Body Piercing: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

BODY PIERCING A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AME...

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BODY

PIERCING A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Body Piercing: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84258-2 1. Body Piercing-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on body piercing. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BODY PIERCING ........................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Body Piercing................................................................................ 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 5 Academic Periodicals covering Body Piercing ............................................................................. 12 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BODY PIERCING .............................................................................. 13 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 13 Finding Nutrition Studies on Body Piercing............................................................................... 13 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 14 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BODY PIERCING ........................................................ 17 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 17 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 17 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 18 General References ....................................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON BODY PIERCING......................................................................................... 21 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 21 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 21 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 21 Chapters on Body Piercing........................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON BODY PIERCING .............................................................................. 23 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 23 Video Recordings ......................................................................................................................... 23 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 29 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 29 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 29 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 31 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 33 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 35 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 38 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 39 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 40 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 43 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 43 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 43 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 49 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 49 BODY PIERCING DICTIONARY ................................................................................................ 51 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 63

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with body piercing is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about body piercing, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to body piercing, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on body piercing. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to body piercing, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on body piercing. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BODY PIERCING Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on body piercing.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and body piercing, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “body piercing” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Body Piercing Involving Oral Sites Source: JADA. Journal of American Dental Association. 128(7): 1017-1020. July 1997. Summary: This article includes a case report and general discussion on body piercing involving oral sites. The case report describes a 20 year old man, presenting with wisdom tooth pain and swelling in the left mandibular, who had his tongue, uvula, and lower lip pierced. The authors discuss common locations and types of oral jewelry and piercing techniques. The oral considerations of intraoral piercing are emphasized. The most obvious consequence of intraoral piercing is oral pain, as the procedure is performed without anesthetic. The increased vascularity of the tongue may cause postplacement edema (which can result in airway obstruction) and the risk of prolonged bleeding if the blood vessels are punctured during the piercing procedure. There is also evidence that tongue devices can interfere with speech, the adjacent teeth, and

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mastication. The authors conclude that dentists should be aware of the increasing numbers of patients with pierced intraoral and perioral sites and be prepared to address dental issues, such as potential damage to the teeth and gingiva and risk of oral infection, that may arise as a result of piercing. Dentists also need to provide appropriate guidance to patients who are contemplating body piercing involving oral sites. 9 figures. 1 table. 6 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Body Piercing The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to body piercing. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to body piercing. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore body piercing.

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “body piercing” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for body piercing in the PubMed Central database: •

Navel gazing: a clinical glimpse at body piercing. by Weir E.; 2001 Mar 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=80907

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html. 4

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with body piercing, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “body piercing” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for body piercing (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A clinical look at body piercing. Author(s): Armstrong ML. Source: Rn. 1998 September; 61(9): 26-9; Quiz 30. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9783002&dopt=Abstract

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All pierced up: managing body piercing in perioperative practice. Author(s): Faulkner A. Source: Br J Theatre Nurs. 1999 October; 9(10): 468-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10646384&dopt=Abstract

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Body piercing and tattooing perspectives. Author(s): Millner VS, Eichold BH 2nd. Source: Clin Nurs Res. 2001 November; 10(4): 424-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11881952&dopt=Abstract

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Body piercing as a risk factor for viral hepatitis: an integrative research review. Author(s): Hayes MO, Harkness GA. Source: American Journal of Infection Control. 2001 August; 29(4): 271-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11486271&dopt=Abstract

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Body piercing in adolescents. Author(s): Muldoon KA. Source: J Pediatr Health Care. 1997 November-December; 11(6): 298-301. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9423417&dopt=Abstract

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Body piercing in the accident and emergency department. Author(s): Khanna R, Kumar SS, Raju BS, Kumar AV. Source: J Accid Emerg Med. 1999 November; 16(6): 418-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10572813&dopt=Abstract

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Body piercing involving oral sites. Author(s): Price SS, Lewis MW. Source: J Am Dent Assoc. 1997 July; 128(7): 1017-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9231608&dopt=Abstract

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Body piercing medical concerns with cutting-edge fashion. Author(s): Koenig LM, Carnes M. Source: J Gen Intern Med. 1999 June; 14(6): 379-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10354260&dopt=Abstract

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Body piercing of young children. Author(s): Jordan N, Finlay F. Source: Lancet. 2003 June 28; 361(9376): 2250. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12842397&dopt=Abstract

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Body piercing, tattooing, self-esteem, and body investment in adolescent girls. Author(s): Carroll L, Anderson R. Source: Adolescence. 2002 Fall; 37(147): 627-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12458698&dopt=Abstract

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Body piercing. Author(s): Symons I. Source: Anaesthesia. 2000 March; 55(3): 305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10744582&dopt=Abstract

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Body piercing. Author(s): Ferguson H. Source: Bmj. 1999 December 18-25; 319(7225): 1627-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10600973&dopt=Abstract

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Body piercing: an unusual cause of priapism. Author(s): Slawik S, Pearce I, Pantelides M. Source: Bju Int. 1999 August; 84(3): 377. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10468746&dopt=Abstract

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Body piercing: controlling the risk of infection. Author(s): Carroll A, Beard J. Source: Nurs Times. 2000 March 9-15; 96(10 Suppl): 8-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10827739&dopt=Abstract

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Body piercing: could you answer your patient's queries? Author(s): Peate I. Source: Br J Nurs. 2000 November 9-22; 9(20): 2163-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12271185&dopt=Abstract

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Body piercing: issues for A&E nurses. Author(s): Hadfield-Law L. Source: Accident and Emergency Nursing. 2001 January; 9(1): 14-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11760260&dopt=Abstract

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Body piercing: lifestyle indicator or fashion accessory? Author(s): Willmott FE. Source: Int J Std Aids. 2001 June; 12(6): 358-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11368815&dopt=Abstract

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Body piercing: medical consequences and psychological motivations. Author(s): Stirn A. Source: Lancet. 2003 April 5; 361(9364): 1205-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12686054&dopt=Abstract

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Body piercing: old traditions creating new challenges. Author(s): Meyer D. Source: J Emerg Nurs. 2000 December; 26(6): 612-4. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11106465&dopt=Abstract

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Body piercing: promoting informed decision making. Author(s): Armstrong ML, Ekmark E, Brooks B. Source: J Sch Nurs. 1995 April; 11(2): 20-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7626926&dopt=Abstract

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Body piercing: what nurse practitioners need to know. Author(s): Cartwright M. Source: J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 2000 May; 12(5): 171-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11930338&dopt=Abstract

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Body piercing: what practicing RNs should know. Author(s): Armstrong ML. Source: Tex Nurs. 1996 August; 70(7): 8-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8945444&dopt=Abstract

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Common complications of body piercing. Author(s): Metts J. Source: West J Med. 2002 March; 176(2): 85-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11926193&dopt=Abstract

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Endocarditis associated with body piercing. Author(s): Goldrick BA. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 2003 January; 103(1): 26-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12549479&dopt=Abstract

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Further hazards of body piercing. Author(s): Radford R. Source: Anaesthesia. 2000 March; 55(3): 305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10744583&dopt=Abstract

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Health implications of body piercing and tattooing: a literature review. Author(s): Barnett J. Source: Nurs Times. 2003 September 16-22; 99(37): 62-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14533332&dopt=Abstract

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Hypoxia caused by body piercing. Author(s): Girgis Y. Source: Anaesthesia. 2000 April; 55(4): 413. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10781175&dopt=Abstract

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Hypoxia caused by body piercing. Author(s): Wise H. Source: Anaesthesia. 1999 November; 54(11): 1129. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10540120&dopt=Abstract

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Infection prevention and control practices for personal services: tattoing, ear/body piercing, and electrolysis. Author(s): Health Canada, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Division of Nosocomial and Occupational Infections. Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 1999 July; 25 Suppl 3: 1-73. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11194614&dopt=Abstract

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Infectious complications of body piercing. Author(s): Fisman DN. Source: Clin Infect Dis. 1999 June; 28(6): 1340. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10451190&dopt=Abstract

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Infectious complications of body piercing. Author(s): Tweeten SS, Rickman LS. Source: Clin Infect Dis. 1998 March; 26(3): 735-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9524852&dopt=Abstract

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Infective endocarditis after oral body piercing. Author(s): Friedel JM, Stehlik J, Desai M, Granato JE. Source: Cardiol Rev. 2003 September-October; 11(5): 252-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12943601&dopt=Abstract

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Lingual abscess secondary to body piercing. Author(s): Olsen JC. Source: J Emerg Med. 2001 May; 20(4): 409. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11348824&dopt=Abstract

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Mastitis due to Mycobacterium abscessus after body piercing. Author(s): Trupiano JK, Sebek BA, Goldfarb J, Levy LR, Hall GS, Procop GW. Source: Clin Infect Dis. 2001 July 1; 33(1): 131-4. Epub 2001 June 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11389508&dopt=Abstract

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Medical complications of modern art. What you need to know about body piercing. Author(s): Stork B. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2002 January; 10(1): 59-64. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12420513&dopt=Abstract

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Navel gazing: a clinical glimpse at body piercing. Author(s): Weir E. Source: Cmaj. 2001 March 20; 164(6): 864. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11276561&dopt=Abstract

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Pathogen causing infection related to body piercing should be determined. Author(s): Khanna R, Kumar SS. Source: Bmj. 2000 April 29; 320(7243): 1211. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10784561&dopt=Abstract

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Possible transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from body piercing. Author(s): Pugatch D, Mileno M, Rich JD. Source: Clin Infect Dis. 1998 March; 26(3): 767-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9524865&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of body art (body piercing and tattooing) in university undergraduates and incidence of medical complications. Author(s): Mayers LB, Judelson DA, Moriarty BW, Rundell KW. Source: Mayo Clin Proc. 2002 January; 77(1): 29-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11794454&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of tattooing and body piercing in the Australian community. Author(s): Makkai T, McAllister I. Source: Commun Dis Intell. 2001 April; 25(2): 67-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11432531&dopt=Abstract

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Risks associated with tattooing and body piercing. Author(s): Braithwaite RL, Stephens T, Sterk C, Braithwaite K. Source: J Public Health Policy. 1999; 20(4): 459-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10643171&dopt=Abstract

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Role of body piercing in the induction of metal allergies. Author(s): Ehrlich A, Kucenic M, Belsito DV. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2001 September; 12(3): 151-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11526520&dopt=Abstract

•

Sarcoid-like foreign body reaction in body piercing: a report of two cases. Author(s): Ng KH, Siar CH, Ganesapillai T. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1997 July; 84(1): 28-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9247945&dopt=Abstract

•

Scleroderma and body piercing. Author(s): Carbone L, Myers L. Source: J Pediatr. 2002 February; 140(2): 241. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11865278&dopt=Abstract

•

Sleepers for body piercing. Author(s): MacKenzie I. Source: Anaesthesia. 2000 November; 55(11): 1142-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11069361&dopt=Abstract

Studies 11

•

Tattooing and body piercing among adolescent detainees: relationship to alcohol and other drug use. Author(s): Braithwaite R, Robillard A, Woodring T, Stephens T, Arriola KJ. Source: J Subst Abuse. 2001; 13(1-2): 5-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11547624&dopt=Abstract

•

Tattooing and body piercing. Author(s): Mayers LB, Moriarty BW, Judelson DA, Rundell KW. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 May; 111(5 Pt 1): 1126; Author Reply 1126. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12728107&dopt=Abstract

•

Tattooing and body piercing. Body art practices among college students. Author(s): Greif J, Hewitt W, Armstrong ML. Source: Clin Nurs Res. 1999 November; 8(4): 368-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10855104&dopt=Abstract

•

Tattooing, body piercing, and branding are on the rise: perspectives for school nurses. Author(s): Armstrong ML, Kelly L. Source: J Sch Nurs. 2001 February; 17(1): 12-23; Quiz 24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11885101&dopt=Abstract

•

Tattooing, body piercing, and Russian roulette. Author(s): Ceniceros S. Source: J Nerv Ment Dis. 1998 August; 186(8): 503-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9717870&dopt=Abstract

•

Tattoos and body piercings as indicators of adolescent risk-taking behaviors. Author(s): Carroll ST, Riffenburgh RH, Roberts TA, Myhre EB. Source: Pediatrics. 2002 June; 109(6): 1021-10217. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042538&dopt=Abstract

•

Tattoos, body piercing and thrush: a lesson on the harmful effects of lost objectivity. Author(s): Kraytem A, Uldry PY, Lopez-Liuchi JV. Source: Mayo Clin Proc. 1999 August; 74(8): 844. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10473366&dopt=Abstract

•

Tetanus associated with body piercing. Author(s): O'Malley CD, Smith N, Braun R, Prevots DR. Source: Clin Infect Dis. 1998 November; 27(5): 1343-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9827311&dopt=Abstract

12

Body Piercing

•

The regulation of tattooing and body piercing in Tennessee. Author(s): Atkins H. Source: Tenn Med. 2003 April; 96(4): 185-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12705005&dopt=Abstract

•

To the point: the contemporary body piercing and tattooing renaissance. Author(s): Christensen MH, Miller KH, Patsdaughter CA, Dowd LJ. Source: Nurs Spectr (Wash D C). 1999 February 22; 9(4): 12-4. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10542817&dopt=Abstract

Academic Periodicals covering Body Piercing Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to body piercing. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

13

CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BODY PIERCING Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and body piercing.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Body Piercing The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. Once you have entered the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “body piercing” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

14

Body Piercing

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “body piercing” (or a synonym): •

Role of body piercing in the induction of metal allergies. Author(s): Division of Dermatology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA. Source: Ehrlich, A Kucenic, M Belsito, D V Am-J-Contact-Dermat. 2001 September; 12(3): 151-5 1046-199X

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

Nutrition 15

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

17

CHAPTER 3. PIERCING

ALTERNATIVE

MEDICINE

AND

BODY

Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to body piercing. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to body piercing and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “body piercing” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to body piercing: •

Beauty and the body: the origins of cosmetics. Author(s): Blanco-Davila F. Source: Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000 March; 105(3): 1196-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10724281&dopt=Abstract

•

Hypnotic susceptibility in kavadi carriers in Singapore. Author(s): Kok LP. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1989 November; 18(6): 655-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2624413&dopt=Abstract

•

Management of viral hepatitis C. Author(s): Leung NW.

18

Body Piercing

Source: J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002 February; 17 Suppl: S146-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12000600&dopt=Abstract •

Medical complications of modern art. What you need to know about body piercing. Author(s): Stork B. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2002 January; 10(1): 59-64. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12420513&dopt=Abstract

•

Subarachnoid hemorrhage and spinal root injury caused by acupuncture needle--case report. Author(s): Murata K, Nishio A, Nishikawa M, Ohinata Y, Sakaguchi M, Nishimura S. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1990 November; 30(12): 956-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1710325&dopt=Abstract

•

The living canvas. Author(s): Greif J, Hewitt W. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 1998 June; 6(6): 26-31, 82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9708051&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

Alternative Medicine 19

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

21

CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON BODY PIERCING Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to body piercing. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on body piercing include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the link below, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “body piercing” (or a synonym) in their titles. •

Amazon.com: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/externalsearch?tag=icongroupinterna&keyword=body piercing&mode=books

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “body piercing” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books

22

Body Piercing

only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:8 •

Adolescent health sourcebook: basic consumer health information about common medical, mental, and emotional concerns in adolescents: including facts about acne, body piercing, mononucleosis, nutrition, eating disorders, stress, depression, behavior problems, peer pressure, violence, gangs, drug use, puberty, sexuality, pregnancy, learning disbilities, and more: along with a glossary of terms and other resources for further help and information Author: Kimball, Chad T.; Year: 2002; Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, 2002; ISBN: 0780802489 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0780802489/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Body Piercing In order to find chapters that specifically relate to body piercing, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and body piercing using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “body piercing” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

8

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

23

CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON BODY PIERCING Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on body piercing. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on body piercing is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “body piercing” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “body piercing” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on body piercing: •

Hepatitis C: A Viral Mystery Source: Boston, MA: Fanlight Productions. 2000. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Fanlight Productions. 4196 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02131. (800) 937-4113 or (617) 469-4999. Fax (617) 469-3379. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.fanlight.com. PRICE: $195.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: Hepatitis C is a viral disease of the liver which affects nearly four million Americans. The virus is primarily spread through blood contamination. There is no vaccine and no definite cure for the infection. This documentary videotape profiles several individuals who are living with this serious, chronic illness. In addition to discussing the available medical treatments, the program explores alternative options for treatment, including dietary changes, herbal therapies, meditation, guided imagery, and Qi Gong. The program reviews the modes of transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV), including through blood transfusions, IV drug use, unsafe sex practices or

24

Body Piercing

multiple sexual partners, and tattooing and body piercing. The program interviews Dr. Stephen Steady, a hepatologist (liver specialist) who reminds viewers that many people with HCV infections are asymptomatic, but complications can be rampant, affecting other organ systems and overall quality of life (primarily through fatigue). The program reviews the drug therapy options (interferon and ribavirin, predominantly), noting that these treatments are effective only in 40 percent of the patients with hepatitis C, yet they can cause many side effects of their own. The program concludes with a look at the need for liver transplantation for some patients with hepatitis C, the important role of hepatitis C education for prevention, and support groups for patients with the illness. •

Silent Stalker: A Video Promoting Prevention of Hepatitis and Substance Abuse Source: Cedar Grove, NJ: Hepatitis Foundation International. 2000. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Hepatitis Foundation International. 30 Sunrise Terrace, Cedar Grove, NJ 07009-1423. (800) 891-0707. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.hepfi.org. PRICE: $35.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This health promotion video describes hepatitis, a viral infection of the liver. The program begins in black and white, with spooky music, and introduces hepatitis as the Silent Stalker; various people are shown running in fear from a mysterious assailant. Then, young adult narrators stress that knowledge is power, which can be used to prevent hepatitis. The anatomy and physiology of the liver is briefly reviewed; the liver's roles as the body's chemical power plant, storage for energy supply, protein manufacturer (to build and repair muscles), and protector against germs, viruses, and poisons from alcohol and drugs. The program notes that the body usually offers pain to indicate damage or disease, however, the liver is an uncomplaining organ, so it can be under great stress or damage without symptoms. Hepatitis B and hepatitis C are reviewed, and viewers are encouraged to get the hepatitis B vaccine. The narrators then review the strategies to prevent hepatitis C, including avoiding shared injectable drug equipment (needles), making sure that body piercing or tattooing needles used are sterilized, and practicing safe sex by using a condom. The narrators stress that they are not judging peoples' activities, just providing information and encouraging viewers to make healthy decisions for themselves. The theme of 'you've got the power' (to prevent infection) is reiterated. The program concludes with the same people that were shown fleeing at the beginning; the ending is filmed in color, with upbeat music and smiling faces. Contact information for the Hepatitis Foundation International is also provided (www.hepfi.org; 800-891-0707).

•

Respect Yourself, Protect Yourself: Teens Talk to Teens About Liver Wellness Source: Cedar Grove, NJ: Hepatitis Foundation International. 1998. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Hepatitis Foundation International. 30 Sunrise Terrace, Cedar Grove, NJ 07009. (800) 891-0707. Fax (973) 857-5044. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.hepfi.org. PRICE: $35.00. Summary: This health promotion videotape is designed to familiarize adolescents with the liver, its anatomy, and the important role it plays in keeping the body healthy. The narrators note that the liver is a noncomplaining organ; that is, it does not give off warning signals like pain when it is damaged. The program then explains the effect of diseases such as hepatitis B and C on the liver, as well as the hazards of alcohol use, medications (even over the counter drugs), aerosol sprays, cocaine, and other drugs. The program then introduces the protect yourself, respect yourself theme and discusses vaccination against hepatitis B and the hazards of sharing needles, tattooing, blood

Multimedia 25

exchange, body piercing, and sexual contact. The videotape includes a lively musical score and bold graphics, with live footage of teenagers engaged in a variety of sports and recreational activities. •

Your Liver Source: Bronx, NY: Latin Organization for Liver Awareness. 199x. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Latino Organization for Liver Awareness (LOLA). 1560 Mayflower Avenue, Bronx, New York, NY 10465. (718) 892-8697. Fax (718) 918-0527. (888) 367-LOLA. PRICE: $10.00; plus shipping and handling. Summary: This videotape program reviews the physiology of the liver, and describes different types of liver disease, focusing on hepatitis. Narrated by Debbie Delgado-Vega, a liver transplant recipient and advocate and educator in the field, the program first summarizes the functions of the liver. The liver stores vitamins and minerals, makes bsoleilwelile to help digestion, detoxifies chemicals, stores energy, removes poisons and pollutants that may be ingested from the air, makes clotting factors, and defends against germs that cause disease. The program then lists the types of liver disease, including liver disorders in children, alcohol related liver disease, liver cancer, cirrhosis (scarring), and viral hepatitis (inflammation of the liver due to viral infection). The program discusses hepatitis in depth, explaining the differences between acute disease (less than 6 months in duration) and chronic disease; the numbers of people in the United States with hepatitis B (1.2 million) and hepatitis C (4.8 million); the complications of chronic hepatitis that can lead to cirrhosis (inflammation, scarring and nodules); symptoms, notably fatigue; how hepatitis B and C are transmitted in blood and other body fluids; other risk factors, including the use of intranasal cocaine, intravenous drugs, tattoos or body piercing, pre 1992 blood transfusion, unprotected sex, and having served time in jail; treatment options, including interferons and ribavirin; and why it is important to get tested and treated, even if there are no apparent symptoms. The narrator stresses that more Latinos die from liver disease than any other minority group and chronic liver disease is the third leading cause of death among Latinos. The conclusion of the program shows clips and materials from educational programs and public health and advocacy activities conducted by LOLA (Latino Organization for Liver Awareness). The program is narrated in English, with some clips at the end in Spanish.

27

APPENDICES

29

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute9: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

9

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

30

Body Piercing

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources 31

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.10 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

10

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 11 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway12 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.13 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “body piercing” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 167 4 674 8 6 859

HSTAT14 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.15 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.16 Simply search by “body piercing” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

12

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

13

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 14 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 15 16

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources 33

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists17 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.18 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.19 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

17 Adapted 18

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 19 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

35

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on body piercing can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to body piercing. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to body piercing. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas.

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You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on body piercing. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Thinking About Tattooing or Body Piercing? Contact: Channing L. Bete Company Incorporated, 200 State Rd, South Deerfield, MA, 01373-0200, (800) 477-4776, http://www.channing-bete.com. Summary: Directed towards adolescents, this brochure discusses the health risks of tattooing and body piercing. A friend talks about his experience when he got his first tattoo; he was young and did not consider the reaction he would get from friends, family, and people at work. He urges a teenage boy and girl to only have it done professionally and make sure it is done in a clean environment. The brochure describes body art as a form of self-expression, but urges people to put a lot of thought into it, and talk to family and friends before getting anything done. The possible infections and health problems that can result from tattooing or body piercing are described, including HIV infection, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and blood poisoning.

•

Tattoos and Body Piercing: Protecting Yourself from Hepatitis and HIV Source: Santa Cruz, CA: Journeyworks Publishing. 2000. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from Journeyworks Publishing. P.O. Box 8466, Santa Cruz, CA 95061. (800) 775-1998. Fax (800) 775-5853. Website: www.journeyworks.com. PRICE: $15.00 for packet of 50; discounts available for larger orders. Summary: This brochure, one in a series entitled Making Good Decisions, offers young people information about tattoos and body piercing, focusing on strategies to reduce the risk of transmission of hepatitis and HIV. For people thinking about getting a tattoo, ear piercing, or body piercing, there are many things to consider. Because the needles used in tattooing and piercing can spread hepatitis and HIV, one of the most important things to consider is health and safety. The brochure recommends that young people recognize the risks of body piercing or tattooing; only use a professional tattooist or piercer; make sure the tattooist or piercer sterilizes all equipment and uses a new, disposable needle for each customer; make sure tattoo inks are not shared or reused; do not get pierced with a piercing gun (because they cannot be properly sterilized); do not get a tattoo or piercing after using alcohol or other drugs; be aware of other risks (other infectious diseases, infection, scarring, and allergic reactions); and take time to think over any

Patient Resources

37

decision about getting a tattoo or piercing. The brochure is illustrated with cartoon drawings of a variety of people. •

Making Good Decisions: Tattoos and Body Piercing: Protecting Yourself From Hepatitis and HIV: Reducing Your Risk Contact: Journeyworks Publishing, PO Box 8466, Santa Cruz, CA, 95061-8466, (831) 4231400, http://www.promotehealth.com. Summary: This pamphlet, written for the general public, presents information on the relationship between body art (tattoos and body piercing) and the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), tuberculosis (TB), and tetanus. It discusses how unsterilized needles can lead to the transmission of these diseases and recommends that individuals consider the possible risks associated with body art, resist peer pressure to undergo such a procedure, and take steps to prevent HIV/hepatitis (i.e., by visiting a body art professional who sterilizes the equipment, uses new disposable needles for each customer, and does not use a piercing gun). It recommends that customers ask their body art professional a list of questions before getting a tattoo or piercing. The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to body piercing. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on body piercing is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “body piercing” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to body piercing. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “body piercing” (or synonyms). The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “body piercing” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.

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Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “body piercing” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to body piercing, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “body piercing” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “body piercing” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on body piercing: •

Body Piercing and Branding Are the Latest Fads Source: Skin and Allergy News. 30(12): 27. December 1999. Contact: Available from Skin and Allergy News, Circulation. 12230 Wilkins Avenue, Rockville, MD 20852. (301) 816-8796. Summary: This newsletter article provides health professionals with information on the safety of body piercing and branding. One dermatologist who has studied various forms of body decorations for over 35 years believes that most people who have body art do not experience any problems. Nickel allergy does occur but is not all that common. Bacterial infections from Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus seem to cause most problems. Another type of infection common in patients who have body piercings is Pseudomonas. Colonization of this bacteria can liquify ear cartilage and may require treatment with intravenous antibiotics. Candidal infections commonly affect piercings of the navel. Infections are more likely to occur in moist areas such as the genitalia and the nose, mouth piercings rarely become infected. Umbilicus piercings are more prone to infection if exposed to friction. Infections can also occur from trauma-induced tears. Problems are more likely to arise if the piercing is done by an unqualified person. The newest symbols of teenage rebellion are branding and scarification. The latter involves cutting a design into the skin and placing sand or another agent in the wound to promote the formation of a keloid. Branding is performed using a branding iron with initials or some other design on a tip that is heated using an acetylene torch. 6 figures.

40

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to body piercing. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with body piercing. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about body piercing. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “body piercing” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “body piercing”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “body piercing” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

Patient Resources

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “body piercing” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

43

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.20

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

20

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

44

Body Piercing

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)21: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

21

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

45

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

46

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

47

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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BODY PIERCING DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acute Disease: Disease having a short and relatively severe course. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amphetamines: Analogs or derivatives of amphetamine. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopression, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Antibiotics: Substances produced by microorganisms that can inhibit or suppress the growth of other microorganisms. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte.

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Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blood transfusion: The administration of blood or blood products into a blood vessel. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH]

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Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Cicatrix: The formation of new tissue in the process of wound healing. [NIH] Cicatrix, Hypertrophic: An elevated scar, resembling a keloid, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1

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to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Decision Making: The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Dermatologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin problems. [NIH]

Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the

Dictionary 55

dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Expression: Observable changes of expression in the face in response to emotional stimuli. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or

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asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatologist: A doctor who specializes in liver diseases. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hyperreflexia: Exaggeration of reflexes. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins,

Dictionary 57

intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keloid: A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (cicatrix, hypertrophic) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues. [NIH] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]

Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and

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spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mononucleosis: The presence of an abnormally large number of mononuclear leucocytes (monocytes) in the blood. The term is often used alone to refer to infectious mononucleosis. [EU]

Motivations: The most compelling inner determinants of human behavior; also called drives, urges, impulses, needs, wants, tensions, and willful cravings. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nurse Practitioners: Nurses who are specially trained to assume an expanded role in providing medical care under the supervision of a physician. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Perioperative: Around the time of surgery; usually lasts from the time of going into the hospital or doctor's office for surgery until the time the patient goes home. [NIH]

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Perioral: Situated or occurring around the mouth. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Priapism: Persistent abnormal erection of the penis, usually without sexual desire, and accompanied by pain and tenderness. It is seen in diseases and injuries of the spinal cord, and may be caused by vesical calculus and certain injuries to the penis. [EU] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Ribavirin: 1-beta-D-Ribofuranosyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide. A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of

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developing a disease. [NIH] Risk-Taking: Undertaking a task involving a challenge for achievement or a desirable goal in which there is a lack of certainty or a fear of failure. It may also include the exhibiting of certain behaviors whose outcomes may present a risk to the individual or to those associated with him or her. [NIH] Safe Sex: Sex behavior that prevents or decreases the spread of sexually transmitted diseases or pregnancy. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sexual Partners: Married or single individuals who share sexual relations. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Smiling: A facial expression which may denote feelings of pleasure, affection, amusement, etc. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH]

Dictionary 61

Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uvula: Uvula palatinae; specifically, the tongue-like process which projects from the middle of the posterior edge of the soft palate. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH]

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Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis caused by a virus. Five different viruses (A, B, C, D, and E) most commonly cause this form of hepatitis. Other rare viruses may also cause hepatitis. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH]

63

INDEX A Abscess, 9, 51 Acne, 22, 51 Acute Disease, 25, 51 Adverse Effect, 51, 60 Aerosol, 24, 51 Airway, 3, 51 Algorithms, 51, 52 Alkaloid, 51, 53 Alternative medicine, 38, 51 Amphetamines, 51, 53 Anaesthesia, 6, 8, 10, 51, 56 Anesthesia, 51 Antibiotics, 39, 51 Antibody, 51, 53, 57 Antigen, 51, 54, 57 Antimetabolite, 52, 59 Antiviral, 52, 57, 59 Arterial, 52, 59 Arteries, 52, 54, 58 Arterioles, 52 Asymptomatic, 24, 52 B Bacteria, 39, 51, 52, 61 Base, 52, 57 Bile, 52, 57 Biological response modifier, 52, 57 Biotechnology, 4, 5, 22, 31, 38, 52 Blood transfusion, 23, 25, 52 Blood vessel, 3, 52, 53, 61 Body Fluids, 25, 52 Branch, 47, 52, 59, 60, 61 Breakdown, 52, 55, 56 C Cardiac, 52, 55, 58 Case report, 3, 18, 52 Cause of Death, 25, 52 Cell, 52, 54, 57, 58, 59 Cell Division, 52, 59 Central Nervous System, 51, 52, 53 Chin, 53, 58 Chronic, 23, 25, 53, 57, 60 Chronic Disease, 25, 53 Cicatrix, 53, 57 Cicatrix, Hypertrophic, 53, 57 Cirrhosis, 25, 53 Clinical trial, 4, 31, 53 Cloning, 52, 53

Coca, 53 Cocaine, 24, 25, 53 Cofactor, 53, 59 Collagen, 53, 57 Complement, 53, 54 Complementary and alternative medicine, 17, 19, 54 Complementary medicine, 17, 54 Computational Biology, 31, 54 Connective Tissue, 53, 54, 57 Contamination, 23, 54, 56 Contraindications, ii, 54 Coronary, 54, 58 Coronary Thrombosis, 54, 58 Curative, 54, 61 D Decision Making, 7, 54 Degenerative, 54, 56 Dentists, 4, 54 Dermatologist, 39, 54 Dermis, 54, 57 Diagnostic procedure, 38, 55 Digestion, 25, 52, 55, 57 Direct, iii, 55, 59 Dopamine, 53, 55 Drug Interactions, 55 E Eating Disorders, 22, 55 Edema, 3, 55 Electrolysis, 8, 55 Embryo, 55, 56 Endocarditis, 8, 9, 55 Endocardium, 55 Environmental Health, 30, 32, 55 Erection, 55, 59 F Facial, 55, 60 Facial Expression, 55, 60 Family Planning, 31, 55 Fatigue, 24, 25, 55 Friction, 39, 55 Fungi, 55, 61 G Gas, 56, 61 Gene, 22, 52, 56 Governing Board, 56, 59 Growth, 51, 56, 57, 59

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H Health Promotion, 24, 56 Hemorrhage, 18, 56 Hepatitis, 23, 24, 25, 36, 37, 56, 57, 62 Hepatitis A, 24, 36, 56 Hepatocytes, 56 Hepatologist, 24, 56 Hepatovirus, 56 Heredity, 56 Host, 56, 61 Hyperreflexia, 56, 61 I Id, 14, 18, 37, 46, 48, 56 Immune response, 51, 56, 61, 62 Immune system, 56, 61 Immunodeficiency, 10, 37, 56 Induction, 10, 14, 56 Infarction, 54, 56, 58 Infection, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 23, 24, 25, 36, 39, 52, 56, 57, 60, 61 Infectious Mononucleosis, 57, 58 Inflammation, 25, 51, 56, 57, 59 Ingestion, 57, 59 Inhalation, 51, 57, 59 Interferon, 24, 57 Interferon-alpha, 57 Intracellular, 57 Intravenous, 25, 39, 57 K Kb, 30, 57 Keloid, 39, 53, 57 L Laceration, 57, 61 Library Services, 46, 57 Lip, 3, 57 Liver, 23, 24, 25, 52, 53, 56, 57 Liver cancer, 25, 57 Liver Transplantation, 24, 57 Localized, 51, 57, 59, 61 Lymphatic, 57 M Malignant, 57 Mastication, 4, 58 MEDLINE, 31, 58 Mental, iv, 4, 22, 30, 32, 53, 55, 58, 59 Mental Health, iv, 4, 30, 32, 58, 59 MI, 22, 49, 58 Modification, 58, 59 Molecular, 31, 33, 52, 54, 58, 61 Monocytes, 58 Mononuclear, 57, 58 Mononucleosis, 22, 58

Motivations, 7, 58 Myocardium, 58 N Need, 3, 4, 7, 9, 18, 22, 23, 24, 39, 40, 58 Neurons, 53, 58 Nucleic acid, 58, 59 Nurse Practitioners, 7, 58 P Palate, 58, 61 Palliative, 58, 61 Patient Education, 36, 44, 46, 49, 58 Penis, 58, 59 Perioperative, 5, 58 Perioral, 4, 59 Pharmacologic, 51, 59, 61 Physiology, 24, 25, 59 Plants, 51, 53, 59, 61 Pneumonia, 54, 59 Poisoning, 36, 59 Posterior, 58, 59, 61 Practice Guidelines, 32, 59 Priapism, 6, 59 Progressive, 53, 56, 59 Prone, 39, 59 Prophylaxis, 59, 61 Protein S, 22, 52, 59 Psychic, 58, 59 Puberty, 22, 59 Public Health, 10, 25, 32, 59 Public Policy, 31, 59 Q Quality of Life, 24, 59 R Refer, 1, 53, 56, 58, 59, 61 Ribavirin, 24, 25, 59 Risk factor, 5, 25, 59 Risk-Taking, 11, 60 S Safe Sex, 24, 60 Screening, 53, 60 Sex Characteristics, 59, 60 Sexual Partners, 24, 60 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 60 Shock, 60, 61 Side effect, 24, 51, 60, 61 Smiling, 24, 60 Social Environment, 59, 60 Specialist, 24, 40, 60 Species, 60, 61 Spinal cord, 52, 59, 60 Stress, 22, 24, 60 Subacute, 57, 60

Index 65

Subclinical, 57, 60 Subcutaneous, 55, 60 Support group, 24, 60 Systemic, 57, 60 T Tetani, 60, 61 Tetanic, 61 Tetanus, 11, 37, 60, 61 Therapeutics, 61 Thrombosis, 59, 61 Thrush, 11, 61 Tissue, 51, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 61 Toxic, iv, 61 Toxicity, 55, 61 Toxicology, 32, 61 Toxin, 61 Transfection, 52, 61

Transfusion, 61 Trauma, 39, 61 U Unconscious, 56, 61 Uvula, 3, 61 V Vaccination, 24, 61 Vaccine, 23, 24, 61 Vascular, 54, 56, 57, 61 VE, 24, 61 Vein, 57, 61 Venous, 59, 61 Venules, 52, 61 Veterinary Medicine, 31, 62 Viral, 5, 17, 23, 24, 25, 62 Viral Hepatitis, 5, 17, 25, 62 Virus, 10, 23, 37, 57, 62

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Index 67

68

Body Piercing

Body Piercing: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Body Lice - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Lewy Body Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Piercing: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Body Lice - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Lewy Body Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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