Chromium - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CHROMIUM A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. P...

Author: Health Publica Icon Health Publications

33 downloads 1047 Views 3MB Size Report

This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!

Report copyright / DMCA form

DOWNLOAD PDF

CHROMIUM A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

ii

ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Chromium: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83868-2 1. Chromium-Popular works. I. Title.

iii

Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

iv

Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on chromium. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

v

About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

vi

About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

vii

Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHROMIUM ............................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Chromium ..................................................................................... 6 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 60 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 61 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CHROMIUM ................................................................................... 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 Finding Nutrition Studies on Chromium.................................................................................. 107 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 120 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 120 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CHROMIUM ............................................................. 123 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 123 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 123 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 143 General References ..................................................................................................................... 147 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CHROMIUM ............................................................................... 149 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 149 Dissertations on Chromium....................................................................................................... 149 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 156 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND CHROMIUM ......................................................................... 157 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 157 Recent Trials on Chromium....................................................................................................... 157 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 157 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON CHROMIUM.......................................................................................... 159 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 159 Patents on Chromium ................................................................................................................ 159 Patent Applications on Chromium ............................................................................................ 196 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 229 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON CHROMIUM ............................................................................................. 231 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 231 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 231 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 233 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 235 Chapters on Chromium.............................................................................................................. 236 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON CHROMIUM ................................................................................... 241 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 241 Bibliography: Multimedia on Chromium................................................................................... 241 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CHROMIUM ............................................................... 243 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 243 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 243 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 245 Academic Periodicals covering Chromium ................................................................................ 246 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 249 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 249 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 249 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 251 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 253 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 255 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 255

viii Contents

Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 255 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 257 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 259 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 259 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 259 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 259 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 259 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 265 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 266 CHROMIUM DICTIONARY ...................................................................................................... 267 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 345

1

FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with chromium is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about chromium, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to chromium, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on chromium. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to chromium, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on chromium. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

3

CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHROMIUM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on chromium.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and chromium, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “chromium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Chromium as a Supplement Source: in McCormick, D.B., Bier, D.M., and Goodridge, A.G., eds. Annual Review of Nutrition. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews Inc. 1999. Volume 19: 279-302. Contact: Available from Annual Reviews Inc. 4139 El Camino Way, P.O. Box 10139, Palo Alto, CA 94303-0139. (800) 523-8635. Fax (415) 424-0910. PRICE: $53.00. ISBN: 0824328167. ISSN: 01999885. Individual article reprints available from Annual Reviews Preprints and Reprints. (800) 347-8007 or (415) 259-5017. E-mail: [email protected]. Base price $13.50 per article. Summary: Chromium (Cr) is an essential mineral element that has received considerable public attention. The suggestion that Cr intake is generally low has generated interest regarding the supposed beneficial effects of Cr supplementation on biological function

4

Chromium

and health of animals and humans. This review article (from an Annual Review of Nutrition monograph) briefly describes key aspects of Cr nutritional status and evaluates the effects of Cr supplementation on various components of biological function, body composition, and health. Generalized supplementation with Cr has no beneficial effect on body composition or glucose homeostasis. A novel biological role of Cr in regulation of insulin function is described. The demonstration of the biological function of Cr as part of the low-molecular-weight substance that facilitates the action of insulin at the insulin receptor, and the recent finding that Cr ameliorates glycation and impaired glucose homestasis in type 2 diabetes should stimulate future research on Cr. However, women with gestational (during pregnancy) diabetes whose diets are supplemented with Cr do not consistently respond with improved glucose and insulin homeostasis. Although promising results of Cr supplementation are presented, the considerable challenge of developing methods for routine assessment of Cr nutrition in humans remains. 107 references. •

Dietary Chromium and Diabetes: Is There a Relationship? Source: Clinical Diabetes. 15(1): 6-8. January-February 1997. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: Chromium is an essential trace mineral. Trivalent chromium acts as a cofactor for insulin and is therefore an integral part of the cellular response to insulin. This article reviews the relationship between chromium and diabetes and other diseases. Chromium deficiency has been associated with diabetes mellitus in laboratory animals, an observation that has fueled interest in the potential role of this element in human disease. Improved glucose tolerance with chromium supplementation has been reported in research studies. However, the beneficial effects of chromium supplementation in individuals with diabetes have not been confirmed in four double-blind crossover studies. Nonetheless, chromium supplementation may have other beneficial effects, including reducing triglyceride levels, lowering blood pressure in patients with insulin resistance, and preserving bone density. The authors briefly discuss the issue of chromium toxicity, noting that while chromium exposure in industry (in its hexavalent form) can be toxic, humans cannot oxidize the nontoxic trivalent dietary form of chromium to its toxic form. Therefore, dietary chromium toxicity is virtually nonexistent. 31 references. (AA-M).

•

Chromium Picolinate's Image Tarnished Source: Tufts University Diet and Nutrition Letter. 14(11):4-5, Jan 1997. Contact: Tufts University Diet and Nutrition Letter, 53 Park Place, New York, NY 10007. Summary: The Federal Trade Commission has charged Nutrition 21, the manufacturer of chromium picolinate in the United States, with making fraudulent claims for its products. These claims include permanent long-term weight loss, reduction of body fat, increase in metabolic rate, appetite control, and regulation of blood sugar.

•

Dietary Chromium Intake: Freely Chosen Diets, Institutional Diets, and Individual Foods Source: Biological Trace Element Research. Volume 32: 117-121. January-March 1992. Summary: This article describes dietary chromium intake of institutional and freely chosen diets, as well as chromium content of selected foods. The authors note that

Studies

5

values for selected foods are presented as representative values and should not be used as specific values to calculate dietary intake due to the large variation in individual chromium concentrations of types and batches of foods. The chromium content of 22 daily diets, designed by nutritionists to be well balanced, ranged from 8.4 to 23.7 ug/1000 calories. The authors reiterate that chromium content of individual foods varies and is dependent upon chromium introduced in the growing, transport, processing, and fortification of the food. Even well-balanced diets may contain suboptimal levels of dietary chromium. 1 table. 7 references. (AA-M). •

Chromium, Glucose Tolerance, and Diabetes Source: Biological Trace Element Research. Volume 32: 19-24. January-March 1992. Summary: This article discusses the role of chromium in diabetes, investigating the evidence that insufficient dietary chromium leads to impaired glucose tolerance and ultimately to noninsulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM). Topics include the natural progression of NIDDM, glucose variables improved by chromium, chromium and glucose intolerance, chromium in insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM), and the role of chromium in the treatment of diabetes. The author concludes that improved chromium nutrition leads to improved glucose metabolism in people with hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and diabetes. 28 references.

•

Pills, Acupuncture and Chromium Picolinate Source: Obesity and Health. 6(6):110-1; November/December 1992. Contact: Healthy Living Institute, 402 S. 14th St., Hettinger, ND 58639. (701) 567-2645. Summary: This article highlights weight loss products, programs, and gadgets that promise consumers miraculous results but in fact are questionable, and even potentially unsafe. These include the marketing of Chromium Picolinate as cure for fat, a fatburning diet pill, an acupuncture devise for the ear, and fat erasers.

•

Chromium Supplements: What's the Story? Source: Diabetes Forecast. 49(4): 25-26. April 1996. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article provides information for people with diabetes about chromium supplements. Topics include the role of chromium in the body, chromium as a way to improve glucose tolerance in specific groups of people, determining chromium levels in the body, the daily recommended intake for chromium, the ingredients of chromium supplements, toxicity concerns, and deciding on whether or not to use chromium supplements. One chart lists the common foods that contain chromium.

•

Chromium Picolinate: Scam of the Hour Source: Obesity and Health. 7(3):54-5; May/June 1993. Contact: Healthy Living Institute, 402 S. 14th St., Hettinger, ND 58639. (701) 567-2645. Summary: This article reviews the fraudulent marketing and sale of Chromium Picolinate as a "new food supplement" that promises to reduce fat and body weight. Typical claims for products containing Chromium Picolinate are that it helps reduce fat, building lean muscle, suppress appetite, and increase metabolism. The drug has not

6

Chromium

been approved for weight loss by the Food and Drug Administration; therefore the products are being marketed illegally. •

Chromium Picolinate Supplementation for Diabetes Mellitus Source: Journal of Family Practice. 46(1): 83-86. January 1998. Contact: Available from Appleton and Lange. 4 Stamford Plaza, 107 Elm Street, Stamford, CT 06912-0041. (203) 406-4500. Summary: This review article addresses chromium picolinate as a supplement for diabetes. According to the authors, there is evidence that chromium picolinate, a widely available nutritional supplement marketed for a variety of afflictions, has a role in glucose homeostasis. However, although glucose intolerance has been the most consistently observed effect of chromium depletion, it remains controversial as to whether pharmacologic chromium depletion supplementation improves clinical control in people with diabetes. The article reports the case of a 28-year-old woman with an 18year history of type 1 diabetes whose glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) declined from 11.3 percent to 7.9 percent three months after initiation of chromium picolinate. Based on the results of this case, there might be a subset of people with diabetes that shows improvement in blood glucose control when taking chromium picolinate as a supplement. The authors conclude that chromium picolinate deserves further examination with additional prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials to evaluate its effectiveness in improving outcomes in people with diabetes. 29 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Chromium The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to chromium. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to chromium. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore chromium. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for chromium: •

Project Title: ACQUISITION OF IMMUNITY TO CYTOMEGALOVIRUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Diamond, Don J.; Professor and Head, Laboratory of Vaccin; City of Hope National Medical Center Duarte, Ca 91010 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001

2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

7

Summary: CMV infection remains an important problem for transplantation. No successful vaccine has been developed that prevents new infections or even controls existing ones. Pharmacologic treatments have limitations regarding their side effects and the development of resistant strain Asymptomatic CMV-seropositive individuals of survivors of CMV infection after BMT, have an ongoing cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to CMV, which can be measured after in vitro stimulation (IVS), either using HLA tetrameter binding or chromium release assay (CRA). The CTL response has multiple targets, however, the response to the tegument protein pp65 predominates in most individuals examined. Although many CTL epitopes have already been mapped from two immunodominant CMV proteins (pp65 and pp150), a significant number have yet been determined, and their elucidation will lead to a broad-based vaccine strategy for all major ethic groups in the United States. Immunodominance of CTL responses to CMV proteins will be determined utilizing IVS strategies together with known CTL epitopes. In contrast, little is known of the predominance of CTL targets from CMV in BMT recipients. The frequency of CMV-specific CTL will be enumerated using flow cytometry with HLA tetramers, and the frequency of those CTL will be compared to viral load measurements using plasma PCR methods. As a means to enhance the immunogenicity of previous defined CTL epitopes, a combinatorial peptide chemistry approach will be used with the known CTL epitopes from pp65 and pp150, which have affinities that are in the micromolar to approach will be used with the known CTL epitopes from pp65 and pp150, which have affinities that are in the micromolar to nanomolar range. Analogue peptides will be defined that will be evaluated initially using HLA A*0201 restricted and pp65- specific T cell clones, to develop a more immunogenic CTL epitope which may lead to a more effective CMV vaccine. The functionality of these analogue peptides will be shown utilizing in vivo immunization of HLA-transgenic mice and IVS studies stimulating a memory response in human PBMC specific for killing of CMV infected fibroblasts in vitro. Two Phase II trials will evaluate modalities including CMV lipopeptide immunization in combination with standard tetanus toxin immunization of BMT recipients. Augmentation of the memory response to tetanus- specific CD4+ T cells will be evaluated by in vitro methods, and the duration of infection-free survival of BMT recipients will be measured using standard clinical parameters. Finally, the utility of targeting a single CMV protein utilizing a CTL epitope vaccine strategy versus targeting two or more CMV proteins will be evaluated using CMV lipopeptide immunization of BMT recipients. Since the endpoint of the trial is a reduction in the incidence of CMV-associated disease, the comparison must be done utilizing a patient population likely to have measurable CMV viral load. Taken together, these strategies of defining CTL epitopes, augmenting their immunogenicity, and defining efficacious ways to delay them to CMT recipients will aid in the development of an effective CMV vaccine both as therapeutic and prophylactic agent. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ADJUVANT THERAPY FOR VASCULAR INFLAMMATION IN DIABETES Principal Investigator & Institution: Jain, Sushil K.; Professor and Chief; Pediatrics; Louisiana State Univ Hsc Shreveport P. O. Box 33932 Shreveport, La 71103 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: There is no text on file for this abstract. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

8

Chromium

•

Project Title: ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF HOMOCYSTAMIDE LDL ADDUCT Principal Investigator & Institution: Ferguson, Eric; Medical College of Wisconsin Po Box26509 Milwaukee, Wi 532264801 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Homocysteine thiolactone is a cyclic thioester that is implicated in atherogenesis. This molecule will readily acylate primary amines, forming a homocystamide adduct, which contains a primary amine and a thiol. Here, we have characterized and evaluated the antioxidant potential of the homocystamide-lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL) adduct, a product of the acylation reaction between homocysteine thiolactone and LDL. Treatment of LDL with homocysteine thiolactone resulted in a time-dependent increase in LDL-bound thiol content that reached approximately 250 nmol thiol/mg LDL protein at 75 minutes. The increase in LDL thiol content was followed by aggregation of LDL after 75 minutes. The increase in LDLbound thiols was reversible by treatment with the thiol blockersing spin label, methanethiosulfonate. As assessed by the electron spin resonance (ESR) spin labeling technique, the homocystamide adducts were predominately exposed to the aqueous phase of LDL, shown by the sharp ESR spectra that were greatly broadened by the hydrophillic paramagnetic relaxing agent, chromium oxalate. The relative electrophoretic mobility of the homocystamide-LDL adduct was increased with respect to native LDL. Primary amino group concentration of homocysteine thiolactone-treated LDL was not significantly different than native LDL (p < 0.05). The homocystamide-LDL adduct was resistant to Cu(2+)- and 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane)- mediated oxidation (with respect to native LDL) as measured by the formation of thiobarbituric reactive substances and the depletion of vitamin E. Blocking thiols with N-ethylmaleamide prevented the antioxidant effect of the homocystamide-LDL adduct. The potential relationship between the homocystamide-LDL adduct and the development of atherosclerosis is discussed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: ARENE ACTIVATION BY TRANSITION METALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Pearson, Anthony J.; Rudolph and Susan Rense Professor and c; Chemistry; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1986; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant) The objectives of the proposed research are to use in organic synthesis the ability of transition metals to activate aromatic substrates toward nucleophilic addition. Two main areas of endeavor will be studied: (1) Chromium tricarbonyl complexes of alkoxybenzene derivatives, in which the alkoxy group is chiral, will be used as substrates for asymmetric carbon nucleophile addition reactions. The outcome of this protocol is the formation of chiral substituted cyclohexenones in high enantiomeric excess. (2) Cyclopentadienylruthenium complexes of chloroarenes will be used to effect nucleophilic aromatic substitution as a key step in the total synthesis of the aglycone of ristocetin A, which is a complex peptido aryl ether related to the important glycopeptide antibiotics vancomycin and teicoplanin. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

Studies

•

9

Project Title: BACTERIAL GENES & PROTEINS INVOLVED IN REDOX TRANSFORM Principal Investigator & Institution: Tebo, Brad; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The objective of this project will be to study the mechanisms of transformation and fate of toxic substances primarily in coastal environments. This project will focus on understanding the molecular mechanisms by which metal contaminants are transformed from soluble phases to insoluble phases and to evaluate the contribution from different physiological groups of bacteria in this process. Experiments will center on re-expression of genes and characterization of multi-copper oxidase- like proteins involved in catalyzing Mn (II) oxidation in different bacterial groups. In addition Dr. Tebo has identified several novel bacteria that resist the toxic levels of Cr(VI) and grow with Cr(VI) as an electron acceptor. The second part of his project will examine the biochemical basis for Cr(VI) reduction in these novel Cr(VI)reducing bacterial and study the regulation of Cr(VI) and the expression of other genes in response to Cr(VI). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: BENZANNULATION APPROACH TO BIARYL ETHERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Harmata, Michael; Chemistry; University of Missouri Columbia 310 Jesse Hall Columbia, Mo 65211 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1999; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: Our long-range research objective is to demonstrate the effective use of a benzannulation reaction in the synthesis of complex natural products containing biaryl ethers as an important structural feature. The relevance of biaryl ethers to health is illustrated by vancomycin which, in the clinic, is used to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and other gram-positive bacteria. The emerging bacterial strains resistant to vancomycin justifies the search for new efficient synthetic methodologies toward the biaryl ether moiety of these molecules. Oligomeric ellagitannins, such as sanguiin H-6 which demonstrates an in vitro potency 100-200 times the clinically useful DNA topoisomerase II inhibitor etoposide (VP-16), are characterized by an digalloyl biaryl ether linker between the monomeric units. Our research will explore the utility of a [3+2+1] cycloaddition reaction (the Dotz reaction) to construct an aromatic ring in the syntheses of functionalized biaryl ethers. Key to this methodology is the reaction of Oaryl- Fischer chromium carbene complexes with alkynes to give diversely substituted biaryl ethers. The traditional Dotz reaction uses O-alkyl- unsaturated carbene complexes to form alkyl-aryl ethers. The use of O-aryl-unsaturated carbenes will lead to biaryl ethers which constitutes an unprecedented application of the Dotz reaction in organic synthesis. This approach is particularly advantageous due to the mild neutral reaction conditions required for cyclization and the availability of highly substituted electronrich aromatic systems that are currently difficult to obtain using existing technology for the synthesis biaryl ethers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: BIOACCUMULATION AND BIOMAGNIFICATION OF CU AND CR IN CRAYFISH TISSUES Principal Investigator & Institution: Naqvi, Syed M.; Southern Univ A&M Col Baton Rouge College Baton Rouge Baton Rouge, La 70813

10

Chromium

Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BIOLOGIC AND SYNTHETIC/KINETIC STUDY OF FISCHER CARBENES Principal Investigator & Institution: Casalnuovo, Joseph A.; California State Poly U Pomona 3801 W Temple Ave Pomona, Ca 91768 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The proposal covers three related, general goals during the grant period. One goal will be to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity of alpha, beta- unsaturated Fischer carbenes against breast, prostate, lung, and colon cancers and melanoma. A series of pentacarbonyl chromium and monophosphinated chromium Fischer carbenes will be synthesized for this purpose and tested against the above cancer cell lines. Phosphination allows for systematic variation of the electronic nature of the carbene moiety and is expected to affect the compound's cytotoxicity. A second goal will be to develop a model for relating this biological activity to the rate of nucleophilic attack on these alpha, beta-unsaturated Fischer carbenes. To this end, the rate of reaction of model thiol nucleophiles, such as cysteine, with the alpha, beta-unsaturated Fischer carbenes will be measured. A third goal will be to develop fundamental synthetic methodologies to increase the utility of phosphinated Fischer carbenes in the synthesis of biologically important molecules. The synthetic studies will include new routes to the alpha, betaunsaturated Fischer carbenes required for the kinetic and biological studies. In addition, synthetic methodologies associated with a new class of compounds, diphosphinated Fischer carbenes, will be evaluated for their synthetic potential in elaborating carbene functionality. This will include achiral and asymmetric versions of the reactions of the diphosphinated Fischer carbene anions with alkylating agents, aldehydes, epoxides and oxetanes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: BIOMARKERS OF CARCINOGEN EXPOSURE AND OXIDATIVE INJURY Principal Investigator & Institution: Christiani, David C.; Professor; Environmental Health; Harvard University (Sch of Public Hlth) Public Health Campus Boston, Ma 02460 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Cancer remains the second leading cause of death m the US preceded only by heart disease. The great majority of cancers are believed to be preventable because of known environmental factors that influence their incidence. Air pollution, predominantly composed of particulates including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and metals is known to contain significant levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which can lead to deleterious effects within a normal cell. Continued, repeated exposure to ROS (as seen in occupational exposures) leads to oxidative injury within a cell that can directly affect DNA, cell signaling and growth and the induction of mitosis and initiate the multi- step cascade of carcinogenesis. Previous epidemiologic studies have demonstrated increased cancer incidence among workers exposed to particulates and PAR The proposed investigation will use a repeated measures, short-term prospective approach to study exposure to particulates, PAH and metals and their relationship to oxidative injury biomarkers as intermediate factors in the development

Studies

11

of cancer in a cohort of occupationally exposed individuals. This study will address important gaps in current knowledge of epidemiologic exposure assessment and will provide the opportunity to characterize both biologic markers of exposure (1hydroxypyrene, mononuclear PAH- DNA adducts, urinary metals and urinary 7,8dihydro-2'- deoxyguanosine;8-OH-dG), and biomarkers of early environmental carcinogen damage (PAH-DNA adducts, urinary 8-OH-dG). This study specifically addresses several of the key areas detailed in the RFA, including characterization and quantification of exposures and exposed populations via evaluation of the suitability of the use of several biomarkers simultaneously collected in surrogate tissue (blood DNA adducts, urinary metals, urinary 8-OH-dG and urinary 1- hydroxypyrene). A better understanding of these risks will lead to improved preventive strategies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BIOTINYLATED ERYTHROCYTES IN PATIENTS WITH SICKLE CELL DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Franco, Robert S.; Children's Hospital Med Ctr (Cincinnati) 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: SIckle RBC are subject to a number of important cellular changes and selection pressures. In this study, we validated a biotin RBC label by comparison to the standard 51CR label, and used it to study changes that occur in sickle cells as they age. Sickle RBC had a much shorter lifespan than did normal RBC, but the two labels gave equivalent results for both cell types. A variable number of sickle, but not normal, RBC disappeared the circulation during the first few hours after reinfusion. The number of biotinylated sickle reticulocytes was decreased by fifty percent after 24 hours and 75% after 48 hours, with a gradual decrease in the amount of reticulum per cell. The labeled sickle cells exhibited major density increases during the first four to six days after reinfusion, with smaller changes thereafter. A small population of very light, labeled sickle RBC was essentially constant in number after the first few days. HbF content was determined in isolated biotinylated sickle RBC after reinfusion, allowing an estimate of lifespan for F cells and non-F cells. The lifespan of sickle B-RBC lacking HbF was estimated to be about two weeks, whereas F cells survived six to eight weeks. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: CATALYTIC PROCESSES FOR SELECTIVE ORGANIC SYNTHESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Molander, Gary A.; Professor; Chemistry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1993; Project End 30-NOV-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Catalytic processes for selective organic synthesis are described. Organolanthanides and group 3 organometallics will be utilized as catalysts in a wide range of processes for the construction of complex organic molecules from rather simple, readily available precursors. A family of organometallic complexes will be synthesized exhibiting significant reactivity, selectivity, and catalytic turnover in the processes outlined. This requires substantial "tuning" of the metal and the ligand. Processes to be developed are expected to exhibit a high degree of regioselectivity and diastereoselectivity. At the outset, the chemistry to be carried out will be focused on fundamental aspects of the new synthetic methods. However, ready access to compounds generated by these methods will provide more efficient and economical means to synthesize biologically active materials of interest to the pharmaceutical

12

Chromium

industry. For example, the reactions can be sequenced to provide a dramatic increase in molecular complexity from simple starting materials to the final products. Furthermore, the methods are environmentally sound in that they proceed in a manner where no byproducts are generated (i.e., they proceed with "atom economy"). Several diverse areas, all catalyzed by the same class of organometallics, have been targeted for study. These include: 1) Development of hydrosilylation, hydroboration, and hydrocupration reactions. 2) Cyclization reactions of polyolefins and dienynes involving sequential reactions wherein the cyclizations are terminated by silylation or boration. The synthesis of both carbocycles and nitrogen heterocycles will be explored. 3) The further development of hydroamination reactions. We will focus on hydroamination/cyclization sequences and applications to the synthesis of complex nitrogen heterocycles. 4) Carbometalation/cyclization reactions will be explored utilizing organochromium species. 5) Ligands and catalytic systems designed for asymmetric synthesis will be explored. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHROMIUM ANALYSIS AND DIABETES Principal Investigator & Institution: Paul, Kenneth G.; Biophysics Assay Lab, Inc. (Biopal, Inc) 80 Webster St Worcester, Ma 016031914 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Diabetes is one of the most costly health problems in America and the seventh leading cause of death Chromium has been implicated in the regulation of insulin metabolism and a number of the signs and symptoms of diabetes are shared in common with demonstrated chromium deficiency These include impaired glucose tolerance, fasting hyperglycemia, glucosuria, hypoglycemia, elevated circulating insulin, decreased insulin receptor number, and peripheral neuropathy The Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS), the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) have invited applications for basic and clinical studies of the role of chromium as adjuvant therapy in type 2 diabetes and/or impaired glucose tolerance Studies report that chromium supplementation may improve diabetes control but one of the major obstacles in evaluating the biological effects of chromium involves assessing chromium status by a simple, readily available analytical method BioPAL, utilizing neutron activation analysis (NAA), proposes to develop a nonradioactive, convenient, and standardized commercial assay for chromium in biological tissues and fluids free of the problems of complicated sample preparation and potential contamination encountered with presently used techniques Our long-term goal (Phase II) is to develop advanced technology to significantly, improve the lower-limits of sensitivity for chromium as compared to current methods, including current NAA methods The assessment of chromium levels and their relationship to insulin sensitivity as well as the possible value of chromium in the control of hypoglycemia and various other symptoms associated either with diabetes or related pathologies would be not only a valuable tool in research but a means for determining individual chromium levels by a routine, nondestructive and non-invasive technique Ultimately these methods could be developed into a simple kit for use by clinicians or even individuals Similar methods can be adapted for the determination of other trace metals from the same sample in a single analysis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

Studies

•

13

Project Title: CHROMIUM AND INSULIN ACTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Cefalu, William T.; Associate Professor of Medicine; None; Lsu Pennington Biomedical Research Ctr 6400 Perkins Rd Baton Rouge, La 70808 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Rationale: Chromium supplementation has been postulated to have a beneficial effect in the management of diabetes, but routine use is not currently recommended due to the conflicting evidence regarding efficacy. Further, the cellular mechanisms by which chromium affects glucose homeostasis are currently unknown. Several lines of evidence, however, suggest that chromium may modulate intracellular pathways of glucose metabolism.Hypothesis: Our hypothesis is that, in subjects with Type 2 diabetes, chromium supplementation will improve whole-body, insulin-mediated glucose uptake by increasing non-oxidative glucose disposal (Aim 1). This increase will be due to changes in glucose transport and glycogen synthase activity at the myocellular level (Aim 2) and in cellular signaling through the insulin receptor regulating glucose uptake and glycogen synthase activity (Aim 3). Experimental Approach:. We will conduct a double-blinded, placebo-controlled intervention study in subjects with Type 2 diabetes. After assessment of baseline measures, subjects will be randomized to chromium or placebo for 24 weeks. We will then assess whole-body physiologic measures in addition to obtaining skeletal muscle biopsies for myocellular studies in situ. Significance: Chromium supplementation by the general public, and in people with diabetes in particular, has surpassed our ability as a scientific community to provide evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of its use. As such, randomized controlled trials with mechanistic aims are warranted and provide the rationale for this project. Therefore, the experiments proposed will provide new information regarding the effects of chromium on glucose homeostasis, and will provide the data necessary to generate recommendations for or against routine clinical use. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: CHROMIUM EFFECTS IN IMPARIED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Katz, David L.; Director of Medical Studies; Griffin Hospital 130 Division St Derby, Ct 06418 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-AUG-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is often a prelude to type II diabetes mellims (DM) and its sequelae, and is a cardiac risk factor in its own right. The worsening epidemic of DM in the US, along with the increasing prevalence of obesity, insulin resistance, and IGT, render the identification of promising interventions for these states a matter of some urgency. While lifestyle interventions based on dietary pattern and physical activity can delay or prevent the onset of diabetes, and reduce cardiovascular risk, adherence at the population level is severely limiting. Pharmacotherapy offers promise for diabetes prevention, but with associated high costs, unacceptability to many patients, and potential toxicity. In this context, the potential role of chromium (Cr), an insulin co-factor, in IGT is of great interest. Chromium use is widespread, but evidence of any therapeutic effect is limited. Proposed, therefore, is a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled pilot trial conducted at the Yale Prevention Research Center, to investigate the effects of daily Cr for 6 months at two dose levels on serum measures of glucose tolerance, and on endothelial function, in adults with IGT. A modified crossover design will allow for paired and unpaired analyses including comparison of both 500 mcg and 1,000 mcg of Cr daily to placebo; comparison between 500 mcg and 1000 mcg of chromium; and evaluation of Cr washout

14

Chromium

time. The study is powered to detect a clinically meaningful effect of Cr supplementation at either dose on glucose control, and to compare the two doses for equivalence. The study will investigate effects of Cr on both measures of glucose tolerance (glucose, insulin, OGTT) and brachial artery endothelial function, thus combining serum measures with a physiologic test of Cr effects on the vasculature. The proposed study will generate much needed data regarding the efficacy of Cr in IGT and offers the promise of guiding practice, as well as directing future study. By contributing to knowledge related to potential diabetes prevention strategies, this study addresses one of the more pressing public health issues in the US today. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHROMIUM ENHANCEMENT OF INSULIN SIGNALING Principal Investigator & Institution: Brautigan, David L.; Professor and Director; Microbiology; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chromium is a micronutrient that potentiates the action of insulin and is an essential component of "glucose tolerance factor" discovered over 40 years ago. Chromium could have beneficial effects for the >15 million type-2 diabetics in the USA, and many Americans already take Cr (III) as a daily dietary supplement, alone or in multivitamin formulations. Nonetheless, there is scant information and continuing controversy regarding the biology of Cr (III), including uptake, bioavailability, target of action and even whether the metal ion itself or some organo-metallic complex is the bioactive species. The goal of this project is to define the biochemical basis for chromium enhancement of insulin action. In preliminary studies various organic and inorganic forms of Cr (III) were found to be equally efficacious in potentiating initial signaling events triggered by insulin. Chromium added at nanomolar concentrations to intact living cells in culture increased insulin-stimulated Tyr phosphorylation at sub-optimal doses of insulin. The effect was attributed to impaired insulin receptor (IR) dephosphorylation, assayed by addition of chromium to purified membranes. This project will extend these studies to test the hypothesis that Cr (III) inhibits the dephosphorylation of the activated IR by protein Tyr phosphatases (PTP). This could occur by interaction of the Cr (III) either with PTP, blocking the enzyme activity by interacting with an active site cysteine, or with the substrate, the Tyr phosphorylated IR, protecting it from dephosphorylation. Experiments will use dephosphorylation assays to identify the target protein (PTP or IR). Analysis of reaction products will show whether chromium action is selective for different Tyr phosphorylation sites in the IR, which would enhance specific downstream signaling pathways. Structural determinants for interaction with chromium will be determined by mutagenesis and Cr(III) binding assays with recombinant target protein. The results will provide new knowledge of the molecular actions of Cr (III), provide a basis for understanding the biological effects of dietary chromium and open new opportunities for interventions to combat type-2 diabetes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: CHROMIUM PICOLINATE IN THE METABOLIC SYNDROMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Szapary, Philippe O.; Medicine; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005

Studies

15

Summary: (provided by applicant): The metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities which is characterized by abdominal obesity, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), dyslipidemia and raised blood pressure. The MetSyn has been linked to an increased risk of developing both type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). The most recent guidelines from the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) include a new definition for MetSyn, and have identified it as an important target of therapy. Using this new definition, it is estimated that 22% of Americans have the MetSyn in some form. Thus, the implication is that therapies aimed specifically at the MetSyn will be very important in reducing the incidence of T2DM and ASCVD. Supplemental trivalent chromium (Cr+3) has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity in some patients with T2DM, but its effect in patients at high risk of developing T2DM is unknown. There is also intriguing literature to suggest that supplemental Cr+3 may reduce weight and improve serum lipids, all of which are important components of the MetSyn. Additionally, recent in vitro data suggests that Cr+3 may also possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, further suggesting that supplemental Cr+3 might be useful in preventing T2DM and its complications. Thus, we propose to systematically evaluate the safety and efficacy of supra-physiologic doses of Cr+3 in obese adults with NCEP-defined MetSyn and IFG in a four-month, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Primarily, this trial will answer whether 1000 mcg of oral chromium picolinate (CrPic) taken daily can safely improve insulin sensitivity in this high risk population as measured by several indices obtained from an intravenous frequently sampled glucose tolerance test. This study will also quantify the effects of CrPic supplementation on other important clinical features seen in MetSyn including: serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and fasting triglycerides (TG); weight/body composition; and blood pressure. Additionally, this study will provide the first human data on the effects of CrPic supplementation on state-of-the art readouts of oxidant stress and inflammation, which are important intermediates in the development of both T2DM and ASCVD. Finally, the study will provide evidence of the relationship between chromium status and effects on insulin sensitivity as well as information on the prevalence of chromium deficiency in the MetSyn population. The results from this clinical trial will provide ample preliminary data for future R01 grant submissions further investigating the effects of CrPic supplementation in diabetes and coronary heart disease prevention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHROMIUM POTENTIATION OF SERTRALINE IN REFRACTORY DYSTHYMIC DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Golden, Robert; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: CHROMIUM TOXICITY: REDUCTIVE ACTIVATION BY HUMAN ENZYMES Principal Investigator & Institution: Myers, Charles R.; Director; Medical College of Wisconsin Po Box26509 Milwaukee, Wi 532264801 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001

16

Chromium

Summary: Exposure to chromium (Cr) compounds, which can occur through occupational exposure or the environment, is associated with a wide array of toxic effects, including serious damage to internal organs and increased incidence of certain cancers. The intracellular reductive metabolism of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), via reactive intermediates, is thought to play a key role in the cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity of Cr(VI) compounds. Studies on Cr(VI) reduction have largely focused on the mechanisms by purified chemicals or rodent tissues, but we have determined that certain aspects of the rodent studies cannot be readily extrapolated to humans. We conducted a preliminary experiment to determine if human microsomal enzymes could generate one of the reactive Cr intermediates, Cr(V). ESR spectra collected at 77 K clearly showed the production of Cr(V) (distinct signal with g value of 1.98) during the ascorbate-mediated reduction of Cr(VI). A shallow, broad signal spanning the distinct Cr(V) signal was also seen during the ascorbate-mediated reduction of Cr(V); curiously, this broad signal (peak-to-peak width of approximately 750 G) resembles that for a Cr(IV) complex reported by Luo et al. The features of this broad signal are consistent with those of a transition metal with two unpaired d electrons, although further analysis would be required to definitively conclude its true nature. Cr(V) was also clearly evident during the reduction of Cr(VI) by human hepatic microsomes. Upon expansion of the range from 4000 G to 100 G, asymmetry in the g=198 line was observed. A much smaller Cr(V) signal was seen when pre-boiled microsomes were used; this was probably due to the exposure to the NADPH-generating system for 60 min, as NADPH is a known reductant of Cr(VI) although at a much slower rate than that catalyzed by microsomal enzymes. NADPH-generating systems have been previously shown to generate small amounts of Cr(V) readily detectable by ESR. The relative Cr(V) signal intensities indicate that the signal with pre-boiled microsomes was only 43% of that with active microsomes in generating Cr(V). Although these experiments were conducted in the absence of O2, some of the Cr intensities may not represent absolute amounts of Cr(V) produced, but rather relative "steady-state" levels under the specific experimental conditions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PATHWAYS

CHROMIUM(III)

GENOTOXICITY--DIRECT

AND

INDIRECT

Principal Investigator & Institution: Stearns, Diane M.; Chemistry; Northern Arizona University Department of Biological Sciences Flagstaff, Az 86011 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-APR-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: This proposal is a resubmission for an R29 FIRST award the title of which has been appropriately changed from investigations of the comutagenicity of Chromium (III)@. This submission has also been sent from the College of Arts and Sciences, Northern Arizona University where the applicant has recently (August 97) been appointed Assistant Professor in the Dept. of Chemistry. The previous submission originated from Dartmouth College. The overall goal is to elucidate the mechanism of chromium carcinogenesis since chromium, a common industrially used heavy metal has been implicated in the development of human cancers. Chromium (VI) is the form of chromium which is classified as a human carcinogen, however, this proposal hypothesises that chromium (III) is involved in chromium (VI) induced cancers since it is an intracellular metabolic product of chromium (VI). Chromium (III) is not clearl an adverse agent in human health and Cr (III) based compounds are used as dietary supplements, however the principal investigator emphasizes that, The point to consider should be intracellular Cr (III) rather than Cr (III) exposure in general. There are strong

Studies

17

indications that such a statement is highly pertinent. The specific goal of this proposal is then to elucidate direct and indirect pathways of Cr (III)-induced DNA damage and mutation. To test whether Cr (III) is responsible for the formation of Cr-DNA adducts, different adducts will be synthesized and examined by MR spectroscopy, and other techniques including X-ray crystallography. That is, a knowledge base will be constructed for synthetic Cr-DNA adducts and this information used to detect Cr-DNA adducts formed in cultured cells treated with Cr (III) and Cr (VI). In a second series of experiments designed to test the hypothesis that C (III) causes direct damage in cells through the formation of Cr-DNA adducts an produces indirect DNA damage by inhibiting repair, cell biological studies wil be undertaken. This contrasts with the bioinorganic chemistry approach in the first series of experiments. Specifically, CHO cells, normal and deficient in different steps of nucleotide excision repair will be treated with Cr (III) complexes and DNA based lesions measured (Cr-DNA adducts, strand breaks, cross-links and alkali labile sites). Comparison will be made against model genotoxins. In a third series of experiments the mutagenicity and co-mutagenicity of bioavailable Cr (III) will be assessed. Chromosomal changes and hgprt mutation will be measured to assess direct effects, while combined treatments with known genotoxins will also be undertaken to evaluate co-mutagenicity. It is hoped that knowledge gained from these explorations of the pathways of Cr (III) genotoxicity will contribute to an understanding of the carcinogenic capacity of Cr (VI), and the potential risk to humans of ingesting bioavailable Cr (III) nutritional supplements. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COMBINATORIAL SYNTHESIS OF BIOLOGICAL LIBRARIES BY CR Principal Investigator & Institution: Martinez, Luis E.; Assistant Professor; University of Texas El Paso El Paso, Tx 79968 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: There is no text on file for this abstract. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: COMPOSITE METAL/CERAMIC BEARINGS FOR THA IMPLANTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Khandkar, Ashok C.; Amedica Corporation 2116 S Lakeline Dr Salt Lake City, Ut 84109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Provided by Applicant): The implications of developing materials with enhanced fracture toughness, damage resistance, reliability and ultra low wear is of significant interest to the orthopedic community, since it directly addresses a vital clinical concern- eliminating wear debris mediated THA implant failures. In Phase I we made a significant step towards addressing this central issue by successfully demonstrating a novel ceramic material with superior mechanical properties. An enhancement of 50 percent in fracture toughness, 50 percent in weibull modulus and significant damage resistance over conventional ceramics was demonstrated. Thus, we have been able to establish materials which, from a safety and design aspect, will have significantly lower risk of brittle failure in vivo. Furthermore, we have been able to adpat the ceramics for articulation with CoCr. From a bio-compatibility aspect, no adverse effects are expected in-vivo. Early wear performance results of head/cup components made from these ceramics also clearly show the ultra low wear characteristics, with wear volumes 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than present CoCr-PE. In Phase II, we propose to extend these promising results by optimizing the component

18

Chromium

design tolerances using a rigorous statistically valid approach, characterizing the static and fatigue strength of THA implant components, and performing a comprehensive invitro and invivo bio-compatibility evaluation. We also propose to extend the wear tests (n=6) to 10 million cycles in a hip simulator to confirm the functionality of the optimized components. Major orthopedic implant manufacturers have expressed interest in collaborating on the evaluation and optimization of the novel ceramic designs. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: The combination of safety (mechanical and biological) and function (ultra-low wear) and compatibility with CoCr offers a new bearing materail set that promises to eliminate the central issue plaguing THA - wear debris mediated osteolysis and implant failures. A comprehanesive program to establish the safety and function of the materials will help speed the commercialization of these implants in Phase III. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CONVERSION OF GROUP A ERYTHROCYTES TO GROUP O Principal Investigator & Institution: Goldstein, Jack; Rockefeller University New York, Ny 100216399 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: To provide a constant supply of "universal blood type" group O red blood cells (RBC), we are attempting to convert groups A, B and AB RBC to group O by enzymatic methods. We have already demonstrated the safety and efficacy of multi-unit and repeat transfusions of group B O converted RBC, and will now begin in vivo studies in which we have removed the A epitopes from group A RBC to determine whether these cells will be nonimmunogenic when they are transfused to recipients of any blood group. Such enzymatic conversion is effected using an exoglycosidase, alpha-Nacetylgalactosaminidase ("A-zyme"), with/without an endoglycosidase, endo-betagalactosidase ("endo"). Due to the number and complexity of multiple A epitopes on the group A RBC, it is not yet known whether internal as well as external A epitopes, (internal A epitopes are present on some blood group A carbohydrate chains) must be removed to achieve efficient conversion. Our early small-volume in vivo infusions to normal volunteers (feasibility studies) will demonstrate whether one or both enzymes, or some other combination of relevant enzymes, will be necessary to remove sufficient A epitopes to produce nonimmunogenic cells with sufficient in vivo lifespan (as assessed with chromium-51 label). Pending these results, we will move to larger volume transfusions to group B and O volunteers (conducted under an IND) in which we will further assess the safety, as well as the efficacy, of converted A O RBC. These studies will include a comprehensive assessment of the effects of large-volume transfusions, including extensive hematology, clinical chemistry, urine and serologic analyses, all of which are capable of detecting subtle transfusion reactions and demonstrating product efficacy. Finally, patient subjects will be enrolled. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: CORE--ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Laskin, Jeffrey D.; Professor and Chief; Univ of Med/Dent Nj-R W Johnson Med Sch Robert Wood Johnson Medical Sch Piscataway, Nj 08854 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: The Signal Transduction Core consists of 15 members from five departments at the RWJMS and RU. It brings together individuals with expertise in cellular and

Studies

19

molecular toxicology with signal transduction as a theme. Members of the Core conduct research that is supported by over $2 million annually in peer reviewed grants, In addition, approximately $250,000 is received annually for peer- reviewed training and non-peer reviewed research activities. Core II investigators authored over 200 publications during the last five years. As a result of collaborations, members of the core jointly published 42 papers. Starting with Exploratory Research Funds and shared resource support, the Core members generated the data to submit a P01 application to NIEHS. The Center provided additional pilot studies to enhance the data base and the grant (1 P0l ES-06897) which has been funded. This core focuses on areas of investigation related to how xenobiotics modulate or interfere with cellular signal transduction processes. Research areas range from examining the interaction of xenobiotics with cell surface receptors and membrane proteins, to studying receptorassociated protein kinases, transcription factors, and interaction of metabolites with DNA. Specific areas of investigation include the analysis of mechanisms by which: xenobiotics alter membrane receptors (J. Laskin, Gallo), xenobiotic transport/multidrug resistance proteins operate (Hait), oxidants induce alterations in signaling pathways utilizing protein kinases and phosphatases (Toledano, Yurkow, Witz, Goldstein), reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen intermediates affect cellular signaling (Denhardt, Heck, J. Laskin, D. Laskin, Toledano, Geller), polyamines modulate cellular signaling (Thomas, Gallo), xenobiotics-induce alterations in transcription factors (Denhardt, Yurkow, Heck, Toledano), xenobiotics interact with DNA (Witz, Geller) and xenobiotics alter cell cycle control (Germino, Gallo). Highlights of research with specific chemicals include the findings that chromium is a potent activator of MAP kinase activity in rat hepatocytes (Yurkow), ozone treatment of rats stimulates the formation of pulmonary nitric oxide (D. Laskin and J. Laskin), the chemical photosensitizer psoralen inhibits epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase activity in skin cells (J. Laskin, Gallo) and the potent environmental toxin dioxin dozen regulates the estrogen receptor (Gallo) and stimulates nitric oxide production (Heck). This core members utilize the Enzymes and Antibodies, Molecular Genetics, Molecular Pathology, Chemical Analysis and Statistical Analysis Facility Cores. This core extensively uses the Analytical Cytometry/Image Analysis Facility Core which provides a broad range of expertise in modem techniques in cell biology. Using techniques in flow cytometry, fluorescence image analysis and confocal microscopy, multi parameter fluorescence analysis, cell sorting, cell cycle analysis, low level light imaging and three dimensional image reconstruction are performed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--IMMUNOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Chirmule, Narendra; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Immune responses to gene therapy are important considerations in the development of effective vectors. In vivo delivery of recombinant adenoviruses have established important principles likely to be relevant to many other systems. Humoral immune responses develop to the capsid proteins of the input virus, which diminish the efficiency of vector readministration. Adenoviruses deleted of the E1 genes express viral proteins in the transduced cell, which activate destructive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Frequently, the transgene product can serve as a target for CTL, as well. Dr. Naren Chirmule was recruited to the Institute for Human Gene Therapy (IHGT) in 1996 to establish a core facility in immunology. This Core provides a large profile of an in

20

Chromium

vitro assays to measure cellular and humoral immune responses to vectors and transgene products. Included are analyses of CD4+ T cells (lymphoproliferation and cytokine release assays) as well as chromium release assays to assess CTLs. Humoral immune responses are measured through ELISA, Western Blots, isotype fractionation, and neutralizing assays. Viral and transgene products are evaluated as potential antigens in these assays. The Immunology Core provides full service to P30 investigators in areas of basic, translational, and clinical research. The core is a useful mechanism to assure standardization of assays across different protocols. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--MOLECULAR AND GENETIC TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH Principal Investigator & Institution: Rossman, Toby; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The Molecular and Genetic Toxicology Research Core is directed by Dr. Toby Rossman, and consists of ten NIEHS Center investigators. A primary goal of this Core is to elucidate the effects of environmental agents on the structure and function of cellular genes and macromolecules, including those involved with transcription control and to identify proteins conferring resistance to environmental agents. Most of the studies in this Core are carried out in-vitro systems. The Molecular and Genetic Toxicology Research Core uses the tools of chemistry and molecular biology (and increasingly those of mathematics) to elucidate the toxicological effects of chemicals. While this Core is particularly strong, in studies on inorganic compounds, such as arsenic, nickel, chromium and cadmium; the Core is not limited to these compounds. The molecular toxicological effects of metals and other agents are studied by examining their interactions with DNA and with proteins that have structural, regulatory or enzymatic activities (such as receptors, efflux pumps, signaling, leading to transcriptional changes and DNA polymerases). The biochemistry of metal-mediated active oxygen species and the biological effects that result from such reactive radicals is of interest to this Core. Another focus is on mutational specificity of carcinogens and site-specific mutagenesis of particular DNA lesions. Other areas of interest include the molecular basis for resistance to environmental agents and the effects of estrogen-like compounds on gene expression. The proposed studies within this research core are focused mainly on expanding ongoing studies using cellular and molecular techniques. These studies can be divided into three groups: 1) DNA damage, repair and mutagenesis, 2) gene regulation and 3) receptors and signal transduction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: CORE--TRACE METAL ANALYSIS FACILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Graziano, Joseph H.; Professor Public Health And; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: There is no text on file for this abstract. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: CORE--TRACE METALS FACILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Graziano, Joesph H.; Columbia Univ New York Morningside 1210 Amsterdam Ave, Mc 2205 New York, Ny 10027

Studies

21

Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: The primary purpose of the Trace Metals Facility Core is to provide Center investigators with the capability to obtain analyses of biological samples for a broad array of metals including: lead, mercury, arsenic, iron, manganese, cadmium, copper, zinc, chromium, sodium, cobalt, platinum, potassium and others. In addition, the facility provides method development for these analyses, standardization, and quality control. Biochemical analyses that help in the assessment of the physiological status of the subjects that are exposed to these metals are also conducted. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF CATALYTIC HAMMERHEAD RNAS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mckay, David B.; Professor; Structural Biology; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1990; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: The long-term goal is to understand the structure and enzymatic mechanism of small catalytic RNAs (ribozymes). Current efforts are focused on the hammerhead and hepatitis delta virus ribozymes. Small ribozymes are being used to attenuate proliferation of viruses and specific mammalian cell types; knowledge of their structure will aid their development as stable, effective therapeutic agents. The x-ray crystallographic structure of the hammerhead ribozyme has been solved, revealing the overall tertiary fold of the molecule. However, the ribozyme is in an apparent kinetic ground state , the structure does not reveal the catalytic mechanism. Further studies of structure and actuvity will be directed toward stabilizing ribozyme-inhibitor complexes that mimic intermediates approaching the transition state of the reaction. This work will use a spectrum of inhibitors with modifications around the active site, as well as a spectrum of divalent ions to substitute for the catalytic metal ion. The work will proceed in three stages: I. Solve the structure of currently-available crystals to high (greater than or equal to 2.0 Angstrom units) resolution. II. Using crystals isomorphous to those of stage I when possthe structures of a spectrum of inhibitor each of which will have different interactions within the active site. Scan divalent ion binding at the active site with Mg2+, Cd2+ and Cr2+. Assay for activity in crystals and in solution. III. Using information from stage II, stabilize complexes between inhibitors/substrates and specific divalent ions that mimic reaction intermediate states and solve their structures to high resolution. When completed, this work should give and unambiguous picture of the structural basis for catalytic activity by the hammerhead ribozyme. Additionally, ongoing efforts to improve the quality of currently- available crystals of the hepatitis delta virus ribozyme will be continued, with the goal of solving the ribozyme structure. This ribozyme catalyzes the same reaction as the hammerhead but utilizes a completely different tertiary structure for this activity; its structure will provide new insights on ribozyme mechanism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: DETECTION OF CR- DNA ADDUCTS IN HUMAN Principal Investigator & Institution: Costa, Max; Professor and Chairman; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Hexavalent chromium is a well established human carcinogen and is a contaminant at numerous Superfund toxic waste dump sites. Carcinogenesis by

22

Chromium

hexavalent chromium is thought to involve the formation of Cr-DNA adducts. About 50% of the chromium is bound to DNA as ternary complexes of Cr (III) with either amino acids or glutathione. Additionally, hexavalent chromium has been shown to interact with DNA in a non-random fashion targeting itself to promoters and coding regions of highly inducible genes. Previous studies in humans have suggested that there is a large intra-individual variability in the uptake of chromate. Using he bacterial repair enzymes UvrABC and the technique of ligation-mediated PCR, we will study whether the UvrABC bacterial enzymes can detect and differentiate Cr-DNA complexes including Cr(III)-DNA binary, as well as (Cr(III)-DNA ternary complexes involving either cysteine, histidine, or glutathione within exon 7 of the p53 gene. We will also investigate the effect of cytosine methylation on the formation of adducts in human lymphocytes following exposure to hexavalent chromium within other DNA regions that we can analyze for hotspots of Cr-DNA adducts. Bacterial repair enzymes will cut at Cr adducts, and Southern blotting will measure the hybridization signal in the cut region compared to the uncut DNA using probes, such as the ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) promoter and the p53 coding regions. We will examine hexavalent chromium uptake in 60 human volunteers and identify those with the highest uptake capacity and highest intracellular levels of chromium and high chromate uptake will be utilized to map the Cr-DNA adducts at a single nucleotide level in p53 exon 5 and 7, as well as other DNA regions. These studies attempt to develop biomarkers of exposure and effect of carcinogenic hexavalent chromium. We consider important parameters of genetic diversity including epigenetic differences in DNA methylation and the interindividual diversity of chromatic uptake into cells. These studies should lead to new methodologies for assessing the impact of environmental exposure of hexavalent chromium to the human population and identify factors of susceptibility that enhance Cr toxicity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATED CELL BASED BIOASSAYS Principal Investigator & Institution: Rice, Robert H.; Professor; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Hazardous waste sites contain complex mixtures of a wide variety of toxic chemicals. Unfortunately, development of a rapid and inexpensive detection of specific chemicals or chemical classes in environmental and biological samples has been hampered by the lack of available specific bioassay/biomarker systems. Accordingly, the overall goals of this project are to develop and validate a series of mechanisticallybased cell bioassays/biomarkers that have application for chemical detection and screening. Since effective development and application of bioassays/biomarkers is greatly facilitated by an understanding of the specific response of a cell to a given toxicant of class of toxicants, each of the four proposed approaches will exploit information derived from an analysis of the basic molecular mechanisms by which chemicals affect cellular receptors, signal transduction pathways, and cell functions. In Aim 1, stably transfected cell lines will be developed which respond to one or more hormones (steroid, thyroid and retinoic acid) with the induction of receptor/dependent expression of firefly luciferase or green fluorescent protein receptor genes. The endocrine disrupting activity of a given chemical(s), or complex chemical mixtures could rapidly be determined by examining their ability to activate/inhibit induction of reporter gene expression. In Aim 2, measurement of perturbations in gene expression by

Studies

23

dioxin, arsenic and chromium in human keratinocytes, using subtractive hybridization and DNA array techniques will allow identification of a series of gene products (i.e. potential biomarkers of effect) whose expression is altered by these chemicals. In Aim 3, validation of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH)-generated oxylipin metabolites as relevant biomarkers as relevant biomarkers of exposure/effect resulting from exposure to hazardous environmental chemicals which alter sEH activity will be evaluated using cells and mice. DNA array and metanomics approaches will also be developed and employed for identifying genetic and metabolic biomarkers of exposure to sEH inhibitors. In Aim 4, a series of transgenic skeletal myotubule cell lines (wild-type and mutant) will be developed as biomarkers of normal and heightened susceptibility to environmental chemicals causing dysfunction in Ca2+-regulation and signaling and as bioassays for the identification of environmental toxicants which influence calcium signaling. Overall, these approaches not only take advantage of the ability of a chemical to activate/inhibit intracellular receptor mediated signaling events and gene expression, but these bioassays and biomarkers provide rapid mechanistically-based screening systems to detect toxicants and toxicant exposure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DIVALENT METAL TRANSPORTER: ROLE IN MANGANESE TOXICITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Roth, Jerome A.; Professor; Pharmacology and Toxicology; State University of New York at Buffalo Suite 211 Ub Commons Amherst, Ny 14228 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 26-MAR-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chronic exposure to the divalent heavy metals, lead, manganese (Mn) and chromium, has all been linked to development of severe and irreversible neurological disorders as well as increased risk to develop Parkinson disease. Although the mechanisms by which these metals induce neuronal cell death are not well defined, neurotoxicity is regulated by a number of factors, one of which is the transport of these metals across the blood brain barrier and their subsequent uptake within targeted neuron. Once inside the neuron these heavy metals provoke a series of biochemical and molecular events leading to cell death induced by apoptosis and/or necrosis. In the case of Mn, chronic high level exposure provokes a syndrome resembling Parkinson?s disease, which at the latter stages consists of severe extrapyramidal dysfunction. Recent studies have indicated that Mn toxicity is integrally linked to transport and disposition of iron. Mn is predominantly taken up into cells via the same transporter responsible for iron uptake, i.e. the divalent metal transporter, DMT1. This transporter has a very broad specificity and is responsible for the cellular uptake of other divalent cations as well, including Cd+2, Zn+2, Co+2, Ni+2, Cu+2 and Pb+2. One of the two forms of DMT1, the form containing the iron-response element (+IRE) in the 3?-noncoding region of the message, is negatively regulated by iron status such that if iron levels are low, DMT1 expression is elevated resulting in increased transport and the potential for enhanced metal toxicity. The other form (-IRE) presumably is not regulated in this fashion. Recent studies have demonstrated that the two isoforms of DMT1 (+/-IRE) are distributed in different subcellular compartments with the -IRE species selectively present in the nucleus of neuronal and neuronal-like cells. However, the function and structure of this nuclear-based form of DMT1 have not been determined. Accordingly, we propose to examine the function of both the +IRE and -IRE forms of DMT1 and their contribution to the cellular uptake and subcellular distribution of Mn and their role in supporting heavy metal neurotoxicity. We have a

24

Chromium

unique ability to study the function of DMT1 in regulating Mn and other heavy metal toxicity since Dr. Michael Garrick, a coinvestigator in this grant, has an animal model, the Belgrade rat, with a mutation in DMT1 making it functionally inactive. Accordingly, the following studies are proposed: 1) determine the contribution of the +/-IRE forms of DMT1 in supporting iron and Mn transport and toxicity, 2) characterize factors regulating expression of +/-IRE forms of DMT1, 3) determine the structural features promoting nuclear localization of the -IRE form of DMT1, 4) determine the function of nuclear DMT1 and its contribution to Mn-induced toxicity, and 5) localization of the +/IRE isoforms in rat brain. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DNA CARCINOGENESIS

CROSSLINKING

IN

CHROMIUM

TOXICITY

AND

Principal Investigator & Institution: Patierno, Steven R.; Professor of Pharmacology & Genetics; Pharmacology; George Washington University 2121 I St Nw Washington, Dc 20052 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1990; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: The objective of this continuation application is to investigate the interaction of particulate and soluble chromium compounds with normal human small airway epithelial cells (HSAE) and fibroblasts (HLF) which are representative target cells for chromium toxicity and carcinogenesis. These compounds are human respiratory toxins and/or carcinogens which directly damage DNA and after DNA replication, and cause gene-inactivating mutations and neoplastic transformation at exposure levels which also induce some apoptotic cell death. We have discovered chromium- induced DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks (Cr-DDC) as a major lesion in chromium-treated HSAE and HLF cells which had previously escaped detection because of its unique biochemical characteristics. Cr-DDC cause base-specific arrest of DNA polymerases, are sensitive to redox potential, are likely responsible for S phase cell cycle blockade and probably contribute to apoptotic cell death. Thus, the objective of this research is to investigate the formation, modulation, repair, and biological and molecular consequences of Cr-DDC. Virtually nothing is known about Cr-DDC, thus one goal is to investigate the biochemical and structural parameters of its formation in the presence of several physiologically relevant reductants of Cr(VI). The hypotheses to be tested are: (i) that Cr-DDC formation in HSAE and HLF cells results in base-specific DNA polymerase arrests and that these can be modulated by altering the reductive metabolism of Cr(VI), (ii) that formation and repair of genomic and gene-specific Cr-DDC correlates with DNA replication status, (iii) that repair of Cr-DDC is deficient in certain complementation groups of human Fanconi's Anemia (FA) cells leading to increased sensitivity of those cells to chromium-induced growth arrest and apoptosis, (iv) that CrDDC block replication and induce deletion recombination of transfected shuttle vectors, and (v) that Cr-DDC in reconstituted chromatin will interfere with the processivity of an intact DNA polymerase replication complex. This research will help elucidate molecular mechanisms of chromium toxicity and carcinogenesis and will have practical value in contributing to the evaluation of risk to humans in contact. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EFFECT OF STRESS AND CBSM ON NATURAL KILLER CELL ACTIVITY IN CFS Principal Investigator & Institution: Fletcher, Mary A.; Director and Professor of Medicine, Micr; University of Miami Box 248293 Coral Gables, Fl 33124

Studies

25

Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Natural cell mediated immunity is frequently decreased in individuals who meet the case definition of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Our research group and others have noted that exposures of healthy individuals as well as immunocompromised persons to acute and chronic stressors have an adverse effect on natural killer (NK) cell function, and that this adverse stress effect is susceptible to amelioration by behavioral interventions in which cognitive restructuring and relaxation training are taught. In this Multidisciplinary Research Center, Project 2 will carry out such an intervention for individuals who meet the diagnosis criteria for CFS. The intervention will be carried out over a 12 week period. Blood samples from both preintervention and post-intervention will be available for study in Project 4. Also available will be 2 samples collected 12 weeks apart on CFS subjects who do not receive the intervention, but are in an education/control condition. The Administrative Core will enroll healthy, sedentary controls for both Project l and Project 4 and for the Laboratory Core as normal subjects for all assays being done. The proposed Center will provide a mechanism to advance our understanding of NK cells and CFS. A detailed comparison will be made of markers of NK cell cytotoxic capacity as well as actual killing of tumor cell target cells. The differences between effect of the intervention on NK cell function can be evaluated. In addition to the traditional chromium release cytotoxicity assay, Project 4 will look at important markers of NK cell functional status not yet evaluated in CFS. These will include flow cytometric determination of intracellular perforin and determination of degree of expression on NK cells of the surface membrane adhesion molecules, L-selectin (CD62L), LFA-1 (CDlla) and CD56 by fluorescence intensity measurements. These substances are associated with the ability of NK cells to-kill target cells and/or to interact with vascular epithelial cells and pass from peripheral circulation into tissue. The relationship of these markers to the low NK cell activity associated with CFS, to effects of acute and chronic stress on NK cell function or to the modulation of life stress by behavioral interventions has not previously been studied. We will examine the effects on NK cell cytotoxicity, intracellular perforin levels and surface markers of in vitro exposure of peripheral blood cells to stress hormones (epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol) and tumor necrosis factor-o:. All of these studies will be done pre/post intervention in the 2 CFS groups of subjects and one time in the healthy, sedentary controls. This design will allow the determination of differences between CFS and healthy controls as well as the impact of the behavioral intervention by comparing findings before and following the intervention relative to CFS control subjects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EFFECTS OF CARCINOGENIC METALS ON GENE EXPRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Hamilton, Joshua W.; Associate Professor; Dartmouth College 11 Rope Ferry Rd. #6210 Hanover, Nh 03755 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Arsenic (III) and chromium (VI) are considered human lung carcinogens, and arsenic is also associated with increased risk of skin, bladder and kidney cancer. The overall goal of the proposed research is to determine the mechanism by which these toxic metals act as human carcinogens. The specific goal of the project is to determine the mechanistic basis for the preferential effects of these carcinogenic metals on inducible gene expression. Our previous studies have demonstrated that arsenic and chromium have strong preferential effects on the expression of several model inducible that arsenic and chromium have strong preferential effects on the expression of whereas

26

Chromium

most other genes are refractory to these treatments. These gene-specific effects appear to be mediated, at least in part, by the ability of these metals to modulate specific transcription factors and cell signaling pathways that regulate the expression of these targeted genes. In particular, we observed profound effects of arsenic and chromium on the function of the glucocorticoid receptor, leading to alterations in glucocorticoid receptor-dependent gene expression. These results suggest that arsenic and chromium, and perhaps other toxic metals, may represent a new class of "endocrine disrupters" that are capable of altering cell phenotype through direct interactions with steroid receptors. The specific objectives of this research are to determine the molecular basis for these effects, genetic and biochemical approaches to investigate these effects in model cell systems. Our specific aims will be to: 1) determine the mechanism by which arsenic (III) and chromium (VI) specifically alter glucocorticoid receptor function and receptormediated gene expression as well as other steroid receptors; 2) determine whether other trans acting transcription factors and/or their cis acting DNA regulatory elements contribute to mediating the specific effects of arsenic (III) and chromium (VI) on inducible gene expression; and 3) determine the sub set of eukaryotic genes whose expression is specifically altered by low dose arsenic (III) or chromium (VI) exposures. We hypothesize that these selective gene effects may contribute to the carcinogenic process by altering cell phenotype in a tissue-specific manner. Some of these interactions, such as alterations in steroid receptor function, may also lead to more global organ and systemic effects of these metals. This may also result in synergy with other metal effects, such as the ability of chromium (VI) to directly cause DNA damage and mutations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ELECTROCHEMICAL REMEDIATION OF ARSENIC & CHROMIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Farrell, James J.; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, Az 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The deleterious health effects associated with ingestion of arsenic and chromium that they be removed to levels below mug/L in potable water supplies. The proposed research investigates two removal methods which involve reduction of highly water soluble As(III), As(V) and Cre(VI) compounds to lower valence states which are less water soluble. Although laboratory investigations have demonstrated the shortterm effectiveness of zerovalent iron for mediating the reductive precipitation of chromium and arsenic compounds, the long-term effectiveness of the process has not been established, and the conditions flavoring arsenic and chromium removal are not well understood. This research investigates the effects of water chemistry, surface precipitate buildup and iron surface aging on arsenic and chromium removal from contaminated waters by zerovalent iron. Additionally, this research also investigates arsenic and chromium removal via electrosorption and reduction by anodically polarized magnetite. The research objectives are: 1) to determine the long-term effectiveness of zero valent for arsenic and chromium removal in in-situ permeable barrier configurations; 3) to determine the effectiveness of anodically polarized magnetitite for removing arsenic and chromium oxyanions from contaminated waters; and 4) to develop a flow-through treatment process which removes dissolved arsenic compounds to levels below 1 mug/L for a variety of source waters. Both batch and column studies will be performed to measure arsenic and chromium removal kinetics by zerovalent iron and by anodically polarized magnetitite. The morphology and oxidation state of the arsenic and chromium precipitates, as well as the iron corrosion

Studies

27

products, will be determined using electron microscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Thermodynamic solution modeling using the USEPA model NITEQA2 will be performed to determine the agreement between predictions based on equilibrium behavior and the observed results. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ELISPOT FOR MEASUREMENT OF ANTIGEN SPECIFIC T CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lyerly, Herbert K.; Director; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-JUL-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant) Standard techniques used for the immunologic monitoring of cancer vaccine trials have included tritiated thymidine incorporation as a measure of antigen specific proliferation and the ability of cytotoxic T cells (CTL ) to lyse a tumor, most often assessed by chromium release. These two methods are difficult to reliably produce, require in vitro expansion, and are not quantitative. Addition of these assay systems to a limiting dilution analysis format has allowed a more accurate assessment of precursor frequency, but the number of immune effector cells needed to establish the analysis requires patients undergo a leukapheresis. Thus, these strategies are not viable for wide-scale immunologic monitoring. Antigen specific immune responses are largely regulated by secretion of cytokines whose function is to govern the growth and differentiation of T cell populations. Secretion of cytokines by T cells responding to a specific antigen has become a common measure of a functional immune response. Although the measurement of cytokine production by T cells using ELISA methodologies is not quantitative, measurement of cytokines offers a detailed characterization of the function of the T cell and the phenotype of the immune environment generated after antigen recognition. Recently, a single-cell assay has been developed to more accurately assess cytokine-producing cells. The method, termed ELIspot (enzyme-linked immunosorbant spot) can detect antigen reactive T cells before such cells could produce sufficient amount of protein to be detected by ELISA. Although ELIspot has become the "comparator" assay for immunologic monitoring, the sensitivity and limits of detection of the assay vary greatly from laboratory to laboratory. Obstacles to be overcome to translate ELIspot from a laboratory tool to a clinical grade monitoring technique include maximizing assay parameters to avoid any in vitro expansion step, develop the assay for use in cryopreserved cells, determine optimal antigen preparations used in analysis, and define the reliability of the assay to perform over time on the in multiple clinical samples. The specific aims of this proposal are to: (1) determine whether ELIspot can identify the T cell response to foreign protein antigens from the PBL of volunteer donors and cancer patients, (2) determine whether ELIspot can identify the T cell response to tumor antigens from the PBL of volunteer donors and cancer patients, (3) determine whether the T cell response, as measured by ELIspot, predicts tumor protection in murine transgenic tumor models such as the CEA and neu transgenic mice, and, finally, (4) determine whether ELIspot can predict immunization to cancer antigens and whether levels achieved are that similar to infectious disease antigens in human clinical trials of CEA, HER2, gp 100, and MAGE3 vaccines. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: ELUCIDATING THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF CHROMIUM (III) Principal Investigator & Institution: Vincent, John B.; Chemistry; University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa, Al 35487

28

Chromium

Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 03-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: There is no text on file for this abstract. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EPIGENETIC EFFECTS ON SUSCEPTIBILITY TO HEAVY METAL & PAH INDUCED DNA DAMAGE Principal Investigator & Institution: Tang, Eric M.; Professor; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Heavy metals such as arsenic, nickel, and chromium as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as benzo(a)pyrene are common environmental contaminants. Human exposure to such toxicants greatly increases cancer risk. The carcinogenicity of PAHs has been attributed to their covalent binding to DNA, which can result in mutations that ultimately lead to carcinogenesis. The mechanisms of metalinduced carcinogenesis are less clear. It has been found that nickel and arsenic exposure can induce DNA hypermethylation. Such non-mutational epigenetic changes could also result in suppression of tumor suppressor genes, such as the p53 gene, triggering tumorigenesis. Recently, we have found that the guanines at C5 cytosine methylated CpG sites are the major DNA targets of many PAHs, including benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE). In fact, we have found that the BPDE binding spectrum in the tumor suppressor p53 gene coincides with the mutation spectrum of this gene in lung cancer. It has been found that a mutated p53 gene is sufficient to trigger carcinogenesis in animal models, and that more importantly, 50% of human cancers have a mutation in the p53 gene. These findings have lead us to hypothesize that targeted DNA damage, rather than selection, is the major determinant of the p53 mutation spectrum in cancer, and that the CpG selection, is the major determinant of the p53 mutation spectrum in human cancer, and that the CpG methylation status of an individual p53 gene may determine the susceptibility of this gene to DNA damage and mutation. These findings have led us to hypothesize that targeted DNA damage, rather than selection, is the major determinant of the p53 mutation spectrum in human cancer, and that the CpG methylation status of an individual p53 gene may determine the susceptibility of this gene to DNA damage and mutation. In light of these findings, we propose that the carcinogenicity of nickel, arsenic and chromium may be partly due to their ability to induce DNA hypermethylation, which in turn enhances the susceptibility of methylated tumor suppressor genes and protooncogenes to bulky carcinogen-induced DNA damage and mutations. The objective of this research is to test the hypothesis using two state-of-the-art technologies; UvrABC-ligation-mediated-PCR to map DNA adducts at the single nucleotide level, and the p53 GeneChip to detect mutations and cytosine methylation. We will determine: 1) the p53 gene methylation status in lymphocytes of different individuals and assess its relationship with the susceptibility to BDE damage, 2) whether nickel, arsenic, and chromium induce changes in the methylation status of the p53 gene and whether nickel, arsenic, and chromium induce changes in the methylation status of the p53 gene and, consequently, in the susceptibility of this gene to BPDE induced-DNA damage, and 3) the effect of nickel, arsenic and chromium treatment on the repair of BPDE-DNA adducts in the p53, beta-actin and HPRT gene. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

Studies

•

29

Project Title: EPR STUDIES OF DINUCLEAR METAL CLUSTERS IN PROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hendrich, Michael P.; Professor; Chemistry; Carnegie-Mellon University 5000 Forbes Ave Pittsburgh, Pa 15213 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1993; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: Proteins which contain dinuclear metal clusters are essential for many basic processes of life, including DNA synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, methane oxidation, fatty acid degradation, peroxide detoxification, and oxygen and electron transport. In addition, the nucleic enzyme ribozyme, which catalyses a self cleavage reaction, is believed to contain a dinuclear metal cluster at the active site. Spectroscopic studies of dinuclear metal cluster contribute to our understanding of the function of these enzymes and proteins at an atomic level. We have developed new spectroscopic instrumentation and quantitative methodologies specifically suited to probe these metal cluster. EPR spectroscopy has long been a valuable tool for the study of the transitionmetal ions that are found in the active centers of many proteins. Many metals of biological importance such as vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and molybdenum, have unpaired electrons that give rise to a new electronic spin and a resultant magnetic moment. EPR spectroscopy is capable of measuring this moment and therefore provides a microscopic probe for the active sites of these proteins. For many years, EPR spectroscopy has been limited to studies of metalloproteins have an odd number of unpaired electrons in at the metal. However, our work over the past years has significantly broadened the range of applications for EPR spectroscopy to include quantitative analysis of metalloproteins with an even number of unpaired electrons. In particular, the oxidation states of dinuclear metal clusters that are of main biological importance, are states that predominantly have an even number of electrons. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: FLOW CYTOMETRIC ANALYSIS AS SURROGATE FOR LYSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Haecker, Holden; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-JUL-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant) Cytotoxic T cell activity (CTL) has long been thought to be an important effector arm in mediating an anti-tumor immune response. However, the use of chromium release assays to delineate CTL specific responses has been fraught with problems including poor reproducibility, assay insensitivity, and lack of available biologically relevant targets for lysis in some human systems. Several methods to assess the CD8+ T cell response have been developed such as cytokine release and tetramer assays, but none have been directly compared to lysis assays to see if they are a surrogate for CTL activity. This pilot will propose to develop a more reproducible surrogate for the chromium release assay utilizing flow cytometric methods. Multiparameter flow cytometry will be used to investigate multiple cell surface, cytoplasmic, and nuclear markers that may, individually or collectively, correlate with CTL activity. Surface markers to be examined will include CD27, CD28, CD44, CD45RO/RA, CD62L, and CD95. These are all markers that can be used, singly or in combination, to distinguish naive from memory or effector cells. Cytoplasmic markers will include interferon gamma production in response to antigen stimulation, as well as perforin, granzyme B, and granulysin expression. The latter markers are all associated with cytoplasmic granule formation. We will assess what T cell marker patterns, after antigen stimulation, correlate with chromium release in both an infectious disease

30

Chromium

(CMV and flu) and tumor antigen model system. The goal of this pilot project will be to develop a rapid cell-based assay that is predictive of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity, as measured by standard 51Cr release assay after in vitro restimulation. Our specific aim will be to determine whether IFN -producing and/or proliferating CD8+ T cells, in combination with a phenotypic marker(s), correlate with CTL activity in the following systems: CMV and flu and at least one of the candidate cancer antigens to be evaluated by the consortium (MAGE3, HER2, or CEA). If the assays developed in this pilot correlate to lysis then consideration of their clinical development will be presented to the IMC investigators. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY IN ISOPODS AS INDICATOR OF HAZARDOUS METALS IN URBAN AREA Principal Investigator & Institution: Peters, Eric L.; Chicago State University 9501 S King Dr Chicago, Il 60628 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Hazardous metals are a significant human health problem in heavily industrialized urban areas worldwide. Unfortunately, human pathologies often appear only after prolonged exposure, and delayed detection is costly both financially and in terms of quality of life. Furthermore. direct monitoring of metals in humans (e.g., through blood samples) is logistically complex and intrusive, making it difficult to identify populations at risk. 'Sentinel' animal species have received considerable recent attention as attractive alternatives for pollution monitoring. For use as a monitor, 'sentinels' must exhibit a predictable relationship between organism health and environmental quality. The health determinant should be reproducible and easily measured. Subtle deviations from bilateral symmetry (e.g., fluctuating asymmetries) offer such a measure. In both laboratory and field studies of a wide range of stressors, the average deviation from symmetry in organisms increases with increased stress levels (i.e., the development of perfect bilateral symmetry is disrupted). Fluctuating asymmetry in terrestrial isopods offers a new and potentially widely-applicable system for monitoring hazardous metals in urban environments. These detritivorous crustaceans are abundant in urban and rural areas worldwide, are easily collected by active or passive sampling, and accumulate high levels of metals (including copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead), which they retain for their entire lives. A pilot study of the numbers of compound eye 'lenses' (ommatidia) in the right and left eyes of the isopod Armadillidium vulgare revealed that asymmetry in ommatidia number was significantly greater in isopods collected from metal-contaminated sites in south Chicago, compared to isopods in less industrialized areas. Average asymmetry increased in a nearly linear dose- response relationship with total concentrations of beryllium, chromium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, cadmium, barium, mercury, and lead in the animals (r2=0.89). This proposal is to evaluate fluctuation asymmetry in isopods as a measure of hazardous metal contamination in six urban neighborhoods in the Lake Calumet district of south Chicago, Illinois. Residential areas in this region are surrounded by numerous sources of metal pollution, and the majority are constructed atop metal-contaminated fill material, including: steel industry and industrial waste, coal/coke ash, and sludge. If successful, our approach could prove extremely valuable as a convenient, inexpensive and widely-applicable early warning system for identifying long-term threats to human health from toxic metals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

Studies

•

31

Project Title: FUNCTION OF HUMAN & MOUSE B GLOBIN LOCUS CONTROL REGIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Groudine, Mark T.; Director; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1992; Project End 31-MAR-2002 Summary: (Adapted from investigator s abstract) In a variety of species, the activity of the b-globin locus is regulated by a locus control region (LCR). The human and murine LCRs are comprised of five DNase I hypersensitive sites (5' HS 1-5) located 5' prime of the embryonic beta-like globin genes. Studies conducted by the P.I. indicate that naturally occurring deletions of the human LCR results in a failure to activate the betaglobin locus at the levels of chromatin transcription and replication timing. In addition, this group has shown that the LCR is essential for the function of the origin of replication of the locus located 50 kb upstream of the LCR, between the delta-and the beta-globin genes. In order to examine how the components of the LCR interact to regulate the endogenous beta-globin locus, homologous recombination (HR) strategies to mutate the endogenous human beta-globin LCR in situ, in somatic cell lines and in murine beta-globin LCR embryonic stem (ES) cells have been developed. Initial analysis of mice derived from the ES cells containing HR-generated mutations of the 5' HS-2 and 5' HS-3 have revealed that the beta-globin locus functions almost normally without these sites, results that would have not been predicted from results of transfection and transgenic assays. Accordingly, the goal of the current proposal is to use the newly developed HR strategies to elucidate how the beta-globin LCR and its component hypersensitive sites regulate the chromium structure, replication timing, and origin use, and transcription of the beta-globin locus. Specifically, this proposal will : 1) Determine the sequence of the human beta-globin LCR that are necessary and sufficient for the formation of the active chromatin structure, transcription, and replication timing and origin use characteristic of the beta-globin locus in the erythroid cells. 2) Determine the sequences necessary and sufficient for replication initiation between the human deltaand beta-globin genes, and determine the mechanism by which the LCR controls origin choice. 3) Determine the consequence of HR-generated LCR mutations on transcription, chromatin structure, and replication of the murine beta-globin locus. These studies will complement and extend previous analysis of the human beta-globin LCR, by determining the consequences of LCR mutations after passage through the germ line and at all stages of erythropoiesis. 4) Optimize the HR analysis of the murine betaglobin LCR by developing strategies to (a) increase the efficacy of generating HRs, and (b) allow rapid analysis of mutation in vitro in chimeric embryonic and adult mice. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: FUNCTIONAL REMEDIATION

NANOSTRUCTURES

OF

GROUND

WATER

Principal Investigator & Institution: Pinnavavia, Thomas J.; Michigan State University 301 Administration Bldg East Lansing, Mi 48824 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The remediation of contaminated aquifers often is limited by the performance properties of the materials that are available for absorbing and converting the contaminant components. The materials-imposed limitations to trap and treat forms of remediation, whether biotic or abiotic, become more severe as the complexity of the contaminants composition increases. Mixtures of contaminants, especially mixtures of organized and inorganic pollutants are particularly problematic, because different

32

Chromium

chemistries are generally required to remove each component from the aquifer. Our objective is to design nanostructured oxide and sulfides with exception reactivity and specificity for potential use in advanced remediation schemes. We define nanostructures here as materials in which the structural elements occur on a large scale between 1.0 and 50 nm, including the mesoscopic 2.0 to 50 nm length scale. Our intent is to achieve materials with reactivities and specificities that surpass the performance properties of conventional oxides ion exchange resins and activated carbons. Our studies will lead to improved abiotic approaches to ground water remediation, as well as to improved microbial remediation by reducing the levels of aquifer contaminants that are toxic to microbes. The targeted contaminants include chlorinated hydrocarbons that are commonly found in superfund sites (e.g., trichloroethylene, dichloroethylene), as well as cationic and anionic forms of metals that are superfund contaminants and members of the top EPA hazardous substances (e.g., arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, and chromium). This project complements the microbial remediation studies of Projects 1,3 and 5 of this proposal as it provides alternative strategies for addressing he remediation of ground waters under conditions that would normally compromise microorganism metabolism. The basic chemistry we propose also show be applicable to the removal of inorganics from drinking water at the tap (e.g., arsenite/arsenate) and from industrial waste systems. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENERATION OF SUPEROXIDE BY ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Vasquez-Vivar, j; Medical College of Wisconsin Po Box26509 Milwaukee, Wi 532264801 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The cytotoxic effects of chromium (VI) have been linked to formation of reactive oxygen species via its redox activation. In this study we show that endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) can directly reduce Cr(VI) generating superoxide in this process. Incubations containing Cr(VI) (50 micromole) and eNOS (1.1 microgram), NADPH (0.1 millimole), DTPA (0.1 millimole) in HEPES buffer (50 millimole, pH 7.4) generated the ESR signal of the paramagnetic species Cr(V). Addition of the spin trap 5,5-diethoxyphosphoryl pyrroline N-oxide (DEPMPO) to the above system yielded DEPMPO-superoxide adduct which was abolished by SOD. Both superoxide and Cr(V) yields were increased upon activation of eNOS with Ca(2+)/CaM. Parallel experiments demonstrated that eNOS activity is inhibited by Cr(VI) in a concentration-dependent manner. The incubation of cultured endothelial cells with Cr(VI) resulted in an increased ICAM-1 expression, suggesting that Cr(VI) induces expression of adhesive molecules during its metabolism. These results suggest that an increased generation of superoxide combined with eNOS inhibition may play a major role in the cytotoxicity of Cr(VI) in vascular cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: GENOTOXICITY OF CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Zhitkovich, Anatoly; Assistant Professor; Pathology and Lab Medicine; Brown University Providence, Ri 02912 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1997; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: Exposure to hexavalent chromium compounds has been established to present a significant cancer risk to human respiratory system. Induction of DNA lesions

Studies

33

and subsequently, mutations is generally considered to be responsible for the initiation of Cr(VI)-dependent carcinogenic process. Cr(VI) compounds have been shown to be mutagenic to bacterial and mammalian cells, however, the nature of underlying DNA modifications have not yet been characterized. Reductive conversion of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) accompanied by the formation of intermediate Cr(V/VI) forms and radical byproducts is required for the induction of genotoxic effects. Recent data showed that a major form of DNA adducts formed in Cr(VI)-exposed cells is represented by crosslinks composed of intracellular amino acids or glutathione bridged to DNA by Cr(III). Cysteine, histidine and glutamic acid were predominant amino acids found crosslinked to DNA. Subsequent in vitro studies demonstrated that these ternary adducts are formed by binding of Cr(III)-amino acid complexes to DNA. In preliminary experiments some amino acid-Cr(III) adducts exhibited mutagenic activity. On the basis of these data Dr. Zhitkovich hypothesized that a significant portion of Cr(VI) genotoxicity results from reactions of its final reductive metabolite, Cr(III). In order to obtain evidence supporting this hypothesis, a number of experiments aimed at studying formation of Cr(III) adducts and their mutagenic potential will be carried out. Mutagenicity of the in vitro formed Cr(III)- and amino acids/glutathione-Cr(III)-DNA adducts will be investigated in human cells using a shuttle vector approach. Involvement of Cr(III) in the DNA adduction in vivo will be studied in mammalian cells following their exposure to Cr(VI) or particulate Cr(III) compounds. In addition, the role of nucleotide excision repair in the removal of different Cr(III) adducts will also be analyzed. The results of the proposed work will help understand molecular mechanisms of Cr(VI) carcinogenicity by testing a Cr(III)-dependent pathway of DNA damage and mutagenicity of major adducts. Clarification of the genotoxic activity of intracellular Cr(III) may also have important public health implications considering the fact that human exposure frequently occurs to mixtures of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) forms while current risk assessment is based predominantly on the Cr(VI) levels. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HEALTH RISK REDUCTION--METAL ACCUMULATING DESERT PLANTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gardea-Torresdey, Jorge L.; Dudley Professor of Chemistry And; University of Texas El Paso El Paso, Tx 79968 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Widespread soil contamination in the El Paso/Juarez region poses serious public health risk, mostly due to windblown particulate matter originating at numerous industrial sites polluted with heavy metals. To reduce the detrimental public health effects caused by heavy metals, it is imperative to remediate these areas. Cost effective and environmentally sound approaches are necessary to clean up these sites. The use of plants to up take heavy metals is an innovative technology proven to be successful in both soil and aqueous heavy metal clean up operations. However, most of the plants that have been identified as potential metal hyperaccumulators only grow in areas that are more fertile and cannot survive in desert regions. Investigation into the potential for desert species to uptake heavy metals will contribute significantly to the growing body of knowledge of the mechanisms of plants that allow them to uptake heavy metals (phytoremediation). This technology is especially appropriate in desert regions where the soils are light textured and can become air-born at very low wind velocities. Because there are numerous industries in the El Paso/Juarez area that generate heavy metals as by-products of their industrial processes, inhalation of air-borne contaminants has become a major health concern. In

34

Chromium

order to develop a method to ameliorate this situation, the specific aims of our study include: 1) The growth of desert plant seedlings in climate-controlled agar, hydroponic, and soil media using the following plants: Guayule (Parthenium argentatum); Fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens); Desert willow (Chilopsis linearis); Palo verde (Cercidium spp.); and Tar bush (Flourensia cernua); 2) To perform multi-metal solution experiments in the three media types mentioned in (1); 3) The determination of the specific metalchelating agents (phytochelatins) in desert plants that allow them to uptake heavy metals. Microscopic and spectroscopic techniques will be used to establish specific uptake pathways. The long term goal of this research is to identify suitable species for phytoremediation and define a protocol for screening desert plants to assess their metal uptake capability. Inhalation of wind-born heavy metal contaminated particulates has been documented in this region as a significant health problem. The continuing research is directly related to the reduction of the public health risks for the local population. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HEAVY METALS IN HELMINTH PARASITES OF SANDDAB GUILD Principal Investigator & Institution: Hogue, Cheryl C.; California State University Northridge 18111 Nordhoff St Los Angeles, Ca 91330 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): Santa Monica Bay, an important natural and economic resource for California, receives both point and nonpoint source pollution. Sport and commercial fish species living in the Bay are exposed to a variety of contaminants such as heavy metals, PCBs, and DDT. Many of these fish species are popular food items for humans, and contaminants that bioaccumulate in their tissues pose a health risk for human consumers. Metazoan parasites are commonly observed in or on fish and can be important in determining the host's general health and can also function as biomarkers of water contamination. Recent field studies have demonstrated that certain fish parasites can accumulate toxic metals from the aquatic environment at concentrations that surpass metal levels in the tissues of their hosts. Parasitic helminths are more sensitive indicators of heavy metal accumulation in fish and can provide valuable information about the risk of toxicant bioaccumulation in food fish of humans. The proposed study will quantify the relationship between metal contamination in fish and parasite tissues in three host-parasite systems in Santa Monica Bay, the helminth assemblages of Pacific sanddab, speckled sanddab, and the longfin sanddab. Sanddabs will be collected from several sites within the Bay (these sites vary in their distance from sewage outfall pipes) and from a reference site, Dana Point (contains lower levels of contaminants). Both parasite and fish tissues will be analyzed for heavy metals using atomic absorption spectrometry. The long-term objectives of this study are to incorporate parasite metal bioaccumulation into the current environmental monitoring program for Santa Monica Bay and use parasites as more sensitive indicators of pollution exposure in fish. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: HEAVY METALS, OBESITY AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK Principal Investigator & Institution: Guallar, Eliseo; Epidemiology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Heavy metals are a heterogeneous group of highly reactive substances, which may act as essential cofactors for physiologic processes

Studies

35

and/or as toxic elements. Chromium, in particular, has been associated with obesity, diabetes, and weight loss. Other heavy metals have been associated with some of the consequences of obesity, including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. The Look AHEAD Study, a large randomized controlled trial of intensive lifestyle intervention for weight loss in obese patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus, provides an excellent opportunity to address the impact of chromium on weight loss and diabetes control, as well as to assess the impact of other heavy metals on the physiologic consequences of weight loss. We propose an ancillary prospective observational study within the Look AHEAD trial to collect toenail clippings from all participants (n = 5,000) at baseline and at the 1-year visit, and to analyze a random subset of the toenails (1,150 baseline toenails and 480 1-year visit toenails) for their heavy metal content using instrumental neutron activation analysis. Toenails provide a time-integrated measure of heavy metal exposure, while instrumental neutron activation analysis provides the concentrations of about 50 heavy metals in the toenail samples, including chromium. This information will allow us to evaluate the relationship of baseline toenail chromium concentrations to weight loss, as well as the interaction between heavy metals and the beneficial effects of weight loss. The proposed study may provide, valuable insight into the determinants of the efficacy of weight loss interventions. In fact, the Look AHEAD trial, because of its size, may be one of the few studies in which these relationships can be measured reliably. In addition, the ancillary study will permit the setup of a specimen bank of toenails to be used in future casecohort or nested case-control studies of the association of heavy metals with Look AHEAD endpoints, especially myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MONOXIDE

HEMODYNAMIC

ROLES

OF

ENDOGENEOUS

CARBON

Principal Investigator & Institution: Johnson, Robert A.; Physiology; Tulane University of Louisiana New Orleans, La 70118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: Carbon monoxide is endogenously formed as an end-product that from the biological degradation of heme, via enzymatic degradation by heme oxygenase. While once regarded only as a stable waste product, there since has been considerable evidence amassed which implicates cardiovascular roles for endogenously- derived carbon monoxide. This project will ascertain the acute and chronic hemodynamic consequences of enhanced and impaired production of endogenously formed carbon monoxide using hypertensive and normotensive rat models. Endogenously formed carbon monoxide will be increased by application heme-L-lysinate which provides heme substrate for heme oxygenase-mediated formation of carbon monoxide. Conversely, this formation of carbon monoxide will be inhibited by non-metabolizable heme analogues, such as chromium mesoporphyrin. Tissue levels of carbon monoxide content will be determined by gas chromatography and tissue microsomal heme oxygenase activity will also be determined by metabolic assay. Hemodynamic and renal functional parameters will be measured before and after enhancement and inhibition of heme oxygenase-mediated formation of carbon monoxide in intact animals, and the vasoactive properties of these maneuvers will also be determined in isolated preparations of heart, kidney, and resistance vessels. These studies provide information on the hemodynamic contributions of endogenously- formed carbon monoxide, under normotensive and hypertensive conditions; these studies will establish if aberrations on porphyrin metabolism may contribute to, or conversely, impact on hypertension. As

36

Chromium

hemolysis and heavy metal poisoning may alter heme oxygenase activity via provision of heme substrate or via endogenous formation of non-metabolizable heme analogues, respectively, these studies may ultimately provide important information related to the on the potential cardiovascular health consequences that often accompany shock and heavy metal poisoning. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HUMAN RESISTANCE TO HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Posavad, Christine M.; Associate Professor; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is the major cause of genital herpes, one of the most frequent sexually transmitted diseases. The worldwide prevalence of genital HSV-2 continues to increase and the limited success of HSV-2 glycoprotein subunit vaccines underscores the urgency of defining innate resistance and protective immune responses to HSV-2 in humans. Because of the high seropositivity rate of HSV throughout the world, evidence of innate or acquired resistance to HSV was not previously suspected, We have, however, in the last year identified a group of individuals who are seronegative to HSV by repeated analyses using the most sensitive serologic assays but who possess CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to HSV at multiple time points over the course of prospective follow-up. Preliminary study revealed no evidence of HSV infection in these subjects. The goal of this proposal is to determine whether HSV-seronegative subjects who are chronically exposed to HSV-2 from infected partners exhibit acquired and innate mechanisms of resistance to HSV infection. These subjects are classified as immune seronegative, IS, if they possess HSV-specific T cell responses or as exposed-seronegative, ES, if they do not possess HSV-specific T cell responses. Specific Aim #I will identify IS subjects from HSV-2 discordant couples and evaluate if HSV-specific T cell responses differ qualitatively or quantitatively from those observed in HSV-infected persons with frequently reactivating genital herpes. We will characterize systemic and local T cell responses to HSV using standard chromium release assays, Elispot, intracellular cytokine staining and tetramer analysis. We will also determine if local antibody responses develop in ES and IS subjects. Specific Aim #2 will determine if polymorphisms exist in 3 HSV entry receptor genes, HVEM, nectin-1, and nectin-2 to evaluate whether one mechanism of resistance to HSV-2 infection could be analogous to the receptor mutations detected in some HIV-1-resistant persons. All 3 genes will be sequenced from ES and IS subjects and relevant HSV-2 infected subjects. If coding polymorphisms are present, we will determine whether these changes alter the efficiency of viral entry. Specific Aim #3 will explore a role for CD8-derived chemokines, MIP-lalpha, MIP-1beta and RANTES, in resistance to HSV infection. Preliminary data suggest that these chemokines are secreted at higher levels in IS subjects compared to non-IS subjects and further, that MIP-la inhibits HSV infection. We will determine if Beta-chemokines inhibit the binding of HSV to cell surface glycosaminoglycans, which binding is know to facilitate HSV entry. The results of these studies will improve our understanding of effective immune defense against HSV-2 infection and may identify a mechanism of genetic resistance to HSV. The data generated will be relevant to designing and evaluating strategies for HSV-2 preventative vaccines and immunotherapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

Studies

•

37

Project Title: IMMUNOTHERAPY OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Gowans, Eric J.; Macfarlane Burnet Institute Gpo Box 2284 Melbourne, Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 27-MAY-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The general aim of the project is to examine the potential of autologous dendritic cells, matured ex vivo with hepatitis C virus (HCV) antigens and peptides, to initiate a cellular immune response in normal individuals and HCV-positive patients, after autologous transfusion. There are three specific aims: 1. To examine the potential of dendritic cells (DC), matured and loaded in vitro with HCVproteins and-peptides, to elicit a cellular immune response in vitro. 2. To examine the potential of similar DC, matured and loaded ex vivo with HCV protein and peptides, to elicit a cellular immune response in vivo, after autologous transfer. 3. To examine the effect on the HCV viral load and the accompanying liver disease in HCV carriers after autologous transfusion of similarly matured and loaded DC, and examine the immunological response in these patients. Monocyte-derived DC will be purified, the phenotype analysed and the cells exposed to HCV peptides, lipopeptides or replicon RNA encoding HCV antigens, to mature the cells. The mature DC will then be mixed with autologous lymphocytes and the ability of the DC to elicit a cellular immune response in vitro will be analysed. The most efficient protocol will thereafter be used to mature the DC and the ability of the mature DC to elicit a cellular immune response in vivo after autologous transfusion will be measured by ELISPOT to detect IFN-gamma expressing cells, chromium release to detect cytotoxic T lymphocytes and lymphocyte proliferation to detect a CD4+ Th-cell response. The study will then be extended to use the most effective method to transfer mature DC to HCV-positive carriers. The effect on the viral load in the liver disease will be measured by quantitative RT-PCR and ALT levels, respectively, and correlated with the markers of the cellular immune response described above. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: MECHANISM OF METAL ANTAGONISTIC EFFECT ON BPDE MUTANTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Reinhold, David S.; Chemistry; Western Michigan University 1903 W Michigan Ave Kalamazoo, Mi 49008 Timing: Fiscal Year 1999; Project Start 15-SEP-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: The long term goal of this research is to understand how multiple carcinogens interact with cells to produce cancer. Agreat deal of work has been done on the effect of individual carcinogens, but to better mimic the actual environment to which humans are exposed, studies must be performed examining the effect of multiple carcinogen exposure. This proposal will specifically examine the interaction of metals (chromium and nickel) and benz[a]alpyrene diol epoxide (BPDE), all common environmental carcinogens, on the mutant frequency of the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene in normal human fibroblasts. Previous work in applicant's laboratory has shown that normal human fibroblasts treated with either potassium dichromate or nickel subsulfide are refractive to the mutagenic effects of BPDE. This antagonistic effect can be inhibited if antioxidants are included in the cell medium during the treatment period, suggesting a role for reactive oxygen species. This proposal will examine, in more detail, the biochemical mechanism for this antagonistic effect. Two hypothesis will be directly tested. The first is that low concentrations of metals can act in a synergistic way with BPDE to induce the activity of DNA repair

38

Chromium

enzymes. This hypothesis will be tested by directly measuring the DNA repair capability of cells treated with chromium or nickel and BPDE with untreated cells or cells treated with only one of the carcinogens. This hypothesis will be further tested by repeating experiments which showed the antagonistic effect with repair deficient cell lines. The antagonistic effect should not be observed in these cell lines if DNA repair processes are responsible for the antagonistic effect. The second hypothesis that will be tested is that low concentrations of metals can act synergistically with BPDE to cause inhibition of cell cycle progression. This could cause a reduction in the mutant frequency of BPDE by giving the cell more time to repair damaged DNA prior to DNA replication. Possible effects on the cell cycle will be tested by directly measuring the progression of cells through G and into S phase in the presence of metal and BPDE, and comparing that to untreated cells and cells treated with only one of the carcinogens. In addition, expression of proteins known to inhibit cell cycle progression from G to S phase will be determined, and the effect of plasmids carrying dominant-negative mutants of these cell cycle regulatory proteins will be examined. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS OF METALS & PAH/METAL MIXTURES Principal Investigator & Institution: Dixon, Kathleen C.; Professor; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1995; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Taken from application) The long-range goal of this research is to understand the mechanisms of action of the carcinogenic metals/metalloids chromium and arsenic, and to determine the impact of these metals on the mutagenic activity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Both metals are important contaminants at Superfund sites, and in many cases they exist in complex mixtures with PAHs. Exposure by inhalation to chromate compounds has been associated with the development of lung cancer, particularly in cigarette smokers. Exposure to arsenite in drinking water has been associated with the development of skin cancer, as well as internal cancers of the lung, liver, and bladder. Chromate has been shown to be mutagenic in a variety of test systems; in contrast, arsenite and arsenate have generally tested negative for mutagenesis. However, there is evidence that arsenic is clastogenic and it appears to enhance the mutagenic activity of other agents in co-exposures. During the previous grant period, we demonstrated that chromate induces oxidative damage to DNA in a process that involves intracellular glutathione(GSH)-mediated reduction of chromate (CrVI). Furthermore, the mutagenic specificity of chromate is consistent with oxidative DNA damage in yeast, mammalian cells and the lungs of transgenic mice. In this renewal application, we propose to characterize further the mutagenic potential and mutagenic specificity of chromate, particularly with respect to the induction of deletion mutations. In addition, we propose to expand our investigation of mechanisms of metalinduced mutagenesis to include the analysis of the mutagenic potential of arsenic. We are particularly interested in determining the activity of these metals as co-mutagens in combination with PAHs, because environmental exposures often involve complex mixtures of the two classes of carcinogenic compounds. We propose to test the following two hypotheses: 1) Arsenic and chromium function as mutagens by mechanisms involving interaction with intracellular GSH and generation of reactive oxygen species. 2) Arsenic and chromium act as co-mutagens by potentiating the mutagenic activity of PAHs We propose to address these hypotheses by investigating

Studies

39

the mutagenic, and co-mutagenic potential with PAHs, of arsenic and chromium in yeast, mammalian cells, and transgenic mice. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MEDICINAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY ACS SYMPOSIUM F-2003 Principal Investigator & Institution: Sessler, Jonathan L.; Roland K. Pettit Centennial Professor; Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Texas Austin 101 E. 27Th/Po Box 7726 Austin, Tx 78712 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Funds are requested to defray in part the travel, registration, and local expenses of participants in the Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry (MIC) symposium to be held at the Fall American Chemical Society (ACS) meeting in New York, NY, September 9-11, 2003. This symposium, the first of its kind, is sponsored jointly by the Inorganic Chemistry and the Medicinal Chemistry Divisions of the ACS. It is intended to extend and support the newly initiated set of Gordon Conferences of the same name (MIC-GRC) that were inaugurated at Colby-Sawyer College in July 2002 and which are planned for the same venue in July of 2004. As has been true for the MIC-GRC meetings, the purpose of the MIC-ACS symposium is to outline the state-of-the-art in the field, from drug design to development to clinical trials, present up-to-the-minute research on metal-containing systems of medical importance, and foster the formation of new collaborative research efforts in the field. However, the symposium is designed to have a higher teaching component and be substantially more inclusive than the GRC's. In particular, whereas, the MIC-GRC meetings are designed to bring together established experts for high level (and formally confidential) discussions, a prime goal of the present MIC-ACS symposium is to attract new researchers to the area and provide them with an understanding of what is needed to conduct research on metalbased pharmaceutical agents. Thus, unlike the MIC-GRC, the MIC-ACS symposium will feature a tutorial session designed to show what is necessary to bring a putative metalbased drug substance from the laboratory to the point of initial clinical trials. Specific topics to be emphasized in this symposium include 1) the role of metal-generated radicals in health and disease; 2) metalloproteins in health and disease; 3) metalloproteins as drug targets; 4) transport of metals and metal complexes; 5) magnetic resonance imaging agents; 6) metal ions, metal complexes and malaria; 7) radioimaging agents; 8) vanadium and chromium in health and disease and, 9) metal ion-nucleic acid interactions. This mixture of topics, which will be covered through a series of research lectures designed to complement the tutorial session, as well as through poster sessions. It is thus expected that the present MIC-ACS symposium will afford a unique opportunity to develop further growth in a field of study that is rich in opportunity and central to the NIH mission. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: METAL MEDIATED SCHIFF BASES FOR MEDICINAL AGENT SYNTHESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bu, Xiu R.; Clark Atlanta University 223 J P Brawley Dr at Fair St Atlanta, Ga 30314 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

40

Chromium

•

Project Title: METALS IN EXHALED BREATH CONDENSATE AS COPD BIOMARKERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mutti, Antonio; University of Parma Via Cavestro 7 Parma, Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major health problem worldwide and is increasing with a high prevalence, high morbidity and high cost. COPD is an important medical area for which biomarkers are needed for the study of the pathogenesis, the diagnosis and the clinical management. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) can be collected with non-invasive methods and is a promising medium to develop biomarkers of COPD. The present research project is aimed at applying the most sensitive, selective and specific reference analytical techniques to the study of the composition of EBC in COPD patients. EBC levels of toxic metals and essential trace elements will be measured in COPD patients by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ETAAS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Such a novel approach (never done before) will be applied to identify and validate biomarkers of exposure and susceptibility to toxic metals, known to be contained in tobacco smoke, and probably playing a fundamental etiologic role in the pathogenetic path leading to COPD. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) will be used as a complementary approach to develop biomarkers of effect (aldehydes from lipid peroxidation) suitable for the long-term monitoring of COPD patients. This novel approach represents a significant advance over the analysis of alternative media (BALF, blood, serum, urine, hair), which are not as reliable (owing to interfering substances in the complex matrix) and reflect systemic rather than lung (target tissue) levels of both toxic metals and essential trace elements. Tobacco smoke and polluted environments substantially increase the lung burden of pneumotoxic chemicals, particularly heavy metals. Biomarkers of exposure (EBC levels of AI, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb) should provide a quantitative estimate of the target tissue dose, thus distinguishing exposed from non-exposed controls. The lung response to inhaled pneumotoxic substances shows a high inter-individual variability as a function of different detoxifying capacity. Biomarkers of susceptibility will be developed relying on the consideration that some trace elements (Mn, Cu, Zn, Se, and Mo) are components of metalloproteins (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, xanthine oxidase) known to modulate the response to toxic substances, possibly accounting for the limited proportion (15-20%) of smokers developing COPD. Biomarkers of susceptibility could be useful to identify and counsel people who are at increased risk of disease when exposed to tobacco smoke or environmental pollutants. Biomarkers of effect will be developed starting from aldehydes released into the EBC after lipid peroxidation in cell membranes. The pattern of aldehydes could distinguish membrane damage due to either oxidative stress or other mechanisms, such as a direct attack by free radicals. In summary, we propose a novel approach to the development of COPD biomarkers, relying on (i) noninvasive collection procedures to obtain (ii) a simple, interference-free matrix (EBC is practically water) to be analyzed by (iii) reference analytical methods, which are highly selective and specific (mainly, if not entirely, based on mass spectrometry), to determine (iv) stable analytes (heavy metals and trace elements). Through EBC biomarkers we sought to address two specific aims: a) to determine the validity of metals and aldehydes levels in EBC as biomarkers of exposure, of susceptibility and of effect in patients with COPD; b) to determine the clinical utility of EBC biomarkers as prognostic tools to predict the natural history of COPD. Establishing heavy and toxic metal levels in EBC as novel biomarkers of exposure, effect and susceptibility in patients with COPD could assist health care providers in devising new

Studies

41

primary and secondary interventions, including drugs, to improve the quality of life and outcome of patients with COPD worldwide. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: METALS IN MEDICINE GORDON RESEARCH CONFERENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Farrell, Nicholas P.; Professor; Gordon Research Conferences Box 984, 512 Liberty Ln West Kingston, Ri 02892 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 21-JUL-2002; Project End 20-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Funds are requested to support travel of participants to the Metals in Medicine Gordon Research Conference (MIM-GRC) to be held in July 2002 and July 2004 at Colby-Sawyer College (New London, NH). This MIM-GRC is the first of its kind. It is a natural extension of the popular and prestigious Metals in Biology Gordon Research Conference (MIB-GRC), which meets annually in January in Ventura, CA. The purpose of the conference is four-fold: * to present state-of-the-art research on metal-containing systems of medical importance, * to identify emerging areas of research opportunity, * to increase communication between scientists in academia, government, and industry, and * to foster the formation of new collaborative research efforts in the field.The understanding of the role of metals in cell regulation, the complexities of metal metabolism, and the relationship of metalloenzymes to genetic and environmental disease has seen major advances in recent years. The success of cisplatin and its congeners suggests that metal complexes can also be developed as therapeutic agents. Experience in the development of imaging and radiation therapy agents demonstrates that metal complexes can be tailored to provide clinically useful pharmacokinetic properties. The topics to be emphasized for the first MIM-GRC conference are (1) the role of metal-generated radicals in health and disease; (2) metalloproteins in health and disease; (3) metalloproteins as drug targets; (4) transport of metals and metal complexes; (5) magnetic resonance imaging agents; (6) metal ions, metal complexes and malaria; (7) radioimaging agents; (8) vanadium and chromium in health and disease and (9) metal ion-nucleic acid interactions. By facilitating the many interdisciplinary interactions necessary for this field to flourish the conference will play a key role in encouraging new enterprises in biomedical research. To ensure the best possible mix of investigators and programs, it is important that the cost of participation is not a limiting factor to the attendance of invited speakers, discussion chairs and, especially, young and minority attendees. The modest sum requested to support the MIMGRC will enable the organizers to invite and attract participants in a topic that has impact on a wide cross-section of health sciences. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: MICROBIAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLING OF ARSENIC & CHROMIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Young, Lily Y.; Professor and Chairperson; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The overall goal of the proposed project is to investigate the microbial role in the biogeochemical cycling of a) chromium and b) arsenic in the environment. a) We intend to examine the detoxification of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) coupled to the concomitant degradation of co-contaminant chemicals, such as toluene, phenol or p-cresol, likely to be found in mixed wastes in hazardous waste sites. We hypothesize that the microbial degradation of the aromatic organics can be coupled to Cr reduction, that this process is

42

Chromium

potentiated by biotic and abiotic found in the environment, and that microbial activity can affect the availability and transport of these organic and inorganic contaminants in and through the environment. B) In addition, we intend to examine the diversity of microbial communities involved in and the extent of microbial arsenic transformations. We hypothesize that microbial activity enhances the rate of arsenic reduction, oxidation and methylation under environmental condition. We will select, characterize, and develop molecular biomarkers for environmental strains of microorganisms (both aerobic and anaerobic) which can metabolize toluene, phenol and p-cresol coupled to chromate (Cr(VI)) reduction; in addition, we will screen our large strain collection which degrade these aromatic contaminants for Cr(VI) reduction. We will compare the rate, extent and stoichiometry of Cr reduction in microcosms and by the pure cultures, and determine the environmental factors affecting its reduction. We will determine if microbial oxidation of Cr(III) is relevant to the transport and cycling of Cr in the environment. We will examine community structure and changes, and flux of reactants and products in laboratory column microcosms with Cr(VI) reducing microbial communities which metabolize organize co-contaminants. In addition, we will seek a wide microbial diversity of arsenic reduction in environmental samples and to compare the rate and extent of arsenic reduction in microcosms and by novel isolated pure cultures. We will also determine if microbial oxidation of As(III) is relevant to the transport and cycling of As in the environment and we will determine the role of sulfate reducers in arsenic methylation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF COMPLEX MIXTURE TOXICITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Puga, Alvaro; Professor; Environmental Health; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 16-JAN-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: The long-range goal of this research is to develop an understanding of the mechanisms underlying the adverse health effects and toxicity resulting from exposure to complex mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and the carcinogenic metals arsenic and chromium, often found as co-contaminants in the environment. The objectives of this research project are, (1) to elucidate the mechanisms by which arsenic and chromium affect inducible gene expression, and (2), to evaluate the effect of mixtures of benzo[alpha]pyrene (B[alpha]P), a prototypical PAK and chromium and arsenic on the expression of phase I and phase II detoxification genies. Development of environmental policy relies on risk information about the chemicals to which individuals are exposed. Although mechanisms are in place to test the health effects of individual chemicals, there is little data on the toxicity of complex environmental mixtures. In the absence of specific data, default assumptions must be used when conducting risk assessment for mixtures. For example, in the absence of evidence. to the contrary, two chemicals having similar toxic effects are assumed to act in an additive manner. This approach is not satisfactory for many complex mixtures in which a wide spectrum of interactions, from repression of effects to synergy, exist. Since most humane are exposed to complex mixtures of environmental contaminants, methods for assessing the risk of these exposures need to be developed. Most if not all the toxic effects of PAH exposure are mediated by the aromatic hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor, a ligand-activated transcription factor that, in combination with the Ah receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) causes the transcriptional activation of phase I detoxification genes, such as those coding for the cytochromes P450 monooxygenases CYP1Al, CYP1B1 and CYPIA2, and of phase II detoxification genes, such as those coding for quinone oxidoreductase

Studies

43

(NQO1), glutathione-S-transferase (GSTP) and UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGTIA6). Phase II genes can also be induced by antioxidants and electrophiles through Ah receptor-independent mechanisms. Preliminary work from our laboratory has shown that exposure of cultured mammalian cells to chromate or arsenite disrupts the coordinate induction of phase I and phase II genes by dioxin, the protype halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon Ah receptor ligand. Chromate inhibits induction of phase II genes to a greater extent than induction of phase I genes, whereas arsenite inhibits phase I gene induction and elicits a dose-dependent oxidative stress response that superinduces electrophile response element (EpRE)- mediated transcription of phase II genes. These observations lead us to me hypothesis that combined exposure to a mixture B[alpha]P and chromate or arsenite, (1) Will disrupt the regulatory mechanisms that control transcription from B[alpha]P- inducible gene promoters, and (2) will cause an uncoupling of phase I and phase II gene expression and concomitant imbalance in B[alpha]P metabolism. Results from this work will help develop a means to predict the health risks arising from exposure to chemical mixtures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MR DIAGNOSIS OF MUSCLE METABOLISM AND FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Kushmerick, Martin J.; Professor; Radiology; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1993; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: The goal of this project is to develop diagnostic procedures for human muscle function using 31-P/1-H NMR spectroscopy and 1-H NMR imaging together with principles of energy balance developed in the first grant period. The applicants working hypothesis is that integration of energy balance provides mechanistic information essential to define normal and to interpret abnormal muscle function in the intact human limb. The first three specific aims develop the notions of an integrative mass and energy balance. PCr content measures the supply-demand balance between muscle ATPases and oxidative phosphorylation. Myoglobin desaturation measures the supplydemand balance between oxidative phosphorylation and muscle perfusion. Intracellular pH and lactate measures the balance between net glycolytic flux and washout by perfusion. The contractile economy in human limb muscles will be quantified by characterizing the ATPase due to myofibrillar force generation and to excitationcontraction coupling. Whether PCr level during exercise is the link between local perfusion and O2 demand will be tested and the magnitude and time course of the glycogenolytic flux during exercise will be quantified. The fourth specific aim will probe two clinical problems for imbalances in one or more components of muscle energetics. Patients with congestive heart failure will be probed for abnormalities in ATP, H+ and oxygen balances and patients with type 1 diabetes will be probed for a trade-off in abnormalities resulting in lower functional, but near-normal integration of muscle energetics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: MUTATION & RECOMBINATION IN MICE EXPOSED TO TOXIC METALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Stringer, James R.; Associate Professor; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1995; Project End 31-MAR-2005

44

Chromium

Summary: (Taken from application) The goal of this project is to better understand the genotoxic effects of chromium and arsenic in mammals, when these metals are introduced either alone, or combined with benzo[a]pyrene. The research design employs a battery of novel mouse strains designed to detect frameshift and recombination events. One set of such mice uses a human PLAP (Placental Alkaline Phosphatase) gene. The PLAP gene was rendered inactive by insertion of 7 G:C basepairs. The frameshifted PLAP transgene is transcribed ubiquitously in all mouse tissues. Consequently, when the frameshift mutation in the PLAP transgene reverts, active PLAP enzyme is produced and deposited on the surface of the cell, where it is detected by a histochemical stain. This approach provides information about where mutant cells arise in different tissues. Mice that use PLAP expression to detect deletional recombination between direct repeats (PLAP-del mice) are under construction. While the PLAP-del mice are being developed, interstitial deletion after exposure to metals will be studied in a mouse strain called pink-eyed unstable. These mice have been used to show that sodium arsenate can induce recombination in mice. However, pink-eyed unstable mice can detect recombination in embryonic premelanocytes only. By contrast, the PLAP-del system reports recombination in all tissues. We will also study mitotic recombination by using another mouse strain we have developed. These mice are heterozygous for the aprt gene. Lymphocytes derived from cells that have undergone mitotic recombination at any point between aprt and the centromere on chromosome 8 can be selected because such cells lack APRT function and survive in 2, 6 diaminopurine. We propose to test the following hypotheses: 1) Chromium and arsenic induce frameshift mutations and homologous recombination in the cells of diverse tissues of mice. 2) Combining one or another of these metals with benzo[a]pyrene has a synergistic effect on mutation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NOVEL METHOD TO EVALUATE HIV-SPECIFIC CTL RESPONSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Feinberg, Mark B.; Professor; Medicine; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract) Development of a safe and effective HIV vaccine remains a critically important, but elusive goal. Progress towards an effective HIV vaccine will likely require a better understanding of immune effector mechanisms that can control or prevent HIV infection, as well as the derivation of immunization strategies that are significantly more potent than those currently available. The cytotoxic T cell (TCL) response is believed to play an essential role in eliminating HIV-infected cells and controlling the levels of virus replication in infected persons, and strategies for the development of HIV vaccines are increasingly focused on elicitation of strong and durable anti-HIV CTL responses. Unfortunately, newer methods to quantify CD8 T cell responses in HIV-infected persons (e.g., MHC tetramers or cytokine detection methods) do not measure lytic function, and thus may not reveal key functional differences that may exist within the population of HIV-specific CD8 T cells. While the gold standard chromium release assays for CTL cytotoxicity based on release of radioactive chromium from labeled target cells are difficult to standardize, time consuming, and inconvenient and insensitive to perform. As a result, there is a substantial need to develop new methods to quantify the lytic function of CD8 T cells in support of studies of HIV pathogenesis and vaccine evaluation. We have developed a new non-radioactive flow cytometry-based CTL assay based on caspase-mediated activation of fluorogenic substrates that is more sensitive, more convenient, and faster

Studies

45

than available CTL assays. To refine this assay and evaluate its utility in HIV vaccine studies, particularly as conducted in developing countries, we propose to (1) to optimize and validate simple and rapid flow cytometric CTL assays, (2) to evaluate methods to optimize the detection of memory CTL responses through short term ex vivo treatment with costimulatory activators or cytokines, (3) investigate the ability of anti-HIV CTLs to kill relevant primary target cells of different hematopoetic lineages and (4) to transfer the technology of flow-cytometry based CTL assays to laboratories in developing countries where the AIDS epidemic is most acute and where major efficacy trials of candidate HIV vaccines will be conducted. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NOVEL TITANIUM MATERIAL FOR ORTHOPAEDIC LUMBAR IMPLANTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Abkowitz, Stanley; Dynamet Technology, Inc. 8 a Street Burlington, Ma 01803 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Dynamet Technology will extend the NSF Phase I development of an innovative titanium-tungsten material to solve a critical need in orthopaedic surgery - a replacement lumbar disc with imaging capability. Titanium, unlike stainless steel and chromium alloys, does not interfere with soft tissue imaging. Tungsten and TiC additions to titanium significantly increase the combination of strength, hardness and wear resistance to levels not obtainable with conventional titanium alloys. Dynamet's innovative powder metal technology, which forms near-net shapes in compositions unavailable through conventional processing, will be used to produce the implant. Based on mechanical property results from Phase I and initial wear studies at Medtronic Sofamor Danek for cervical disc application, this program will target the more demanding lumber disc application. Wear resistance, biocompatibility and strength will be characterized and optimized through designed experiments of composition and processing. Dynamet will produce prototype lumbar replacement discs for subsequent clinical trials. The Dynamet program team will include Medtronic Sofamor Danek, world leader in spinal implant devices. Northwestern University and Clemson University will conduct materials evaluation and characterization for material optimization. Dr. Bernard Pfeifer, of Lahey Clinic Medical Center, will supply direction from the perspective of a board-certified orthopaedic surgeon. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: O3 AND MODULATING CR TOXICITY AND THE LUNG Principal Investigator & Institution: Zelikoff, Judith T.; Environmental Medicine; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-1999; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: Most studies of occupationally relevant chemical hazards have involved use of single contaminants, so the biological and safety implications from inhalation of realistic mixtures have commonly been ignored in evaluations related to worker health and safety. In this regard, chromium (Cr) is released with ozone (O3) during welding, and a major health hazard from inhalation exposure to Cr-containing materials is lung cancer; this is likely due largely to the insoluble Cr species in the fumes. However, the contribution from other co-inhalants in modulating Cr-initiated responses is not clear. Co-contaminants may change the pulmonary environment producing conditions which could enhance the formation and survival of Cr- initiated tumors. For example, it has

46

Chromium

been demonstrated that simultaneously-inhaled O3 increases the pulmonary retention of inhaled insoluble Cr particles; this could be part of a scenario which would ultimately give rise to conditions within the lungs conductive to the formation and survival of Crinitiated neoplasia. This proposal investigates other mechanisms underlying the elevated lung cancer incidence in welders exposed welding fumes containing both Cr and O3. It is hypothesized that the carcinogenic potential of insoluble Cr(VI) in the lungs of hosts inhaling the Cr/O3 mixture is greater than that in hosts inhaling the Cr alone due to O3-mediated increases in the lung tissue burdens of Cr(VI) and/or augmentation of one or more of the documented genetic/epigenetic mechanisms associated with Crinduced conversion of normal cells to transformed types (i.e., an enhancement in level of DNA damage, chromosomal aberrations, and/or induced increases in the activity of cell kinases known to regulate the expression of nascent oncogenes) arising from the effects of O3 upon mechanisms utilized for the intracellular of insoluble Cf(VI) particles. The project involves exposure of rats to atmospheres containing carcinogenic Cr(VI), namely calcium chromate, alone and in combination with O3. This study will improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the interaction between Cr and O3 in the lungs and the role which mixtures of air contaminants may play in pulmonary disease pathogenesis following exposure to realistic mixed atmospheres of occupational relevance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: OPTIMIZED HIV -SPECIFIC CTL ANTIGENS FOR VACCINE DESIGN Principal Investigator & Institution: Blondelle, Sylvie E.; Associate Member; Torrey Pines Institute/Molecular Studies Molecular Studies San Diego, Ca 92121 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract) Despite the great advances in antiviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, a successful global intervention for prevention and treatment of HIV infection will require an effective vaccine. Since the induction of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses is now believed to be an important component in an effective HIV-1 vaccine, our approach to develop an HIV vaccine is based on the stimulation of CD8+ CTL response more efficiently than the natural infection. This will be accomplished by using mixture-based synthetic combinatorial libraries (SCLs) to identify optimized peptide ligands that would be effective as immunogens in stimulating T-cell mediated immune responses against HIV infection. The mixture-based SCL approach allows the rapid identification of highly active compounds from large pools of individual compounds. In particular, when generated in a positional scanning (PS) format, the key amino acid(s) of the active peptide sequence(s) can be determined directly from the initial screening of the library. CTLs recognize processed viral peptides generally 8 to 11 amino acids in length, which are presented as a molecular complex with MHC class I and Beta2-microglobulin. PSSCLs of nonapeptides and decapeptides (having a carboxylic acid or carboxamide Cterminus, and an acetylated or non-acetylated N-terminal amino group) will therefore be used for the proposed studies. Each mixture will be screened for their ability to stimulate cytokine production and/or cytolytic activity by CTL clones having specificity for immunodominant epitopes of the Gag, reverse transcriptase, and Nef proteins. Following the deconvolution processes to identify epitope mimics from the libraries, the CTL reactivities to the identified agonists will be determined, and their immunogenicity will be assessed by performing in vitro stimulation experiments. Thus, the immunologic reactivity of cells pulsed with peptides to the immunizing native peptide and/or

Studies

47

identified mimics will be measured by cytokine release or chromium release assays. Furthermore, the cross-recognition of the most potent identified peptides will be investigated using a cohort of HLA-A2-positive patients. Although not yet applied to HIV research, the success of the PS-SCL approach has been reported for the identification of peptides being several order of magnitude more effective than native peptide ligands to stimulate clonotypic populations of autoreactive CD4+, and tumorspecific or alloreactive CD8+ T-cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: OXIDATION CARCINOGENESIS

STATE

DETERMINATION

IN

CHROMIUM

Principal Investigator & Institution: Chen, Zewu; X-Ray Optical Systems, Inc. 30 Corporate Cir Albany, Ny 12203 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Some chromium (VI) compounds are documented human propose measuring the intracellular oxidation state of Cr carcinogens, but the exact mechanism of Cr induced cancer is unknown. Oxidation state determination of intracellular Cr will provide important information relevant to exposure and risk assessment, and for understanding the mechanism of Cr carcinogenesis. We propose measuring the intracellular oxidation state of Cr using x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. Until now, the XANES technique was not very practical, relying on costly synchrotrons. This valuable technique could be implemented using a lower power cost-effective system incorporating a revolutionary toroidal crystal optic. XOS has successfully carried out the Phase I research and demonstrated the feasibility of Cr oxidation determination using a table-top XANES system operated with samples in air. In this Phase II project, a fully optimized system will be designed. Human cells will be prepared in culture mediums and treated with Cr exposure. The reduction of Cr(Vl) to Cr(lll) will be monitored using the XANES system. The practical application of this XANES technique for clinical research and its commercialization will be evaluated. This would make available, for the first time, a broad chemical-state measurement capability covering most of the periodic table in a compact, low-power table-top system for medical, research, and industrial applications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: OXIDATIVE MECHANISMS IN CHROMIUM CARCINOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sugden, Kent D.; Assistant Professor; Anthropology; University of Montana University Hall 202 Missoula, Mt 598124104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Chromium(VI) compounds pose a serious health risk to occupationally and environmentally exposed human populations. Exposure to Cr(VI) produces lung carcinomas in humans and laboratory animals. The overall objective of this research project is to elucidate the mechanism by which chromium(VI) compounds act as carcinogens. The hypotheses to be tested in this research project are: (1) that high valent +5 and +4 oxidation states of chromium are the primary intermediates that lead to oxidative DNA damage via direct DNA-metal interactions; (2) that reduction of Cr(VI) by intracellularly important reductants such as glutathione, ascorbate and cysteine form ligand-based radicals leading to oxidative DNA lesions but are of a lesser significance than oxidation by high valent chromium; (3) that these oxidative lesions are manifested in repair-deficient prokaryotic cell systems which are selectively sensitive to the DNA

48

Chromium

lesions detected in the in vitro studies. The specific aims of the proposed research are: (1) The mechanism of direct- or metal-centered oxidation of DNA by high valent chromium will be measured using model high valent Cr(V) compounds. Oxidation products arising from H-atom abstraction at the C1', C3', C4' and C5' of deoxyribose will be determined by HPLC and GC/MS using the model dinucleotide sugar oxidation substrate, 5',3'-di-O-Acetyl- d(TpT). Formation of guanine and cytosine base oxidation products will be determined using model dinucleotide substrates of d(GpG) and d(CpC). Base- and sequence-specificity of reactions with oligonucleotides will be determined by gel electrophoresis for formation of frank strand breaks and alkali-labile sites. The effect of aerobic vs anaerobic atmospheres will be determined on the above reactions. (2) The role of ligand-based radicals of glutathione, ascorbate and cysteine in the formation of DNA oxidation products will be probed by the specific (nonchromium) generation of these radical species and through their in situ formation by reduction with Cr(VI). The formation and fate of the radicals will be monitored by EPR. Measurement of sugar and base oxidation products as well as the formation of frank strand breaks and alkali-labile sites will be carried out as described in specific aim 1. (3) Selective lethality of Cr(VI) in DNA repair-deficient strains of E. coli will be determined. The synergistic effects of added ascorbate or modulation of intracellular glutathione levels will be determined. Transformation of a plasmid into the sensitive E. coli strains will be carried out for later extraction and measurement of base and sugar oxidation products and mutations. The proposed studies should give insight into the mechanisms of chromium(Vl)-induced DNA damage critical to the formation of cancer. Understanding these mechanisms may allow reduction of risk to exposed human populations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PHYTOREMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SOILS Principal Investigator & Institution: Shann, Jodi R.; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1995; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Taken from application) The goal of the proposed research is to develop a mechanistic understanding of the processes contributing to phytoremediation of soils contaminated with complex mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metals. Specific focus will be on pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene co-occurring with chromium, arsenic, nickel, cadmium, and lead. The approach takes into consideration both the ability of the plant to remove contaminants from the soil, as well as the ability of the plant to change degradative soil biofilms through the release of root exudates. The effect of metal and PAH availability in the soil will be monitored by soil extraction and bioindicators, throughout these investigations. The specific aims are: (1) to investigate potential mechanisms controlling phytoremediation, including uptake, rhizosphere degradation, and bioavailability, (2) to characterize root exudates and identify the specific components that enhance PAH degradation, and (3) to examine variation in root exudate production across plant species and under differing environmental conditions. The results of the experiments conducted under the above specific aims will allow the discernment of the extent to which either uptake or input (to the rhizosphere) is responsible for soil remediation in the presence of plants. It will also be possible to determine if concurrent phytoremedial processes operate in an additive, synergistic or antagonistic manner in soils contaminated with metals, PAHs, or mixtures of these. By identifying the specific exudate components that enhance PAH degradation, we will have a basis for screening plants for use in phytoremediation. This information will be

Studies

49

directly applicable to the management of actual Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) (Superfund) sites and will further the development of phytoremediation as an in situ technology. In addition, the role of bioavailability will be examined here after we validate that our methods are providing an accurate estimate. Validated soil extraction methods for determination of bioavailable soil metals and PAHs will be a significant contribution to the tools needed for effective soil remediation and site assessment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PROACTIVE PREVENTION OF EXPOSURE TO RESPIRABLE CHROMIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Jolly, Clifford D.; Environmental & Life Support Technology 6600 E Lookout Dr Parker, Co 80138 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAR-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Widespread occupational exposure risk to toxic airborne metal aerosols and dusts exists due to the lack of rapid and cost-effective monitoring methods. Chromium (VI) is a particularly toxic metal that is commonly found in environmental samples. However, current personal sampling methods are expensive and time-consuming; exposure data are not available until one to several days after exposures occur. This program proposes development of an automated sampling and extraction platform integrated with an adsorptive-catalytic voltammetric analysis technique, to provide rapid, on-site automated quantification of airborne chromium metals for less than 10% of the cost of a typical laboratory analysis. The Phase I project will quantitatively determine feasibility of the proposed method by fabrication and testing of a small, portable, inexpensive instrument that is suitable as the basis for automated ambient air analysis, personal filter cartridge analysis, and surface dust analysis. The instrument will automatically extract and analyze the heavy metal concentration of the filters, and calculate the exposure based on the sample air volume (or surface area) for comparison with Permissible Exposure Limits. The Phase II program would then consist of development of an analytical protocol to differentiate Cr(lll) and Cr(VI), extensive field validation of the analyzer, and a study to estimate the effectiveness of the analytical tool to assist in exposure prevention protocols. Based on bench-scale testing completed to date, the limit of quantitation is projected to be less than 0.1 ug/m3. The analysis time is projected to be 5-10 minutes per sample compared to 24 hours or more using current methods. Sample costs are projected to be $0.75/filter as compared to $15-$25 with current methods. Industry has been clear in communicating its need for improved methods for personal air monitoring of heavy metals. An independent market study has already been conducted and has identified over 10,000 commercial/industrial sites in the mining, metallurgical, military, electronics, and coatings industries. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: PROPERTIES OF METALS MAY GOVERN TOXICITIES IN THE LUNGS Principal Investigator & Institution: Cohen, Mitchell D.; Environmental Medicine; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Research bridging inorganic chemistry and medicine is needed so principles can be established to permit rational design/screening

50

Chromium

of metallopharmaceuticals, particularly inhalable forms. An improved understanding of how metals act in situ would enable Investigators to improve the specificity, and control the toxicity, of such novel compounds. Studies to define mechanisms underlying adverse health effects from airborne metal pollutant exposure have provided information from which the types of studies needed can evolve. In studies showing that inhalation of some metals led to altered lung bacterial resistance and local immune cell function, it was clear that variations in degree of immunomodulation induced did not simply depend on amount of metal deposited in the lung, but also on the agent used. It follows that if agent specificity governs extent of immunomodulation induced, then physicochemical properties inherent to each metal may have contributing roles in eliciting the effects. Based on this premise, the goal of this project is two-fold - to improve understanding of reactions of metals in living systems and to help establish basic principles that may facilitate design of novel metallopharmaceuticals. Using induction of pulmonary immunomodulation as a parameter to reflect potential toxicity of an inhaled xenobiotic, we hypothesize that for any metal, major determinants of immunomodulatory potential in situ are its (A) redox behavior and valency, due, in part, to their governing the extent to which the metal might affect availability/utilizability of glutathione (GSH) and NAD(P)H reductants critical to optimal alveolar macrophage (PAM) and neutrophil (PMN) function and (B) solubility, in that it governs overall metal bioavailability to these cells. An integrated hierarchical approach is proposed to examine potential differences in pulmonary immunotoxicity within and between properties. Various vanadium, chromium, lead, and zinc agents will serve as models for ambient metal pollutants with diverse physicochemical properties. Each agent will first be tested for a clinical effect (i.e., impact of 5 d (5 hr/d) exposure on the lung innate immune response to a subsequent Listeria monocytogenes infection) as this yields data reflecting overall impact on lung immunocompetence and, importantly, lets agents with no effect to be dropped from analyses. To determine if there may be a common mechanism of effect among the demonstrably immunomodulatory agents, and to use variations in implementation as a means to examine influence of each property, studies will then examine exposure effects on PAM and PMN: GSH and NAD(P)H status; reductant-influenced production/expression of factors critical to cell recruitment/activation and, activation status, during innate responses. By establishing if certain properties of metals are more relevant to toxicity than others, this may provide Investigators a needed basis to preempt use of some metal ions/complexes in metallopharmaceuticals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: RACE-SPECIFIC OCCUPATIONAL RISK FACTORS FOR CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Briggs, Nathaniel C.; Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine; Internal Medicine; Meharry Medical College 1005-D B Todd Blvd Nashville, Tn 37208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Black men have overall age-adjusted rates of cancer incidence and mortality that are higher than any other U.S. population group. Findings from the 1996 Report on the National Occupational Research Agenda suggest that unidentified race-specific occupational risk factors for cancer may be important contributors to this disparity. An excess of occupational cancers among minorities is further underscored by a review revealing elevated non-white to white cancer mortality ratios in the majority of studies reporting any race-specific increases, with the greatest racial disparity evident for hematolymphopoietic cancers. Data are sparse, however, on

Studies

51

race-specific etiologic determinants. Moreover, published reports have generally been based on data from death certificates and other secondary sources that are of questionable validity because of racial disparities in accuracy. To address this information gap, the proposed project will use secondary data from the Selected Cancers Study (SCS) to investigate race-specific occupational risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), Hodgkin disease (HD), and soft tissue sarcoma (STS). The SCS was a large U.S. population-based case-control study conducted in the mid-1980s to examine associations between exposure of military troops to the defoliant herbicide Agent Orange during the Vietnam War and subsequent risk of these cancers. The study population comprised nearly 6,000 men aged 30 to 60 years, the majority of whom were directly interviewed. Study participants were asked about every full- and part-time job held for greater than or equal to 1 year since age 18. For each job, participants were queried about job title, main duties, type of business or industry, year job was started, and year job was ended; all responses were coded verbatim. In an analysis using dichotomous occupational exposure data from the SCS, we identified striking increases in risk of NHL, HD, and STS among Black men exposed to chromium or wood dust, whereas no risk factors were found for Whites. One aim of this project will be to extend the preliminary analysis to investigate dose-response relations. A second aim will be an extension of that analysis to investigate risk factors among Hispanic men. A third project aim will be to examine race-specific dose-response associations for cancer risks in relation to occupational chlorophenol exposures and agricultural vs. non-agricultural herbicide exposures. A fourth aim will be to explore race- and cancer-specific risk factors based on Standard Occupational Codes and Standard Industry Codes. Because the SCS database includes detailed occupational information for a study population large enough to provide substantial power to detect race-specific occupational cancer risk factors, it provides a unique and cost-effective opportunity to identify preventable risk factors that may be contributing to racial disparities in cancer incidence and mortality. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHROMIUM

REGULATION

OF

TRANSCRIPTIONAL

COMPETENCE

BY

Principal Investigator & Institution: Barchowsky, Aaron; Associate Professor; Pharmacology and Toxicology; Dartmouth College 11 Rope Ferry Rd. #6210 Hanover, Nh 03755 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is in the top 20 compounds of the ATSDR/EPA priority list since it promotes interstitial lung fibrosis, induces asthma, and is recognized as a probable human lung carcinogen. Despite the epidemiological evidence for both occupationally and environmentally-derived pulmonary disease following inhalation of Cr(VI), there are few studies that define the cellular and molecular basis for pathologic changes in the Cr(VI)-exposed lung. Overall Objective: The overall objective of the proposed studies is to define the molecular signaling mechanisms through which non-cytotoxic concentrations of Cr(VI) alter inducible cytokine and profibrotic gene expression in airway and alveolar epithelial cells. We have recently defined a novel pathway through which Cr(VI) inhibits the transcriptional competence of the transcription factor NF-kappaB by promoting recruitment of the essential co-activator CREB-binding protein (CBP) to c-Jun. We hypothesize that Cr(VI)induced alteration of co-activator recruitment changes the profile of inducible gene expression and potentiates Fas-induced apoptosis. These effects of Cr(VI) favor

52

Chromium

development of pulmonary fibrosis. Specific Objectives: Aim 1 of the grant will use human lung cells in culture to define cellular signaling pathways that regulate Cr(VI)induced recruitment of CBP to specific transcription factors (e.g. c-Jun). Aim 2 will use these models to demonstrate that competition for CBP is the rate limiting step in Cr(VI)induced loss of NF-kappaB transactivation. The consequence of a switch in CBPdependent transcription factor competence on FAS- induced apoptosis and gene expression will be examined. The final Aim will use normal and unique transgenic mouse models to examine Cr(VI)-induced regulation of transcription factor activity and of inducible pro-apoptotic and pro-fibrotic phenotypic changes in vivo. Significance: The studies will define fundamental epigenetic mechanisms for altered inducible gene expression and increased susceptibility of airway and alveolar epithelial cells to apoptosis following exposure to Cr(VI). Apoptosis of the airway is now recognized as an underlying non-inflammatory mechanism for lung fibrosis. Thus, these studies will translate observations in cell culture into in vivo models of exposure to greatly improve the basic understanding of how Cr(VI) promotes pulmonary diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: RNA PULSED DENDRITIC CELLS AS IMMUNOTHERAPY FOR MELANOMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Kalady, Matthew F.; Surgery; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2001 Summary: Malignant melanoma remains a formidable challenge to patients, physicians, and scientists. Although surgical resection serves as the primary therapy and is often curative, melanoma recurs both locally and at distant sites. Unfortunately, current adjuvant therapies have not improved the dismal prognosis associated with regional and metastatic disease. This research focuses on the use of immunotherapy to treat micrometastatic and recurrent melanoma. Information gained through this preclinical research will be applied to developing an effective clinical melanoma vaccine. Immunologic rejection of tumor cells is mediated by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) which recognize specific tumor- associated antigens (TAA). Antigen presenting cells, such as dendritic cells (DC), have been shown to generate an antigen-immunologic response both in vitro and in vivo after priming with TAA. Current research and clinical trials are underway at this institution loading of DC with tumor lysates and TAA peptides. This research project will attempt to optimize the CTL response against melanoma by methodologically studying the methods used to prime DC with tumor RNA induce unexpectedly potent tumor-specific CTL responses. Specifically, DC will be isolated through leukopheresis from patients with melanoma in whom tumor cell lines can be established. The DC from these patients will be primed with total tumor RNA from the patients' own tumor, or primed with combinations of previously isolated RNA for melanoma-specific TAA such as MART-1, MAGE-3, tumor, or primed with combinations of previously isolated RNA for melanoma-specific TAA such as MART-1, MAGE-3, tumor, or primed with combinations of previously isolated RNA for melanoma-specific TAA such as MART-1, MAGE-3, tyrosinase, and gp100. The primed dendritic cells will be incubated with CTL. These CTL will subsequently be mixed with melanoma cell lines and the percentage of lysed cells will be quantified using a chromium release assay. The antigen that yields the greatest cytoxicity will then by directly tested against the current method of pulsing dendritic cells with protein yields the greater cytotoxicity will then be directly tested against the current method of pulsing

Studies

53

dendritic cells with protein lysates and peptides. Data gained from this preclinical work will guide future uses of vaccine development in the clinic. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SILYL MIGRATION-MEDIATED TANDEM BOND FORMATIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Moser, William H.; Chemistry; Indiana UnivPurdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The intramolecular anionic migration of a silyl group from a carbon atom to an oxygen atom, commonly known as the Brook rearrangement, has recently emerged as a useful synthetic tool. The proposed research involves the development of novel Brook rearrangement-mediated tandem reactions, or those combining the rearrangement with bond-forming steps that precede and/or follow the silyl migration event. A particular objective of the proposed research is to develop applications in which the silyl group not only facilitates multiple bond-forming steps, but also provides opportunities for overall stereocontrol. Applications that meet this goal will further the mechanistic understanding of the Brook rearrangement and cultivate practical syntheses of medicinally important compounds. The specific goals of the research program are the development of silyl migration-mediated bisfunctionalizations of arene chromium tricarbonyl complexes and silyl migrationmediated Baylis-Hillman reactions. The silyl migration-mediated bis-functionalization of arene complexes entails initial nucleophilic addition to ortho-silyl substituted benzaldehyde complexes, followed by silyl migration and inter- or intramolecular electrophilic trapping of the resultant aryl anion. It is proposed that the use of sllacyclobutanes will improve the stereoselectivity by coordinating the neighboring aldehyde carbonyl and enforcing approach of the nucleophile from a single rotamer. This strategy, in combination with an asymmetric Dotz benzannulation for the preparation of the arene complex precursors, will provide key steps for an asymmetric total synthesis of the antitumor antibiotic compound fredericamycin A. The tertiary amine-catalyzed condensation of aldehydes with activated olefins, known as the BaylisHillman reaction, provides an elegant and efficient method to construct densely functionalized compounds. Preliminary results demonstrate that alpha-substituted activated olefins participate in this transformation and alleviate polymerization and reversibility problems that otherwise plague the method. On the basis of these results, a study of stereoselective silyl migration-mediated Baylis-Hillman reactions is proposed, along with the application of the method towards solid-phase synthesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: SUPERHARD NANOCRYSTALLINE COATED PROSTHESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Tobin, Eric J.; Spire Corporation 1 Patriots Park Bedford, Ma 01730 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 14-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Nanocrystalline homometallic (same as the substrate and without interface) coatings will be developed to reduce wear of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) in orthopedic prostheses. UHMWPE wear is a primary cause of prosthesis failure, and roughness of the mating Co-Cr surface has been identified as a major contributing factor to UHMWPE wear. Third-body wear particles, such as bone cement constituents, scratch the articulating surface, roughening it and accelerating UHMWPE wear. Attempts to apply conventional hard ceramic

54

Chromium

coatings to the metallic surfaces have not been successful because of difficulties in achieving adequate adhesion due to dissimilarity of coating and substrate materials and thermal and lattice mismatches. We have demonstrated, for the first time, that nanocrystalline (3-40 nm grains) Co-Or deposited onto Co-Cr-Mo substrates possesses hardness close to that of some ceramics (18-26 GPa, 400% increase), without the associated problems with adhesion to metallic substrates. (Similar results have also been obtained for Ti and stainless steel). In post Phase I work, we have demonstrated uniform deposition of superhard homometallic coatings onto Co-Cr femoral hip heads. Ongoing hip simulation tests have demonstrated up to 75% reduction in UHWMPE wear against homometallic Co-Or femoral heads vs. uncoated Co-Cr. Additionally, atomic force microscopy shows that the homometallic coatings retain the same low surface roughness as the original, highly polished Co-Cr. These results clearly demonstrate feasibility of the proposed technology. Phase 2 will optimize the processes involved in deposition of homometallic coatings and evaluate them in Hip Simulation tests, which will be done by Stephen Li at the Medical Device Testing and Innovation and a major Orthopedic Company. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SYNTHESIS OF COCARCINOGENIC DITERPENES Principal Investigator & Institution: Rigby, James H.; Professor; Chemistry; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-1988; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: This research program is designed to develop a "unified approach" for the enantioselective synthesis of the tumor promoting diterpenes, ingenol and phorbol from a common synthetic building block. The current project will also include an extension of this strategy to target the clinically important anticancer agent paclitaxel (taxol) and the unusual marine natural product, dictyolactone, a xenicane diterpene that exhibits significant antitumor activity. The focal point of the "unified" approach concept described in this proposal is the novel chromium(O)-promoted [6pi+4pi] cycloaddition process that can be employed to rapidly and efficiently construct highly functionalized bicyclo[4.4.1]undecane intermediates that can be transformed through selective bond reorganizations into key substructural features of each of the four targeted diterpene families. Methods for the direct conversion of these bicyclo[4.4.1]undecane intermediates into the BC ring substructure of the ingenane diterpenes exhibiting the crucial and highly strained inside, outside intrabridgehead stereochemical relationship will be described. Isomerization of this readily available ring system into the bicyclo[5.3.1]undecane system characteristic of the taxane diterpenes as well as rearrangement into the tigliane-like bicyclo[5.4.0]undecane system will also be discussed. In a closely related process, the nine- membered carbocycle found in the xenicane diterpenes will be prepared by rearrangement of the bicyclo[4.4.1]undecane system into an isomeric bicyclo[4.3.2]undecane followed by cleavage of the two-carbon bridge. Application of these bond reorganization protocols to the total syntheses of representative examples of each of these four families of natural products will also be presented. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: SYNTHESIS/EXPLOITATION OF METAL COMPLEXES OF LIGANDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Wagenknecht, Paul S.; San Jose State University Washington Square San Jose, Ca 95192

Studies

55

Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The long term objectives of this study are two-fold, namely: 1) to mimic the activation of dihydrogen and dioxygen that occurs at some metalloenzymes in order to better understand these redox transformations in biological systems and, 2) to study energy transfer self-exchange processes which can be used to model fundamental aspects of electron transfer. Studies of redox transformations at metallozymes and of factors affecting electron transfer are of key importance in understanding the physiological electron transfer processes that sustain living organisms. The research design involves utilizing a set of constrained macrocyclic ligands that can be functionalized to provide five-coordinate metal binding environments. The redox chemistry and ligand binding ability of these five-coordinate metal complexes will be analyzed in order to find systems that bind and activate H2 and O2 and may serve as functional mimics of the hydrogenase enzymes and the cytochrome P450 enzymes and the cytochrome P-450 enzymes, respectively. In addition, chromium(III) complexes of the unfunctionalized constrained macrocycles will be prepared and their photophysics closely scrutinized. We plan to use these complexes to continue our studies on energy transfer self-exchange processes, with the aim of determining the role that nuclear and electronic factors play in the exchange rates. A significant amount of literature exists on the similarity of the formalisms between electron transfer and how energy transfer processes can be utilized to model fundamental bimolecular reactions such as electron transfer. However, no systematic studies of energy transfer self-exchange exist due to experimental difficulties. This study will begin to fill that gap. Thus, complexes of a common set of constrained macrocyclic ligands that our laboratory has been working with will serve to further our understanding of electron transfer and redox transformation of small substrates. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SYSTEMIC IMPLICATIONS OF TOTAL JOINT REPLACEMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Jacobs, Joshua J.; Professor; Rush-Presbyterian-St Lukes Medical Ctr Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1989; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: There is an increasing recognition that, in the long term, total joint replacement (TJR) may be associated with adverse local and remote tissue responses that are mediated by the degradation products of prosthetic materials. There has been particular interest in the metallic degradation products of THR because of the known toxicities of the metallic elements that comprise the implant alloys. In this long term study, we have been investigating metal release, transport, storage and excretion in patients with total hip and knee replacements. In the current grant period, we have demonstrated that (1) elevations in serum titanium and chromium can be detected in individuals with well functioning total hip and knee replacements; (2) the highest chromium and cobalt levels have been observed in patients with metal-on-metal bearings; (3) passive dissolution from extensively porous coated cobalt- base alloy femoral stems is not a dominant model of metal release; rather, fretting corrosion of femoral components at modular junctions is more closely associated with elevations in serum chromium; (4) cobalt- and titanium-alloy particulate degradation products from TJR commonly disseminate to paraaortic lymph nodes, liver and spleen, particularly in individuals who have had a failed TJR; and (5) there are indications that individuals with elevated serum metal content may have associated liver cell injury. We propose to expand on these studies to (1) quantify metal release in the prospective study group which will be 7 to 12 years postoperative, an interval in which complications related to

56

Chromium

the implant are more prevalent; (2) prospectively follow patients up to 8 years after revision surgery who have demonstrated significant elevations in serum metal content to determine if serum metal transport diminishes with time; (3) expand our autopsy retrieval program to characterize not only tissue metal levels and systemic distribution of particulate wear debris but also the tissue and cellular localization of these degradation products; and (4) conduct bioavailability and bioreactivity studies of circulating metal-protein complexes which result from corrosion and wear of joint replacement components. This is one of four grants in an Orthopaedic Biomaterials Investigator- Initiated Interactive Research Project Grant entitled "Safety and Efficacy of Permanent Skeletal Replacement Implants". The studies proposed here address safety issues and are deemed critical in order to understand the prospective risks to patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TB PLEURISY & MONOCYTE TRANSMIGRATION IN AIDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Antony, Veena B.; Professor; Medicine; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1997; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract): Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and pleurisy caused by M. tuberculosis are endemic in patients with AIDS. Tuberculous pleural effusions typically contain large numbers of monocytes and have high protein concentrations. Patients with AIDS have low monocyte counts and M. tuberculosis often disseminates. However, the regulatory mechanism controlling movements of monocytes and protein into the pleural space across the mesothelium are unknown. Tuberculous pleural effusions contain C-C chemokines, which are chemotactic for monocytes. Activated mesothelial cells release C-C chemokines and so may play a pivotal role in recruitment of monocytes to the pleural space. Mesothelial cells also express adhesion molecules that interact with monocyte glycoproteins. The investigators will use an in vitro system to investigate these mechanisms, analyzing movement of monocytes across mesothelial monolayer. The investigators hypothesize that transmigration of monocytes across the mesothelium depends on the establishment of chemotactic gradients, on the expression of adhesion molecules, and on changes in pleural permeability to macromolecules. The investigators will test the hypothesis with four specific aims examining transmigration of monocytes across mesothelial cell monolayers: (1) to evaluate whether C-C chemokines cause transmigration; (2) to evaluate how Th1 and Th2 cytokines affect transmigration; (3) to evaluate whether mesothelial expression of adhesion molecules is essential for transmigration; and (4) to evaluate whether monocyte transmigration is associated with changes in mesothelial permeability. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: THE TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF YW3548 AND YW3699 Principal Investigator & Institution: Judd, Ted C.; Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Harvard University Holyoke Center 727 Cambridge, Ma 02138 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 29-SEP-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The total enatioselective synthesis of the natural products YW3548 and YW3699 isolated from the fungus Paecilomyces inflatus and Codinaea simplex is planned. Both natural products have been shown to be species-

Studies

57

specific inhibitors of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) biosynthesis.The key step involves a Ni(II) / Cr(II) -mediated cyclization between a vinyl iodide and a ketone for formation of the eight-membered ring. This proposed strategy represents a new application of this reaction. In addition, several new synthetic methodologies will be developed during the course of the synthesis. The resulting work will be useful in the preparation of analogs for the purpose of probing GPI synthesis in eukaryotic systems with potential clinical applications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THERMAL REMEDIATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Kennedy, Ian M.; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Thermal remediation can be used to treat hazardous wastes found at Superfund sites. These sites can incorporate chlorinated hydrocarbons and heavy toxic metals. The thermal treatment of these materials can release hazardous byproducts into the environment. This project seeks to determine the risk to human populations as a result of a release of chlorinated by-products or metals. The chlorinated compounds of most interest are the dioxins. The impact of the rate of mixing of waste and air on the formation of dioxins will be studied in a wind tunnel experiment. Samples of byproducts will be collected for later analysis with the toxicology projects for the presence of dioxins. The focus of the metals will be collected for later analysis with the toxicology projects for the presence of dioxins. The focus of the metals research will be on chromium. Chromium is a non volatile metal that tends to form an ultrafine aerosol in high temperature systems. The hexavalent form of chromium is very toxic; the other valence states are not toxic. Hence, it is important to be able to predict the state of chromium emissions and to design systems to minimize the formation of the hexavalent form. This requires knowledge of the kinetics of chromium oxidation in combustion systems. A low pressure burner will be constructed to undertake experiments in a simple, laminar pre-mixed flame that is seeded with chromium. An on-line time of flight mass spectrometer will provide measurement of chromium intermediates. The results will be used to tune a kinetic model of chromium oxidation for application in the design of practical systems. Collaboration with the University of Colorado Boulder will permit laser induced fluorescence measurements of reactive intermediates to be undertaken. Modeling of the dynamics of the chromium aerosol will also be undertaken to predict the size of the aerosol particles. The toxicity of the particles may change as they age in the atmosphere. Artificial aging in a chamber will be used to simulate the reaction of particles in the atmosphere, on their way to human populations. The toxicity of the aged particles will be studied by analytical chemistry as well as by the various bioassays that are available to use throughout the Superfund program. The toxicity of the aged particles will be assessed in vitro, as well as in vivo with animal exposures to artificially condition combustion generated aerosols. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: TOXIC METAL INTERACTIONS WITH CELLULAR PROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kruszyna, Harriet; Dartmouth College 11 Rope Ferry Rd. #6210 Hanover, Nh 03755 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001

58

Chromium

Summary: Eight of the twenty-two agents of greatest concern at Superfund sites are toxic metals, which at present at substantial levels in over 60% of all Superfund sites, and which also represent a significant problem at other waste sites and in the environment in general. The mechanisms by which these metals elicit their adverse biological effects are still poorly understood, particularly the effects of low dose, chronic exposures such as occur for most human exposures near these sites. Ultimately, the toxicity of metals can be traced to their specific interactions with biological macromolecules, in particular with cellular proteins. However, there are still only a few examples of specific metal-protein interactions that have been directly associated with subsequent toxic effects. The overall leading to subsequent toxic events based upon previous work by this program and others. We will focus in particular on the protein interactions of arsenic, nickel and chromium. All three of these metals are human carcinogens, and all three have a high affinity for or react with the thiol of cysteines, yet they are not readily detoxified by metallothionein. We hypothesize that these cysteine interactions in key target proteins may mediate or contribute to their mechanisms of action as toxins and carcinogens. Model protein and peptide systems have been chosen for study that represent protein targets in three important protein classes, i.e., the DNA binding domain of glucocorticoid receptor (a hormone-mediated transcription factor), the heme domain of cytochrome P450BM-3 (a xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme) and sub-domains of XPA (a DNA repair protein). The specific hypothesis to be tested is that these toxic metals bind selectively to one or more critical Cys residues of a target protein and thereby alter the protein's structure, or initiate reactions involving the thiols, either of which could compromise the function of the protein. Thus the goal will be to determine the molecular basis for the effects of these toxic metals on the functional properties of these model proteins. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which arsenic, chromium and nickel act as human carcinogens will be important in evaluating their overall health effects in exposed populations. In addition, these studies may provide evidence of specific protein adducts that could serve as potential biomarkers both for toxic metal exposure and for biological effects, including unique metaldependent protein structures, metal-specific modified protein residues, and stable longlived metal- protein complexes, each of may elicit a specific antibody response. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TOXICANT INDUCED DNA DAMAGE AND REPAIR IN SHRIMP EMBRYOS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hook, Sharon E.; None; Skidaway Institute of Oceanography 10 Ocean Science Cir Savannah, Ga 31411 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal focuses on differences in the susceptibility to genotoxicants of early and late stage embryos with respect to embryological development. Grass shrimp will be used as a model organism to characterize the difference in susceptibility of early and late stage embryos to contaminant induced DNA damage. Grass shrimp embryos have been used for toxicity testing. Adult grass shrimp will be exposed to sediments and food containing chromium, mercury, or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH?s). Embryo stages produced from control and genotoxicant exposed adults will be followed through the various stages of development. DNA strand breakage and repair will be measured using the comet assay, including modifications for quantification of specific lesions and crosslinks. A DNA repair enzyme will be amplified, cloned and sequenced. Based on this sequence, primers will be prepared and tested to begin studies on the expression of

Studies

59

a DNA repair gene in early and late stage embryos. The significance of this work is that it provides a model for the study of genotoxicity. By working with grass shrimp embryos, which have well studied developmental processes, a quick reproductive cycle which is easily manipulated in the laboratory, and are routinely exposed to genotoxicants in contaminated environments, we can understand the processes which make early embryonic stages more sensitive to contaminants. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TOXIOLOGY OF PARTICULATE CR(VI)IN HUMAN LUNG CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Wise, John P.; Epidemiology and Public Health; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2002 Summary: Cr(VI) salts, particularly the insoluble compounds, are well-established human carcinogens, affecting the bronchial cells of the lung. No investigations have studied particulate Cr(VI) and only one has studied soluble Cr(VI) in human bronchial cells. Thus the goal of this research is to understand the mechanisms of Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis in human bronchial cells. The general hypothesis guiding this proposal is that particulate Cr(VI) is a more potent carcinogen than soluble Cr(VI) because it can escape cell cycle arrest at genotoxic doses. The specific goal of this project is to establish a human bronchial cell model to investigate these mechanisms. Three hypotheses will be tested: 1) Cr(VI) is genotoxic in human bronchial cells. 2) Particulate Cr(VI) compounds are more potent carcinogens than soluble Cr(VI) compounds because they provide chronic extracellular Cr(VI) exposure and escape cell cycle delay. 3) Particulate Cr(VI) salts escape cell cycle delay because of their divalent counter ion. These hypotheses will be tested with the following: 1) Cr(VI)-induced genotoxicity will be measured by the amount of damage produced in the Comet assay, and in metaphase chromosome spreads. Results will provide the first data on the carcinogenic and genotoxic effects of intact Cr(VI) particles to its target cells. 2) Particle uptake will be measured with transmission electron microscopy and ion uptake will be measured with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. 3). Cell cycle effects will be measured with a mitotic index, fluorescent automated cell sorting and cDNA expression arrays. Results will the first reports of Cr(VI) toxicity in its target cells, the first detailed information of the interaction of Cr(VI) with the cell cycle, and will provide important toxicological data on the differences between particulate and soluble hexavalent chromium. This research is significant because it will provide: 1) an understanding of how Cr(VI) causes genetic in its target cells; 2) essential information to better assess the relative risk of exposure to particulate or soluble Cr(VI); 3) models of human bronchial cells for further study of Cr(VI), other metals, and lung cancer in general. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: WATER/SEDIMENT & MODEL & CRITERIA FOR ARSENIC & CHROMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Di Toro, Dominic M.; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This project has two purposes: to develop the chemical basis for establishing sediment quality criteria for arsenic and chromium for arsenic and chromium; and to construct coupled water column-sediment fate and transport models. Arsenic and chromium in aquatic sediments are currently listed as contaminants at 113 and 142

60

Chromium

Superfund sites, respectively. It is of critical importance, therefore, to have reliable methods for determining the sediment concentrations at which the metals pose an environmental and human health risk. Currently available methods are based on the concentration of total arsenic and chromium that ignore bioavailability that are known not to be predictive of toxicity. We intend to use the Equilibrium Partitioning (EqP) model, that is currently being used by EPA, in order to generate these criteria. This approach involves first: determining the solid phase or phases that regulate pore water concentrations; and third: determining the potential for remobilization (and future exposure) of sediment bound metal. For water column animals and their human consumers, the extent to which metals are released from sediments to the overlying water, and the extent to which the reverse process occurs, are critical components in a comprehensive analysis of the risk environmental and human health posed by these metals. We intend to develop sediment models first and then coupled water columnsediment models for arsenic and chromium. The purpose of the sediment model is to computer the flux of metal from the sediment to pore water, and ultimately, to the overlying water. This release is determined in large measure by the rate of oxidation of the reduced solid phase metal species. Once sediments are judged to pose an environmental or human health risk, it is necessary to project future exposure concentrations in the sediments and overlying water and to evaluate the efficacy of remedial actions. This step requires the use of mathematical models to described the combined effects of transport and chemical/biochemical reactions. We intend to construct these models and to apply them to data sets that are available in the literature. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “chromium” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for chromium in the PubMed Central database: •

3 4

Association of Microbial Community Composition and Activity with Lead, Chromium, and Hydrocarbon Contamination. by Shi W, Becker J, Bischoff M, Turco RF, Konopka AE.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=124013

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

Studies

61

•

Comparison of europium and chromium release assays: cytotoxicity in healthy individuals and patients with cervical carcinoma. by von Zons P, Crowley-Nowick P, Friberg D, Bell M, Koldovsky U, Whiteside TL.; 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=170502

•

Mechanisms of DNA damage by chromium(V) carcinogens. by Bose RN, Fonkeng BS, Moghaddas S, Stroup D.; 1998 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=147475

•

Monoclonal antibodies to reovirus sigma 1 and mu 1 proteins inhibit chromium release from mouse L cells. by Hooper JW, Fields BN.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189865

•

Oxidative damage of DNA by chromium(V) complexes: relative importance of base versus sugar oxidation. by Bose RN, Moghaddas S, Mazzer PA, Dudones LP, Joudah L, Stroup D.; 1999 May 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=148443

•

Role of the mu 1 protein in reovirus stability and capacity to cause chromium release from host cells. by Hooper JW, Fields BN.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189834

•

Self reported health of people in an area contaminated by chromium waste: interview study. by McCarron P, Harvey I, Brogan R, Peters TJ.; 2000 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27246

•

Simultaneous chromium reduction and phenol degradation in a coculture of Escherichia coli ATCC 33456 and Pseudomonas putida DMP-1. by Shen H, Wang YT.; 1995 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167547

•

The metal reductase activity of some multiheme cytochromes c: NMR structural characterization of the reduction of chromium(VI) to chromium(III) by cytochrome c7. by Assfalg M, Bertini I, Bruschi M, Michel C, Turano P.; 2002 Jul 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=125002

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to 6

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

62

Chromium

sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with chromium, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “chromium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for chromium (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A comparison between gravimetric and volumetric techniques of wear measurement of UHMWPE acetabular cups against zirconia and cobalt-chromium-molybdenum femoral heads in a hip simulator. Author(s): Smith SL, Unsworth A. Source: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of Engineering in Medicine. 1999; 213(6): 475-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10635696&dopt=Abstract

•

A comparison of the in vitro genotoxicity of tri- and hexavalent chromium. Author(s): Blasiak J, Kowalik J. Source: Mutation Research. 2000 August 21; 469(1): 135-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10946250&dopt=Abstract

•

A laboratory investigation of the role of guide planes in the retention of cast cobaltchromium alloy partial denture frameworks. Author(s): Ali M, Waters NE, Nairn RI, West F, Sherriff M. Source: Journal of Dentistry. 2001 May; 29(4): 291-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11525230&dopt=Abstract

•

A physiologically based model for the ingestion of chromium(III) and chromium(VI) by humans. Author(s): O'Flaherty EJ, Kerger BD, Hays SM, Paustenbach DJ. Source: Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 2001 April; 60(2): 196-213. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11248132&dopt=Abstract

•

A study of leukaemia in Glasgow in connection with chromium-contaminated land. Author(s): Eizaguirre-Garcia D, Rodriguez-Andres C, Watt GC, Hole D. Source: Journal of Public Health Medicine. 1999 December; 21(4): 435-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11469367&dopt=Abstract

•

A test for adequacy of chromium nutrition in humans--relation to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Wells IC, Claassen JP, Anderson RJ. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 April 11; 303(3): 825-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12670485&dopt=Abstract

Studies

63

•

Absorption and elimination of trivalent and hexavalent chromium in humans following ingestion of a bolus dose in drinking water. Author(s): Kerger BD, Paustenbach DJ, Corbett GE, Finley BL. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 1996 November; 141(1): 145-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8917687&dopt=Abstract

•

Accumulation and loss of chromium by mussels (M. galloprovincialis). Author(s): Parlak H, Katalay S, Buyukisik B. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1999 March; 62(3): 286-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10085171&dopt=Abstract

•

Activation of JNK, p38 and ERK mitogen-activated protein kinases by chromium(VI) is mediated through oxidative stress but does not affect cytotoxicity. Author(s): Chuang SM, Liou GY, Yang JL. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2000 August; 21(8): 1491-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10910949&dopt=Abstract

•

Acute and chronic resistive exercise increase urinary chromium excretion in men as measured with an enriched chromium stable isotope. Author(s): Rubin MA, Miller JP, Ryan AS, Treuth MS, Patterson KY, Pratley RE, Hurley BF, Veillon C, Moser-Veillon PB, Anderson RA. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1998 January; 128(1): 73-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9430605&dopt=Abstract

•

Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis induced by chromium picolinate. Author(s): Young PC, Turiansky GW, Bonner MW, Benson PM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 November; 41(5 Pt 2): 820-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10534658&dopt=Abstract

•

Age-related decreases in chromium levels in 51,665 hair, sweat, and serum samples from 40,872 patients--implications for the prevention of cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Davies S, McLaren Howard J, Hunnisett A, Howard M. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1997 May; 46(5): 469-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9160809&dopt=Abstract

64

Chromium

•

Airborne exposure concentrations of lead, cadmium, and chromium during demolition of incinerators inside a building. Author(s): Lange JH, Thomulka KW. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2003 June; 70(6): 1165-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12756455&dopt=Abstract

•

Airborne hexavalent chromium in southwestern Ontario. Author(s): Bell RW, Hipfner JC. Source: J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 1997 August; 47(8): 905-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9269134&dopt=Abstract

•

Allergenic cross-reactivity between nickel and chromium salts in electroplatinginduced asthma. Author(s): Sastre J, Fernandez-Nieto M, Maranon F, Fernandez-Caldas E, Pelta R, Quirce S. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 October; 108(4): 650-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11590397&dopt=Abstract

•

Aluminum, iron, lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, chromium, magnesium, strontium, and calcium content in bone of end-stage renal failure patients. Author(s): D'Haese PC, Couttenye MM, Lamberts LV, Elseviers MM, Goodman WG, Schrooten I, Cabrera WE, De Broe ME. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1999 September; 45(9): 1548-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10471660&dopt=Abstract

•

An environmental hazard assessment of low-level dermal exposure to hexavalent chromium in solution among chromium-sensitized volunteers. Author(s): Fowler JF Jr, Kauffman CL, Marks JG Jr, Proctor DM, Fredrick MM, Otani JM, Finley BL, Paustenbach DJ, Nethercott JR. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1999 March; 41(3): 150-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10091138&dopt=Abstract

•

Analysis of depth of the microporosity in a nickel-chromium system alloy - effects of electrolytic, chemical and sandblasting etching. Author(s): Neto HG, Candido MS, Junior AL, Garcia PP. Source: Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 2003 May; 30(5): 556-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12752940&dopt=Abstract

Studies

65

•

Analysis of EDTA-chelatable proteins from DNA-protein crosslinks induced by a carcinogenic chromium(VI) in cultured intact human cells. Author(s): Mattagajasingh SN, Misra HP. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 1999 September; 199(1-2): 149-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10544963&dopt=Abstract

•

Analysis of repair and mutagenesis of chromium-induced DNA damage in yeast, mammalian cells, and transgenic mice. Author(s): Cheng L, Liu S, Dixon K. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1998 August; 106 Suppl 4: 1027-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9703488&dopt=Abstract

•

Analysis of SIV-specific CTL in the rhesus macaque model of AIDS: the use of simian fibroblasts as an alternative source of target cells for chromium release assays. Author(s): Sharpe S, Beer B, Hall G, Dennis M, Norley S, Cranage M. Source: Journal of Immunological Methods. 2001 December 1; 258(1-2): 137-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11684130&dopt=Abstract

•

Analytical methodology for biological monitoring of chromium. Author(s): Harzdorf C, Lewalter J. Source: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : Rtp. 1997 August; 26(1 Pt 2): S86-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9380842&dopt=Abstract

•

Apoptosis and P53 induction in human lung fibroblasts exposed to chromium (VI): effect of ascorbate and tocopherol. Author(s): Carlisle DL, Pritchard DE, Singh J, Owens BM, Blankenship LJ, Orenstein JM, Patierno SR. Source: Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 2000 May; 55(1): 60-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10788560&dopt=Abstract

•

Arrest of replication by mammalian DNA polymerases alpha and beta caused by chromium-DNA lesions. Author(s): Bridgewater LC, Manning FC, Patierno SR. Source: Molecular Carcinogenesis. 1998 December; 23(4): 201-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9869448&dopt=Abstract

66

Chromium

•

Assessment of biological chromium among stainless steel and mild steel welders in relation to welding processes. Author(s): Edme JL, Shirali P, Mereau M, Sobaszek A, Boulenguez C, Diebold F, Haguenoer JM. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 1997; 70(4): 237-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9342623&dopt=Abstract

•

Assessment of cytogenetic damage in lymphocytes and in exfoliated nasal cells of dental laboratory technicians exposed to chromium, cobalt, and nickel. Author(s): Burgaz S, Demircigil GC, Yilmazer M, Ertas N, Kemaloglu Y, Burgaz Y. Source: Mutation Research. 2002 November 26; 521(1-2): 47-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12438003&dopt=Abstract

•

Association of chromium exposure with multiple primary cancers in the nasal cavity. Author(s): Sato H, Murai K, Kanda T, Mimura R, Hiratsuka Y. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 2003 February; 30(1): 93-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12589859&dopt=Abstract

•

Beneficial effects of chromium in people with type 2 diabetes, and urinary chromium response to glucose load as a possible indicator of status. Author(s): Bahijri SM, Mufti AM. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2002 February; 85(2): 97-109. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11899964&dopt=Abstract

•

Beneficial effects of hormonal replacement therapy on chromium status and glucose and lipid metabolism in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Roussel AM, Bureau I, Favier M, Polansky MM, Bryden NA, Anderson RA. Source: Maturitas. 2002 May 20; 42(1): 63-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12020981&dopt=Abstract

•

Beta galactosidase release as an alternative to chromium release in cytotoxic T-cell assays. Author(s): Bachy M, Bonnin-Rivalland A, Tilliet V, Trannoy E. Source: Journal of Immunological Methods. 1999 November 19; 230(1-2): 37-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10594352&dopt=Abstract

•

Blood chromium determination in assessing reference values in an unexposed Mediterranean population. Author(s): Torra M, Rodamilans M, Corbella J, Ferrer R, Mazzara R. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 1999 November; 70(2): 183-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10535527&dopt=Abstract

Studies

67

•

Blood levels of chromium in diabetic and nondiabetic hemodialysis patients. Author(s): Romero RA, Salgado O, Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Tahan JE. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1996 December; 28(6): 3382-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8962320&dopt=Abstract

•

Cancer mortality in relation to environmental chromium exposure. Author(s): Fryzek JP, Mumma MT, McLaughlin JK, Henderson BE, Blot WJ. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2001 July; 43(7): 635-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11464395&dopt=Abstract

•

Carcinogenic chromium(VI) induces cross-linking of vitamin C to DNA in vitro and in human lung A549 cells. Author(s): Quievryn G, Messer J, Zhitkovich A. Source: Biochemistry. 2002 March 5; 41(9): 3156-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11863455&dopt=Abstract

•

Case report: allergic contact dermatitis and new-onset asthma. Chromium exposure during leather tanning. Author(s): Lockman LE. Source: Can Fam Physician. 2002 December; 48: 1907-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12520790&dopt=Abstract

•

Chemistry of chromium in soils with emphasis on tannery waste sites. Author(s): Avudainayagam S, Megharaj M, Owens G, Kookana RS, Chittleborough D, Naidu R. Source: Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2003; 178: 53-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12868781&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium (VI) activates ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein. Requirement of ATM for both apoptosis and recovery from terminal growth arrest. Author(s): Ha L, Ceryak S, Patierno SR. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 May 16; 278(20): 17885-94. Epub 2003 March 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12637545&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium (VI) in waters in parts of Sukinda chromite valley and health hazards, Orissa, India. Author(s): Dubey CS, Sahoo BK, Nayak NR. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2001 October; 67(4): 541-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11779069&dopt=Abstract

68

Chromium

•

Chromium (VI) increases endothelial cell expression of ICAM-1 and decreases nitric oxide activity. Author(s): Pritchard KA Jr, Ackerman A, Kalyanaraman B. Source: Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology : Official Organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer. 2000; 19(3): 25160. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10983891&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium (VI) induced oxidative damage to DNA: increase of urinary 8hydroxydeoxyguanosine concentrations (8-OHdG) among electroplating workers. Author(s): Kuo HW, Chang SF, Wu KY, Wu FY. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2003 August; 60(8): 590-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12883020&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium (VI)-induced oxidative stress, apoptotic cell death and modulation of p53 tumor suppressor gene. Author(s): Bagchi D, Bagchi M, Stohs SJ. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2001 June; 222(1-2): 149-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11678597&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium as adjunctive treatment for type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Ryan GJ, Wanko NS, Redman AR, Cook CB. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 June; 37(6): 876-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12773078&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium chloride inhibits oxidative stress and TNF-alpha secretion caused by exposure to high glucose in cultured U937 monocytes. Author(s): Jain SK, Kannan K. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2001 December 7; 289(3): 687-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11726202&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium compounds: cytotoxicity and carcinogenesis. Author(s): Juturu V, Komorowski JR. Source: Toxicology. 2003 April 15; 186(1-2): 171-3; Author Reply 175-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12604181&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium content of selected Greek foods. Author(s): Bratakos MS, Lazos ES, Bratakos SM. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2002 May 6; 290(1-3): 47-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12083715&dopt=Abstract

Studies

69

•

Chromium in basic foods of the Spanish diet: seafood, cereals, vegetables, olive oils and dairy products. Author(s): Lendinez E, Lorenzo ML, Cabrera C, Lopez MC. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2001 October 20; 278(1-3): 183-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11669266&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium meta-analysis. Author(s): McCarty MF. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 July; 78(1): 191-2; Author Reply 192-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12816791&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium picolinate and type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Kalman DS. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 July; 78(1): 192; Author Reply 192-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12816793&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium picolinate for reducing body weight: meta-analysis of randomized trials. Author(s): Pittler MH, Stevinson C, Ernst E. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2003 April; 27(4): 522-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12664086&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium supplementation improves insulin resistance in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Morris BW, Kouta S, Robinson R, MacNeil S, Heller S. Source: Diabetic Medicine : a Journal of the British Diabetic Association. 2000 September; 17(9): 684-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11051290&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium supplements, glucose, and insulin responses. Author(s): Juturu V, Komorowski JR. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 July; 78(1): 190; Author Reply 192-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12816790&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium treatment decreases the sensitivity of 5-HT2A receptors. Author(s): Attenburrow MJ, Odontiadis J, Murray BJ, Cowen PJ, Franklin M. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2002 February; 159(4): 432-6. Epub 2001 November 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11823896&dopt=Abstract

70

Chromium

•

Chromium(III) and DNA damage. Author(s): Beyersmann D. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 June; 109(6): A250. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11445522&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium(III) porphyrin as a selective ionophore in a salicylate-selective membrane electrode. Author(s): Shahrokhian S, Hamzehloei A, Bagherzadeh M. Source: Analytical Chemistry. 2002 July 15; 74(14): 3312-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12139034&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium(V)-sialic (neuraminic) acid species are formed from mixtures of chromium(VI) and saliva. Author(s): Codd R, Lay PA. Source: Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2001 November 28; 123(47): 11799800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11716738&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium(VI) down-regulates heavy metal-induced metallothionein gene transcription by modifying transactivation potential of the key transcription factor, metal-responsive transcription factor 1. Author(s): Majumder S, Ghoshal K, Summers D, Bai S, Datta J, Jacob ST. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 July 11; 278(28): 26216-26. Epub 2003 April 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12716893&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium(VI) exposure enhances polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA binding at the p53 gene in human lung cells. Author(s): Feng Z, Hu W, Rom WN, Costa M, Tang MS. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2003 April; 24(4): 771-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727806&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium-51 ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid glomerular filtration rate: a better predictor than glomerular filtration rate calculated by the Cockcroft-Gault formula for renal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Author(s): Godfrey T, Cuadrado MJ, Fofi C, Abbs I, Khamashta MA, Nunan T, Hughes GR. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2001 March; 40(3): 324-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11285381&dopt=Abstract

Studies

71

•

Chromium-induced lymph node histiocytic proliferation after hip replacement. A case report. Author(s): Munichor M, Cohen H, Volpin G, Kerner H, Iancu TC. Source: Acta Cytol. 2003 March-April; 47(2): 270-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12685200&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium-microorganism interactions in soils: remediation implications. Author(s): Kamaludeen SP, Megharaj M, Juhasz AL, Sethunathan N, Naidu R. Source: Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2003; 178: 93-164. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12868782&dopt=Abstract

•

Combining Drosophila melanogaster somatic-mutation-recombination and electronspin-resonance-spectroscopy data to interpret epidemiologic observations on chromium carcinogenicity. Author(s): Katz AJ, Chiu A, Beaubier J, Shi X. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2001 June; 222(1-2): 61-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11678612&dopt=Abstract

•

Comparative evaluation of tensile bond strength of denture base resins to surface pretreated cobalt chromium base metal alloys--an in vitro study. Author(s): Aazad AM, Shetty P, Bhat S, Joseph M. Source: Indian J Dent Res. 2001 July-September; 12(3): 159-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11808067&dopt=Abstract

•

Comparison of castability and surface roughness of commercially pure titanium and cobalt-chromium denture frameworks. Author(s): Jang KS, Youn SJ, Kim YS. Source: The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2001 July; 86(1): 93-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11458267&dopt=Abstract

•

Comparison of roles of three mitogen-activated protein kinases induced by chromium(VI) and cadmium in non-small-cell lung carcinoma cells. Author(s): Chuang SM, Yang JL. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2001 June; 222(1-2): 85-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11678615&dopt=Abstract

•

Comparison of the cytotoxicity of clinically relevant cobalt-chromium and alumina ceramic wear particles in vitro. Author(s): Germain MA, Hatton A, Williams S, Matthews JB, Stone MH, Fisher J, Ingham E. Source: Biomaterials. 2003 February; 24(3): 469-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12423602&dopt=Abstract

72

Chromium

•

Comparison of three sampling and analytical methods for the determination of airborne hexavalent chromium. Author(s): Boiano JM, Wallace ME, Sieber WK, Groff JH, Wang J, Ashley K. Source: Journal of Environmental Monitoring : Jem. 2000 August; 2(4): 329-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11249787&dopt=Abstract

•

Continuing exposure to hexavalent chromium, a known lung carcinogen: an analysis of OSHA compliance inspections, 1990-2000. Author(s): Lurie P, Wolfe SM. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2002 November; 42(5): 378-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12382250&dopt=Abstract

•

Critical role of chromium (Cr)-DNA interactions in the formation of Cr-induced polymerase arresting lesions. Author(s): O'Brien T, Mandel HG, Pritchard DE, Patierno SR. Source: Biochemistry. 2002 October 15; 41(41): 12529-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12369844&dopt=Abstract

•

Cytochrome b(5) plays a key role in human microsomal chromium(VI) reduction. Author(s): Jannetto PJ, Antholine WE, Myers CR. Source: Toxicology. 2001 February 28; 159(3): 119-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11223168&dopt=Abstract

•

Cytogenetic effects of hexavalent chromium in Bulgaria. Author(s): Nersesyan AK. Source: Mutation Research. 2003 July 8; 538(1-2): 181-2; Author Reply 183-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12834767&dopt=Abstract

•

Cytogenetic effects of hexavalent chromium in Bulgarian chromium platers. Author(s): Benova D, Hadjidekova V, Hristova R, Nikolova T, Boulanova M, Georgieva I, Grigorova M, Popov T, Panev T, Georgieva R, Natarajan AT, Darroudi F, Nilsson R. Source: Mutation Research. 2002 February 15; 514(1-2): 29-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11815242&dopt=Abstract

•

Cytotoxicity and oxidative mechanisms of different forms of chromium. Author(s): Bagchi D, Stohs SJ, Downs BW, Bagchi M, Preuss HG. Source: Toxicology. 2002 October 30; 180(1): 5-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12324196&dopt=Abstract

Studies

73

•

Daily dietary intake of chromium in southern Spain measured with duplicate diet sampling. Author(s): Garcia E, Cabrera C, Lorenzo ML, Sanchez J, Lopez MC. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2001 September; 86(3): 391-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11570991&dopt=Abstract

•

Damage to cobalt-chromium surfaces during arthroscopy of total knee replacements. Author(s): Raab GE, Jobe CM, Williams PA, Dai QG. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2001 January; 83-A(1): 46-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11205858&dopt=Abstract

•

Detergents and bleaches are sources of chromium contact dermatitis in Israel. Author(s): Ingber A, Gammelgaard B, David M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 February; 38(2): 101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9506223&dopt=Abstract

•

Determination of aluminium and chromium in slurried baby food samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Author(s): Vinas P, Pardo-Martinez M, Hernandez-Cordoba M. Source: J Aoac Int. 2001 July-August; 84(4): 1187-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11501922&dopt=Abstract

•

Determination of chromium in cerebrospinal fluid using electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption spectrometry. Author(s): Aguilar MV, Mateos CJ, Martinez Para MC. Source: Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology : Organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (Gms). 2002; 16(4): 221-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12530583&dopt=Abstract

•

Determination of chromium in urine samples by complexation-supercritical fluid extraction and liquid or gas chromatography. Author(s): Arancibia V, Valderrama M, Silva K, Tapia T. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2003 March 5; 785(2): 303-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12554143&dopt=Abstract

•

Determination of oxalate in urine, using an amperometric biosensor with oxalate oxidase immobilized on the surface of a chromium hexacyanoferrate-modified graphite electrode. Author(s): Milardovic S, Grabaric Z, Tkalcec M, Rumenjak V. Source: J Aoac Int. 2000 September-October; 83(5): 1212-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11048862&dopt=Abstract

74

Chromium

•

Determination of the chromium content in commercial breakfast cereals in Spain. Author(s): Mateos CJ, Aguilar MV, Martinez-Para MC. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 January 15; 51(2): 401-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12517102&dopt=Abstract

•

Determination of urinary zinc, chromium, and copper in steel production workers. Author(s): Horng CJ, Lin SR. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 1996 December; 55(3): 307-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9096857&dopt=Abstract

•

Dietary reference intakes: vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Author(s): Trumbo P, Yates AA, Schlicker S, Poos M. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2001 March; 101(3): 294-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11269606&dopt=Abstract

•

Differential effects of arsenic(III) and chromium(VI) on nuclear transcription factor binding. Author(s): Kaltreider RC, Pesce CA, Ihnat MA, Lariviere JP, Hamilton JW. Source: Molecular Carcinogenesis. 1999 July; 25(3): 219-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10411148&dopt=Abstract

•

Differentiation of normal human keratinocytes influences hexavalent chromium uptake and distribution and the ability of cells to withstand Cr(VI) cytotoxicity. Author(s): Henshaw FN, Morris BW, Mac Neil S. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 August; 141(2): 211-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10468790&dopt=Abstract

•

Direct and simultaneous determination of copper, chromium, aluminum, and manganese in urine with a multielement graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. Author(s): Lin TW, Huang SD. Source: Analytical Chemistry. 2001 September 1; 73(17): 4319-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11569826&dopt=Abstract

•

Direct oxidation of guanine and 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine in DNA by a high-valent chromium complex: a possible mechanism for chromate genotoxicity. Author(s): Sugden KD, Campo CK, Martin BD. Source: Chemical Research in Toxicology. 2001 September; 14(9): 1315-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11559048&dopt=Abstract

Studies

75

•

Dislodgeable copper, chromium and arsenic from CCA-treated wood surfaces. Author(s): Stilwell D, Toner M, Sawhney B. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2003 August 1; 312(1-3): 123-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12873405&dopt=Abstract

•

Distribution and accumulation of a mixture of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, nickel, and vanadium in mouse small intestine, kidneys, pancreas, and femur following oral administration in water or feed. Author(s): Radike M, Warshawsky D, Caruso J, Goth-Goldstein R, Reilman R, Collins T, Yaeger M, Wang J, Vela N, Olsen L, Schneider J. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2002 December 13; 65(23): 2029-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490046&dopt=Abstract

•

Distribution of a stable isotope of chromium (53Cr) in serum, urine, and breast milk in lactating women. Author(s): Mohamedshah FY, Moser-Veillon PB, Yamini S, Douglass LW, Anderson RA, Veillon C. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 June; 67(6): 1250-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9625101&dopt=Abstract

•

DNA binding activity of the mammalian translation elongation complex: recognition of chromium- and transplatin-damaged DNA. Author(s): Wang JF, Engelsberg BN, Johnson SW, Witmer C, Merrick WC, Rozmiarek H, Billings PC. Source: Archives of Toxicology. 1997; 71(7): 450-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9209691&dopt=Abstract

•

DNA damage and repair in human lymphocytes and gastric mucosa cells exposed to chromium and curcumin. Author(s): Blasiak J, Trzeciak A, Malecka-Panas E, Drzewoski J, Iwanienko T, Szumiel I, Wojewodzka M. Source: Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis. 1999; 19(1): 19-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10321407&dopt=Abstract

•

DNA oxidation by peroxo-chromium(v) species: oxidation of guanosine to guanidinohydantoin. Author(s): Joudah L, Moghaddas S, Bose RN. Source: Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England). 2002 August 21; (16): 1742-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12196977&dopt=Abstract

76

Chromium

•

Early fatigue failures of cemented, forged, cobalt-chromium femoral stems at the neck-shoulder junction. Author(s): Lee EW, Kim HT. Source: The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2001 February; 16(2): 236-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11222901&dopt=Abstract

•

EDTA chelation effects on urinary losses of cadmium, calcium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, magnesium, and zinc. Author(s): Waters RS, Bryden NA, Patterson KY, Veillon C, Anderson RA. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2001 December; 83(3): 207-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11794513&dopt=Abstract

•

EDTA chelation therapy does not selectively increase chromium losses. Author(s): Anderson RA, Bryden NA, Waters R. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 1999 December; 70(3): 265-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10610065&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of chromium on apolipoprotein A-I expression in HepG2 cells. Author(s): Haas MJ, Sawaf R, Horani MH, Gobal F, Wong NC, Mooradian AD. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2003 April; 19(4): 353-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12679171&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of chromium supplementation and exercise on body composition, resting metabolic rate and selected biochemical parameters in moderately obese women following an exercise program. Author(s): Volpe SL, Huang HW, Larpadisorn K, Lesser II. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2001 August; 20(4): 293-306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11506057&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of chromium supplementation on glucose tolerance and lipid profile. Author(s): Bahijri SM. Source: Saudi Med J. 2000 January; 21(1): 45-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11533750&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of genotoxic exposure to chromium among electroplating workers in Taiwan. Author(s): Wu FY, Wu WY, Kuo HW, Liu CS, Wang RY, Lai JS. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2001 November 12; 279(1-3): 21-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11712598&dopt=Abstract

Studies

77

•

Effect of re-using nickel-chromium alloy on its ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and modulus of elasticity. Author(s): Issac L, Bhat S. Source: Indian J Dent Res. 1998 January-March; 9(1): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10530187&dopt=Abstract

•

Effectiveness of chromium in atypical depression: a placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Davidson JR, Abraham K, Connor KM, McLeod MN. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2003 February 1; 53(3): 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12559660&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and lead on gene expression regulated by a battery of 13 different promoters in recombinant HepG2 cells. Author(s): Tully DB, Collins BJ, Overstreet JD, Smith CS, Dinse GE, Mumtaz MM, Chapin RE. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2000 October 15; 168(2): 79-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11032763&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of carbohydrate and chromium ingestion during intermittent high-intensity exercise to fatigue. Author(s): Davis JM, Welsh RS, Alerson NA. Source: International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 2000 December; 10(4): 476-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11099374&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of chromium exposure from a cement factory. Author(s): Isikli B, Demir TA, Urer SM, Berber A, Akar T, Kalyoncu C. Source: Environmental Research. 2003 February; 91(2): 113-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12584012&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of chromium on the immune system. Author(s): Shrivastava R, Upreti RK, Seth PK, Chaturvedi UC. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 2002 September 6; 34(1): 1-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12208600&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on insulin sensitivity, serum lipids, and body composition in healthy, nonobese, older men and women. Author(s): Amato P, Morales AJ, Yen SS. Source: The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2000 May; 55(5): M260-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10819315&dopt=Abstract

78

Chromium

•

Effects of electrobrightening on the fit surface of cobalt-chromium RPD frameworks. Author(s): Sinclair GF, Radford DR, Sherriff M, Walter JD. Source: Int J Prosthodont. 2000 May-June; 13(3): 232-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11203638&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of erbium, chromium:YSGG laser irradiation on root surface: morphological and atomic analytical studies. Author(s): Kimura Y, Yu DG, Kinoshita J, Hossain M, Yokoyama K, Murakami Y, Nomura K, Takamura R, Matsumoto K. Source: Journal of Clinical Laser Medicine & Surgery. 2001 April; 19(2): 69-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11443792&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of erbium,chromium:YSGG laser irradiation on root canal walls: a scanning electron microscopic and thermographic study. Author(s): Yamazaki R, Goya C, Yu DG, Kimura Y, Matsumoto K. Source: Journal of Endodontics. 2001 January; 27(1): 9-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11487170&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of exercise on chromium levels. Is supplementation required? Author(s): Clarkson PM. Source: Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 1997 June; 23(6): 341-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9219318&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of glutathione on chromium-induced DNA crosslinking and DNA polymerase arrest. Author(s): O'Brien T, Xu J, Patierno SR. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2001 June; 222(1-2): 173-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11678599&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of niacin-bound chromium and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on the lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic subjects: a pilot study. Author(s): Preuss HG, Wallerstedt D, Talpur N, Tutuncuoglu SO, Echard B, Myers A, Bui M, Bagchi D. Source: J Med. 2000; 31(5-6): 227-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11508317&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of niacin-bound chromium supplementation on body composition in overweight African-American women. Author(s): Crawford V, Scheckenbach R, Preuss HG. Source: Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. 1999 November; 1(6): 331-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11225649&dopt=Abstract

Studies

79

•

Effects of pyridinium chlorochromate adulterant (urine luck) on testing for drugs of abuse and a method for quantitative detection of chromium (VI) in urine. Author(s): Paul BD, Martin KK, Maguilo J Jr, Smith ML. Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2000 May-June; 24(4): 233-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10872568&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of resistive training and chromium picolinate on body composition and skeletal muscle size in older women. Author(s): Campbell WW, Joseph LJ, Anderson RA, Davey SL, Hinton J, Evans WJ. Source: International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 2002 June; 12(2): 125-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12187613&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of the type of sintering atmosphere on the chromium leachability of thermaltreated municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash. Author(s): Wang KS, Sun CJ, Liu CY. Source: Waste Management (New York, N.Y.). 2001; 21(1): 85-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11150137&dopt=Abstract

•

Elevated levels of DNA-protein crosslinks and micronuclei in peripheral lymphocytes of tannery workers exposed to trivalent chromium. Author(s): Medeiros MG, Rodrigues AS, Batoreu MC, Laires A, Rueff J, Zhitkovich A. Source: Mutagenesis. 2003 January; 18(1): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12473731&dopt=Abstract

•

Elucidating a biological role for chromium at a molecular level. Author(s): Vincent JB. Source: Accounts of Chemical Research. 2000 July; 33(7): 503-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10913239&dopt=Abstract

•

Employee exposure to chromium and plasma lipid oxidation. Author(s): Elis A, Froom P, Ninio A, Cahana L, Lishner M. Source: International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health : Official Journal of the International Commission on Occupational Health. 2001 July-September; 7(3): 206-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11513071&dopt=Abstract

•

Epidemiological correlation between chromium content in gallstones and cholesterol in blood. Author(s): Shigeta A, Ratanamaneechat S, Srisukho S, Tanaka M, Moriyama Y, Suwanagool S, Miki M. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 February; 85(2): 183-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12081118&dopt=Abstract

80

Chromium

•

Estimation of chromium bioavailability from the diet by an in vitro method. Author(s): Garcia E, Cabrera C, Lorenzo ML, Lopez MC, Sanchez J. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2001 July; 18(7): 601-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11469315&dopt=Abstract

•

Evidence of hexavalent chromium ingestion. Author(s): Kinoshita H, Ameno K, Sumi Y, Kumihashi M, Ijiri I, Ameno S, Kubota A, Hishida S. Source: J Forensic Sci. 2003 May; 48(3): 631-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12762536&dopt=Abstract

•

Exposure to hexavalent chromium does not increase 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels in Korean chromate pigment workers. Author(s): Kim H, Cho SH, Chung MH. Source: Ind Health. 1999 July; 37(3): 335-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10441906&dopt=Abstract

•

Fanconi anemia complementation group A cells are hypersensitive to chromium(VI)induced toxicity. Author(s): Vilcheck SK, O'Brien TJ, Pritchard DE, Ha L, Ceryak S, Fornsaglio JL, Patierno SR. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 October; 110 Suppl 5: 773-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12426130&dopt=Abstract

•

Fatigue fracture of a forged cobalt-chromium-molybdenum femoral component inserted with cement. A report of ten cases. Author(s): Woolson ST, Milbauer JP, Bobyn JD, Yue S, Maloney WJ. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1997 December; 79(12): 1842-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9409798&dopt=Abstract

•

Finite element analysis of a three unit fixed partial denture cast with nickelchromium alloy. Author(s): Isaac L, Shetty P, Rajeev A, Jayalakshmi BR. Source: Indian J Dent Res. 1999 January-March; 10(1): 11-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10865388&dopt=Abstract

•

Flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of trace chromium in various standard samples after preconcentration with 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5diethylaminophenol. Author(s): Taher MA. Source: Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2000 October; 368(4): 421-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11227516&dopt=Abstract

Studies

81

•

Flexibility of technopolymer clasps compared with cobalt-chromium and titanium clasps. Author(s): Sykes LM, Dullabh HD, Chandler HD, Bunn B, Essop AR. Source: Sadj. 2002 May; 57(5): 166-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12174711&dopt=Abstract

•

Four-year study of cobalt and chromium blood levels in patients managed with two different metal-on-metal total hip replacements. Author(s): Lhotka C, Szekeres T, Steffan I, Zhuber K, Zweymuller K. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Research : Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society. 2003 March; 21(2): 189-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12568948&dopt=Abstract

•

Gene expression profile in response to chromium-induced cell stress in A549 cells. Author(s): Ye J, Shi X. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2001 June; 222(1-2): 189-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11678601&dopt=Abstract

•

Genotoxic ability of cadmium, chromium and nickel salts studied by kinetochore staining in the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay. Author(s): Seoane AI, Dulout FN. Source: Mutation Research. 2001 February 20; 490(2): 99-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11342235&dopt=Abstract

•

Genotoxicity and mutagenicity of chromium(VI)/ascorbate-generated DNA adducts in human and bacterial cells. Author(s): Quievryn G, Peterson E, Messer J, Zhitkovich A. Source: Biochemistry. 2003 February 4; 42(4): 1062-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12549927&dopt=Abstract

•

Genotoxicity and radioresistance in electroplating workers exposed to chromium. Author(s): Vaglenov A, Nosko M, Georgieva R, Carbonell E, Creus A, Marcos R. Source: Mutation Research. 1999 October 29; 446(1): 23-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10613183&dopt=Abstract

•

Genotoxicity of chromium in human gastric mucosa cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes evaluated by the single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). Author(s): Trzeciak A, Kowalik J, Malecka-Panas E, Drzewoski J, Wojewodzka M, Iwanenko T, Blasiak J. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2000 January-February; 6(1): 24-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11208279&dopt=Abstract

82

Chromium

•

Genotoxicity of trivalent chromium in bacterial cells. Possible effects on DNA topology. Author(s): Plaper A, Jenko-Brinovec S, Premzl A, Kos J, Raspor P. Source: Chemical Research in Toxicology. 2002 July; 15(7): 943-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12119005&dopt=Abstract

•

Glucose and insulin responses to dietary chromium supplements: a meta-analysis. Author(s): Althuis MD, Jordan NE, Ludington EA, Wittes JT. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 July; 76(1): 148-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12081828&dopt=Abstract

•

Guanine and 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-guanine-specific oxidation in DNA by chromium(V). Author(s): Sugden KD, Martin BD. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 October; 110 Suppl 5: 725-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12426120&dopt=Abstract

•

Hair analysis does not support hypothesized arsenic and chromium exposure from drinking water in Woburn, Massachusetts. Author(s): Rogers CE, Tomita AV, Trowbridge PR, Gone JK, Chen J, Zeeb P, Hemond HF, Thilly WG, Olmez I, Durant JL. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1997 October; 105(10): 1090-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9349834&dopt=Abstract

•

Half life of chromium in serum and urine in a former plasma cutter of stainless steel. Author(s): Petersen R, Thomsen JF, Jorgensen NK, Mikkelsen S. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2000 February; 57(2): 140-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10711283&dopt=Abstract

•

Health surveillance and biological effect monitoring for chromium-exposed workers. Author(s): Miksche LW, Lewalter J. Source: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : Rtp. 1997 August; 26(1 Pt 2): S94-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9380843&dopt=Abstract

•

Hexavalent chromium-contaminated soils: options for risk assessment and risk management. Author(s): Felter SP, Dourson ML. Source: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : Rtp. 1997 February; 25(1): 43-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9056500&dopt=Abstract

Studies

83

•

High mobility group proteins 1 and 2 recognize chromium-damaged DNA. Author(s): Wang JF, Bashir M, Engelsberg BN, Witmer C, Rozmiarek H, Billings PC. Source: Carcinogenesis. 1997 February; 18(2): 371-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9054631&dopt=Abstract

•

Hodgkin's disease in association with hexavalent chromium exposure. Author(s): Bick RL, Girardi TV, Lack WJ, Costa M, Titelbaum D. Source: International Journal of Hematology. 1996 October; 64(3-4): 257-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8923788&dopt=Abstract

•

Hsp72 mRNA production in cultured human cells submitted to nonlethal aggression by heat, ethanol, or propanol. Application to the detection of low concentrations of chromium(VI) (potassium dichromate). Author(s): Delmas F, Schaak S, Gaubin Y, Croute F, Arrabit C, Murat JC. Source: Cell Biology and Toxicology. 1998 February; 14(1): 39-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9538943&dopt=Abstract

•

Human health risk and exposure assessment of chromium (VI) in tap water. Author(s): Paustenbach DJ, Finley BL, Mowat FS, Kerger BD. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2003 July 25; 66(14): 1295-339. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12851114&dopt=Abstract

•

Human ingestion of chromium (VI) in drinking water: pharmacokinetics following repeated exposure. Author(s): Finley BL, Kerger BD, Katona MW, Gargas ML, Corbett GC, Paustenbach DJ. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 1997 January; 142(1): 151-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9007044&dopt=Abstract

•

Human monocyte/macrophage response to cobalt-chromium corrosion products and titanium particles in patients with total joint replacements. Author(s): Lee SH, Brennan FR, Jacobs JJ, Urban RM, Ragasa DR, Glant TT. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Research : Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society. 1997 January; 15(1): 40-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9066525&dopt=Abstract

•

Hypervalent chromium mimics reactive oxygen species as measured by the oxidantsensitive dyes 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin and dihydrorhodamine. Author(s): Martin BD, Schoenhard JA, Sugden KD. Source: Chemical Research in Toxicology. 1998 December; 11(12): 1402-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9860481&dopt=Abstract

84

Chromium

•

Identification of an accurate soil suspension/dispersion modeling method for use in estimating health-based soil cleanup levels of hexavalent chromium in chromite ore processing residues. Author(s): Scott PK, Finley BL, Sung HM, Schulze RH, Turner DB. Source: J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 1997 July; 47(7): 753-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9248367&dopt=Abstract

•

Immobilization of chromium-contaminated soil by means of microwave energy. Author(s): Tai HS, Jou CJ. Source: Journal of Hazardous Materials. 1999 March 19; 65(3): 267-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10337402&dopt=Abstract

•

Improving management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: 6. Chromium. Author(s): Kuritzky L, Samraj GP, Quillen DM. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 2000 February 15; 35(2): 113-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10689393&dopt=Abstract

•

In vitro and in vivo corrosion evaluation of nickel-chromium- and copper-aluminumbased alloys. Author(s): Benatti OF, Miranda WG Jr, Muench A. Source: The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2000 September; 84(3): 360-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11005911&dopt=Abstract

•

In vitro reduction kinetics of hexavalent chromium in human blood. Author(s): Corbett GE, Dodge DG, O'Flaherty E, Liang J, Throop L, Finley BL, Kerger BD. Source: Environmental Research. 1998 July; 78(1): 7-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9630439&dopt=Abstract

•

Increase of olfactory threshold in plating factory workers exposed to chromium in Korea. Author(s): Kitamura F, Yokoyama K, Araki S, Nishikitani M, Choi JW, Yum YT, Park HC, Park SH, Sato H. Source: Ind Health. 2003 July; 41(3): 279-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12916760&dopt=Abstract

•

Increased blood cobalt and chromium after total hip replacement. Author(s): Schaffer AW, Pilger A, Engelhardt C, Zweymueller K, Ruediger HW. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1999; 37(7): 839-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10630267&dopt=Abstract

Studies

85

•

Increased loosening of cemented straight stem prostheses made from titanium alloys. An analysis and comparison with prostheses made of cobalt-chromium-nickel alloy. Author(s): Maurer TB, Ochsner PE, Schwarzer G, Schumacher M. Source: International Orthopaedics. 2001; 25(2): 77-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11409456&dopt=Abstract

•

Increased serum corticosterone and glucose in offspring of chromium(III)-treated male mice. Author(s): Cheng RY, Alvord WG, Powell D, Kasprzak KS, Anderson LM. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 August; 110(8): 801-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12153762&dopt=Abstract

•

Influence of soil geochemical and physical properties on the sorption and bioaccessibility of chromium(III). Author(s): Stewart MA, Jardine PM, Barnett MO, Mehlhorn TL, Hyder LK, McKay LD. Source: J Environ Qual. 2003 January-February; 32(1): 129-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12549551&dopt=Abstract

•

Ingestion of chromium(VI) in drinking water by human volunteers: absorption, distribution, and excretion of single and repeated doses. Author(s): Kerger BD, Finley BL, Corbett GE, Dodge DG, Paustenbach DJ. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. 1997 January; 50(1): 67-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9015133&dopt=Abstract

•

Inhibition of NF-kappa B binding to DNA by chromium, cadmium, mercury, zinc, and arsenite in vitro: evidence of a thiol mechanism. Author(s): Shumilla JA, Wetterhahn KE, Barchowsky A. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1998 January 15; 349(2): 356-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9448725&dopt=Abstract

•

Inhibition of protein synthesis by chromium(VI) differentially affects expression of urokinase and its receptor in human type II pneumocytes. Author(s): Shumilla JA, Barchowsky A. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 1999 August 1; 158(3): 288-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10438662&dopt=Abstract

•

Inhibition of T and B cell proliferation by titanium, cobalt, and chromium: role of IL2 and IL-6. Author(s): Wang JY, Tsukayama DT, Wicklund BH, Gustilo RB. Source: Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. 1996 December; 32(4): 655-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8953156&dopt=Abstract

86

Chromium

•

Interaction of chromium with insulin: a progress report. Author(s): Mertz W. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1998 June; 56(6): 174-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9656727&dopt=Abstract

•

Investigation of the threshold for allergic reactivity to chromium. Author(s): Basketter D, Horev L, Slodovnik D, Merimes S, Trattner A, Ingber A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 February; 44(2): 70-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11205406&dopt=Abstract

•

Iron stimulates the rate of reduction of hexavalent chromium by human microsomes. Author(s): Myers CR, Myers JM. Source: Carcinogenesis. 1998 June; 19(6): 1029-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9667741&dopt=Abstract

•

Is chromium a trace essential metal? Author(s): Stearns DM. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 2000; 11(3): 149-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10875302&dopt=Abstract

•

Is chromium supplementation effective in managing type II diabetes? Author(s): Hellerstein MK. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1998 October; 56(10): 302-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9810809&dopt=Abstract

•

Is hexavalent chromium carcinogenic via ingestion? A weight-of-evidence review. Author(s): Proctor DM, Otani JM, Finley BL, Paustenbach DJ, Bland JA, Speizer N, Sargent EV. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2002 May 24; 65(10): 701-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12028825&dopt=Abstract

•

Kinetics of an intratracheally administered chromium catalyst in rats. Author(s): Vanoirbeek JA, Hoet PH, Nemery B, Verbeken EK, Haufroid V, Lison D, Dinsdale D. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2003 February 28; 66(4): 393-409. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12554544&dopt=Abstract

Studies

87

•

Lack of effect of dietary chromium supplementation on glucose tolerance, plasma insulin and lipoprotein levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Trow LG, Lewis J, Greenwood RH, Sampson MJ, Self KA, Crews HM, Fairweather-Tait SJ. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2000 January; 70(1): 14-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10683756&dopt=Abstract

•

Laser welding of a cobalt-chromium removable partial denture alloy. Author(s): NaBadalung DP, Nicholls JI. Source: The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 1998 March; 79(3): 285-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9553881&dopt=Abstract

•

Letter indicates misreading of our paper on chromium waste. Author(s): McCarron P, Peters TJ, Harvey I, Brogan R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 August 5; 321(7257): 386. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10991576&dopt=Abstract

•

Levels of calcium, aluminium and chromium in serum of exclusively breastfed infants at six months of age in Savannah region of Nigeria. Author(s): Okolo NS, Okonji M, Ogbonna C, Ezeogu AF, Onwuanaku C. Source: West Afr J Med. 2001 January-March; 20(1): 13-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11505881&dopt=Abstract

•

Lipid peroxidation in workers exposed to hexavalent chromium. Author(s): Huang YL, Chen CY, Sheu JY, Chuang IC, Pan JH, Lin TH. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 1999 February 26; 56(4): 235-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10706242&dopt=Abstract

•

Longitudinal investigation of exposure to arsenic, cadmium, chromium and lead via beverage consumption. Author(s): MacIntosh DL, Kabiru C, Scanlon KA, Ryan PB. Source: Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 2000 MarchApril; 10(2): 196-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10791600&dopt=Abstract

•

Long-term effects of chromium, grape seed extract, and zinc on various metabolic parameters of rats. Author(s): Preuss HG, Montamarry S, Echard B, Scheckenbach R, Bagchi D. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2001 July; 223(1-2): 95-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11681727&dopt=Abstract

88

Chromium

•

Lung cancer among workers in chromium chemical production. Author(s): Gibb HJ, Lees PS, Pinsky PF, Rooney BC. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2000 August; 38(2): 115-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10893504&dopt=Abstract

•

Lung cancer mortality in nickel/chromium platers, 1946-95. Author(s): Sorahan T, Burges DC, Hamilton L, Harrington JM. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1998 April; 55(4): 236-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9624277&dopt=Abstract

•

Magnesium, zinc, and chromium nutrition and athletic performance. Author(s): Lukaski HC. Source: Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology = Revue Canadienne De Physiologie Appliquee. 2001; 26 Suppl: S13-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11897879&dopt=Abstract

•

Magnesium, zinc, and chromium nutriture and physical activity. Author(s): Lukaski HC. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 August; 72(2 Suppl): 585S-93S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10919964&dopt=Abstract

•

Marginal fit of nickel-chromium copings before and after internal adjustments with duplicated stone dies and disclosing agent. Author(s): Ushiwata O, de Moraes JV, Bottino MA, da Silva EG. Source: The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2000 June; 83(6): 634-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10842130&dopt=Abstract

•

MARS procedure as a bridge to combined liver-kidney transplantation in severe chromium-copper acute intoxication: a paediatric case report. Author(s): Prokurat S, Grenda R, Lipowski D, Kalicinski P, Migdal M. Source: Liver. 2002; 22 Suppl 2: 76-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12220311&dopt=Abstract

•

Mechanical characteristics of various tempers of as-received cobalt-chromium archwires. Author(s): Kusy RP, Mims L, Whitley JQ. Source: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics. 2001 March; 119(3): 274-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11244422&dopt=Abstract

Studies

89

•

Mechanism of apoptosis and determination of cellular fate in chromium(VI)-exposed populations of telomerase-immortalized human fibroblasts. Author(s): Pritchard DE, Ceryak S, Ha L, Fornsaglio JL, Hartman SK, O'Brien TJ, Patierno SR. Source: Cell Growth & Differentiation : the Molecular Biology Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2001 October; 12(10): 487-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11682460&dopt=Abstract

•

Mechanisms of chromium action: low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance. Author(s): Vincent JB. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1999 February; 18(1): 6-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10067653&dopt=Abstract

•

Mechanisms of chromium toxicity, carcinogenicity and allergenicity: review of the literature from 1985 to 2000. Author(s): Dayan AD, Paine AJ. Source: Human & Experimental Toxicology. 2001 September; 20(9): 439-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11776406&dopt=Abstract

•

Mechanisms of the carcinogenic chromium(VI)-induced DNA-protein cross-linking and their characterization in cultured intact human cells. Author(s): Mattagajasingh SN, Misra HP. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1996 December 27; 271(52): 33550-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8969221&dopt=Abstract

•

Metaanalysis as an epidemiological tool and its application to studies of chromium. Author(s): Paddle GM. Source: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : Rtp. 1997 August; 26(1 Pt 2): S42-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9380837&dopt=Abstract

•

Metabolic pathways of carcinogenic chromium. Author(s): Gaggelli E, Berti F, D'Amelio N, Gaggelli N, Valensin G, Bovalini L, Paffetti A, Trabalzini L. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 October; 110 Suppl 5: 733-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12426122&dopt=Abstract

90

Chromium

•

Monitoring of occupational exposure in manufacturing of stainless steel constructions. Part I: Chromium, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel and vanadium in the workplace air of stainless steel welders. Author(s): Kucera J, Bencko V, Papayova A, Saligova D, Tejral J, Borska L. Source: Cent Eur J Public Health. 2001 November; 9(4): 171-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11787242&dopt=Abstract

•

Monitoring the species of arsenic, chromium and nickel in milled coal, bottom ash and fly ash from a pulverized coal-fired power plant in western Canada. Author(s): Goodarzi F, Huggins FE. Source: Journal of Environmental Monitoring : Jem. 2001 February; 3(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11253001&dopt=Abstract

•

Morphological and atomic analytical studies on enamel and dentin irradiated by an erbium, chromium:YSGG laser. Author(s): Yu DG, Kimura Y, Kinoshita J, Matsumoto K. Source: Journal of Clinical Laser Medicine & Surgery. 2000 June; 18(3): 139-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11799978&dopt=Abstract

•

Multielement electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry: a study on direct and simultaneous determination of chromium and manganese in urine. Author(s): Oliveira PV, Oliveira E. Source: Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2001 December; 371(7): 909-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11769799&dopt=Abstract

•

Mutational spectrum induced by chromium(III) in shuttle vectors replicated in human cells: relationship to Cr(III)-DNA interactions. Author(s): Tsou TC, Lin RJ, Yang JL. Source: Chemical Research in Toxicology. 1997 September; 10(9): 962-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9305577&dopt=Abstract

•

Nasal cell micronuclei, cytology and clinical symptoms in stainless steel production workers exposed to chromium. Author(s): Huvinen M, Makitie A, Jarventaus H, Wolff H, Stjernvall T, Hovi A, Hirvonen A, Ranta R, Nurminen M, Norppa H. Source: Mutagenesis. 2002 September; 17(5): 425-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12202631&dopt=Abstract

•

Need for improved science in standard setting for hexavalent chromium. Author(s): Proctor DM, Panko JM, Finley BL, Butler WJ, Barnhart RJ. Source: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : Rtp. 1999 April; 29(2 Pt 1): 99-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10341141&dopt=Abstract

Studies

91

•

New method for divesting cobalt-chromium alloy castings: sandblasting with a mixed abrasive powder. Author(s): Taga Y, Kawai K, Nokubi T. Source: The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2001 April; 85(4): 357-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11319533&dopt=Abstract

•

Nickel and chromium levels in the saliva and serum of patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Author(s): Agaoglu G, Arun T, Izgi B, Yarat A, Izgu B. Source: Angle Orthod. 2001 October; 71(5): 375-9. Erratum In: Angle Orthod 2002 August; 72(4): 377. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11605871&dopt=Abstract

•

Nickel, chromium, manganese, iron and aluminum levels in human cataractous and normal lenses. Author(s): Cekic O, Bardak Y, Totan Y, Kavakli S, Akyol O, Ozdemir O, Karel F. Source: Ophthalmic Research. 1999; 31(5): 332-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10420117&dopt=Abstract

•

Nickel, cobalt and chromium-induced cytotoxicity and intracellular accumulation in human hacat keratinocytes. Author(s): Ermolli M, Menne C, Pozzi G, Serra MA, Clerici LA. Source: Toxicology. 2001 February 21; 159(1-2): 23-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11250052&dopt=Abstract

•

Nitric oxide deficiency, leukocyte activation, and resultant ischemia are crucial to the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy/neuropathy--preventive potential of antioxidants, essential fatty acids, chromium, ginkgolides, and pentoxifylline. Author(s): McCarty MF. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1998 May; 50(5): 435-49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9681924&dopt=Abstract

•

Nutritional factors influencing the glucose/insulin system: chromium. Author(s): Anderson RA. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1997 October; 16(5): 404-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9322187&dopt=Abstract

92

Chromium

•

Observation of steady state in blood and urine following human ingestion of hexavalent chromium in drinking water. Author(s): Paustenbach DJ, Hays SM, Brien BA, Dodge DG, Kerger BD. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. 1996 December 6; 49(5): 45361. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8968407&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from trivalent chromium in leather tanning. Author(s): Estlander T, Jolanki R, Kanerva L. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 August; 43(2): 114. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10945755&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational asthma due to chromium. Author(s): Leroyer C, Dewitte JD, Bassanets A, Boutoux M, Daniel C, Clavier J. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 1998; 65(5): 403-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9782225&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational exposure to chromium and nickel in the 1980s in Finland. Author(s): Kiilunen M. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 1997 June 20; 199(1-2): 91-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9200851&dopt=Abstract

•

Occupational exposure to chromium--an assessment of environmental pollution levels and biological monitoring of exposed workers. Author(s): Gianello G, Masci O, Carelli G, Vinci F, Castellino N. Source: Ind Health. 1998 January; 36(1): 74-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9473863&dopt=Abstract

•

One-electron reduction of chromium(VI) by alpha-lipoic acid and related hydroxyl radical generation, dG hydroxylation and nuclear transcription factor-kappaB activation. Author(s): Chen F, Ye J, Zhang X, Rojanasakul Y, Shi X. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1997 February 15; 338(2): 165-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9028868&dopt=Abstract

•

Oral health status of patients 5-6 years after placement of cobalt-chromium removable partial dentures. Author(s): Yeung AL, Lo EC, Chow TW, Clark RK. Source: Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 2000 March; 27(3): 183-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10784329&dopt=Abstract

Studies

93

•

Over-the-counter chromium and renal failure. Author(s): Michenfelder HJ, Thompson J. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1997 October 15; 127(8 Pt 1): 655-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9341074&dopt=Abstract

•

Over-the-counter chromium and renal failure. Author(s): Mennen B. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1997 October 15; 127(8 Pt 1): 655-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9341073&dopt=Abstract

•

Over-the-counter chromium and renal failure. Author(s): Hathcock JN. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1997 October 15; 127(8 Pt 1): 655. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9341072&dopt=Abstract

•

Over-the-counter chromium and renal failure. Author(s): McCarty MF. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1997 October 15; 127(8 Pt 1): 654-5; Author Reply 656. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9341071&dopt=Abstract

•

Oxidative damage of DNA by chromium(V) complexes: relative importance of base versus sugar oxidation. Author(s): Bose RN, Moghaddas S, Mazzer PA, Dudones LP, Joudah L, Stroup D. Source: Nucleic Acids Research. 1999 May 15; 27(10): 2219-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10219096&dopt=Abstract

•

Patch testing for chromium sensitivity. Author(s): Finley BL, Proctor DM, Harris M, Fowler J. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2000 June; 11(2): 121-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10908184&dopt=Abstract

•

Polyethylene wear performance of oxidized zirconium and cobalt-chromium knee components under abrasive conditions. Author(s): Ries MD, Salehi A, Widding K, Hunter G. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2002; 84-A Suppl 2: 129-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12479351&dopt=Abstract

94

Chromium

•

Possible adverse effect of chromium in occupational exposure of tannery workers. Author(s): Kornhauser C, Wrobel K, Wrobel K, Malacara JM, Nava LE, Gomez L, Gonzalez R. Source: Ind Health. 2002 April; 40(2): 207-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12064563&dopt=Abstract

•

Potential antioxidant effects of zinc and chromium supplementation in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Anderson RA, Roussel AM, Zouari N, Mahjoub S, Matheau JM, Kerkeni A. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2001 June; 20(3): 212-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11444416&dopt=Abstract

•

Predisposing factors in occupational lung cancer: inorganic minerals and chromium. Author(s): Ding M, Shi X, Castranova V, Vallyathan V. Source: Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology : Official Organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer. 2000; 19(1-2): 12938. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10905518&dopt=Abstract

•

Preliminary evaluation of salivary pellicle on nickel-chromium alloy in vivo. Author(s): Ozden AN, Haghighat N, Al-Hashimi L. Source: Quintessence Int. 2002 November-December; 33(10): 731-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12553616&dopt=Abstract

•

Protective effects of a novel niacin-bound chromium complex and a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on advancing age and various aspects of syndrome X. Author(s): Preuss HG, Bagchi D, Bagchi M. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 May; 957: 250-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12074977&dopt=Abstract

•

Protective roles of NF-kappa B for chromium(VI)-induced cytotoxicity is revealed by expression of Ikappa B kinase-beta mutant. Author(s): Chen F, Bower J, Leonard SS, Ding M, Lu Y, Rojanasakul Y, Kung HF, Vallyathan V, Castranova V, Shi X. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 February 1; 277(5): 3342-9. Epub 2001 November 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11726646&dopt=Abstract

Studies

95

•

Pulpal thermal responses to an erbium,chromium: YSGG pulsed laser hydrokinetic system. Author(s): Rizoiu I, Kohanghadosh F, Kimmel AI, Eversole LR. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 1998 August; 86(2): 220-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9720098&dopt=Abstract

•

Quantification of total chromium and hexavalent chromium in UHT milk by ETAAS. Author(s): Lameiras J, Soares ME, Bastos ML, Ferreira M. Source: The Analyst. 1998 October; 123(10): 2091-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10209894&dopt=Abstract

•

Quantifying the stress induced by distress in patients with lumbar disc herniation in terms of natural killer cell activity measurements: chromium release assay versus multiparameter flow cytometric assay. Author(s): Sato N, Kikuchi S, Sato K. Source: Spine. 2002 October 1; 27(19): 2095-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12394920&dopt=Abstract

•

Quantitation of antigen-reactive T cells in peripheral blood by IFNgamma-ELISPOT assay and chromium-release assay: a four-centre comparative trial. Author(s): Scheibenbogen C, Romero P, Rivoltini L, Herr W, Schmittel A, Cerottini JC, Woelfel T, Eggermont AM, Keilholz U. Source: Journal of Immunological Methods. 2000 October 20; 244(1-2): 81-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11033021&dopt=Abstract

•

Quantitative aspects of contact allergy to chromium and exposure to chrome-tanned leather. Author(s): Hansen MB, Rydin S, Menne T, Duus Johansen J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 September; 47(3): 127-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12492543&dopt=Abstract

•

Quantities and associations of lead, zinc, cadmium, manganese, chromium, nickel, vanadium, and copper in fresh Mississippi delta alluvium and New Orleans alluvial soils. Author(s): Mielke HW, Gonzales CR, Smith MK, Mielke PW. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2000 February 10; 246(2-3): 249-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10696726&dopt=Abstract

96

Chromium

•

Quest for the molecular mechanism of chromium action and its relationship to diabetes. Author(s): Vincent JB. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2000 March; 58(3 Pt 1): 67-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10812920&dopt=Abstract

•

Radiographic wear measurements in a cementless metal-backed modular cobaltchromium acetabular component. Author(s): Barrack RL, Lavernia C, Szuszczewicz ES, Sawhney J. Source: The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2001 October; 16(7): 820-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11607896&dopt=Abstract

•

Rapid communication: effect of inhaled chromium on pulmonary A1AT. Author(s): Cohen MD, Sisco M, Baker K, Chen LC, Schlesinger RB. Source: Inhalation Toxicology. 2002 July; 14(7): 765-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12122574&dopt=Abstract

•

Red cell volume determination using a stable isotope of chromium. Author(s): Silver HM, Seebeck MA, Cowett RM, Patterson KY, Veillon C. Source: Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation. 1997 September-October; 4(5): 254-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9360230&dopt=Abstract

•

Reduction in residential chromium following site remediation. Author(s): Freeman NC, Lioy PJ, Stern AH. Source: J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2000 June; 50(6): 948-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10902388&dopt=Abstract

•

Reduction of chromium(VI) and its relationship to carcinogenesis. Author(s): Shi X, Chiu A, Chen CT, Halliwell B, Castranova V, Vallyathan V. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part B, Critical Reviews. 1999 January-March; 2(1): 87-104. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10081526&dopt=Abstract

•

Reduction of hexavalent chromium collected on PVC filters. Author(s): Shin YC, Paik NW. Source: Aihaj : a Journal for the Science of Occupational and Environmental Health and Safety. 2000 July-August; 61(4): 563-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10976687&dopt=Abstract

Studies

97

•

Reductive activation with cysteine represents a chromium(III)-dependent pathway in the induction of genotoxicity by carcinogenic chromium(VI). Author(s): Zhitkovich A, Quievryn G, Messer J, Motylevich Z. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 October; 110 Suppl 5: 729-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12426121&dopt=Abstract

•

Reference values for chromium, nickel and vanadium in urine of youngsters from the urban area of Rome. Author(s): Alimonti A, Petrucci F, Krachler M, Bocca B, Caroli S. Source: Journal of Environmental Monitoring : Jem. 2000 August; 2(4): 351-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11249791&dopt=Abstract

•

Reference values of urinary chromium in Italy. Author(s): Apostoli P, Maranelli G, Duca PG, Bavazzano P, Bortoli A, Cruciatti A, Elia G, Minoia C, Piccinini R, Sabbioni E, Sciarra G, Soave C. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 1997; 70(3): 173-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9298399&dopt=Abstract

•

Reflections on hexavalent chromium: health hazards of an industrial heavyweight. Author(s): Pellerin C, Booker SM. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000 September; 108(9): A402-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11017901&dopt=Abstract

•

Removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions by adsorption on coal char. Author(s): Baisakh PC, Patnaik SN. Source: Indian J Environ Health. 2002 July; 44(3): 189-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14503442&dopt=Abstract

•

Respiratory health effects of long-term exposure to different chromium species in stainless steel production. Author(s): Huvinen M, Uitti J, Oksa P, Palmroos P, Laippala P. Source: Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England). 2002 June; 52(4): 203-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12091586&dopt=Abstract

•

Respiratory health of workers exposed to low levels of chromium in stainless steel production. Author(s): Huvinen M, Uitti J, Zitting A, Roto P, Virkola K, Kuikka P, Laippala P, Aitio A. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1996 November; 53(11): 741-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9038797&dopt=Abstract

98

Chromium

•

Response to “Urinary excretion of chromium following ingestion of chromite-ore processing residues in humans: implications for biomonitoring” by Gargas et al. Author(s): Stern AH, Freeman NC, Gochfeld M. Source: Risk Analysis : an Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis. 1996 October; 16(5): 605-7, Author Reply 609-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8962511&dopt=Abstract

•

Retention of oral microorganisms on cobalt-chromium alloy and dental acrylic resin with different surface finishes. Author(s): Taylor R, Maryan C, Verran J. Source: The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 1998 November; 80(5): 592-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9813811&dopt=Abstract

•

Reversal of corticosteroid-induced diabetes mellitus with supplemental chromium. Author(s): Ravina A, Slezak L, Mirsky N, Bryden NA, Anderson RA. Source: Diabetic Medicine : a Journal of the British Diabetic Association. 1999 February; 16(2): 164-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10229312&dopt=Abstract

•

Role of different valence states of chromium in the elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Iyer VJ, Banerjee G, Govindram CB, Kamath V, Shinde S, Gaikwad A, Jerajani HR, Raman G, Cherian KM. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 December; 47(6): 357-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12581283&dopt=Abstract

•

Role of reactive oxygen species and p53 in chromium(VI)-induced apoptosis. Author(s): Ye J, Wang S, Leonard SS, Sun Y, Butterworth L, Antonini J, Ding M, Rojanasakul Y, Vallyathan V, Castranova V, Shi X. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1999 December 3; 274(49): 34974-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10574974&dopt=Abstract

•

Salivary nickel and chromium in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Author(s): Kocadereli L, Atac PA, Kale PS, Ozer D. Source: Angle Orthod. 2000 December; 70(6): 431-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11138646&dopt=Abstract

Studies

99

•

Salivary nickel and chromium in subjects with different types of fixed orthodontic appliances. Author(s): Kerosuo H, Moe G, Hensten-Pettersen A. Source: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics. 1997 June; 111(6): 595-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9199589&dopt=Abstract

•

Selective activation of Src family kinases and JNK by low levels of chromium(VI). Author(s): O'Hara KA, Klei LR, Barchowsky A. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2003 August 1; 190(3): 214-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12902192&dopt=Abstract

•

Selective determination of chromium (VI) in powdered milk infant formulas by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry after ion exchange. Author(s): Soares ME, Bastos ML, Ferreira M. Source: J Aoac Int. 2000 January-February; 83(1): 220-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10693023&dopt=Abstract

•

Selenium and chromium deficiency during long-term home total parenteral nutrition in chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction. Author(s): Tsuda K, Yokoyama Y, Morita M, Nakazawa Y, Onishi S. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 1998 March; 14(3): 291-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9583374&dopt=Abstract

•

Self reported health of people in an area contaminated by chromium waste: interview study. Author(s): McCarron P, Harvey I, Brogan R, Peters TJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 January 1; 320(7226): 11-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10617516&dopt=Abstract

•

Sensitive quantitation of chromium-DNA adducts by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with a direct injection high-efficiency nebulizer. Author(s): Singh J, McLean JA, Pritchard DE, Montaser A, Patierno SR. Source: Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 1998 December; 46(2): 260-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10048129&dopt=Abstract

•

Serum and urine chromium concentrations in elderly diabetics. Author(s): Ding W, Chai Z, Duan P, Feng W, Qian Q. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 1998 September; 63(3): 231-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9840819&dopt=Abstract

100 Chromium

•

Serum chromium does not predict glucose tolerance in late pregnancy. Author(s): Gunton JE, Hams G, Hitchman R, McElduff A. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 January; 73(1): 99-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11124757&dopt=Abstract

•

Serum levels of cobalt and chromium in a complex modular total hip arthroplasty system. Author(s): Harding I, Bonomo A, Crawford R, Psychoyios V, Delves T, Murray D, McLardy-Smith P. Source: The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2002 October; 17(7): 893-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12375249&dopt=Abstract

•

Shear bond strengths of polymethyl methacrylate to cast titanium and cobaltchromium frameworks using five metal primers. Author(s): Ohkubo C, Watanabe I, Hosoi T, Okabe T. Source: The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2000 January; 83(1): 50-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10633022&dopt=Abstract

•

Sialoglycoprotein and carbohydrate complexes in chromium toxicity. Author(s): Codd R, Irwin JA, Lay PA. Source: Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 2003 April; 7(2): 213-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12714054&dopt=Abstract

•

Sister chromatid exchange induced by chromium compounds in human lymphocytes. Author(s): Lai JS, Kuo HW, Liao FC, Lien CH. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 1998 November; 71(8): 550-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9860164&dopt=Abstract

•

Skin allergy from exposure to alloys of chromium. Author(s): Flint GN, Carter SV, Fairman B. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 December; 39(6): 315-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9874027&dopt=Abstract

•

Soldering and remelting influence on fatigue strength of cobalt-chromium alloys. Author(s): Henriques GE, Consani S, Rollo JM, Andrade e Silva F. Source: The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 1997 August; 78(2): 146-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9260131&dopt=Abstract

Studies

101

•

Speciation of chromium in tanned leather gloves and relapse of chromium allergy from tanned leather samples. Author(s): Nygren O, Wahlberg JE. Source: The Analyst. 1998 May; 123(5): 935-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9709484&dopt=Abstract

•

Subtoxic intracellular trivalent chromium is not mutagenic: implications for safety of chromium supplementation. Author(s): McCarty MF. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1997 September; 49(3): 263-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9293471&dopt=Abstract

•

Suspected chromium picolinate-induced rhabdomyolysis. Author(s): Martin WR, Fuller RE. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1998 July-August; 18(4): 860-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9692662&dopt=Abstract

•

Systemic contact dermatitis caused by oral chromium picolinate. Author(s): Fowler JF Jr. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2000 February; 65(2): 116. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10696566&dopt=Abstract

•

Systemic uptake of chromium in human volunteers following dermal contact with hexavalent chromium (22 mg/L). Author(s): Corbett GE, Finley BL, Paustenbach DJ, Kerger BD. Source: Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 1997 AprilJune; 7(2): 179-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9185011&dopt=Abstract

•

Ten to fifteen-year follow-up after total hip arthroplasty with a tapered cobaltchromium femoral component (tri-lock) inserted without cement. Author(s): Teloken MA, Bissett G, Hozack WJ, Sharkey PF, Rothman RH. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2002 December; 84A(12): 2140-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12473700&dopt=Abstract

•

Tensile strength and microleakage of the bond between a nickel-chromium alloy and a visible light-cured resin composite: effect of 4-META, silicoating, and bead retention. Author(s): Tulunoglu IF, Oktemer M. Source: Quintessence Int. 1997 July; 28(7): 447-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9477893&dopt=Abstract

102 Chromium

•

The association of chromium in household dust with urinary chromium in residences adjacent to chromate production waste sites. Author(s): Stern AH, Fagliano JA, Savrin JE, Freeman NC, Lioy PJ. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1998 December; 106(12): 833-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9831544&dopt=Abstract

•

The biochemistry of chromium. Author(s): Vincent JB. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2000 April; 130(4): 715-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10736319&dopt=Abstract

•

The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of particulate and soluble hexavalent chromium in human lung cells. Author(s): Wise JP Sr, Wise SS, Little JE. Source: Mutation Research. 2002 May 27; 517(1-2): 221-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12034323&dopt=Abstract

•

The distortion of cast cobalt-chromium alloy partial denture frameworks fitted to a working cast. Author(s): Ali M, Nairn RI, Sherriff M, Waters NE. Source: The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 1997 October; 78(4): 419-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9338876&dopt=Abstract

•

The dynamics of the hexavalent chromium induced apoptotic patterns in vitro. Author(s): Rudolf E, Peychl J, Cervinka M. Source: Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove). 2000; 43(3): 83-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11089275&dopt=Abstract

•

The effect of chromium picolinate on muscular strength and body composition in women athletes. Author(s): Livolsi JM, Adams GM, Laguna PL. Source: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research / National Strength & Conditioning Association. 2001 May; 15(2): 161-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11710399&dopt=Abstract

•

The effectiveness of long-term supplementation of carbohydrate, chromium, fibre and caffeine on weight maintenance. Author(s): Pasman WJ, Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Saris WH. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1997 December; 21(12): 1143-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9426382&dopt=Abstract

Studies

103

•

The effects of chromium and copper supplementation on mitogen-stimulated T cell proliferation in hypercholesterolaemic postmenopausal women. Author(s): Rhee YS, Hermann JR, Burnham K, Arquitt AB, Stoecker BJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2002 March; 127(3): 463-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11966762&dopt=Abstract

•

The effects of inorganic chromium and brewer's yeast supplementation on glucose tolerance, serum lipids and drug dosage in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Bahijiri SM, Mira SA, Mufti AM, Ajabnoor MA. Source: Saudi Med J. 2000 September; 21(9): 831-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11376359&dopt=Abstract

•

The effects of particulate cobalt, chromium and cobalt-chromium alloy on human osteoblast-like cells in vitro. Author(s): Allen MJ, Myer BJ, Millett PJ, Rushton N. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1997 May; 79(3): 475-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9180332&dopt=Abstract

•

The efficiency of alkaline extraction for the recovery of hexavalent chromium (CrVI) from paint samples and the effect of sample storage on CrVI recovery. Author(s): Sabty-Daily RA, Luk KK, Froines JR. Source: The Analyst. 2002 June; 127(6): 852-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12146924&dopt=Abstract

•

The elastic limit of nickel-containing and nickel-free cobalt-chromium circumferential clasp arms. Author(s): Essop AR, Sykes LM, Wolfaard JF, Chandler HD, Becker PJ. Source: Sadj. 2000 October; 55(10): 539-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12608215&dopt=Abstract

•

The influence of atmospheric chromium on selenium content and glutathione peroxidase activity in blood of tannery workers. Author(s): Gromadzinska J, Wasowicz W, Sklodowska M, Bulikowski W, Rydzynski K. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1996 December; 104(12): 1312-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9118872&dopt=Abstract

•

The potential value and toxicity of chromium picolinate as a nutritional supplement, weight loss agent and muscle development agent. Author(s): Vincent JB. Source: Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 2003; 33(3): 213-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12656641&dopt=Abstract

104 Chromium

•

The prevalence of chromium allergy in the United States and its implications for setting soil cleanup: a cost-effectiveness case study. Author(s): Proctor DM, Fredrick MM, Scott PK, Paustenbach DJ, Finley BL. Source: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : Rtp. 1998 August; 28(1): 27-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9784430&dopt=Abstract

•

The role of chromium in nutrition and therapeutics and as a potential toxin. Author(s): Jeejeebhoy KN. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1999 November; 57(11): 329-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10628183&dopt=Abstract

•

The role of chromium(V) in the mechanism of chromate-induced oxidative DNA damage and cancer. Author(s): Sugden KD, Stearns DM. Source: Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology : Official Organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer. 2000; 19(3): 21530. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10983888&dopt=Abstract

•

The safety and efficacy of high-dose chromium. Author(s): Lamson DS, Plaza SM. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 2002 June; 7(3): 218-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12126463&dopt=Abstract

•

The scientific process and Hollywood: the case of hexavalent chromium. Author(s): Steinpress MG, Ward AC. Source: Ground Water. 2001 May-June; 39(3): 321-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11340996&dopt=Abstract

•

The use of the erbium, chromium: YSGG laser in microdentistry. Author(s): Rosenberg SP. Source: Dent Today. 2003 June; 22(6): 70-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12847844&dopt=Abstract

•

Therapeutic review: is ascorbic acid of value in chromium poisoning and chromium dermatitis? Author(s): Bradberry SM, Vale JA. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1999; 37(2): 195-200. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10382555&dopt=Abstract

Studies

105

•

Threshold mechanisms and site specificity in chromium(VI) carcinogenesis. Author(s): De Flora S. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2000 April; 21(4): 533-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10753182&dopt=Abstract

•

Titanium, chromium and cobalt ions modulate the release of bone-associated cytokines by human monocytes/macrophages in vitro. Author(s): Wang JY, Wicklund BH, Gustilo RB, Tsukayama DT. Source: Biomaterials. 1996 December; 17(23): 2233-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8968517&dopt=Abstract

•

Toxic effects of chromium acetate hydroxide on cells cultivated in vitro. Author(s): Rudolf E, Peychl J, Cervinka M. Source: Alternatives to Laboratory Animals : Atla. 2001 March-April; 29(2): 163-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11262761&dopt=Abstract

•

Toxicological interactions among arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and lead in human keratinocytes. Author(s): Bae DS, Gennings C, Carter WH Jr, Yang RS, Campain JA. Source: Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 2001 September; 63(1): 132-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11509753&dopt=Abstract

•

Trivalent chromium and the diabetes prevention program. Author(s): Linday LA. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1997 July; 49(1): 47-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9247907&dopt=Abstract

•

Urinary chromium as a biological marker of environmental exposure: what are the limitations? Author(s): Paustenbach DJ, Panko JM, Fredrick MM, Finley BL, Proctor DM. Source: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : Rtp. 1997 August; 26(1 Pt 2): S23-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9380834&dopt=Abstract

•

Usage and status of cobalt-chromium removable partial dentures 5-6 years after placement. Author(s): Yeung AL, Lo EC, Clark RK, Chow TW. Source: Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 2002 February; 29(2): 127-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11856390&dopt=Abstract

106 Chromium

•

Use of an automated chromium reduction system for hydrogen isotope ratio analysis of physiological fluids applied to doubly labeled water analysis. Author(s): Schoeller DA, Colligan AS, Shriver T, Avak H, Bartok-Olson C. Source: Journal of Mass Spectrometry : Jms. 2000 September; 35(9): 1128-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11006607&dopt=Abstract

•

Usefulness of a cobalt chromium coronary stent alloy. Author(s): Kereiakes DJ, Cox DA, Hermiller JB, Midei MG, Bachinsky WB, Nukta ED, Leon MB, Fink S, Marin L, Lansky AJ; Guidant Multi-Link Vision Stent Registry Investigators. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2003 August 15; 92(4): 463-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12914881&dopt=Abstract

•

Utilization of DNA-protein cross-links as a biomarker of chromium exposure. Author(s): Zhitkovich A, Voitkun V, Kluz T, Costa M. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1998 August; 106 Suppl 4: 969-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9703480&dopt=Abstract

107

CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CHROMIUM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and chromium.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Chromium The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “chromium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

108 Chromium

The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on chromium: •

Chromium in human health and disease. Source: Anderson, R.A. Nutrition-and-the-M.D (USA). (March 1988). volume 14(3) page 1-3.

•

Chromium. Source: Schardt, D. Nutrition-action-health-letter (USA). (May 1996). volume 23(4) page 10-11.

•

Controversial chromium: does the superstar mineral of the mountebanks receive appropriate attention from clinicians and nutritionists? Author(s): USDA, ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, ND. Source: Nielsen, F.H. Nutrition-today (USA). (December 1996). volume 31(6) page 226233.

Additional consumer oriented references include: •

A comparative study of the removal of trivalent chromium from aqueous solutions by bentonite and expanded perlite. Author(s): Departement de Chimie, Faculte des Sciences, Universite Mohamed V, Avenue Ibn Batouta, Rabat, Morocco. [email protected] Source: Chakir, A Bessiere, J Kacemi, K E Marouf, B J-Hazard-Mater. 2002 November 11; 95(1-2): 29-46 0304-3894

•

Alteration of body composition in rats: effect of organic chromium and L-carnitine. Author(s): Szent Istvan University, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Budapest, H-1400 Budapest, P.O. Box 2, Hungary. [email protected] Source: Fekete, S Szakall, I Kosa, E Andrasofszky, E Fodor, K Hidas, A Tozser, J ActaVet-Hung. 2001; 49(4): 385-98 0236-6290

•

Atomic absorption determination of chromium, manganese, iron, copper, and zinc in human, cow's and powdered milks. Source: Muzzarelli, R.A.A. Eugeni, C.E. Tanfani, F. Caramia, G. Pezzola, D. Milchwissenschaft-Milk-Sci-Int. Munchen. W. Ger. : Volkswirtschaftlicher Verlag. August 1983. volume 38 (8) page 453-457. ill. 0026-3788

•

Availability and physicochemical stability of zinc and chromium in total parenteral nutrition solutions. Source: Tsallas, G. Bull-N-Y-Acad-Med. New York, N.Y. : The Academy. March 1984. volume 60 (2) page 125-131. 0028-7091

•

Bioremediation of toxic chromium from electroplating effluent by chromate-reducing Pseudomonas aeruginosa A2Chr in two bioreactors. Author(s): School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. Source: Ganguli, A Tripathi, A K Appl-Microbiol-Biotechnol. 2002 March; 58(3): 416-20 0175-7598

•

Chromium adsorption and Cr(VI) reduction to trivalent chromium in aqueous solutions by soya cake. Author(s): Industrial Water and Wastewater Treatment Research Laboratory, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. [email protected]

Nutrition

109

Source: Daneshvar, N Salari, D Aber, S J-Hazard-Mater. 2002 September 2; 94(1): 49-61 0304-3894 •

Chromium toxic effect monitoring using ozonation method. Author(s): Superior School of Chemical Engineering, National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico, Mexico D.F., Mexico. [email protected] Source: Poznyak, T Puga, J M Kiseleva, E Martinez, L Int-J-Toxicol. 2002 May-June; 21(3): 211-7 1091-5818

•

Chromium uptake by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and isolation of glucose tolerance factor from yeast biomass. Author(s): Laboratory of Fermentation and Yeast Technology, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. Source: Zetic, V G Stehlik Tomas, V Grba, S Lutilsky, L Kozlek, D J-Biosci. 2001 June; 26(2): 217-23 0250-5991

•

Chromium(VI) induced alterations in mouse spleen cells: a short-term assay. Author(s): Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal, Source: das Neves, R P Santos, T M de Pereira, M L de Jesus, J P Cytobios. 2001; 106 Suppl 1: 27-34 0011-4529

•

Chromium(VI) interaction with plant and animal mitochondrial bioenergetics: a comparative study. Author(s): Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal. [email protected] Source: Fernandes, M A Santos, M S Alpoim, M C Madeira, V M Vicente, J A J-BiochemMol-Toxicol. 2002; 16(2): 53-63 1095-6670

•

Chromium-induced membrane damage: protective role of ascorbic acid. Author(s): Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore-721 102, West Bengal, India. Source: Dey, S K Nayak, P Roy, S J-Environ-Sci-(China). 2001 July; 13(3): 272-5 1001-0742

•

Colloid mobilization in the field using citrate to remediate chromium. Author(s): Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA. Source: Johnson, C R Hellerich, L A Nikolaidis, N P Gschwend, P M Ground-Water. 2001 Nov-December; 39(6): 895-903 0017-467X

•

Comparative effects of TCDD, endrin, naphthalene and chromium (VI) on oxidative stress and tissue damage in the liver and brain tissues of mice. Author(s): School of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA. Source: Bagchi, Debasis Balmoori, Jaya Bagchi, Manashi Ye, Xumein Williams, Casey B Stohs, Sidney J Toxicology. 2002 June 14; 175(1-3): 73-82 0300-483X

•

Comparative study of adsorption properties of Turkish fly ashes. II. The case of chromium (VI) and cadmium (II). Author(s): Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Cukurova University, Balcali, 01330, Adana, Turkey. [email protected] Source: Bayat, B J-Hazard-Mater. 2002 December 2; 95(3): 275-90 0304-3894

•

Control of occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium and ozone in tubular wire arc-welding processes by replacement of potassium by lithium or by addition of zinc. Author(s): Department of Environmental Science, University of Bradford, UK. [email protected]

110 Chromium

Source: Dennis, John H French, Michael J Hewitt, Peter J Mortazavi, Seyed B Redding, Christopher A J Ann-Occup-Hyg. 2002 January; 46(1): 33-42 0003-4878 •

Cytotoxicity and oxidative mechanisms of different forms of chromium. Author(s): Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA. [email protected] Source: Bagchi, D Stohs, S J Downs, B W Bagchi, M Preuss, H G Toxicology. 2002 October 30; 180(1): 5-22 0300-483X

•

Dietary chromium tripicolinate supplementation reduces glucose concentrations and improves glucose tolerance in normal-weight cats. Author(s): Companion Animal Sciences Department, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia. Source: Appleton, D J Rand, J S Sunvold, G D Priest, J J-Feline-Med-Surg. 2002 March; 4(1): 13-25 1098-612X

•

Dietary organic chromium supplementation and its effect on the immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Author(s): Dipartimento di Morfofisiologia Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Italy. Source: Gatta, P P Thompson, K D Smullen, R Piva, A Test, S Adams, A Fish-ShellfishImmunol. 2001 July; 11(5): 371-82 1050-4648

•

Diets containing leguminous seeds influence chromium content in the rat femur bone. Author(s): Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw Agricultural University, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-787 Warszawa, Poland. [email protected] Source: Gralak, M A Leontowicz, H Leontowicz, M Debski, B Pol-J-Vet-Sci. 2002; 5(1): 43-6 1505-1773

•

Economic considerations of chromium recovery from tanning wastewater. Author(s): Department of Environmental Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Source: Panswad, T Chavalparit, O Chandung, C Anotai, J Waste-Manag-Res. 2001 October; 19(5): 450-5 0734-242X

•

Effects of dietary chromium picolinate and ascorbic acid supplementation on egg production, egg quality and some serum metabolites of laying hens reared under a low ambient temperature (6 degrees C). Author(s): Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Firat, Elazig, Turkey. [email protected] Source: Sahin, K Onderci, M Sahin, N Aydin, S Arch-Tierernahr. 2002 February; 56(1): 41-9 0003-942X

•

Effects of dietary chromium picolinate and yeast chromium on the growth and carcass fat of broilers. Author(s): Niigata Univ. (Japan) Source: Motozono, Y. Hatano, K. Sugawara, N. Ishibashi, T. Animal-Science-andTechnology (Japan). (March 1998). volume 69(3) page 247-252. chickens broiler chickens chromium feed additives growth carcasses fats 0918-2365

Nutrition

111

•

Effects of dietary chromium picolinate supplementation on performance and plasma concentrations of insulin and corticosterone in laying hens under low ambient temperature. Author(s): Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary Faculty, University of Firat, 23100 Elazig, Turkey. Source: Sahin, K Kucuk, O Sahin, N J-Anim-Physiol-Anim-Nutr-(Berl). 2001 June; 85(56): 142-7 0931-2439

•

Effects of mercury and chromium upon longevity of Diplostomum sp. (Trematoda: Diplostomidae) cercariae. Author(s): Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany. Source: Pietrock, M Marcogliese, D J Meinelt, T McLaughlin, J D Parasitol-Res. 2002 Mar; 88(3): 225-9 0932-0113

•

Effects of niacin-bound chromium and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on the lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic subjects: a pilot study. Author(s): Department of Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA. Source: Preuss, H G Wallerstedt, D Talpur, N Tutuncuoglu, S O Echard, B Myers, A Bui, M Bagchi, D J-Med. 2000; 31(5-6): 227-46 0025-7850

•

Effects of resistive training and chromium picolinate on body composition and skeletal muscle size in older women. Author(s): Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. Source: Campbell, W W Joseph, L J Anderson, R A Davey, S L Hinton, J Evans, W J Int-JSport-Nutr-Exerc-Metab. 2002 June; 12(2): 125-35 1526-484X

•

Employee exposure to chromium and plasma lipid oxidation. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Meir Hospital, Kfar Saba, Israel. Source: Elis, A Froom, P Ninio, A Cahana, L Lishner, M Int-J-Occup-Environ-Health. 2001 Jul-September; 7(3): 206-8 1077-3525

•

Endogenous chromium in tissues and body fluids of normal and genetically diabetic (db/db) mice. Source: Berggren, P.O. Flatt, P.R. Horm-Metab-Res. Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Georg Thieme. March 1985. volume 17 (3) page 164-165. 0018-5043

•

Epidemiological correlation between chromium content in gallstones and cholesterol in blood. Author(s): Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Hospital, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki, Japan. Source: Shigeta, Akiko Ratanamaneechat, Supachai Srisukho, Songphol Tanaka, Mikio Moriyama, Yukichi Suwanagool, Surapol Miki, Masaru J-Med-Assoc-Thai. 2002 February; 85(2): 183-94 0125-2208

•

Experimental copper deficiency, chromium deficiency and additional molybdenum supplementation in goats--pathological findings. Author(s): Institut fur Veterinar-Pathologie der Universitat Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. [email protected] Source: Aupperle, H Schoon, H A Frank, A Acta-Vet-Scand. 2001; 42(3): 311-21 0044605X

•

Experimental copper deficiency, chromium deficiency and additional molybdenum supplementum in goats: pathological findings. Author(s): Leipzig Univ. (Germany)

112 Chromium

Source: Aupperle, H. Schoon, H. A. Frank, A. Acta-Veterinaria-Scandinavica (Denmark). (2001). volume 42(3) page 311-321. goats elks mineral deficiencies liver pancreas pathology sweden 0044-0605X •

Genotoxicity of chromium in human gastric mucosa cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes evaluated by the single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). Author(s): Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, ul. Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland. Source: Trzeciak, A Kowalik, J Malecka Panas, E Drzewoski, J Wojewodzka, M Iwanenko, T Blasiak, J Med-Sci-Monit. 2000 Jan-February; 6(1): 24-9 1234-1010

•

Grafting onto wool. XXIII. Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate by use of chromium acetyl acetonate-percholoric acid system: effect of tertiary butyl hydroperoxide. Source: Sood, D.S. Rawat, B.R. Misra, B.N. J-Appl-Polym-Sci. New York, N.Y. : John Wiley & Sons. January 1985. volume 30 (1) page 135-141. 0021-8995

•

Hard X-ray microprobe studies of chromium(VI)-treated V79 Chinese hamster lung cells: intracellular mapping of the biotransformation products of a chromium carcinogen. Author(s): Centre for Heavy Metals Research, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Source: Dillon, C T Lay, P A Kennedy, B J Stampfl, A P Cai, Z Ilinski, P Rodrigues, W Legnini, D G Lai, B Maser, J J-Biol-Inorg-Chem. 2002 June; 7(6): 640-5 0949-8257

•

Immunomodulatory effects of chelated chromium on dairy health and production. Source: Mallard, B.A. Mowat, D.N. Leslie, K. Chang, X. Wright, A. Annu-meet-NatlMastitis-Counc-inc. Arlington, Va. : The Council. 1994. page 69-76b. 0271-9967

•

I've read that taking a chromium supplement can help increase metabolism. Is this true? Are there side effects? Source: Anonymous Mayo-Clin-Health-Lett. 2003 February; 21(2): 8 0741-6245

•

Magnesium, zinc, and chromium nutrition and athletic performance. Author(s): U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9034, USA. Source: Lukaski, H C Can-J-Appl-Physiol. 2001; 26 Suppl: S13-22 1066-7814

•

Nickel and chromium levels in the saliva and serum of patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Author(s): Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey. Source: Agaoglu, G Arun, T Izgu, B Yarat, A Angle-Orthod. 2001 October; 71(5): 375-9 0003-3219

•

Possible adverse effect of chromium in occupational exposure of tannery workers. Author(s): Instituto de Investigaciones Medicas, Universidad de Guanajuato, CP, Mexico. Source: Kornhauser, Carlos Wrobel, Katarzyna Wrobel, Kazimierz Malacara, Juan Manuel Nava, Laura Eugenia Gomez, Leobardo Gonzalez, Rita Ind-Health. 2002 April; 40(2): 207-13 0019-8366

•

Preconcentration of chromium (III) and speciation of chromium by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using cellulose adsorbent. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran, Iran. [email protected]

Nutrition

113

Source: Shemirani, F Rajabi, M Fresenius-J-Anal-Chem. 2001 December; 371(7): 1037-40 0937-0633 •

Removal of chromium from water and wastewater by ion exchange resins. Author(s): Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong dong, Puk-gu, 500-712, Kwangju, South Korea. Source: Rengaraj, S Yeon, K H Moon, S H J-Hazard-Mater. 2001 October 12; 87(1-3): 27387 0304-3894

•

Respiratory health effects of long-term exposure to different chromium species in stainless steel production. Author(s): Outokumpu Oyj, Espoo, Finland. [email protected] Source: Huvinen, M Uitti, J Oksa, P Palmroos, P Laippala, P Occup-Med-(Lond). 2002 June; 52(4): 203-12 0962-7480

•

Selective induction of gene expression in rat lung by hexavalent chromium. Author(s): Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy. Source: Izzotti, A Cartiglia, C Balansky, R D'Agostini, F Longobardi, M De Flora, S MolCarcinog. 2002 October; 35(2): 75-84 0899-1987

•

Synthesis of peptide-oligonucleotide conjugates for chromium coordination. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, Northern Arizona University, P.O. Box 5698, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5698, USA. Source: Civitello, E R Leniek, R G Hossler, K A Haebe, K Stearns, D M Bioconjug-Chem. 2001 Jul-August; 12(4): 459-63 1043-1802

•

The chromium conundrum. Source: Cefalu, W.T. Diabetes-forecast. Alexandria, Va. : American Diabetes Association Inc. Sept 2001. volume 54 (9) page 91-92. 0095-8301

•

The effect of chromium picolinate on muscular strength and body composition in women athletes. Author(s): Division of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, California State UniversityFullerton, 92634-9480, USA. Source: Livolsi, J M Adams, G M Laguna, P L J-Strength-Cond-Res. 2001 May; 15(2): 1616 1064-8011

•

The safety and efficacy of high-dose chromium. Author(s): Bastyr University, Kenmore, WA, USA. [email protected] Source: Lamson, D S Plaza, S M Altern-Med-Revolume 2002 June; 7(3): 218-35 1089-5159

•

Toxicity of hexavalent chromium to Daphnia magna: influence of reduction reaction by ferrous iron. Author(s): Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-dong, Puk-gu, 500-712, Kwangju, South Korea. [email protected] Source: Kim, S D Park, K S Gu, M B J-Hazard-Mater. 2002 July 22; 93(2): 155-64 03043894

•

Ultrastructural damage in chromium picolinate-treated cells: a TEM study. Transmission electron microscopy. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 5698, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5698, USA. Source: Manygoats, K R Yazzie, M Stearns, D M J-Biol-Inorg-Chem. 2002 September; 7(78): 791-8 0949-8257

114 Chromium

•

Zinc and chromium in parenteral nutrition. Source: Jeejeebhoy, K.N. Bull-N-Y-Acad-Med. New York, N.Y. : The Academy. March 1984. volume 60 (2) page 118-124. 0028-7091

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “chromium” (or a synonym): •

Comparative effects of chromium, mannan oligosaccharides and zinc bacitracin on production performance and carcass characteristics of broilers. Author(s): Philippines Univ. Los Banos, College, Laguna (Philippines). Inst. of Animal Science Source: Mateo, C.D. Billena, M.S. Philippine-Journal-of-Veterinary-and-Animal-Sciences (Philippines). (December 2000). volume 26(2) page 175-184. Received February 2001.

•

Effect of chromium proteinate supplementation in lactating Friesian cows. Author(s): Padua Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche Source: Bortolozzo, A. Bailoni, L. Mantovani, R. Simonetto, A. Proceedings-of-theASPA-Congress-Recent-Progress-in-Animal-Production-Science (Italy). (2001). volume 2 page 138-140.

•

Effect of source and level of chromium supplementation on metabolic parameters - in vivo performance and meat quality of heavy lambs. Author(s): Padua Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche Source: Bailoni, L. Simonetto, A. Proceedings-of-the-ASPA-Congress-Recent-Progressin-Animal-Production-Science (Italy). (2001). volume 2 page 135-137.

•

Performance and carcass characteristics of broiler fed diets suplemented with organic chromium, mannan oligosaccharides, and zinc bacitracin. Author(s): Philippines Univ. Los Banos, 4031 College, Laguna (Philippines). Inst. of Animal Science Source: Mateo, C.D. Billena, M.S. Carandang, N.F. Philippine-Agricultural-Scientist (Philippines). (Jan-March 2000). volume 83(1) page 92-97. Received Mar 2000.

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

A comparative study of the removal of trivalent chromium from aqueous solutions by bentonite and expanded perlite. Author(s): Departement de Chimie, Faculte des Sciences, Universite Mohamed V, Avenue Ibn Batouta, Rabat, Morocco. [email protected] Source: Chakir, A Bessiere, J Kacemi, K E Marouf, B J-Hazard-Mater. 2002 November 11; 95(1-2): 29-46 0304-3894

•

Alteration of body composition in rats: effect of organic chromium and L-carnitine. Author(s): Szent Istvan University, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Budapest, H-1400 Budapest, P.O. Box 2, Hungary. [email protected] Source: Fekete, S Szakall, I Kosa, E Andrasofszky, E Fodor, K Hidas, A Tozser, J ActaVet-Hung. 2001; 49(4): 385-98 0236-6290

•

Atomic absorption determination of chromium, manganese, iron, copper, and zinc in human, cow's and powdered milks. Source: Muzzarelli, R.A.A. Eugeni, C.E. Tanfani, F. Caramia, G. Pezzola, D. Milchwissenschaft-Milk-Sci-Int. Munchen. W. Ger. : Volkswirtschaftlicher Verlag. August 1983. volume 38 (8) page 453-457. ill. 0026-3788

Nutrition

115

•

Availability and physicochemical stability of zinc and chromium in total parenteral nutrition solutions. Source: Tsallas, G. Bull-N-Y-Acad-Med. New York, N.Y. : The Academy. March 1984. volume 60 (2) page 125-131. 0028-7091

•

Bioremediation of toxic chromium from electroplating effluent by chromate-reducing Pseudomonas aeruginosa A2Chr in two bioreactors. Author(s): School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. Source: Ganguli, A Tripathi, A K Appl-Microbiol-Biotechnol. 2002 March; 58(3): 416-20 0175-7598

•

Chromium adsorption and Cr(VI) reduction to trivalent chromium in aqueous solutions by soya cake. Author(s): Industrial Water and Wastewater Treatment Research Laboratory, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. [email protected] Source: Daneshvar, N Salari, D Aber, S J-Hazard-Mater. 2002 September 2; 94(1): 49-61 0304-3894

•

Chromium toxic effect monitoring using ozonation method. Author(s): Superior School of Chemical Engineering, National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico, Mexico D.F., Mexico. [email protected] Source: Poznyak, T Puga, J M Kiseleva, E Martinez, L Int-J-Toxicol. 2002 May-June; 21(3): 211-7 1091-5818

•

Chromium uptake by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and isolation of glucose tolerance factor from yeast biomass. Author(s): Laboratory of Fermentation and Yeast Technology, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. Source: Zetic, V G Stehlik Tomas, V Grba, S Lutilsky, L Kozlek, D J-Biosci. 2001 June; 26(2): 217-23 0250-5991

•

Chromium(VI) induced alterations in mouse spleen cells: a short-term assay. Author(s): Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal, Source: das Neves, R P Santos, T M de Pereira, M L de Jesus, J P Cytobios. 2001; 106 Suppl 1: 27-34 0011-4529

•

Chromium(VI) interaction with plant and animal mitochondrial bioenergetics: a comparative study. Author(s): Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal. [email protected] Source: Fernandes, M A Santos, M S Alpoim, M C Madeira, V M Vicente, J A J-BiochemMol-Toxicol. 2002; 16(2): 53-63 1095-6670

•

Chromium-induced membrane damage: protective role of ascorbic acid. Author(s): Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore-721 102, West Bengal, India. Source: Dey, S K Nayak, P Roy, S J-Environ-Sci-(China). 2001 July; 13(3): 272-5 1001-0742

•

Colloid mobilization in the field using citrate to remediate chromium. Author(s): Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA. Source: Johnson, C R Hellerich, L A Nikolaidis, N P Gschwend, P M Ground-Water. 2001 Nov-December; 39(6): 895-903 0017-467X

116 Chromium

•

Comparative study of adsorption properties of Turkish fly ashes. II. The case of chromium (VI) and cadmium (II). Author(s): Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Cukurova University, Balcali, 01330, Adana, Turkey. [email protected] Source: Bayat, B J-Hazard-Mater. 2002 December 2; 95(3): 275-90 0304-3894

•

Control of occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium and ozone in tubular wire arc-welding processes by replacement of potassium by lithium or by addition of zinc. Author(s): Department of Environmental Science, University of Bradford, UK. [email protected] Source: Dennis, John H French, Michael J Hewitt, Peter J Mortazavi, Seyed B Redding, Christopher A J Ann-Occup-Hyg. 2002 January; 46(1): 33-42 0003-4878

•

Cytotoxicity and oxidative mechanisms of different forms of chromium. Author(s): Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA. [email protected] Source: Bagchi, D Stohs, S J Downs, B W Bagchi, M Preuss, H G Toxicology. 2002 October 30; 180(1): 5-22 0300-483X

•

Dietary chromium tripicolinate supplementation reduces glucose concentrations and improves glucose tolerance in normal-weight cats. Author(s): Companion Animal Sciences Department, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia. Source: Appleton, D J Rand, J S Sunvold, G D Priest, J J-Feline-Med-Surg. 2002 March; 4(1): 13-25 1098-612X

•

Dietary organic chromium supplementation and its effect on the immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Author(s): Dipartimento di Morfofisiologia Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Italy. Source: Gatta, P P Thompson, K D Smullen, R Piva, A Test, S Adams, A Fish-ShellfishImmunol. 2001 July; 11(5): 371-82 1050-4648

•

Diets containing leguminous seeds influence chromium content in the rat femur bone. Author(s): Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw Agricultural University, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-787 Warszawa, Poland. [email protected] Source: Gralak, M A Leontowicz, H Leontowicz, M Debski, B Pol-J-Vet-Sci. 2002; 5(1): 43-6 1505-1773

•

Economic considerations of chromium recovery from tanning wastewater. Author(s): Department of Environmental Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Source: Panswad, T Chavalparit, O Chandung, C Anotai, J Waste-Manag-Res. 2001 October; 19(5): 450-5 0734-242X

•

Effects of dietary chromium picolinate and ascorbic acid supplementation on egg production, egg quality and some serum metabolites of laying hens reared under a low ambient temperature (6 degrees C). Author(s): Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Firat, Elazig, Turkey. [email protected] Source: Sahin, K Onderci, M Sahin, N Aydin, S Arch-Tierernahr. 2002 February; 56(1): 41-9 0003-942X

Nutrition

117

•

Effects of mercury and chromium upon longevity of Diplostomum sp. (Trematoda: Diplostomidae) cercariae. Author(s): Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany. Source: Pietrock, M Marcogliese, D J Meinelt, T McLaughlin, J D Parasitol-Res. 2002 Mar; 88(3): 225-9 0932-0113

•

Effects of niacin-bound chromium and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on the lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic subjects: a pilot study. Author(s): Department of Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA. Source: Preuss, H G Wallerstedt, D Talpur, N Tutuncuoglu, S O Echard, B Myers, A Bui, M Bagchi, D J-Med. 2000; 31(5-6): 227-46 0025-7850

•

Effects of resistive training and chromium picolinate on body composition and skeletal muscle size in older women. Author(s): Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. Source: Campbell, W W Joseph, L J Anderson, R A Davey, S L Hinton, J Evans, W J Int-JSport-Nutr-Exerc-Metab. 2002 June; 12(2): 125-35 1526-484X

•

Employee exposure to chromium and plasma lipid oxidation. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Meir Hospital, Kfar Saba, Israel. Source: Elis, A Froom, P Ninio, A Cahana, L Lishner, M Int-J-Occup-Environ-Health. 2001 Jul-September; 7(3): 206-8 1077-3525

•

Endogenous chromium in tissues and body fluids of normal and genetically diabetic (db/db) mice. Source: Berggren, P.O. Flatt, P.R. Horm-Metab-Res. Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Georg Thieme. March 1985. volume 17 (3) page 164-165. 0018-5043

•

Epidemiological correlation between chromium content in gallstones and cholesterol in blood. Author(s): Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Hospital, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki, Japan. Source: Shigeta, Akiko Ratanamaneechat, Supachai Srisukho, Songphol Tanaka, Mikio Moriyama, Yukichi Suwanagool, Surapol Miki, Masaru J-Med-Assoc-Thai. 2002 February; 85(2): 183-94 0125-2208

•

Experimental copper deficiency, chromium deficiency and additional molybdenum supplementation in goats--pathological findings. Author(s): Institut fur Veterinar-Pathologie der Universitat Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. [email protected] Source: Aupperle, H Schoon, H A Frank, A Acta-Vet-Scand. 2001; 42(3): 311-21 0044605X

•

Genotoxicity of chromium in human gastric mucosa cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes evaluated by the single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). Author(s): Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, ul. Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland. Source: Trzeciak, A Kowalik, J Malecka Panas, E Drzewoski, J Wojewodzka, M Iwanenko, T Blasiak, J Med-Sci-Monit. 2000 Jan-February; 6(1): 24-9 1234-1010

118 Chromium

•

Grafting onto wool. XXIII. Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate by use of chromium acetyl acetonate-percholoric acid system: effect of tertiary butyl hydroperoxide. Source: Sood, D.S. Rawat, B.R. Misra, B.N. J-Appl-Polym-Sci. New York, N.Y. : John Wiley & Sons. January 1985. volume 30 (1) page 135-141. 0021-8995

•

Hard X-ray microprobe studies of chromium(VI)-treated V79 Chinese hamster lung cells: intracellular mapping of the biotransformation products of a chromium carcinogen. Author(s): Centre for Heavy Metals Research, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Source: Dillon, C T Lay, P A Kennedy, B J Stampfl, A P Cai, Z Ilinski, P Rodrigues, W Legnini, D G Lai, B Maser, J J-Biol-Inorg-Chem. 2002 June; 7(6): 640-5 0949-8257

•

Immunomodulatory effects of chelated chromium on dairy health and production. Source: Mallard, B.A. Mowat, D.N. Leslie, K. Chang, X. Wright, A. Annu-meet-NatlMastitis-Counc-inc. Arlington, Va. : The Council. 1994. page 69-76b. 0271-9967

•

I've read that taking a chromium supplement can help increase metabolism. Is this true? Are there side effects? Source: Anonymous Mayo-Clin-Health-Lett. 2003 February; 21(2): 8 0741-6245

•

Magnesium, zinc, and chromium nutrition and athletic performance. Author(s): U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9034, USA. Source: Lukaski, H C Can-J-Appl-Physiol. 2001; 26 Suppl: S13-22 1066-7814

•

Nickel and chromium levels in the saliva and serum of patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Author(s): Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey. Source: Agaoglu, G Arun, T Izgu, B Yarat, A Angle-Orthod. 2001 October; 71(5): 375-9 0003-3219

•

Possible adverse effect of chromium in occupational exposure of tannery workers. Author(s): Instituto de Investigaciones Medicas, Universidad de Guanajuato, CP, Mexico. Source: Kornhauser, Carlos Wrobel, Katarzyna Wrobel, Kazimierz Malacara, Juan Manuel Nava, Laura Eugenia Gomez, Leobardo Gonzalez, Rita Ind-Health. 2002 April; 40(2): 207-13 0019-8366

•

Preconcentration of chromium (III) and speciation of chromium by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using cellulose adsorbent. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran, Iran. [email protected] Source: Shemirani, F Rajabi, M Fresenius-J-Anal-Chem. 2001 December; 371(7): 1037-40 0937-0633

•

Removal of chromium from water and wastewater by ion exchange resins. Author(s): Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong dong, Puk-gu, 500-712, Kwangju, South Korea. Source: Rengaraj, S Yeon, K H Moon, S H J-Hazard-Mater. 2001 October 12; 87(1-3): 27387 0304-3894

•

Respiratory health effects of long-term exposure to different chromium species in stainless steel production. Author(s): Outokumpu Oyj, Espoo, Finland. [email protected]

Nutrition

119

Source: Huvinen, M Uitti, J Oksa, P Palmroos, P Laippala, P Occup-Med-(Lond). 2002 June; 52(4): 203-12 0962-7480 •

Selective induction of gene expression in rat lung by hexavalent chromium. Author(s): Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy. Source: Izzotti, A Cartiglia, C Balansky, R D'Agostini, F Longobardi, M De Flora, S MolCarcinog. 2002 October; 35(2): 75-84 0899-1987

•

Synthesis of peptide-oligonucleotide conjugates for chromium coordination. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, Northern Arizona University, P.O. Box 5698, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5698, USA. Source: Civitello, E R Leniek, R G Hossler, K A Haebe, K Stearns, D M Bioconjug-Chem. 2001 Jul-August; 12(4): 459-63 1043-1802

•

The chromium conundrum. Source: Cefalu, W.T. Diabetes-forecast. Alexandria, Va. : American Diabetes Association Inc. Sept 2001. volume 54 (9) page 91-92. 0095-8301

•

The effect of chromium picolinate on muscular strength and body composition in women athletes. Author(s): Division of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, California State UniversityFullerton, 92634-9480, USA. Source: Livolsi, J M Adams, G M Laguna, P L J-Strength-Cond-Res. 2001 May; 15(2): 1616 1064-8011

•

The safety and efficacy of high-dose chromium. Author(s): Bastyr University, Kenmore, WA, USA. [email protected] Source: Lamson, D S Plaza, S M Altern-Med-Revolume 2002 June; 7(3): 218-35 1089-5159

•

Toxicity of hexavalent chromium to Daphnia magna: influence of reduction reaction by ferrous iron. Author(s): Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-dong, Puk-gu, 500-712, Kwangju, South Korea. [email protected] Source: Kim, S D Park, K S Gu, M B J-Hazard-Mater. 2002 July 22; 93(2): 155-64 03043894

•

Ultrastructural damage in chromium picolinate-treated cells: a TEM study. Transmission electron microscopy. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 5698, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5698, USA. Source: Manygoats, K R Yazzie, M Stearns, D M J-Biol-Inorg-Chem. 2002 September; 7(78): 791-8 0949-8257

•

Zinc and chromium in parenteral nutrition. Source: Jeejeebhoy, K.N. Bull-N-Y-Acad-Med. New York, N.Y. : The Academy. March 1984. volume 60 (2) page 118-124. 0028-7091

120 Chromium

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

Nutrition

121

The following is a specific Web list relating to chromium; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Multiple Vitamin-mineral Supplements Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

•

Minerals Biotin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Calcium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chromium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chromium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chromium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chromium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10018,00.html Creatine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Manganese Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vanadium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

•

Food and Diet Diabetes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nutritional Yeast Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Weight Management Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

123

CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CHROMIUM Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to chromium. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to chromium and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “chromium” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to chromium: •

A new macrocyclic polystyrene-based sensor for chromium (III) ions. Author(s): Singh AK, Panwar A, Singh R, Baniwal S. Source: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2002 February; 372(3): 506-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11939542&dopt=Abstract

•

A prediction of chromium(III) accumulation in humans from chromium dietary supplements. Author(s): Stearns DM, Belbruno JJ, Wetterhahn KE. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 1995 December; 9(15): 1650-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8529846&dopt=Abstract

•

Acid-activated spent bleaching earth as a sorbent for chromium (VI) in aqueous solution. Author(s): Low KS, Lee CK, Lee TS.

124 Chromium

Source: Environmental Technology. 2003 February; 24(2): 197-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12675017&dopt=Abstract •

Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis induced by chromium picolinate. Author(s): Young PC, Turiansky GW, Bonner MW, Benson PM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 November; 41(5 Pt 2): 820-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10534658&dopt=Abstract

•

Alpha-tocopherol supplementation on chromium toxicity: a study on rat liver and kidney cell membrane. Author(s): Dey SK, Nayak P, Roy S. Source: Journal of Environmental Sciences (China). 2003 May; 15(3): 356-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12938987&dopt=Abstract

•

Analysis of EDTA-chelatable proteins from DNA-protein crosslinks induced by a carcinogenic chromium(VI) in cultured intact human cells. Author(s): Mattagajasingh SN, Misra HP. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 1999 September; 199(1-2): 149-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10544963&dopt=Abstract

•

Assessment of chromium tripicolinate supplementation and dietary energy level and source on growth, carcass, and blood criteria in growing pigs. Author(s): van de Ligt CP, Lindemann MD, Cromwell GL. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2002 February; 80(2): 483-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11883435&dopt=Abstract

•

Assessment of chromium tripicolinate supplementation and dietary protein level on growth, carcass, and blood criteria in growing pigs. Author(s): Van de Ligt CP, Lindemann MD, Cromwell GL. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2002 September; 80(9): 2412-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12350019&dopt=Abstract

•

Beneficial effect of chromium supplementation on serum triglyceride levels in NIDDM. Author(s): Lee NA, Reasner CA. Source: Diabetes Care. 1994 December; 17(12): 1449-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7882815&dopt=Abstract

•

Beneficial effects of a novel IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract and a niacinbound chromium in a hamster atherosclerosis model. Author(s): Vinson JA, Mandarano MA, Shuta DL, Bagchi M, Bagchi D.

Alternative Medicine 125

Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2002 November; 240(1-2): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487376&dopt=Abstract •

Biokinetics and dosimetry of chromium, cobalt, hydrogen, iron and zinc radionuclides in male reproductive tissues of the rat. Author(s): Bingham D, Harrison JD, Phipps AW. Source: International Journal of Radiation Biology. 1997 August; 72(2): 235-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9269317&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium as a supplement. Author(s): Lukaski HC. Source: Annual Review of Nutrition. 1999; 19: 279-302. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10448525&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium in a series of Portuguese plants used in the herbal treatment of diabetes. Author(s): Castro VR. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 1998 April-May; 62(1-2): 101-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9630428&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium levels in spices and aromatic herbs. Author(s): Garcia E, Cabrera C, Lorenzo ML, Lopez MC. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2000 February 28; 247(1): 51-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10721142&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium picolinate for reducing body weight: meta-analysis of randomized trials. Author(s): Pittler MH, Stevinson C, Ernst E. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2003 April; 27(4): 522-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12664086&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium picolinate supplementation and resistive training by older men: effects on iron-status and hematologic indexes. Author(s): Campbell WW, Beard JL, Joseph LJ, Davey SL, Evans WJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 October; 66(4): 944-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9322572&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium picolinate supplementation for diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Fox GN, Sabovic Z. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1998 January; 46(1): 83-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9451374&dopt=Abstract

126 Chromium

•

Chromium potentiation of antidepressant pharmacotherapy for dysthymic disorder in 5 patients. Author(s): McLeod MN, Gaynes BN, Golden RN. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999 April; 60(4): 237-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10221284&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium speciation by anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography with both inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopic and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection. Author(s): Byrdy FA, Olson LK, Vela NP, Caruso JA. Source: J Chromatogr A. 1995 October 13; 712(2): 311-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7581851&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium supplementation and iron metabolism. Author(s): McCarty MF. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 March; 65(3): 890-1; Author Reply 891-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9062548&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium supplementation and resistance training: effects on body composition, strength, and trace element status of men. Author(s): Lukaski HC, Bolonchuk WW, Siders WA, Milne DB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 June; 63(6): 954-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8644693&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium supplementation can alleviate negative effects of heat stress on egg production, egg quality and some serum metabolites of laying Japanese quail. Author(s): Sahin K, Ozbey O, Onderci M, Cikim G, Aysondu MH. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 June; 132(6): 1265-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042444&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium supplementation does not influence glucose metabolism or insulin action in response to cold exposure in mature sheep. Author(s): Sano H, Konno S, Shiga A. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2000 November; 78(11): 2950-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11063321&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium supplementation enhances antibody response to vaccination with tetanus toxoid in cattle. Author(s): Faldyna M, Pechova A, Krejci J.

Alternative Medicine 127

Source: Journal of Veterinary Medicine. B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health. 2003 September; 50(7): 326-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14535930&dopt=Abstract •

Chromium supplementation improves insulin resistance in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Morris BW, Kouta S, Robinson R, MacNeil S, Heller S. Source: Diabetic Medicine : a Journal of the British Diabetic Association. 2000 September; 17(9): 684-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11051290&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium update: examining recent literature 1997-1998. Author(s): Preuss HG, Anderson RA. Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 1998 November; 1(6): 509-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10565402&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium(III) picolinate produces chromosome damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Author(s): Stearns DM, Wise JP Sr, Patierno SR, Wetterhahn KE. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 1995 December; 9(15): 1643-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8529845&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium(III) sorption enhancement through NTA--modification of biological materials. Author(s): Low KS, Lee CK, Lee PL. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1997 March; 58(3): 380-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9008046&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium(III) tris(picolinate) is mutagenic at the hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyltransferase locus in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Author(s): Stearns DM, Silveira SM, Wolf KK, Luke AM. Source: Mutation Research. 2002 January 15; 513(1-2): 135-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11719098&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium(III)-mediated structural modification of glycoprotein: impact of the ligand and the oxidants. Author(s): Shrivastava HY, Nair BU.

128 Chromium

Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2001 July 27; 285(4): 915-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11467838&dopt=Abstract •

Chromium, exercise, and body composition. Author(s): Kobla HV, Volpe SL. Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2000 July; 40(4): 291-308. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10943591&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium, glucose intolerance and diabetes. Author(s): Anderson RA. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1998 December; 17(6): 548-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9853533&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium-51 ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid glomerular filtration rate: a better predictor than glomerular filtration rate calculated by the Cockcroft-Gault formula for renal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Author(s): Godfrey T, Cuadrado MJ, Fofi C, Abbs I, Khamashta MA, Nunan T, Hughes GR. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2001 March; 40(3): 324-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11285381&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium-51-EDTA clearance in adults with a single-plasma sample. Author(s): Martensson J, Groth S, Rehling M, Gref M. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1998 December; 39(12): 2131-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9867156&dopt=Abstract

•

Chromium-induced toxic hepatitis. Author(s): Lanca S, Alves A, Vieira AI, Barata J, de Freitas J, de Carvalho A. Source: European Journal of Internal Medicine. 2002 December; 13(8): 518-520. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12446198&dopt=Abstract

•

Clastogenicity of chromium contaminated soil samples evaluated by Vicia rootmicronucleus assay. Author(s): Wang H. Source: Mutation Research. 1999 May 19; 426(2): 147-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10350588&dopt=Abstract

•

Clearance of iohexol, chromium-51-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and creatinine for determining the glomerular filtration rate in pigs with normal renal function:

Alternative Medicine 129

comparison of different clearance techniques. Author(s): Frennby B, Sterner G, Almen T, Chai CM, Jonsson BA, Mansson S. Source: Academic Radiology. 1996 August; 3(8): 651-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8796729&dopt=Abstract •

Comparative effects of chromium, vanadium and gymnema sylvestre on sugarinduced blood pressure elevations in SHR. Author(s): Preuss HG, Jarrell ST, Scheckenbach R, Lieberman S, Anderson RA. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1998 April; 17(2): 116-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9550454&dopt=Abstract

•

Comparison of chromium speciation by CZE and ion exchange followed by AAS. Author(s): Baraj B, Niencheski LF, Soares JA, Martinez M, Merkoci A. Source: Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2000 May; 367(1): 12-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11227427&dopt=Abstract

•

Critical role of chromium (Cr)-DNA interactions in the formation of Cr-induced polymerase arresting lesions. Author(s): O'Brien T, Mandel HG, Pritchard DE, Patierno SR. Source: Biochemistry. 2002 October 15; 41(41): 12529-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12369844&dopt=Abstract

•

Cytoprotective activity of Amla (Emblica officinalis) against chromium (VI) induced oxidative injury in murine macrophages. Author(s): Sai Ram M, Neetu D, Deepti P, Vandana M, Ilavazhagan G, Kumar D, Selvamurthy W. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 April; 17(4): 430-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12722158&dopt=Abstract

•

Cytotoxicity and oxidative mechanisms of different forms of chromium. Author(s): Bagchi D, Stohs SJ, Downs BW, Bagchi M, Preuss HG. Source: Toxicology. 2002 October 30; 180(1): 5-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12324196&dopt=Abstract

•

Determination of oxalate in urine, using an amperometric biosensor with oxalate oxidase immobilized on the surface of a chromium hexacyanoferrate-modified graphite electrode. Author(s): Milardovic S, Grabaric Z, Tkalcec M, Rumenjak V. Source: J Aoac Int. 2000 September-October; 83(5): 1212-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11048862&dopt=Abstract

•

Determination of total aluminum, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, and nickel and their fractions leached to the infusions of black tea, green tea, Hibiscus

130 Chromium

sabdariffa, and Ilex paraguariensis (mate) by ETA-AAS. Author(s): Wrobel K, Wrobel K, Urbina EM. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2000 Winter; 78(1-3): 271-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11314985&dopt=Abstract •

Dietary chromium decreases insulin resistance in rats fed a high-fat, mineralimbalanced diet. Author(s): Striffler JS, Polansky MM, Anderson RA. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1998 April; 47(4): 396-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9550535&dopt=Abstract

•

Dietary chromium tripicolinate supplementation reduces glucose concentrations and improves glucose tolerance in normal-weight cats. Author(s): Appleton DJ, Rand JS, Sunvold GD, Priest J. Source: Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2002 March; 4(1): 13-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11869052&dopt=Abstract

•

Dietary organic chromium supplementation and its effect on the immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Author(s): Gatta PP, Thompson KD, Smullen R, Piva A, Test S, Adams A. Source: Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 2001 July; 11(5): 371-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11478514&dopt=Abstract

•

Differential sensitivity of chromium-mediated DNA interstrand crosslinks and DNAprotein crosslinks to disruption by alkali and EDTA. Author(s): Singh J, Bridgewater LC, Patierno SR. Source: Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 1998 September; 45(1): 72-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9848113&dopt=Abstract

•

DNA oxidatively damaged by chromium(III) and H(2)O(2) is protected by the antioxidants melatonin, N(1)-acetyl-N(2)-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine, resveratrol and uric acid. Author(s): Burkhardt S, Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Hardeland R, Cabrera J, Karbownik M. Source: The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 2001 August; 33(8): 775-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11404181&dopt=Abstract

•

EDTA chelation effects on urinary losses of cadmium, calcium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, magnesium, and zinc. Author(s): Waters RS, Bryden NA, Patterson KY, Veillon C, Anderson RA.

Alternative Medicine 131

Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2001 December; 83(3): 207-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11794513&dopt=Abstract •

EDTA chelation therapy does not selectively increase chromium losses. Author(s): Anderson RA, Bryden NA, Waters R. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 1999 December; 70(3): 265-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10610065&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of chromium nicotinic acid supplementation on selected cardiovascular disease risk factors. Author(s): Thomas VL, Gropper SS. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 1996 December; 55(3): 297-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9096856&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of chromium supplementation and exercise on body composition, resting metabolic rate and selected biochemical parameters in moderately obese women following an exercise program. Author(s): Volpe SL, Huang HW, Larpadisorn K, Lesser II. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2001 August; 20(4): 293-306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11506057&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of chromium supplementation on glucose tolerance and lipid profile. Author(s): Bahijri SM. Source: Saudi Med J. 2000 January; 21(1): 45-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11533750&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of chromium supplementation on production and metabolic parameters in periparturient dairy cows. Author(s): Hayirli A, Bremmer DR, Bertics SJ, Socha MT, Grummer RR. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 2001 May; 84(5): 1218-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11384049&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of chromium tripicolinate supplementation on porcine immune response during the periparturient and neonatal period. Author(s): van de Ligt JL, Lindemann MD, Harmon RJ, Monegue HJ, Cromwell GL. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2002 February; 80(2): 456-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11883434&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of chromium tripicolinate supplementation on porcine immune response during the postweaning period. Author(s): van de Ligt JL, Lindemann MD, Harmon RJ, Monegue HJ, Cromwell GL.

132 Chromium

Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2002 February; 80(2): 449-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11883433&dopt=Abstract •

Effect of dietary chromium-L-methionine on glucose metabolism of beef steers. Author(s): Kegley EB, Galloway DL, Fakler TM. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2000 December; 78(12): 3177-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11132832&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of hexavalent chromium on eukaryotic plasma membrane studied by EPR spectroscopy. Author(s): Belagyi J, Pas M, Raspor P, Pesti M, Pali T. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1999 September 21; 1421(1): 175-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10561482&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of resistance training with or without chromium picolinate supplementation on glucose metabolism in older men and women. Author(s): Joseph LJ, Farrell PA, Davey SL, Evans WJ, Campbell WW. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1999 May; 48(5): 546-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10337851&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of selenium supplementation on the uptake and translocation of chromium by spinach (Spinacea oleracea). Author(s): Srivastava S, Shanker K, Srivastava S, Shrivastav R, Das S, Prakash S, Srivastava MM. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1998 May; 60(5): 7508. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9595191&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of shipping and chromium supplementation on performance, immune response, and disease resistance of steers. Author(s): Kegley EB, Spears JW, Brown TT Jr. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1997 July; 75(7): 1956-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9222855&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of supplementation with chromium picolinate on antibody titers to 5hydroxymethyl uracil. Author(s): Kato I, Vogelman JH, Dilman V, Karkoszka J, Frenkel K, Durr NP, Orentreich N, Toniolo P. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1998 September; 14(6): 621-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9794131&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on body composition, strength, and urinary chromium loss in football players.

Alternative Medicine 133

Author(s): Clancy SP, Clarkson PM, DeCheke ME, Nosaka K, Freedson PS, Cunningham JJ, Valentine B. Source: Int J Sport Nutr. 1994 June; 4(2): 142-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8054959&dopt=Abstract •

Effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on insulin sensitivity, serum lipids, and body composition in healthy, nonobese, older men and women. Author(s): Amato P, Morales AJ, Yen SS. Source: The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2000 May; 55(5): M260-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10819315&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on insulin sensitivity, serum lipids, and body weight in dexamethasone-treated rats. Author(s): Kim DS, Kim TW, Park IK, Kang JS, Om AS. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2002 May; 51(5): 589-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11979390&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of chromium supplementation on fasting insulin levels and lipid parameters in healthy, non-obese young subjects. Author(s): Wilson BE, Gondy A. Source: Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 1995 June; 28(3): 179-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8529496&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of chromium supplementation on glucose tolerance in obese and nonobese cats. Author(s): Cohn LA, Dodam JR, McCaw DL, Tate DJ. Source: Am J Vet Res. 1999 November; 60(11): 1360-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10566809&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of chromium supplementation on the growth and carcass quality of bulls fed a grain-based diet during the finishing period. Author(s): Danielsson DA, Pehrson B. Source: Zentralbl Veterinarmed A. 1998 May; 45(4): 219-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9697422&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of dietary chromium and ascorbic acid supplementation on digestion of nutrients, serum antioxidant status, and mineral concentrations in laying hens reared at a low ambient temperature. Author(s): Sahin K, Sahin N, Kucuk O. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2002 Summer; 87(1-3): 113-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12117221&dopt=Abstract

134 Chromium

•

Effects of dietary chromium chloride supplementation on performance, some serum parameters, and immune response in broilers. Author(s): Uyanik F, Atasever A, Ozdamar S, Aydin F. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2002 Winter; 90(1-3): 99-115. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12666829&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of dietary chromium picolinate and ascorbic acid supplementation on egg production, egg quality and some serum metabolites of laying hens reared under a low ambient temperature (6 degrees C). Author(s): Sahin K, Onderci M, Sahin N, Aydin S. Source: Archiv Fur Tierernahrung. 2002 February; 56(1): 41-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12389221&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of dietary chromium picolinate supplementation on growth, carcass characteristics, and accretion rates of carcass tissues in growing-finishing swine. Author(s): Mooney KW, Cromwell GL. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1995 November; 73(11): 3351-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8586594&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of dietary chromium picolinate supplementation on performance and plasma concentrations of insulin and corticosterone in laying hens under low ambient temperature. Author(s): Sahin K, Kucuk O, Sahin N. Source: Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 2001 June; 85(5-6): 142-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11686782&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of exercise on chromium levels. Is supplementation required? Author(s): Clarkson PM. Source: Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 1997 June; 23(6): 341-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9219318&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of niacin-bound chromium supplementation on body composition in overweight African-American women. Author(s): Crawford V, Scheckenbach R, Preuss HG. Source: Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. 1999 November; 1(6): 331-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11225649&dopt=Abstract

•

Enhancing central and peripheral insulin activity as a strategy for the treatment of endogenous depression--an adjuvant role for chromium picolinate? Author(s): McCarty MF. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1994 October; 43(4): 247-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7838010&dopt=Abstract

Alternative Medicine 135

•

Estimation of glomerular filtration rate using chromium-51 ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid and technetium-99m diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid. Author(s): Biggi A, Viglietti A, Farinelli MC, Bonada C, Camuzzini G. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 1995 June; 22(6): 532-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7556298&dopt=Abstract

•

Estimation of normal chromium-51 ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid clearance in children. Author(s): Piepsz A, Pintelon H, Ham HR. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 1994 January; 21(1): 12-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8088280&dopt=Abstract

•

Evaluation of antioxidant activity of leaf extract of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) on chromium(VI) induced oxidative stress in albino rats. Author(s): Geetha S, Sai Ram M, Mongia SS, Singh V, Ilavazhagan G, Sawhney RC. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 August; 87(2-3): 247-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12860317&dopt=Abstract

•

Experimental copper and chromium deficiency and additional molybdenum supplementation in goats. I. Feed consumption and weight development. Author(s): Frank A, Anke M, Danielsson R. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2000 April 17; 249(1-3): 133-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10813453&dopt=Abstract

•

Experimental copper and chromium deficiency and additional molybdenum supplementation in goats. II. Concentrations of trace and minor elements in liver, kidneys and ribs: haematology and clinical chemistry. Author(s): Frank A, Danielsson R, Jones B. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2000 April 17; 249(1-3): 143-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10813454&dopt=Abstract

•

Experimental copper deficiency, chromium deficiency and additional molybdenum supplementation in goats--pathological findings. Author(s): Aupperle H, Schoon HA, Frank A. Source: Acta Vet Scand. 2001; 42(3): 311-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11887391&dopt=Abstract

•

Extrarenal plasma clearance of iohexol, chromium-51-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and inulin in anephric pigs. Author(s): Frennby B, Sterner G, Almen T, Chai CM, Jonsson BA, Mansson S. Source: Academic Radiology. 1996 February; 3(2): 145-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8796655&dopt=Abstract

136 Chromium

•

Formation of reactive oxygen species and DNA strand breakage during interaction of chromium (III) and hydrogen peroxide in vitro: evidence for a chromium (III)mediated Fenton-like reaction. Author(s): Tsou TC, Yang JL. Source: Chemico-Biological Interactions. 1996 December 20; 102(3): 133-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9021167&dopt=Abstract

•

Genotoxicity of trivalent chromium in bacterial cells. Possible effects on DNA topology. Author(s): Plaper A, Jenko-Brinovec S, Premzl A, Kos J, Raspor P. Source: Chemical Research in Toxicology. 2002 July; 15(7): 943-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12119005&dopt=Abstract

•

Glucose and insulin responses to dietary chromium supplements: a meta-analysis. Author(s): Althuis MD, Jordan NE, Ludington EA, Wittes JT. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 July; 76(1): 148-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12081828&dopt=Abstract

•

Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry used for determination of total, EDTA and acetic acid extractable chromium and cobalt in soils. Author(s): Lilleengen B, Wibetoe G. Source: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2002 January; 372(1): 187-95. Epub 2001 December 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11939193&dopt=Abstract

•

High chromium yeast supplementation improves glucose tolerance in pigs by decreasing hepatic extraction of insulin. Author(s): Guan X, Matte JJ, Ku PK, Snow JL, Burton JL, Trottier NL. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2000 May; 130(5): 1274-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10801929&dopt=Abstract

•

High-dose biotin, an inducer of glucokinase expression, may synergize with chromium picolinate to enable a definitive nutritional therapy for type II diabetes. Author(s): McCarty MF. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1999 May; 52(5): 401-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10416947&dopt=Abstract

•

In vitro reduction kinetics of hexavalent chromium in human blood. Author(s): Corbett GE, Dodge DG, O'Flaherty E, Liang J, Throop L, Finley BL, Kerger BD. Source: Environmental Research. 1998 July; 78(1): 7-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9630439&dopt=Abstract

Alternative Medicine 137

•

In vivo antioxidant properties of vitamin E and chromium in cold-stressed Japanese quails. Author(s): Sahin N, Sahin K, Onderci M, Ozcelik M, Smith MO. Source: Archiv Fur Tierernahrung. 2003 June; 57(3): 207-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12903865&dopt=Abstract

•

In vivo distribution of chromium from chromium picolinate in rats and implications for the safety of the dietary supplement. Author(s): Hepburn DD, Vincent JB. Source: Chemical Research in Toxicology. 2002 February; 15(2): 93-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11849034&dopt=Abstract

•

In vivo interaction of trivalent chromium with yeast plasma membrane, as revealed by EPR spectroscopy. Author(s): Pesti M, Gazdag Z, Belagyi J. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 2000 January 15; 182(2): 375-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10620695&dopt=Abstract

•

In vivo reduction of chromium (VI) and its related free radical generation. Author(s): Liu KJ, Shi X. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2001 June; 222(1-2): 41-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11678610&dopt=Abstract

•

Influence of chromium tripicolinate on growth and glucose metabolism in yearling horses. Author(s): Ott EA, Kivipelto J. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1999 November; 77(11): 3022-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10568473&dopt=Abstract

•

Is chromium supplementation effective in managing type II diabetes? Author(s): Hellerstein MK. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1998 October; 56(10): 302-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9810809&dopt=Abstract

•

Lack of effect of dietary chromium supplementation on glucose tolerance, plasma insulin and lipoprotein levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Trow LG, Lewis J, Greenwood RH, Sampson MJ, Self KA, Crews HM, Fairweather-Tait SJ. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2000 January; 70(1): 14-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10683756&dopt=Abstract

•

Longevity effect of chromium picolinate--'rejuvenation' of hypothalamic function? Author(s): McCarty MF.

138 Chromium

Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1994 October; 43(4): 253-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7838011&dopt=Abstract •

Long-term effects of chromium, grape seed extract, and zinc on various metabolic parameters of rats. Author(s): Preuss HG, Montamarry S, Echard B, Scheckenbach R, Bagchi D. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2001 July; 223(1-2): 95-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11681727&dopt=Abstract

•

Low frequency electron paramagnetic resonance investigation on metabolism of chromium (VI) by whole live mice. Author(s): Liu KJ, Shi X, Jiang J, Goda F, Dalal N, Swartz HM. Source: Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1996 March-April; 26(2): 176-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8852427&dopt=Abstract

•

Low-frequency EPR detection of chromium(V) formation by chromium(VI) reduction in whole live mice. Author(s): Liu KJ, Jiang J, Swartz HM, Shi X. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1994 September; 313(2): 248-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8080269&dopt=Abstract

•

Low-frequency EPR study of chromium(V) formation from chromium(VI) in living plants. Author(s): Liu KJ, Jiang J, Shi X, Gabrys H, Walczak T, Swartz HM. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1995 January 26; 206(3): 829-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7832793&dopt=Abstract

•

Mutational spectrum induced by chromium(III) in shuttle vectors replicated in human cells: relationship to Cr(III)-DNA interactions. Author(s): Tsou TC, Lin RJ, Yang JL. Source: Chemical Research in Toxicology. 1997 September; 10(9): 962-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9305577&dopt=Abstract

•

Nitric oxide deficiency, leukocyte activation, and resultant ischemia are crucial to the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy/neuropathy--preventive potential of antioxidants, essential fatty acids, chromium, ginkgolides, and pentoxifylline. Author(s): McCarty MF. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1998 May; 50(5): 435-49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9681924&dopt=Abstract

Alternative Medicine 139

•

Novel potentiometric membrane sensor for the determination of trace amounts of chromium(III) ions. Author(s): Ganjali MR, Mizani F, Salavati-Niasari M, Javanbakht M. Source: Anal Sci. 2003 February; 19(2): 235-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12608751&dopt=Abstract

•

Nutritional supplement chromium picolinate causes sterility and lethal mutations in Drosophila melanogaster. Author(s): Hepburn DD, Xiao J, Bindom S, Vincent JB, O'Donnell J. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003 April 1; 100(7): 3766-71. Epub 2003 March 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12649323&dopt=Abstract

•

One-electron reduction of chromium(VI) by alpha-lipoic acid and related hydroxyl radical generation, dG hydroxylation and nuclear transcription factor-kappaB activation. Author(s): Chen F, Ye J, Zhang X, Rojanasakul Y, Shi X. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1997 February 15; 338(2): 165-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9028868&dopt=Abstract

•

Optimal dietary concentration of chromium for alleviating the effect of heat stress on growth, carcass qualities, and some serum metabolites of broiler chickens. Author(s): Sahin K, Sahin N, Onderci M, Gursu F, Cikim G. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2002 October; 89(1): 53-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12413051&dopt=Abstract

•

Oral chromium picolinate and control of glycemia in insulin-treated diabetic dogs. Author(s): Schachter S, Nelson RW, Kirk CA. Source: J Vet Intern Med. 2001 July-August; 15(4): 379-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11467597&dopt=Abstract

•

Performance, serum characteristics, carcase traits and lipid metabolism of broilers as affected by supplement of chromium picolinate. Author(s): Lien TF, Horng YM, Yang KH. Source: British Poultry Science. 1999 July; 40(3): 357-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10475633&dopt=Abstract

•

Potential antioxidant effects of zinc and chromium supplementation in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Anderson RA, Roussel AM, Zouari N, Mahjoub S, Matheau JM, Kerkeni A. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2001 June; 20(3): 212-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11444416&dopt=Abstract

140 Chromium

•

Protein degradation by peroxide catalyzed by chromium (III): role of coordinated ligand. Author(s): Shrivastava HY, Nair BU. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2000 April 21; 270(3): 749-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10772896&dopt=Abstract

•

Quest for the molecular mechanism of chromium action and its relationship to diabetes. Author(s): Vincent JB. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2000 March; 58(3 Pt 1): 67-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10812920&dopt=Abstract

•

Rate of passage of barley diets with chromium oxide: influence of age and poultry strain and effect of beta-glucanase supplementation. Author(s): Almirall M, Esteve-Garcia E. Source: Poultry Science. 1994 September; 73(9): 1433-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7800645&dopt=Abstract

•

Removal of copper, chromium, and arsenic from CCA-C treated wood by EDTA extraction. Author(s): Kartal SN. Source: Waste Management (New York, N.Y.). 2003; 23(6): 537-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12909094&dopt=Abstract

•

Reversal of corticosteroid-induced diabetes mellitus with supplemental chromium. Author(s): Ravina A, Slezak L, Mirsky N, Bryden NA, Anderson RA. Source: Diabetic Medicine : a Journal of the British Diabetic Association. 1999 February; 16(2): 164-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10229312&dopt=Abstract

•

Role of chromium supplementation in Indians with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Ghosh D, Bhattacharya B, Mukherjee B, Manna B, Sinha M, Chowdhury J, Chowdhury S. Source: The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2002 November; 13(11): 690-697. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12550067&dopt=Abstract

•

Separation of chromium (III) and chromium (VI) by capillary electrophoresis using 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid as a pre-column complexation agent. Author(s): Chen Z, Naidu R, Subramanian A. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2001 August 24; 927(1-2): 219-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11572392&dopt=Abstract

Alternative Medicine 141

•

Speciation of chromium by in-capillary reaction and capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection. Author(s): Yang WP, Zhang ZJ, Deng W. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2003 October 3; 1014(1-2): 203-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14558626&dopt=Abstract

•

Structural modification and aggregation of mucin by chromium(III) complexes. Author(s): Shrivastava HY, Nair BU. Source: Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics. 2003 February; 20(4): 575-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12529156&dopt=Abstract

•

Subtoxic intracellular trivalent chromium is not mutagenic: implications for safety of chromium supplementation. Author(s): McCarty MF. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1997 September; 49(3): 263-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9293471&dopt=Abstract

•

Teratogenicity of hexavalent chromium in rats and the beneficial role of ginseng. Author(s): Elsaieed EM, Nada SA. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2002 March; 68(3): 361-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11993810&dopt=Abstract

•

The effectiveness of long-term supplementation of carbohydrate, chromium, fibre and caffeine on weight maintenance. Author(s): Pasman WJ, Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Saris WH. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1997 December; 21(12): 1143-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9426382&dopt=Abstract

•

The effects of chromium and copper supplementation on mitogen-stimulated T cell proliferation in hypercholesterolaemic postmenopausal women. Author(s): Rhee YS, Hermann JR, Burnham K, Arquitt AB, Stoecker BJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2002 March; 127(3): 463-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11966762&dopt=Abstract

•

The effects of dietary chromium supplementation on some blood parameters in sheep. Author(s): Uyanik F. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2001 Winter; 84(1-3): 93-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11817699&dopt=Abstract

142 Chromium

•

The effects of inorganic chromium and brewer's yeast supplementation on glucose tolerance, serum lipids and drug dosage in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Bahijiri SM, Mira SA, Mufti AM, Ajabnoor MA. Source: Saudi Med J. 2000 September; 21(9): 831-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11376359&dopt=Abstract

•

The nutritional supplement chromium(III) tris(picolinate) cleaves DNA. Author(s): Speetjens JK, Collins RA, Vincent JB, Woski SA. Source: Chemical Research in Toxicology. 1999 June; 12(6): 483-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10368310&dopt=Abstract

•

The penetration of chromium-EDTA from blood plasma into various compartments of rat testes as an indicator of function of the blood-testis barrier after exposure of the testes to heat. Author(s): Setchell BP, Tao L, Zupp JL. Source: Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 1996 January; 106(1): 125-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8667337&dopt=Abstract

•

The potential value and toxicity of chromium picolinate as a nutritional supplement, weight loss agent and muscle development agent. Author(s): Vincent JB. Source: Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 2003; 33(3): 213-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12656641&dopt=Abstract

•

The role of iron chelators and oxygen in the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase-dependent chromium(VI) reduction. Author(s): Mikalsen A, Capellmann M, Alexander J. Source: The Analyst. 1995 March; 120(3): 935-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7741258&dopt=Abstract

•

The safety and efficacy of high-dose chromium. Author(s): Lamson DS, Plaza SM. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 2002 June; 7(3): 218-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12126463&dopt=Abstract

•

Time course of gastrointestinal tract permeability to chromium 51-labeled ethylenediaminetetraacetate in healthy dogs. Author(s): Marks SL, Williams DA. Source: Am J Vet Res. 1998 September; 59(9): 1113-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9736386&dopt=Abstract

Alternative Medicine 143

•

Toxicological interactions among arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and lead in human keratinocytes. Author(s): Bae DS, Gennings C, Carter WH Jr, Yang RS, Campain JA. Source: Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 2001 September; 63(1): 132-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11509753&dopt=Abstract

•

Trivalent chromium and the diabetes prevention program. Author(s): Linday LA. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1997 July; 49(1): 47-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9247907&dopt=Abstract

•

Volume Profile for Substitution in Labile Chromium(III) Complexes: Reactions of Aqueous [Cr(Hedta)OH(2)] and [Cr(edta)](-) with Thiocyanate Ion. Author(s): Beswick CL, Shalders RD, Swaddle TW. Source: Inorganic Chemistry. 1996 February 14; 35(4): 991-994. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11666275&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

144 Chromium

The following is a specific Web list relating to chromium; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Acne Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Alcoholism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arteriosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Atherosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Coronary Artery Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diabetes Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eye Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fibromyalgia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Glaucoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

Alternative Medicine 145

High Triglycerides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypoglycemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypoglycemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insulin Resistance Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low Blood Sugar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lung Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lung Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Migraine Headaches Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Obesity Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pms Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Premenstrual Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Psoriasis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Sinus Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sleep Apnea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Weight Loss and Obesity Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •

Herbs and Supplements 5-htp (5-hydroxytryptophan) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

146 Chromium

Antacids Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beta-blockers Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bilberry Alternative names: Vaccinium myrtillus, European Blueberry, Huckleberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Boswellia Alternative names: Frankincense; Boswellia serrata Roxb. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Brewer’s Yeast Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brewer's Yeast Alternative names: Nutritional Yeast Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Conjugated Linoleic Acid Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com European Blueberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Garcinia Cambogia Alternative names: Citrin, Gambooge Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Glyburide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gymnema Alternative names: Gurmar; Gymnema sylvestre Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Huckleberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insulin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Insulin Alternative names: Humalog, Humulin, Iletin, Novolin, Velosulin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

Alternative Medicine 147

Lobelia Alternative names: Lobelia inflata L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Nac (n-acetylcysteine) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,809,00.html Oral Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oral Hypoglycemics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Red Clover Alternative names: Trifolium pratense , beebread, cow clover, cow grass, meadow clover, purple clover Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sertraline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Smilax Alternative names: Sarsaparilla; Smilax glabra Roxb. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Vaccinium Myrtillus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

149

CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CHROMIUM Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to chromium. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “chromium” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on chromium, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Chromium ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to chromium. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A Few-cycle Chromium(4+): Yag Laser and Optical Studies of Photonic Crystals by Ripin, Daniel Jacob; Phd from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f895905

•

A Historical Geography of Mineral Supplies for the United States Economy: Chromium, Cobalt, and Tungsten by Kimmel, Lawrence John; Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2002, 226 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3047024

•

A Thermodynamic Study of Binary Liquid Alloys of Copper with Iron, Cobalt, and Chromium by Mass Spectrometry by Timberg, Lloyd; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK43734

150 Chromium

•

Alkene Epoxidation with Silsesquioxane-based Chromium and Titanium Catalysts by Vorstenbosch, Martinus Lambertus Wilhelmus; Drir from Technische Universiteit Eindhoven (the Netherlands), 2002, 104 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f416625

•

Alkoxy Accelerated Beta-fragmentations of Alcohols and Lactols with Lead Tetraacetate and Copper(ii)acetate: Study of the Regioselectivity of Chromiummediated [6+4] Cycloadditions Using Thiepin-1,1-dioxide and Application to the Synthesis of Calamenene by Payen, Anne Jeanne; Phd from Wayne State University, 2002, 179 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3047583

•

An Economic Analysis of the World Chromium Market by Houtman, Catrinus, Dcom from University of South Africa (south Africa), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f4261652

•

Aquation and Chromium(ii) Reduction Reactions of Sulfonamido Complexes of Pentaamminecobalt(iii) by Laird, Janet Louise; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK67429

•

Asymmetric Catalytic Synthesis Using Arene Chromium Carbonyls by Heaton, Steven Barry; Phd from Clemson University, 2002, 121 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3045209

•

Catalytic Hydrogenation of Canola Oil in the Presence of Nickel and Arene Chromium Tricarbonyl Complexes by Koseoglu, Semih Sefa; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK65286

•

Chemistry of Metallacyclic Carbene and Sigma,pi-allyl Complexes of Chromium, Tungsten and Iron: Synthesis of Alpha,beta-unsaturated Lactones by Pfab, Hermann Johannes; Phd from Queen's University of Belfast (northern Ireland), 2002, 170 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f425841

•

Chromium Isotopic Composition of the Implanted Solar Wind-bearing Component in Apollo 16 Lunar Soils by Kitts, Bunnie Kathleen; Phd from Washington University, 2002, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3065060

•

Chromium(iii)-catalyzed Asymmetric Pericyclic Reactions: Discovery and Mechanism by Ruck, Rebecca Tamra; Phd from Harvard University, 2003, 123 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3091671

•

Crystal Chemistry of Chromium-aluminium Spinels by Osborne, Margery Diane; Phd from The University of Western Ontario (canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK56127

•

Development of Novel Analytical Techniques and Methods for the Determination of Trace Chromium in the Environment by Pressman, Melissa Anne Singer; Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 2003, 174 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3091371

•

DNA Damage by Chromium Carcinogens: Chromatographic, Mass Spectroscopic, and Kinetic Characterization by Mazzer, Paula Ann; Phd from Kent State University, 2002, 123 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3057402

Dissertations 151

•

Effect of the Silica Support on the Reactivity and Polymerization Activity of Organochromium Complexes by Fu, Anqiu; , Msc from University of Ottawa (canada), 2002, 127 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ76524

•

Electrokinetically Enhanced Reduction of Chromium(vi) by Aqueous Iron(ii) in Contaminated Clays by Weeks, Antoinette G.; Phd from Lehigh University, 2002, 158 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3048978

•

Electron Nuclear Double Resonance of Chromium(3+) and Manganese(2+) in a Magnesium Oxide Lattice by Dyer, Gleen Lionel; Advdeg from Mcgill University (canada), 1967 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK01308

•

Emission and Absorption Studies of Octahedral Chromium (iii) Complexes by Witzke, Horst; Advdeg from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK05861

•

Esr and Endor Investigations of Chromium(3+) Impurities in Alpha, Beta and Gamma Alums by Danilov, Alexander G; Phd from University of Ottawa (canada), 1971 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK11088

•

Evaluation of Serum, Urine, and Hair Chromium Levels As Indices of Chromium Exposure and the Relationship of These Indices to Serum Lipid and Insulin Levels by Randall, Janis Avril; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL40576

•

Factors Influencing the Formation of Chromite Seams the Effects of Temperature and Oxygen Fugacity on the Behaviour of Chromium in Basic and Ultrabasic Melts : the Petrology and Geochemistry of the G and H Chromite Seams in the Mountain View Area of the S by Murck, Barbara W; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL31442

•

Feasibility of Using Living Alfalfa Plants in the Phytoextraction of Cadmium(ii), Chromium(vi), Copper(ii), Nickel(ii), and Zinc(ii): Agar and Soil Studies by Peraltavidea, Jose Ramon; Phd from The University of Texas at El Paso, 2002, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3049704

•

Field Dependence of Spin-lattice Relaxation Times in Chromium(3+) by Rumin, N; Advdeg from Mcgill University (canada), 1965 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK00391

•

Gallium and Chromium Corroles by Meier, Alexandre Edouard; Phd from California Institute of Technology, 2003, 177 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3091465

•

Grain Boundary Deformation-induced Integranular Stress Corrosion Cracking of Nickel-chromium(16)-iron(9) in 360 Degrees Celsius Water by Alexandreanu, Bogdan; Phd from University of Michigan, 2002, 484 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3057884

•

Growth and Structure of Ultra-thin Epitaxial Chromium and Iron Oxide Films on Silver(001) and Silver(111): a Comprehensive Study Accomplished by X-ray Photoelectron Diffraction and Low Energy Electron Diffraction by Ozturk, Osman; Phd from University of Missouri - Rolla, 2002, 136 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3053629

152 Chromium

•

High Energy Ion Assisted Cathodic Arc Evaporation of Chromium-nitrogen Deposited on Age Hardened 7075-t6 Aluminum by Dennin, Thomas Bracey; Phd from Colorado School of Mines, 2003 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f132881

•

High Pressure Studies on the Spectroscopic, Photochemical and Photophysical Properties of Chromium (iii) Complex Ions in Liquid Media by Lee, Sang Hak; Phd from The University of Saskatchewan (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL29263

•

I. Photochemical Catalytic [6pi + 2pi] Higher-order Cycloadditions. Ii. toward the Development of a Chiral Catalyst for Chromium(0) Higher-order Cycloadditions. Iii. Synthetic Studies toward a Synthesis of Taxol: Investigation of an Intramolecular Cycload by Mann, Larry W.; Phd from Wayne State University, 2002, 203 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3071806

•

I. Predicting Equilibrium Stable Isotope Fractionations of Iron, Chlorine, and Chromium. Ii. Oxygen-isotope Investigation of Mesozoic and Cenozoic Granitoids of the Northeastern Great Basin, Nevada and Utah by Schauble, Edwin Arthur; Phd from California Institute of Technology, 2002, 189 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3062282

•

Inelastic Scattering of Magnetically Trapped Atomic Chromium by Decarvalho, Robert; Phd from Harvard University, 2003, 222 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3091542

•

Investigation of Cracking Behavior of Chromium Nitride Films on Brass Substrates by Krishnamurthy, Saki; Phd from Colorado School of Mines, 2003 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f132897

•

Investigation of the Mechanisms of Chemiluminescent Fluorine Reactions of Manganese and Chromium by Green, Karen Marie; Phd from The Ohio State University, 2002, 172 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3049029

•

Kinetic and Mechanistic Investigations of the Copolymerization Reaction of Carbon Dioxide and Epoxides, Using Chromium Chloride Salen Catalysts by Yarbrough, Jason C.; Phd from Texas A&m University, 2003, 240 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3088200

•

Kinetic Studies on the Reactions of Chromium(ii) with Nitrile Complexes of Pentaamminecobalt(iii) by Kupferschmidt, William Cletus Henry; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK60288

•

Laboratory Studies of In-situ Redox Manipulation for Remediation of Pce, Tce and Chromium(vi)-contaminated Groundwater in Atlantic Coastal Plain Sediments by Uddin, Md Momin Kamal; Phd from University of Georgia, 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f691825

•

Liquid-liquid Extraction of Chromium by Diphenyl-2-pyridylmethane by Hickling, George Gordon; Phd from Mcmaster University (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL30595

•

Magnetic Trapping of Atomic Chromium and Molecular Calcium Monohydride by Weinstein, Jonathan David; Phd from Harvard University, 2002, 247 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3038494

Dissertations 153

•

Metal and Oxygen Activities in the Iron-nickel-oxygen and Nickel-chromium-oxygen Systems between 900° and 1100°c by Davies, Haydn; Phd from Mcmaster University (canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK22592

•

Metal Vapors in Synthesis : the Chemistry of Chromium Sandwich Complexes by Tan, Teong-seng; Phd from Mcmaster University (canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK29751

•

Microbial Chromium(vi) Reduction: Role of Electron Donors, Acceptors, and Mechanisms, with Special Emphasis on Clostridium Spp. by Sharma, Kanika; Phd from University of Florida, 2002, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083039

•

Multi-metal Equilibrium Sorption and Transport Modeling for Copper, Chromium, and Arsenic in an Iron Oxide-coated Sand, Synthetic Groundwater System by Osathaphan, Khemarath; Phd from Oregon State University, 2002, 214 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3044345

•

N.m.r. Studies of the Bonding in Arene Chromium Tricarbonyl Complexes by Fletcher, John L; Phd from Mcmaster University (canada), 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK52235

•

Natural Attenuation of Chromium(vi) by Bacteria in Harbor Sediments by Arias, Yolanda Meriah; Phd from University of California, San Diego, 2002, 176 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3064460

•

Novel Chromium Carbonyl Complexes of Dihydropyridines and Their Application to the Synthesis of Dehydrosecodine by Ridaura-sanz, Vicente Ernesto; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK46253

•

Nuclear Structure Studies in Manganese-53 Via the Chromium-53(p,nr) Manganese53 Reaction by Chung, Woon Hyuk; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK11126

•

Organometallic Oxo Complexes of Vanadium and Chromium by Sutin, Lori Cheryl; Phd from The University of New Brunswick (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL39799

•

Part 1: Structure, Stability and Reactivity of Small Biologically-active Organosulfur Compounds. Part 2: Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Enzymatic Reduction of Chromium(vi) and Arsenic(v) and Its Implications in Metal-induced Carcinogenesis by Olojo, Oluwarotimi Odunayo; Phd from West Virginia University, 2002, 236 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3076378

•

Phase Transitions in Chromium by Barak, Zvi; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK58313

•

Power Scaling Feasibility of Chromium-doped Ii-vi Laser Sources and the Demonstration of a Chromium-doped Zinc Selenide Face-cooled Disk Laser by Mckay, Jason B.; Phd from Air Force Institute of Technology, 2003, 162 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3066924

154 Chromium

•

Preference Avoidance Reactions of Rainbow Trout, Salmo Gairdneri, Following Long Term Sublethal Exposure to Chromium and Copper by Anestis, Ioannis D; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL46147

•

Reactions of Rhodium Carbenoids with Arenes: Implications of Arene Complexation by Chromium Tricarbonyl by Zechman, Andrea Leah; Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 2002, 443 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3066434

•

Resource Geopolitics: U.s. Dependence on South African Chromium (united States) by Butts, Kent Hughes, Phd from University of Washington, 1985, 338 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8521567

•

Selenium and Chromium Stable Isotopes and the Fate of Redox-active Contaminants in the Environment by Ellis, Andre Savio; Phd from University of Illinois at Urbanachampaign, 2003, 61 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086053

•

Speciation and Reactivity of Chromium(iii) Oligomers in Alkaline Systems by Friese, Judah Isaac; Phd from Washington State University, 2002, 125 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3061480

•

Spin-phonon Transition Probabilities for Chromium(3+) and Iron(3+) in Potassium Cobalticyanide by Weissfloch, C. F; Advdeg from Mcgill University (canada), 1966 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK00283

•

Spin-polarized Transport and Magnetization Reversal Behavior of Transition Metal and Half-metallic Chromium Dioxide Thin Films and Multilayers by Anguelouch, Alexandre; Phd from Brown University, 2003, 131 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3087231

•

Studies of the Photoreactivity of Chromium (iii) Excited States by Wong, Carl; Phd from University of Victoria (canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK34136

•

Surface and Interface Properties of Chromium Dioxide Thin Films by Cheng, Ruihua; Phd from The University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 2002, 106 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3074071

•

Synthesis and Characterization of Imido Corrole Complexes of Manganese(v) and Chromium(v), Synthesis and Characterization of Simple Rhenium(v) Nitrido Complexes and Intermetal Nitrogen-atom Transfer from Manganese(v) Nitrido to Rhenium(iii) by Eikey, Rebecca Ann; Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 2002, 216 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3078119

•

Synthesis and Spectroscopy of Electron Exchange Coupled Semiquinone Complexes of Chromium and Nickel by Praseuth, Richard Tirasak; Ms from Michigan State University, 2002, 104 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410719

•

Synthesis, Spectroscopic Properties and Crystal Structure of Coordination Compounds Containing Chromium(vi) Ions by Wojciechowska, Agnieszka; Phd from Politechnika Wroclawska (poland), 2002, 214 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f416449

Dissertations 155

•

Synthetic, Structural and High Field Nmr Spectroscopic Studies of Arene-chromium Complexes by Mailvaganam, Bavani; Phd from Mcmaster University (canada), 1990 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL57958

•

The Effect of Nitrogen Addition on the Characterization and Oxidation Behavior of Titanium-aluminum-chromium Coatings by Sullivan, Jonathan Francis; Phd from The University of Alabama, 2002, 127 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3075154

•

The Effects of Carnitine And/or Chromium on Blood Hormones and Metabolites of Gestating Swine by Woodworth, Jason Clark; Phd from Kansas State University, 2002, 165 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3076125

•

The Effects of Temperature and Composition on the Solubility of Chromium in Multi-component Alkali-borosilicate Glass Melts by Vienna, John David; Phd from Washington State University, 2002, 193 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3061484

•

The Feasibility of Chromium Carbide Coating on Graphic Fibers for Metal Matrix Composites by Miyase, Akira; Phd from University of Waterloo (canada), 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK49823

•

The Hydrogen Reduction of Iron and Chromium Oxides by Nadler, Jason Hayes; Phd from Georgia Institute of Technology, 2003, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3084987

•

The Kinetics of the Acid Catalyzed Oxygen Exchange between Chromium (vi) Oxyanions and Water by Mak, Scotty Yung Chun; Advdeg from The University of Western Ontario (canada), 1967 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK01601

•

The Oxidation of Secondary and Tertiary Aromatic Alcohols by Chromium (vi) and Manganese (vii) by Banoo, Fariza; Advdeg from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1969 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK03692

•

The Photochemical and Photophysical Characterization of Chromium Iii Polypyridyl Complexes in Fluid Media by Jamieson, Mary A; Phd from Concordia University (canada), 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK58431

•

The Preparation, Characterization and Chromium (II) Reduction of Pentamminecobalt (III) Complexes by Balahura, Robert James; Advdeg from University of Alberta (canada), 1971 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK08053

•

The Primary Photoprocesses of Chromium (III) Complexes by Chen, Schoen-nan; Advdeg from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK06884

•

The Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium by Goeringer, Alan Scott; Phd from The University of Texas at Arlington, 2002, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3048679

156 Chromium

•

The Relationship between Microstructure and Fracture of Titanium-aluminum-tinzirconium-molybdenum-chromium-silicon Sheet by Wallace, Terryl Anne; Phd from University of Virginia, 2003, 159 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083126

•

The Relationship of Microstructure to the Mechanical Properties of a Cobaltchromium-molybdenum Alloy Used for Prosthetic Devices by Kilner, Thomas; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK65289

•

The Role of Human Cytochrome B(5) in Microsomal Chromium(VI) Reduction and Resulting Dna Damage by Jannetto, Paul Joseph; Phd from The Medical College of Wisconsin, 2002, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3032098

•

The Spin Density Wave State of Chromium by Buker, Donald W; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK47018

•

The Synthesis, Structure and Reactivity of Beta-diketiminato Chromium Complexes for Olefin Polymerization by Macadams, Leonard Aron; Phd from University of Delaware, 2002, 273 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3046618

•

The Trans Effect in Water Exchange Reaction of Chromium (III) Complexes by Bracken, Donald Edward; Advdeg from The University of Western Ontario (canada), 1967 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK01567

•

Thermodynamics and Kinetics for the Pearlite Reaction in Chromium Steels by Sharma, Romesh Chand; Phd from Mcmaster University (canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK33052

•

Transient Liquid Phase Bonding of Titanium-Aluminum-Niobium-Chromium Alloys by Zhou, Tao; , Phd from Auburn University, 2002, 176 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3071353

•

Ultrasonic Studies of Single-q Chromium by Muir, William Camber; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL39219

•

Utilization of Reclaimed Limestone Residual (RLR) for the Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium by Ochola, Charles Enos; Phd from Lehigh University, 2003, 391 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3073987

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

157

CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND CHROMIUM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning chromium.

Recent Trials on Chromium The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to chromium.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Chromium Effects in Impaired Glucose Tolerance Condition(s): Obesity Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: Impaired glucose tolerance(IGT) often precedes Type II diabetes and is a cardiac risk. Chromium (Cr) is an insulin co-factor. This study will investigate the effects of daily Chromium for 6 months at two doses on serum measures of glucose tolerance and endothelial function in adults with IGT. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00067626

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. 8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

158 Chromium

The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “chromium” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

•

For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

•

For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

•

For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

•

For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

•

For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

•

For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

•

For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

•

For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

•

For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

•

For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

•

For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

•

For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

•

For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

•

For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

159

CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON CHROMIUM Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “chromium” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on chromium, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Chromium By performing a patent search focusing on chromium, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 9Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

160 Chromium

example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on chromium: •

Advanced case carburizing secondary hardening steels Inventor(s): Campbell; Carelyn (Gaithersburg, MD), Kuehmann; Charles J. (Deerfield, IL), Olson; Gregory B. (Riverwoods, IL), Wise; John P. (Boulder, CO) Assignee(s): Northwestern University (Evanston, IL) Patent Number: 6,635,126 Date filed: November 25, 2002 Abstract: Steel alloys susceptible to case and core hardening comprising 0.05 to 0.24 weight percent carbon; 15 to 28 weight percent cobalt and 1.5 to 9.5 weight percent in nickel, small percentages of one or more additives: chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium; and the balance iron. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a new class of steel alloys especially useful for the manufacture of case hardened gears and other products made from case carburized steel alloys. Currently, there are a number of high performance gear and bearing steels on the market. A number of these materials utilize primary carbides to achieve their high surface hardness and others use stage one or stage three tempered conditions with epsilon carbide or cementite strengthening. Primary carbides are formed when the carbon content exceeds the solubility limit during the solution treatment and large alloy carbides precipitate. This is the case in particular for secondary hardening steels using alloy carbide strengthening for greater thermal stability to improve properties such as scoring resistance. However, research indicates that primary carbide formation can have a detrimental impact on both bending and contact fatigue resistance. Formation of primary carbides can also make process control difficult for avoidance of undesirable carbide distributions such as networks. In addition, primary carbide formation in current gear and bearing steel can lead to a reversal in the beneficial residual compressive stresses at the surface. This is due to a reversal of the spatial distribution of the martensite start temperature due to the consumption of austenite stabilizing elements by the primary carbides. Thus, there has developed a need for case hardenable steel alloys which do not rely upon primary carbide formation, but provide secondary hardening behavior for superior thermal stability. This invention provides a new class of steel meeting this requirement, while exploiting more efficient secondary hardening behavior to allow higher surface hardness levels for even greater improvements in fatigue and wear resistance. In applications of sliding wear the formation of primary carbides can be beneficial; however, in current gear and bearing steels this can lead to a reversal in the beneficial residual compressive stresses at the surface due to the consumption of elements promoting hardenability by the primary carbides. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635126__

Patents 161

•

Article having a superalloy protective coating, and its fabrication Inventor(s): Kelly; Thomas Joseph (Cincinnati, OH), Wright, III; P. Kennard (Cincinnati, OH) Assignee(s): General Electric Co. (Cincinnati, OH) Patent Number: 6,641,929 Date filed: August 31, 2001 Abstract: An article protected by a protective coating includes a substrate made of a first nickel-base superalloy substrate material that is susceptible to the formation of a secondary reaction zone when overlaid by a diffusion aluminide coating or an aluminide overlay coating. A protective coating including a deposited coating at the substrate surface. The deposited coating is a second nickel-base superalloy different from the first nickel-base superalloy and which does not produce a secondary reaction zone when interdiffused with the first nickel-base superalloy. In one version, the deposited coating has a nominal composition, in weight percent, of about 3.1 percent cobalt, about 7.6 percent chromium, about 7.8 percent aluminum, about 5.45 percent tantalum, about 3.85 percent tungsten, about 1.65 percent rhenium, about 0.02 percent carbon, about 0.016 percent hafnium, about 0.015 percent boron, about 0.5 percent silicon, balance nickel and incidental impurities. A ceramic thermal barrier coating may overlie the protective-coating outer surface. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an article having a superalloy protective coating and, more particularly, to such an article that resists the formation of a secondary reaction zone. A protective coating system may be used to protect the components of a gas turbine engine that are subjected to the highest temperatures. The protective coating system includes a protective coating that is deposited upon a superalloy substrate, and optionally a ceramic thermal barrier coating that is deposited upon the protective coating. The protective coating inhibits oxidation and corrosion of the substrate, and also bonds the ceramic thermal barrier coating, where present, to the substrate. The thermal barrier coating acts as a thermal insulator against the heat of the hot combustion gas. Where there is no thermal barrier coating present, the protective coating is termed an "environmental coating"; where there is a thermal barrier coating present, the protective coating is termed a "bond coat". Examples of protective coatings include diffusion aluminides such as platinum aluminides and overlay coatings such as MCrAlX coatings. The protective coating is typically rich in aluminum. Upon oxidation, the protective coating forms an alumina protective scale on its outwardly facing surface. Other oxides such as chromia may also be present, if the protective coating is also rich in the elements that form these other oxides. The protective scale inhibits further oxidation of the underlying structure and serves as a barrier against corrosion. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06641929__

•

Bulk catalysts based on chromium and on nickel for the gas-phase fluorination of halogenated hydrocarbons Inventor(s): Lacroix; Eric (Amberieux d'Azergues, FR), Schirmann; Jean-Pierre (Paris, FR) Assignee(s): Elf Atochem (Puteaux, FR) Patent Number: 6,649,560 Date filed: March 28, 2002

162 Chromium

Abstract: Catalysts which are useful in the fluorination of halogenated hydrocarbons by HF in the gas phase are obtained by simple impregnation of a bulk chromium oxide with a solution of a nickel derivative, the chromium oxide used exhibiting a BET specific surface of greater than 150 m.sup.2 /g and a pore volume of greater than 0.15 ml/g. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of the fluorination of halogenated hydrocarbons and more particularly to the preparation of bulk catalysts based on chromium and on nickel which can be used for this purpose. One of the various access routes to hydroalkanes, which are substitutes for CFCs (ChloroFluoroCarbons), is gasphase fluorination with HF. For this, many catalysts are described in the literature and a good number of them are based on chromium. The change from CFCs to the substitutes has led to research into the catalysts in order to improve their performances, both from the viewpoint of activity and of selectivity. First of all, studies have been carried out in order to improve the performances of chromium-based catalysts. Thus, Patent Application EP 514,932 claims, as fluorination catalyst, a chromium oxide with a high specific surface which, according to the authors, has a high activity and a long lifetime. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06649560__ •

Catalytic hydrogenation to remove gas from x-ray tube cooling oil Inventor(s): Lyons; Robert J. (Wauwatosa, WI) Assignee(s): General Electric Company (Schenectady, NY) Patent Number: 6,632,970 Date filed: December 29, 1999 Abstract: The present invention deals with the catalytic hydrogenation of fluid used to cool and dielectrically insulate an x-ray generating device within an x-ray system. According to the present invention, a method and apparatus are provided for hydrogenating fluid that has been exposed to x-rays to reduce the amount of H.sub.2 gas, free hydrogen atoms and unsaturated molecules in the fluid. The method comprises exposing the fluid within the x-ray system to a catalytically effective amount of catalyst. The catalyst operates in temperatures in the range of about 10-300.degree. C. and pressures in the range of about 0.1-30 atmospheres. The catalyst may comprise a solid, non-soluble catalyst, a soluble catalyst, or a combination of both. A suitable solid, nonsoluble catalyst comprises Group VIII elements and their compounds. Group VIII elements comprise iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium and platinum. The catalytically effective amount of solid catalyst ranges from about 1-100 cm.sup.2 of surface area of solid catalyst per liter of fluid. Additionally, a suitable soluble catalyst may be added to the fluid and may comprise tris(triphenylphosphine) rhodium (I) chloride, precious metals in solution such as HRu(C.sub.2 H.sub.4)(C.sub.6 H.sub.4 PPh.sub.2)(PPh.sub.3).sub.2), Wilkinson's catalyst which comprises a rhodium, chromium, phosphorus triphenyl chloride compound, and other similar compounds. A catalytically effective amount of soluble catalyst may comprise from about 0.01-1 gram per liter of fluid. The fluid may comprise about 99.7% hydrocarbon, about 0.1% soluble catalyst, and the remainder comprising conditioning additives. The hydrocarbon preferably comprises about 99.7% hydrogenated light naphthenic petroleum distillates. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to dielectric fluid for cooling and electrically insulating x-ray tubes, and more particularly, to a system and method for catalytic hydrogenation of x-ray tube dielectric fluid that is subject to chemical breakdown due to

Patents 163

exposure to x-ray radiation. A dielectric oil is typical fluid used to cool and electrically insulate an x-ray tube. The dielectric oil is subject to chemical breakdown, however, upon exposure to x-ray radiation. After exposure to x-rays, the dielectric oil comprises unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules, free hydrogen atoms, and H.sub.2 gas. The formation of the H.sub.2 gas is disadvantageous as it may reduce the electrical insulating characteristics of the dielectric oil and may interfere with the transmission of the x-rays. Thus, it is desirable to reduce and/or eliminate the formation of H.sub.2 gas in the x-ray tube dielectric fluid. Typically, an x-ray beam generating device, referred to as an x-ray tube, comprises dual electrodes of an electrical circuit in a vacuum chamber within a cylindrical vacuum vessel envelope. The vacuum vessel envelope typically comprises a glass tube or a cylinder made of metal. One of the electrodes is a cathode assembly which is positioned in a spaced relationship to a rotating, disc-shaped target that comprises the anode assembly. Upon energization of the electrical circuit connecting the electrodes, the cathode assembly produces a supply of electrons which are accelerated and focused to a thin beam. The thin beam of very high velocity electrons is directed parallel to the axis of the vacuum vessel envelope to strike a section of the rotating target anode. The kinetic energy produced by the beam of electrons striking the surface of the section of the target anode, which comprises a material such as a refractory metal, is converted to electromagnetic waves of very high frequency. These high frequency electromagnetic waves are x-rays. The surface of the target anode is typically angled, which helps to direct the x-rays out the side of the vacuum vessel envelope. After exiting the vacuum vessel envelope, the x-rays are directed to penetrate an object, such as human anatomical parts for medical examination and diagnostic procedures. Further, industrial x-ray tubes may be used, for example, to inspect metal parts for cracks or for inspecting the contents of luggage at airports. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06632970__ •

Chrome-free green privacy glass composition with improved ultra violet absorption Inventor(s): Boulos; Edward Nashed (Troy, MI), Jones; James Victor (Nashville, TN) Assignee(s): Visteon Global Technologies, Inc. (Dearborn, MI) Patent Number: 6,632,760 Date filed: October 3, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides for a new improved green privacy glass. In accordance with the teachings of the present invention, the iron is oxidized with the help of inexpensive manganese oxide. No chromium, cerium nor titanium oxides are added to obtain the desired green color. The glass has a %UV less than 13% at 4.0 MM. This low UV absorption could eliminate the need for a black band in glass to prevent the fading of the color in glass. Excerpt(s): The present invention is generally directed towards a green glass used as automotive or architectural glass. More particularly, to a soda-lime-silica glass having improved UV absorption and low to medium visible light transmittance. As is well known in the art, iron oxide is commonly used to provide a green color to glass. In the glass, the iron oxide exists in two chemical forms, an oxidized form: Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 wherein the iron is Fe.sup.+3 and a reduced form: FeO wherein the iron is Fe.sup.+2. Advantageously, the oxidized form of iron oxide absorbs a portion of the ultra violet (UV) light passing through the glass product and the reduced form absorbs a portion of the infrared (IR) light passing through the glass product. As would be appreciated, the UV and IR light absorption properties of iron oxide are especially valuable when the

164 Chromium

glass is used in automobiles. When heat is absorbed by the glass, the load on air conditioners is initially reduced and there is less total heat in the vehicle to cool. When the ultra violet absorption is improved, there is less damage over time to the colors of the components inside the vehicle and provides for more passenger comfort. Therefore, controlling these spectral properties of the glass is very important. Under composition batching and furnace firing conditions generally used in the glass industry, if the total iron oxide as Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 in the glass composition is within about 0.3 to 2.0 wt. %, the iron oxide equilibrium provides a Fe.sup.+2 /Fe.sup.+3 weight ratio greater than 0.35. Adding iron oxide to the glass under normal furnace conditions improves both the UV and the infrared absorption of the glass since the concentration of the iron forms is correspondingly increased, but this improvement is at the expense of visible transmittance. That is, as iron oxide is added the color of the glass darkens so that the visible transmittance is correspondingly decreased. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06632760__ •

Coated article with epoxy urethane based polymeric basecoat Inventor(s): Elmer; Joseph A. (Lake Orion, MI), Finch; John G. (Livonia, MI), Katsamberis; Dimitris (Novi, MI), Sullivan; Patrick A. (Boulder, CO) Assignee(s): Masco Corporation (Taylor, MI) Patent Number: 6,652,988 Date filed: December 21, 2000 Abstract: An article is coated with a multi-layer decorative and protective coating. The coating contains a polymeric basecoat layer containing (i) an epoxy urethane resin or (ii) the reaction products of a polyamine and an epoxy urethane resin. Over the polymeric basecoat layer is a vapor deposited chromium, chromium compound, refractory metal compound or refractory metal alloy compound decorative and protective layer. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to articles, particularly brass articles, having a multilayered decorative and protective coating thereon. It is sometimes the practice with various brass articles such as faucets, faucet escutcheons, door knobs, door handles, door escutcheons and the like to first buff and polish the surface of the article to a high gloss and to then apply a protective organic coating, such as one comprised of acrylics, urethanes, epoxies and the like, onto this polished surface. This system has the drawback that the buffing and polishing operation, particularly if the article is of a complex shape, is labor intensive. Also, the known organic coatings are not always as durable as desired, and are susceptible to attack by chemicals such as bases and acids. It would, therefore, be quite advantageous if brass articles, or indeed other articles, either plastic, ceramic, or metallic, could be provided with a coating which provided the article with a decorative appearance as well as providing wear resistance, abrasion resistance and corrosion resistance. It is known in the art that a multi-layered coating can be applied to an article which provides a decorative appearance as well as providing wear resistance, abrasion resistance and corrosion resistance. This multi-layer coating includes a decorative and protective vapor deposited color layer of a refractory metal compound such as a refractory metal nitride, e.g., zirconium nitride or titanium nitride. Such a coating system is described, inter alia, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,552,233; 5,922,478; 5,654,108 and 6,033,790. However, these patents describe, and it is currently the practice, to provide an electroplated basecoat layer, such as nickel, over the substrate and beneath the vapor deposited layer(s). The application of the electroplated basecoat layer requires electroplating equipment which is cumbersome and expensive. It also requires a

Patents 165

laborious and time consuming electroplating step on the article to be coated. It would thus be very advantageous if the electroplated basecoat could be eliminated or replaced by another basecoat such as a polymer basecoat. However, selecting a polymer that will function as an effective basecoat is more of an empirical art than an exact and predictable science. There is generally difficulty in predicting how a given polymer will behave as a basecoat. A polymer to be an effective basecoat must have good adhesion to both the substrate and the overlying vapor deposited layers. Otherwise the coating will delaminate. While some polymers may adhere well to the substrate, they may not provide sufficient adhesion to the vapor deposited layers, and vice versa. Furthermore, a polymer must be sufficiently hard or have sufficient shape memory so that it will not undergo permanent severe elastic deformation when the overlying hard vapor deposited layers are impacted by an object. Also, the polymer must be uniformly and completely distributed over the substrate surface. This may be difficult to achieve, especially if the article on which the polymer is deposited is of a complex or intricate shape. The present invention provides a polymer which is an effective basecoat. The present invention is directed to an article such as a plastic, ceramic or metallic article having a decorative and protective multi-layer coating deposited on at least a portion of its surface. More particularly, it is directed to an article or substrate, particularly a metallic article such as stainless steel, aluminum, brass or zinc, having deposited on its surface multiple superposed layers of certain specific types of materials. The coating is decorative and also provides corrosion resistance, wear resistance and abrasion resistance. The coating provides the appearance of chrome, highly polished brass or of nickel, i.e. has a chrome, brass or nickel color tone. Thus, an article surface having the coating thereon simulates a brass or nickel surface. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06652988__ •

Coupling with tribological coating system Inventor(s): Iverson; Rodney (Oro Valley, AZ), Narasimhan; Dave (Flemington, NJ), Palanisamy; Thirumalai (Morristown, NJ) Assignee(s): Honeywell International, Inc. (Morristown, NJ) Patent Number: 6,641,322 Date filed: December 20, 2002 Abstract: A coupling with a tribological system that can withstand temperatures up to 600.degree. C. The coupling includes a shaft having an outer surface with a layer of chromium and a sleeve for receiving the shaft. The sleeve has an inner surface with a layer of silver or gold. The silver or gold layer contacts the chromium layer to form the tribological system. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to couplings for rotating components such as an electric generator shaft and a gearbox and in particular to a tribological coating system for use on such couplings. During prolonged usage at high speeds and temperatures, this prior art coupling assembly will experience wear on the contacting surfaces. This wearing may result in the binding of the shaft portion 24 and/or the tearing of the sleeve 10. Accordingly, there exists a need for a coupling assembly having a tribological system that can operate at high temperatures and speed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06641322__

166 Chromium

•

Detoning blade Inventor(s): DeLuzio; Michael J. (Rochester, NY), Hughes; Alicia G. (Penfield, NY), Kazakos; Ann M. (Webster, NY), White; Frederick B. (Farmington, NY) Assignee(s): Xerox Corporation (Stamford, CT) Patent Number: 6,633,739 Date filed: December 17, 2001 Abstract: A detoning blade including a steel member of stainless steel or carbon steel having a length, a width, and a thickness and a coating including titanium nitride or tungsten carbide having a thickness ranging from 0.1 microns to 4 microns or a coating of diamond embedded chromium having a thickness ranging from 2.5 microns to 7.5 microns. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to a cleaning apparatus in a printing or copying apparatus, and more particularly to a detoning blade for cleaning a roller therein. While existing detoning blades are generally suitable, improvements in development quality and wear are desired. Therefore, a cost-effective detoning blade providing improved wear resistance is beneficial. Examples of cleaning systems, detoning systems and blades can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,572,923; 5,209,997; 5,243,385; 5,512,995; 5,732,320; 6,088,564; 6,134,405; 6,263,180; and 6,282,401. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06633739__

•

Engineered in situ anaerobic reactive zones Inventor(s): Suthersan; Suthan S. (Yardley, PA) Assignee(s): Arcadis G & M (Highlands Ranch, CO) Patent Number: 6,632,364 Date filed: June 8, 2001 Abstract: An in situ method and system for reductive dechlorination, the precipitation of chromium, the precipitation of heavy metals, and microbial denitrification. The invention comprises the formation of in situ anaerobic reactive zones to precipitate and filter out dissolved heavy metals as metallic sulfides, to degrade nitrate to nitrogen gas, to reduce chlorinated hydrocarbons to ethene, and to precipitate and filter out chromium. The invention is comprised of an injection well or wells that extend into a contaminated groundwater. A conduit located within the injection well conveys a reagent to the contaminated groundwater.The reagent may be a carbohydrate rich solution. Microbes digest the carbohydrates to produce sulfate reducing and methanogenic conditions within the reactive zone that include a dissolved oxygen level less than about 0.5 mg/l, a redox potential less than about -250 mv, and a dissolved organic carbon to contaminant ratio of greater than about 50:1. These biogeochemical conditions lead to the reduction of PCE to TCE to DCE to VC and eventually to ethene. These biogeochemical conditions also lead to the precipitation of heavy metals, the precipitation of chromium, and microbial denitrification. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a method and apparatus for removing contaminants dissolved in groundwater and, more particularly, to in situ anaerobic reactive zones for removing contaminants dissolved in groundwater. Contamination of groundwater with potentially hazardous materials is a common problem facing industry, the government, and the general public. Frequently, as a result

Patents 167

of spills, leakage from storage facilities, or surface discharges, contaminants percolate into groundwater, thereby posing a threat to drinking water supplies. While groundwater is not as susceptible to pollution as surface water, once polluted, its restoration is difficult and long term. Various methods for withdrawing and treating contaminated groundwater have met with limited success. Typically, groundwater is removed from the saturated zone, treated, and then returned to the saturated zone. These known methods involve great expense and incur risks inherent in treating heavy metals and other contaminants, such as nitrates, present in the sub-surface. Preferred embodiments of the method and apparatus of the present invention utilize the principle of in situ anaerobic reactive zones for the precipitation of metals, microbial denitrification, reductive dechlorination, and/or the precipitation of chromium. Precipitation is a process of producing a separable solid phase within a liquid medium. The method may involve installing injection wells into the saturated zone of contaminated soil. A substantially impervious well casing may be placed in the borehole with a fluid-permeable section at its base. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06632364__ •

Ethylene polymerization Inventor(s): Allemeersch; Paul (Stathelle, NO), Almquist; Vidar (Stathelle, NO), Goris; Roger (Stathelle, NO), Lindahl; Ann Kristin (Stathelle, NO) Assignee(s): Borealis Technology Oy (FI) Patent Number: 6,632,896 Date filed: November 29, 1999 Abstract: Ths invention provides a process for the preparation of a polyethylene, in particular an HDPE suitable for blow moulding of HIC, which comprises polymerizing ethylene and, optionally an ethylenically unsaturated comonomer copolymerizable therewith, in the presence of a catalyst comprising a first silica-supported chromium catalyst having a pore volume of at least 2 mL/g, a surface area of at least 350 m.sup.2 /g and a chromium content of 0.1 to 1.0% by weight and a second silica-supported chromium catalyst having a pore volume of at least 2 mL/g, a surface area of at least 450 m.sup.2 /g and a chromium content of 0.1 to 1.0% by weight, wherein the silica support of said first catalyst also comprises alumina and the silica support of said second catalyst also comprises titanium, and preferably a co-catalyst. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to polymer resins, their production and their use, in particular polyethylene resins suitable for blow moulding applications. Household and industrial containers (HIC) have been produced for over 30 years by blow moulding of high density polyethylene (HDPE) resins produced using chromium (Cr) catalysts which are commercially available from catalyst producers such as Grace, Crosfield and PQ. The HDPE resins produced using Cr catalysts have excellent extrudability and thus allow high output for blow moulding machines. Indeed blow moulding machines are often specifically constructed for optimum performance using Cr catalyst produced HDPE (Cr-HDPE), for example in terms of screw configuration, and die and forming tool construction. As a result Cr-HDPE resins are essentially the industry standard for HIC blow moulding worldwide. The most important properties for a good Cr-HDPE grade for HIC blow moulding are high environmental stress crack resistance (ESCR) and high stiffness in the moulded product, good extrudability of the molten resin (to permit high output by the blow moulding machine) and swelling and sagging properties of the

168 Chromium

molten resin which match the configuration of the blow moulding machine and result in uniform wall thickness in the moulded product. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06632896__ •

Ethylene polymers and method for producing the same Inventor(s): Monoi; Takashi (Kanagawa, JP), Torigoe; Hidenobu (Kanagawa, JP) Assignee(s): Japan Polyolefins Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,646,069 Date filed: July 6, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing an ethylene polymer, comprising performing polymerization of ethylene in co-presence of hydrogen using a trialkylaluminum compound-carried chromium catalyst, wherein the chromium catalyst is obtained by calcination-activating a chromium compound that is carried on an inorganic oxide carrier in a non-reducing atmosphere to convert chromium atoms in the chromium compound into hexavalent chromium atoms for at least a portion thereof, and treating with a trialkylaluminum compound in an inert hydrocarbon solvent to carry thereon and removing to dry the solvent so that the chromium atoms are not overreduced by the trialkylaluminum compound, and to an ethylene polymer suitable for blow molded articles obtained by the production method. The ethylene polymer of the invention have improved environment stress crack resistance (ESCR) and impact resistance in a good balance and are suitable for molded blow articles, in particular large size blow molded articles. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for producing an ethylene polymer. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method for producing an ethylene polymer that performs polymerization of ethylene in the presence of hydrogen using a catalyst comprising a chromium catalyst having carried thereon a trialkylaluminum compound. The ethylene polymer obtained by the method of the present invention is excellent in both environment stress crack resistance (hereinafter, sometimes abbreviated as ESCR) and impact resistance and is suitable for blow molded articles, in particular large blow molded articles. Ethylene polymers have been used generally and widely as resin materials for various molded articles and are required of different properties depending on the molding method and purpose. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06646069__

•

Fluoride cleaning masking system Inventor(s): Abriles; Beth Kwiatkowski (North Branford, CT), Madhava; Murali N. (Tulsa, OK), Manis; Bryan W. (Woodstock, CT) Assignee(s): United Technologies Corporation (Hartford, CT) Patent Number: 6,645,926 Date filed: November 28, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a maskant system for use with a fluoride cleaning system. The maskant system comprises a parting compound applied to a surface which requires protection and a chromium rich maskant for substantially preventing intergranular attack and which reduces a depletion zone. The parting

Patents 169

compound contains colloidal silica, de-ionized water, fused alumina grains, and alumina powder. The maskant is comprised of chromium powder mixed with a binder, a wetting agent, a thickening agent, and water. The maskant system may be used to clean components formed from nickel-based or cobalt-based alloys using a fluoride cleaning system and has particular utility when components formed from single crystal nickel based alloys are cleaned using a fluoride cleaning system. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a maskant system for preventing unwanted hydrogen fluoride gas attack on superalloys used in turbine engine components and to a method for cleaning such components using the maskant system. Fluoride cleaning systems are used to remove unwanted oxides from surfaces and service induced cracks of turbine engine components, such as turbine blade airfoils, formed from nickel base superalloys prior to repairing the components. Hydrogen fluoride gas used in the cleaning treatment both depletes and intergranularly attacks the component surfaces and the exposed cracks, removing essential elements that form gamma prime nickel particles, leaving for some specific applications an undesirable gamma layer on the surface and along the cracks. This depletion layer on the base superalloy is typically between 0.0004 and 0.0009 inches. Presently acceptable levels of intergranular attack can be as high as 0.012 inches in some alloys and some types of turbine airfoils. Those components that can tolerate depletion and intergranular attack from the fluoride cleaning can be repaired and returned to service. There are other components, due to their intended operating conditions, e.g. stress and temperature, in order to be subjected to a repair that requires fluoride cleaning, require minimal depletion and intergranular attack. A suitable maskant is needed to protect these components as well as some areas of the components during fluoride cleaning treatments. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645926__ •

Fuel compositions exhibiting improved fuel stability Inventor(s): Orr; William C. (2075 S. University, #240, Denver, CO 80210) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,652,608 Date filed: December 8, 1997 Abstract: A fuel composition of the present invention exhibits minimized hydrolysis and increased fuel stability, even after extended storage at 65.degree. F. for 6-9 months. The composition, which is preferably not strongly alkaline (3.0 to 10.5), is more preferably weakly alkaline to mildly acidic (4.5 to 8.5) and most preferably slightly acidic (6.3 to 6.8), includes a lower dialkyl carbonate, a combustion improving amount of at least one high heating combustible compound containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of aluminum, boron, bromine, bismuth, beryllium, calcium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, francium, gallium, germanium, iodine, iron, indium, lithium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, palladium, rubidium, sodium, tin, zinc, praseodymium, rhenium, silicon, vanadium, or mixture, and a hydrocarbon base fuel. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to enhanced structured fuel compositions for use in jet, turbine, diesel, gasoline, and other combustion systems. More particularly, the present invention relates to fuel compositions using viscous hydrocarbons, which are substantially neutral pH, and which employ a silicon based combustion catalyst. International patent application Nos. PCT/US95/02691, PCT/US95/06758, and

170 Chromium

PCT/US96/09653, are incorporated in their entirety herein by reference, and disclose fuel compositions and combustion techniques for achieving vapor phase combustion based on an enhanced combustion structure ("ECS"). This enhanced combustion structure includes a combustible metallic and free radical generating oxygenated compound. It has been found that such free radical generating oxygenates include C2C12 aldehydes, aldehydic acids, C2-C12 ethers, C1-C15 alcohols, C2-C12 oxides, C3-C15 ketones, ketonic acids, C3-C15 esters, othroesters, C3-C12 diesters, C5-C12 phenols, C5C20 glycol ethers, C2-C12 glycols, C3-C20 alkyl carbonates, C3-C20 dialkyl carbonates, C3-C20 di-carbonates, C1 to C20 organic and inorganic peroxides, hydroperoxides, carboxylic acids, amines, nitrates, di-nitrates, oxalates, phenols, acetic acids, boric acids, orthoborates, hydroxyacids, orthoacids, anhydrides, acetates, acetyls, formic acids, nitrates, di-nitrates, nitro-ethers, which can meet minimum burning velocity (BV) and latent heats of vaporization (LHV) requirements of aforementioned PCT Applications. Specific compounds can be found in detail in Organic Chemistry 6th Ed, T. W. G. Solomons, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y., (1995), Physical Chemistry, 5th Ed, P. W. Atkins, Oxford University Press, U.K. (1994), Physical Organic Chemistry, 2 Ed, N. S. Issacs, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1995) and Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 14th Ed, J. A. Dean, McGraw-Hill, N.Y. (1992), and their minimum BV/LHV requirements in aforementioned PCT Applications, which are herein by incorporated by reference. Said enhanced combustion structure oxygenates, when in combination with a combustible non-lead metal or non-metal (as set forth below), exhibit high heats of enthalpy capable, improved combustion, thermal efficiency, fuel economy, and power. Of particularly interest to this invention are the enhanced combustion struture oxygenates of symmetrical dialkyl carbonates, especially dimethyl and diethyl carbonates. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06652608__ •

High temperature coatings for gas turbines Inventor(s): Zheng; Xiaoci Maggie (11 Windsor Bldg, London Square Dr., Clifton Park, NY 12065) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,635,362 Date filed: June 4, 2001 Abstract: Coating for high temperature gas turbine components that include a MCrAlX phase, and an aluminum-rich phase, significantly increase oxidation and cracking resistance of the components, thereby increasing their useful life and reducing operating costs. The aluminum-rich phase includes aluminum at a higher concentration than aluminum concentration in the MCrAlX alloy, and an aluminum diffusion-retarding composition, which may include cobalt, nickel, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, rhodium, cadmium, indium, cerium, iron, chromium, tantalum, silicon, boron, carbon, titanium, tungsten, rhenium, platinum, and combinations thereof, and particularly nickel and/or rhenium. The aluminum-rich phase may be derived from a particulate aluminum composite that has a core comprising aluminum and a shell comprising the aluminum diffusion-retarding composition. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to composite MCrAlX-based coatings for superalloy substrates. Turbine manufacturers have for years used MCrAlX coatings to protect the hot-section components of turbines against corrosion and oxidation. (M is iron, cobalt, nickel, or a combination thereof; X is yttrium, hafnium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, rhenium, rhodium, cadmium, indium, titanium, niobium, silicon, boron,

Patents 171

carbon, zirconium, cerium, platinum, or a combination thereof.) As turbine efficiency increases with operating temperature, it is desirable to operate at very high firing temperatures. For applications experiencing these extremely high firing temperatures, more aluminum is added to enhance the coating's protection. However, when the aluminum concentration exceeds 10-13 weight %, the MCrAlX coating tends to become brittle, often causing delamination of the coating from the substrate. It has become common practice to apply a protective aluminide layer containing 25-35 wt. % aluminum over a MCrAlX coating containing 10 wt. % or less aluminum, in order to increase the amount of aluminum available for oxidation resistance, while prevent failure of the coating by delamination. Unfortunately, the aluminide layer itself is subject to brittleness and cracking, and cracks generated in the brittle aluminide layer can penetrate through the underlying MCrAlX layer and into the substrate, shortening the life of the component. Accordingly, what is needed is a coating that possesses ductility to minimize crack propagation, while still preserving the necessary oxidation resistance conferred by the presence of an adequate amount of aluminum in the coating. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635362__ •

Low field magnetoresistance of intergranular tunneling in field-aligned chromium dioxide powders Inventor(s): Dai; Jianbiao (New Orleans, LA), Tang; Jinke (Metairie, LA) Assignee(s): University of New Orleans Research and Technology Foundation, Inc. (New Orleans, LA) Patent Number: 6,632,517 Date filed: August 21, 2001 Abstract: The magnetic and magnetotransport properties of field-aligned single domain half-metallic CrO.sub.2 powders have been studied. Needle-shaped nanoparticles of CrO.sub.2 have been aligned in a strong magnetic field. The aligned powder sample shows a strong anisotropy along the alignment direction. The conduction mechanism of the aligned CrO.sub.2 powder sample has been examined and is consistent with the intergranular spin dependent tunneling. Negative tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) of about 41% is achieved in a small field in the vicinity of the coercive field at 5 K. The magnetoresistance (MR) versus field curve shows two well-separated narrow peaks at the coercive fields and resembles that of a magnetic tunnel junction. This junction-like MR results from the narrow switching field distribution of the aligned powders. The results suggest that the aligned magnetic CrO.sub.2 particles may find novel applications in spin transport structures and devices. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to chromium dioxide. More particularly, the present invention relates to chromium dioxide powders. Half-metallic oxide CrO.sub.2 has long been of importance in magnetic recording and shows unique magnetic properties. In 1986, it was predicted to be half-metallic by Schwarz using band structure calculation [1]. A number of experiments have been taken and confirmed its halfmetallicity, including photoemission experiment [2], superconducting point contact experiment [3], and vacuum tunneling measurement [4]. It is suggested that halfmetallic ferromagnets are ideal materials for the electrodes in spin dependent tunneling devices, such as those described by Moodera et al. [5]. Since the spin polarization is nearly 100% at the Fermi level, the tunneling junctions made of such materials would have an extremely large magnetoresistance (MR) and a very significant switching effect. It has been reported that CrO.sub.2 thin films can have negative MR of about 13%-25%

172 Chromium

[6,7] at low temperature. In 1998, Manoharan et al. [8] and Coey et al. [9] studied the cold-pressed powder samples and found that the MR of the pressed compacts can reach as high as 30-50%. The conduction mechanism of these CrO.sub.2 powder compacts arises from the spin dependent intergranular tunneling influenced by the Coulomb gap [9,10]. A CrO.sub.2 -I-Co magnetic tunneling junction using native oxide barrier has also been reported but with a small MR of about 1% [11]. The following U.S. Patent is incorporated herein by reference: U.S. Pat. No. 5,856,008. This patent discloses CrO.sub.2 powders NOT aligned in a magnetic field, while the powders of the present invention are aligned in a magnetic field. Their data show magnetoresistance of 12% at 5 Kelvin and 20 kOe. The aligned powders of the present invention show magnetoresistance of greater magnitude at much lower field (41% magnetoresistance at 5 Kelvin and 1 kOe). Low field and high magnetoresistance are required for this to be usable. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06632517__ •

LOW-ALLOY CARBON STEEL FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PIPES FOR EXPLORATION AND THE PRODUCTION OF OIL AND/OR GAS HAVING AN IMPROVED CORROSION RESISTANCE, A PROCESS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF SEAMLESS PIPES, AND THE SEAMLESS PIPES OBTAINED THEREFROM Inventor(s): Gonzalez; Juan Carlos (Pcia de BsAs, AR), Perez; Teresa Estela (Capital Federal, AR), Turconi; Gustavo Javier Lopez (Campana, AR) Assignee(s): Siderca S.A.I.C. (Buenos Aires, AR) Patent Number: 6,648,991 Date filed: March 13, 2002 Abstract: Low-alloy carbon steel for the manufacture of seamless pipes having improved resistance to corrosion, particularly the "sweet corrosion" that occurs in the media rich in CO.sub.2, for using in exploration and production of oil and/or natural gas. The steel contains: 1.5-4.0% by weight of Cr, 0.06-0.10% by weight of C, 0.3-0.8% by weight of Mn, not more than 0.005% by weight of S, not more than 0.015% by weight of P, 0.20-0.35% by weight of Si, 0.25-0.35% by weight of Mo, 0.06-0.9% by weight of V, approximately 0.22% by weight of Cu, approximately 0.001% by weight of Nb, approximately 0.028% by weight of Ti, not more than a total value of O of 25 ppm, with the balance being Fe and unavoidable impurities. The process to manufacture seamless pipes comprises the stages of elaboration of a primary melt, followed by a secondary metallurgy stage with a strong desulfurization, addition of ferroalloys and chromium, and then the modification and flotation of the inclusions until the specified formulation is achieved; followed by casting, continuous hot-rolling, and optionally by normalizing, austenizing, quenching and tempering, Excerpt(s): This invention relates to certain kinds of steel having a higher resistance to corrosion for their application in the manufacture of pipes used for oil and/or gas exploration and production in the petroleum industry. Particularly, the invention refers to a low-carbon steel having an improved resistance to corrosion, which is suitable for applications in the oil industry and particularly in environments containing CO.sub.2. Corrosion has a wide range of implications on the integrity of materials used in the oil industry. Among the different ways in which corrosion may appear there is the socalled "sweet corrosion" that occurs in the media rich in CO.sub.2. This is one of the prevailing ways of corrosion that must be faced when producing oil and gas. The damage produced by corrosion caused by CO.sub.2 has an impact on capital and operational investment, as well as on health, security, and environmental impact. In

Patents 173

general terms, 60% of the failures occurring in the oil wells are the result of the corrosion caused by CO.sub.2. This is mainly due to the poor resistance depicted by the low-alloy carbon steel commonly used in the oil producing industry when faced to this kind of attacks. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06648991__ •

Low-pressure mercury-vapor discharge lamp having electrode shield carrying direct electric current Inventor(s): Seinen; Peter Arend (Eindhoven, NL), Van Der Pol; Adrianus Johannes Hendricus Petrus (Eindhoven, NL) Assignee(s): Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. (Eindhoven, NL) Patent Number: 6,630,787 Date filed: March 8, 2001 Abstract: A low-pressure mercury-vapor discharge lamp is provided with a discharge vessel and a first and a second end portion (12a). The discharge vessel encloses a discharge space provided with a filling of mercury and an inert gas in a gastight manner. Each end portion (12a) supports an electrode (20a) arranged in the discharge space. An electrode shield (22a) encompasses the electrodes (20a) and, according to the invention, carries an electric current during operation, and is at a temperature.gtoreq.250.degree. C., preferably.gtoreq.450.degree. C., during nominal operation of the discharge lamp. Preferably, a first current supply conductor (30a) electrically contacts a first current divider (23a), which is electrically connected to a second current divider (23a') via a shell-shaped body (24a). Said second current divider (23a') electrically contacts the electrode (20a), which is connected to the second current supply conductor (30a'), the electrode shield (22a) is made from stainless steel, in particular a chromium nickel steel. Preferably, the heat dissipation of the electrode shield (22a) during nominal operation ranges between 0.1 and 10 Watts. Preferably, the electrode shield (22a) is made from a ceramic material or carbon. The discharge lamp exhibits a comparatively low mercury consumption. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a low-pressure mercury-vapor discharge lamp comprising a discharge vessel, which said discharge vessel encloses a discharge space containing a filling of mercury and an inert gas in a gastight manner, electrodes being arranged in the discharge space for maintaining a discharge in said discharge space, and an electrode shield surrounding at least one of the electrodes. In mercury-vapor discharge lamps, mercury is the primary component for (efficiently) generating ultraviolet (UV) light. An inner surface of the discharge vessel may be coated with a luminescent layer containing a luminescent material (for example a fluorescent powder) for converting UV to other wavelengths, for example to UV-B and UV-A for tanning purposes (sunbed lamps) or to visible radiation for general illumination purposes. Such discharge lamps are therefore also referred to as fluorescent lamps. Low-pressure mercury-vapor discharge lamps comprise a generally tubular discharge vessel which is circular in section, and which includes elongated as well as compact embodiments. In general, the tubular discharge vessel of so-called compact fluorescent lamps comprises a collection of comparatively short, straight parts having a comparatively small diameter, which straight parts or connected to one another by means of bridge parts or by means of, for example, arch-shaped parts. Compact fluorescent lamps are generally provided with a lamp cap (with integrated electronics). A low-pressure mercury-vapor discharge lamp of the type mentioned in the opening paragraph is known from DE-A 1 060 991. In

174 Chromium

said known lamp, the electrode shield surrounding the electrode is made from thin sheet titanium. By using an electrode shield, which is also referred to as anode shield or cathode shield, blackening at an inner surface of the discharge vessel is counteracted. In this respect, titanium serves as the getter for chemically binding oxygen, nitrogen and/or carbon. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06630787__ •

Magnetic recording medium underlayer and method for obtaining a desired lattice parameter therefor Inventor(s): Wong; Bunsen Y. (Los Gatos, CA) Assignee(s): Maxtor Corporation (Longmont, CO) Patent Number: 6,645,551 Date filed: September 29, 1999 Abstract: An underlayer (8A) of a magnetic recording medium (16) includes first and second non-magnetic, chromium-based layers (18, 20), at least one of the first and second chromium-based layers being a chromium alloy. The lattice parameter of the composite underlayer is between the lattice parameters of the first and second chromium-based layers. Recognizing this permits one to predictably adjust the lattice parameter of the composite underlayer to be close to the lattice parameter of the magnetic layer (10) so to optimize magnetic and parametric properties. Excerpt(s): Lattice matching between the Cr or CrX underlayer and the Co alloy magnetic layer is commonly done to achieve optimal magnetic and parametric properties. See D. E. Laughlin et al., Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 33, 1525 (1995). Common Co alloys include chromium (Cr), platinum (Pt), boron (B), niobium (Nb), tungsten (W) and tantalum (Ta). While the cobalt platinum alloy has a hexagonal closepacked (hcp) crystalline structure, the chromium-based underlayer has a body centered cubic (bcc) lattice structure. With the addition of platinum, the CoPt-based alloys have a larger lattice structure than the chromium-based underlayer so that elements such as Vanadium (V), Molybdenum (Mo), titanium (Ti) and tungsten (W) have been used to create chromium-based alloys to accommodate the larger lattice of the CoPt-based magnetic layers and maintain lattice union across the interface between the two. These alloys expand the unit cell structure so as to improve the lattice matching between the underlayer and the magnetic film because of the larger sized atoms of the alloying elements. One of the problems with the conventional method for trying to match the lattice perimeter of the chromium-based underlayer with the CoPt-based magnetic layers is that it requires incremental experimentation with chromium alloying as to both what is used and the percentages. Therefore, each time the composition of the cobaltbased magnetic layer changes, which occurs relatively often as improved magnetic layers are developed, the composition of the chromium-based underlayer must be changed to complement the changed composition of the magnetic layer. However, this composition adjustment is tedious, time-consuming and, thus, expensive. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645551__

Patents 175

•

Magnetic thin film media with chromium capping layer Inventor(s): Cheng; Yuanda R. (Singapore, SG), Chour; Kueir Weii (San Jose, CA), Huang; Liji (San Jose, CA), Hwang; Steve (San Jose, CA), Kim; Taesun Ernest (San Jose, CA), Shih; Chung (Cupertino, CA), Shih; Roger (Cupertino, CA), Xu; Weilu (San Jose, CA) Assignee(s): Seagate Technology, LLC (Scotts Valley, CA) Patent Number: 6,641,932 Date filed: June 28, 2001 Abstract: A flash chromium capping layer is deposited on a magnetic layer for improved corrosion resistance, reduced poisoning due to the absence of a protective overcoat or presence of discontinuities in a protective overcoat, and for reduced media noise do to inter-granular exchange coupling. Embodiments include depositing a flash chromium layer having a thickness up to about 10.ANG. on an upper magnetic layer and depositing an overlying lubricant topcoat. An optional protective overcoat, such as a carbon-containing protective overcoat, can also be deposited on the chromium capping layer. The chromium capping layer forms a protective oxide coating where exposed, as due to the absence of or at discontinuities in the protective overcoat. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to magnetic recording media, particularly rotatable recording media, such as thin film magnetic disks cooperating with a magnetic transducer head, particularly a magnetoresistive (MR) or a giant magnetoresistive (GMR) head. The present invention has particular applicability to high areal density magnetic recording media designed for drive programs having reduced flying height, or pseudo-contact/proximity recording. Thin film magnetic recording disks and disk drives are conventionally employed for storing large amounts of data in magnetizable form. In operation, a typical contact start/stop (CSS) method commences when a datatransducing head begins to slide against the surface of the disk as the disk begins to rotate. Upon reaching a predetermined high rotational speed, the head floats in air at a predetermined distance from the surface of the disk where it is maintained during reading and recording operations. Upon terminating operation of the disk drive, the head again begins to slide against the surface of the disk and eventually stops in contact with and pressing against the disk. Each time the head and disk assembly is driven, the sliding surface of the head repeats the cyclic operation consisting of stopping, sliding against the surface of the disk, floating in the air, sliding against the surface of the disk and stopping. For optimum consistency and predictability, it is necessary to maintain each transducer head as close to its associated recording surface as possible, i.e., to minimize the flying height of the head. Accordingly, a smooth recording surface is preferred, as well as a smooth opposing surface of the associated transducer head. However, if the head surface and the recording surface are too smooth, the precision match of these surfaces gives rise to excessive stiction and friction during the start up and stopping phases, thereby causing wear to the head and recording surfaces, eventually leading to what is referred to as a "head crash." Thus, there are competing goals of reduced head/disk friction and minimum transducer flying height. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06641932__

176 Chromium

•

Magnetoresistive head having improved hard biasing characteristics through the use of a multi-layered seed layer including an oxidized tantalum layer and a chromium layer Inventor(s): Freitag; James Mac (San Jose, CA), Pinarbasi; Mustafa (Morgan Hill, CA) Assignee(s): International Business Machines Corporation (Armonk, NY) Patent Number: 6,636,400 Date filed: September 18, 2001 Abstract: A magnetic head with improved hard magnet properties includes a read sensor; a multi-layered seed layer formed adjacent to the read sensor and over a contiguous junction region of the read sensor; and a hard bias layer formed over the multi-layered seed layer. The multi-layered seed layer includes a first seed layer of oxidized tantalum and a second seed layer of chromium. The contiguous junction region exposes one or more sensor materials such as tantalum, nickel-iron, cobalt-iron, copper, platinum-manganese and ruthenium. The hard bias layer is preferably cobaltplatinum-chromium. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to magnetic transducers for reading information signals from a magnetic medium and to methods of making the same. Computers often include auxiliary memory storage devices having media on which data can be written and from which data can be read for later use. A direct access storage device (disk drive) incorporating rotating magnetic disks are commonly used for storing data in magnetic form on the disk surfaces. Data is recorded on concentric, radially spaced tracks on the disk surfaces. Magnetic heads including read sensors are then used to read data from the tracks on the disk surfaces. In high capacity disk drives, magnetoresistive read (MR) sensors, commonly referred to as MR heads, are the prevailing read sensors because of their capability to read data from a surface of a disk at greater linear densities than thin film inductive heads. An MR sensor detects a magnetic field through the change in the resistance of its MR sensing layer (also referred to as an "MR element") as a function of the strength and direction of the magnetic flux being sensed by the MR layer. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06636400__

•

Method for producing acrylonitrile, catalyst for use therein and method for preparing the same Inventor(s): Miyaki; Kenichi (Yokohama, JP), Mori; Kunio (Yokohama, JP), Sasaki; Yutaka (Kamakura, JP), Watanabe; Hirokazu (Yokohama, JP) Assignee(s): Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,642,405 Date filed: April 10, 2002 Abstract: For the production of acrylonitrile by ammoxidation of propylene, there is provided a process capable of giving a high yield and maintaining such an effect for a long period of time.In producing acrylonitrile by ammoxidation of propylene, a fluidized bed catalyst is used and the reaction is carried out while appropriately adding a molybdenum-containing material, wherein the fluidized bed catalyst contains molybdenum, bismuth, iron, nickel, chromium, potassium, an F component and silica as essential components, and has a number of Mo/Me of from 0.8 to 1, wherein the

Patents 177

Mo/Me is a number obtained by dividing the product 20 of a valence number of molybdenum as molybdic acid and an atomic ratio of molybdenum by the sum of respective products of respective valence numbers and atomic ratios of bismuth, iron, nickel, chromium, potassium, the F component element, a G component element and a Y component element. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a catalyst suitably used for the production of acrylonitrile by ammoxidation of propylene, a process for producing said catalyst and a process for producing acrylonitrile by using said catalyst. With respect to a catalyst suitably used for the production of acrylonitrile by ammoxidation of propylene, various catalysts are disclosed. In JP-B-38-17967, there is disclosed an oxide catalyst containing molybdenum, bismuth and iron, and in JP-B-38-19111, there is disclosed an oxide catalyst containing iron and antimony. After that, studies have been extensively continued to improve these catalysts. For example, in JP-B-51-33888, JP-B-55-56839, JP-B58-2232, JP-B-61-26419, JP-A-7-47272, JP-A-10-43595, JP-A-4-11805 and the like, there are disclosed one improvement comprising using another component in addition to molybdenum, bismuth and iron, and the other improvement comprising using another component in addition to iron and antimony. Also with respect to a process for producing a fluidized bed catalyst, there are descriptions in JP-B-37-8568, JP-B-42-22476, JP-B-57-49253, JP Patent 2640356, JP Patent 2701065, JP Patent 2747920 and others. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06642405__ •

Method for producing tubes for heavy guns Inventor(s): Arrenbrecht; Wolfgang (Schwalmtal, DE), Grimm; Walter (Solms, DE) Assignee(s): Edelstahlwerke Buderus AG (Wetzlar, DE), Rheinmetall W & M GmbH (Unterluess, DE) Patent Number: 6,652,680 Date filed: March 8, 2002 Abstract: The method for producing tubes for heavy guns employs a heat-treatable steel, consisting in wt.-% of 0.20 to 0.50% carbon, max. 1.0% silicon, max. 1.0% manganese, max. 0.03% phosphorus, max. 0.03% sulfur, max. 0.1% aluminum, max. 4% nickel, max. 2% chromium, max. 1% molybdenum, max. 0.5% vanadium, and the remainder of iron and the customary impurities. Forgings of open-smelted cast ingots are pre-worked on a lathe on the outside. The solid blanks obtained in this way are hardened and tempered, only subsequently drilled and then finished. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method for producing cannon and gun tubes of 105 to 120 mm caliber and greater. The standard material for these products is the steel 35NiCrMoV 12-5, Material No. 1.6959, described in the Stahl-Eisen-Liste [Steel-Iron List] of the publishers Stahleisen, Dusseldorf, and in the material data sheet "Rohrstahl fur schwere Geschutze" [Steel for Tubes of Heavy Guns] of the BWB [German Federal Office of Armaments Technology and Procurement]. The production process for cannon tube blanks comprises the work steps of open smelting, pouring of raw ingots into suitable casting die formats, forging of the cannon tube blanks into exterior rough shapes, annealing the forged pieces, pre-working on a lathe and pre-boring of the parts, heat treatment of the hollow parts (hardening and tempering to the requested strength), measuring the distortion (out of true, i. e. the maximum deviation from the straight line of the longitudinal axis in respect to the bearings at the tube ends) due to hardening, mechanical straightening (trueing) and subsequent annealing to approximately

178 Chromium

30.degree. C. below the tempering temperature, performance of quality checks and finishing of the cannon tube blanks to the requested dimensions. The work step of straightening to obtain trueing after the heat-treating process represents a qualitative problem in the course of the conventional production process, because by this straightening step the straightness of the bore is not achieved and internal ductile strains are induced. Further, after the straightening step it is not possible to straighten a distorted, pre-bored bore in the course of the subsequent boring to the requested size, and remnants of internal stresses still remain in the material in spite of stress-relieving annealing after straightening. It was shown under actual conditions that a) bores out of true and internal strains lead to distortions during the finishing of the tubes, which can only partly be compensated by additional straightening operations, b) waste can be created in the course of processing by dimensional discrepancies on account of the distortions, and c) the firing accuracy (system errors) can become worse on account of deviations from the straightness of the bore and because internal stresses can be released during firing. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06652680__ •

Method of chemically decontaminating components of radioactive material handling facility and system for carrying out the same Inventor(s): Enda; Masami (Yokohama, JP), Sakai; Hitoshi (Yokohama, JP), Yaita; Yumi (Tokyo-To, JP) Assignee(s): Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba (Kanagawa-ken, JP) Patent Number: 6,635,232 Date filed: December 22, 1999 Abstract: Ozone gas having a high ozone concentration is generated by a solid electrolyte electrolytic process. An ozone solution is prepared by injecting the ozone gas into an acidic solution of pH 6 or below. The ozone solution heated at a temperature in the range of 50.degree. to 90.degree. C. is supplied to a contaminated object to oxidize and dissolve a chromium oxide film by an oxidizing dissolving process. The ozone solution used in the oxidizing dissolving process is irradiated with ultraviolet rays to decompose ozone contained in the ozone solution, the ozone solution is passed through an ion-exchange resin to remove ions contained in the ozone solution. An oxalic acid solution is supplied to the contaminated object to dissolve an iron oxide film by a reductive dissolving process. Oxalic acid remaining in the oxalic acid solution after the reduction dissolving process is decomposed by injecting ozone into the oxalic acid solution and irradiating the oxalic acid solution with ultraviolet rays, and ions contained in the oxalic acid solution is removed by an ion-exchange resin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of chemical decontamination for the components of a radioactive material handling facility, such as a nuclear power station, and a system for carrying out the method of removing metal oxides containing radioactive nuclides and adhering to the components of the radioactive material handling facilities from the surfaces of the contaminated components by chemical dissolution. Oxide films containing radioactive nuclides are deposited or formed on the surfaces of components of a nuclear power station in contact with fluids containing radioactive nuclides during operation and subject to radioactive contamination, such as pipes, pieces of equipment and structural members. Consequently, the dose rate around those component members increases and the radiation exposure of workers engaged in work for periodic inspection or dismantlement of a nuclear reactor for

Patents 179

decommissioning. In order to remove the oxide film, a decontaminating solution is supplied the oxide film or a metal forming a contaminated object so as to dissolve them, thereby the oxide film is dissolved in the solution or peeled off into the solution. Aforementioned chemical decontamination method, which dissolves or removes the oxide film chemically, has practically been applied to the decontamination of the components of some nuclear plants and has produced satisfactory results in reducing mediation exposure. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635232__ •

Methods for the detection of harmful substances or traces thereof Inventor(s): Zaromb; Solomon (9 S. 706 William Dr., Hinsdale, IL 60521) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,642,057 Date filed: July 7, 2000 Abstract: The presence of carcinogens in air, soils, and other areas is detected by combining liquid-assisted air sampling with means for testing liquid samples for mutagenicity. Hazardous or illicit substances or pathogens which may be buried in the ground or otherwise concealed or present in contaminated food at various stages of food processing are detected using a two-line probe such that one of the lines directs exhaust air from the sampler onto suspect surfaces so as to dislodge and blow off droplets, particles or insects therefrom while the other line draws some of them into the sampler. Variants of said two-line probe can also serve to collect lead, hexavalent chromium or other harmful substances and bacterial, fungal or viral pathogens from crumbling walls or floors. Liquid-assisted air sampling can also serve to capture disease-transmitting insects and detect and identify insect-borne pathogens. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to improved apparatus and methods for detecting harmful substances, whether airborne or grounded, whether biological or chemical, which may pose an immediate or long term hazard to human life or health. In my aforecited co-pending applications, I have disclosed apparatus and methods for collecting various contaminants--including vapors and particles, chemical or biological--from a large volume of air into a small volume of carrier liquid, so as to permit or facilitate rapid and ultra-sensitive detection of traces of hazardous or illicit substances which may be otherwise difficult to detect. The collected contaminants may be either dissolved by or suspended in the carrier liquid. My earliest apparatus was intended mainly for the absorption of vapors by the carrier liquid and was therefore referred to as liquidabsorption air sampler. With subsequent use of the same apparatus for the collection of respirable particles, the term "absorption" became inappropriate, as the collected particles remain suspended in the carrier liquid without being dissolved therein. Such apparatus and methods will therefore be referred to herein as "HTLAAS" for HighThroughput Liquid-Assisted Air Sampling, which applies to collected air contaminants which are either dissolved or suspended in a carrier liquid. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06642057__

180 Chromium

•

Multilayer conductor structure for use in field emission display Inventor(s): Derraa; Ammar (Boise, ID) Assignee(s): Micron Technology, Inc. (Boise, ID) Patent Number: 6,650,043 Date filed: July 20, 1999 Abstract: The disclosed multilayer conductor may be used in place of aluminum conductive lines in integrated circuits and field emission displays. The multilayer conductor includes a primary conductive line, preferably made from aluminum, and a protective line, preferably made from chromium. The protective line separates the aluminum from adjacent silicon-based layers. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an improved multilayer conductor for use with electrical circuits. Multilayer conductors constructed according to the invention may be used advantageously in field emission displays (FEDs) as well as in other integrated circuits. In operation, voltages applied to the column lines 118, the rows of the grid layer 112, and the transparent conductor 122 selectively cause emitters 108 to emit electrons 150 that travel along path 117 towards, and impact on, phosphor layer 124. Incident electrons on phosphor layer 124 cause phosphor layer 124 to emit photons and thereby generate a visible display on faceplate 104. Power supply 140 generates a visible display by periodically illuminating (or not illuminating) the pixels in the display matrix. Normally, power supply 140 continuously charges transparent conductor 122 to the highly positive voltage. Power supply 140 illuminates a single pixel by simultaneously applying the negative and positive voltages to that pixel's column and row lines, respectively. The column lines 118 and the rows of the grid layer 112 are typically made from strips of aluminum. Although aluminum has been used for many years to form conductors in FEDs as well as in other types of integrated circuits, aluminum has several undesirable characteristics. For example, aluminum is not physically stable over long periods of time when it is disposed adjacent to silicon-based materials. Aluminum has a tendency to slowly diffuse into adjacent silicon-based materials and form structures known as "hillocks". Since almost every layer of modern integrated circuits is silicon-based (e.g., silicon oxide, silicon nitride, single crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon, or glass), the tendency of aluminum to diffuse into silicon-based layers is a serious drawback to its use. As used herein, the term "siliconbased" shall mean any material that includes silicon, either in elemental form or in the form of one or more compounds. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06650043__

•

Nickel-base superalloy for high temperature, high strain application Inventor(s): Harris; Kenneth (Spring Lake, MI) Assignee(s): Cannon-Muskegon Corporation (Muskegon, MI) Patent Number: 6,632,299 Date filed: October 19, 2000 Abstract: A nickel-base superalloy that exhibits outstanding mechanical properties under high temperature and high strain conditions when cast in an equiaxed and/or directionally solidified, columnar grain structure, and which exhibits increased grain boundary strength and ductility while maintaining microstructural stability includes, in

Patents 181

percentages by weight, 5-6 chromium, 9-9.5 cobalt, 0.3-0.7 molybdenum, 8-9 tungsten, 5.9-6.3 tantalum, 0.05-0.25 titanium, 5.6-6.0 aluminum, 2.8-3.1 rhenium, 1.1-1.8 hafnium, 0.10-0.12 carbon, 0.010-0.024 boron, 0.011-0.020 zirconium, with the balance being nickel and incidental impurities. The superalloys of this invention are useful for casting gas turbine engine components exhibiting significantly improved low cycle fatigue life, improved airfoil high temperature stress rupture life, significantly reduced life cycle cost, and longer useful life. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to superalloys exhibiting superior mechanical properties, and more particularly to superalloys useful for high temperature, high strain applications, such as components of aircraft gas turbine engines. Nickel-base superalloys are well known for their superior mechanical strength at high temperatures. As a result, such alloys have been beneficially employed in aircraft gas turbine engines to permit higher temperature operation and improved efficiency. However, there is a recognized need in both the aerospace and power generation gas turbine industry for lower cost advanced technology materials. More specially, there is a need for the development of advanced superalloy materials and manufacturing processes that make it possible to produce affordable, integrally bladed turbine wheels exhibiting significantly increased low cycle fatigue (LCF) life and improved airfoil stress rupture life. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06632299__ •

Nitride-plated piston ring for internal combustion engines Inventor(s): Ogawa; Katsuaki (Yono, JP), Onoda; Motonobu (Yono, JP), Shimizu; Kazuo (Yono, JP) Assignee(s): Nippon Piston Ring Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,631,907 Date filed: December 27, 1995 Abstract: According to an embodiment of the present invention a piston ring for internal combustion engines for use with a piston and a cylinder, is provided that has an external circumferential sliding surface adapted to slid against the internal wall of the cylinder. The piston ring has an ion-plating deposition layer formed over the externtal circumferential sliding surface, the deposition layer having pores and being made of a mixture of a first chromium nitride of CrN type and a second chromium nitride of Cr.sub.2 N type. The mixing ratios in the mixture are more than 45.5 and less than 98.0 weight percent for the first chromium nitride and the balance portion for the second chromium nitride. According to another embodiment of the present invention, a piston ring for internal combustion engines for use with a piston and a cylinder, is provided that has an external circumferential sliding surface adapted to slid against the internal wall of the cylinder. The piston ring having an ion-plating deposition layer formed over the external circumferential sliding surface thereof, the deposition layer having pores and being made of a mixture of a first chromium nitride of CrN type, a second chromium nitride of Cr.sub.2 N type, and metallic chromium. The mixing ratios in the mixture are more than 45.0 and less than 98.0 weight percent for the first chromium nitride, more than 0.5 and not more than 15.0 weight percent for the metallic chromium, and the balance portion for the second chromium nitride. According to a further embodiment of the present invention, the ion-plating deposition layer formed over the external circumferential sliding surface of the piston ring, made of the mixture described

182 Chromium

in the above embodiments, is formed to have porosity of more than 0.5 and not more than 20.0 percent. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a surface treatment for a piston ring for use in internal combustion engines. Recently, as internal combustion engines tend to have higher performance, an extended life for such internal combustion engines is in strongly demand, while the functional components of the engine are burdened with ever increasing severe conditions. Piston rings are accordingly being exposed more often than before to severe environments such as high engine revolution, high temperature, and high bearing pressure, whereby higher durability is being required of such piston rings. Furthermore, demand for higher engine performance and a smaller engine size exists, which causes various combinations of piston rings to be employed in diesel and gasoline engines; such combinations include a combination of three compression rings and two oil rings, a combination of three compression rings and one oil ring, a combination of two compression rings and one oil ring, and a combination of one compression ring and one oil ring, where compression rings and oil rings constitute respective aspects of piston rings. As a means to improve durability of piston rings, abrasion resistance treatments are being applied to the sliding surface of the piston rings, that include hard chrome plating and nitriding. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06631907__ •

Optimized method for the production of catalyst supports based on silica gel and chromium catalysts supported on silica gel Inventor(s): de Lange; Paulus (Wesseling, DE), Deckers; Andreas (Flomborn, DE), Funk; Guido (Worms, DE), Kolle; Peter (Bad Durkheim, DE) Assignee(s): Basell Polyolefine GmbH (DE) Patent Number: 6,645,900 Date filed: February 28, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to a catalyst support and to a method for the production of the catalyst support comprising the following steps:a) production of a silicic acid hydrogel having a solids content of from 10 to 25% by weight (calculated as SiO.sub.2) whose particles are substantially spherical,b) extraction of the hydrogel particles with an alcohol until at least 60% of the water present in the hydrogel has been removed,c) drying of the resultant hydrogel until the residual alcohol content is less than 10% by weight (xerogel formation) at temperatures of.gtoreq.160.degree. C. at atmospheric pressure using an inert entraining gas,d) setting of the desired particle size of the resultant xerogel,in which the hydrogel particles have a particle size of.gtoreq.8 mm before the extraction, and to a catalyst and to a method for the production of the catalyst by loading the catalyst support with a chromium compound. The invention also relates to a method for the production of polyolefins using the catalyst. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method for the production of silica gel catalyst supports and chromium oxide catalysts supported on silica gel, and to the corresponding catalyst supports and catalysts for the polymerization of olefin monomers. Polymerization catalysts which comprise silica gel or modified silica gel as support material and chromium as active component play an essential role in the production of high density polyethylene (HDPE). The conditions during production of the supports and the catalysts determine the chemical composition, pore structure, particle size and shape of the catalysts. Before the polymerization, the catalysts are

Patents 183

activated at high temperatures in order to stabilize chromium on the catalyst surface as Cr(VI) species. This species is reduced by addition of ethene or additional reducing agents in order to form the catalytically active species which catalyses the polymerization. The composition of the catalyst support and of the catalyst, its structure and the activation conditions have a crucial influence on the performance of the catalyst in the polymerization method, the activity of the catalyst, the structure and the properties of the resultant polymer. Thus, EP-A 0 263 525 describes a method for the production of polyethylene and copolymers of ethene using the catalyst prepared in accordance with DE-A 25 40 279 and an alkyllithium as cocatalyst. The alkyllithium here serves to increase the productivity of the catalyst, to reduce the induction time of the polymerization and the sensitivity of the catalyst to impurities, and to provide polymers having favourable morphological properties. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645900__ •

Oxidation resistant coatings for niobium-based silicide composites Inventor(s): Bewlay; Bernard Patrick (Schenectady, NY), Jackson; Melvin Robert (Niskayuna, NY), Zhao; Ji-Cheng (Niskayuna, NY) Assignee(s): General Electric Company (Niskayuna, NY) Patent Number: 6,645,560 Date filed: December 10, 2002 Abstract: An environmentally resistant coating (34) for improving the oxidation resistance of a niobium-based refractory metal intermetallic composite (Nb-based RMIC) at high temperatures, the environmentally resistant coating (34) comprising silicon, titanium, chromium, and niobium. The invention includes a turbine system (10) having turbine components (11) comprising at least one Nb-based RMIC, the environmentally resistant coating (34) disposed on a surface (33) of the Nb-based RMIC, and a thermal barrier coating (42) disposed on an outer surface (40) of the environmentally resistant coating (34). Methods of making a turbine component (11) having the environmentally resistant coating (34) and coating a Nb-based RMIC substrate (32) with the environmentally resistant coating (34) are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to turbine systems. More particularly, the invention relates to components of such turbine systems. Still more particularly, the invention relates to turbine components formed from a niobium-based refractory metal intermetallic composite. Finally, the invention relates to environmentally resistant coatings for such turbine components. Turbine systems, such as, but not limited to, aeronautical turbines, land-based, turbines, marine-based turbines, and the like, and their components (hereinafter referred to as "turbine components") have typically been formed from nickel (Ni) based materials, which are often referred to as Ni-based superalloys. Turbine components formed from these Ni-based superalloys exhibit desirable chemical and physical properties under the high temperature, high stress, and high-pressure conditions generally encountered during turbine operation. For example, the highest surface temperatures of state-of-the-art jet engine turbine airfoils reach as high as about 2100.degree. F. (about 1150.degree. C.), or about 85% of the melting temperature (T.sub.m) of most of the Ni-based superalloys. To date, the Ni-based superalloys have provided the desired level of performance for turbine system applications, causing the development of such Ni-based superalloys to be widely explored. As a result of such extensive study, the field has matured and few significant

184 Chromium

improvements have been realized in this area in recent years. In the meantime, efforts have been made to develop alternative turbine component materials. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645560__ •

Photomask, aberration correction plate, exposure apparatus, and process of production of microdevice Inventor(s): Owa; Soichi (Tokyo, JP), Shiraishi; Naomasa (Tokyo, JP), Takeuchi; Hitoshi (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Nikon Corporation (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,653,024 Date filed: May 10, 2000 Abstract: A photomask including a substrate comprised of fluorite (calcium fluoride (CaF.sub.2)) and protective films comprised of chrome (Cr), chromium oxide (Cro), silicon oxide (SiO.sub.2 or SiO), etc. and formed at regions, other than the pattern region where the pattern to be transferred is formed, which contact other members when transporting the photomask or using it for exposure. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an exposure apparatus used when producing for example a semiconductor device, an imaging device, a liquid crystal display, a thin film magnetic head, or another microdevice and to a photomask and aberration correction plate used for the exposure apparatus and a process of production of such a microdevice. In the photolithographic process for producing a semiconductor device etc., use is made of an exposure apparatus to transfer a pattern image of a photomask (including reticle) on to a photosensitive substrate through a projection optical system. The photomask used for such an exposure apparatus is generally produced using silica glass (quartz glass). Silica glass has a low transmission loss of light, has resistant to temperature changes, is excellent in corrosion resistance and elastic performance, has a small coefficient of linear expansion (about 5.5.times.10.sup.-7 /K), and has other superior properties. It therefore has the advantages of enabling formation of a pattern with a high precision and a good work efficiency. Semiconductor integrated circuits of increasing miniaturization are being developed. In the photolithographic process, the wavelengths of the light sources used are becoming increasingly shorter. Vacuum ultraviolet light, in particular, light of wavelengths shorter than 200 nm, for example, light of ArF excimer lasers (wavelength 193 nm) or F.sub.2 lasers (wavelength 157 nm), etc. has now come into use as exposure light. If ordinary silica glass is used for light of a wavelength less than about 200 nm, however, the transmission loss increases due to absorption and scattering. Further, the optical performance declines due to heat buildup resulting from absorption and to the fluorescence. The glass itself discolors along with time, that is, "color center" occurs, and changes in density, that is, "compaction", occurs. These become more remarkable the shorter the wavelength. Therefore, when using ordinary silica glass, it has been thought that use for light of a wavelength about that of an ArF excimer laser (wavelength 193 nm) was the limit. It was generally considered difficult to use a photomask made of ordinary silica glass for light of shorter wavelengths. Therefore, production of a photomask using fluorite (CaF.sub.2), a material with a high transmittance even with respect to light of a wavelength less than about 200 nm, has been studied. Note that the use of fluorite is considered particularly effective when used for light of a wavelength less than 190 nm, but use of fluorite is also preferable in the case of the above ArF excimer laser from the viewpoint of the transmittance.

Patents 185

Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06653024__ •

Plating bath and method for depositing a metal layer on a substrate Inventor(s): Barstad; Leon R. (Raynham, MA), Buckley; Thomas (Dedham, MA), Cobley; Andrew J. (Coventry, GB), Kapeckas; Mark J. (Marlborough, MA), Reddington; Erik (Ashland, MA), Sonnenberg; Wade (Edgartown, MA) Assignee(s): Shipley Company, L.L.C. (Marlborough, MA) Patent Number: 6,652,731 Date filed: October 2, 2001 Abstract: A metal plating bath and metal plating process that contains aldehyde compounds that prevent or reduce the consumption of metal plating bath additives. The metal plating baths provide for an efficient plating method because the plating process need not be interrupted to replenish the plating bath with additives. The Metal plating baths may be employed to plate metals such as copper, gold, silver, palladium, cobalt, chromium, cadmium, bismuth, indium, rhodium, iridium, and ruthenium. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a plating bath and method for improving deposition of a metal on a substrate. More specifically, the present invention is directed to a plating bath and method for improving deposition of a metal on a substrate by including aldehydes in the plating bath that prevent the degradation of plating bath components. Deposition of a metal on a substrate is used in a variety of industrial applications such as electroforming, electrorefining, manufacture of copper powder, electroplating, electroless plating and the like. The process of plating a substrate with a metal is used in the production of decorative articles for sanitary appliances, automobile parts, jewelry and furniture fittings, many electrical devices and circuits such as printed wiring and circuit boards, electrolytic foil, silicon wafer plating, and the like. Examples of metals that may be plated on a substrate include copper, gold, silver, palladium, platinum, zinc, tin, nickel, lead, cobalt and alloys thereof. Although many metals are employed in plating in the production of decorative articles and electrical devices, copper is one of the most common metals plated. The electronics industry extensively employs copper as a metal in the manufacture of printed wiring and circuit boards as well as other electronic articles. The electronics industry has a number of requirements for copper deposits on printed wiring boards. For example, copper layers can not form any cracks when subject to thermal shock (immersed at least once for 10 sec. in liquid tin/lead solder at 288.degree. C.). In addition, the copper layers must be smooth, and as uniformly thick at all locations of a coated surface. Also, deposition procedures must be easy to manage and economical. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06652731__

186 Chromium

•

Process for preparing a mixed metal catalyst composition Inventor(s): Cerfontain; Marinus Bruce (Amsterdam, NL), Eijsbouts; Sonja (Nieuwkuijk, NL), Homan Free; Harmannus Willem (Hoevelaken, NL), Miseo; Sabato (Pittstown, NJ), Oogjen; Bob Gerardus (Almere, NL), Riley; Kenneth Lloyd (Baton Rouge, LA), Soled; Stuart Leon (Pittstown, NJ) Assignee(s): Akzo Nobel N.V. (Arnhem, NL) Patent Number: 6,652,738 Date filed: January 16, 2003 Abstract: The invention pertains to a process for the hydroprocessing of a hydrocarbon feedstock wherein said feedstock is contacted at hydroprocessing conditions with a catalyst composition which comprises bulk catalyst particles which comprise at least one Group VIII non-noble metal and at least two Group VIB metals. The Group VIII and Group VIB metals comprise from about 50 wt. % to about 100 wt. %, calculated as oxides, of the total weight of the bulk catalyst particles. The metals are present in the catalyst composition in their oxidic and/or sulfidic state. The catalyst composition has an X-ray diffraction pattern in which the characteristic full width at half maximum does not exceed 2.5.degree. when the Group VIB metals are molybdenum, tungsten, and, optionally, chromium, or does not exceed 4.0.degree. when the Group VIB metals are molybdenum and chromium or tungsten and chromium. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a process for preparing a mixed metal catalyst composition comprising bulk catalyst particles comprising at least one Group VIII nonnoble metal and at least two Group VIB metals. In the hydroprocessing of hydrocarbon feedstocks, the feedstocks are hydrotreated and/or hydrocracked in the presence of hydrogen. Hydroprocessing encompasses all processes in which a hydrocarbon feed is reacted with hydrogen at elevated temperature and elevated pressure including processes such as hydrogenation, hydrodesulfurization, hydrodenitrogenation, hydrodemetallization, hydrodearomatization, hydroisomerization, hydrodewaxing, hydrocracking, and hydrocracking under mild pressure conditions, which is commonly referred to as mild hydrocracking. In general, hydroprocessing catalysts are composed of a carrier with a Group VIB metal component and a Group VIII non-noble metal component deposited thereon. Generally, such catalysts are prepared by impregnating a carrier with aqueous solutions of compounds of the metals in question, followed by one or more drying and calcination steps. Such a catalyst preparation process is described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 2,873,257 and EP 0469675. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06652738__

•

Process for priming aluminum materials and primers Inventor(s): Ishii; Toru (Shizuoka, JP), Yamazaki; Kazuhiko (Shizuoka, JP) Assignee(s): Nippon Light Metal Company, Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,653,384 Date filed: February 24, 2000 Abstract: This invention relates to a process for priming an aluminum material by applying a primer containing the nitrate or related compound of a metal selected from aluminum, zirconium, cerium, chromium, and iron to the surface of the aluminum material so that the amount of adhering metal becomes 1.0 mM/m.sup.2 or more and

Patents 187

baking the primer, and also relates to a primer for an aluminum material containing water-soluble acrylic acid-based polymers in the range of 3.5 to 22.5 g/l as solids concentration, the nitrate or related compound of a metal selected from aluminum, zirconium, cerium, and iron in the range of 30 to 500 g/l, a hydrofluoric acid-based compound in the range of 1.0 to 5.0 g/l as elemental fluorine, and an organic reducing agent in the range of 5 to 30 g/l. This invention makes it possible to apply a primer to the surface of an aluminum material with excellent corrosion resistance. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to priming to be performed as pretreatment before the application of coatings to the surface of articles made from aluminum or its alloys (hereinafter referred to as aluminum materials) and, more particularly, to a process for priming aluminum materials with excellent corrosion resistance and primers therefor. Aluminum materials are generally characterized by lightweight, good processability, and excellent thermal conductivity and are consumed in a wide variety of applications, for example, in fins to be installed in the heat-exchanging unit of an air conditioner and in sashes and other construction materials. Depending upon where or for what purpose aluminum materials are used, various coatings are applied to the surface of the aluminum materials to provide such properties as hydrophilic, antibacterial, corrosionresistant, scratch-resistant, antistatic, and lubricative or to improve the external appearance. In application of the aforementioned coatings, priming is generally performed to protect the aluminum materials themselves against corrosion or promote the adhesion of the coating films to the surface of aluminum materials and, in particular, priming assumes importance in the cases where the application of coatings is intended for providing the aforementioned properties or improving the external appearance. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06653384__ •

Process for producing inner race for constant velocity joint having improved workability and strength Inventor(s): Iguchi; Makoto (Himeji, JP), Nishimori; Hiroshi (Himeji, JP), Usui; Yoshimi (Mooka, JP) Assignee(s): Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Tokyo-To, JP), Sanyo Special Steel Co., Ltd. (Hyogo-Ken, JP) Patent Number: 6,641,680 Date filed: June 13, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed is a process for producing an inner race for a constant velocity joint comprising the steps of: providing a steel comprising by weight carbon 0.10 to 0.25%, silicon 0.03 to 0.15%, manganese 0.20 to 0.60%, sulfur 0.003 to 0.030%, chromium 1.00 to 1.50%, titanium 0.05 to 0.20%, boron 0.0005 to 0.0050%, and nitrogen not more than 0.01% with the balance consisting of iron and impurities; hot rolling or hot forging the steel, to prepare a rolled/forged product; cold forging and machining the rolled/forged product; and carburizing, quenching, and tempering the machined rolled/forged product so that the treated steel satisfies an effective case depth of 0.4 to 0.9 mm, a thickness of abnormal-carburizing layer of not more than 15.mu.m, and an austenite grain size number as specified in JIS G 0551 of not less than 7. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for producing an inner race for a constant velocity joint, having improved cold workability, machinability, rolling fatigue life and flexural strength, as a boron-containing automobile component. The present inventors have now found that, in order to improve the rolling fatigue life, the

188 Chromium

abnormal-carburizing layer should be reduced in a rolling face not subjected to polishing and, in order to improve the flexural strength, the brittle fracture region should be reduced. Based on such finding, the present inventors have found optimal additive elements and amounts of added elements while taking into consideration cold workability and machinability, and have further found a suitable range of an effective case depth at the time of carburization/quenching, which has led to the completion of the present invention. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an inner race using SCM 420 (JIS) or a steel corresponding to SCM 420 for a constant velocity joint for the automobiles or the like, having improved rolling fatigue life and flexural strength properties without sacrificing cold forgeability and machinability. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06641680__ •

Process for the continuous gas-phase (co-)polymerization of olefins in a fluidized bed reactor Inventor(s): Heslop; David (Istres, FR), Isnard; Jean-Pierre (Martigues, FR), Shin; Myung-Je (Anvers, BE) Assignee(s): BP Chemicals Limited (London, GB) Patent Number: 6,639,028 Date filed: March 8, 2002 Abstract: A process for the gas-phase (co-)polymerization of olefins in a fluidized bed reactor using a chromium oxide catalyst. The polymerization is performed in the presence of a process aid additive. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for the continuous gas-phase (co)polymerisation of olefins in a fluidised bed reactor using a chromium oxide catalyst. The present invention also relates to a process for preventing fouling during the continuous gas-phase (co-)polymerisation of olefins in a fluidised bed reactor using a chromium oxide catalyst. Processes for the co-polymerisation of olefins in the gas phase are well known in the art. Such processes can be conducted for example by introducing the gaseous monomer and comonomer into a stirred and/or gas fluidised bed comprising polyolefin and a catalyst for polymerisation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06639028__

•

Process for the preparation of carboxylic acid salts from primary alcohols Inventor(s): Franczyk, II; Thaddeus S. (Chesterfield, MO), Moench, Jr.; William L. (Town and Country, MO) Assignee(s): Monsanto Technology, LLC (St. Louis, MO) Patent Number: 6,646,160 Date filed: May 3, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides a new and useful improvement in the process to manufacture a carboxylic acid salt, particularly an amino carboxylic acid salt, from a primary alcohol, particularly a primary aminoalcohol. The process of manufacturing amino carboxylic acid salts comprises contacting an aqueous solution of a primary aminoalcohol with a strong hydroxide base selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal hydroxide, an alkaline earth metal hydroxide, an ammonium hydroxide

Patents 189

compound including a tetraalkyl ammonium hydroxide, or the like, in the presence of an effective amount of a catalyst. The catalyst comprises one or more of elements selected from the group consisting of copper, cobalt, nickel, and cadmium as well as optionally lesser amounts of chromium, titanium, niobium, tantalum, zirconium, vanadium, molybdenum, manganese, tungsten, cobalt, nickel, or mixtures thereof. The reaction mixture contains less than about 3000 ppm, preferably less than about 500 ppm, more preferably less than about 100 ppm of oxidized copper (Cu.sup.+ and/or Cu.sup.2+) during the reaction. The concentration of oxidizing agents in the reactants is minimized to prevent formation of oxidized copper from metallic copper catalyst. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the preparation of carboxylic acid salts, and more particularly, to a method for the preparation of amino carboxylic acid salts by the reaction of primary aminoalcohols with a hydroxide base in the presence of a catalyst. Carboxylic acid salts are useful in various applications. The salts can be neutralized to the corresponding acid which is also useful in a number of applications, such as a raw material for pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals, pesticides and the like. Many of such carboxylic acids are available commercially in large quantities. Copper catalysts are known to be effective for the conversion of primary alcohols to carboxylic acid salts (Chitwood 1945) and, particularly, alkanolamines to aminocarboxylic acids (Goto et al. 1988). The prior art maintains that both metallic copper and copper salts or oxides (Cu.sup.+, Cu.sup.2+, or both) are suitable catalysts to facilitate this conversion. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06646160__ •

Railway wheels resistant to martensite transformation Inventor(s): Sawley; Kevin James (Pueblo West, CO), Stone; Daniel Hunter (Pueblo West, CO) Assignee(s): Transportation Technology Center, Inc. (Pueblo, CO) Patent Number: 6,632,297 Date filed: April 17, 2002 Abstract: Steels having a pearlitic structure and containing 0.60 to 1.0 weight percent carbon, 1.1 to 3.0 weight percent silicon, 0.45 to 0.85 weight percent manganese, less than 0.050 weight percent sulfur and less than 0.050 weight percent phosphorus, with the remainder of said steel being iron and incidental impurities, can be used to make railway wheels that are resistant to martensite transformations and, hence, spalling. The addition of 0.50 to 1.0 weight percent chromium to such steels further improves their resistance to spalling. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to steel railway wheels, and especially those formulated to resist spalling caused by martensite transformations in the steel that constitutes the tread and/or flange regions of such wheels. Spalling in these wheel regions causes several problems. For example, spalling of the wheel tread will cause the wheel itself to have flat spots and the quality of "out-of-roundness". Moreover, when railway wheels experience spalling, surface cracks tend to propagate from spalled areas and cause pieces of the martensite steel to detach from the wheel, especially as the spalled area suffers rolling contact fatigue. These wheel defects also increase wheel/rail dynamic forces that produce consequential damage such as broken rails and accelerated track deterioration. Steel railway wheels wear out as a result of normal usage. They are also prematurely removed from service as a result of spalling. Spalling occurs in railway wheel tread and/or flange regions as a result of metallurgical

190 Chromium

transformations caused by the heat generated when a train's wheels skid during brake application. In effect, these skids produce local heating to temperatures above 1300.degree. F. (704.4.degree. C.). These high temperatures produce metallurgical transformations in small spots of the steel in the tread and/or flange regions of such wheels. These spots transform to martensite when they cool. The resulting brittle material then cracks and falls away. Again, spalling takes place in addition to the "normal" wear experienced by railway wheels. The railroad industry has dealt with normal wear/spalling of its wheels in three general ways: (1) machining of tread and flange surfaces, (2) scrapping the wheel and (3) imparting improved metallurgical properties to those steels from which railway wheels are made. As far as scheduled and unscheduled machining of railway wheels are concerned, it should be noted that, since normal wear/spalling of railway wheels has certain safety implications, these matters are the subject of governmental regulation. In the United States for example, the Federal Railroad Administration ("FRA") has promulgated various regulations concerning the dimensions of various parts of a railway wheel's profile. Many of these regulations express themselves in terms of the height and width of a railway wheel's flange. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06632297__ •

Solid oxidation catalysts, in particular for epoxidation of prochiral compounds Inventor(s): Basset; Jean-Marie (Villeurbanne Cedex, FR), De Mallman; Aimery (Lyons, FR), Meunier; Damien (Lyons, FR), Piechaczyk; Arnaud (Lyons, FR) Assignee(s): Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (C.N.R.S.) (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 6,642,170 Date filed: March 6, 2001 Abstract: The invention concerns recyclable solid oxidation catalysts comprising a metal compound of a pentavalent or hexavalent metal M and selected among the group consisting of tantalum, vanadium, niobium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, grafted at the surface of a solid oxide with at least one, preferably one, covalent bond between an oxygen atom of the solid oxide and the metal M atom, the grafted metal compound having at least two alkoxy groups bound to the metal by the oxygen atom. Preferably, at least 2 alkoxy groups bound to the metal M belong to a polyol unit, preferably diol. The invention also concerns oxidation methods, in particular epoxidation methods using same. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel solid oxidation catalysts which make possible in particular the oxidation of prochiral compounds, in particular the asymmetric epoxidation of prochiral olefinic double bonds, more particularly of a carbinol compound exhibiting an ethylenic double bond separated from the carbinol group by 0 to 1 C, preferably those of allyl alcohols, to their method of preparation and the use of these solid catalysts in epoxidation reactions. The introduction of a chiral center onto organic molecules has quite considerable industrial potentialities. This is because natural products are normally chiral, with only one enantiomer exhibiting a useful biological activity. Medicaments, agrochemicals, cosmetics or more generally any molecule which is used in life sciences generally belong to this family of chiral compounds with one or more centers of asymmetry. The separation of the enantiomers from a racemic mixture is expensive, lengthy and not economically profitable. One of the solutions envisaged for improving this irrefutable fact was to find catalysts, which are predominantly homogeneous. These catalysts are generally transition metal complexes which exhibit chiral ligands. Numerous enantioselective catalytic reactions

Patents 191

exist. In particular, the synthesis of enantiopure epoxyalcohols, used in particular as precursors of active principles for pharmaceutical products, is very important industrially (B. E. Rossiter "Asymmetric Synthesis", Academic Press, 1985, vol. 5, pp. 193-246; M. Bulliard and W. Shum, "Proceedings of the Chiral'95 USA symposium" 1995, pp. 5-8; U.S. Pat. No. 4,764,628). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06642170__ •

Solvent-resistant electrical steel sheet capable of stress relief annealing and process Inventor(s): Komori; Yuka (Okayama, JP), Sato; Keiji (Tokyo, JP), Yamaguchi; Katuro (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Kawasaki Steel Corporation (JP) Patent Number: 6,638,633 Date filed: December 12, 1997 Abstract: Electrical steel sheet can be produced by baking at low temperatures and is capable of stress relief annealing and has excellent solvent resistance and has an insulating coating containing substantially no chromium components harmful to environment; the electrical steel sheet has an insulating coating comprising a resin and an inorganic colloid which is silica, alumina or alumina-containing silica. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an electrical steel sheet provided with an insulating coating, specifically to such an electrical steel sheet which does not contain toxic compounds such as hexavalent chromium and can be produced by low temperature-baking, which is capable of stress relief annealing and has good solvent resistance. The invention further relates to the process of making the electrical steel sheet. Not only surface insulation but other convenience characteristics in processing/molding, storage and use are required of insulating coatings on electrical steel sheets used for motors and transformers. The required characteristics include punchability, TIG welding properties, adhesion property, corrosion resistance, solvent resistance, heat resistance, anti-blocking properties, anti-tension pat properties, and retention of corrosion resistance and sticking resistance after stress relief annealing. Electrical steel sheets are subjected to stress relief annealing at 750 to 850.degree. C. in many cases in order to improve the magnetic characteristics of the sheet after stamping. Insulating coatings are accordingly often required to withstand stress relief annealing. Accordingly, various insulating coatings have been developed for specific electrical steel sheets used in particular ways. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06638633__

•

Stability additive for trivalent chrome conversion coating bath solutions Inventor(s): Bhatia; Promila (Bristol, CT), Jaworowski; Mark (Glastonbury, CT), Lomasney; Gary M. (Glastonbury, CT), Parkos, Jr.; Joseph John (East Haddam, CT), Tang; Xia (W. Hartford, CT) Assignee(s): United Technologies Corporation (Hartford, CT) Patent Number: 6,648,986 Date filed: May 13, 2002

192 Chromium

Abstract: An acidic aqueous solution containing a water soluble trivalent chromium compound is provided with a solution stability additive for reducing precipitation of trivalent chromium over time. The concentration of the solution stability additive varies based on the complexing capability of the additive. Suitable additives for use as solution stability additives in accordance with the present invention are selected from the group consisting of acetic acid, glycolic acid, and mixtures thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for preparing a corrosion-resistant trivalent chromium coating on a metal, preferably aluminum and aluminum alloys, and an improved acidic aqueous solution for use in the process. Conversion coatings have been widely used in metal surface treatment for improved corrosion inhibition and improved adhesion of a subsequently applied paint layer. Conversion coatings are applied through chemical reactions between the metal and the bath solution which converts or modifies the metal surface into a thin film with required functional properties. Conversion coatings are particularly useful in surface treatment of metals such a steel, zinc, aluminum and magnesium. In the past, chromate conversion coatings have proven to be the most successful conversion coatings for aluminum and magnesium. However, chromate conversion coatings used in the past generally contained highly toxic hexavalent chromium. The use of hexavalent chromium results in potential hazardous working conditions for process operators and very high costs for waste disposal. In order to overcome the problems associated with hexavalent chromium containing conversion coatings, there has been an effort to employ trivalent chromium conversion coatings which are far more acceptable from an environmental standpoint. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,171,231, 5,304,257 and 5,374,347 disclose trivalent chromium solutions for use in forming conversion coatings on metals. One drawback of these trivalent chromium processes and acidic aqueous solutions is the formation of chromium containing precipitate in the processing bath solution over time. The precipitation results in material loss in the solution and affects coating quality when the concentrations of key components drop below desired and required levels. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06648986__ •

Synthetic anti-parallel/parallel/pinned layer spin valve Inventor(s): Horng; Cheng T. (San Jose, CA), Ju; Kochan (Fremont, CA), Li; Min (Fremont, CA), Liao; Simon H. (Fremont, CA), Tong; Ru-Ying (San Jose, CA) Assignee(s): Headway Technologies, Inc. (Milpitas, CA) Patent Number: 6,630,248 Date filed: January 19, 2001 Abstract: A spin valve structure is described that has greater pinned layer robustness than is found in spin valves of the existing known art, making it well suited for use in high density recording. This has been achieved by a using a modified pinned layer that is a laminate of five layers--a first layer of cobalt-iron, a layer of ruthenium, a second layer of cobalt-iron, a layer of nickel-chromium, and a third layer of cobalt-iron. The second layer of cobalt-iron should be about twice the thickness of the third cobalt-iron layer. The sum of the second and third cobalt-iron layer thicknesses may be greater or smaller than the thickness of the first cobalt-iron layer. A process for manufacturing the structure is also described. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the general field of magnetic disk systems with particular reference to GMR based read heads and the stability of pinned layers therein.

Patents 193

The principle governing the operation of magnetic read heads is the change of resistivity of certain materials in the presence of a magnetic field (magneto-resistance). In particular, most magnetic materials exhibit anisotropic behavior in that they have a preferred direction along which they are most easily magnetized (known as the easy axis). The magneto-resistance effect manifests itself as an increase in resistivity when the material is magnetized in a direction perpendicular to the easy axis, said increase being reduced to zero when magnetization is along the easy axis. Thus, any magnetic field that changes the direction of magnetization in a magneto-resistive material can be detected as a change in resistance. The magneto-resistance effect can be significantly increased by means of a structure known as a spin valve. The resulting increase (known as Giant magneto-resistance or GMR) derives from the fact that electrons in a magnetized solid are subject to significantly less scattering by the lattice when their own magnetization vectors (due to spin) are parallel (as opposed to anti-parallel) to the direction of magnetization of the solid as a whole. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06630248__ •

Titanium-based alloy Inventor(s): Levin; Igor Vasilievich (ul. Engelsa, 29-4, Verkhnyaya Salda, Sverdloyskaya obl. 624600, RU), Tetjukhin; Vladislav Valentinovich (1 Botkinsky proezd, 2-6-9, Moscow, RU 125284), Zakharov; Jurv Ivanovich (ul. Petrozavodskava, 5-2-284, Moscow, RU 125502) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,632,396 Date filed: September 13, 2001 Abstract: Titanium-based alloy contains, % by mass: aluminum 2.2 to 3.8; vanadium 4.5 to 5.9; moloybdenum 4.5 to 5.9; chromium 2.0 to 3.6; iron 0.2 to 0.8; zirconium 0.0l to 0.08; carbon 0.01 to 0.25; oxygen 0.03 to 0.25; titanium being the balance. The alloy possesses high ability to volume deformation in cold state (is easily rolled into rods), does not have tendency to form high-melting inclusions and is efficiently enforced with thermal treatment with obtaining of high level of strength and plasticity characteristics. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to metallurgy, and more particularly, to titanium-based alloys intended for production of rods, fasteners and other parts for aeronautical engineering. The above said alloy was suggested for production of forgings and stampings applicable to highly stressed structural parts. Significant disadvantage of the said alloy is its tendency to formation of high-melting inclusions in the process of ingot casting due to high content of such high-melting element as molybdenum (>6%). Occurrence of such inclusions in highly stressed elements leads to destruction of these parts in operation. This alloy possesses high strength characteristics, good level of plasticity, it can be easily rolled into rod and sheet, it is good welded and does not show tendency to form high-melting inclusions. Among drawbacks of this alloy impossibility of its cold volume stamping due to insufficient level of such indicator of technological plasticity in hardened condition as degree of cold upsetting (<60%) should be mentioned. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06632396__

194 Chromium

•

Transparent forsterite glass-ceramics Inventor(s): Beall; George H. (Big Flats, NY) Assignee(s): Corning Incorporated (Corning, NY) Patent Number: 6,632,757 Date filed: August 14, 2001 Abstract: A glass-ceramic which is substantially and desirably totally transparent, and which contains a predominant crystal phase of forsterite. The glass-ceramic is formed from precursor glasses having the following compositions, in weight percent on an oxide basis: SiO.sub.2 30-60; Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 10-25; MgO 13-30; K.sub.2 O 8-20; TiO.sub.2 0-10; and GeO.sub.2 0-25. The glass-ceramic may be doped with up to 1 wt. % chromium oxide to impart optical activity thereto. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to transparent glass ceramics, in particular, to substantially transparent glass-ceramics based on a predominant crystal phase of forsterite. Glass-ceramics are polycrystalline materials formed by a controlled crystallization of a precursor glass. The method for producing such glass-ceramics customarily involves three fundamental steps: first, a glass-forming batch is melted; second, the melt is simultaneously cooled to a temperature at least below the transformation range thereof and a glass body of a desired geometry shaped therefrom; and third, the glass body is heated to a temperature above the transformation range of the glass in a controlled manner to generate crystals in situ. Frequently, the glass body is exposed to a two-stage treatment. Hence, the glass will be heated initially to a temperature within, or somewhat above, the transformation range for a period of time sufficient to cause the development of nuclei in the glass. Thereafter, the temperature will be raised to levels approaching, or even exceeding, the softening point of the glass to cause the growth of crystals on the previously-formed nuclei. The resultant crystals are commonly more uniformly fine-grained and the articles are typically more highly crystalline. Internal nucleation allows glass-ceramics to possess such favorable qualities as a very narrow, particle size distribution and highly uniform dispersion throughout the glass host. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06632757__

•

Two step aging treatment for Ni-Cr-Mo alloys Inventor(s): Klarstrom; Dwaine L. (11300 Bunker Ct., Kokomo, IN 46901), Pike, Jr.; Lee (901 Hillsdale Dr., Kokomo, IN 46901), Rothman; Michael F. (3500 Candy La., Kokomo, IN 46902) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,638,373 Date filed: June 7, 2002 Abstract: A two step heat treatment for Ni--Cr--Mo alloys containing from 12% to 23.5% chromium provides higher yield strength, high tensile strength and other mechanical properties comparable to those observed in similar alloys age-hardened according to current practices. This treatment is done over a total time of not more than 50 hours. However, the treatment works for only those alloys having alloying elements present in amounts according to an equation here disclosed.

Patents 195

Excerpt(s): The invention relates to heat treatment processes for nickel-chromium molybdenum-alloys having a chromium content of from 12 to 23.5 weight percent. It is well-known that chromium imparts corrosion resistance to nickel base alloys. Therefore, Ni--Cr--Mo alloys and particularly those with chromium content of 15 to 24% have been popular for use in corrosive environments such as encountered in the chemical and petrochemical industries. Age-hardening is a process used in the metallurgical industry to give an alloy composition higher strength, as measured by its yield strength, tensile strength, and by notched stress rupture tests typically used in the art. Various applications demand a combination of high tensile strength and low thermal expansion properties. One such application is in the aerospace industry. Another application is seal rings used in land-based gas turbines. A combination of high tensile strength and ductility is also very useful for bolts. Because of the demanding operating conditions and performance parameters for metal products in these applications, various methods of age-hardening have been used. One common technique is to heat the alloy to a selected high temperature, hold the alloy at that temperature for a period of time and then cool the alloy to room temperature. For some alloy compositions, the alloy may be heated to one temperature, cooled, heated again to a second temperature and cooled. Examples of these processes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,871,928. The temperatures and time periods used to age harden an alloy depend upon the composition of the alloy. For all age-hardenable commercial alloys there are established times and temperatures used that have become standard in the industry because they are known to produce the desired properties. For Ni--Cr--Mo alloys having high chromium content, that is chromium greater than 12%, the general view in the art is that heat treatment beyond the initial annealing in an effort to improve mechanical properties would be impractical due to the lengthy required times (hundreds to thousands of hours) and such treatments simply have not been done. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06638373__ •

Work hardened poppet exhaust valve Inventor(s): Kurup; Mohan (Richmond Hts., OH), Levin; Victor (South Euclid, OH), Neumann; William (Lakewood, OH), Wills; Roger R. (Solon, OH) Assignee(s): TRW Inc. (Lyndhurst, OH) Patent Number: 6,635,128 Date filed: November 28, 1994 Abstract: A work-hardened poppet exhaust valve for internal combustion engines is obtained from a solutioned work-hardenable austenitic stainless steel coil or bar stock in which chromium is present in the range of 13%-25% by weight, nickel is present in the range of 4%-16% by weight, manganese is present in the range of 0.25%-8% by weight, copper is present in the range of 0.5%-7% by weight, the interstitial elements carbon plus nitrogen are present in a total amount less than 0.45% by nitrogen are present in a total amount less than 0.45% by weight, and at least one refractory metal selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, niobium, vanadium, tungsten and tantalum is present in the range of 1%-5% by weight. The coil or bar stock is extruded to a poppet valve preform configuration at a temperature in the range of room temperature to 1,000.degree. F., and at a true strain of more than 0.8. The parameters of extrusion provide said work-hardened poppet valve with a stem hardness more than R.sub.c =25. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to poppet exhaust valves for internal combustion engines, and more particularly to a cold or warm heading process and

196 Chromium

improved austenitic stainless steel alloys for making such valves. The manufacture of poppet exhaust valves for internal combustion utility, automotive and truck engines conventionally is a multi-step process. A bar stock of predetermined diameter is provided. The bar stock is a stainless steel alloy. A blank of desired length is cut from the bar stock. The blank is then reduced in diameter, for instance by extrusion, for its length, except at one end. The head end of the blank, which has not been extruded is then coined to a larger cross-section. The blank is then heat treated and machined to the valve finished dimensions. Most poppet exhaust valves for internal combustion utility, automotive and truck engines are hot forged. The shaping steps, including extrusion and coining, are normally performed in the temperature range of 2,000.degree. F. to 2,200.degree. F. Hot forging has been necessary because of the relatively large size of the blanks used for the engine valves, and the high temperature operating properties desirable in an exhaust valve. The large size of the blanks means that more metal has to be moved a greater distance in the forming steps. This requires the use of high forming temperatures. The requirement of good high temperature operating properties has heretofore required the use of compositions capable of forming only by hot-forging. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635128__

Patent Applications on Chromium As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to chromium: •

Alloy, electrode with the alloy, and ignition device with the alloy Inventor(s): Hrastnik, Klaus; (Stuttgart, DE) Correspondence: Striker, Striker & Stenby; 103 East Neck Road; Huntington; NY; 11743; US Patent Application Number: 20030218411 Date filed: May 13, 2003 Abstract: A nickel alloy has 10-20 weight percent of chromium, and 1-4 weight percent of an element selected from the group consisting of aluminum, silicium and both, and can be used in an electrode, for example in an ignition device. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an alloy, as well as to an electrode which contains the alloy and to an ignition device which contains the alloy. Alloys, in particular for application in spark plug electrodes must satisfy extreme requirements with respect to corrosion and temperature resistance. For this purpose high-melting and poorly-oxidizable metal alloys are primary utilized. Nickel alloys are utilized frequently as basic alloys for center electrodes and ground electrodes of spark plugs. U.S. Pat. No. 4,742,265 discloses a spark plug, in which a center electrode is formed at least partially of a metal alloy, which has a high content of chromium and aluminum. There is here however a danger of a two-phase formation in the alloy joint and thereby a short service life of such electrodes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

Patents 197

•

Catalytic compositions and methods for asymmetric allylic alkylation Inventor(s): Hachiya, Iwao; (Tsu, JP), Trost, Barry M.; (Los Altos, CA) Correspondence: Perkins Coie Llp; P.O. Box 2168; Menlo Park; CA; 94026; US Patent Application Number: 20030191340 Date filed: February 5, 2003 Abstract: Complexes of a selected class of chiral ligands with molybdenum, tungsten or chromium, preferably molybdenum, are effective as catalysts in highly enantioselective and regioselective alkylation of allylic substrates. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/498,701, filed Feb. 7, 2000, which is divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 09/213,395, filed Dec. 15, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,130,349, which claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Serial No. 60/068,128, filed Dec. 19, 1997, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The present invention relates to catalytic methods and compositions for use in highly regioselective and enantioselective alkylations of allylic substrates. Molybdenum, tungsten and chromium complexes of chiral ligands having such catalytic activity, particularly the molybdenum complexes, are described, along with methods for their use. Adolfsson, H. and Moberg, C., Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 6:2023 (1995). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Chromium (VI)-free conversion layer and method for producing it Inventor(s): Hulser, Peter; (Trebur, DE), Jansen, Rolf; (Trebur, DE), Preikschat, Patricia; (Trebur, DE) Correspondence: Pearne & Gordon Llp; 526 Superior Avenue East; Suite 1200; Cleveland; OH; 44114-1484; US Patent Application Number: 20030207133 Date filed: July 13, 2001 Abstract: A chromium(VI)-free, chromium(III)-containing and substantially coherent conversion layer on zinc or zinc alloys presenting, even in the absence of further components such as silicate, cerium, aluminum and borate, a corrosion protection of approx. 100 to 1000 h in the salt spray test according to DIN 50021 SS or ASTM B 117-73 until first attack according to DIN 50961 Chapter 10; being clear, transparent and substantially colorless and presenting multi-colored iridescence; having a layer thickness of approx. 100 nm to 1000 nm; and being hard, adhering well and being resistant to wiping. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to chromium(VI)-free, chromium(III)containing, substantially coherent conversion layers according to claim 1, a method for producing them according to claim 7, a concentrate according to claim 10, a passivation bath according to claim 14, a passivating method according to claim 20, a passive layer according to claim 24, and a conversion layer according to claim 28. Metallic materials, in particular iron and steel, are plated with zinc or cadmium in order to protect them from corrosive environmental influences. The corrosion protection of zinc resides in the fact that it is even less precious than the base metal and therefore at first exclusively draws the corrosive attack; it acts as a sacrificial layer. The base metal of the respective zinc-plated component remains unimpaired as long as it is continuously covered with zinc, and the mechanical functionality remains preserved over longer periods of time

198 Chromium

than in the case of parts not plated with zinc. Thicker zinc layers naturally afford higher corrosion protection than thin layers inasmuch as corrosive erosion of thicker layers simply takes more time. The corrosive attack on the zinc layer, in turn, can be greatly delayed by application of a chromation, or chromate coating, whereby corrosion of the base metal is even further postponed than by mere zinc plating. A considerably better corrosion protection is afforded by the zinc/chromate layer system is than by a mere zinc layer of identical thickness. Moreover by means of chromation the optical deterioration of a component due to environmental influences is further postponed--the corrosion products of zinc, referred to as "white rust", equally interfere with the optical appearance of a component. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Composition and process for treating metal surfaces and resulting article Inventor(s): Honda, Takumi; (Kanagawa-Pref, JP), Sako, Ryosuke; (Kanagawa-Pref, JP), Ueno, Keiichi; (Kanagawa-Pref, JP) Correspondence: Henkel Corporation; 2500 Renaissance Blvd; Ste 200; Gulph Mills; PA; 19406; US Patent Application Number: 20030213533 Date filed: November 12, 2002 Abstract: A metal treating composition comprising at least a specific type of dissolved and/or dispersed organic resin, a dissolved vanadium compound in which the valence of vanadium is from 3 to 5, and a dissolved compound that contains at least one of the metals Zr, Ti, Mo, W, Mn, and Ce can provide metal surfaces with superior corrosion resistance, alkali resistance, and fingerprint resistance. The composition contains no chromium to cause pollution problems and/or require pollution abatement. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to: a chromium-free liquid metal surface treatment composition that forms, by spontaneous chemical reaction with a metal surface, a treatment coating with superior corrosion resistance, alkali resistance and fingerprint resistance; a metal surface treatment process that uses the treatment composition according to the invention; and articles of manufacture comprising metal surfaces treated by a process according to the invention. Suitable substrates for the invention include, but are not limited to, molded metal articles, cast metal articles, and metal sheet, coils, and the like that are used for automobile bodies, construction materials, household electrical appliances, and the like. Preferred metallic surfaces for treatment according to the invention are zinc- and zinc alloy-coated steel, uncoated (non-stainless) steel, and aluminum. Metal surfaces such as these readily become corroded as a result of being oxidized by oxygen in the atmosphere, moisture, ions contained in moisture, etc. Conventional methods used to prevent such corrosion have included depositing a chromate coating film on the metal material by causing the surface of the metal material to contact a treatment solution containing chromium in the form of chromic acid, at least one chromate, etc. Such an inorganic chromate coating film alone exhibits short-term anti-corrosion properties in relatively mild environments but has insufficient long-term corrosion resistance and/or corrosion resistance in harsher environments. Furthermore, when sheets or coils treated with chromate alone are cut and/or molded, the molded coating film is usually hard and brittle and lacks facile slipping properties. As a result, not only can the coating film fall off so that the external appearance suffers, but sufficient working often can not be performed without generating cracks in the material. In addition, fingerprints of workers handling the

Patents 199

metal adhere to its surface during working, and traces of these fingerprints remain even after degreasing and cleaning, so that there is a further adverse effect on the external appearance. Accordingly, in order to satisfy all performance requirements in terms of high corrosion resistance, fingerprint resistance, scratch resistance, slip properties, and paint adhesion, etc., a two-layer treatment is generally performed in which a chromate coating film is formed on the surface of the metal material, and a resin coating film is formed over the surface of this chromate coating film. Furthermore, in addition to being inadequate in terms of performance, a chromate coating film involves trouble and expense in terms of waste water disposal, since the treatment solution contains polluting hexavalent chromium. Moreover, since the formed coating film also contains hexavalent chromium, such chromate coating films tend to be avoided from the standpoints of safety and environmental considerations. Resin chromates in which a chromate and a resin coating film are formed at one time have been investigated in an attempt to satisfy all performance requirements using a single-layer treatment. A treatment method in which the surfaces of aluminum-galvanized steel plates are coated with a resin composition containing a specified water-dispersible or water-soluble resin and a specified amount of hexavalent chromium is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Kokoku No. 4-2672, and a metal surface treatment composition which contains hexavalent chromium ions or hexavalent chromium ions and trivalent chromium ions of an inorganic compound and an acrylic emulsion polymerized under specified emulsion polymerization conditions is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Kokoku No. 7-6070. However, although the amounts of hexavalent chromium contained in these coating films is small, this hexavalent chromium is gradually eluted from the coating films, so that there are problems in terms of environmental and safety considerations as described above. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Copper member for battery Inventor(s): Hirai, Yuichi; (Tokyo-to, JP), Okushita, Masataka; (Tokyo-to, JP), Yamada, Kazuki; (Tokyo-to, JP), Yamashita, Rikiya; (Tokyo-to, JP) Correspondence: Richard J. Streit; Ladas & Parry; Suite 1200; 224 South Michigan Avenue; Chicago; IL; 60604; US Patent Application Number: 20030194608 Date filed: February 7, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides a copper member having a high adhesion stability, free from corrosion caused by hydrofluoric acid generated from the electrolyte of the battery terminal and water. A composite covering layer of an aminated phenol phenol polymer, a trivalent chromium compound and a phosphorus compound on the surface of a foil-shaped or sheet-shaped copper member. The composite covering layer has an aminated phenol polymer deposit weight from 1 to 200 mg/m.sup.2, a chromium deposit weight from 0.5 to 50 mg/m.sup.2, and a phosphorus deposit weight of 0.5 to 5 mg/m.sup.2. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a battery comprising a copper member exhibiting a stable sealing property with a packaging material, battery tabs comprising the copper member, and a battery packaging material which packages the tabs and a battery main body. The term "battery" as used in the present invention means a battery including elements which convert chemical energy into electric energy such as a lithium-ion battery, a lithium battery, or a fuel battery, or an electrolytic condenser such

200 Chromium

as a liquid condenser, a solid condenser or a double-layer condenser containing a dielectric such as a liquid or solid ceramics or an organic material. Uses of a battery include personal computers, portable terminal units (battery phones, PDAs, etc.), video cameras, battery cars, energy-storing batterys, robots or artificial satellites. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Corrosion resistant metallic bipolar plate Inventor(s): Brady, Michael P.; (Oak Ridge, TN), Maziasz, Philip J.; (Oak Ridge, TN), Pint, Bruce A.; (Knoxville, TN), Schneibel, Joachim H.; (Knoxville, TN) Correspondence: Ut-battelle, Llc; 111 Union Valley RD.; PO Box 2008, Mail Stop 6498; Oak Ridge; TN; 37831; US Patent Application Number: 20030190515 Date filed: March 31, 2003 Abstract: A corrosion resistant, electrically conductive component such as a bipolar plate for a PEM fuel cell includes 20-55% Cr, balance base metal such as Ni, Fe, or Co, the component having thereon a substantially external, continuous layer of chromium nitride. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/369,754 filed on Apr. 3, 2002, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to components such as metal bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells and other chemical-to-electrical energy conversion devices, and more particularly to metal bipolar plates having thermally grown nitrided surface layers to enhance corrosion resistance thereof. Chemical-toelectrical energy conversion devices, especially PEM fuel cells, are of great interest as efficient, non-polluting power sources for automotive applications, and also for stationary applications such as distributed power sources for buildings and houses as well as portable power generation for consumer electronic devices. A major barrier to commercial application of this technology is the cost of the devices. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Corrosion resistant surface treatment for structural adhesive bonding to metal Inventor(s): Jaworowski, Mark R.; (Glastonbury, CT), Lomasney, Gary M.; (Glastonbury, CT), Parkos, Joseph J. JR.; (East Haddam, CT), Putnam, John W.; (Glastonbury, CT) Correspondence: Gregory P. Lapointe; Bachman & Lapointe, P.C.; Suite 1201; 900 Chapel Street; New Haven; CT; 06510-2802; US Patent Application Number: 20030217787 Date filed: May 22, 2002 Abstract: A metal substrate is anodized in a phosphoric acid anodizing solution. The anodized metal substrate is thereafter contacted with a hexavalent chromium free, trivalent chromium containing acid solution to coat the anodized metal substrate. The coated anodized metal substrate can be adhesively bonded to another such treated metal substrate to form a composite article. The resulting article exhibits excellent bonding and corrosion properties.

Patents 201

Excerpt(s): This invention relates to preparing bonded, corrosion resistant coated, metal substrates which are resistant to delamination and free of hexavalent chromium in the corrosion resistant coating. The structural bonding of metal to metal and composite type assemblies widely used in the aircraft industry and elsewhere frequently require a resultant structure which is reasonably resistant to the extremes of atmospheric conditions found in use. To avoid failures of the aircraft structures, bonded metal to metal and composite type assemblies must be able to withstand the environmental conditions to be encountered. Of particular importance is resistance to corrosion and delamination of composite structures. Heretofore, the adhesively bonded metal-to-metal and composite type assemblies (absent a chromated primer) have performed less than satisfactorily due to adhesive failure at the interface between the polymeric adhesive and the aluminum surface. Conversion coatings have been widely used in metal surface treatment for improved corrosion inhibition. Conversion coatings are applied through chemical reactions between the metal and the bath solution which converts or modifies the metal surface into a thin film with required functional properties. Conversion coatings are particularly useful in surface treatment of metals such as steel, zinc, aluminum and magnesium. In the past, chromate conversion coatings have proven to be the most successful conversion coatings for aluminum and magnesium. However, chromate conversion coatings used in the past generally contained highly toxic hexavalent chromium. The use of hexavalent chromium results in potential hazardous working conditions for process operators and very high costs for waste disposal. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

DUAL TRENCH ALTERNATING PHASE SHIFT MASK FABRICATION Inventor(s): Chang, Ching-Hsing; (Hsin-Chu, TW), Dai, Chang-Ming; (Hsinchu, TW), Tzu, San-De; (Taipei, TW) Correspondence: Tung & Associates; Suite 120; 838 W. Long Lake Road; Bloomfield Hills; MI; 48302; US Patent Application Number: 20030219990 Date filed: May 21, 2002 Abstract: Fabricating a dual-trench alternating phase shift mask (PSM) is disclosed. A chromium layer over a quartz layer of the PSM is patterned according to a semiconductor design. The quartz layer is dry etched a first number of times through a first photoresist layer applied over the chromium layer and patterned according to the deep trenches of the alternating PSM design by using beam writing. This initially forms deep trenches of the PSM. The quartz layer is dry etched a second number of times through a second photoresist layer applied over the chromium layer and patterned according to the deep trenches and the shallow trenches of the alternating PSM design by using backside ultraviolet exposure. This completely forms shallow trenches and the deep trenches of the PSM. The second photoresist layer is then removed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to semiconductor device fabrication, and more particularly to the use of phase shift masks (PSM's) in conjunction with such fabrication. Since the invention of the integrated circuit (IC), semiconductor chip features have become exponentially smaller and the number of transistors per device exponentially larger. Advanced IC's with hundreds of millions of transistors at feature sizes of 0.25 micron, 0.18 micron, and less are becoming routine. Improvement in overlay tolerances in photolithography, and the introduction of new light sources with progressively shorter wavelengths, have allowed optical steppers to significantly reduce

202 Chromium

the resolution limit for semiconductor fabrication far beyond one micron. To continue to make chip features smaller, and increase the transistor density of semiconductor devices, IC's have begun to be manufactured that have features smaller than the lithographic wavelength. A typical photomask affects only one of the properties of light, the intensity. Where there is chromium, which is an opaque region, an intensity of zero percent results, whereas where the chromium has been removed, such that there is a clear or transparent region, an intensity of substantially 100 percent results. By comparison, a PSM not only changes the intensity of the light passing through, but its phase as well. By changing the phase of the light by 180 degrees in some areas, the PSM takes advantage of how the original light wave adds to the 180-degree wave to produce zero intensity as a result of destructive interference. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Ferritic heat-resistant steel and method for production thereof Inventor(s): Abe, Fujio; (Tsukuba-shi, JP), Taneike, Masaki; (Tsukuba-shi, JP) Correspondence: Wenderoth, Lind & Ponack, L.L.P.; 2033 K Street N. W.; Suite 800; Washington; DC; 20006-1021; US Patent Application Number: 20030188812 Date filed: June 4, 2003 Abstract: A ferritic heat-resistant steel, which exhibits excellent creep characteristics even at a high temperature exceeding 600.degree. C., comprises, on the basis of percent by weight, 1.0 to 13% of chromium, 0.1 to 8.0% of cobalt, 0.01 to 0.20% of nitrogen, 3.0% or less of nickel, 0.01 to 0.50% of one or more of elements selected from a group consisting of vanadium, niobium, tantalum, titanium, hafnium, and zirconium that are MX type precipitate forming elements, and 0.01% or less of carbon and a balance being substantially iron and inevitable impurities, wherein the MX type precipitates precipitate on grain boundaries and in entire grains and the grain boundary existing ratio of an M.sub.23C.sub.6 type precipitate precipitating on the grain boundaries is 50% or less. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to ferritic heat-resistant steel and a method of the manufacturing the same. More particularly, the present invention relates to ferritic heat-resistant steel excellent in creep characteristics even at a temperature exceeding 600.degree. C. and a method of the manufacturing the same. Austenite heat-resistant steel and ferritic heat-resistant steel have been employed as a high temperature member for power generation boilers and turbines, atomic power generation facilities, apparatuses in chemical industries, and the like because they are used for a long period of time at a high temperature under a high pressure. The ferritic heat-resistant steel is often used as a high temperature member at a temperature up to about 600.degree. C. because it is less expensive than the austenite heat-resistant steel, has a smaller coefficient of thermal expansion, and is excellent in heat-resistant fatigue properties. In contrast, recently, it has been examined to operate thermal power generation plants at a high temperature under a high pressure to increase an efficiency with a target of increasing a steam temperature of a steam turbine from the highest temperature of 593.degree. C. at present to 600.degree. C. and finally to 650.degree. C. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 203

•

Flexible circuit substrate Inventor(s): Chuang, Chau-Chin; (Kaohsiung City, TW), Huang, Tang-Chieh; (Tainan Hsien, TW) Correspondence: Baker Botts Llp; C/o Intellectual Property Department; The Warner, Suite 1300; 1299 Pennsylvania Ave, NW; Washington; DC; 20004-2400; US Patent Application Number: 20030198828 Date filed: May 27, 2003 Abstract: A flexible circuit substrate includes a laminate which contains a polymer film, a VIB group metal layer sputtered on the polymer film, a nickel-chromium alloy layer sputtered on the VIB group metal layer, and a copper layer formed on the nickelchromium alloy layer. The VIB group metal layer is selected from the group consisting of chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten. The VIB group metal layer is free of metal oxide. The VIB group metal layer and the nickel-chromium alloy layer are formed by a sputtering process using an oxygen-free inert atmosphere containing argon. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/022,267, filed on Dec. 20, 2001, and abandoned as of the filing date of this application. The invention relates to a flexible circuit substrate, more particularly to a flexible circuit substrate having an improved peel strength. Conventional flexible circuit substrates are essentially classified into two categories, i.e., one containing an adhesive layer and one free of an adhesive layer. The process for manufacturing the flexible circuit substrate containing the adhesive layer includes the steps of applying an adhesive layer onto a layer of polymer material, such as polyimide or polyester, and adhering a copper layer formed by calendering onto the adhesive layer so as to form a three-layer laminate. The adhesive layer has a thickness ranging from 12.5.mu.m to 25.mu.m, and is made of acrylate or epoxy resin. Since the flexible circuit substrate useful for supporting electronic elements thereon is usually processed at high temperatures, this type of flexible circuit substrate is susceptible to delaminating and bubbling. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Grain boundary materials as electrodes for lithium ion cells Inventor(s): Beaulieu, Luc Y.J.; (Nova Scotia, CA), Dahn, Jeffrey R.; (Nova Scotia, CA), Fredericksen, Brian D.; (Watertown, MN), Larcher, Dominique C.; (Cedex, FR) Correspondence: Lucy C Weiss; Office OF Intellectual Property Counsel; 3M Innovative Properties Company; PO Box 33427; ST Paul; MN; 55133-3427; US Patent Application Number: 20030211390 Date filed: November 13, 2002 Abstract: An electrode composition for a lithium ion battery comprising particles having a single chemical composition. The particles consist of (a) at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of tin, aluminum, silicon, antimony, lead, germanium, magnesium, zinc, cadmium, bismuth, and indium; (b) at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of manganese, molybdenum, niobium, tungsten, tantalum, iron, copper, titanium, vanadium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, zirconium, tantalum, scandium, yttrium, ruthenium, platinum, and rhenium; and, optionally, (c) carbon, and have a microstructure characterized by a plurality of

204 Chromium

electrochemically inactive, nanometer-sized electrochemically active non-crystalline regions.

crystalline

grains

separated

by

Excerpt(s): This application derives priority from a provisional application filed Dec. 28, 1999, entitled "Grain Boundary Materials as Anodes for Lithium Ion Cells" bearing serial No. 60/173364, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. This invention relates to anode compositions useful in lithium ion cells. Two classes of materials have been proposed as anodes for lithium ion cells. One class includes materials such as graphite and carbon that are capable of intercalating lithium. While the intercalation anodes generally exhibit good cycle life and coulombic efficiency, their capacity is relatively low. In particular, graphite can intercalate lithium to a maximum of 1 lithium atom per six carbon atoms. This corresponds to a specific capacity of 373 mAh/g of carbon. Because the density of graphite is 2.2 g/cc, this translates to a volumetric capacity of 818 mAh/cc. Other types of carbon have higher specific capacity values, but suffer from one or more disadvantages such as relatively low density, unattractive voltage profiles, and large irreversible capacity that limit their utility in commercial lithium ion cells. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Heavy filler in golf ball cores Inventor(s): Kuttappa, Sanjay M.; (Clemson, SC) Correspondence: Lorusso & Loud; 440 Commercial Street; Boston; MA; 02109; US Patent Application Number: 20030190977 Date filed: May 23, 2001 Abstract: Two and three piece golf balls having improved rebound characteristics include cores and centers, respectively, that are comprised of polybutadiene rubber and inorganic fillers with specific gravities of about 5.4 or greater. The inorganic fillers may be selected from tungsten, bismuth, copper, bismuth oxide, nickel, cobalt, iron, steel, tin, chromium, zinc, bismuth subcarbonate, cupric oxide, barium tungstate, cuprous oxide or ferrous oxide. Excerpt(s): A claim of benefit is made to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/093,229 filed Jul. 17, 1999, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. The invention relates generally to compositions for golf balls. More specifically, the invention relates to fillers for golf ball centers and cores. One of the parameters of golf ball performance that receives great attention is flight distance. Although there are a variety of factors that influence a golf ball's flight distance, perhaps the most important factor relates to the rebound characteristics of the ball which is dictated in large part by the materials used to construct the golf ball. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Herbo-mineral composition Inventor(s): Ghosal, Shibnath; (Varanasi, IN) Correspondence: DR. Walter Katz; 8 Umberland Place; Monroe Township; NJ; 08831; US Patent Application Number: 20030198695 Date filed: April 23, 2002

Patents 205

Abstract: A herbo-mineral composition includes a mineral-complexing agent which is purified Shilajit containing dimeric and/or oligomeric dibenzo-.alpha.-pyrones (DBPs), and, optionally, in synergistic combination with an extract of Emblica officinalis containing gallo/ellagi-tannoids (GET), and, one or more added minerals, such as iron, copper or chromium. The composition in the example where the added mineral is iron is particularly effective in treating iron-deficiency anemia by rapidly absorbing ferrous iron into the blood stream without side effects. Excerpt(s): This application is related to U.S. Pat. No. 6,124,688, and to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/860,890, filed May 18, 2001, and Ser. No. 09/957,797, filed Sep. 21, 2001, which are incorporated by reference herein. This invention relates to herbomineral compositions for treating mineral-deficient conditions, and, more particularly, to compositions which include a bioactive metal-complexing agent which is purified Shilajit containing purified dimeric and oligomeric dibenzo-.alpha.-pyrones (DBPs), obtained from native Shilajit, and, optionally, in synergistic combination with gallo/ellagi tannoids (GET) extracted from the Emblica officinalis plant, and an added mineral supplement, such as iron, copper, chromium and the like, which compositions can be readily absorbed in the body without gastric upset or side effects. Anemia is defined as a deficiency of erythrocytes or hemoglobin per unit volume of blood. Its clinical manifestations are pallor of mucous membrane, dullness and listlessness due to relative tissue hypoxia. In its later stages, anemia is manifested by an increase in the rate and force of the heart beat, and extreme weakness. These symptoms also are associated with a decreased ability to fight infections, or to cope with any kind of stress, for example, a pregnancy, lactation in females, or normal growth in children. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

High strength member for intracorporeal use Inventor(s): Fariabi, Sepehr; (Fremont, CA) Correspondence: Fulwider Patton Lee & Utecht, Llp; Howard Hughes Center; 6060 Center Drive; Tenth Floor; Los Angeles; CA; 90045; US Patent Application Number: 20030205554 Date filed: May 30, 2003 Abstract: This invention is directed to an intracorporeal device formed of a high strength Co--Ni--Cr alloy and is particularly suitable for forming a composite product with a pseudoelastic member formed of NiTi alloy. Suitable intracorporeal products include guidewires and stents. The high strength alloy consists essentially of about 28 to about 65% cobalt, about 2 to about 40% nickel, about 5 to about 35% chromium, up to about 12% molybdenum, up to about 20% tungsten, up to about 20% iron and the balance inconsequential amounts of impurities and other alloying constituents, with a preferred alloy composition including about 30 to about 45% cobalt, about 25 to about 37% nickel, about 15 to about 25% chromium and about 5 to about 15% molybdenum. Intravascular devices such as guidewires, stents and the like can be formed of this high strength Co-Ni--Cr alloy. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation application of co-pending application having U.S. Ser. No. 10/154,474, filed May 23, 2002; which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/071,680, filed May 1, 1998; which is divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 08/829,465, filed Mar. 28, 1997; which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 08/280,209, filed on Jun. 25, 1994; all of whose contents are hereby incorporated by reference. This invention relates to the field of

206 Chromium

intracorporeal medical devices, and more particularly to elongated intravascular members such as guidewires for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and stents for maintaining body lumen patency after the body lumen has been dilated with a balloon. In PTCA procedures a guiding catheter is percutaneously introduced into the cardiovascular system of a patient in a conventional Seldiger technique and advanced therein until the distal tip of the guiding catheter is seated in the ostium of a desired coronary artery. A guidewire is positioned within an inner lumen of a dilatation catheter and then both the catheter and guidewire are advanced through the guiding catheter to the distal end thereof. The guidewire is first advanced out of the distal end of the guiding catheter into the patient's coronary vasculature until the distal end of the guidewire crosses a lesion to be dilated, then the dilatation catheter having an inflatable balloon on the distal portion thereof is advanced into the patient's coronary anatomy over the previously introduced guidewire until the balloon is properly positioned across the lesion. Once in position across the lesion, the balloon is inflated one or more times to a predetermined size with radiopaque liquid to dilate the stenosis. The balloon is then deflated so that blood flow will resume through the dilated artery and the dilatation catheter and the guidewire can be removed therefrom. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Implantable porous metal Inventor(s): Anto, Jeffrey Ewald; (Cincinnati, OH), Graham, Donald Warren; (Cincinnati, OH), Levine, David Jerome; (Cincinnati, OH) Correspondence: Beverly A. Lyman, PH.D.; Wood, Herron & Evans, L.L.P.; 2700 Carew Tower; 441 Vine Street; Cincinnati; OH; 45202-2917; US Patent Application Number: 20030220696 Date filed: May 22, 2003 Abstract: An implantable composition of a biocompatible porous metal for enhanced tissue in-growth and fixation in the body. The metal has a porosity greater than 80% and up to about 95% which allows good cell population, yet it also provides structural integrity and stability allowing its use as a weight-bearing implant. In various embodiments, the metal may be titanium, which includes titanium alloys, or may be a cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy. The high porosity desirably facilitates in-growth of cells and/or tissues, which in turn facilitates biological fixation and biocompatibility. This is beneficial, for example, in an orthopedic implant such as a hip replacement, for facilitating in-growth of connective tissue and bone cells. The porous composition is structurally stable. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to Provisional application, U.S. Application Serial No. 60/382,769 filed May 23, 2002, now pending, and to Provisional application, U.S. Application Serial No. 60/385,177 filed May 31, 2002, now pending. The invention is directed to biological implants, or coatings for such implants, of porous metal structures supporting tissue or cellular in-growth. Metal implants or prostheses provide structure and support when surgically implanted. For example, hip or knee weightbearing implants may permit a non-ambulatory patient to walk, or may permit greater mobility to a patient with limited mobility. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 207

•

Ion-beam deposition process for manufacture of binary photomask blanks Inventor(s): Carcia, Peter Francis; (Wilmington, DE), Dieu, Laurent; (Austin, TX) Correspondence: E I DU Pont DE Nemours And Company; Legal Patent Records Center; Barley Mill Plaza 25/1128; 4417 Lancaster Pike; Wilmington; DE; 19805; US Patent Application Number: 20030194616 Date filed: April 16, 2002 Abstract: An ion-beam film deposition process is described for fabricating binary photomask blanks for selected lithographic wavelengths <400 nm, the said film essentially consisting of the MO.sub.xC.sub.yN.sub.z compound where M is selected from chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, or tantalum or combination thereof in a single layer or a multiple layer configuration. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to manufacture of binary photomask blanks in photolithography, using the ion-beam deposition technique. These masks can be used with short wavelength (i.e., <400 nanometer) light. Additionally, this invention relates to binary photomask blanks with single or multi-layered coating of chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, or tantalum metal and/or its compounds or combinations thereof, on the blanks. Microlithography is the process of transferring microscopic circuit patterns or images, usually through a photomask, on to a silicon wafer. In the production of integrated circuits for computer microprocessors and memory devices, the image of an electronic circuit is projected, usually with an electromagnetic wave source, through a mask or stencil on to a photosensitive layer or resist applied to the silicon wafer. Generally, the mask is a layer of "chrome" patterned with these circuit features on a transparent quartz substrate. Often referred to as a "binary" mask, a "chrome" mask transmits imaging radiation through the pattern where "chrome" has been removed. The radiation is blocked in regions where the "chrome" layer is present. The electronics industry seeks to extend optical lithography for manufacture of highdensity integrated circuits to critical dimensions of less than 100 nanometer (nm). However, as the feature size decreases, resolution for imaging the minimum feature size on the wafer with a particular wavelength of light is limited by the diffraction of light. Therefore, shorter wavelength light, i.e. less than 400 nm are required for imaging finer features. Wavelengths targeted for succeeding optical lithography generations include 248 nm (KrF laser wavelength), 193 nm (ArF laser wavelength), and 157 nm (F.sub.2 laser wavelength) and lower. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Magnetic sensing element Inventor(s): Hasegawa, Naoya; (Niigata-ken, JP), Umetsu, Eiji; (Niigata-ken, JP) Correspondence: Brinks Hofer Gilson & Lione; P.O. Box 10395; Chicago; IL; 60610; US Patent Application Number: 20030197988 Date filed: April 23, 2003 Abstract: A magnetic sensing element comprising a composite film having a center portion and two side portions, a second antiferromagnetic layer, a chromium nonmagnetic layer, and third antiferromagnetic layers is provided. The composite film comprises a first antiferromagnetic layer; a pinned magnetic layer on the first antiferromagnetic layer; a nonmagnetic material layer on the pinned magnetic layer; and

208 Chromium

a free magnetic layer on the nonmagnetic material layer. The second antiferromagnetic layer is disposed on the free magnetic layer. The chromium nonmagnetic layer is disposed on the second antiferromagnetic layer at the center portion. The third antiferromagnetic layers are disposed on the second antiferromagnetic layer at the two side portions. The magnetization direction in the two side portions of the free magnetic layer is pinned in the track width direction and the magnetization direction in the center portion is rotatable in response to external magnetic fields. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to magnetic sensing elements for use in hard disk devices and magnetic sensors. In particular, it relates to a magnetic sensing element having excellent read characteristics that can adequately control the magnetization of free magnetic layers even with narrower tracks and to a method for fabricating the same. The magnetization of the pinned magnetic layer 103 is pinned in the Y direction in the drawing by an exchange coupling magnetic field generated between the pinned magnetic layer 103 and the antiferromagnetic layer 102. The magnetization of the free magnetic layer 105 is oriented in the X direction in the drawing by a longitudinal bias magnetic field. Secondly, the hard bias layer 106 may easily become magnetically discontinuous from the free magnetic layer 5. This problem is particularly acute when a bias underlayer composed of Cr is provided between the hard bias layer 106 and the free magnetic layer 105. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Metal alloys for the reflective or the semi-reflective layer of an optical storage medium Inventor(s): Nee, Han H.; (Irvine, CA) Correspondence: Woodard, Emhardt, Moriarty, Mcnett & Henry Llp; Bank One Center/tower; 111 Monument Circle, Suite 3700; Indianapolis; IN; 46204-5137; US Patent Application Number: 20030215598 Date filed: June 10, 2003 Abstract: A silver-based alloy thin film is provided for the highly reflective or semireflective layer of optical discs. Alloy additions to silver include gold, rhodium, rethenium, osmium, platinum, plalladium, copper, silicon, cadmium, tin, lithium, nickel, cobalt, indium, chromium, antimony, gallium, boron, molybdenum, zirconium, beryllium, titanium, magnesium, and zinc. These alloys have moderate to high reflective and reasonable corrosion resistance in the ambient environment. Excerpt(s): This patent application is a continuation-in-part of my prior U.S. application Ser. No. 10/409,037 filed on Apr. 8, 2003, which is a continuation of my prior U.S. application Ser. No. 09/834,775 filed on Apr. 13, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,544,616 issued on April 8', 2003, which claims the benefit of my prior U.S. Provisional Patent. This invention relates to reflective layers or semi-reflective layers used in optical storage media that are made of silver-based alloys. Four layers are generally present in the construction of a conventional, prerecorded, optical disc such as compact audio disc. A first layer is usually made from optical grade, polycarbonate resin. This layer is manufactured by well-known techniques that usually begin by injection or compression molding the resin into a disc. The surface of the disc is molded or stamped with extremely small and precisely located pits and lands. These pits and lands have a predetermined size and, as explained below, are ultimately the vehicles for storing information on the disc.

Patents 209

Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

METAL SHEET MATERIAL WITH SUPERIOR CORROSION RESISTANCE Inventor(s): Kawakami, Katsuyuki; (Tokyo, JP), Nakamura, Mitsuru; (Kanagawa-pref., JP), Ogino, Takao; (Kanagawa-pref., JP) Correspondence: Henkel Corporation; 2500 Renaissance Blvd; Ste 200; Gulph Mills; PA; 19406; US Patent Application Number: 20030211249 Date filed: December 23, 2002 Abstract: A metal article whose surface is coated with a coating composition composed of (A) a silane coupling agent component, (B) a polymer component having a specific chemical structure, and (C) a wax component provides a chromium-free surface treated metal material with superior corrosion resistance, paintability, fingerprint resistance, and workability. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a metal sheet material that has at least one of superior corrosion resistance, paintability, fingerprint resistance, and workability and that is used in consumer electrical and electronic products, building materials, and the like. Metal sheet materials such as steel sheets, aluminum-plated steel sheets, zinc-plated steel sheets, and aluminum sheets are commonly used in a wide range of fields related to automobiles, building materials, and consumer electrical and electronic products. Zinc and aluminum, however, corrode in the atmosphere and generate corrosion products (known as white rust), which mar the appearance of the metal material and also adversely affect the paintability of the material. Furthermore, the material is susceptible to fingerprints and other soiling when handled by workers in the course of the various steps of manufacturing the finished product at the user's plant; such soiling can markedly lower the commercial value of the product. Also, oils and the like are used as lubricants in pressing and other such working of the material, and this oil has to be removed after forming. In view of this, in order to improve the corrosion resistance, paintability, fingerprint resistance, and workability of the above-mentioned metal material surfaces, the surface of a metal sheet material has been subjected to a chromate treatment using a treatment solution composed primarily of chromic acid, dichromic acid, or a salt thereof, after which the upper layer is coated with a polyolefin resin having carboxyl groups and containing colloidal silica and a wax or the like, or with a coating agent comprising a resin containing a lubricating component such as a wax (rather than imparting workability with an oil or the like), and these metal sheet materials have been used in press molding and other such applications. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Metal surface treatment agent Inventor(s): Sako, Ryousuke; (Kanagawa Pref, JP), Ueno, Keiichi; (Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa Pref, JP) Correspondence: Henkel Corporation; 2500 Renaissance Blvd; Ste 200; Gulph Mills; PA; 19406; US Patent Application Number: 20030209293 Date filed: April 7, 2003

210 Chromium

Abstract: The present invention relates to a metal surface treatment agent that characteristically contains (A) at least 1 vanadium compound and (B) at least one metal compound containing at least 1 metal selected from the group consisting of zirconium, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, and cerium. The present invention also relates to a metal surface treatment method using the foregoing treatment agent and the corresponding surface-treated metals.The present invention provides a metal surface treatment agent that does not contain chromium and that can be used to impart an excellent corrosion resistance and alkali resistance to metals. The present invention provides a metal surface treatment method that uses the foregoing treatment agent and also provides the corresponding surface-treated metals. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a metal surface treatment agent and method that can be used to form a chromium-free coating on the surface of metal sheet coil and metal formed articles and that impart to such surfaces an excellent corrosion resistance and excellent alkali resistance. The invention also relates to the corresponding surfacetreated metals. More particularly, this invention relates to a metal surface treatment agent and method that can be used to form a chromium-free coating that imparts an excellent corrosion resistance and excellent alkali resistance to formed articles, castings, and sheet coil (for example, automotive body elements and other automotive parts, construction materials, parts for household electrical appliances) of zinciferous-plated steel sheet, steel sheet, or aluminiferous metal. The invention additionally relates to the corresponding surface-treated metals. Metals such as zinciferous-plated steel sheet, steel sheet, and aluminiferous metals are susceptible to oxidation and corrosion by atmospheric oxygen, moisture, and the ions present in moisture. One known method for inhibiting this corrosion comprises forming a chromate coating on the metal surface by bringing the metal into contact with a chromium-containing treatment bath, for example, a chromic acid chromate or phosphoric acid chromate bath. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for forming chromium anisotropic metal particles Inventor(s): Vroman, Christopher J.; (Natick, MA), Zeller, Robert S.; (Boston, MA) Correspondence: Hamilton, Brook, Smith & Reynolds, P.C.; 530 Virginia Road; P.O. Box 9133; Concord; MA; 01742-9133; US Patent Application Number: 20030200834 Date filed: March 31, 2003 Abstract: A method for forming dendritic metal powders, comprising the steps of: (1) heating a powder comprising non-dendritic particles, under conditions suitable for initial stage sintering, to form a lightly sintered material; and (2) breaking the lightly sintered material to form a powder comprising dendritic particles. In one embodiment, the lightly sintered material is broken by brushing the material through a screen.Another aspect of the present invention comprises the dendritic particles that are produced by the method described above. These particles can comprise any suitable metal, such as transition metals, rare earth metals, main group metals or metalloids or an alloy of two or more such metals. The particles can also comprise a ceramic material, such as a metal oxide. These particles are characterized by a dendritic, highly anisotropic, morphology arising from the fusion of substantially non-dendritic particles, and by a low apparent density relative to the substantially non-dendritic starting material. The present dendritic particles can be of high purity, and substantially free of carbon contamination.

Patents 211

Excerpt(s): This application is a Divisional of Ser. No. 09/724,147, filed on Nov. 28, 2000, which is a Continuation of Ser. No. 09/168,795, filed on Oct. 8, 1998, which is a Divisional of Ser. No. 08/820,762, filed on Mar. 19, 1997, now Abandoned, which is a Divisional of Ser. No. 08/604,811, filed on Feb. 21, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,814,272. The entire teachings of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference. Metal powders are common starting materials for the fabrication of metallic structures. Such structures are typically made by packing the metal powder into a mold, then sintering the shaped powder to form a continuous structure with the desired mechanical properties. The properties of the final structure depend strongly upon the morphology of the starting powder particles. The particle morphology, for example, determines the packing efficiency of the particles, and, hence, the density and porosity of the final structure. Dendritic or filamentary powders of nickel and iron are commercially available, for example, INCO.RTM. Filamentary Nickel Powder, Type 287 (International Nickel Company, Inc., Saddle Brook, N.J.). There are, however, no commercially available dendritic powders of metals other than iron, nickel and copper. Powders of most metals can be formed by atomization, which typically yields substantially nondendritic powder particles. Electrodeposition is used to prepare powders of iron, copper and silver. These powders can be dendritic, but are expensive to produce and incorporate impurities derived from the anion present in the starting material (Taubenblat in Powder Metallurgy, Volume 7 of Metals Handbook, Ninth Edition, American Society of Metals, Metals Park, Ohio). Powders of metallic nickel and iron can also be formed by thermal decomposition of the highly toxic organometallic compounds nickel tetracarbonyl and iron pentacarbonyl, respectively. Depending upon the details of this process, the resulting powders have morphologies which are either substantially spherical or filamentary. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for forming soldering layer of fiber arrays Inventor(s): Cheng, Kun-Hsien; (Jungli City, TW), Chiang, Chung-I; (Taoyuan, TW), Huang, Huei-Pin; (Taoyuan, TW), King, Hong-Jueng; (Taoyuan, TW), Wang, Ming-Jen; (Tucheng City, TW), Yeh, Chwei-Jing; (Sanchung City, TW) Correspondence: Bacon & Thomas, Pllc; 625 Slaters Lane; Fourth Floor; Alexandria; VA; 22314 Patent Application Number: 20030194494 Date filed: April 11, 2003 Abstract: ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A method for forming the soldering layer of fiber array substrate surface has been disclosed herein. A plurality of fiber array bases having V-shape grooves are formed on a substrate, and a solder layer is formed on the whole substrate via chemical plating method of following steps: forming a layer of nickel/chromium (Ni/Cr) alloy or aluminum (Al) metal on said substrate through evaporation or sputtering; treating said surface of said substrate having V-shape grooves with a sensitizing solution for plating said surface with Sn.sup.2+, wherein said sensitizing solution comprises deionized water and SnCl.sub.2; treating said sensitized surface of said substrate with an activating solution for precipitating catalytic element Pd.sup.0 on said surface, wherein said sensitizing solution comprises 2 to 10 g/l of PdCl.sub.2 and 0.01 to 0.1 M HCl; and (E) immersing said treated surface into an electroless nickel plating solution to form a nickel metal layer on said treated surface.

212 Chromium

Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a surface treating method and, more particularly, to a surface treating method suitable for forming a solder layer on the substrate surface of fiber arrays. In recent years, optical fibers are intensively used as signal transmission media in optical communication. By matching with the development of high-channel-counts-plane-wave-guides and that of dense-wavelengthDeMux/Mutiplexer-DWDM, the communication through optical fibers can meet the demand for transmitting high-volume-data in high speed in internet communication and broadband communication. In most cases, plane-wave-guides of high channel counts containing at least a fiber array are commonly used or sandwiched between related photoelectric components for transmitting signals between those photoelectric components. A conventional fiber array module generally comprises a fiber array substrate having a plurality of V-grooves for receiving and holding optical fibers and keeping loaded optical fibers in accurate aligned positions. The traditional method for producing the fiber array module is carried out by fixing naked optic fibers extended from ribbons on a base having grooves, and then curing sputtered or evaporated binders in the grooves. After placing a cover on said substrate, this combined assembly of the fiber array base, the cover and the optical fibers is pressed, and exposed to light, or heated for curing and fixing. However, the conventional sputtered or evaporated binder has low resistance to the environmental oxidation or erosion. The process for coating conventional sputtered or evaporated binder on said substrate is not suitable for mass-production. So it is desired to develop a new method to form a metal solder layer on the surface of the fiber array to mitigate and/or obviate the aforementioned problems. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

METHOD FOR IMPLEMENTING A 7-MASK CATHODE PROCESS Inventor(s): Kemmotsu, Hidenori; (San Jose, CA), Lee, Jueng-Gil; (Cupertino, CA) Correspondence: Wagner, Murabito & Hao Llp; Third Floor; Two North Market Street; San Jose; CA; 95113; US Patent Application Number: 20030209975 Date filed: September 28, 2001 Abstract: An embodiment of the present invention provides a method of fabricating a cathode requiring relatively few and somewhat simple steps. One embodiment provides a method of fabricating a cathode in which the passivation layer and the metallic gate chromium are masked and patterned simultaneously. The method effectuates patterning of the passivation layer as necessary and simultaneously fixes a location for both access spots and inter-pixel electrical isolation areas to chromium constituting the metallic gate. Importantly, the present implementation effectively eliminates a conventionally requisite subsequent metallic gate chromium masking and etching step. Advantageously, this effectively streamlines and economizes cathode fabrication. The present embodiment thus reduces manufacturing costs and increases the efficiency and productivity of manufacturing lines engaged in cathode fabrication. This effectively reduces the unit cost of flat panel CRTs. In one embodiment, a novel method effectuates fabrication of a cathode by a process requiring relatively few and somewhat simpler steps. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to processes for manufacturing cathode ray tubes. In particular, the present invention pertains to a novel method for implementing a seven mask process for fabricating a cathode for use in a cathode ray tube. The flat panel

Patents 213

or thin cathode ray tube (CRT) is a widely and increasingly used display device. Thin CRTs, such as the ThinCRT.TM. of Candescent Technologies Corp., San Jose, Calif., are used in desktop and workstation computer monitors, panel displays for many control and indication, test, and other systems, and television screens, among a growing host of other modem applications. The manufacture of a thin CRT involves a number of specialized, complex technical and industrial fabrication processes. One such process is the formation of the cathode element of the thin CRT. Cathode fabrication processes involve a number of steps, some of them familiar in other aspects of modem electronic manufacturing. However, cathodes for thin CRTs have relatively complex designs, as well as certain unique structural features and material compositions, which tend to complicate their manufacture, in accordance with conventional methods. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for producing high surface area chromia materials for catalysis Inventor(s): Gash, Alexander E.; (Brentwood, CA), Satcher, Joe; (Patterson, CA) Correspondence: Ann M. Lee; Assistant Laboratory Counsel; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; P.O. Box 808, L-703; Livermore; CA; 94551; US Patent Application Number: 20030202933 Date filed: April 24, 2002 Abstract: Nanostructured chromium(III)-oxide-based materials using sol-gel processing and a synthetic route for producing such materials are disclosed herein. Monolithic aerogels and xerogels having surface areas between 150 m.sup.2/g and 520 m.sup.2/g have been produced. The synthetic method employs the use of stable and inexpensive hydrated-chromium(III) inorganic salts and common solvents such as water, ethanol, methanol, 1-propanol, t-butanol, 2-ethoxy ethanol, and ethylene glycol, DMSO, and dimethyl formamide. The synthesis involves the dissolution of the metal salt in a solvent followed by an addition of a proton scavenger, such as an epoxide, which induces gel formation in a timely manner. Both critical point (supercritical extraction) and atmospheric (low temperature evaporation) drying may be employed to produce monolithic aerogels and xerogels, respectively. Excerpt(s): Pure and supported chromia catalysts are used for a variety of catalytic transformations. High surface area is an important characteristic of these materials. High surface area chromia-based materials are used as catalysts for halogenations of hydrocarbons (especially fluorinations), the dehydration of alcohols, the dehydrogenation of alkanes and olefins, and isomerization reactions. Presently, high surface area chromia is made through the reduction of CrO.sub.3 with methanol under high temperature supercritical methanol conditions (.about.300.degree. C.). This method is dangerous because of the extreme conditions for synthesis and the mixing of a powerful reducing agent, e.g., CrO.sub.3, with methanol. It is also very expensive due to the equipment needed to execute the supercritical extraction. Thus, a need exists for a method for producing high surface area chromia catalysts, which does not use a dangerous mixture of chemicals nor utilize a very high temperature supercritical extraction process. Aerogel and xerogel materials containing high surface area chromia can be produced using sol-gel chemistry methods. Sol-gel chemistry is an attractive alternative to other synthetic methods for many reasons. The method is low temperature, low cost, and can generally be done under ambient conditions with general lab equipment, all of which make processing convenient and inexpensive. Historically, the sol-gel method has employed the use of metal alkoxide precursors that

214 Chromium

readily undergo catalyzed hydrolysis and condensation to form a sol of metal oxide particles with nanoscale dimensions (1-100 nm). Skapin et al, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 1998, 225, 163 and Armor et al. J. Appl. Catal. 1985, 19, 327 report on a synthetic method to prepare chromia aerogel powders. An aqueous suspension of CrO.sub.3 is added to methanol, followed by supercritical processing to chemically reduce the Cr(IV) to Cr(III) and form chromia. Surface areas of the chromia aerogels reported by Skapin et al were 300-550 m.sup.2/g and Armor et al were 500-700 m.sup.2/g. Chromium trioxide is a powerful reducing agent and great care must be taken to avoid a violent reaction with alcohol. The high temperature and pressures of this process require the use of expensive and sophisticated processing equipment. This fact coupled with the dangerous nature of the precursor solutions, that require extreme safety precautions, likely precludes the widespread application of this method. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Nickel-base alloy Inventor(s): Cao, Wei-Di; (Charlotte, NC) Correspondence: Allegheny Technologies Incorporated; 1000 Six Ppg Place; Pittsburgh; PA; 15222; US Patent Application Number: 20030213536 Date filed: May 13, 2002 Abstract: A nickel-base alloy includes, in weight percent, up to about 0.10 percent carbon; about 12 up to about 20 percent chromium; up to about 4 percent molybdenum; up to about 6 percent tungsten, wherein the sum of molybdenum and tungsten is at least about 2 percent and not more than about 8 percent; about 5 up to about 12 percent cobalt; up to about 14 percent iron; about 4 percent up to about 8 percent niobium; about 0.6 percent up to about 2.6 percent aluminum; about 0.4 percent up to about 1.4 percent titanium; about 0.003 percent up to about 0.03 percent phosphorous; about 0.003 percent up to about 0.015 percent boron; nickel; and incidental impurities. The sum of atomic percent aluminum and atomic percent titanium is from about 2 to about 6 percent, the ratio of atomic percent aluminum to atomic percent titanium is at least about 1.5, and the atomic percent of aluminum plus titanium divided by the atomic percent of niobium equals about 0.8 to about 1.3. The nickel-base alloy may be provided in the form of an article of manufacture, such as, for example, a disk, a blade, a fastener, a case, or a shaft. A method for making a nickel-base alloy also is disclosed. It is emphasized that this abstract is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract that will allow a searcher or other reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. Excerpt(s): The improved performance of the gas turbine engine over the years has been paced by improvements in the elevated temperature mechanical properties of nickelbase superalloys. These alloys are the materials of choice for most of the components of gas turbine engines exposed to the hottest operating temperatures. Components of gas turbine engines such as, for example, disks, blades, fasteners, cases, and shafts all are fabricated from nickel-base superalloys and are required to sustain high stresses at very high temperatures for extended periods of time. The need for improved nickel-base superalloys has resulted in many issued patents in this area, including, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,046,108; 4,371,404; 4,652,315; 4,777,017; 4,814,023; 4,837,384; 4,981,644; 5,006,163; 5,047,091; 5,077,004; 5,104,614; 5,131,961; 5,154,884; 5,156,808; 5,403,546;

Patents 215

5,435,861 and 6,106,767. In many cases, improved performance is accomplished by redesigning parts so as to be fabricated from new or different alloys having improved properties (e.g., tensile strength, creep rupture life, and low cycle fatigue life) at higher temperatures. The introduction of a new alloy, however, particularly when introduced into a critical rotating component of a gas turbine engine, can be a long and costly process and may require a compromise of certain competing characteristics. Alloy 718 is one of the most widely used nickel-base superalloys, and is described generally in U.S. Pat. No. 3,046,108. Alloy 718 has a typical composition as illustrated in the table below. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Ni-Cr-Mo alloys resistant to wet process phosphoric acid and chloride-induced localized attack Inventor(s): Crook, Paul; (Kokomo, IN) Correspondence: Buchanan Ingersoll, P.C.; One Oxford Centre, 301 Grant Street; 20th Floor; Pittsburgh; PA; 15219; US Patent Application Number: 20030215350 Date filed: May 15, 2002 Abstract: A nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy that is thermally stable and resistant to wet process phosphoric acid and chloride induced localized attack contains in weight percent 31.0 to 34.5% chromium, 7.0 to 10.0% molybdenum, up to 0.2% nitrogen, up to 3.0% iron, up to 1.0% manganese, up to 0.4% aluminum, up to 0.75% silicon, up to 0.1% carbon with the balance nickel plus impurities. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to non-ferrous metal alloy compositions, and more specifically to wroughtable, nickel alloys which contain significant quantities of chromium and molybdenum, along with the requisite minor elements, to allow successful melting and wrought processing, and which possess high resistance to wet process phosphoric acid and high resistance to chloride-induced localized attack (pitting and crevice corrosion), which is enhanced by deliberate additions of nitrogen. An important step in the manufacture of fertilizers is the production and concentration of phosphoric acid. This acid is typically made by reacting phosphate rock with sulfuric acid to produce what is often called "wet process" phosphoric acid. The resulting "wet process" phosphoric acid contains traces of sulfuric acid, along with other impurities from the phosphate rock, such as chlorides, which serve to increase its corrosivity. To concentrate this "wet process" phosphoric acid, several evaporation stages are employed. The evaporator tubes are usually constructed from austenitic stainless steels or nickel-iron alloys, with chromium contents in the approximate range 28 to 30 wt. %, such as G-30 alloy (U.S. Pat. No. 4,410,489), Alloy 31 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,876,065), and Alloy 28. Copper is an essential ingredient in these alloys. These commercial materials possess inadequate resistance to either "wet process" phosphoric acid, or chloride-induced localized attack, for use in all evaporation stages, thus necessitating the use of nonmetallic materials, with consequent sacrifices in robustness. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

216 Chromium

•

Niobium powder, sintered body thereof, and capacitor using the same Inventor(s): Naito, Kazumi; (Chiba, JP), Omori, Kazuhiro; (Chiba, JP) Correspondence: Sughrue Mion, Pllc; 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW; Washington; DC; 20037-3213; US Patent Application Number: 20030205106 Date filed: January 13, 2003 Abstract: A niobium powder comprising at least one element selected from the group consisting of chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, cerium, neodymium, titanium, rhenium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, zinc, silicon, germanium, tin, phosphorus, arsenic, bismuth, rubidium, cesium, magnesium, strontium, barium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, praseodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, hafnium, vanadium, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, cadmium, mercury, lead, selenium and tellurium; a sintered body of the niobium powder; and a capacitor comprising a sintered body as one electrode, a dielectric material formed on the surface of the sintered body, and counter electrode provided on the dielectric material. Excerpt(s): This application is based on the provisions of 35U.S.C. Article 111(a). with claiming the benefit of filing dates of U.S. provisional applications Ser. Nos. 60/240,828 filed on Oct. 17, 2000, 60/269,855 filed on Feb. 21, 2001, 60/275,467 filed on Mar. 14, 2001, 60/297,441 filed on Jun. 13, 2001, under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. 111(b), pursuant to 35 U.S.C. Article 119(e) (1). The present invention relates to a niobium powder with a large capacitance per unit weight and good leakage current characteristics, a sintered body using the above-mentioned niobium powder, and a capacitor using the above-mentioned sintered body. Capacitors for use in electronic apparatus such as portable telephones and personal computers are required to be small in size and large in capacitance. Of those capacitors, a tantalum capacitor is preferably used, because the capacitance is large, not in proportion to the size, and the tantalum capacitor also has good characteristics. The tantalum capacitor usually employs a sintered body of a tantalum powder as an anode. In order to increase the capacitance of the tantalum capacitor, it is necessary to increase the weight of the sintered body, or to use a sintered body having an increased surface area obtained by pulverizing the tantalum powder. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Non-chromate conversion coating compositions, process for conversion coating metals, and articles so coated Inventor(s): Scalera, Patrick A.; (Canton, MI), Dolan, Shawn E.; (Sterling Heights, MI), Liu, Jianping; (Ann Arbor, MI) Correspondence: Brooks & Kushman P.C./ Henkel Corporation; 1000 Town Center; Twenty-second Floor; Southfield; MI; 48075-1238; US Patent Application Number: 20030215653 Date filed: May 16, 2003 Abstract: In at least one aspect, the invention relates to an entirely or substantially chromium-free conversion coating composition and process for conversion coating

Patents 217

metal surfaces that provides corrosion resistance. In at least another aspect, the present invention relates to an article having a metal surface that is at least partially coated with an entirely or substantially chromium-free conversion coating that provides corrosion resistance. In certain embodiments, the conversion coating composition comprises water and (A) dissolved fluorometallate anions selected from the group consisting of TiF.sub.6.sup.-2, ZrF.sub.6.sup.-2, HfF.sub.6.sup.-2, SiF.sub.6.sup.-2, AlF.sub.6.sup.-3, GeF.sub.6.sup.-2, SnF.sub.6.sup.-2, BF.sub.4.sup.-, and mixtures thereof and (B) a watersoluble polymer which is a Mannich adduct of poly(4-vinyl phenol) and N-methyl ethanolamine. In other embodiments, the composition also comprises (C) a watersoluble polymer which is a Mannich adduct of poly(4-vinyl phenol) and N-methyl glucamine. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application Serial No. 60/381,290 filed May 17, 2002 and titled NON-CHROMATE CONVERSION COATING COMPOSITIONS AND PROCESS FOR CONVERSION COATING ALUMINUM AND ALUMINUM ALLOYS, which is hereby incorporated by reference. In at least one aspect, the present invention relates to treating metal surfaces with aqueous nonchromate acidic conversion coating compositions to increase the resistance to corrosion of the treated metal surface, either as thus treated or after subsequent overcoating with some conventional protective layer, such as organic-based protective layer. Conversion coating in general is a well known method of providing aluminum and its alloys (along with many other metals) with a corrosion resistant coating layer. Both traditional types of conversion coatings for aluminum, the chromate and phosphate types, are often environmentally objectionable, so that their use should be minimized for at least that reason. Non-chromate conversion coatings are relatively well known. For instance, conversion coating compositions and methods that do not require the use of chromium or phosphorus are taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,356,490 and 5,281,282, both of which are assigned to the same assignee as this application. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Non-chromate metal surface etching solutions Inventor(s): Brown, Richard; (Wakefield, RI), Medeiros, Maria G.; (Bristol, RI), Tucker, Wayne C.; (Exeter, RI) Correspondence: Office OF Counsel, Bldg 112t; Naval Undersea Warfare Center; Division, Newport; 1176 Howell Street; Newport; RI; 02841-1708; US Patent Application Number: 20030209521 Date filed: May 7, 2002 Abstract: Non-chromate solutions for treating and/or etching metals, particularly, aluminum, aluminum alloys, steel and titanium, and method of applying same wherein the solutions include either a titanate or titanium dioxide as a "drop-in replacement" for a chromium-containing compound in a metal surface etching solution that otherwise would contain chromium. Excerpt(s): This patent application is co-pending with one related patent applications entitled NON-CHROMATE COVERSION COATING (Attorney Docket No. 82602), by the same inventors as this application. The present invention relates to a non-chromate metal surface treating composition for increasing the adhesion of a metal's surface to any one of a group of layers applied thereto, such as corrosion resistant layers, and method of applying same. More particularly, the present invention relates to a metal

218 Chromium

trioxide, is replaced with a titanate, namely sodium metatitanate or an oxide of titanium, namely, titanium dioxide, respectively. It is known that solutions containing hexavalent chromium can be used to treat the surface of a metal as etching agents to increase the adhesion of layers which are subsequently applied thereto, such as protective coatings. However, although hexavalent chromium-containing solutions are efficient etching agents, they are also highly toxic and adversely affect the environment and human health. For this reason, many chromate-free solutions for treating metal surfaces have been proposed. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Nonchromate metallic surface-treating agent, nonchromate metallic surface-treating method, and aluminum or aluminum alloy Inventor(s): Inoue, Minoru; (Yokohama-shi, JP), Kamimura, Masayuki; (Ichikawa-shi, JP), Kanda, Tomoyuki; (Yokohama-shi, JP), Nishimura, Satoshi; (Yokohama-shi, JP) Correspondence: Jordan And Hamburg Llp; 122 East 42nd Street; Suite 4000; New York; NY; 10168; US Patent Application Number: 20030196728 Date filed: April 23, 2003 Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a nonchromate metallic surface-treating agent capable of achieving the corrosion resistance and adhesion with a coating film equal to a chromium phosphate surface-treating agent.A nonchromate metallic surface-treating agent comprisinga water-soluble zirconium compound and/or a water-soluble titanium compound (1), an organic phosphonic acid compound (2) and a tannin (3),wherein a content of zirconium and/or titanium of said water-soluble zirconium compound and/or the water-soluble titanium compound (1) is 40 to 1000 ppm on a mass basis,a content of said organic phosphonic acid compound (2) is 20 to 500 ppm on a mass basis,a content of said tannin (3) is 200 to 5000 ppm on a mass basis, anda nonchromate metallic surface-treating agent has a pH of 1.6 to 4.0. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a nonchromate metallic surface-treating agent, nonchromate metallic surface-treating method, and aluminum or an aluminum alloy. As surface treatment of aluminum plates, a chromium phosphate surface-treating agent has been used. Since chemical conversion coats formed with the chromium phosphate surf-ace-treating agent are excellent in the corrosion resistance of the coatings alone and in the corrosion resistance and adhesion after applying various resin base coatings, they are adopted in a wide range of uses of aluminum materials for construction materials, an electric home appliance, fin materials, car evaporators, beverage can materials and the like. However, in recent years, there is required a nonchromate metallic surface-treating agent, which can provide the high corrosion resistance and adhesion equal to a chromium phosphate surface-treating agent, from the view point of environmental protection. As a nonchromate chemical conversion treating agent, for example, a system where a zirconium or titanium compound is used in conjunction with a phosphoric acid compound for a beverage can material. However, since the chemical conversion coats formed by these systems are of inferior corrosion resistance and adhesion after applying coating in comparison with the coatings formed by the chromium phosphate surface-treating agent, these could not be used for a wide range of uses. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 219

•

Non-plated aluminum based bearing alloy with performance-enhanced interlayer Inventor(s): Hunter, Jeffrey C.; (Ann Arbor, MI), Whitney, Warren J. JR.; (Ypsilanti, MI) Correspondence: Howard & Howard Attorneys, P.C.; The Pinehurst Office Center, Suite #101; 39400 Woodward Avenue; Bloomfield Hills; MI; 48304-5151; US Patent Application Number: 20030207769 Date filed: April 4, 2003 Abstract: A bi-metal aluminum bearing includes an aluminum-based bearing layer, a steel backing, and an intermediate aluminum-based layer that has a thickness of from 60 to 120 micrometers positioned between the aluminum-based bearing layer and the steel backing. The intermediate layer has a yield strength that is less than that of the aluminum-based bearing layer and is preferably of pure aluminum. The aluminumbased bearing layer has a fine microstructure which imparts a very high level of conformability while retaining good fatigue strength. The aluminum bearing layer generally includes 4% to 20% by weight lead or tin, up to 26% by weight silicon and up to 2% by weight of any of the elements magnesium, manganese, nickel, zirconium, zinc, copper, or chromium with the remainder of the bearing layer being aluminum. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to multi-layer sliding bearings of the type having two or more metal layers bonded to a steel backing strip for use in journaling a shaft or the like. Sleeve or sliding bearings for use as main bearings or connecting bearings in internal combustion engines can be divided into two main categories. The categories: (1) bimetal bearings, which consist of a steel backing and a lining alloy on the inside diameter; (2) trimetal bearings, which include a third layer which is typically electro deposited over the lining alloy. Bimetal bearings typically include an aluminum based lining material placed on the inside diameter of a bearing. This type of bearing offers advantages over trimetal bearings including low cost, good wear resistance, and excellent corrosion resistance. Among bimetal bearings, the earliest examples utilized a lining alloy of AlSn20Cu1. This alloy had the advantage of very good conformability with misaligned shafts or shafts of poor geometric shape, due to its low hardness and high tin phase content. More advanced bimetal bearing alloys had increased strength and wear resistance due to higher hardness, addition of hard particles such as silicon, and decreased amount of tin. However these alloys suffer from a decrease in conformability compared to the AlSn20Cu1 alloy. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Oxidation and wear resistant rhenium metal matrix composites Inventor(s): Adams, Robbie J.; (Phoenix, AZ) Correspondence: Honeywell International INC.; 101 Columbia Road; P O Box 2245; Morristown; NJ; 07962-2245; US Patent Application Number: 20030206824 Date filed: May 3, 2002 Abstract: An alloy and metal matrix composite (MMC) based on a refractory metal such as rhenium resists oxidation by the inclusion of alloying substances with affinity for oxygen or other oxidizing substances. Rhenium enjoys excellent high temperature strength but oxidizes at a much lower temperature. This reduces its desirability for hot,

220 Chromium

stressed environments. The addition of substances, such as soluble metals, that attract oxygen may form a protective oxide layer over the remaining portion of the rheniumalloy part or piece. Such soluble alloying constituents may include chromium, cobalt, nickel, titanium, thorium, aluminum, hafnium, vanadium, silicon, aluminum, and yttrium. The addition of second phase fiber or particulates such as carbides of silicon, tungsten, titanium and/or boron provides additional wear resistance in the formation of a resulting metal matrix composite (MMC). Excerpt(s): This patent application is a continuation-in-part of the U.S. patent application entitled Oxidation Resistant Alloys initially having Honeywell docket number H0002162 invented by the same inventor for and filed on or about the same date as the instant application, which application is incorporated herein by this reference thereto. Material sciences seeks to exploit from available resources, namely those elements of the periodic table of elements, different materials having different characteristics that can be used for a variety of purposes and applications. Consequently, there is a great interest in developing conductors, insulators, soft materials, and hard materials from available substances and materials. With respect to engines and mechanical components, wear resistance is typically a desired characteristic because it allows materials to last a longer time and consequently enjoy a cheaper cost per unit time. Even though a part may cost twice as much, it may last four times as long so is then approximately half as expensive as a cheaper part. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Probe for NMR apparatus using magnesium diboride Inventor(s): Aihara, Katsuzou; (Hitachiohta, JP), Morita, Hiroshi; (Hitachi, JP), Okada, Michiya; (Mito, JP) Correspondence: Dickstein Shapiro Morin & Oshinsky Llp; 2101 L Street NW; Washington; DC; 20037-1526; US Patent Application Number: 20030210053 Date filed: March 10, 2003 Abstract: To provide a probe coil for an NMR apparatus which can transmit and receive high frequency radio waves with improved Q-factor and S/N ratio. As a measure, the probe coil for an NMR apparatus is provided as of a solenoid type formed of magnesium diboride superconductor. As another measure, the probe coil for an NMR apparatus has a plurality of coils using magnesium diboride superconductors connected in series. As further another measure, there is used a magnesium diboride superconductor mixed with metal. As still further another measure, the probe coil for an NMR apparatus is formed by using a single metal selected from gold, silver, copper, aluminum, iron, platinum, palladium, nickel, stainless steel, chromium, magnesium, tantalum, niobium, titanium, zinc, beryllium, tungsten, or cobalt, or an alloy including a plurality thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a probe coil for a nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus. In general, in an NMR apparatus, there exist a CW type in which a sample is irradiated by an electromagnetic wave of radio frequency signal with a fixed frequency, and a pulse Fourier type in which a sample is irradiated by a pulse-like electromagnetic wave. Recently, however, the latter pulse Fourier type NMR has been often referred to as an NMR apparatus. In the specification in the application, the pulse Fourier type NMR apparatus is to be normally referred to as a nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus.

Patents 221

A fundamental arrangement about an NMR apparatus is described in "Part III, Measuring Technology" in "NMR no sho (The book of NMR)", by Yoji Arada, Maruzen, 2000. According to the reference, the NMR apparatus is arranged with a superconducting magnet that generates a static magnetic field, a probe that is provided with a probe coil therein for irradiating a sample contained inside with a high frequency pulsed magnetic field and for receiving a free induction decay signal (FID signal) transmitted from the sample, a high frequency power source that supplies a high frequency current to the probe, an amplifier that amplifies the free induction decay signal, a detector that detects the signal, and an analyzing unit that analyzes the signal detected by the detector. About the probe coil, there is a probe provided with a plurality of coils for being applicable to various nuclides and measuring methods. Moreover, the probe coil normally has a function of irradiating a sample with a high frequency pulsed magnetic field together with a function of receiving a free induction decay signal transmitted from the sample. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Process for the utilization of vanadium in chromium ore as ammonium metavanadate Inventor(s): Batz, Michael; (Leichlingen, DE), Block, Hans-Dieter; (Leverkusen, DE), Weber, Rainer; (Odenthal, DE) Correspondence: William Gerstenzang; Norris, Mclaughlin & Marcus, P.A.; 220 East 42nd Street, 30th Floor; New York; NY; 10017; US Patent Application Number: 20030219367 Date filed: April 1, 2003 Abstract: A process for recovering the vanadium present in the chromium ore chromite. as ammonium metavanadate, as a by-product of the fusion of the chromium ore with alkali and its work-up to produce sodium chromate solution and sodium dichromate. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a process in which the vanadium present in the chromium ore chromite is recovered as ammonium metavanadate during the course of the fusion of the chromium ore with alkali and its work-up to produce sodium chromate solution and the important chromium chemical sodium dichromate. Chromium spinel or chromite is mixed with residue sodium carbonate and/or sodium hydroxide and iron oxide (recycled ore) residue and heated at 1000-1100.degree. C. in the presence of oxygen. The sodium chromate produced is leached from the resulting reaction mixture by means of water at a controlled pH. During this procedure, the vanadium present in the chromite also goes into solution as sodium vanadate. Control of the pH is necessary to suppress the dissolution of iron, aluminium, silicon and magnesium. In general, addition of an acid, e.g. a dichromate solution, is necessary to adjust the pH. After leaching with water is complete the sodium chromate solution produced is converted into a sodium dichromate solution by addition of sulphuric acid or preferably of carbon dioxide under pressure. Solid sodium dichromate is recovered from the solution by evaporation and crystallization. This process is described in BUCHNER, SCHLIEBS, WINTER, BCHEL "Industrielle Anorganische Chemie", Weinheim 1984, and in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Fifth ed., Vol A 7, Weinheim 1986, p. 67-97. It has now been found that the vanadium content of the sodium dichromate (about 0.2% of V.sub.2O.sub.5 in the Na.sub.2Cr.sub.2O.sub.7.2H.sub.2O) interferes in various applications of the sodium dichromate and its downstream products, so that purification of the sodium chromate fusion solution to remove the vanadium before conversion into sodium dichromate is desirable.

222 Chromium

Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

RHENIUM-CONTAINING PROTECTIVE LAYER FOR PROTECTING A COMPONENT AGAINST CORROSION AND OXIDATION AT HIGH TEMPERATURES Inventor(s): Stamm, Werner; (Ruhr, DE) Correspondence: Lerner And Greenberg, P.A; Post Office Box 2480; Hollywood; FL; 33022-2480; US Patent Application Number: 20030207151 Date filed: October 24, 2002 Abstract: A protective layer has the composition 0.5 to 2% of rhenium, 15 to 21% of chromium, 9 to 11.5% of aluminum, 0.05 to 0.7% of yttrium and/or at least one equivalent metal from the group consisting of scandium and the rare earths, 0 to 1% of ruthenium, remainder cobalt and/or nickel and production-related impurities, and is scarcely subject to any embrittlement from Cr/Re precipitations. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a rhenium-containing protective layer for protecting a component against corrosion and oxidation at high temperatures. The component, in particular a component of a gas turbine, is exposed to a flue gas or the like at a high temperature. The invention relates in particular to a protective layer for a component that contains a nickel-base or cobalt-base superalloy. Protective layers for metallic components that are intended to increase the resistance to corrosion and/or oxidation of the components are known from the prior art. Most of the protective layers are known under the collective name MCrAlY, where M represents at least one of the elements from the group containing iron, cobalt and nickel, and further essential constituents are chromium, aluminum and yttrium. The latter may also be completely or partially replaced by an equivalent element from scandium or the rare earths. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Rolling bearing for continuously variable transmission Inventor(s): Hayashi, Yoshitaka; (Kanagawa, JP), Mitamura, Nobuaki; (Kanagawa, JP), Murakami, Yasuo; (Kanagawa, JP), Takemura, Hiromichi; (Kanagawa, JP), Tanaka, Susumu; (Kanagawa, JP) Correspondence: Sughrue Mion, Pllc; 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20037; US Patent Application Number: 20030219178 Date filed: April 10, 2003 Abstract: A rolling bearing for belt-type continuously variable transmission with a metal belt including pieces has an inner ring; an outer ring; and rolling elements, wherein at least one of the inner ring, the outer ring and the rolling element is made of an iron alloy having a chromium content of from 2.5 to 20.0% by weight. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to improvements in belt-type continuously variable transmissions comprising a metal belt including pieces for automobile and realizes a structure which stabilizes the friction coefficient of belt with pulley, inhibits the effect of collision of elements constituting the belt with each other and resonance of

Patents 223

the belt with the elements and the pulley during transmission, gives a high transmission efficiency and prolonged life even when a low viscosity CVT fluid or ATF oil is used for high fuel efficiency, and prevents early exfoliation of rolling bearing for bearing pulley and rolling bearing disposed in units during their operation. Disposed in the middle portion of the input side rotary shaft 10 is a driving pulley 40 so that the driving pulley 40 and the input side rotary shaft 10 rotate in synchronism with each other. The clearance between a pair of driving pulley plates 41, 41 constituting the driving pulley 40 can be freely adjusted by a driving dislocation unit 42. In other words, the groove width of the driving pulley 40 can be freely raised or reduced by the driving dislocation unit 42. On the other hand, disposed in the middle portion of the output side rotary shaft 20 is a driven pulley 50 so that the driven pulley 50 and the output side rotary shaft 20 rotate in synchronism with each other. The clearance between a pair of driven pulley plates 51, 51 constituting the driven pulley 50 can be freely adjusted by a driven dislocation unit 52. In other words, the groove width of the driven pulley 50 can be freely expanded or shrunk by the driven dislocation unit 52. An endless metal belt with pieces 60 extends over the driven pulley 40 and the driving pulley 50. The metal belt with pieces 60 comprises an endless combination of a number of piece shaped metallic elements. In operation, the belt-type continuously variable transmission 1 comprising a metal belt with pieces 60 having the aforementioned constitution allows the power transmitted from the engine 30 to the input side rotary shaft 10 via the start clutch to be transmitted to the driven pulley 50 via the metal belt with pieces 60. As examples of the metal belt with pieces 60 there has heretofore been known one which transmits power in the pushing direction and one which transmits power in the pulling direction. In any case, the power transmitted to the driven pulley 50 is then transmitted from the output side rotary shaft 20 to the drive wheels 25, 25 via the reduction gear train 22 and the differential gear 23. In order to change the reduction ratio from the input side rotary shaft 10 to the output side rotary shaft 20, the groove width of the driving pulley 40 and the driven pulley 50 are raised or reduced in relation to each other. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Sealing foil and associated lamp having this foil Inventor(s): Breuer, Franz; (Ingolstadt, DE), Bunk, Axel; (Munchen, DE), Mittler, Bodo; (Neusass, DE) Correspondence: Osram Sylvania Inc; 100 Endicott Street; Danvers; MA; 01923; US Patent Application Number: 20030201718 Date filed: April 21, 2003 Abstract: Sealing foil for making a lamp (1), comprising a metallic base body made from molybdenum and a coating which has been applied to at least part of the base body and which contains chromium, rhenium or ruthenium, alone or as an alloy, the foil being formed as a stack comprising two parts (10, 11) which have a different coating. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a sealing foil and associated lamp having this foil in accordance with the preamble of claim 1. It deals in particular with molybdenum foils which are used in pinches as are customary for sealing incandescent lamps and discharge lamps. U.S. Pat. No. 5,021,711 has already disclosed a sealing foil and associated lamp having this foil. To provide better protection against oxidation, the foil is provided with a protective layer of Al, Cr, Si, Ti or Ta. The thickness is 5 to 100 nm. A similar technique is known from CA -A 1135781, in which layers of Ta, Nb, V, Cr, Ti, Y, La, Hf or Sc are used for the same purpose. The layer thickness is 10 to 200 nm.

224 Chromium

Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Silent chain Inventor(s): Kaga, Arimasa; (Osaka, JP), Satoh, Toshifumi; (Osaka, JP) Correspondence: Howson And Howson; One Spring House Corporation Center; Box 457; 321 Norristown Road; Spring House; PA; 19477; US Patent Application Number: 20030195074 Date filed: March 27, 2003 Abstract: In a silent chain comprising guide link plates, connecting pins fixed to pin holes of the guide link plates, and toothed inner link plates, and wherein connecting pins fit loosely in the pin holes of the inner link plates, the base material of the inner link plates is an austenite stainless steel, a martensite stainless steel, a precipitationhardening steel, a high-carbon chromium bearing steel or an alloy tool steel, and is subjected to heat curing. The inner walls of the pin holes are coated with TiN, CrN, DLC, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, Mo, TiAlN, TiC, TiCN, AlN, Si.sub.3N.sub.4, SiC or NiP. The surface of each connecting pin is coated with a metallic hard coating containing at least one element selected from Cr, V, Nb, Ti, Zr, Ta, Mo and W. The base material of the connecting pins and the base material of the inner link plates are different from each other. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to silent chains, used for transmitting power in vehicles, industrial machines and the like. In recent years, silent chains have come into increasing use as timing chains in automobile engines, especially engines designed for use under high speed and high load conditions. A silent chain comprises guide link plates on the outer sides thereof, interleaved inner link plates, each having meshing teeth, and connecting pins. The connecting pins are fixed to pin holes in the guide link plates, and are loosely fitted in pin holes in the inner link plates. In a silent chain transmission, because the inner link plates make oblique contact with the sprockets, impact due to collision between the sprockets and the chain is relieved, and a low noise level is achieved. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Stainless steel alloy having lowered nickel-chromium toxicity and improved biocompatibility Inventor(s): Craig, Charles Horace; (Lakeside, CA) Correspondence: Fish & Richardson PC; 225 Franklin ST; Boston; MA; 02110; US Patent Application Number: 20030194343 Date filed: January 28, 2003 Abstract: The present invention is directed towards an austenitic, stainless steel series 300 alloy having improved biocompatible characteristics. The modified stainless steel alloy consists essentially of, in weight percent, about 1 C Mn Si P S.ltoreq.0.030.ltoreq.2.00.ltoreq.0.750.ltoreq.0.023.ltoreq.0.010 Cr Mo Ni Fe "X" 8.5-11.5 0.0-6.25 6.5-7.5 46.185-74.000 5.0-10.0whereby variable "x" could be comprised from a group consisting of Gold, Osmium, Palladium, Platinum, Rhenium, Tantalum, or Tungsten. The alloy provides a unique combination of strength, ductility, corrosion

Patents 225

resistance, and other mechanical properties which also has improved biocompatible characteristics. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an implantable austenitic stainless steel alloy, and in particular to such an alloy and articles made therefrom in which the elements comprising the alloy are carefully selected and the thermal treatment cycles are closely controlled to prevent ordered phases and thus provide a unique combination of biofunctionality (e.g., high yield strength, good ductility, and good low-cycle fatigue resistance and resistance to stress corrosion, cracking, and pitting), and highly improved biocompatible characteristics due to lowered nickel-chromium toxicity. Austenite generally does not exist at room temperature in plain-carbon and low-alloy steels, other than as small amounts of retained austenite that did not transform during rapid cooling. However, in certain high-alloy steels, such as the austenitic stainless steels and Hadfield austenitic manganese steel, austenite is the dominant microstructure. In these steels, sufficient quantities of alloying elements that stabilize austenite at room temperature are present (e.g., manganese and nickel). The crystal structure of austenite is face-centered cubic (fcc) as compared to ferrite, which has a body centered cubic (bcc) lattice. A fcc alloy has certain desirable characteristics; for example, it has low-temperature toughness, excellent weldability, and is nonmagnetic. Because of their high alloy content, austenitic steels are usually corrosion resistant. Disadvantages of the austenitic steels are their relative high costs, their susceptibility to stress-corrosion cracking (certain austenitic steels), the fact that they cannot be strengthened other than by cold working, interstitial solid-solution strengthening. The austenitic stainless steels (e.g., type 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 308, 309, 310, 314, 316, 317, 321, 330, 347, 348, and 384) generally contain from 6 to 22% nickel to stabilize the austenite microstructure at room temperature. They also contain other alloying elements, such as chromium (16 to 26%) for corrosion resistance, and smaller amounts of manganese and molybdenum. The widely used type 304 stainless steel contains 18 to 20% Cr and 8 to 10.5% Ni, and is also called 18-8 stainless steel. The yield strength of annealed type 304 stainless steel is typically 290 MPa (40 ksi), with a tensile strength of about 580 MPa (84 ksi). However, both yield and tensile strength can be substantially increased by cold working. However, the increase in strength is offset by a substantial decrease in ductility, for example, from about 55% elongation in the annealed condition to about 25% elongation after cold working. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Tape guide with wear resistant coating Inventor(s): Anderson, James C.; (Eagle, ID), Dinhobl, Catherine; (Vienna, AT), Haupt, Martin; (Vienna, AT), Hoerger, Carl R.; (Boise, ID), Lindig, Darin D.; (Meridian, ID), McAllister, Jeffrey S.; (Boise, ID), Summer, Josef; (Neunkirchen, AT) Correspondence: Hewlett-packard Company; Intellectual Property Administration; P.O. Box 272400; Fort Collins; CO; 80527-2400; US Patent Application Number: 20030218092 Date filed: January 21, 2003 Abstract: A tape guide in which the corner geometry between the flanges and the hub prevents the tape from abruptly bumping the flange and in which the corner is coated with a very hard wear resistant material such as zirconium nitride, tungsten carbide, silicon nitride, chromium nitride or diamond like carbon.

226 Chromium

Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/643,317 filed Aug. 21, 2000 entitled TAPE GUIDE WITH WEAR RESISTANT COATING. The present invention relates generally to tape drives and, more particularly, to flanged tape guides having a wear resistant coating. Information is recorded on and read from a moving magnetic tape with a magnetic read/write head positioned next to the tape. The magnetic "head" may be a single head or, as is common, a series of read/write head elements stacked individually and/or in pairs within the head unit. Data is recorded in tracks on the tape by moving the tape lengthwise past the head. The head elements are selectively activated by electric currents representing the information to be recorded on the tape. The information is read from the tape by moving the tape longitudinally past the head elements so that magnetic flux patterns on the tape create electric signals in the head elements. These signals represent the information stored on the tape. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Thermistor device, thermistor device manufacturing method and temperature sensor Inventor(s): Kuzuoka, Kaoru; (Toyota-city, JP), Ogata, Itsuhei; (Nishio-shi, JP), Yamada, Masanori; (Nishio-shi, JP), Yasuda, Eturo; (Nishio-shi, JP) Correspondence: Nixon & Vanderhye, PC; 1100 N Glebe Road; 8th Floor; Arlington; VA; 22201-4714; US Patent Application Number: 20030205698 Date filed: August 20, 2001 Abstract: The thermistor portion of a thermistor device consists of a mixed sintered body of aY(Cr.sub.0.5Mn.sub.0.5)O.sub.3.bAl.sub.2O.sub.3 made of the perovskite-type compound Y(Cr.sub.0.5Mn.sub.0.5)O.sub.3 and Al.sub.2O.sub.3, or a mixed sintered body of aY(Cr.sub.0.5Mn.sub.0.5)O.su- b.3.b(Al.sub.2O.sub.3+Y.sub.2O.sub.3) made of Y(Cr.sub.0.5Mn.sub.0.5)O.sub-.3, Al.sub.2O.sub.3 and Y.sub.2O.sub.3. The mole fractions a and b have the relationships 0.05.ltoreq.a<1.0, 0
Patents 227

Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a thermistor device that can detect temperatures in the range from room temperature to a high temperature of approximately 1000.degree. C., namely a wide-range thermistor device, along with a method of manufacturing such a thermistor device, and is particularly suited to a temperature sensor for automobile exhaust gases. Thermistor devices for temperature sensors are used in the measurement of temperatures in the range 400-1300.degree. C., namely from the middle to high temperature range, in the measurement of automotive exhaust gas temperatures, gas flame temperatures in gas water heaters and the like, and the temperatures of heating ovens. The resistance value and the resistance-temperature coefficient (temperature dependence of the resistance value) indicate the characteristics of this type of thermistor device. Here, in order for the temperature detection circuits that make up a temperature sensor to correspond to a practical resistance value range, the resistance value of the thermistor device is preferably within a stipulated range. For this reason, perovskite-type materials and the like are mainly used as the materials that have the resistance value characteristics suited to a wide-range thermistor device. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Thin film transistor array panel for a liquid crystal display Inventor(s): Baek, Bum-Ki; (Kyungki-do, KR), Hong, Mun-Pyo; (Seongnam-city, KR), Huh, Sung-Wook; (Seoul, KR), Kim, Dong-Gyu; (Suwon-city, KR), Kim, Jang-Soo; (Suwon-city, KR), Yoon, Jong-Soo; (Cheonan-city, KR) Correspondence: Mcguirewoods Llp; Suite 1800; 1750 Tysons Boulevard; Mclean; VA; 22102; US Patent Application Number: 20030197177 Date filed: November 25, 2002 Abstract: A conductive layer, including a lower layer made of refractory metal such as chromium, molybdenum, and molybdenum alloy and an upper layer made of aluminum or aluminum alloy, is deposited and patterned to form a gate wire including a gate line, a gate pad, and a gate electrode on a substrate. At this time, the upper layer of the gate pad is removed using a photoresist pattern having different thicknesses depending on position as etch mask. A gate insulating layer, a semiconductor layer, and an ohmic contact layer are sequentially formed. A conductive material is deposited and patterned to form a data wire including a data line, a source electrode, a drain electrode, and a data pad. Next, a passivation layer is deposited and patterned to form contact holes respectively exposing the drain electrode, the gate pad, and the data pad. At this time, the contact hole on the gate pad only exposes the lower layer of the gate pad, and the gate insulating layer and the passivation layer completely cover the upper layer of the gate pad. Next, indium tin oxide is deposited and patterned to form a pixel electrode, a redundant gate pad, and a redundant data pad respectively connected to the pixel electrode, the gate pad, and the data pad. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a thin film transistor array panel and a method for manufacturing the same. A liquid crystal display (LCD) is one of the most popular flat panel displays (FPD). The liquid crystal display has two panels having electrodes for generating electric fields and a liquid crystal layer interposed therebetween. The transmittance of incident light is controlled by the intensity of the electric field applied to the liquid crystal layer. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

228 Chromium

•

UNDER-BUMP-METALLURGY LAYER Inventor(s): Fang, Jen-Kuang; (Pingtung Hsien, TW), Huang, Min-Lung; (Kaohsiung, TW), Lee, Chun-Chi; (Kaohsiung, TW), Su, Ching-Huei; (Kaohsiung, TW), Tong, HoMing; (Taipei, TW), Weng, Chao-Fu; (Tainan, TW) Correspondence: Jianq Chyun Intellectual Property Office; 7 Floor-1, NO. 100; Roosevelt Road, Section 2; Taipei; 100; TW Patent Application Number: 20030189261 Date filed: March 11, 2003 Abstract: An under-ball-metallurgy layer over a contact pad is provided. The contact pad and corresponding contact surface of the under-bump-metallurgy layer are made of copper. The under-ball-metallurgy layer is constructed from a stack of metallic layers selected from a group consisting of titanium/copper, titanium-tungsten alloy/copper, tantalum/copper, titanium/titanium-nitride compound/copper, tantalum/tantalumnitride compound/copper, tantalum/nickel-vanadium alloy/copper, tantalum/nickel/copper, copper/nickel-vanadium alloy/copper, titanium/nickel/copper, copper/chromium-copper alloy/copper, or chromium-copper alloy/chromium/chromium-copper alloy/copper. Excerpt(s): This application claims the priority benefit of Taiwan application serial no. 91106694, filed Apr. 03, 2002. The present invention relates to an under-bumpmetallurgy layer. More particularly, the present invention relates to an under bumpmetallurgy layer structure on a copper bonding pad. In this information age, electronic products are used everywhere to facilitate our communication, business transactions, education, recreation and more. The principle drivers behind the creation of all these electrical devices are specially designed integrated circuits. As electronic technologies continue to advance, increasingly complex, functionally powerful and highly personalized electronic products are produced. Rapid progress in design also brings about the current trend of product miniaturization. In semiconductor manufacturing, line width of devices has steadily decreased from 0.25.mu.m to about 0.13.mu.m for the next generation of devices. However, serious problems often appear along with such reduction in the line width of metallic interconnects. For example, an overall increase in electrical resistance and current density is found in most of the metallic interconnects. An increase in current density will accelerate electromigration leading to a deterioration of device reliability. Electromigration is a phenomenon that occurs when a thin conductive line is subjected to an intense electric field. Metallic atoms along the grain boundary will migrate along the current-flow direction leading to a reduction in crosssection area along the metallic line. After some time, the metallic line may break and form an open circuit. The most common type of material for fabricating metallic lines is aluminum. Aluminum is often used because metallic lines are easily produced (by sputtering, evaporation, chemical vapor deposition) and shaped (by dry etching, wet etching). In addition, aluminum adheres firmly to a silicon dioxide layer. Nevertheless, aluminum has little resistance to electromigration and hence is not a suitable material for forming fine metallic interconnects. Moreover, aluminum has a higher electrical resistance relative to other material such as copper resulting in a higher resistancecapacitance delay in an integrated circuit. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 229

•

Wear resistant chain Inventor(s): Kaga, Arimasa; (Osaka, JP), Satoh, Toshifumi; (Osaka, JP) Correspondence: Dann, Dorfman, Herrell & Skillman; 1601 Market Street; Suite 2400; Philadelphia; PA; 19103-2307; US Patent Application Number: 20030192299 Date filed: March 27, 2003 Abstract: A wear resistant chain, which smoothly articulates and slides for a long period of time without generating unusual wear elongation even if used together with an extremely deteriorated lubricating oil having a high degree of oxidation, has both ends of a bushing are force-fit into bushing holes of a pair of inner plates respectively and both ends of a connecting pin which is rotatably mounted into the bushing are force-fit into pin holes of a pair of outer plates disposed on both of the outer sides of the pair of inner plates. The bushing uses the base material of one steel selected from an austenite stainless steel, a martensite stainless steel, a precipitation-hardening steel, a high-carbon chromium bearing steel and an alloy tool steel each subjected to heat curing. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to bushing chains and roller chains, which are used in power transmission mechanisms or carrying mechanisms in vehicles and industrial machines and the like. As power transmission media used in power transmission mechanisms of vehicles metallic bushing chains and roller chains have been recently increasingly adopted in place of toothed belts, which have often been used from the demands of high load, high speed and making maintenance free. A conventional chain, for example a bushing chain is formed/such that both ends of a cylindrical bushing are force-fit into bushing holes of a pair of inner plates respectively and both ends of a connecting pin rotatably mounted into the bushing are force-fit into pin holes of a pair of outer plates disposed on both of the outer sides of the pair of inner plates. Further, a bushing chain is formed such that a roller is rotatably mounted on a bushing of a bushing chain. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with chromium, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “chromium” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on chromium. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning chromium. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

231

CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON CHROMIUM Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to chromium. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on chromium include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “chromium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on chromium: •

101 Nutrition Tips for People with Diabetes Source: Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 1999. 122 p. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $14.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1580400280. Order number 482801. Summary: This book answers 101 of the most commonly asked questions about diabetes and nutrition. Questions in chapter one provide general information about nutrition, including the types of foods people who have diabetes need to eat to maintain good control, the difference between the Diabetes Food Pyramid and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Pyramid, and the use of carbohydrate counting in meal planning. Chapter two addresses nutrition issues as they relate to the use of oral agents and insulin. The next chapter focuses on nutrition issues relevant to children, such as

232 Chromium

refusing to eat and eating school lunches. This is followed by chapters that answer questions about fats, cholesterol, sugar, and sweetening agents. Chapter six provides information on food consumption before, during, and after exercise; the use of sports drinks; and weight training. The next chapter focuses on weight related issues such as body mass index, ideal body weight, weight loss, and weight loss drugs. This is followed by a chapter that answers questions about chromium, magnesium, vanadium, and folate supplements; antioxidants; and fenugreek. Chapter nine offers tips on shopping and meal planning. The next chapter addresses special situations, including treating low blood glucose, eating when sick, drinking alcohol, dining in restaurants, traveling, adjusting food and insulin for a swing shift schedule, preventing hypoglycemia, and using a nutritional supplement. Remaining chapters answer miscellaneous questions and list resources. The book concludes with an index. 17 tables. •

101 Tips for Staying Healthy with Diabetes (and Avoiding Complications). 2nd ed Source: Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 1999. 127 p. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $14.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1580400078. Summary: This book presents a collection of tips, techniques, and strategies for preventing and treating diabetes complications. One question appears on each page, with the answer immediately below. Questions in chapter one provide general information about diabetes and diabetes complications. Chapter two focuses on glucose control. The third chapter answers questions about various foods and nutrients, including chromium, fiber, fructose, ginseng, folic acid, magnesium, and melatonin. Questions in chapter four provide general information about nutrition, meal planning, and weight management. This is followed by a chapter that describes small blood vessel complications, including eye and kidney disease, diabetic gastroparesis, and foot problems. Chapter six answers questions about large blood vessel complications, including heart disease, erectile dysfunction, and bladder problems. The next two chapters answer miscellaneous questions and offer new tips. The final chapter lists the name, address, and telephone number of helpful organizations. The book also includes an index.

•

Food Finder Vitamin and Mineral Source Guide Source: Salem, OR: Esha Research. 1995. 475 p. Contact: Available from Esha Research. P.O. Box 13028, Salem, OR 97309. (800) 659-3742. Fax (503) 585-5543. PRICE: $29.95 plus $5 shipping (as of 1995). Summary: This book presents nutrient data compiled from over 1000 scientific sources, including the most recent USDA data. Estimates of nutrient amounts in foods include adjustments in the interest of accuracy. Nutrient information is provided for thirteen vitamins, including A, thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), B6, biotin, folacin, B12, pantothenic acid, C (ascorbic acid), D, E, and K; and for twelve minerals, including calcium, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, sodium, and zinc. Additional sections cover caffeine, cholesterol, and dietary fiber. Introductory material is provided that can help readers understand and interpret the nutrient data, as well as information about recommended dietary allowances, safe and adequate daily intakes, and dietary guidelines and goals.

Books

•

233

Numb Toes and Aching Soles: Coping with Peripheral Neuropathy Source: San Antonio, TX: MedPress. 1999. 300 p. Contact: Available from MedPress. P.O. Box 691546, San Antonio, TX 78269. (888) 6339898. Website: www.medpress.com. PRICE: $19.95 for soft back book; $29.95 for case bound book; plus shipping and handling. ISBN 0967110726. Summary: This book serves as a resource for people who experience pain related to peripheral neuropathy. About one half of peripheral neuropathies are related to complications from diabetes mellitus. The book focuses on traditional, conventional, and alternative treatments for neuropathic pain. The book begins with a chapter that defines peripheral neuropathy and discusses this condition in terms of its types, symptoms and effects, causes, and evaluation. The next chapter explains the physical and psychological aspects of peripheral neuropathic pain. The following chapter discusses medications for treating peripheral neuropathic pain, including nonopioid drugs, opioids, and topical medications. A discussion of nonopioid drug costs is included. The fourth chapter focuses on other medical therapies for treating peripheral neuropathic pain, including hematologic treatments such as plasmapheresis, immunosuppressant medications, and nerve based treatments such as nerve blocks and direct nerve stimulation. This is followed by a chapter on alternative treatments, including physical therapy; psychotherapeutic methods such as relaxation and meditation training, biofeedback, self hypnosis, and prayer; hyperbaric oxygen therapy; acupuncture; touch therapies such as massage, reflexology, Reiki, Qigong, and therapeutic touch; magnets; and chelation. Treating peripheral neuropathic pain with various nutrients (vitamins A, B, C, and E; minerals such as selenium, magnesium, chromium, and zinc; and herbs such as ginkgo biloba, St. John's wart, bioflavonoids, and others) is the topic of the next chapter. In addition, the chapter provides information on other supplements such as alpha-lipoic acid, gamma linolenic acid, acetyl-L-carnitine, N-acetyl cysteine, glutamine, coenzyme Q10, S-adenosylmethionine, dimethyl sulfoxide, and methyl sulfonyl methane. The focus of the next chapter is on experimental or unapproved drugs, including aldose reductase inhibitors; aminoguanidine; COX-2; ABT-594; SNX-111; lamotrigine; memantine; natural pain relievers such as bimoclomol, cannabinoids, endorphins, and nocistatin/OFQ2; nerve regenerating compounds such as NGF, IGF-1, neutrophin-3, and GPI 1046; nimodipine; peptide T; and PN 401. This is followed by a chapter that examines diabetes and HIV. Diabetes classifications and diabetic neuropathy (types, risk factors, blood sugar control, and treatment approaches) are discussed. The final chapter presents ways of coping with peripheral neuropathy, including exercising, using heat or cold therapy, creating conducive conditions for sleeping, avoiding certain foods, and selecting appropriate footwear. The book concludes with an index.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “chromium” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “chromium” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “chromium” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com):

234 Chromium

•

Basic Health Publications User's Guide to Chromium: Don't Be a Dummy: Become an Expert on What Chromium Can Do for Your Health by Melissa Diane Smith; ISBN: 1591200121; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1591200121/icongroupinterna

•

Chromium in Health, Disease & Industry: Index of New Information & Research Bible by Sichler (1994); ISBN: 0788300628; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788300628/icongroupinterna

•

Chromium in Soil - Perspectives in Chemistry, Health, and Environmental Regulation by James Dragun (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0849311578; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849311578/icongroupinterna

•

Chromium Picolinate (1994); ISBN: 9994394088; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9994394088/icongroupinterna

•

Chromium Picolinate by Richard A. Passwater; ISBN: 0879835885; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879835885/icongroupinterna

•

Chromium: A Remarkable Micro-Nutrient Which May Protect Against Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity (Woodland Health Ser) by Rita Elkins, Woodland Publishing (1999); ISBN: 1885670214; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885670214/icongroupinterna

•

Chromium-Containing Waterborne Preservatives by Donald A. Bender (1993); ISBN: 093501859X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/093501859X/icongroupinterna

•

Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry II : Vanadium and Chromium Groups by Edward W. Abel (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0080423124; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080423124/icongroupinterna

•

DRI Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, vanadi: Um, and Zinc (Dietary Reference Intakes) by National Academy Press (2002); ISBN: 0309072794; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309072794/icongroupinterna

•

Electrodeposition of chromium from chromic acid solutions by George Dubpernell; ISBN: 008021925X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/008021925X/icongroupinterna

•

Hexavalent Chromium Handbook by James A. Jacobs (2004); ISBN: 1566706084; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1566706084/icongroupinterna

•

Iron, Chromium and Manganese (Elements) by Keith Walshaw (1996); ISBN: 1869860241; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1869860241/icongroupinterna

•

The 2000 Import and Export Market for Zinc, Chromium, Manganese and Iron Oxides in The Middle East (World Trade Report) by Chromium The Zinc, et al; ISBN: 0741856409; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741856409/icongroupinterna

•

The 2000 World Forecasts of Zinc, Chromium, Manganese and Iron Oxides Export Supplies (World Trade Report) by Chromium The Zinc, et al; ISBN: 0741837226; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0741837226/icongroupinterna

•

The 2003 World Market Forecasts for Imported Zinc, Chromium, Manganese and Iron Oxides [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B0000YSR1U; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0000YSR1U/icongroupinterna

Books

235

•

The Biological and Environmental Chemistry of Chromium by Sidney A. Katz (Author), H. Salem (Author); ISBN: 047118585X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/047118585X/icongroupinterna

•

The Chromium Connection: A Lesson in Nutrition by Betty Kamen (1995); ISBN: 0944501087; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0944501087/icongroupinterna

•

The Role of Chromium in Animal Nutrition by Committee on Animal Nutrition, et al (1997); ISBN: 030906354X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/030906354X/icongroupinterna

•

The Toxicity of Chromium and Inorganic Chromium Compounds by S. Fairhurst (1989); ISBN: 0118855212; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0118855212/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “chromium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Activation analysis of chromium in water matrix [by] F. W. Lima [and] C. M. Silva. Author: Lima, Fausto W. (Fausto Walter); Year: 1968; [São Paulo] 1968

•

Biological and environmental aspects of chromium Author: Langård, Sverre.; Year: 1972; Amsterdam; New York: Elsevier Biomedical Press; New York: Sole distributors for the USA and Canada, Elsevier Scientific Pub., 1982; ISBN: 0444804412 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444804412/icongroupinterna

•

Cement eczema and chromium allergy: an epidemiological investigation Author: Høvding, Gunnar.; Year: 1953; Oslo: Univ. of Bergen, School of Medicine, Dept. of Dermatology, 1970

•

Chromium Author: National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Biologic Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants.; Year: 1970; Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1974; ISBN: 0309022177 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309022177/icongroupinterna

•

Chromium in nutrition and disease Author: Saner, Günay.; Year: 1946; New York: Liss, 1980; ISBN: 0845116010 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0845116010/icongroupinterna

•

Chromium in nutrition and metabolism: proceedings of the Symposium on Chromium in Nutrition and Metabolism held in Sherbrooke, Canada on July 13-15,

11

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

236 Chromium

1979 Author: Shapcott, Dennis.; Year: 1957; Amsterdam; New York: Elsevier/NorthHolland Biomedical Press, 1979; ISBN: 044480188X http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/044480188X/icongroupinterna •

Chromium in the natural and human environments Author: Nriagu, Jerome O.; Year: 1959; New York: Wiley, c1988; ISBN: 0471856436 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471856436/icongroupinterna

•

Chromium oxidations in organic chemistry Author: Cainelli, G. (Gianfranco),; Year: 1941; Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag, 1984; ISBN: 0387128344 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387128344/icongroupinterna

•

Chromium toxicology: January 1977 through September 1981, 250 citations Author: Jackson, Silas.; Year: 1957; [Bethesda, Md.]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, [1981]

•

Chromium update 1984: environmental and nutritional effects of chromium Author: Jaworski, John F.; Year: 1935; Ottawa, Canada: National Research Council of Canada, NRCC Associate Committee on Scientific Criteria for Environmental Quality, Subcommittee on Heavy Metals and Certain Other Elements, c1985

•

Chromium, metabolism and toxicity Author: Burrows, Desmond.; Year: 9999; Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, c1983; ISBN: 0849354471 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849354471/icongroupinterna

•

Chromium. Author: Schroeder, Henry A.,; Year: 1963; Washington, American Petroleum Institute [1970]

•

Effects of chromium in the Canadian environment Author: National Research Council Canada. Subcommittee on Heavy Metals and Certain Other Elements.; Year: 1961; Ottawa: Associate Committee on Scientific Criteria for Environmental Quality, 1976

•

Occupational exposure to chromium (VI): criteria for a recommended standard. Author: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.; Year: 1951; [Cincinnati?]: U. S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Washington: for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1975

•

The anemia of leukemia: a study of erythrokinetics using iron59 and chromium51. Author: Bowie, E. J. Walter,; Year: 1964; [Minneapolis] 1961

•

The anemia of rheumatoid arthritis studied with radioiron and radiochromium. Author: Roberts, Frank Edwin,; Year: 1966; [Rochester, Minn.] 1960

•

The study of platelet kinetics: a practical method of labeling, utilizing chromium-51. Author: Brown, Robert Charles,; Year: 1964; [Minneapolis] 1961

•

Toxicological review of trivalent chromium [electronic resource]: (CAS No. 16065-831), in support of summary information on the integrated risk information system (IRIS). Author: Grevatt, Peter C.; Year: 1960; Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, [1998]

Chapters on Chromium In order to find chapters that specifically relate to chromium, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and chromium using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and

Books

237

language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “chromium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on chromium: •

Herbal Medications, Nutraceuticals, and Diabetes Source: in Miller, L.G. and Murray, W.J., eds. Herbal Medicinals: A Clinician's Guide. New York, NY: Pharmaceutical Products Press. 1998. p. 115-133. Contact: Available from Haworth Herbal Press. 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 139041580. (800) HAWORTH. Fax (800) 895-0582. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.haworthpressinc.com. PRICE: $39.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0789004666. Summary: This chapter discusses the use of herbal medications and nutraceuticals in the management of diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome characterized by impaired glucose tolerance or a deficiency or an absolute lack of insulin. Typical symptoms include polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and fatigue. People who have type 1 diabetes require exogenous insulin to adequately control blood glucose levels, whereas people who have type 2 diabetes may be able to control their blood glucose with diet, exercise, and oral medications. Any substance that affects blood glucose may adversely affect the patient's blood glucose control, and herbal products are no exception. The chapter uses a case based format to provide information on the pharmacology of various herbs and nutraceuticals, potential and known interactions, adverse herbal side effects, and effects of the disease state that may affect medication efficacy. Herbs and nutraceuticals discussed include momordica charantia, chromium picolinate, ginseng, ephedra, fenugreek, and GS4. 4 tables. 76 references.

•

Nutrition Source: in Saunders, J. Tinnitus: What is That Noise in My Head? Auckland, New Zealand: Sandalwood Enterprises. 1994. p. 66-81. Contact: Available from American Tinnitus Association (ATA). P.O. Box 5, Portland, OR 97207-0005. (800) 634-8978 or (503) 248-9985. Fax (503) 248-0024. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.ata.org. PRICE: $14.50 for members; $18.00 for nonmembers. ISBN: 0473015625. Summary: This chapter is from a book that familiarizes readers with the common causes and symptoms of tinnitus and explains how people with tinnitus can take steps toward relieving the condition. Written in non-technical language, the chapter discusses the role of nutrition in various symptoms of tinnitus. Topics covered include the foods that can make tinnitus worse, including sodium or salt, monosodium glutamate, and preservatives; and basic facts about general nutrition, notably the areas of carbohydrates, fiber, protein, fats, water, vitamins, potassium, calcium, chromium, and selenium. The role of various vitamins is explored in detail.

•

Trace Element Metabolism in Renal Disease and Renal Failure Source: in Kopple, J.D. and Massry, S.G. Nutritional Management of Renal Disease. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins. 1997. p. 395-414. Contact: Available from Williams and Wilkins. 351 West Camden Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-2436. (800) 638-0672 or (410) 528-4223. Fax (800) 447-8438 or (410) 528-8550. PRICE: $99.00. ISBN: 068304740X.

238 Chromium

Summary: This chapter on trace element metabolism is from a medical textbook on nutrition and metabolism of individuals with renal disease or renal failure. It is generally accepted that the term 'trace element' applies to elements that occur in the body at concentrations of less than 50 mg per kg under normal conditions. The definition of 'essential' trace elements is that the element should be present in healthy tissues; deficiency of the element consistently produces functional impairment; the abnormalities induced by the deficiency are always followed by specific biochemical changes; and addition of the element prevents or corrects these changes. Topics include methodology for the measurement of trace elements; trace element concentrations in uremia; the potential contribution of trace elements to the uremic syndrome, including impairment of renal function, susceptibility to cancer, cardiovascular disease, glucose intolerance, bone disease, anemia, enzyme dysfunction, encephalopathy and coma, and immune deficiency; factors affecting trace element concentration, including inadequate intake, decreased availability, impaired reabsorption, excessive excretion, and extracorporeal losses; specific examples relating to aluminum, lead, selenium and arsenic, zinc, vanadium, silicon, and chromium; and therapeutic considerations. The authors caution that the treatment of uremia by dialysis strategies may cause changes in trace element handling. Trace elements should be considered in the case of any unexplained toxic event in uremia. 5 tables. 89 references. (AA-M). •

Vitamins and Minerals Source: in Warshaw, H.S. and Webb, R. Diabetes Food and Nutrition Bible: A Complete Guide to Planning, Shopping, Cooking, and Eating. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2001. p. 7-14. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $18.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 158040037. Summary: This chapter on vitamins and minerals is from a book that offers a complete food and nutrition resource for people with diabetes. The book brings readers up to date on meal planning, carbohydrate counting, vitamins, minerals, and the best ways to prepare healthy delicious meals. In this chapter, the authors emphasize that vitamins are essential to the proper functioning of the body and they must be eaten in sufficient quantities to maintain health. The authors describe Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) and several new categories of recommendations being developed under the heading of Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Dietary Allowance, Adequate Intake (AI), Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). The authors then discuss water soluble vitamins, including vitamin B1 (thiamin), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), folate or folic acid, vitamin B12 (cobalamin), vitamin C, and biotin. The chapter then addresses the fat-soluble vitamins, including vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K; and minerals, including calcium, iron, phosphorus, iodine, magnesium, zinc, selenium, copper, fluoride, and chromium. For each vitamin or mineral, the authors note good food sources for obtaining that nutrient.

•

Eclectic Issues in Diabetes Nutrition Therapy Source: in Powers, M.A., ed. Handbook of Diabetes Medical Nutrition Therapy. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, Inc. 1996. p. 458-470.

Books

239

Contact: Available from Aspen Publishers. P.O. Box 990, Frederick, MD 21705-9727. (800) 638-8437. Fax (301) 695-7931. PRICE: $89.00. ISBN: 0834206315. Summary: This chapter, from a handbook on diabetes medical nutrition therapy (MNT), presents current information on the relationships between certain substances and diabetes control. Substances include minerals and vitamins, including magnesium, chromium, zinc, vanadium, and antioxidants; and nonfood items, including cornstarch, tobacco, medications, acarbose, recreational drugs, caffeine, Jerusalem artichokes, and myoinositol. The author stresses the importance that the dietitian ask the client about the use of these substances in a thorough nutrition assessment. 3 figures. 1 table. 72 references.

241

CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON CHROMIUM Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on chromium. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Chromium The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in chromium (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on chromium: •

Toxicological review of hexavalent chromium [electronic resource]: (CAS No. 1854029-9), in support of summary information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), August 1998 Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Year: 1998; Format: Electronic resource; Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1998

•

Toxicological review of trivalent chromium [electronic resource]: (CAS No. 16065-831), in support of summary information on the integrated risk information system (IRIS). Source: Grevatt, Peter C; Year: 1998; Format: Electronic resource; Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, [1998]

•

Trace minerals: zinc and chromium [slide] Source: Western New York Dietetic Association; Year: 1976; Format: Slide; Buffalo: Communications in Learning, 1976

243

CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CHROMIUM Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover chromium.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on chromium is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “chromium” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to chromium. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “chromium” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for chromium: •

Guidant says FDA approved chromium cobalt stent Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 17, 2003

•

Guidant to market cobalt chromium coronary stent platform in Europe Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 19, 2002

244 Chromium

•

Senate bill would limit chromium 6 in drinking water Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 04, 2001

•

Chromium supplements useful for older diabetics Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 20, 2000

•

Chromium supplementation lowers glucose, lipid levels in elderly diabetics Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 20, 2000

•

Chromium picolinate may pose cancer risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 23, 1999

•

Chromium Supplements Aid In The Management Of Type 2 Diabetics Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 05, 1997

•

Chromium Supplements Aid Diabetics Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 05, 1997

•

Chromium Supplements: Control Blood Glucose In Type II Diabetes Patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 11, 1996 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “chromium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology

Periodicals and News

245

oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “chromium” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to chromium, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “chromium” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “chromium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on chromium: •

Chromium Loses Its Claims Source: University of California at Berkeley Wellness Letter. 13(4):1; Jan 1997. Contact: University of California at Berkeley Wellness Letter, P.O. Box 420148, Palm Coast, FL 32142. Summary: The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has prevented three makers of chromium picolinate from making fraudulent health claims. The FTC concluded that the claims of the manufacturers had not been substantiated by scientific studies.

•

Chromium Picolinate: Still Hot on the Market Source: Healthy Weight Journal. 8(4):73-4; July/August 1994. Contact: Healthy Living Institute, 402 S. 14th St., Hettinger, ND 58639. (701) 567-2645. Summary: This article focuses on the misleading and false advertising and marketing of chromium picolinate. Food supplement companies are marketing this compound as an aid in muscle building, fat reduction, body composition, and weight loss. Scientists have recently examined the claims that chromium picolinate improves muscle building in

246 Chromium

young men and helps them lose fat and weight, and they found no evidence to support these claims. Men using a chromium supplement had urinary chromium losses. There was no credible evidence in the literature that supports claims that chromium picolinate supplementation has any effect on either fat or lean body mass in humans.

Academic Periodicals covering Chromium Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to chromium. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering chromium that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

247

APPENDICES

249

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

12

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

250 Chromium

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

251

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

13

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

252 Chromium

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “chromium” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 19285 140 310 83 0 19818

HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “chromium” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

15

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

16

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 19

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

253

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

20 Adapted 21

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

255

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on chromium can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to chromium. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to chromium. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “chromium”:

256 Chromium

•

Other guides Air Pollution http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/airpollution.html Dietary Supplements http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietarysupplements.html Herbal Medicine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herbalmedicine.html Vitamin and Mineral Supplements http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vitaminandmineralsupplements.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on chromium. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Alternative Therapies for Diabetes Source: Bethesda, MD: National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse. 1999. 3 p. Contact: Available from National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse. 1 Information Way, Bethesda, MD 20892-3560. (800) 860-8747; INTERNATIONAL: (301) 654-3327; FAX: (301) 907-8906; E-MAIL: [email protected]. Price: Free. NIH publication No. 99-4552. Summary: This fact sheet provides general information about a variety of alternative therapies for diabetes, including acupuncture, biofeedback, chromium, magnesium, and vanadium. The fact sheet includes hypertext links where readers can access additional information on alternative therapies for diabetes. Information is also provided about the National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse, including contact information. The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to chromium. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not

Patient Resources

257

organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to chromium. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with chromium. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about chromium. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/.

258 Chromium

Simply type in “chromium” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “chromium”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “chromium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “chromium” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

259

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

23

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

260 Chromium

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

24

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

261

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

262 Chromium

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

263

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

264 Chromium

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

265

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on chromium: •

Basic Guidelines for Chromium Chromium in diet Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002418.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Chromium Abdominal distention Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003122.htm Nausea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm

•

Nutrition for Chromium Carbohydrates Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002469.htm Cholesterol Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002472.htm

266 Chromium

Fats Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002468.htm •

Background Topics for Chromium Metabolism Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002257.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

267

CHROMIUM DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abrasion: 1. The wearing away of a substance or structure (such as the skin or the teeth) through some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. 2. An area of body surface denuded of skin or mucous membrane by some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. [EU] Acanthocephala: A phylum of parasitic worms, closely related to tapeworms and containing two genera: Moniliformis, which sometimes infects man, and Macracanthorhynchus, which infects swine. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] ACE: Angiotensin-coverting enzyme. A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH]

Acetic Acids: Acetic acid and its derivatives which may be formed by substitution reactions. Mono- and di-substituted, as well as halogenated compounds have been synthesized. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine. [NIH] Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acylation: The addition of an organic acid radical into a molecule. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU]

268 Chromium

Adduct: Complex formed when a carcinogen combines with DNA or a protein. [NIH] Adduction: The rotation of an eye toward the midline (nasally). [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adhesions: Pathological processes consisting of the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adjuvant Therapy: Treatment given after the primary treatment to increase the chances of a cure. Adjuvant therapy may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy. [NIH]

Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU]

Dictionary 269

Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Age-Adjusted: Summary measures of rates of morbidity or mortality in a population using statistical procedures to remove the effect of age differences in populations that are being compared. Age is probably the most important and the most common variable in determining the risk of morbidity and mortality. [NIH] Agonists: Drugs that trigger an action from a cell or another drug. [NIH] Agrochemicals: Chemicals used in agriculture. These include pesticides, fumigants, fertilizers, plant hormones, steroids, antibiotics, mycotoxins, etc. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Aldose Reductase Inhibitor: A class of drugs being studied as a way to prevent eye and nerve damage in people with diabetes. Aldose reductase is an enzyme that is normally present in the eye and in many other parts of the body. It helps change glucose (sugar) into a sugar alcohol called sorbitol. Too much sorbitol trapped in eye and nerve cells can damage these cells, leading to retinopathy and neuropathy. Drugs that prevent or slow (inhibit) the action of aldose reductase are being studied as a way to prevent or delay these complications of diabetes. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkylating Agents: Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases. [NIH]

Alkylation: The covalent bonding of an alkyl group to an organic compound. It can occur by a simple addition reaction or by substitution of another functional group. [NIH] Allo: A female hormone. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and

270 Chromium

herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses. [NIH]

Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance

Dictionary 271

of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angioplasty: Endovascular reconstruction of an artery, which may include the removal of atheromatous plaque and/or the endothelial lining as well as simple dilatation. These are procedures performed by catheterization. When reconstruction of an artery is performed surgically, it is called endarterectomy. [NIH] Anhydrides: Chemical compounds derived from acids by the elimination of a molecule of water. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anisotropy: A physical property showing different values in relation to the direction in or along which the measurement is made. The physical property may be with regard to thermal or electric conductivity or light refraction. In crystallography, it describes crystals whose index of refraction varies with the direction of the incident light. It is also called acolotropy and colotropy. The opposite of anisotropy is isotropy wherein the same values characterize the object when measured along axes in all directions. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH]

272 Chromium

Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]

Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Approximate: Approximal [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and

Dictionary 273

nitrogen cannot be used. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriography: A procedure to x-ray arteries. The arteries can be seen because of an injection of a dye that outlines the vessels on an x-ray. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arthrography: Roentgenography of a joint, usually after injection of either positive or negative contrast medium. [NIH] Arthroplasty: Surgical reconstruction of a joint to relieve pain or restore motion. [NIH] Arthroscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy and surgery of the joint. [NIH] Articulation: The relationship of two bodies by means of a moveable joint. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autologous lymphocytes: A person's white blood cells. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]

Axillary Artery: The continuation of the subclavian artery; it distributes over the upper limb, axilla, chest and shoulder. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls,

274 Chromium

multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Base Sequence: The sequence of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide or nucleoside sequence. [NIH] Baths: The immersion or washing of the body or any of its parts in water or other medium for cleansing or medical treatment. It includes bathing for personal hygiene as well as for medical purposes with the addition of therapeutic agents, such as alkalines, antiseptics, oil, etc. [NIH] Bentonite: A colloidal, hydrated aluminum silicate that swells 12 times its dry size when added to water. [NIH] Benzaldehyde: A colorless oily liquid used as a flavoring agent and to make dyes, perfumes, and pharmaceuticals. Benzaldehyde is chemically related to benzene. [NIH] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke. [NIH] Berylliosis: A lung disease caused by exposure to metallic beryllium or its soluble salts. [NIH]

Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as berylliosis. [NIH]

Beta Rays: A stream of positive or negative electrons ejected with high energy from a disintegrating atomic nucleus; most biomedically used isotopes emit negative particles (electrons or negatrons, rather than positrons). Cathode rays are low-energy negative electrons produced in cathode ray tubes, also called television tubes or oscilloscopes. [NIH] Beta-Galactosidase: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-

Dictionary 275

reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-galactosides. Deficiency of beta-Galactosidase A1 may cause gangliodisosis GM1. EC 3.2.1.23. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Bioassay: Determination of the relative effective strength of a substance (as a vitamin, hormone, or drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Bioavailable: The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body. Orally bioavailable means that a drug or other substance that is taken by mouth can be absorbed and used by the body. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biochemical reactions: In living cells, chemical reactions that help sustain life and allow cells to grow. [NIH] Biofilms: Films of bacteria or other microbial organisms, usually embedded in extracellular polymers such as implanted medical devices, which adhere to surfaces submerged in, or subjected to, aquatic environments (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Biofilms consist of multilayers of microbial cells glued together to form microbial communities which are highly resistant to both phagocytes and antibiotics. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biomass: Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Bioreactors: Tools or devices for generating products using the synthetic or chemical conversion capacity of a biological system. They can be classical fermentors, cell culture perfusion systems, or enzyme bioreactors. For production of proteins or enzymes, recombinant microorganisms such as bacteria, mammalian cells, or insect or plant cells are usually chosen. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a

276 Chromium

living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotic: Pertaining to living organisms in their ecological rather than their physiological relations. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98. [NIH] Bivalent: Pertaining to a group of 2 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percent body fat. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Bone Cements: Adhesives used to fix prosthetic devices to bones and to cement bone to bone in difficult fractures. Synthetic resins are commonly used as cements. A mixture of monocalcium phosphate, monohydrate, alpha-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate

Dictionary 277

with a sodium phosphate solution is also a useful bone paste. [NIH] Bone Density: The amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by photon absorptiometry or x-ray computed tomography. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Boric Acids: Inorganic and organic derivatives of boric acid either B(OH)3 or, preferably H3BO3. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: A technique for the treatment of neoplasms, especially gliomas and melanomas in which boron-10, an isotope, is introduced into the target cells followed by irradiation with thermal neutrons. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Artery: The continuation of the axillary artery; it branches into the radial and ulnar arteries. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Broadband: A wide frequency range. Sound whose energy is distributed over a broad range of frequency (generally, more than one octave). [NIH] Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 36, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It

278 Chromium

is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi. [NIH] Calcium Signaling: Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins. [NIH]

Cancer vaccine: A vaccine designed to prevent or treat cancer. [NIH] Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract. [NIH] Cannabinoids: Compounds extracted from Cannabis sativa L. and metabolites having the cannabinoid structure. The most active constituents are tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol, and cannabidiol. [NIH] Cannabinol: A physiologically inactive constituent of Cannabis sativa L. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsid: The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid. [NIH]

Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carboxylic Acids: Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated,

Dictionary 279

unsaturated, or aromatic. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiotoxicity: Toxicity that affects the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH]

280 Chromium

Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Centromere: The clear constricted portion of the chromosome at which the chromatids are joined and by which the chromosome is attached to the spindle during cell division. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency. [NIH] Chelating Agents: Organic chemicals that form two or more coordination bonds with a

Dictionary 281

central metal ion. Heterocyclic rings are formed with the central metal atom as part of the ring. Some biological systems form metal chelates, e.g., the iron-binding porphyrin group of hemoglobin and the magnesium-binding chlorophyll of plants. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed) They are used chemically to remove ions from solutions, medicinally against microorganisms, to treat metal poisoning, and in chemotherapy protocols. [NIH] Chelation: Combination with a metal in complexes in which the metal is part of a ring. [EU] Chelation Therapy: Therapy of heavy metal poisoning using agents which sequester the metal from organs or tissues and bind it firmly within the ring structure of a new compound which can be eliminated from the body. [NIH] Chemical Warfare: Tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, or asphyxiating gases. [NIH] Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during war. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlorides: Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion. [NIH]

Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromic: Catgut sterilized and impregnated with chromium trioxide. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromium Alloys: Specific alloys not less than 85% chromium and nickel or cobalt, with traces of either nickel or cobalt, molybdenum, and other substances. They are used in partial dentures, orthopedic implants, etc. [NIH] Chromium Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain chromium as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU]

282 Chromium

Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Fatigue caused by the combined effects of different types of prolonged fatigue. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary Body: A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the retina. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis. [NIH] Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Coculture: The culturing of normal cells or tissues with infected or latently infected cells or tissues of the same kind (From Dorland, 28th ed, entry for cocultivation). It also includes culturing of normal cells or tissues with other normal cells or tissues. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH]

Dictionary 283

Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognitive restructuring: A method of identifying and replacing fear-promoting, irrational beliefs with more realistic and functional ones. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Coke: A residue of coal, left after dry (destructive) distillation, used as a fuel. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Combinatorial: A cut-and-paste process that churns out thousands of potentially valuable compounds at once. [NIH] Comet Assay: A genotoxicological technique for measuring DNA damage in an individual cell using single-cell gel electrophoresis. Cell DNA fragments assume a "comet with tail" formation on electrophoresis and are detected with an image analysis system. Alkaline assay conditions facilitate sensitive detection of single-strand damage. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in

284 Chromium

the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementation: The production of a wild-type phenotype when two different mutations are combined in a diploid or a heterokaryon and tested in trans-configuration. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concentric: Having a common center of curvature or symmetry. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells,

Dictionary 285

adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corrosion: Irreversible destruction of skin tissue. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH]

286 Chromium

Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Crowns: A prosthetic restoration that reproduces the entire surface anatomy of the visible natural crown of a tooth. It may be partial (covering three or more surfaces of a tooth) or complete (covering all surfaces). It is made of gold or other metal, porcelain, or resin. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Curcumin: A dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of Curcuma longa Linn. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytokinesis: Division of the rest of cell. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU]

Dictionary 287

Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Death Certificates: Official records of individual deaths including the cause of death certified by a physician, and any other required identifying information. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decontamination: The removal of contaminating material, such as radioactive materials, biological materials, or chemical warfare agents, from a person or object. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]

Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Abutments: Natural teeth or teeth roots used as anchorage for a fixed or removable denture or other prosthesis (such as an implant) serving the same purpose. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

Dentures: An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. It does not include crowns, dental abutments, nor artificial teeth. [NIH] Deoxyguanosine: A nucleoside consisting of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose. [NIH]

Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss

288 Chromium

of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Dietitian: An expert in nutrition who helps people plan what and how much food to eat. [NIH]

Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel

Dictionary 289

movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilate: Relax; expand. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Dioxins: Chlorinated hydrocarbons containing heteroatoms that are present as contaminants of herbicides. Dioxins are carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic. They have been banned from use by the FDA. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dislocation: The displacement of any part, more especially of a bone. Called also luxation. [EU]

Disparity: Failure of the two retinal images of an object to fall on corresponding retinal points. [NIH] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Distention: The state of being distended or enlarged; the act of distending. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Dosimetry: All the methods either of measuring directly, or of measuring indirectly and computing, absorbed dose, absorbed dose rate, exposure, exposure rate, dose equivalent, and the science associated with these methods. [NIH]

290 Chromium

Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Costs: The amount that a health care institution or organization pays for its drugs. It is one component of the final price that is charged to the consumer (fees, pharmaceutical or prescription fees). [NIH] Drug Design: The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNAbinding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyslipidemia: Disorders in the lipoprotein metabolism; classified as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, combined hyperlipidemia, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. All of the dyslipidemias can be primary or secondary. Both elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol predispose to premature atherosclerosis. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dysprosium: Dysprosium. An element of the rare earth family that has the atomic symbol Dy, atomic number 66, and atomic weight 162.50. Dysprosium is a silvery metal used primarily in the form of various salts. [NIH] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU]

Dictionary 291

Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electric Conductivity: The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of electrons. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Electroplating: Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis. [NIH] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endarterectomy: Surgical excision, performed under general anesthesia, of the atheromatous tunica intima of an artery. When reconstruction of an artery is performed as an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called atherectomy. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endorphin: Opioid peptides derived from beta-lipotropin. Endorphin is the most potent naturally occurring analgesic agent. It is present in pituitary, brain, and peripheral tissues. [NIH]

292 Chromium

Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work. Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Environmental Monitoring: The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment or workplace by measuring the amounts of these toxicants in the bodies of people and animals in that environment, among other methods. It also includes the measurement of environmental exposure. Levels in humans and animals are used as indicators of toxic levels of undesirable chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Pollutants: Substances which pollute the environment. Use environmental pollutants in general or for which there is no specific heading. [NIH]

for

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6 kD polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum

Dictionary 293

lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]

Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythropoiesis: The production of erythrocytes. [EU] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethanolamine: A viscous, hygroscopic amino alcohol with an ammoniacal odor. It is widely distributed in biological tissue and is a component of lecithin. It is used as a surfactant, fluorimetric reagent, and to remove CO2 and H2S from natural gas and other gases. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins. [NIH]

Etoposide: A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity.

294 Chromium

Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. [NIH] Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy. [NIH] Excimer laser: An ultraviolet laser used in refractive surgery to remove corneal tissue. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exfoliation: A falling off in scales or layers. [EU] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exon: The part of the DNA that encodes the information for the actual amino acid sequence of the protein. In many eucaryotic genes, the coding sequences consist of a series of exons alternating with intron sequences. [NIH] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feasibility Studies: Studies to determine the advantages or disadvantages, practicability, or capability of accomplishing a projected plan, study, or project. [NIH]

Dictionary 295

Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH]

296 Chromium

Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Francium: A radioactive alkali metal with the atomic symbol Fr, atomic number 87, and atomic weight 223. The mass numbers of other known isotopes are 204-213, 217-222, and 224. Its valence is +1. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors. [NIH]

Dictionary 297

Galactosides: Glycosides formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon atom of galactose with an alcohol to form an acetal. They include both alpha- and beta-galactosides. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72. [NIH] Gallstones: The solid masses or stones made of cholesterol or bilirubin that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gamma-Endorphin: An endogenous opioid peptide derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor peptide. It differs from alpha-endorphin by one amino acid. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Emptying: The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum. [NIH] Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastroparesis: Nerve or muscle damage in the stomach. Causes slow digestion and emptying, vomiting, nausea, or bloating. Also called delayed gastric emptying. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH]

298 Chromium

Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.59. [NIH] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Ginkgo biloba: Exclusive species of the genus Ginkgo, family Ginkgoacea. It produces extracts of medicinal interest. Ginkgo may refer to the genus or species. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucokinase: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and D-glucose to ADP and D-glucose 6-phosphate. They are found in invertebrates and microorganisms and are highly specific for glucose. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.2. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified

Dictionary 299

amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycogen Synthase: An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of D-glucose from UDPglucose into 1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl chains. EC 2.4.1.11. [NIH] Glycols: A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycans: Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or Nacetylgalactosamine. [NIH] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gp 100: Glycoprotein 100. A tumor-specific antigen used in the development of cancer vaccines. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU]

300 Chromium

Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Graphite: An allotropic form of carbon that is used in pencils, as a lubricant, and in matches and explosives. It is obtained by mining and its dust can cause lung irritation. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Haematology: The science of the blood, its nature, functions, and diseases. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Hazardous Substances: Substances which, upon release into the atmosphere, water, or soil, or which, in direct contact with the skin, eyes, or mucous membranes, or as additives to food, cause health risks to humans or animals through absorption, inhalation, or ingestion. The concept includes safe handling, transportation, and storage of these substances. [NIH] Hazardous Waste: Waste products which, upon release into the atmosphere, water or soil, cause health risks to humans or animals through skin contact, inhalation or ingestion. Hazardous waste sites which contain hazardous waste substances go here. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Hematology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with morphology, physiology, and pathology of the blood and blood-forming tissues. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the

Dictionary 301

prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis D: Hepatitis caused by the hepatitis delta virus in association with hepatitis B. It is endemic in some European countries and is seen in drug users, hemophiliacs, and polytransfused persons. [NIH] Hepatitis Delta Virus: A defective virus, containing particles of RNA nucleoprotein in virion-like form, present in patients with acute hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis. Officially this is classified as a subviral satellite RNA. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Herbicide: A chemical that kills plants. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH]

302 Chromium

Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Holmium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ho, atomic number 67, and atomic weight 164.93. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hydrofluoric Acid: A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns. [NIH] Hydrogel: A network of cross-linked hydrophilic macromolecules used in biomedical applications. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrogenase: An enzyme found in bacteria. It catalyzes the reduction of ferredoxin and other substances in the presence of molecular hydrogen and is involved in the electron transport of bacterial photosynthesis. EC 1.18.99.1. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of

Dictionary 303

water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxides: Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group. [NIH] Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH that is present in hydroxides, alcohols, phenols, glycols. [NIH] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertriglyceridemia: Condition of elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood; an inherited form occurs in familial hyperlipoproteinemia IIb and hyperlipoproteinemia type IV. It has been linked to higher risk of heart disease and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypoxanthine: A purine and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway. [NIH] Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 5phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate and hypoxanthine, guanine, or 6-mercaptopurine to the corresponding 5'-mononucleotides and pyrophosphate. The enzyme is important in purine biosynthesis as well as central nervous system functions. Complete lack of enzyme activity is associated with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, while partial deficiency results in overproduction of uric acid. EC 2.4.2.8. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH]

304 Chromium

Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunocompetence: The ability of lymphoid cells to mount a humoral or cellular immune response when challenged by antigen. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]

Immunodominant Epitopes: Subunits of the antigenic determinant that are most easily recognized by the immune system and thus most influence the specificity of the induced antibody. [NIH] Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH]

Dictionary 305

Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] Impregnation: 1. The act of fecundation or of rendering pregnant. 2. The process or act of saturation; a saturated condition. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incubated: Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when returned to the body.) [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Industrial Waste: Worthless, damaged, defective, superfluous or effluent material from industrial operations. It represents an ecological problem and health hazard. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inhalation Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents by inhaling them. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and

306 Chromium

then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interindividual: Occurring between two or more individuals. [EU] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU]

Dictionary 307

Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ion Exchange Resins: High molecular weight, insoluble polymers which contain functional groups that are capable of undergoing exchange reactions (ion exchange) with either cations or anions. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isopropyl: A gene mutation inducer. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]

Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH]

308 Chromium

Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Kidney Cortex: The outer zone of the kidney, beneath the capsule, consisting of kidney glomerulus; kidney tubules, distal; and kidney tubules, proximal. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kidney Transplantation: The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lanthanum: The prototypical element in the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol La, atomic number 57, and atomic weight 138.91. Lanthanide ion is used in experimental biology as a calcium antagonist; lanthanum oxide improves the optical properties of glass. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH]

Dictionary 309

Lenses: Pieces of glass or other transparent materials used for magnification or increased visual acuity. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. [EU] Leukapheresis: The preparation of leukocyte concentrates with the return of red cells and leukocyte-poor plasma to the donor. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH]

310 Chromium

Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Locus Control Region: A regulatory region first identified in the human beta-globin locus but subsequently found in other loci. The region is believed to regulate transcription by opening and remodeling chromatin structure. It may also have enhancer activity. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Luciferase: Any one of several enzymes that catalyze the bioluminescent reaction in certain marine crustaceans, fish, bacteria, and insects. The enzyme is a flavoprotein; it oxidizes luciferins to an electronically excited compound that emits energy in the form of light. The color of light emitted varies with the organism. The firefly enzyme is a valuable reagent for measurement of ATP concentration. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.13.12.-. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lutetium: Lutetium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175. [NIH] Luxation: The displacement of the particular surface of a bone from its normal joint, without fracture. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of

Dictionary 311

radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Melanoma vaccine: A cancer vaccine prepared from human melanoma cancer cells. It can be used alone or with other therapy in treating melanoma. [NIH] Memantine: Amantadine derivative that has some dopaminergic effects. It has been proposed as an antiparkinson agent. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and

312 Chromium

intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Mesothelial: It lines the peritonealla and pleural cavities. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals. [NIH] Metals, Rare Earth: Elements of group IIIb of the periodic table from lanthanum, atomic number 57, to and including lutetium, atomic number 71. [NIH] Metaphase: The second phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes line up across the equatorial plane of the spindle prior to separation. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methacrylate: A vinyl monomer. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH]

Dictionary 313

Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microgram: A unit of mass (weight) of the metric system, being one-millionth of a gram (106 gm.) or one one-thousandth of a milligram (10-3 mg.). [EU] Micronuclei: Nuclei, separate from and additional to the main nucleus of a cell, produced during the telophase of mitosis or meiosis by lagging chromosomes or chromosome fragments derived from spontaneous or experimentally induced chromosomal structural changes. This concept also includes the smaller, reproductive nuclei found in multinucleate protozoans. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Microwaves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum lying between UHF (ultrahigh frequency) radio waves and heat (infrared) waves. Microwaves are used to generate heat, especially in some types of diathermy. They may cause heat damage to tissues. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milligram: A measure of weight. A milligram is approximately 450,000-times smaller than a pound and 28,000-times smaller than an ounce. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases: A serine-threonine protein kinase family whose members are components in protein kinase cascades activated by diverse stimuli. These MAPK kinases phosphorylate mitogen-activated protein kinases and are themselves phosphorylated by MAP kinase kinase kinases. JNK kinases (also known as SAPK kinases) are a subfamily. EC 2.7.10.- [NIH] Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases: A superfamily of protein-serine-threonine kinases that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP kinase kinase kinases). Families of these mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) include

314 Chromium

extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs) (also known as c-jun terminal kinases (JNKs)), and p38-mitogen-activated protein kinases. EC 2,7,1.- [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mitotic Index: An expression of the number of mitoses found in a stated number of cells. [NIH]

Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Multidrug resistance: Adaptation of tumor cells to anticancer drugs in ways that make the drugs less effective. [NIH] Musculoskeletal System: Themuscles, bones, and cartilage of the body. [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH]

Dictionary 315

Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mutagenicity: Ability to damage DNA, the genetic material; the power to cause mutations. [NIH]

Mutate: To change the genetic material of a cell. Then changes (mutations) can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect. [NIH] Mycotoxins: Toxins derived from bacteria or fungi. [NIH] Myelography: X-ray visualization of the spinal cord following injection of contrast medium into the spinal arachnoid space. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] N-acetyl: Analgesic agent. [NIH] Naive: Used to describe an individual who has never taken a certain drug or class of drugs (e. g., AZT-naive, antiretroviral-naive), or to refer to an undifferentiated immune system cell. [NIH] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Septum: The partition separating the two nasal cavities in the midplane, composed of cartilaginous, membranous and bony parts. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Nebulizer: A device used to turn liquid into a fine spray. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nematoda: A class of unsegmented helminths with fundamental bilateral symmetry and secondary triradiate symmetry of the oral and esophageal structures. Many species are parasites. [NIH] Neodymium: Neodymium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neonatal period: The first 4 weeks after birth. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH]

316 Chromium

Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]

Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH] Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure. [NIH] Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical. [NIH] Nitric acid: A toxic, corrosive, colorless liquid used to make fertilizers, dyes, explosives, and other chemicals. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14.

Dictionary 317

Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Normotensive: 1. Characterized by normal tone, tension, or pressure, as by normal blood pressure. 2. A person with normal blood pressure. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleoprotein: Chromosomes consist largely of nuclei acids and proteins, joined here as complexes called nucleoproteins. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutrition Assessment: Evaluation and measurement of nutritional variables in order to assess the level of nutrition or the nutritional status of the individual. Nutrition surveys may be used in making the assessment. [NIH] Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Observational study: An epidemiologic study that does not involve any intervention, experimental or otherwise. Such a study may be one in which nature is allowed to take its course, with changes in one characteristic being studied in relation to changes in other characteristics. Analytical epidemiologic methods, such as case-control and cohort study designs, are properly called observational epidemiology because the investigator is observing without intervention other than to record, classify, count, and statistically analyze results. [NIH] Occupational Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation. [NIH] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor

318 Chromium

of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Oncogenes: Genes which can potentially induce neoplastic transformation. They include genes for growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. When these genes are constitutively expressed after structural and/or regulatory changes, uncontrolled cell proliferation may result. Viral oncogenes have prefix "v-" before the gene symbol; cellular oncogenes (protooncogenes) have the prefix "c-" before the gene symbol. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opioid Peptides: The endogenous peptides with opiate-like activity. The three major classes currently recognized are the enkephalins, the dynorphins, and the endorphins. Each of these families derives from different precursors, proenkephalin, prodynorphin, and proopiomelanocortin, respectively. There are also at least three classes of opioid receptors, but the peptide families do not map to the receptors in a simple way. [NIH] Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve. [NIH]

Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine. [NIH] Ornithine Decarboxylase: A pyridoxal-phosphate protein, believed to be the rate-limiting compound in the biosynthesis of polyamines. It catalyzes the decarboxylation of ornithine to form putrescine, which is then linked to a propylamine moiety of decarboxylated Sadenosylmethionine to form spermidine. EC 4.1.1.17. [NIH] Orthopaedic: Pertaining to the correction of deformities of the musculoskeletal system; pertaining to orthopaedics. [EU] Osmolality: The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent. The osmolality is directly proportional to the colligative properties of solutions; osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and vapour pressure lowering. [EU] Osteodystrophy: Defective bone formation. [EU] Osteolysis: Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium. [NIH]

Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH]

Dictionary 319

Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxalate: A chemical that combines with calcium in urine to form the most common type of kidney stone (calcium oxalate stone). [NIH] Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent. [NIH] Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]

Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electron transfer through the cytochrome system liberating free energy which is transformed into high-energy phosphate bonds. [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Oxygenase: Enzyme which breaks down heme, the iron-containing oxygen-carrying constituent of the red blood cells. [NIH] P53 gene: A tumor suppressor gene that normally inhibits the growth of tumors. This gene is altered in many types of cancer. [NIH] Paclitaxel: Antineoplastic agent isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. Paclitaxel stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form and thus mimics the action of the proto-oncogene proteins c-mos. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys. [NIH]

320 Chromium

Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pallor: A clinical manifestation consisting of an unnatural paleness of the skin. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parenteral Nutrition: The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously). [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Peer Review: An organized procedure carried out by a select committee of professionals in evaluating the performance of other professionals in meeting the standards of their specialty. Review by peers is used by editors in the evaluation of articles and other papers submitted for publication. Peer review is used also in the evaluation of grant applications. It is applied also in evaluating the quality of health care provided to patients. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pentoxifylline: A methylxanthine derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. It improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. Pentoxifylline modulates immunologic activity by stimulating cytokine production. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU]

Dictionary 321

Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phorbol: Class of chemicals that promotes the development of tumors. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the

322 Chromium

cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorous: Having to do with or containing the element phosphorus. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photodynamic therapy: Treatment with drugs that become active when exposed to light. These drugs kill cancer cells. [NIH] Photosensitizer: A drug used in photodynamic therapy. When absorbed by cancer cells and exposed to light, the drug becomes active and kills the cancer cells. [NIH] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH]

Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plague: An acute infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form. [NIH] Plana: The radiographic term applied to a vertebral body crushed to a thin plate. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins

Dictionary 323

that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmapheresis: Procedure whereby plasma is separated and extracted from anticoagulated whole blood and the red cells retransfused to the donor. Plasmapheresis is also employed for therapeutic use. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Platyhelminths: A phylum of acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical flatworms, without a definite anus. It includes three classes: Cestoda, Turbellaria, and Trematoda. [NIH] Pleura: The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pleural Effusion: Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself. [NIH] Pleurisy: Inflammation of the pleura, with exudation into its cavity and upon its surface. It may occur as either an acute or a chronic process. In acute pleurisy the pleura becomes reddened, then covered with an exudate of lymph, fibrin, and cellular elements (the dry stage); the disease may progress to the second stage, in which a copious exudation of serum occurs (stage of liquid effusion). The inflamed surfaces of the pleura tend to become united by adhesions, which are usually permanent. The symptoms are a stitch in the side, a chill, followed by fever and a dry cough. As effusion occurs there is an onset of dyspnea and a diminution of pain. The patient lies on the affected side. [EU] Podophyllotoxin: The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may

324 Chromium

have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polydipsia: Chronic excessive thirst, as in diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus. [EU] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymethyl Methacrylate: Polymerized methyl methacrylate monomers which are used as sheets, moulding, extrusion powders, surface coating resins, emulsion polymers, fibers, inks, and films (From International Labor Organization, 1983). This material is also used in tooth implants, bone cements, and hard corneal contact lenses. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyphagia: Great hunger; a sign of diabetes. People with this great hunger often lose weight. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyuria: Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes. [NIH] Porosity: Condition of having pores or open spaces. This often refers to bones, bone implants, or bone cements, but can refer to the porous state of any solid substance. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a

Dictionary 325

harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Power Sources: Devices that supply energy. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Praseodymium: Praseodymium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pr, atomic number 59, and atomic weight 140.91. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prescription Fees: The charge levied on the consumer for drugs or therapy prescribed under written order of a physician or other health professional. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Pro-Opiomelanocortin: A precursor protein, MW 30,000, synthesized mainly in the anterior pituitary gland but also found in the hypothalamus, brain, and several peripheral tissues. It incorporates the amino acid sequences of ACTH and beta-lipotropin. These two hormones, in turn, contain the biologically active peptides MSH, corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide, alpha-lipotropin, endorphins, and methionine enkephalin. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH]

326 Chromium

Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Prosthesis Failure: Malfunction of implantation shunts, valves, etc., and prosthesis loosening, migration, and breaking. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Kinase C: An enzyme that phosphorylates proteins on serine or threonine residues in the presence of physiological concentrations of calcium and membrane phospholipids. The additional presence of diacylglycerols markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by phorbol esters and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters. EC 2.7.1.-. [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.10. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins: Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos: Cellular proteins encoded by the c-mos genes. They function in the cell cycle to maintain maturation promoting factor in the active state and have protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. Oncogenic transformation can take place when c-mos proteins are expressed at the wrong time. [NIH] Proto-Oncogenes: Normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes. The products of

Dictionary 327

proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. Protooncogenes have names of the form c-onc. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psoralen: A substance that binds to the DNA in cells and stops them from multiplying. It is being studied in the treatment of graft-versus-host disease and is used in the treatment of psoriasis and vitiligo. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Fibrosis: Chronic inflammation and progressive fibrosis of the pulmonary alveolar walls, with steadily progressive dyspnea, resulting finally in death from oxygen lack or right heart failure. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Putrescine: A toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine. [NIH] Pyramidal Tracts: Fibers that arise from cells within the cerebral cortex, pass through the medullary pyramid, and descend in the spinal cord. Many authorities say the pyramidal

328 Chromium

tracts include both the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts. [NIH] Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radio Waves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum beyond the microwaves, with wavelengths as high as 30 KM. They are used in communications, including television. Short Wave or HF (high frequency), UHF (ultrahigh frequency) and VHF (very high frequency) waves are used in citizen's band communication. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Radius: The lateral bone of the forearm. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized Controlled Trials: Clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table. Treatment allocations using coin flips, odd-even numbers, patient social security numbers, days of the week, medical record numbers, or other such pseudo- or quasi-random processes, are not truly randomized and trials employing any of these techniques for patient assignment are designated simply controlled clinical trials. [NIH] Reabsorption: 1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. Resorption. [EU]

Dictionary 329

Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reference Values: The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Reflective: Capable of throwing back light, images, sound waves : reflecting. [EU] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Relative risk: The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease among individuals exposed to a specific risk factor to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals; synonymous with risk ratio. Alternatively, the ratio of the cumulative incidence rate in the exposed to the cumulative incidence rate in the unexposed (cumulative incidence ratio). The term relative risk has also been used synonymously with odds ratio. This is because the odds ratio and relative risk approach each other if the disease is rare ( 5 percent of population) and the number of subjects is large. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and

330 Chromium

progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Replicon: In order to be replicated, DNA molecules must contain an origin of duplication and in bacteria and viruses there is usually only one per genome. Such molecules are called replicons. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respirable: Dust particles smaller than 0. 005 mm, which are deposited in the respiratory region of the lungs. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Resting metabolic rate: RMR accounts for 65 to 75 percent of daily energy expenditure and represents the minimum energy needed to maintain all physiological cell functions in the resting state. The principal determinant of RMR is lean body mass (LBM). Obese subjects have a higher RMR in absolute terms than lean individuals, an equivalent RMR when corrected for LBM and per unit surface area, and a lower RMR when expressed per kilogram of body weight. Obese persons require more energy for any given activity because of a larger mass, but they tend to be more sedentary than lean subjects. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Reticulocytes: Immature erythrocytes. In humans, these are erythroid cells that have just undergone extrusion of their cell nucleus. They still contain some organelles that gradually decrease in number as the cells mature. ribosomes are last to disappear. Certain staining techniques cause components of the ribosomes to precipitate into characteristic "reticulum" (not the same as the endoplasmic reticulum), hence the name reticulocytes. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Rhabdomyolysis: Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria. [NIH]

Dictionary 331

Rheology: The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and viscosity. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Riboflavin: Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as FMN and FAD. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]

Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells. [NIH] Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for platinum and palladium. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors. [NIH] Sanitary: Relating or belonging to health and hygiene; conductive to the restoration or

332 Chromium

maintenance of health. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Satellite: Applied to a vein which closely accompanies an artery for some distance; in cytogenetics, a chromosomal agent separated by a secondary constriction from the main body of the chromosome. [NIH] Scandium: Scandium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sc, atomic number 21, and atomic weight 45. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedentary: 1. Sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. Pertaining to a sitting posture. [EU] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sequester: A portion of dead bone which has become detached from the healthy bone tissue, as occurs in necrosis. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serrata: The serrated anterior border of the retina located approximately 8.5 mm from the limbus and adjacent to the pars plana of the ciliary body. [NIH]

Dictionary 333

Serrated: Having notches or teeth on the edge as a saw has. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Silicic: A mixture of gelatinous substances obtained by treating silicates with acids. [NIH] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Sludge: A clump of agglutinated red blood cells. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the

334 Chromium

extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Soft tissue sarcoma: A sarcoma that begins in the muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic cells: All the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells. [NIH] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrometer: An apparatus for determining spectra; measures quantities such as wavelengths and relative amplitudes of components. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermidine: A polyamine formed from putrescine. It is found in almost all tissues in association with nucleic acids. It is found as a cation at all pH values, and is thought to help stabilize some membranes and nucleic acid structures. It is a precursor of spermine. [NIH] Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH]

Dictionary 335

Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Standardize: To compare with or conform to a standard; to establish standards. [EU] Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stent: A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to provide support and keep the structure open. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strained: A stretched condition of a ligament. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally

336 Chromium

conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfides: Chemical groups containing the covalent sulfur bonds -S-. The sulfur atom can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sulfuric acid: A strong acid that, when concentrated is extemely corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. It is used in making fertilizers, dyes, electroplating, and industrial explosives. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synchronism: Occurring at the same time. [NIH] Synchrotrons: Devices for accelerating protons or electrons in closed orbits where the accelerating voltage and magnetic field strength varies (the accelerating voltage is held constant for electrons) in order to keep the orbit radius constant. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH]

Dictionary 337

Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of uranium. The stablest isotope has a mass number 99 and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, atomic number 43, and atomic weight 98.91. [NIH] Teichoic Acids: Bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria. [NIH] Teicoplanin: Glycopeptide antibiotic complex from Actinoplanes teichomyceticus active against gram-positive bacteria. It consists of five major components each with a different fatty acid moiety. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Tellurium: Tellurium. An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression. [NIH] Telomerase: Essential ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase that adds telomeric DNA to the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Telomerase appears to be repressed in normal human somatic tissues but reactivated in cancer, and thus may be necessary for malignant transformation. EC 2.7.7.-. [NIH] Telophase: The final phase of cell division, in which two daughter nuclei are formed, the cytoplasm divides, and the chromosomes lose their distinctness and are transformed into chromatin networks. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Terbium: Terbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Tetanus Toxin: The toxin elaborated by Clostridium tetani. It is a protein with a molecular weight of about 150,000, probably consisting of two fragments, tetanolysin being the

338 Chromium

hemolytic and tetanospasmin the neurotoxic principle. The toxin causes disruption of the inhibitory mechanisms of the CNS, thus permitting uncontrolled nervous activity, leading to fatal convulsions. [NIH] Tetrahydrocannabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound. Dronabinol is a synthetic form of delta-9-THC. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thulium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tm, atomic number 69, and atomic weight 168.93. [NIH] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]

Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH]

Dictionary 339

Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxic Hepatitis: Hepatitis with inflammatory changes around small bile ducts causing obstructive jaundice; the disease may be due to intoxication by certain chemical substances, e. g. manganese. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoid: The material resulting from the treatment of toxin in such a way that the toxic properties are inactivated whilst the antigenic potency remains intact. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH]

340 Chromium

Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Trivalent: Having a valence of three. [EU] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor model: A type of animal model which can be used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus. [NIH] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ultraviolet Rays: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or

Dictionary 341

biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants. [NIH]

Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Univalent: Pertaining to an unpaired chromosome during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Uracil: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. [NIH] Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urethane: Antineoplastic agent that is also used as a veterinary anesthetic. It has also been used as an intermediate in organic synthesis. Urethane is suspected to be a carcinogen. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urokinase: A drug that dissolves blood clots or prevents them from forming. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vanadium: Vanadium. A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs. [NIH] Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to ristocetin that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU]

342 Chromium

Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Load: The quantity of measurable virus in the blood. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is used as a surrogate marker in HIV disease progression. [NIH] Virion: The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH]

Dictionary 343

Virus Replication: The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids, and their assembly into a new infectious particle. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Visual Acuity: Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus. [NIH] Vitiligo: A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached. [NIH] Vitreous Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage into the vitreous body. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] Weight-Bearing: The physical state of supporting an applied load. This often refers to the weight-bearing bones or joints that support the body's weight, especially those in the spine, hip, knee, and foot. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Xanthine: An urinary calculus. [NIH] Xanthine Oxidase: An iron-molybdenum flavoprotein containing FAD that oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes xanthinuria. EC 1.1.3.22. [NIH] Xenobiotics: Chemical substances that are foreign to the biological system. They include naturally occurring compounds, drugs, environmental agents, carcinogens, insecticides, etc. [NIH]

Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH]

344 Chromium

X-ray tube: Evacuated vessel for the production of X-radiation by the bombardment of a target, contained in an anode, with electrons accelerated by an electric field. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Ytterbium: Ytterbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable X-ray source. [NIH] Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

345

INDEX 1 1-Propanol, 213, 267 A Abdomen, 267, 276, 277, 293, 306, 309, 335, 338, 343 Abdominal, 15, 265, 267, 288, 297, 320 Abrasion, 164, 182, 267 Acanthocephala, 267, 300 Acceptor, 9, 267, 309, 319 ACE, 218, 267 Acetic Acids, 170, 267 Acetylcholine, 267, 316 Acetylgalactosamine, 267, 299 Acetylglucosamine, 267, 299 Acrylonitrile, 176, 177, 267, 331 Actin, 28, 267 Acylation, 8, 267 Adaptability, 267, 280 Adaptation, 267, 314, 323 Adduct, 8, 32, 217, 268 Adduction, 33, 268 Adenine, 142, 268, 327 Adenosine, 268, 278, 303, 322 Adhesions, 268, 323 Adhesives, 267, 268, 276 Adjustment, 174, 267, 268 Adjuvant, 12, 52, 134, 268 Adjuvant Therapy, 12, 268 Adrenal Cortex, 268, 285, 325 Adrenal Medulla, 268, 279, 293, 317 Adrenergic, 268, 293, 336 Adsorption, 97, 108, 109, 115, 116, 268 Adsorptive, 49, 268 Adverse Effect, 17, 25, 94, 112, 118, 199, 268, 333 Aerobic, 42, 48, 268 Aerosol, 57, 268 Affinity, 58, 219, 268, 312, 333 Agar, 34, 151, 269, 286, 304, 322 Age of Onset, 269, 340 Age-Adjusted, 50, 269 Agonists, 46, 269 Agrochemicals, 190, 269 Airway, 24, 51, 269 Aldehydes, 10, 40, 53, 170, 185, 269, 343 Aldose Reductase Inhibitor, 233, 269 Alertness, 269, 278 Algorithms, 269, 276

Alimentary, 269, 288, 320 Alkaline, 44, 103, 154, 169, 188, 269, 270, 274, 278, 283, 319, 321, 335 Alkylating Agents, 10, 269, 341 Alkylation, 197, 269 Allo, 19, 269, 300 Allylamine, 269, 270 Alpha Particles, 269, 328 Alternative medicine, 244, 269 Amine, 8, 53, 270, 301 Amino Acid Sequence, 270, 271, 294, 298, 325 Amino Acids, 22, 33, 46, 270, 278, 298, 312, 320, 324, 326, 331, 336, 339, 341 Ammonia, 270, 299, 336, 341 Anaerobic, 42, 48, 166, 270 Anaesthesia, 270, 305 Anal, 113, 118, 139, 270, 292, 295 Analogous, 36, 270, 290, 339 Analytes, 40, 270 Anaphylatoxins, 270, 284 Anatomical, 163, 270, 291, 304 Androgens, 268, 270, 285 Anemia, 24, 80, 205, 236, 238, 270, 278, 282, 296, 311 Anesthesia, 269, 270, 271, 291, 340 Anesthetics, 271, 293 Angioplasty, 206, 271 Anhydrides, 170, 271 Animal model, 24, 28, 271, 340 Anionic, 32, 53, 271 Anions, 10, 217, 271, 307, 336 Anisotropy, 171, 271 Annealing, 177, 191, 195, 271 Anode, 163, 174, 204, 216, 271, 344 Antagonism, 271, 278 Antiallergic, 271, 285 Antibacterial, 187, 271, 334, 341 Antibiotic, 53, 271, 331, 334, 337 Antibodies, 19, 61, 271, 273, 300, 301, 304, 310, 323 Antibody, 36, 58, 126, 132, 268, 271, 272, 283, 293, 300, 302, 304, 305, 307, 314, 328, 334, 343 Anticoagulant, 271, 326 Antidepressant, 126, 271 Antigen, 27, 29, 52, 95, 268, 271, 272, 283, 287, 299, 302, 303, 304, 305

346 Chromium

Antigen-Antibody Complex, 272, 283 Antigen-presenting cell, 272, 287 Anti-infective, 272, 302, 307 Anti-inflammatory, 15, 272, 285, 288, 298, 331 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 272, 285 Antimony, 177, 203, 208, 272 Antineoplastic, 269, 272, 285, 319, 324, 341 Antineoplastic Agents, 269, 272 Antioxidant, 8, 15, 94, 133, 135, 137, 139, 272, 273, 319 Antiseptic, 272, 324 Antiviral, 46, 272, 306 Apolipoproteins, 272, 309 Apoptosis, 23, 24, 51, 65, 67, 89, 98, 272, 279 Applicability, 175, 272 Approximate, 215, 272 Arginine, 270, 272, 316, 318, 327 Argon, 203, 272 Aromatic, 8, 9, 10, 28, 38, 41, 42, 48, 58, 70, 125, 155, 273, 279, 312, 321, 334, 335 Arterial, 269, 273, 281, 303, 326, 337 Arteries, 273, 276, 277, 285, 310, 312, 315 Arteriography, 273, 307 Arterioles, 273, 276, 278 Arthrography, 273, 307 Arthroplasty, 56, 76, 96, 100, 101, 273 Arthroscopy, 73, 273 Articulation, 17, 273 Ascorbic Acid, 104, 109, 110, 115, 116, 133, 134, 232, 273, 319 Aseptic, 273, 335 Assay, 7, 12, 21, 25, 27, 29, 35, 44, 52, 59, 81, 95, 109, 115, 128, 273, 283, 331 Astringent, 273, 324 Ataxia, 67, 273, 338 Atmospheric Pressure, 182, 273, 303 Attenuated, 273, 289 Atypical, 77, 273 Autologous, 37, 273 Autologous lymphocytes, 37, 273 Autonomic, 267, 273, 317 Autopsy, 56, 273 Axillary, 273, 277 Axillary Artery, 273, 277 B Bactericidal, 274, 293, 341 Bacteriophage, 274, 322, 339 Barium, 30, 204, 216, 274 Basal Ganglia, 273, 274 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 273, 274

Base Sequence, 274, 296, 298 Baths, 185, 274 Bentonite, 108, 114, 274 Benzaldehyde, 53, 274 Benzene, 274 Benzo(a)pyrene, 28, 274 Berylliosis, 274 Beryllium, 30, 169, 208, 220, 274 Beta Rays, 274, 291 Beta-Galactosidase, 18, 274 Bilateral, 30, 275, 315 Bile, 275, 297, 302, 307, 309, 335, 339 Bile Ducts, 275, 297, 339 Bilirubin, 275, 297 Bioassay, 22, 275 Bioavailability, 14, 48, 50, 56, 60, 80, 275 Bioavailable, 17, 49, 275 Biochemical, 9, 14, 21, 23, 24, 26, 37, 60, 62, 68, 76, 128, 131, 138, 140, 238, 275, 295, 308, 332 Biochemical reactions, 60, 275 Biofilms, 48, 275 Biological response modifier, 275, 306 Biological Transport, 275, 288 Biomarkers, 10, 22, 34, 40, 42, 58, 275 Biomass, 109, 115, 275 Biopsy, 275, 320 Bioreactors, 108, 115, 275 Biosynthesis, 57, 275, 303, 318 Biotechnology, 60, 61, 108, 109, 115, 235, 244, 251, 276 Biotic, 31, 42, 276, 341 Biotin, 11, 121, 136, 232, 238, 276 Biotransformation, 112, 118, 276 Bismuth, 169, 176, 177, 185, 203, 204, 216, 276 Bivalent, 276, 312 Bladder, 25, 38, 232, 276, 326, 341 Bloating, 276, 297 Blood Coagulation, 276, 278, 331, 338 Blood Glucose, 6, 232, 237, 244, 276, 301, 306 Blood pressure, 4, 15, 129, 276, 279, 303, 314, 316, 317, 334 Body Fluids, 111, 117, 275, 276, 290, 334, 340 Body Mass Index, 232, 276, 319 Bolus, 63, 276 Bolus infusion, 276 Bone Cements, 276, 324 Bone Density, 4, 277 Bone Marrow, 274, 277, 299, 304, 310

Index 347

Boric Acids, 170, 277 Boron, 74, 161, 169, 170, 174, 181, 187, 208, 214, 216, 220, 234, 277, 286 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, 277 Bowel, 270, 277, 288, 306, 308 Bowel Movement, 277, 289 Brachial, 14, 277 Brachial Artery, 14, 277 Brachytherapy, 277, 306, 307, 328, 343 Bradykinin, 277, 316 Branch, 263, 277, 310, 320, 327, 334, 338 Breakdown, 162, 277, 288, 297 Broadband, 212, 277 Bromine, 169, 277 Bronchi, 277, 293, 339 Bronchial, 59, 277, 301 Burns, 277, 302 C Cadmium Poisoning, 278 Caffeine, 102, 141, 232, 239, 278, 327 Calcium Oxalate, 278, 319 Calcium Signaling, 23, 278 Cancer vaccine, 27, 278, 299, 311 Cannabidiol, 278 Cannabinoids, 233, 278 Cannabinol, 278 Capillary, 140, 141, 277, 278, 298, 342 Capsid, 19, 278, 342 Capsules, 278, 295, 298 Carbohydrate, 18, 77, 100, 102, 141, 166, 231, 238, 278, 285, 298, 317, 324 Carbon Dioxide, 152, 221, 278, 287, 295, 297, 330 Carboxy, 278 Carboxylic Acids, 170, 189, 278 Carcinogen, 11, 16, 21, 28, 37, 51, 59, 72, 112, 118, 268, 274, 279, 341 Carcinogenesis, 10, 16, 21, 24, 28, 47, 59, 63, 65, 68, 70, 74, 75, 83, 86, 96, 105, 153, 279 Carcinogenic, 17, 22, 25, 33, 38, 42, 46, 59, 65, 67, 86, 89, 97, 124, 269, 274, 279, 289, 305, 325, 335, 341 Carcinoma, 61, 71, 279 Cardiac, 13, 157, 269, 278, 279, 291, 293, 297, 315, 335 Cardiotoxicity, 279, 340 Cardiovascular, 13, 15, 35, 63, 131, 206, 234, 238, 279, 332 Cardiovascular disease, 15, 35, 63, 131, 238, 279 Cardiovascular System, 206, 279

Carnitine, 108, 114, 155, 233, 279 Case report, 67, 71, 88, 279 Case-Control Studies, 35, 279, 292 Caspase, 44, 279 Catecholamine, 279, 321 Catheterization, 271, 279 Cathode, 163, 174, 212, 271, 274, 279, 291, 294 Cations, 23, 279, 307 Causal, 279, 292, 301, 337 Cause of Death, 10, 12, 279, 287 Caustic, 279, 324 Cell, 7, 10, 11, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 36, 37, 40, 41, 44, 46, 47, 50, 52, 55, 56, 59, 66, 68, 71, 81, 83, 85, 89, 90, 95, 96, 103, 112, 117, 124, 130, 141, 174, 200, 206, 267, 269, 270, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 286, 287, 288, 290, 292, 294, 295, 296, 299, 300, 304, 305, 306, 308, 309, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 318, 319, 321, 322, 323, 325, 326, 327, 329, 330, 332, 333, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343 Cell Cycle, 19, 24, 38, 59, 279, 282, 294, 326, 327, 342 Cell Death, 23, 24, 68, 272, 280, 294, 315 Cell Differentiation, 280, 333 Cell Division, 274, 279, 280, 294, 300, 311, 312, 314, 322, 332, 337 Cell membrane, 40, 124, 275, 280, 287, 322 Cell proliferation, 85, 103, 141, 280, 318, 333 Cell Size, 280, 295 Cellobiose, 280 Cellulose, 112, 118, 280, 296, 322 Central Nervous System, 267, 274, 278, 280, 299, 300, 303, 332 Centrifugation, 280, 313 Centromere, 44, 280 Cerebellar, 273, 280, 329 Cerebral, 273, 274, 280, 285, 293, 311, 327 Cerebrospinal, 73, 280 Cerebrospinal fluid, 73, 280 Cerebrovascular, 274, 279, 280, 316, 338 Cerium, 163, 170, 171, 186, 197, 210, 216, 280 Cervical, 45, 61, 280 Cervix, 280 Cesium, 169, 216, 280 Chelating Agents, 34, 280 Chelation, 76, 130, 131, 233, 281

348 Chromium

Chelation Therapy, 76, 131, 281 Chemical Warfare, 281, 287 Chemical Warfare Agents, 281, 287 Chemokines, 36, 56, 281 Chemotactic Factors, 281, 284 Chemotherapy, 268, 281 Chlorides, 215, 281 Chlorophyll, 281, 296 Cholesterol Esters, 281, 309 Chromates, 199, 281 Chromatin, 24, 31, 272, 281, 310, 337 Chromic, 198, 209, 210, 234, 281, 324 Chromium Alloys, 45, 100, 281 Chromium Compounds, 24, 32, 100, 235, 281 Chromosomal, 17, 46, 281, 313, 323, 332 Chromosome, 44, 59, 127, 280, 282, 284, 300, 309, 313, 332, 341 Chronic Disease, 282, 309 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 25, 282 Chylomicrons, 282, 309 Ciliary, 282, 332 Ciliary Body, 282, 332 CIS, 26, 282, 330 Cisplatin, 41, 282 Citrus, 273, 282 Clear cell carcinoma, 282, 288 Clinical Medicine, 282, 325 Clinical trial, 6, 15, 27, 39, 45, 52, 157, 158, 251, 282, 290, 326, 328 Cloning, 276, 282 Coal, 30, 90, 97, 274, 282, 283 Cochlear, 282, 338, 342 Cochlear Diseases, 282, 338 Coculture, 61, 282 Cod Liver Oil, 282, 291 Coenzyme, 233, 273, 283 Cofactor, 4, 283, 316, 326, 338 Cognitive restructuring, 25, 283 Cohort Studies, 283, 292 Coke, 30, 283 Collagen, 268, 283, 295, 323 Collapse, 277, 283 Colloidal, 169, 209, 274, 283, 291, 321 Combinatorial, 7, 46, 283 Comet Assay, 58, 81, 112, 117, 283 Complement, 31, 39, 174, 270, 283, 284 Complementary and alternative medicine, 123, 147, 284 Complementary medicine, 123, 284 Complementation, 24, 80, 284 Computational Biology, 251, 284

Concentric, 176, 284 Conception, 284, 335 Concomitant, 41, 43, 284 Conduction, 171, 172, 284 Confusion, 284, 341 Congestive heart failure, 43, 284 Conjugated, 146, 284, 286 Conjugation, 276, 284 Connective Tissue, 206, 273, 277, 283, 284, 295, 310, 312, 331, 332, 337 Connective Tissue Cells, 284 Constriction, 285, 307, 332, 342 Consumption, 87, 135, 160, 173, 185, 232, 285, 288, 297, 317, 330 Contact dermatitis, 67, 73, 92, 98, 101, 285 Contamination, 12, 30, 33, 34, 60, 63, 64, 67, 127, 132, 141, 166, 178, 210, 285 Contraindications, ii, 285 Convulsions, 285, 338 Coordination, 113, 119, 154, 280, 285 Coronary, 15, 106, 144, 206, 243, 279, 285, 312, 315 Coronary heart disease, 15, 279, 285 Coronary Thrombosis, 285, 312, 315 Cortex, 273, 285, 327, 329 Corticosteroid, 98, 140, 285 Cortisol, 25, 285 Cortisone, 285, 288 Craniocerebral Trauma, 274, 285, 300, 338 Creatinine, 128, 286 Crossing-over, 286, 329 Cross-Sectional Studies, 286, 292 Crowns, 286, 287 Crystallization, 194, 221, 286 Culture Media, 269, 286 Cultured cells, 17, 286 Curative, 52, 286, 316, 338 Curcumin, 75, 286 Cutaneous, 101, 285, 286, 310 Cyclic, 8, 175, 278, 286, 300, 316, 322 Cysteine, 10, 14, 22, 33, 47, 58, 97, 147, 233, 281, 286, 336 Cystine, 286 Cytochrome, 55, 58, 61, 72, 142, 156, 286, 319 Cytokine, 20, 27, 29, 36, 44, 46, 51, 286, 320 Cytokinesis, 81, 286 Cytoplasm, 272, 278, 280, 286, 300, 312, 331, 337 Cytosine, 22, 28, 48, 287 Cytotoxic, 7, 19, 25, 27, 29, 32, 37, 44, 46, 51, 52, 66, 287, 328, 333

Index 349

D Dairy Products, 69, 287 Databases, Bibliographic, 251, 287 Death Certificates, 51, 287 Decarboxylation, 287, 301, 318, 327 Decontamination, 178, 287 Degenerative, 287, 301, 330 Dehydration, 213, 287 Deletion, 24, 38, 44, 272, 287 Dendrites, 287, 316 Dendritic, 37, 52, 210, 211, 287, 311 Dendritic cell, 37, 52, 287 Dental Abutments, 287 Dental Caries, 287, 296 Dentures, 92, 105, 281, 287 Deoxyguanosine, 11, 287 Depolarization, 287, 333 Depressive Disorder, 287, 309 Dermal, 64, 101, 288 Dermatitis, 73, 86, 92, 93, 95, 98, 100, 104, 288, 290 DES, 108, 114, 270, 288 Detoxification, 29, 41, 42, 288 Deuterium, 288, 302 Developing Countries, 45, 288 Dexamethasone, 133, 288 Diabetes Insipidus, 288, 324 Diabetes Mellitus, 4, 6, 15, 35, 62, 63, 69, 84, 94, 98, 125, 127, 139, 140, 144, 233, 288, 298, 301, 324 Diabetic Retinopathy, 91, 138, 288 Diagnostic procedure, 43, 159, 163, 245, 288 Dialyzer, 288, 301 Diaphragm, 288, 323 Diastolic, 288, 303 Dietary Fiber, 232, 288 Dietitian, 239, 288 Diffusion, 161, 170, 275, 288, 289, 304 Digestion, 133, 269, 275, 277, 288, 297, 306, 309, 335 Digestive system, 158, 288, 314 Digestive tract, 289, 333 Dihydrotestosterone, 289, 329 Dihydroxy, 289, 293 Dilatation, 206, 271, 289, 325, 342 Dilate, 206, 289 Dilution, 27, 289 Dimethyl, 170, 213, 233, 289 Dioxins, 57, 289 Diploid, 284, 289, 322

Direct, iii, 17, 26, 30, 40, 44, 47, 54, 74, 90, 99, 163, 173, 176, 233, 282, 289, 300, 329 Disease Progression, 289, 342 Disinfectant, 289, 293 Dislocation, 223, 289 Disparity, 50, 289 Disposition, 23, 289 Dissociation, 268, 289 Distal, 206, 289, 291, 308, 321, 327 Distention, 265, 289 Diuresis, 278, 289 Dose-dependent, 43, 289 Dosimetry, 125, 289 Double-blinded, 13, 290 Drive, ii, vi, 53, 56, 107, 175, 176, 223, 290 Drug Costs, 233, 290 Drug Design, 39, 290 Drug Interactions, 290 Drug Tolerance, 290, 339 Duct, 178, 279, 290, 294, 319, 331, 336 Dyes, 83, 274, 290, 296, 316, 336 Dyslipidemia, 15, 290 Dyspnea, 290, 323, 327 Dysprosium, 216, 290 E Eczema, 235, 290 Edema, 285, 288, 290, 306, 308 Effector, 27, 29, 44, 267, 283, 290, 321 Effector cell, 27, 29, 290 Efficacy, 13, 14, 15, 18, 31, 35, 45, 56, 60, 104, 113, 119, 142, 237, 290 Effusion, 290, 323 Elasticity, 77, 291 Elective, 99, 291 Electric Conductivity, 271, 291 Electrode, 70, 73, 129, 173, 196, 203, 216, 227, 271, 279, 291 Electrolysis, 271, 279, 291 Electrolyte, 178, 199, 285, 291, 313, 324, 334 Electrons, 16, 29, 163, 180, 193, 272, 274, 279, 291, 307, 319, 328, 336, 344 Electrophoresis, 48, 81, 112, 117, 140, 141, 283, 291, 304 Electroplating, 64, 68, 76, 81, 108, 115, 164, 185, 291, 336 Elementary Particles, 291, 316, 326 Embryo, 58, 280, 291, 305 Empirical, 165, 291 Emulsion, 199, 291, 295, 324 Enamel, 90, 287, 291, 308 Encephalopathy, 238, 291

350 Chromium

Endarterectomy, 271, 291 Endemic, 56, 291, 301, 311 Endorphin, 291, 297 Endothelial cell, 32, 68, 292, 338 Endothelium, 292, 316 Endothelium-derived, 292, 316 Endotoxin, 292, 340 End-stage renal, 64, 292 Energy balance, 43, 292 Enhancer, 292, 310 Environmental Exposure, 22, 38, 105, 292 Environmental Monitoring, 34, 72, 90, 97, 292 Environmental Pollutants, 40, 292 Enzymatic, 18, 20, 21, 35, 153, 278, 283, 287, 292, 301, 330 Epidemic, 13, 45, 292 Epidemiologic Studies, 10, 292 Epidemiological, 51, 79, 89, 111, 117, 235, 292 Epidermal, 19, 292, 308, 311 Epidermal Growth Factor, 19, 292 Epidermis, 292, 308, 325 Epigastric, 293, 320 Epinephrine, 25, 268, 293, 317, 340 Epithelial, 24, 25, 51, 275, 282, 292, 293, 301 Epithelial Cells, 24, 25, 51, 292, 293, 301 Epithelium, 292, 293, 297 Epitope, 7, 46, 293 Erbium, 78, 90, 95, 104, 216, 293 Erectile, 232, 293 Erection, 293 Erythema, 285, 293 Erythrocytes, 205, 270, 277, 293, 301, 329, 330 Erythropoiesis, 31, 293 Esophagus, 289, 293, 321, 335 Estrogen, 19, 20, 293 Estrogen receptor, 19, 293 Ethanol, 83, 213, 226, 293 Ethanolamine, 217, 293 Ether, 8, 9, 293 Ethylene Glycol, 213, 293 Etoposide, 9, 293 Europium, 61, 216, 294 Excimer laser, 184, 294 Excitation, 43, 294, 295 Excitatory, 294, 299 Exfoliation, 223, 294 Exhaustion, 271, 294, 311 Exocrine, 294, 320

Exogenous, 237, 268, 276, 290, 294, 340 Exon, 22, 294 External-beam radiation, 294, 307, 328, 343 Extracellular, 59, 275, 284, 294, 295, 314, 334 Extracellular Matrix, 284, 294, 295 Extracorporeal, 238, 294 Extraction, 48, 49, 73, 103, 136, 140, 152, 182, 213, 294 Extrapyramidal, 23, 294 Exudate, 48, 294, 323 F Family Planning, 251, 294 Fat, 4, 5, 110, 130, 238, 245, 276, 277, 285, 294, 309, 317, 319, 331, 334, 336, 340 Fatigue, 18, 76, 77, 80, 100, 160, 181, 187, 189, 202, 215, 219, 225, 237, 282, 294, 300 Fatty acids, 91, 138, 278, 294 Feasibility Studies, 18, 294 Femoral, 54, 55, 62, 76, 80, 101, 295 Femur, 75, 110, 116, 295 Fertilizers, 215, 269, 295, 316, 336 Fibrin, 276, 295, 323, 338 Fibroblasts, 7, 24, 37, 65, 89, 284, 295 Fibrosis, 51, 269, 295, 327 Filler, 204, 295 Filtration, 70, 128, 226, 295 Fish Products, 295, 332 Fixation, 206, 295 Flatus, 295, 297 Flow Cytometry, 7, 19, 29, 44, 295 Fluorescence, 19, 25, 57, 184, 295, 296 Fluorescent Dyes, 295, 296 Fluorine, 152, 187, 296 Folate, 232, 238, 296 Fold, 21, 41, 50, 55, 296 Folic Acid, 232, 238, 296 Forearm, 276, 296, 328 Fovea, 295, 296 Fractionation, 20, 296 Frameshift, 44, 296 Frameshift Mutation, 44, 296 Francium, 169, 296 Friction, 175, 222, 296 Fructose, 232, 296, 307 Fungi, 284, 296, 300, 313, 315, 344 Fungus, 56, 296 G Gadolinium, 216, 296 Galactosides, 275, 297 Gallbladder, 267, 275, 289, 297

Index 351

Gallium, 151, 169, 208, 216, 297 Gallstones, 79, 111, 117, 297 Gamma Rays, 297, 314, 328 Gamma-Endorphin, 297 Gas exchange, 297, 330 Gasoline, 169, 182, 274, 297 Gastric, 75, 81, 112, 117, 205, 279, 292, 297, 301, 302 Gastric Emptying, 297 Gastric Mucosa, 75, 81, 112, 117, 297 Gastrin, 297, 302 Gastroenteritis, 277, 297 Gastrointestinal, 142, 277, 278, 293, 297, 311, 332, 335, 336, 340 Gastrointestinal tract, 142, 293, 297, 332, 335, 340 Gastroparesis, 232, 297 Gene Expression, 20, 22, 25, 42, 51, 77, 113, 119, 297 Generator, 165, 297 Genetic Code, 298, 317 Genital, 36, 282, 298 Genotype, 298, 321 Germ Cells, 298, 311, 318, 334, 337 Germanium, 169, 203, 216, 298 Gestational, 4, 298 Ginkgo biloba, 233, 298 Ginseng, 141, 232, 237, 298 Gland, 268, 285, 298, 310, 320, 322, 326, 332, 335, 336, 338 Glomerular, 70, 128, 135, 298, 307, 330 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 70, 128, 135, 298 Glomerulus, 298, 308 Glucocorticoid, 26, 58, 288, 298 Glucokinase, 136, 298 Glucose Intolerance, 5, 6, 128, 238, 288, 298 Glucose Tolerance Test, 15, 298 Glutamate, 237, 299 Glutamic Acid, 33, 296, 299 Glutamine, 233, 299 Glutathione Peroxidase, 40, 103, 299, 332 Glycogen, 13, 299 Glycogen Synthase, 13, 299 Glycols, 170, 299, 303 Glycoprotein, 36, 127, 299, 338, 340 Glycosaminoglycans, 36, 299 Glycosidic, 280, 299, 318 Goats, 111, 112, 117, 135, 287, 299 Gonadal, 299, 335 Governing Board, 299, 325

Gp 100, 27, 299 Grade, 27, 167, 208, 299 Graft, 112, 118, 299, 302, 304, 327 Graft Rejection, 299, 304 Graft-versus-host disease, 299, 327 Gram-positive, 9, 299, 337 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 9, 300, 337 Granule, 29, 300, 331 Granulocytes, 300, 309, 333, 343 Graphite, 73, 74, 129, 136, 204, 300 Grasses, 296, 300 Growth factors, 300, 318 Guanylate Cyclase, 300, 316 H Haematology, 135, 300 Haploid, 300, 322 Haptens, 268, 300 Hazardous Substances, 32, 300 Hazardous Waste, 41, 57, 300 Headache, 145, 278, 300 Health Status, 92, 300 Heart attack, 279, 300 Heart failure, 300, 327 Helminths, 34, 300, 315 Hematology, 18, 83, 300 Heme, 35, 58, 275, 286, 300, 319 Hemodialysis, 67, 288, 301, 308 Hemoglobin, 6, 205, 270, 281, 293, 300, 301 Hemoglobin A, 281, 301 Hemolysis, 36, 301 Hemolytic, 301, 338 Hemorrhage, 285, 300, 301, 335, 343 Hepatic, 16, 136, 298, 301 Hepatitis, 21, 37, 301, 339 Hepatitis D, 21, 301 Hepatitis Delta Virus, 21, 301 Hepatocytes, 19, 301 Herbicide, 51, 301 Heredity, 297, 301 Herpes, 36, 301 Herpes Zoster, 301 Heterogeneity, 268, 301 Histamine, 270, 301, 302 Histidine, 22, 33, 301, 302 Holmium, 216, 302 Homeostasis, 4, 6, 13, 302 Homogeneous, 190, 302 Homologous, 31, 44, 276, 286, 302, 326, 332, 336 Hormonal, 66, 285, 302

352 Chromium

Hormone, 58, 268, 269, 275, 285, 288, 293, 297, 302, 306, 307, 312, 325, 331, 333, 337, 338 Hormone therapy, 268, 302 Host, 34, 61, 194, 213, 274, 302, 304, 341, 342 Humoral, 19, 299, 302, 304 Humour, 302 Hybrid, 302 Hybridization, 22, 23, 302 Hydrochloric Acid, 281, 302 Hydrofluoric Acid, 187, 199, 302, 333 Hydrogel, 182, 302 Hydrogen Peroxide, 136, 299, 302, 309, 336 Hydrogenase, 55, 302 Hydrolysis, 169, 214, 274, 276, 280, 282, 302, 322, 324, 326 Hydrophilic, 187, 302, 303 Hydrophobic, 303, 309 Hydroxides, 303 Hydroxyl Radical, 92, 139, 303 Hydroxylation, 92, 139, 303 Hyperbaric, 233, 303 Hyperbaric oxygen, 233, 303 Hypercholesterolemia, 145, 290, 303 Hyperglycemia, 5, 12, 303 Hyperlipidemia, 35, 290, 303 Hypersensitivity, 303, 331 Hypertension, 35, 279, 303, 306 Hypertriglyceridemia, 290, 303 Hypoglycemia, 5, 12, 145, 232, 303 Hypothalamic, 137, 303 Hypothalamus, 303, 322, 325 Hypoxanthine, 37, 127, 303, 343 Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase, 37, 303 Hypoxia, 205, 303, 338 I Id, 120, 143, 257, 262, 264, 303 Idiopathic, 99, 303 Imidazole, 276, 301, 303 Immersion, 274, 304 Immune Sera, 304 Immune system, 77, 272, 273, 290, 304, 310, 315, 321, 341, 343 Immunity, 25, 304, 339 Immunization, 7, 27, 44, 304 Immunocompetence, 50, 304 Immunocompromised, 25, 304 Immunodeficiency, 46, 304 Immunodiffusion, 269, 304

Immunodominant Epitopes, 46, 304 Immunoelectrophoresis, 269, 304 Immunogenic, 7, 304 Immunologic, 27, 46, 52, 281, 304, 320, 328 Immunology, 19, 64, 77, 103, 130, 141, 268, 296, 304 Immunosuppressant, 233, 269, 304 Immunosuppressive, 298, 304 Immunosuppressive therapy, 304 Immunotherapy, 36, 52, 304 Impairment, 238, 273, 304, 312, 340 Implant radiation, 304, 306, 307, 328, 343 Implantation, 284, 305, 326 Impotence, 293, 305 Impregnation, 162, 305 In situ, 13, 31, 48, 49, 50, 166, 194, 305 In vivo, 7, 17, 18, 19, 33, 37, 52, 57, 84, 94, 114, 137, 305, 319 Incision, 305, 307 Incubated, 52, 305 Incubation, 32, 305 Indicative, 233, 305, 320, 341 Induction, 10, 22, 32, 38, 43, 46, 50, 65, 97, 113, 119, 183, 221, 270, 305 Industrial Waste, 30, 32, 305 Infarction, 305 Infection, 7, 36, 44, 46, 50, 56, 273, 275, 281, 282, 297, 304, 305, 310, 316, 331, 335, 343 Inflammation, 15, 272, 282, 285, 288, 294, 295, 297, 301, 305, 323, 327, 330, 331, 337 Infusion, 305, 339 Ingestion, 26, 62, 63, 77, 80, 83, 85, 86, 92, 98, 278, 298, 300, 305, 312, 324 Inhalation, 33, 38, 45, 50, 51, 96, 268, 300, 305, 324, 340 Inhalation Exposure, 45, 305 Initiation, 6, 31, 33, 305, 339 Inlay, 305, 330 Inner ear, 282, 306, 341 Insecticides, 306, 321, 343 Insight, 35, 48, 306 Insulator, 161, 306 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 306 Interferon, 29, 306 Interferon-alpha, 306 Interindividual, 22, 306 Intermittent, 77, 306 Internal Medicine, 50, 93, 128, 300, 306 Internal radiation, 306, 307, 328, 343 Interstitial, 44, 51, 195, 225, 277, 306, 307, 330, 343 Intestinal, 99, 298, 306

Index 353

Intestine, 277, 306, 308 Intoxication, 88, 306, 339, 341 Intracellular Membranes, 306, 312 Intracranial Hypertension, 300, 306, 338 Intramuscular, 306, 320 Intravascular, 205, 206, 306 Intravenous, 15, 305, 307, 320 Intrinsic, 268, 307 Inulin, 135, 298, 307 Invasive, 12, 40, 304, 307, 310 Invertebrates, 298, 307 Involuntary, 274, 307, 315, 329 Iodine, 74, 169, 232, 234, 238, 307 Iohexol, 128, 135, 307 Ion Exchange, 32, 99, 113, 118, 129, 280, 307 Ion Exchange Resins, 32, 113, 118, 307 Ionizing, 269, 292, 307, 328, 341 Ions, 21, 29, 39, 41, 50, 105, 123, 139, 152, 154, 178, 198, 210, 274, 281, 289, 291, 302, 307 Iridium, 162, 185, 216, 307 Irradiation, 78, 277, 307, 343 Ischemia, 91, 138, 307 Isopropyl, 226, 307 J Jaundice, 307, 339 Joint, 55, 73, 80, 83, 93, 101, 103, 187, 196, 273, 307, 310, 336, 337 K Kb, 31, 250, 308 Keratin, 308 Keratinocytes, 23, 74, 91, 105, 143, 308 Kidney Cortex, 308, 312 Kidney Disease, 12, 158, 232, 250, 308 Kidney Failure, 292, 308 Kidney stone, 308, 319, 341 Kidney Transplantation, 88, 308 Kinetic, 10, 21, 57, 150, 152, 163, 307, 308 L Labile, 17, 48, 143, 283, 308 Laceration, 308, 337 Lactation, 205, 308 Lanthanum, 216, 308, 312 Large Intestine, 289, 306, 308, 329, 333 Latent, 170, 308 Laxative, 269, 308, 334 Lectin, 308, 312 Lenses, 30, 91, 309, 324, 329 Lesion, 24, 206, 309 Lethal, 139, 274, 309 Leucocyte, 309

Leukaemia, 62, 309 Leukapheresis, 27, 309 Leukemia, 236, 309 Leukocytes, 277, 281, 300, 306, 309, 340 Library Services, 262, 309 Life cycle, 181, 296, 309 Ligament, 309, 326, 335 Ligands, 12, 46, 55, 190, 197, 309 Ligation, 22, 28, 309 Linkages, 299, 301, 309, 337 Lipid Peroxidation, 40, 309, 319 Lipoprotein, 15, 87, 137, 290, 309, 310, 342 Lithium, 109, 116, 169, 199, 203, 204, 208, 309 Liver, 37, 38, 55, 88, 109, 112, 124, 135, 267, 275, 276, 279, 289, 291, 296, 297, 298, 299, 301, 309, 312, 331, 341 Localization, 24, 56, 309 Localized, 215, 287, 295, 305, 309, 322, 337 Locomotion, 310, 322 Locus Control Region, 31, 310 Low-density lipoprotein, 8, 290, 309, 310 Lubricants, 209, 310, 321 Luciferase, 22, 310 Lumbar, 45, 95, 310 Lumen, 206, 310 Lupus, 310, 337 Lutetium, 216, 310, 312 Luxation, 289, 310 Lymph, 55, 71, 273, 280, 292, 302, 310, 323, 335 Lymph node, 55, 71, 273, 280, 310 Lymphatic, 292, 305, 310, 312, 335, 338 Lymphatic system, 310, 335, 338 Lymphocyte, 7, 30, 37, 46, 272, 310 Lymphoid, 271, 304, 309, 310 Lymphoma, 51, 310 Lytic, 44, 310, 332 M Macrophage, 50, 83, 310 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 39, 41, 310 Malaria, 39, 41, 311 Malaria, Falciparum, 311 Malaria, Vivax, 311 Malignant, 52, 272, 311, 315, 328, 332, 337 Manic, 309, 311 Mannans, 296, 311 Meat, 114, 311 Mediate, 58, 311 Medical Staff, 290, 311 MEDLINE, 251, 311 Megaloblastic, 296, 311

354 Chromium

Meiosis, 276, 311, 313, 336, 341 Melanin, 311, 321, 340 Melanocytes, 311 Melanoma, 10, 52, 277, 311 Melanoma vaccine, 52, 311 Memantine, 233, 311 Membrane Proteins, 19, 311 Memory, 7, 29, 45, 165, 176, 207, 312 Menopause, 312, 324 Mental Disorders, 158, 312, 327 Mental Health, iv, 6, 158, 250, 252, 312, 327 Mercury, 21, 30, 32, 58, 85, 111, 117, 173, 216, 295, 312 Mesenchymal, 292, 312 Mesothelial, 56, 312 Meta-Analysis, 69, 82, 125, 136, 312 Metabolite, 33, 276, 289, 312 Metallothionein, 58, 70, 312 Metals, Rare Earth, 210, 312 Metaphase, 59, 276, 312, 341 Metastasis, 312 Metastatic, 52, 312 Methacrylate, 112, 118, 312, 324 Methanol, 213, 312 Methionine, 132, 289, 312, 325, 336 MI, 163, 164, 180, 216, 219, 266, 312 Microbe, 313, 339 Microbiology, 14, 77, 137, 267, 273, 275, 313 Microgram, 32, 313 Micronuclei, 79, 90, 313 Microorganism, 32, 71, 283, 313, 320, 343 Microscopy, 19, 27, 54, 59, 113, 119, 313 Microsomal, 16, 35, 72, 156, 313 Microtubules, 313, 319 Microwaves, 313, 328 Migration, 53, 313, 326 Milligram, 313 Milliliter, 277, 313 Mineralocorticoids, 268, 285, 313 Mitochondrial Swelling, 313, 315 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases, 313 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, 63, 71, 313 Mitosis, 10, 272, 313, 314 Mitotic, 44, 59, 294, 314 Mitotic Index, 59, 314 Mobility, 8, 83, 206, 314 Mobilization, 109, 115, 278, 314 Modeling, 27, 57, 84, 153, 290, 314

Modification, 127, 141, 172, 314, 328 Monitor, 30, 81, 286, 314, 317 Monoclonal, 61, 307, 314, 328, 343 Monocyte, 37, 56, 83, 314 Mononuclear, 11, 314, 340 Morphological, 78, 90, 183, 291, 296, 311, 314 Morphology, 26, 210, 211, 300, 314 Mucins, 314, 331 Mucosa, 297, 310, 314, 315 Mucositis, 314, 338 Multidrug resistance, 19, 314 Musculoskeletal System, 314, 318 Mutagen, 274, 314 Mutagenesis, 14, 20, 38, 65, 75, 79, 90, 314 Mutagenic, 33, 37, 38, 101, 127, 141, 269, 289, 315, 341 Mutagenicity, 16, 17, 33, 81, 179, 315 Mutate, 31, 315 Mycotoxins, 269, 315 Myelography, 307, 315 Myocardial infarction, 35, 285, 312, 315 Myocardium, 312, 315 N N-acetyl, 18, 147, 233, 267, 299, 315 Naive, 29, 315 Nasal Cavity, 66, 315 Nasal Septum, 315 Nausea, 265, 297, 315, 337, 341 NCI, 1, 158, 249, 282, 315 Nebulizer, 99, 315 Necrosis, 23, 272, 305, 312, 315, 330, 332 Nematoda, 300, 315 Neodymium, 216, 315 Neonatal, 131, 315 Neonatal period, 131, 315 Neoplasia, 46, 315, 316 Neoplasm, 315, 316, 332 Neoplastic, 24, 310, 316, 318 Nephropathy, 308, 316 Nerve, 233, 268, 269, 270, 273, 287, 297, 316, 318, 321, 324, 330, 335, 340, 342 Nervous System, 280, 316, 336, 342 Networks, 160, 316, 337 Neural, 302, 316 Neuronal, 23, 316 Neurons, 287, 294, 316, 336, 342 Neuropathy, 91, 138, 233, 269, 316, 321 Neurotoxic, 316, 338 Neurotoxicity, 23, 316 Neutrons, 269, 277, 307, 316, 328 Neutrophil, 50, 316

Index 355

Niacin, 78, 94, 111, 117, 124, 134, 232, 238, 316 Nimodipine, 233, 316 Nitrates, 167, 170, 316 Nitric acid, 316 Nitric Oxide, 19, 32, 68, 316 Nitrogen, 12, 19, 152, 154, 155, 166, 169, 174, 187, 195, 202, 215, 270, 273, 295, 299, 316 Norepinephrine, 25, 268, 317 Normotensive, 35, 317 Nuclei, 194, 269, 284, 291, 310, 313, 314, 316, 317, 326, 337, 342 Nucleic acid, 39, 41, 274, 278, 287, 298, 302, 303, 317, 327, 334, 343 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 302, 317 Nucleoprotein, 301, 317 Nutrition Assessment, 239, 317 Nutritional Status, 4, 317 Nutritive Value, 317 O Observational study, 35, 317 Occupational Exposure, 10, 16, 49, 51, 90, 94, 109, 112, 116, 118, 317 Odds Ratio, 317, 329 Odour, 273, 318 Oligosaccharides, 114, 318 Oncogenes, 46, 318, 326 On-line, 57, 265, 318 Opacity, 287, 318 Ophthalmology, 295, 318 Opioid Peptides, 318 Optic Disk, 288, 318 Orbit, 318, 336 Organelles, 280, 286, 311, 318, 330 Ornithine, 22, 318, 327 Ornithine Decarboxylase, 22, 318 Orthopaedic, 45, 56, 81, 83, 318 Osmolality, 307, 318 Osteodystrophy, 318 Osteolysis, 18, 318 Ovary, 127, 318, 319 Overweight, 78, 120, 134, 319 Ovum, 309, 319, 325 Oxalate, 8, 73, 129, 319 Oxalic Acid, 178, 278, 319 Oxidants, 19, 127, 319 Oxidation-Reduction, 276, 319 Oxidative Phosphorylation, 29, 43, 319 Oxidative Stress, 40, 43, 63, 68, 109, 135, 319

Oxides, 32, 155, 161, 163, 169, 170, 178, 186, 189, 234, 319 Oxygenase, 35, 319 P P53 gene, 22, 28, 70, 319 Paclitaxel, 54, 319 Paediatric, 88, 319 Palladium, 162, 169, 185, 216, 220, 224, 319, 331 Palliative, 320, 338 Pallor, 205, 320 Pancreas, 75, 112, 267, 275, 276, 289, 306, 320, 340 Pancreatic, 279, 320 Parasite, 34, 320 Parasitic, 34, 267, 300, 320 Parenteral, 99, 108, 114, 115, 119, 320 Parenteral Nutrition, 99, 108, 114, 115, 119, 320 Parietal, 320, 323 Particle, 59, 182, 194, 211, 320, 334, 339, 343 Pathogen, 305, 320 Pathogenesis, 40, 44, 46, 91, 138, 320 Pathologic, 51, 272, 275, 285, 303, 320, 327, 342 Pathologic Processes, 272, 320 Pathologies, 12, 30, 320 Patient Education, 256, 260, 262, 266, 320 Peer Review, 19, 107, 320 Pelvic, 320, 326 Pentoxifylline, 91, 138, 320 Peptide, 7, 46, 58, 113, 119, 233, 297, 308, 318, 320, 324, 325, 326 Percutaneous, 206, 320 Perfusion, 43, 275, 303, 321 Pericardium, 321, 337 Peripheral blood, 25, 81, 95, 112, 117, 306, 321 Peripheral Neuropathy, 12, 233, 321 Peroxide, 29, 140, 321 Pesticides, 189, 269, 306, 321 Petrolatum, 291, 321 Petroleum, 162, 172, 236, 297, 321 PH, 86, 277, 321 Phagocyte, 319, 321 Phallic, 295, 321 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 280, 293, 321 Pharmacokinetic, 41, 321 Pharmacologic, 6, 7, 270, 321, 339 Pharmacotherapy, 13, 68, 101, 126, 321

356 Chromium

Pharynx, 315, 321 Phenolphthalein, 291, 321 Phenotype, 26, 27, 37, 284, 321 Phenylalanine, 321, 340 Phorbol, 54, 321, 326 Phosphodiesterase, 320, 321 Phospholipases, 322, 333 Phospholipids, 294, 309, 322, 326 Phosphorous, 214, 322 Phosphorus, 162, 169, 177, 189, 199, 216, 217, 232, 238, 278, 322 Phosphorylated, 14, 283, 313, 322 Phosphorylation, 14, 43, 313, 322, 326 Photodynamic therapy, 322 Photosensitizer, 19, 322 Physical Therapy, 233, 322 Physiologic, 13, 14, 15, 34, 275, 307, 322, 329 Physiology, 35, 88, 109, 111, 115, 117, 134, 267, 300, 322 Pigment, 80, 275, 311, 322 Pilot study, 30, 78, 111, 117, 322 Pituitary Gland, 285, 322, 325 Plague, 53, 322 Plana, 322, 332 Plaque, 271, 322 Plasma cells, 271, 323 Plasmapheresis, 233, 323 Plasmid, 48, 323, 342 Plasticity, 193, 323 Platelet Activation, 323, 333 Platelet Aggregation, 270, 316, 320, 323 Platelets, 316, 323, 332 Platinum, 21, 161, 162, 170, 171, 174, 176, 185, 203, 208, 216, 220, 224, 282, 319, 323, 331 Platyhelminths, 300, 323 Pleura, 323 Pleural, 56, 312, 323 Pleural cavity, 323 Pleural Effusion, 56, 323 Pleurisy, 56, 323 Podophyllotoxin, 293, 323 Poisoning, 36, 104, 175, 274, 278, 281, 297, 306, 312, 315, 324 Polydipsia, 237, 324 Polyethylene, 53, 93, 167, 182, 324 Polymerase, 24, 72, 78, 129, 324 Polymers, 165, 168, 183, 187, 275, 307, 324, 326, 335 Polymethyl Methacrylate, 100, 324 Polypeptide, 270, 283, 292, 302, 324, 344

Polyphagia, 237, 324 Polysaccharide, 272, 280, 324 Polyuria, 237, 324 Porosity, 182, 206, 211, 324 Posterior, 270, 273, 320, 324 Postmenopausal, 66, 103, 141, 324 Postoperative, 55, 324 Postsynaptic, 324, 333 Potassium, 21, 37, 83, 109, 116, 154, 169, 176, 232, 237, 313, 324 Potassium Dichromate, 37, 83, 324 Potentiates, 14, 51, 324 Potentiating, 14, 38, 324 Potentiation, 126, 325, 333 Power Sources, 200, 325 Practicability, 294, 325 Practice Guidelines, 252, 325 Praseodymium, 169, 216, 325 Precipitation, 26, 166, 167, 192, 224, 229, 325 Preclinical, 52, 325 Precursor, 27, 194, 214, 226, 290, 292, 297, 317, 321, 325, 334, 340 Prescription Fees, 290, 325 Prevalence, 13, 15, 36, 40, 104, 318, 325 Prickle, 308, 325 Probe, 29, 43, 179, 220, 325 Progesterone, 325, 335 Progression, 5, 38, 271, 325, 340 Progressive, 280, 290, 300, 315, 323, 325, 327, 329 Projection, 184, 317, 325, 329 Promoter, 22, 325 Pro-Opiomelanocortin, 297, 318, 325 Prophylaxis, 325, 341 Prospective study, 55, 326 Prostate, 10, 275, 326, 340 Prosthesis, 53, 287, 326 Prosthesis Failure, 53, 326 Protein C, 56, 58, 65, 79, 89, 106, 124, 130, 270, 272, 274, 308, 309, 326, 341, 342 Protein Kinase C, 313, 326 Protein Kinases, 19, 313, 318, 326 Protein S, 58, 85, 235, 276, 298, 326, 331 Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases, 313, 326 Proteolytic, 283, 326 Protocol, 8, 34, 37, 49, 326 Protons, 269, 302, 307, 326, 328, 336 Proto-Oncogene Proteins, 319, 326 Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos, 319, 326 Proto-Oncogenes, 318, 326

Index 357

Protozoa, 284, 313, 327 Proximal, 289, 308, 315, 327 Pruritic, 290, 327 Psoralen, 19, 327 Psoriasis, 145, 327 Psychiatry, 77, 126, 295, 327 Public Health, 10, 14, 20, 33, 59, 62, 90, 127, 236, 252, 274, 327 Public Policy, 251, 327 Publishing, 60, 234, 327 Pulmonary, 19, 40, 45, 50, 51, 96, 276, 285, 308, 327, 330, 336, 342 Pulmonary Artery, 276, 327, 342 Pulmonary Fibrosis, 52, 327 Pulmonary Ventilation, 327, 330 Pulse, 220, 314, 327 Purines, 274, 327, 343 Putrescine, 318, 327, 334 Pyramidal Tracts, 294, 327 Pyridoxal, 318, 328 Q Quality of Life, 30, 41, 328 R Race, 50, 187, 190, 313, 328 Radiation therapy, 41, 268, 294, 296, 303, 306, 307, 328, 343 Radio Waves, 220, 313, 328 Radioactive, 44, 178, 287, 296, 302, 304, 305, 306, 307, 317, 328, 337, 341, 343 Radiolabeled, 307, 328, 343 Radiological, 320, 328 Radiopharmaceutical, 297, 328 Radiotherapy, 277, 307, 328, 343 Radius, 328, 336 Randomized, 6, 13, 15, 35, 69, 125, 290, 328 Randomized Controlled Trials, 13, 328 Reabsorption, 238, 328 Reactive Oxygen Species, 10, 32, 37, 38, 83, 98, 136, 153, 329 Reagent, 166, 293, 302, 310, 319, 329, 331 Receptor, 4, 12, 13, 14, 19, 22, 26, 36, 42, 58, 85, 267, 272, 326, 329, 332, 333 Recombinant, 14, 19, 77, 275, 329, 342 Recombination, 24, 31, 44, 71, 284, 329 Rectum, 277, 289, 295, 297, 308, 326, 329 Red blood cells, 18, 293, 301, 319, 329, 332, 333 Red Nucleus, 273, 329 Reductase, 61, 269, 329 Refer, 1, 283, 295, 296, 298, 301, 309, 310, 315, 316, 324, 329 Reference Values, 66, 329

Reflective, 208, 329 Reflex, 233, 329 Refraction, 271, 329, 334 Refractory, 26, 163, 164, 183, 195, 219, 227, 329 Regimen, 290, 321, 329 Relapse, 101, 329 Relative risk, 59, 329 Reliability, 17, 27, 228, 329 Renal failure, 93, 238, 301, 329 Replicon, 37, 330 Research Design, 44, 55, 330 Resection, 52, 330 Respirable, 179, 330 Respiration, 92, 278, 314, 330 Respiratory System, 32, 330 Resting metabolic rate, 76, 131, 330 Restoration, 167, 286, 322, 330, 331 Reticulocytes, 11, 330 Retina, 282, 288, 330, 331, 332 Retinal, 288, 289, 318, 330, 343 Retinopathy, 269, 288, 330 Rhabdomyolysis, 101, 330 Rheology, 320, 331 Rheumatism, 331 Rheumatoid, 236, 319, 331 Rheumatoid arthritis, 236, 331 Riboflavin, 232, 238, 331 Ribosome, 331, 339 Rigidity, 322, 331 Risk factor, 13, 50, 131, 233, 292, 326, 329, 331 Ristocetin, 8, 331, 341 Rod, 193, 331 Rodenticides, 321, 331 Rubber, 204, 267, 331 Rubidium, 169, 216, 331 Ruthenium, 162, 176, 185, 192, 203, 216, 222, 223, 331 S Salicylate, 70, 331 Saliva, 70, 91, 112, 118, 331 Salivary, 94, 98, 99, 289, 331, 335 Salivary glands, 289, 331 Samarium, 216, 331 Sanitary, 185, 331 Saponins, 332, 335 Sarcoma, 332, 334 Satellite, 301, 332 Scandium, 203, 216, 222, 332 Screening, 22, 34, 46, 48, 49, 282, 332 Seafood, 69, 332

358 Chromium

Secretion, 27, 68, 285, 292, 301, 302, 306, 308, 313, 314, 332 Sedentary, 25, 330, 332 Sediment, 59, 332 Segregation, 329, 332 Selenium, 99, 103, 132, 154, 216, 232, 233, 237, 238, 332 Semen, 326, 332 Semisynthetic, 293, 332 Sensor, 123, 139, 176, 226, 227, 332 Sequester, 281, 332 Serologic, 18, 36, 332 Serotonin, 321, 332 Serrata, 146, 282, 332 Serrated, 332, 333 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 36, 333 Shock, 36, 185, 333, 340 Side effect, 7, 112, 118, 205, 237, 268, 333, 339 Signal Transduction, 18, 20, 22, 333 Signs and Symptoms, 12, 329, 333 Silicic, 182, 333 Silicon Dioxide, 228, 333 Skeletal, 13, 23, 56, 79, 111, 117, 270, 330, 333 Skeleton, 267, 295, 307, 333 Sludge, 30, 333 Small intestine, 75, 275, 282, 302, 306, 333 Smooth muscle, 269, 270, 278, 285, 301, 333, 336 Social Environment, 328, 333 Sodium, 21, 44, 169, 218, 221, 232, 237, 277, 313, 328, 333, 336 Soft tissue, 45, 51, 277, 333, 334 Soft tissue sarcoma, 51, 334 Solvent, 168, 191, 213, 226, 267, 274, 293, 312, 318, 334, 340 Soma, 334 Somatic, 31, 71, 302, 311, 314, 321, 334, 337 Somatic cells, 311, 314, 334 Sorbitol, 269, 334 Sound wave, 284, 329, 334 Specialist, 257, 334 Specificity, 20, 23, 32, 38, 46, 48, 50, 105, 268, 304, 334 Spectrometer, 57, 74, 334 Spectrum, 21, 28, 42, 90, 138, 286, 313, 328, 334, 340 Sperm, 270, 282, 334 Spermidine, 318, 334 Spices, 125, 334

Spinal cord, 277, 280, 281, 315, 316, 327, 329, 334 Spinous, 292, 308, 334 Spleen, 55, 109, 115, 310, 335 Standardize, 44, 335 Steady state, 92, 335 Stent, 106, 243, 335 Sterility, 139, 335 Steroid, 22, 26, 285, 332, 335 Stimulant, 278, 301, 335 Stimulus, 290, 291, 294, 329, 335, 338 Stomach, 267, 289, 293, 297, 298, 302, 315, 321, 333, 335 Strained, 54, 335 Strand, 17, 48, 58, 136, 283, 324, 335 Stroke, 158, 250, 279, 335 Strontium, 64, 216, 335 Styrene, 331, 335 Subacute, 305, 335 Subclinical, 305, 335 Subcutaneous, 290, 320, 335 Submaxillary, 292, 335 Subspecies, 334, 335 Substance P, 312, 331, 332, 336 Substrate, 14, 35, 48, 53, 161, 164, 171, 183, 184, 185, 200, 203, 207, 211, 212, 227, 291, 336 Suction, 295, 336 Sulfides, 32, 166, 336 Sulfur, 177, 187, 189, 312, 336 Sulfuric acid, 215, 336 Superoxide, 32, 40, 336 Superoxide Dismutase, 40, 336 Suppression, 28, 285, 336 Surfactant, 293, 336 Sweat, 63, 336 Sweat Glands, 336 Sympathomimetic, 293, 317, 336 Symphysis, 326, 336 Synaptic, 333, 336 Synchronism, 223, 336 Synchrotrons, 47, 336 Synergistic, 37, 44, 48, 205, 336 Systemic, 26, 36, 40, 56, 70, 101, 128, 276, 293, 305, 306, 307, 328, 336, 337, 339, 343 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 70, 128, 337 Systolic, 303, 337 T Technetium, 135, 337 Teichoic Acids, 299, 337 Teicoplanin, 8, 337

Index 359

Telangiectasia, 67, 337 Tellurium, 216, 337 Telomerase, 89, 337 Telophase, 313, 337 Teratogenic, 269, 289, 337 Terbium, 216, 337 Testis, 142, 337 Testosterone, 329, 337 Tetani, 337 Tetanic, 337 Tetanus, 7, 126, 337 Tetanus Toxin, 7, 337 Tetrahydrocannabinol, 278, 338 Thalamic, 273, 338 Thalamic Diseases, 273, 338 Therapeutics, 104, 338 Thigh, 295, 338 Thorax, 267, 310, 338 Threshold, 84, 86, 105, 303, 338 Thrombin, 295, 323, 326, 338 Thrombomodulin, 326, 338 Thrombosis, 326, 335, 338 Thulium, 216, 338 Thymidine, 27, 338 Thymus, 304, 310, 338 Thyroid, 22, 307, 338, 340 Tin, 156, 169, 185, 203, 204, 208, 216, 219, 227, 321, 323, 338 Tinnitus, 237, 338, 342 Tolerance, 4, 5, 12, 13, 14, 76, 87, 100, 103, 109, 110, 115, 116, 130, 131, 133, 136, 137, 142, 157, 237, 267, 298, 339 Tomography, 277, 339 Tonicity, 301, 339 Topical, 233, 273, 293, 302, 321, 339 Toxic Hepatitis, 128, 339 Toxins, 24, 58, 272, 292, 305, 315, 339 Toxoid, 126, 339 Trace element, 40, 126, 238, 277, 281, 282, 296, 316, 333, 338, 339 Trachea, 277, 321, 338, 339 Transcriptase, 46, 337, 339 Transcription Factors, 19, 26, 52, 318, 339 Transduction, 19, 278, 333, 339 Transfection, 31, 276, 339 Transfer Factor, 304, 339 Transfusion, 18, 37, 339 Translation, 75, 339 Translational, 20, 340 Translocation, 132, 340 Transmitter, 267, 317, 340 Transplantation, 7, 67, 304, 340

Trauma, 315, 340 Trees, 331, 340 Trichloroethylene, 32, 340 Triglyceride, 4, 124, 303, 340 Tuberculosis, 56, 285, 310, 340 Tumor marker, 275, 340 Tumor model, 27, 340 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 25, 340 Tumor suppressor gene, 28, 68, 319, 340 Tyrosine, 19, 340 U Ultraviolet Rays, 178, 340 Unconscious, 271, 303, 341 Univalent, 303, 319, 341 Uracil, 132, 341 Uranium, 337, 341 Urea, 318, 336, 341 Uremia, 238, 308, 329, 341 Urethane, 164, 341 Urethra, 326, 341 Uric, 130, 303, 327, 341 Urinary, 11, 63, 66, 68, 74, 76, 97, 98, 102, 105, 130, 132, 246, 324, 341, 343 Urokinase, 85, 341 Uterus, 280, 325, 341 V Vaccination, 126, 341 Vaccine, 7, 44, 46, 53, 268, 278, 326, 341 Vagina, 280, 288, 341 Valves, 192, 195, 326, 341 Vancomycin, 8, 9, 341 Vascular, 25, 32, 269, 292, 305, 316, 341 Vasoactive, 35, 342 Vasoconstriction, 293, 342 Vasodilators, 316, 342 VE, 112, 118, 342 Vector, 19, 33, 339, 342 Vegetative, 275, 342 Vein, 307, 317, 332, 342 Venous, 326, 342 Ventricle, 303, 327, 337, 342 Venules, 276, 278, 342 Vesicular, 301, 313, 342 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 338, 342 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 338, 342 Veterinary Medicine, 110, 116, 127, 251, 342 Viral, 7, 19, 36, 37, 46, 179, 278, 318, 326, 339, 342, 343 Viral Load, 7, 37, 342 Virion, 301, 342

360 Chromium

Virulence, 273, 339, 342 Virus, 19, 21, 36, 37, 44, 46, 274, 278, 292, 301, 306, 322, 339, 342, 343 Virus Replication, 44, 343 Viscera, 334, 343 Viscosity, 223, 331, 343 Visual Acuity, 309, 343 Vitiligo, 327, 343 Vitreous Hemorrhage, 288, 343 Vitro, 7, 9, 10, 15, 18, 20, 25, 27, 30, 31, 33, 37, 46, 48, 52, 56, 57, 62, 67, 71, 80, 84, 85, 102, 103, 105, 136, 305, 331, 343 Vivo, 17, 18, 37, 45, 52, 343 W Wart, 233, 343 Weight Gain, 343 Weight-Bearing, 206, 343

White blood cell, 271, 273, 305, 309, 310, 314, 316, 323, 343 Windpipe, 321, 338, 343 X Xanthine, 40, 343 Xanthine Oxidase, 40, 343 Xenobiotics, 19, 343 Xenograft, 271, 340, 343 X-ray therapy, 307, 343 X-ray tube, 162, 279, 344 Y Yeasts, 296, 321, 344 Ytterbium, 216, 344 Yttrium, 170, 203, 216, 220, 222, 226, 344 Z Zymogen, 326, 344

Index 361

362 Chromium

Index 363

364 Chromium

Chromium - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Chromium Picolinate - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Chromium - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Chromium Picolinate - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Recommend Documents