, 120, 121 Stimulant, 57, 107, 121 Stomach, 93, 96, 106, 108, 121, 122 Strand, 34, 122 Stress, 5, 7, 27, 37, 59, 98, 115, 122 Stroke, 15, 51, 76, 98, 122 Subspecies, 121, 122 Substance P, 112, 120, 122 Substrate, 102, 122 Sulfur, 57, 122 Superoxide, 7, 8, 14, 22, 32, 44, 56, 59, 122 Superoxide Dismutase, 8, 59, 122 Supplementation, 4, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 45, 122 Suppression, 122 Suppressive, 59, 122 Surfactant, 56, 69, 122 Symphysis, 117, 122 Symptomatic, 36, 115, 122 Synergistic, 62, 122 Systemic, 95, 97, 109, 118, 122, 125 Systolic, 31, 43, 108, 122 T Tamoxifen, 40, 120, 122 Testosterone, 119, 122 Tetracycline, 5, 122 Thalamic, 95, 123 Thalamic Diseases, 95, 123 Thalamus, 97, 123 Thermogenesis, 6, 123 Thioctic Acid, 58, 66, 123 Threshold, 108, 123 Thrombosis, 16, 38, 113, 117, 122, 123 Thylakoids, 99, 123 Thymus, 57, 111, 123 Thyroid, 24, 123

133

Tone, 37, 112, 123 Tonic, 68, 123 Tonus, 123 Topical, 39, 65, 105, 108, 123 Toxic, iv, 59, 98, 99, 102, 114, 120, 123, 124 Toxicity, 27, 36, 42, 98, 123 Toxicology, 7, 26, 39, 78, 123 Toxin, 58, 104, 124 Trachea, 97, 123, 124 Transcription Factors, 4, 124 Transfection, 97, 124 Transplantation, 14, 15, 20, 124 Trauma, 96, 113, 115, 123, 124 Triglyceride, 42, 56, 108, 124 Trisomy, 7, 124 Tuberculosis, 120, 124 Type 2 diabetes, 35, 58, 124 U Ubiquinone, 6, 7, 9, 20, 24, 45, 56, 57, 62, 69, 124 Univalent, 108, 115, 124 Uraemia, 115, 124 Urethra, 117, 124 Urine, 97, 102, 124 V Vaccine, 93, 124 Vascular, 16, 104, 109, 114, 124

Vasculitis, 115, 124 Vasodilators, 53, 114, 125 VE, 22, 43, 125 Vein, 114, 125 Venous, 117, 125 Venous Thrombosis, 125 Ventricle, 33, 95, 108, 118, 122, 123, 125 Ventricular, 19, 67, 113, 125 Ventricular Function, 19, 125 Venules, 97, 125 Veterinary Medicine, 77, 125 Viral, 59, 93, 125 Virulence, 96, 123, 125 Virus, 116, 125 Viscosity, 93, 125 Vital Capacity, 5, 125 Vitamin A, 23, 119, 125 Vivo, 13, 34, 125 W Warfarin, 38, 54, 125 Windpipe, 123, 125 Withdrawal, 14, 125 X X-ray, 99, 114, 118, 125 Y Yeasts, 14, 61, 116, 125

134

Coenzyme Q

135

136

Coenzyme Q