BALDNESS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Baldness: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83761-9 1. Baldness-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail:
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on baldness. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BALDNESS ................................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Baldness ........................................................................................ 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BALDNESS ........................................................................................ 15 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 15 Finding Nutrition Studies on Baldness ....................................................................................... 15 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 16 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BALDNESS ................................................................. 19 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 19 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 19 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 20 General References ....................................................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON BALDNESS .............................................................................................. 23 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 23 Patents on Baldness ..................................................................................................................... 23 Patent Applications on Baldness.................................................................................................. 44 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 53 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON BALDNESS .................................................................................................. 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 55 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 56 Chapters on Baldness ................................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON BALDNESS ....................................................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Bibliography: Multimedia on Baldness ........................................................................................ 59 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BALDNESS .................................................................... 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 61 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 64 Academic Periodicals covering Baldness...................................................................................... 65 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 69 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 71 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 73 The Genome Project and Baldness ............................................................................................... 73 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 77 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 80 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 83 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 83 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 83 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 89
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Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 89 BALDNESS DICTIONARY ........................................................................................................... 91 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 135
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with baldness is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about baldness, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to baldness, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on baldness. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to baldness, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on baldness. The Editors
1 From
the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BALDNESS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on baldness.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and baldness, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “baldness” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Finasteride Under FDA Review for Male Baldness Source: Skin and Allergy News. 28(3):6; March 1997. Summary: This journal article for health professionals reports on the findings from a phase II study of finasteride. A 5 milligram (mg) per day formulation of the drug is used for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia. During phase II, 74 men received this dosage of the drug and 80 men received a placebo. Those who were treated with finasteride had a significant increase in vertex hair during the 1-year treatment program. The drug inhibits an enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, which is responsible for male-pattern hair loss. The manufacturer of finasteride has filed data from phase III trials with the Food and Drug Administration for treating baldness with a 1 mg per day formulation of the drug.
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Federally Funded Research on Baldness The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to baldness. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to baldness. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore baldness. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for baldness: •
Project Title: ANGIOGRAPHICALLY ANTIOXIDANT VITAMIN LEVELS
DEFINED
ARTERY
DISEASE
AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Lopez, Alfredo; Tulane University of Louisiana New Orleans, La 70118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This is a project to evaluate proposed risk factors of coronary heart disease in an adult population with suspected ischemic heart disease. The proposed factors include serum vitamin A, C, and E levels (antioxidants), as well as physical characteristics such as skin wrinkling, degree of baldness in males, earlobe crease, presence of arcus senilis and the amount of body fat. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECT OF HAIR GROWTH BY PROSTAGLANDIN F2A ANALOGUE Principal Investigator & Institution: Uno, Hideo; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of latanoprost (50 and 500 ug/ml) solutions on hair regrowth in the bald scalp of stumptailed macaques RESULTS Lantanoprost (Xalatan) using treatment for glaucoma has a peculiar hypertrichotic side effect on eyelashes; hairs grow longer and thicker. We examined the effect of latanoprost on hair regrowth in the bald macaque. Latanoprost, 50ug/ml and 500ug/ml, 0.5 ml per day, were topically applied on the bald scalp of four monkeys for 3 to 8 months. Another four monkeys were given vehicle alone for 5 to 8 months. Evaluations were made by 1) monthly global photographs, 2) micromorphometry of follicular growth in biopsied scalp skin (folliculogram analysis), and 3) hair counts for the conversion rates of vellus hair to intermediary or to terminal types (phototrichography).The effects of hair and follicular regrowth were dose-dependent. Latanoprost (500ug/ml) induced significant increase of length and density of hairs, over 80% increase of follicular
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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growth, and 27 to 74% increase of terminal hairs, in those compared to 0 time and 3 monthUs data. Xalatan (latanoprost, 50ug/ml) showed minimal degree of hair and follicular growth even by longer treatment period (8 months). Latanoprost, with its relatively low concentration (0.05%), markedly stimulated follicular regrowth in the macaque bald scalp. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECTS OF FINASTERIDE ON MALE PATTERN BALDNESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Imperato, Julianne; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The primary aim of this study is to determine the effect of finasteride (a 5 alpha reductase inhibitor) on the progression of androgen-dependent scalp hair loss. This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled multicenter study. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INHIBITORS OF 5ALPHA-REDUCTASE FOR ACNE THERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Li, Lingna; Anticancer, Inc. 7917 Ostrow St San Diego, Ca 92111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: This application addresses the need for selective non-toxic for acne. Excessive 5alpha-reductase activity is found in acne vulgaris as well as androgenic alopecia (male pattern baldness). Numerous side effects occur from current treatments of these diseases both of which originate in the pilosebaceous unit. We have developed a selective, effective, topically applied 5alpha-reductase inhibitor to modify pathological processes in the pilosebaceous unit. For example, toward this goal, we have previously developed a selective topical liposome hair follicle targeting technology fo r genes and other large and small molecules. The present application will focus on our recent observation that the 5-alpha- reductase inhibitor N, N-diethyl-4-methyl-3-oxo-4-aza-5alpha- androstane17beta-carboxamide (4-MA) incorporated into liposomes selectively induces apoptosis and inhibits growth of the dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-dependent hamster flank organ sebaceous gland. With regard to selectivity, when non-liposomal 4-MA was topically applied, the selective efficacy was lost resulting in the on- targeted contralateral gland being affected. With regards to safety, liposome 4-MA did not significantly affect prostate weight, T/DHT ratios or body weight gain compared to controls indicating safety as well as efficacy of topical application of liposome 4-MA. We proposed here to develop topical liposomal 4-MAS as an anti-acne agent. The Specific Aims of this application are as follows: 1) Optimize efficacy of topical liposomal 4-MA to selectively induce apoptosis of sebaceous glands of male hamsters; 2) Determine pharmacokinetics of topical liposomal 4- MA to hair follicles of human scalp grafted into SCID mice and in the hamster sebaceous gland; 5) Determine safety of effective doses of liposomal-4-MA by detection of changes in DHT/T blood ratios in treated animals. In Phase II, selective efficacy and safety studies will be conducted on larger animals in order to enable liposomal 4-MA to enter the clinic as an anti-acne therapeutic. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: Liposomal 4-MA will be developed as a topical selectively targeted therapeutic for acne for which they should be a very market. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MYOCARDIAL MYOTONIC DYSTOPHY PROTEIN KINASE FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Perryman, M B.; Director; Medicine; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (the applicant's description verbatim): The overall goal of this research project is to identify the functional role of human myotonic dystrophy protein kinase (DMPK) in myocardium. DMPK was the first identified member of a novel family of multi-domain serine-theronine protein kinases defined by a unique kinase core and common non-catalytic domains. Physiological substrates and functions for most members of this kinase family are unknown. DMPK was originally identified when a CTG triplet repeat sequence located in the 3' untranslated region of the DMPK gene was identified and shown to be expanded in patients with myotonic dystrophy (DM). DM is an autosomal dominant myopathy with pleiotropic effects including skeletal muscle weakness and wasting, a cardiomyopathy with cardiac conduction abnormalities and myocardial dysfunction, frontal baldness, and cataracts. The pathophysiology of DM is not understood, and a number of mechanisms-including reduced DMPK expression, RNA splicing defects, and reduced expression of a homeobox gene-have been postulated to explain this complex phenotype. DMPK mRNA and protein expression is greater in myocardium than in any other tissue type implying the presence of a previously unknown protein kinase mediated signal transduction pathway in myocardium. We hypothesize that DMPK is a multifunctional protein kinase and is a component of a previously uncharacterized myocardial and skeletal muscle signal transduction pathway. Alterations in the DMPK signaling pathway are likely to be responsible for at least a portion if not all of the pathophysiology of myotonic dystrophy. This hypothesis cannot be directly tested without a better understanding of fundamental properties of the kinase including DMPK enzymatic activity, domain structure and interacting proteins. We will use biochemical analysis and molecular biology techniques to characterize DMPK enzymatic activity and autophosphorylation, identify potential physiologic substrates, define DMPK domain function, determine the effect of DMPK proteolytic processing on enzyme function and localization, and determine the functional relationship of DMPK to other members of this kinase family. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: REGULATION OF GENES BY T AND DHT IN RAT AND HUMAN PROSTA Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcphaul, Michael J.; Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 24-JUL-1997; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: Although the principal androgen produced by the adult and fetal testis and circulating in the blood of males is T, many tissues such as the prostate gland, are dependent on the in situ conversion of T to DHT. Studies of patients deficient in one of the two isoenzymes that catalyze the conversion of T to DHT, as well as animal studies using specific inhibitors of 5a-reductase, have clearly demonstrated that T and DHT are not equivalent androgens, and that the formation of DHT is physiologically important for the differentiation and development of the ventral prostate gland and tissues of the male external genital tract. It is clear from studies of animals and humans with androgen resistance that both T and DHT bind to the same receptor protein within the nucleus of target cells. The objective of this project is to elucidate mechanisms by which two
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androgens account for the totality of androgen action during development. Two general hypotheses will be addressed in the proposed studies: 1) T and DHT elicit separate and unique androgenic responses during differentiation of the prostate gland, and 2) DHT formation is necessary to concentrate the androgenic signal in some tissues of the differentiating male urogenital tract. We do not feel that one hypothesis is mutually exclusive of the other, and in fact, have amassed preliminary data that support both. The proposed work is of enormous significance. Formation of DHT has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several human diseases, including BPH, acne, hirsutism, and male pattern baldness. The results of these studies will help define the distinct roles that T and DHT play in androgen physiology and indicate the directions that efforts to selectively interfere with the actions of T and DHT can take. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SHH INDUCTION OF POST-NATAL HAIR FOLLICLE/HAIR GROWTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Crystal, Ronald G.; Chief; Medicine; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract) - The goal of this proposal is to understand better the factors that regulate hair loss, which is a major social concern associated with more common male-pattern baldness as well as more rare forms of alopecia and chemotherapy. To understand hair loss and to develop new therapies to prevent this condition, it is necessary to develop better understanding of the biology of the hair follicle, a unique structure that develops and matures mainly in prenatal skin, and cycles in the post-natal skin in a complex interaction of epithelium and mesenchyme. Once developed, the follicles undergo a cycle of renewal in three phases: telogen (resting), anagen (growth), and catagen (regression). This proposal focuses on the role of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway on modulation of the hairfollicle cycle after birth. Shh function is associated with a complex pathway that includes Ptc (the Shh receptor), Smo (a G-protein coupled receptor that interacts with Ptc), a variety of signaling genes that include Wnt class proteins, and transforming growth factor-b family. Based on the known upregulation of Shh expression in the anagen phase of follicle growth, and preliminary data demonstrating that transient, adenovirus (Ad) gene transfer vector-mediated Shh expression induces anagen and robust hair growth in postnatal skin, the proposed studies are based on the hypothesis that transient (less than a week), enhanced Shh activity functions as a biologic switch that induces resting follicles to enter the anagen growth phase of the follicle cycle, with consequent hair growth. Experiments are proposed to evaluate two hypotheses in postnatal skin: (1) Transient imbalance of the Shh pathway in favor of Shh activity induces hair follicles to enter the anagen phase with consequent hair growth; and (2) for Shh to induce anagen, the enhanced expression of Shh must be in keratinocytes, and for the resulting follicle cycle to be normal, the enhanced expression must be transient (days), not persistent. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with baldness, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “baldness” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for baldness (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A case of acute myocardial infarction associated with topical use of minoxidil (RiUP) for treatment of baldness. Author(s): Satoh H, Morikaw S, Fujiwara C, Terada H, Uehara A, Ohno R. Source: Japanese Heart Journal. 2000 July; 41(4): 519-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11041102&dopt=Abstract
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A method for evaluating and treating the temporal peak region in patients with male pattern baldness. Author(s): Brandy DA. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2002 May; 28(5): 394-400; Discussion 401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12030871&dopt=Abstract
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A new classification of male pattern baldness and a clinical study of the anterior hairline. Author(s): Koo SH, Chung HS, Yoon ES, Park SH. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 2000 January-February; 24(1): 46-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10742469&dopt=Abstract
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A redefinition of male pattern baldness and its treatment implications. Author(s): Shiell RC. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1995 October; 21(10): 909. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7551751&dopt=Abstract
3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A redefinition of male pattern baldness. Author(s): Stough D, Jimenez F, Potter TS. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1996 May; 22(5): 484-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8634819&dopt=Abstract
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A technique for hair-grafting in between existing follicles in patients with early pattern baldness. Author(s): Brandy DA. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2000 August; 26(8): 801-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10940070&dopt=Abstract
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Absence of male-pattern baldness in men with X-linked recessive ichthyosis? A hypothesis to be challenged. Author(s): Happle R, Hoffmann R. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1999; 198(3): 231-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10393443&dopt=Abstract
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Association of benign prostatic hyperplasia with male pattern baldness. Author(s): Oh BR, Kim SJ, Moon JD, Kim HN, Kwon DD, Won YH, Ryu SB, Park YI. Source: Urology. 1998 May; 51(5): 744-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9610587&dopt=Abstract
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Baldness and coronary artery disease: the dermatologic point of view of a controversial issue. Author(s): Rebora A. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 July; 137(7): 943-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11453815&dopt=Abstract
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Baldness and coronary heart disease rates in men from the Framingham Study. Author(s): Herrera CR, D'Agostino RB, Gerstman BB, Bosco LA, Belanger AJ. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1995 October 15; 142(8): 828-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7572959&dopt=Abstract
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Baldness and ischemic heart disease in a national sample of men. Author(s): Ford ES, Freedman DS, Byers T. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1996 April 1; 143(7): 651-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8651226&dopt=Abstract
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Baldness and other correlates of sex hormones in relation to testicular cancer. Author(s): Petridou E, Roukas KI, Dessypris N, Aravantinos G, Bafaloukos D, Efraimidis A, Papacharalambous A, Pektasidis D, Rigatos G, Trichopoulos D. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1997 June 11; 71(6): 982-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9185701&dopt=Abstract
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Biochemical roles of testosterone and epitestosterone to 5 alpha-reductase as indicators of male-pattern baldness. Author(s): Choi MH, Yoo YS, Chung BC. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2001 January; 116(1): 57-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11168798&dopt=Abstract
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Correspondence re: E. Hawk, et al., Male pattern baldness and clinical prostate cancer in the epidemiologic follow-up of the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomark. Prev., 9: 523-527, 2000. Author(s): Demark-Wahnefried W, Schildkraut JM. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2001 April; 10(4): 415-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11319187&dopt=Abstract
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Early onset baldness and prostate cancer risk. Author(s): Denmark-Wahnefried W, Schildkraut JM, Thompson D, Lesko SM, McIntyre L, Schwingl P, Paulson DF, Robertson CN, Anderson EE, Walther PJ. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2000 March; 9(3): 325-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10750672&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic analysis of male pattern baldness and the 5alpha-reductase genes. Author(s): Ellis JA, Stebbing M, Harrap SB. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1998 June; 110(6): 849-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9620288&dopt=Abstract
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Glutathione, glutathione S-transferase and reactive oxygen species of human scalp sebaceous glands in male pattern baldness. Author(s): Giralt M, Cervello I, Nogues MR, Puerto AM, Ortin F, Argany N, Mallol J. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1996 August; 107(2): 154-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8757755&dopt=Abstract
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Gray hair, baldness, and wrinkles in relation to myocardial infarction: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Author(s): Schnohr P, Lange P, Nyboe J, Appleyard M, Jensen G. Source: American Heart Journal. 1995 November; 130(5): 1003-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7484729&dopt=Abstract
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Hair transplantation in women: treating female pattern baldness and repairing distortion and scarring from prior cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Epstein JS. Source: Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery : Official Publication for the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc. and the International Federation of Facial Plastic Surgery Societies. 2003 January-February; 5(1): 121-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12533155&dopt=Abstract
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Hair-raising. The latest news on male-pattern baldness. Author(s): Proctor PH. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 1999 April; 7(4): 39-42, 83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10382384&dopt=Abstract
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Hairy mice offer hope for baldness remedy. Author(s): Pennisi E. Source: Science. 1998 November 27; 282(5394): 1617,1619. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9867657&dopt=Abstract
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Impression formation as a function of male baldness. Author(s): Butler J, Pryor B, Grieder M. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1998 February; 86(1): 347-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9530759&dopt=Abstract
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Insulin gene polymorphism and premature male pattern baldness in the general population. Author(s): Ellis JA, Stebbing M, Harrap SB. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1999 June; 96(6): 659-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10334972&dopt=Abstract
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Longevity and gray hair, baldness, facial wrinkles, and arcus senilis in 13,000 men and women: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Author(s): Schnohr P, Nyboe J, Lange P, Jensen G. Source: The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 1998 September; 53(5): M347-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9754140&dopt=Abstract
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Male pattern baldness and clinical prostate cancer in the epidemiologic follow-up of the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Author(s): Hawk E, Breslow RA, Graubard BI. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2000 May; 9(5): 523-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10815699&dopt=Abstract
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Male pattern baldness and coronary heart disease: the Physicians' Health Study. Author(s): Lotufo PA, Chae CU, Ajani UA, Hennekens CH, Manson JE. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000 January 24; 160(2): 165-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10647754&dopt=Abstract
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Male pattern baldness is not associated with established cardiovascular risk factors in the general population. Author(s): Ellis JA, Stebbing M, Harrap SB. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 2001 April; 100(4): 401-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11256978&dopt=Abstract
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Male pattern baldness. Author(s): Hogan DJ, Chamberlain M. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2000 July; 93(7): 657-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10923949&dopt=Abstract
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Male-pattern baldness in men with X-linked recessive ichthyosis. Author(s): Trueb RM, Meyer JC. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2000; 200(3): 247-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10828635&dopt=Abstract
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Perception of baldness and hair density. Author(s): Vecchio F, Guarrera M, Rebora A. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 204(1): 33-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11834847&dopt=Abstract
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Polymorphism of the androgen receptor gene is associated with male pattern baldness. Author(s): Ellis JA, Stebbing M, Harrap SB. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2001 March; 116(3): 452-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11231320&dopt=Abstract
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Production rates of dihydrotestosterone in healthy men and women and in men with male pattern baldness: determination by stable isotope/dilution and mass spectrometry. Author(s): Vierhapper H, Nowotny P, Maier H, Waldhausl W. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 December; 86(12): 5762-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11739436&dopt=Abstract
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Progressive decrease in hair diameter in Japanese with male pattern baldness. Author(s): Ishino A, Uzuka M, Tsuji Y, Nakanishi J, Hanzawa N, Imamura S. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1997 December; 24(12): 758-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9492438&dopt=Abstract
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Re: “Baldness and ischemic heart disease in a national sample of men”. Author(s): Sheikh K. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1997 April 1; 145(7): 670-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9098186&dopt=Abstract
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Re: Minimal expansion for correction of male pattern baldness. Author(s): Hubbard TJ. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1995 October; 35(4): 441. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8585691&dopt=Abstract
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Rebuttal on baldness. Author(s): Leonard RT Jr. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1997 November; 102(5): 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9385328&dopt=Abstract
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Scalp flaps in the treatment of baldness. Long-term results. Author(s): Epstein JS, Kabaker SS. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1996 January; 22(1): 45-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8556257&dopt=Abstract
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Surgical options for male pattern baldness. Author(s): Elgert S. Source: American Family Physician. 1999 December; 60(9): 2508, 2510. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10605988&dopt=Abstract
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The bicoronal flap (craniofacial access): an audit of morbidity and a proposed surgical modification in male pattern baldness. Author(s): Kerawala CJ, Grime RJ, Stassen LF, Perry M. Source: The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 2000 October; 38(5): 441-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11010771&dopt=Abstract
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The occipito-parietal flap method in the treatment of male baldness. Author(s): Ezaki T, Kasori Y. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1995 September-October; 19(5): 469-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8526165&dopt=Abstract
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Therapeutic approaches to the management of common baldness. Author(s): Sommer M, Wilson C. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 1999 July-August; 53(5): 381-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10695105&dopt=Abstract
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Transcutaneous PO2 of the scalp in male pattern baldness: a new piece to the puzzle. Author(s): Goldman BE, Fisher DM, Ringler SL. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1996 May; 97(6): 1109-16; Discussion 1117. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8628793&dopt=Abstract
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Understanding and managing common baldness. Author(s): Tran D, Sinclair RD. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1999 March; 28(3): 248-50, 252-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10098304&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BALDNESS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and baldness.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Baldness The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “baldness” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “baldness” (or a synonym): •
Animal models of androgen-dependent disorders of the pilosebaceous apparatus. 1. The androchronogenetic alopecia (AGA) mouse as a model for male-pattern baldness. Author(s): Orentreich Foundation for the Advancement of Science, Inc., Biomedical Research Station, Cold Spring-on-Hudson, NY 10516. Source: Matias, J R Malloy, V Orentreich, N Arch-Dermatol-Res. 1989; 281(4): 247-53 0340-3696
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Male-pattern baldness in men with X-linked recessive ichthyosis. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland.
[email protected] Source: Trueb, R M Meyer, J C Dermatology. 2000; 200(3): 247-9 1018-8665
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Minoxidil with tretinoin in baldness. Author(s): School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco. Source: London Wong, D M Hart, L L DICPage 1990 January; 24(1): 43-4 1042-9611
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Saw palmetto, nettles, and pygeum for male pattern baldness. Source: HerbalGram. Austin, TX : American Botanical Council and the Herb Research Foundation. 2000. (49) page 31. 0899-5648
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The effects of N,N-diethyl-4-methyl-3-oxo-4-aza-5 alpha-androstane-17 betacarboxamide, a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor and antiandrogen, on the development of baldness in the stumptail macaque. Source: Rittmaster, R S Uno, H Povar, M L Mellin, T N Loriaux, D L J-Clin-EndocrinolMetab. 1987 July; 65(1): 188-93 0021-972X
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Transdermal viprostol in the treatment of male pattern baldness. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710. Source: Olsen, E A DeLong, E J-Am-Acad-Dermatol. 1990 September; 23(3 Pt 1): 470-2 0190-9622
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
Nutrition
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to baldness; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Food and Diet Hazelnuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,307,00.html Soy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BALDNESS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to baldness. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to baldness and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “baldness” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to baldness: •
A perspective on baldness. Author(s): Giacometti L. Source: J Am Med Womens Assoc. 1969 November; 24(11): 869-72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4242863&dopt=Abstract
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History of baldness. From magic to medicine. Author(s): Kligman AM, Freeman B. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1988 October-December; 6(4): 83-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3063376&dopt=Abstract
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to baldness; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Alopecia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hair Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Muscular Dystrophy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Herbs and Supplements Dehydroepiandrosterone (dhea) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Horsetail Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
Alternative Medicine 21
Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10105,00.html Rosemary Alternative names: Rosmarinus officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rosemary Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Thuja Plicata Alternative names: Western Red Cedar Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON BALDNESS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “baldness” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on baldness, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Baldness By performing a patent search focusing on baldness, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
5Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on baldness: •
17 urea, thiourea, thiocarbamyl and carbamyl4-azasteroid 5-reductase inhibitors useful in the prevention and treatment of hyperandrogenic disorders Inventor(s): Tolman; Richard L. (Warren, NJ), Witzel; Bruce E. (Westfield, NJ) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 5,620,986 Date filed: March 1, 1995 Abstract: Novel substituted 4-azasteroid 5-.alpha.-reductase inhibitors of formula (I), wherein A is (a), (b) or (c), are claimed as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts and formulations thereof. These compounds are effective inhibitors of testosterone 5.alpha.reductase(s) and are thus useful in the treatment of a number of hyperandrogenic conditions including benign prostatic hypertrophy, acne, seborrhea, female hirsutism, and male and female pattern baldness (alopecia). Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to novel urea, thiourea, thiocarbamyl and carbamyl 4-azasteroidal 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors. It is now known in the art that the principal mediator of androgenic activity in some target organs is 5.alpha.dihydrotestosterone, and that it is formed locally in the target organ by the action of testosterone-5.alpha.-reductase. It is also known that inhibitors of testosterone-5.alpha.reductase will serve to prevent or lessen symptoms of hyperandrogenic stimulation. A number of 4-aza steroid compounds are known in the art that are 5.alpha.-reductase inhibitors. For example, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,227,876, 3,239,417, 3,264,301 and 3,285,918; French Patent No. 1,465,544; Doorenbos and Solomons, J. Pharm. Sci. 62, 4, pp. 638-640 (1973); Doorenbos and Brown, J.Pharm. Sci., 60, 8, pp. 1234-1235 (1971); and Doorenbos and Kim, J. Pharm. Sci. 63, 4, pp. 620-622 (1974). In addition. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,377,584, 4,220,775, 4,859,681, 4,760,071 and the articles J. Med. Chem. 27, p. 1690-1701 (1984) and J. Med. Chem. 29, 2998-2315 (1986) of Rasmusson, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,845,104 to Carlin, et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 4,732,897 to Cainelli, et al. describe 4-aza-17.beta.-substituted5.alpha.-androstan-3-ones which are said to be useful in the treatment of DHT-related hyperandrogenic conditions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05620986__
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Bis (benzimidazole) derivatives serving as potassium blocking agents Inventor(s): Jensen; Bo Skaaning (Copenhagen S, DK), Olesen; S.o slashed.ren Peter (Klampenborg, DK), Peters; Dan (Arlov, DK), Str.o slashed.b.ae butted.k; Dorte (Farum, DK), Teuber; Lene (V.ae butted.rl.o slashed.se, DK) Assignee(s): Neurosearch A/S (Ballerup, DK) Patent Number: 6,194,447 Date filed: July 2, 1999 Abstract: This invention relates to novel potassium channel blocking agents, and their use in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions.Moreover the invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions useful for the treatment or alleviation of diseases or disorders associated with the activity of potassium channels, in particular asthma, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and rhinorrhea,
Patents 25
convulsions, vascular spasms, coronary artery spasms, renal disorders, polycystic kidney disease, bladder spasms, urinary incontinence, bladder outflow obstruction, irritable bowel syndrome, gastrointestinal dysfunction, secretory diarrhoea, ischaemia, cerebral ischaemia, ischaemic hearth disease, angina pectoris, coronary hearth disease, traumatic brain injury, psychosis, anxiety, depression, dementia, memory and attention deficits, Alzheimer's disease, dysmenorrhea, narcolepsy, Reynaud's disease, intermittent claudication, Sjorgren's syndrome, migraine, arrhythmia, hypertension, absence seizures, myotonic muscle dystrophia, xerostomi, diabetes type II, hyperinsulinemia, premature labor, baldness, cancer, and immune suppression. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel potassium channel blocking agents, and their use in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions. Moreover the invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions useful for the treatment or alleviation of diseases or disorders associated with the activity of potassium channels, in particular asthma, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and rhinorrhea, convulsions, vascular spasms, coronary artery spasms, renal disorders, polycystic kidney disease, bladder spasms, urinary incontinence, bladder outflow obstruction, irritable bowel syndrome, gastrointestinal dysfunction, secretory diarrhoea, ischaemia, cerebral ischaemia, ischaemic hearth disease, angina pectoris, coronary hearth disease, traumatic brain injury, psychosis, anxiety, depression, dementia, memory and attention deficits, Alzheimer's disease, dysmenorrhea, narcolepsy, Reynaud's disease, intermittent claudication, Sjorgren's syndrome, migraine, arrhythmia, hypertension, absence seizures, myotonic muscle dystrophia, xerostomi, diabetes type II, hyperinsulinemia, premature labor, baldness, cancer, and immune suppression. Ion channels are transmembrane proteins, which catalyze the transport of inorganic ions across cell membranes. The ion channels participate in processes as diverse as the generation and timing of action potentials, synaptic transmissions, secretion of hormones, contraction of muscles, etc. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06194447__ •
Compositions and methods for the treatment of male-pattern baldness Inventor(s): Tien; Henry C. (5660 SW. 58 Pl., Miami, FL 33143) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,574,011 Date filed: April 4, 1995 Abstract: The present invention provides methods and compositions of LHRH analogs for the treatment of male-pattern baldness. Male-pattern baldness is treated by the administration of compositions containing LHRH analogs. The compositions may be administered by any of a variety of routes, including parenterally, (including subcutaneous, and intramuscular administration), topically, transdermally or transmucosally. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions and methods for the treatment of male-pattern baldness involving analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ("LHRH analogs"). More particularly, the LHRH analogs of the present invention may be LHRH agonists or LHRH antagonists. The LHRH analog may be administered alone or in combination with a second LHRH analog in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Since the initial discovery of LHRH 20 years ago, roughly 5,000 LHRH analogs have been synthesized and evaluated for possible therapeutic use. However, no treatment
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method for male pattern baldness utilizing LHRH analogs has heretofore been advanced. The present invention is directed to the treatment of male pattern baldness with therapeutic agents known as LHRH analogs. Male-pattern baldness, also called androgenic alopecia, is largely the result of heredity, advancing age and male hormone secretion, specifically the hormone, dihydrotestosterone. Hence, male-pattern baldness may be said to be a time dependent steroid genetic expression resulting in a diminution in the growing phase of scalp hair. In advanced stages, male-pattern baldness is characterized by a bald scalp at the crown of the head and a horseshoe shaped fringe of hair remaining on the sides of the head. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05574011__ •
Compositions and methods of treatment of androgen-associated baldness using antisense oligomers Inventor(s): Arnold, Jr.; Lyle John (Poway, CA), Harper; Mary Ellen (Carlsbad, CA), Woolf; Tod Mitchell (Del Mar, CA) Assignee(s): Genta Incorporated (San Diego, CA) Patent Number: 5,877,160 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: Compositions and methods of treating androgen-associated hair loss, in particular decreasing the progression of male pattern baldness using a nucleoside Oligomer or Oligomers useful in the described methods are provided. Excerpt(s): Androgens are steroid hormones found circulating at varying levels in both men and women. They are essential in sex differentiation, development, and reproductive function. However, androgens can also play a role in undesirable physiological conditions, including different types of baldness. One of the most prevalent types of baldness is male pattern baldness (MPB). This condition is widespread, affecting two of every three men. MPB, which is inherited as a autosomal dominant trait with partial penetrance, is known to be androgen-dependent. This is evidenced in the fact that castrated males do not develop baldness. Hair follicles initially appear in utero. No new follicles are created after birth, and it is believed that none are lost in adult life. However, in MPB, hair follicles do become progressively smaller (miniaturized). Hair follicles exhibit cyclic activity. Each period of active growth of hair (anagen) alternates with a resting period (telogen), separated by a relatively short transition phase (catagen). Hair growth on the human scalp is a mosaic of follicular activity with each follicle at a stage independent of its neighbors. At any one time, between 4-24% (average 13%) of follicles are in telogen and <1% in catagen. Hairs reach a terminal or definitive length, which depends mainly on the duration of anagen, and partly on the rate of growth. In the human scalp, anagen may occupy three years or more; however, the percentage of follicles in telogen increases with age, resulting in a gradual thinning. In MPB, the ratio of telogen to anagen is increased still further. Also, in MPB the hairs in affected areas become steadily shorter and finer, and ultimately may be reduced to the short (<2 cm), fine, unpigmented hair known as vellus hair. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05877160__
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Compositions containing minoxidil and saw palmetto for treating baldness Inventor(s): Catalfo; Chris (Orlando, FL), Mussari; Fred (Melbourne, FL), Perry; Stephen H. (Longwood, FL) Assignee(s): Natural Science, Inc. (Melbourne, FL) Patent Number: 6,596,266 Date filed: February 20, 2001 Abstract: Compositions and/or formulations containing minoxidil as an active ingredient in combination with other active agents and/or enhancer agents (e.g., saw palmetto extract and nettle root extract) are provided. The compositions and/or formulations increase the hair growth capability of the composition. Also disclosed are methods of using the compositions to treat male patterned baldness and to stimulate hair growth on the scalp, including both the apex and frontal regions of the scalp. Excerpt(s): Androgenic alopecia is the single largest type of recognizable alopecia to affect both men (50%) and women (30%), primarily of Caucasian origin. Androgenic alopecia or common baldness represents 99 percent of all cases of hair loss (Brodland and Muller, 1991). The condition is characterized by the gradual conversion of terminal hair to short, wispy, colorless vellus hair. It is generally accepted that genetic hair loss arises from an inherited predisposition activated by circulating androgenic hormones. While many investigators have tried to isolate the causative androgen metabolite, no single molecule has emerged. For example, in comparative studies between non-balding controls, no significant difference between mean hormonal values or amounts has been detected. See Puolakka, 1980. This suggests that a sensitivity or receptivity to hormones at the cell binding sites within the dermal papilla is a possible factor. Several treatments are based on this theory using anti-androgens such as CPA (cyproterone acetate) in combination with ethinyl-estradiol and the aldosterone antagonist spironolactone, which, given in dosages from 75 to 100 mg per day has shown some benefit. See e.g., Rushton and Ramsay, 1992; Rushton et al. 1991. Most treatment modalities currently employed (such as hair transplantation) have been performed based on the theory that some hair follicles are genetically predisposed for sensitivity to androgens in the body. However, transplantation methods can be painful and expensive, often resulting in an undesirable "fake" appearance. No single treatment modality has proven completely or repeatably successful in inducing, maintaining and/or increasing hair growth. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06596266__
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Device for extending living tissue Inventor(s): Charvin; Guy (Antibes, FR), Fraisse; Georges (Saint Laurent du Var, FR), Frechet; Patrick (92, Avenue Mozart, 75016 Paris, FR) Assignee(s): Frechet; Patrick (Paris, FR), MXM (Antibes, FR) Patent Number: 5,723,009 Date filed: November 14, 1995 Abstract: A method for extending skin tissue involving an apparatus that it surgically implanted within the human body, and in particular, beneath the scalp area to extend hair producing tissue for reducing baldness. The apparatus is implantable through a temporary opening, and extends the living tissue over a period of time, wherein the apparatus is later removed.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a device for extending living tissue. The technical field of the invention is that of making materials that are surgically implantable in the human body. One of the main applications of the invention is making extender devices that are implantable for a determined length of time beneath the scalp in order to diminish baldness, but other applications can be envisaged for the device of the invention wherever it is useful and/or necessary to stretch tissue, e.g. for diminishing wounds where it is necessary to be able to cover a damaged area with new skin, in particular when the original skin has been destroyed or damaged by burning, trauma, etc. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05723009__ •
Enantiomers of 4-[[(cyanoimino) [(1,2,2-trimethylpropyl) amino]methyl]amino]benzonitrile Inventor(s): Atwal; Karnail S. (Newtown, PA) Assignee(s): Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (Princeton, NJ) Patent Number: 6,013,668 Date filed: July 21, 1998 Abstract: The (R)-enantiomer of 4-[[(cyanoimino)[(1,2,2trimethylpropyl)amino]methyl]amino]benzonitrile as well as the corresponding (S)enantiomer are useful for promoting hair growth such as in male pattern baldness. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of 4[[(cyanoimino)[(1,2,2-trimethyl-propyl)amino]methyl]amino]benzonitrile, pharmaceutical compositions containing same, and a method for promoting hair growth employing such enantiomers. Potassium channel openers such as minoxidil (Upjohn), pinacidil (Lilly) and diazoxide (Shiseido and Schering-Plough) are known for their hair growth stimulating activity. Thus, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,596,812 and 4,139,619 disclose use of minoxidil in the treatment of male pattern baldness, alopecia areata and balding in females. U.S. Pat. No. 4,057,636 discloses pinacidil. DE 3,827,467A discloses combinations of minoxidil and hydrocortisone or retinoids. R.sub.5 is hydrogen or R.sub.1. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06013668__
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External tissue expansion device for breast reconstruction, male pattern baldness and removal of nevi and keloids Inventor(s): Ger; Ralph (Lake Success, NY), Oddsen; Robert (Centerport, NY) Assignee(s): Progressive Surgical Products (Westbury, NY) Patent Number: 6,254,624 Date filed: October 6, 1999 Abstract: An external tissue expansion device applies constant continuous low grade force to skin to obtain additional tension free skin and subcutaneous tissue prior to a surgical procedure. The device consists of two suture plates each being laminated structure of steel and an adhesive attached foam cushion. On the each end of one suture plate is a housing that contains a constant force spring placed over a post. The ends of the constant force spring protrude from the housing and there is a hook attached to the
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end of the constant force spring. On each end of the other suture plate there is a housing, with a opening that can accept the hook of the opposite suture plate. These suture plates are constructed so that they can be manually shaped to conform to the topography of the body part to be corrected and are attached to skin near the defect to be corrected prior to a surgical procedure. When the hooks from one suture plate are inserted into the openings of the housing of the other suture plate, the constant force springs pulls the suture plates together and over a time period stretches and expands skin and subcutaneous tissue external from the suture plates and accumulates this additional tension free skin and subcutaneous tissue in the opening between the two suture plates. This invention further provides a method to permit breast reconstruction without the use of any prosthesis, whereby a surgeon expands a breast mound of the patient's own body tissue at a specific location consisting of tension free skin and subcutaneous tissue and shapes this breast mound into a breast. Excerpt(s): This invention is in the field of medical devices and techniques of tissue expansion that are used by plastic and general surgeons to obtain additional tension free skin and subcutaneous tissue prior to a surgical procedure to correct a defect or to cover an implantable prosthesis. Such surgical procedures include breast augmentation and breast reconstruction after mastectomy, removal of a nevus or keloid, removal of malignant or benign lesions, improvement of cosmetic appearance and other plastic reconstructive procedures of the body that require tension free skin and subcutaneous tissue without distortion of nearby body structures. Also the new invention can be used in new surgical procedures to correct male pattern baldness and for breast reconstructive surgery and removal of nevus, hypertrophic scars or keloids. It is a surgical axiom that wound tension should be avoided at all costs. In surgical procedures a certain amount of skin may be excised and easily closed but there is a point beyond which closure results in wound tension or the wound cannot be closed resulting in a deficit of skin. Skin tension is of particular importance in wound healing because a highly stressed wound environment delays wound healing. A wound sutured closed under tension will result in maximum scarring. Wound tension is also one of the factors for initiation of a keloid or hypertropic scar. For the plastic surgeon the qualitative end result is one of the most crucial factors in reconstructive surgery. The attention to minute details can be the difference between success and failure for plastic surgical procedures where cosmetic appearance is a critical factor. Tension free skin is especially important in facial areas or when skin coverage is required to cover a prosthesis. Wounds closed under tension can create distortions of nearby facial features such as eyelids, lips, etc., create wide displeasing scars or result in exposure of an implantable prosthesis. The physician has three surgical means to obtain additional tension free skin namely: (A) skin grafts, (B) free flaps and (C) internally placed tissue expansion devices. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06254624__ •
Formulations for treating male pattern baldness containing Serenoa repens, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B3, zinc and L-Arginine Inventor(s): Bryant; Andrew Edward (Little Trewollack, St. Wenn, Bodmin, Cornwall PL30 5PL, GB) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,019,976 Date filed: March 25, 1998
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Abstract: The invention relates to therapeutic formulations containing 75 to 85% by weight of a serenoa repens extract, 2 to 5% by weight of vitamin B6, 2 to 5% by weight of vitamin B3, 2 to 5% by weight of zinc salt, and 10 to 15% by weight of L-arginine. The therapeutic formulations can be used to treat male pattern baldness by topical application to the hair. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to therapeutic formulations and to the preparation and administering of such formulations. The invention has been developed initially in relation to the combating or alleviation of male pattern baldness, but is believed to have wider applications. The formulation includes an extract obtained from the fruits of the Saw Palmetto, also known as Serenoa repens. One method of obtaining this extract is described in French Patent Specification No. 2 480 754 and involves the use of a polar solvents in the presence of anti-oxidants and in an inert atmosphere. Another method of obtaining this extract is described in European Patent Specification No. 0 250 953 and involves the use of carbon dioxide as the solvent under high pressure conditions, for example, at pressures ranging from 100 to 350 bars and at temperatures ranging from 30.degree. C. to 50.degree. C. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06019976__ •
Hairpiece with reinforced mesh base Inventor(s): Martin; Les (Palm Beach, FL), Martin; Randy (Palm Beach, FL) Assignee(s): First Lady Coiffures, Ltd. (CA) Patent Number: 5,746,232 Date filed: April 1, 1997 Abstract: A hairpiece to mask baldness comprises a lace-mesh substrate formed from a network of transversely-oriented fibers. A series of stabilizing rings are woven into the substrate. The hairpiece also includes a plurality of hairs extending from one side of the substrate. The hairpiece is sized and shaped to cover a selected portion of an individual's head. The hairpiece is removably attached through use of liquid adhesive. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to hair replacement devices in general, and more particularly to a hairpiece having a reinforced, mesh base. Hair loss is a problem which affects many people. While some people affected by hair loss simply accept the resulting change in appearance, others do not and choose to retain a full head of hair. Over the years, devices have been created to help those individuals with thinning hair who wished to maintain the appearance of a full head of hair. One early solution involved the use of full-head wigs to simply mask an individual's balding head. While the use of a wig would cover regions of lost or thinning hair, they were not the answer for everyone. Wigs which cover an individual's entire head not only masked area of lost or thinning hair, they also cover hair-populated areas. In essence, these full-head devices provided too much "coverage" for some individuals. Those individuals who wanted only partial coverage needed an alternate option. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05746232__
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Human requiem Inventor(s): Gross; Mitchell S (Wayne, PA), Hurle; Mark Robert (Norristown, PA), Kikly; Kristine Kay (Linfield, PA) Assignee(s): SmithKline Beecham Corporation (Philadelphia, PA) Patent Number: 5,919,660 Date filed: June 24, 1997 Abstract: Human REQUIEM polypeptides and DNA (RNA) encoding such REQUIEM and a procedure for producing such polypeptides by recombinant techniques is disclosed. Also disclosed are methods for utilizing such REQUIEM for the treatment of a susceptibility to viral infection, tumorogenesis and to diseases and defects in the control embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis, and the nucleic acid sequences described above may be employed in an assay for ascertaining such susceptibility. Antagonists against such REQUIEM and their use as a therapeutic to treat Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, septic shock, sepsis, stroke, CNS inflammation, osteoporosis, ischemia reperfusion injury, cell death associated with cardiovascular disease, polycystic kidney disease, apoptosis of endothelial cells in cardiovascular disease, degenerative liver disease, MS, ALS, cererbellar degeneration, ischemic injury, myocardial infarction, AIDS, myelodysplastic syndromes, aplastic anemia, male pattern baldness, and head injury damage are also disclosed. Also disclosed are diagnostic assays for detecting diseases related to mutations in the nucleic acid sequences and altered concentrations of the polypeptides. Also disclosed are diagnostic assays for detecting mutations in the polynucleotides encoding REQUIEM polypeptide and for detecting altered levels of the polypeptide in a host. Excerpt(s): This invention relates, in part, to newly identified polynucleotides and polypeptides; variants and derivatives of the polynucleotides and polypeptides; processes for making the polynucleotides and the polypeptides, and their variants and derivatives; agonists and antagonists of the polypeptides; and uses of the polynucleotides, polypeptides, variants, derivatives, agonists and antagonists. In particular, in these and in other regards, the invention relates to polynucleotides and polypeptides of a human homologue of murine requiem gene, hereinafter referred to as "REQUIEM". Hematopoietic stem cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, are regulated by various growth factors and cytokines (Metcalf, D., Science 254, 529-531 (1992) and Vaux et al., Nature 335, 440-442 (1988)). Such cells committed to the myeloid lineage express high affinity receptors for GM-CSF1 and IL-3 (Miyajima et al., Blood 82,1960-1973 (1993)). Moreover, such cells develop a requirement for GM-CSF or IL-3 to survive and undergo apoptosis in response to GM-CSF or IL-3 deprivation (Williams et al., Nature 343, 76-79 (1990)). Hematopoietic cells are not unique in their requirement for growth factors for survival. Throughout development, cells of all lineages require proper signals to grow and differentiate. Failure to receive these signals often results in death of the cells by apoptosis. Even in the adult organism there is constant renewal and/or maintence of cells that requires growth factors and cytokines. Inappropriate cessation of signals from these growth factors may result in apoptosis thereby causing disfunction or disease. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05919660__
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Human SDR2 cDNA clone Inventor(s): Albone; Earl Francis (Conshohocken, PA), Kikly; Kristine Kay (Linfield, PA) Assignee(s): SmithKline Beecham Corporation (Philadelphia, PA) Patent Number: 6,090,579 Date filed: December 16, 1997 Abstract: SDR2 polypeptides and polynucleotides and methods for producing such polypeptides by recombinant techniques are disclosed. Also disclosed are methods for utilizing SDR2 polypeptides and polynucleotides in the design of protocols for the treatment of cancer, inflammation, autoimmunity, allergy, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, CNS inflamation, cerebellar degeneration, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis, amylotrophic lateral sclerosis, head injury damage, and other neurological abnormalities, septic shock, sepsis, stroke, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, ischemia reperfusion injury, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, liver disease, ischemic injury, myocardial infarction, hypotension, hypertension, AIDS, myelodysplastic syndromes and other hematologic abnormalities, aplastic anemia, male pattern baldness, and bacterial, fungal, protozoan and viral infections, among others, and diagnostic assays for such conditions. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to newly identified polynucleotides, polypeptides encoded by them and to the use of such polynucleotides and polypeptides, and to their production. More particularly, the polynucleotides and polypeptides of the present invention relate to 6-TM family, hereinafter referred to as SDR2 (stromal-cell derived receptor). The invention also relates to inhibiting or activating the action of such polynucleotides and polypeptides. Murine SDR2 was cloned from a bone marrow stromal cell line using a signal sequence trap method (Shirozu, M., et al., Genomics 37:273-280, 1996). Murine SDR2 contains a signal sequence and has six putative transmembrane spanning domains. Other six transmembrane spanning proteins function as ion transporters (Becker, D., et al., PNAS 93:8123-8128, 1996), water channel proteins (Misaka, T., et al., FEBS Lett. 381:208-212, 199; Jung, J. S., et al., PNAS 91:1305213056, 1994), iron transporters (Dix, D. R., et al., JBC 269:26092-26099, 1994) or have been linked to cellular activation and division (Gaugitsch, H. W., et al., JBC 267:11267-11273, 1992). This indicates that the 6-TM family has an established, proven history as therapeutic targets. Clearly there is a need for identification and characterization of further members of 6-TM family which can play a role in preventing, ameliorating or correcting dysfunctions or diseases, including, but not limited to, cancer, inflammation, autoimmunity, allergy, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, CNS inflammation, cerebellar degeneration, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, amylotrophic lateral sclerosis, head injury damage, and other neurological abnormalities, septic shock, sepsis, stroke, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, ischemia reperfusion injury, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, liver disease, ischemic injury, myocardial infarction, hypotension, hypertension, AIDS, myelodysplastic syndromes and other hematologic abnormalities, aplastic anemia, male pattern baldness, and bacterial, fungal, protozoan and viral infections. In one aspect, the invention relates to SDR2 polypeptides and recombinant materials and methods for their production. Another aspect of the invention relates to methods for using such SDR2 polypeptides and polynucleotides. Such uses include the treatment of cancer, inflammation, autoimmunity, allergy, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, CNS inflammation, cerebellar degeneration, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, amylotrophic lateral sclerosis, head injury damage, and other neurological abnormalities, septic shock, sepsis, stroke, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, ischemia reperfusion injury, cardiovascular disease, kidney
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disease, liver disease, ischemic injury, myocardial infarction, hypotension, hypertension, AIDS, myelodysplastic syndromes and other hematologic abnormalities, aplastic anemia, male pattern baldness, and bacterial, fungal, protozoan and viral infections, among others. In still another aspect, the invention relates to methods to identify agonists and antagonists using the materials provided by the invention, and treating conditions associated with SDR2 imbalance with the identified compounds. Yet another aspect of the invention relates to diagnostic assays for detecting diseases associated with inappropriate SDR2 activity or levels. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06090579__ •
Interleukin-1.beta. converting enzyme like apoptotic protease-6 Inventor(s): Dixit; Vishva M. (AnnArbor, MI), He; Wei-Wu (Columbia, MD), Kikly; Kristine K. (Linfield, PA), Ruben; Steven M. (Olney, MD) Assignee(s): Smithkline Beecham Corporation (Philadelphia, PA) Patent Number: 6,010,878 Date filed: May 8, 1997 Abstract: Human ICE LAP-6 polypeptides and DNA (RNA) encoding such ICE LAP-6 and a procedure for producing such polypeptides by recombinant techniques is disclosed. Also disclosed are methods for utilizing such ICE LAP-6 for the treatment of a susceptibility to viral infection, tumorogenesis and to diseases and defects in the control embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis, and the nucleic acid sequences described above may be employed in an assay for ascertaining such susceptibility. Antagonists against such ICE LAP-6 and their use as a therapeutic to treat Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, septic shock, sepsis, stroke, chronic inflammation, acute inflammation, CNS inflammation, osteoporosis, ischemia reperfusion injury, cell death associated with cardiovascular disease, polycystic kidney disease, apoptosis of endothelial cells in cardiovascular disease, degenerative liver disease, MS, ALS, cererbellar degeneration, ischemic injury, myocardial infarction, AIDS, myelodysplastic syndromes, aplastic anemia, male pattern baldness, and head injury damage are also disclosed. Also disclosed are diagnostic assays for detecting diseases related to mutations in the nucleic acid sequences and altered concentrations of the polypeptides. Also disclosed are diagnostic assays for detecting mutations in the polynucleotides encoding the interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme apoptosis proteases and for detecting altered levels of the polypeptide in a host. Excerpt(s): This invention relates, in part, to newly identified polynucleotides and polypeptides; variants and derivatives of the polynucleotides and polypeptides; processes for making the polynucleotides and the polypeptides, and their variants and derivatives; agonists and antagonists of the polypeptides; and uses of the polynucleotides, polypeptides, variants, derivatives, agonists and antagonists. In particular, in these and in other regards, the invention relates to polynucleotides and polypeptides of human interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme apoptosis protease-6, hereinafter referred to as "ICE LAP-6". It has recently been discovered that an interleukin-1.beta. converting enzyme (ICE) is responsible for cleaving pro-IL-1.beta. into mature and active IL-1.beta. and is also responsible for programmed cell death (or apoptosis), which is a process through which organisms get rid of unwanted cells. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, a genetic pathway of programmed cell death has been identified (Ellis, R. E., et al. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol., 7:663-698 (1991)). Two genes, ced-3 and ced-4, are essential for cells to undergo programmed cell death in C. elegans
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(Ellis, H. M., and Horvitz, H. R., Cell, 44:817-829 (1986)). It is becoming apparent that a class of cysteine proteases homologous to Caenorhabditis elegans Ced-3 play the role of "executioner" in the apoptotic mechanism (Martin, S. J., and Green, D. R. (1995) Cell 82, 349-352; Chinnaiyan, A. a. D., VM. (1996) Current Biology 6; Henkart, P. (1996) Immunity 4, 195-201). Recessive mutations that eliminate the function of these two genes prevent normal programmed cell death during the development of C. elegans. The known vertebrate counterpart to ced-3 protein is ICE. The overall amino acid identity between ced-3 and ICE is 28%, with a region of 115 amino acids (residues 246360 of ced-3 and 164-278 of ICE) that shows the highest identity (43%). This region contains a conserved pentapeptide, QACRG (SEQ ID NO:10) (residues 356-360 of ced-3), which contains a cysteine known to be essential for ICE function. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06010878__ •
Interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme like apoptotic protease-7 Inventor(s): Dixit; Vishva M. (Ann Arbor, MI), Kikly; Kristine K. (Linfield, PA), Ni; Jian (Rockville, MD), Rosen; Craig A. (Laytonsville, MD), Ruben; Steven M. (Olney, MD) Assignee(s): Human Genome Sciences, Inc. (Rockville, MD), Smithkline Beecham Corporation (Philadelphia, PA), The Regents of the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI) Patent Number: 6,008,042 Date filed: May 7, 1997 Abstract: Human ICE LAP-7 polypeptides and DNA (RNA) encoding such ICE LAP-7 and a procedure for producing such polypeptides by recombinant techniques is disclosed. Also disclosed are methods for utilizing such ICE LAP-7 for the treatment of a susceptibility to viral infection, tumorogenesis and to diseases and defects in the control embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis, and the nucleic acid sequences described above may be employed in an assay for ascertaining such susceptibility. Antagonists against such ICE LAP-7 and their use as a therapeutic to treat Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, septic shock, sepsis, stroke, chronic inflammation, acute inflammation, CNS inflammation, osteoporosis, ischemia reperfusion injury, cell death associated with cardiovascular disease, polycystic kidney disease, apoptosis of endothelial cells in cardiovascular disease, degenerative liver disease, MS, ALS, cererbellar degeneration, ischemic injury, myocardial infarction, AIDS, myelodysplastic syndromes, aplastic anemia, male pattern baldness, and head injury damage are also disclosed. Also disclosed are diagnostic assays for detecting diseases related to mutations in the nucleic acid sequences and altered concentrations of the polypeptides. Also disclosed are diagnostic assays for detecting mutations in the polynucleotides encoding the interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme apoptosis proteases and for detecting altered levels of the polypeptide in a host. Excerpt(s): Apoptosis, or programmed cell death (PCD), is a genetically regulated mechanism with a central role in both metazoan development and homeostasis. (Raff, 1992; Steller, 1995). The cell death machinery is conserved throughout evolution (Vaux et al., 1994) and is composed of several distinct parts including effectors, inhibitors and activators (Chinnaiyan and Dixit, 1996; Steller, 1995). Invertebrate model systems have been invaluable in identifying and characterizing the genes that control apoptosis. (Hengartner, 1996). While numerous candidate genes have been identified, how they interact to execute the apoptotic program is poorly understood. It is becoming apparent that cysteine proteases related to the Caenorhabditis elegans cell death gene ced-3
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represent the effector components of the apoptotic machinery. The first mammalian homolog of CED-3 identified was interleukin-1.beta. converting enzyme (ICE). (Yuan et al., 1993). Overexpression of ICE or CED-3 in Rat-1 fibroblasts induced apoptosis, suggesting that ICE was functionally, as well as structurally, related to CED-3. (Miura et al., 1993). However, such evidence is only a correlation, as ectopic expression of a number of proteases, including chymotrypsin, proteinase K and trypsin, cause significant apoptosis. (Williams and Henkart, 1994). Further studies suggested that proteases related to ICE, rather than ICE itself, may play a more important role in the apoptotic mechanism. First, a number of cell types stably secrete mature IL-1.beta. without undergoing apoptosis. Second, ICE-deficient mice, although unable to generate active IL-1.beta., fail to exhibit a prominent cell death defective phenotype,(Kuida et al., 1995; Li et al., 1995). Third, in an in vitro model of apoptosis, condemned phase extracts prepared from chicken DU249 cells failed to cleave the primary substrate of ICE, pro-IL1b. (Lazebnik et al., 1994). Instead, a proteolytic activity in these extracts, termed prICE, cleaved the DNA repair enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) into signature apoptotic fragments. (Lazebnik et al., 1994). Purified ICE failed to cleave PARP (Lazebnik et al., 1994; Tewari et al., 1995), suggesting that prICE was distinct from ICE. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06008042__ •
Methods and compositions for regulation of 5-.alpha.-reductase activity Inventor(s): Hiipakka; Richard A. (Chicago, IL), Liao; Shutsung (Chicago, IL) Assignee(s): Arch Development Corporation (Chicago, IL) Patent Number: 6,576,660 Date filed: April 28, 2000 Abstract: Compounds that inhibit 5-alpha-reductase are provided. The compounds are used to treat prostate cancer, breast cancer, obesity, skin disorders and baldness. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to compounds, compositions methods regulating the action and function of androgens and other steroid hormones by modulating the activity of steroid-reductases, including isozymes of 5.alpha.-reductases. More specifically, the present invention relates to the use of these compounds to regulate processes or treat disorders that are modulated by androgens or other steroid hormones or are caused by abnormal actions of androgens or other steroid hormones in cells or organs of animals, humans, plants, or microorganisms. This invention relates to the use of natural and synthetic flavanoids, catechols, curcumin-related substances, quinones, catechins and fatty acids and their analogues or derivatives as 5.alpha.reductase isozyme inhibitors and as therapeutic agents. These compounds can also be used in promoting or modulating desirable production of specific products for commercial purposes. In some of the androgen-sensitive organs, such as the prostate and skin, testosterone (T) is converted to a more active metabolite 5.alpha.dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by 5.alpha.-reductase (Anderson and Liao, 1968; Bruchovsky and Wilson, 1968). Other substrates of 5.alpha.-reductases are also converted to reduce products that may have specific properties. Inhibition of 5.alpha.-reductase represents a unique approach for developing therapeutic methods for androgen-dependent diseases, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, breast and prostatic cancer, skin disorders, seborrhea, common baldness, hirsutism, and hidradenitis suppurative. Various compounds have been shown to inhibit 5.alpha.-reductase activity (Liang and Liao, 1992; Hirsch et al., 1993; Russell and Wilson, 1994; Liao and Hiipakka, 1995). Finasteride (Proscar), a 5.alpha.-reductase inhibitor, lowers the level of DHT in serum and the
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prostate, reduces prostate volume and increase urinary flow in some patients (Stoner E. Finasteride Study Group, 1992). Certain aliphatic unsaturated fatty acids, such as.gamma.-linolenic acid (Liang and Liao, 1992) and catechin-3-gallates (Liao and Hiipakka, 1995), can inhibit 5.alpha.-reductase activity of liver and prostate of rats and humans in vitro. 5.alpha.-Reductase is found in many organs (Russell and Wilson, 1994; Hiipakka et al., 1993) including the sebaceous gland of hamsters (Takayasu and Adachi, 1972) and human hair follicles (Randall, 1994). Two 5.alpha.-reductase isozymes have been identified in rats and humans (Russell and Wilson, 1994). The type 1 isozyme predominates in rat tissues such as liver, kidney, brain, and lung, whereas the type 2 enzyme is more abundant in rat testis and epididymis. Both isozymes are found in skins of the neonate, but the type 1 isozyme is the major form expressed in the skin after puberty. The type 1 isozyme is also expressed in balding scalp. The possibility that the type 2 isozyme plays a unique role in skin and hair growth cannot be excluded. Finasteride, a 4-azasteroid, is a competitive inhibitor of 5.alpha.-reductases and has an affinity 30-fold higher for isozyme 2 than for isozyme 1 (Russell and Wilson, 1994). In contrast, the green tea catechins, epicatechin-3-gallate and epigallocatechin-3-gallate are more effective inhibitors of the type 1 enzyme and.gamma.-linolenic acid inhibits both isozymes equally well (Liao and Hiipakka, 1995). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06576660__ •
Methods for the treatment of baldness and gray hair using isoflavonoid derivatives Inventor(s): Kung; Patrick C. (Cambridge, MA) Assignee(s): Global Pharma, Ltd. (Lexington, MA) Patent Number: 5,639,785 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: The present invention relates to novel pharmaceutical compositions of isoflavanoid derivatives useful for the treatment of male pattern baldness and alopecia areata, and their use in promoting the conversion of gray hair to the original pigment in hair follicles. Also described herein are methods for the synthesis of isoflavanoid derivatives. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of isoflavonoid derivatives for the treatment of male pattern baldness and alopecia areata, and to promote the conversion of gray hair to the original pigment in hair follicles. Also described herein are methods for their synthesis. More particularly, this invention relates to the methods of making and using substituted benzopyranyl-4-ones. The management of hair loss has been addressed using topical antihypertensive agents such as minoxidil. V. H. Price, J. Amer. Acad. Dermatology, 16, 749-750 (1987). Minoxidil enlarges vellus hair follicles and seems to maintain terminal follicles in the scalps of mammals. After four months of treatment, approximately 25% of patients achieve minimal regrowth of hair. Rogaine.RTM., the only compound approved to date to treat baldness, was developed because the oral administration of the drug stimulated hair growth. (Upjohn Co. Physicians Desk Ref., pp. 2578, 49th Ed (1995). Minoxidil is a substituted pyrimidine. The present invention relates to the use of daidzein, known as 7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-H-1benzopyranyl-4-one. Daidzein is an isoflavone with a variety of pharmacological effects. Along with isoflavone glycosides, such as daidzin (7-glycoside daidzein), isoflavones are found mostly in leguminous plants. (J. L. Ingham, Naturally Occurring Isoflavonoids, Vol. 43, pp. 1-226, Progress in the chemistry of organic natural products, Ed, W. Herz, H. Grisebach & G. W. Kirby, Springer-Verlag, Wien, New York, 1983). The
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synthesis of daidzein & its derivatives was reviewed & reported by G. Shao et al (Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao 15(9), 538, 1980; Q. E. Ji and Y. L. Wei, Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao 24(12), 906, 1989). They demonstrated that some of these isoflavones protected mice from hypoxia and increased their coronary blood flow. Some of the isoflavones including daidzein tested negative in mutagenicity using the Salmonella and mammalian microsomal assay (R. M. Bartholomew, D. S. Ryan, Mutat. Res. 78(4), 317, 1980). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05639785__ •
Methods, composition and solutions for treating alopecia Inventor(s): Hester, Jr.; Jackson B. (Galesburg, MI), Meisheri; Kaushik D. (Kalamazoo, MI) Assignee(s): The Upjohn Company (Kalamazoo, MI) Patent Number: 5,643,942 Date filed: January 11, 1994 Abstract: This invention relates to the method for treating the form of alopecia commonly known as "male pattern baldness" which comprises regular topical application to the affected areas of the human scalp of a composition containing as at least one of its active ingredients of Formula I. It also encompasses the aforesaid compound itself for use as a therapeutic agent to arrest and reverse male pattern alopecia. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods. compositions and solutions for treating human alopecia, including male pattern alopecia (androgenic alopecia) and alopecia areata, involving the use of a substance known as BRL-34915 and related 4amino and 4-amido-substituted chromans, chromenes, and chromanols of Formula I, in association with a pharmaceutical carrier adapted for topical application. European Patent Publication Nos. 76075, 91748, 93535, 95316, 107423, 120426, 120427, 126311, 126350, 126367, 138134 and 173848 describe classes of chromanols, chromenes and chromans having antihypertensive activity and that they are of potential use in the treatment of other cardiovascular disorders. Such disorders include congestive heart failure, engine, peripheral vascular disease and cerebral vascular disease. Dermatologists recognize many different types of hair loss, the most common by far being "androgenic alopecia" wherein human males begin losing scalp hair at the temples and on the crown of the head as they get older while this type of hair loss is largely confined to males, hence its common name "male pattern baldness", it is not unknown in women. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05643942__
•
Pharmaceutical composition comprising starch, a compound comprising boron, a compound comprising zinc, and water, and a method of using same to encourage hair growth Inventor(s): Antoun; Jacques (3630 General de Gaulle Dr., New Orleans, LA 70114) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,103,273 Date filed: June 21, 1994
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Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of alopecia areata and male pattern baldness is preferably made from boric acid, zinc oxide, and starch. The method of the present invention comprises applying the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention to a person's scalp. The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can comprise 10 parts by weight starch, 60 parts by weight boric acid, 40 parts by weight zinc oxide, and 500 parts by weight water. The dry ingredients (starch, boric acid, and zinc oxide) are mixed together, then the water is added. The mixture is boiled for 20 minutes, stirring continuously. The mixture will thicken, become smooth, and the final consistency will have minute lumps within the liquid. Preferably, before the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is applied to the scalp, the bald spots are scrubbed with either pure lamb's wool or a soft-bristled brush made of animal hair. This cleanses the residue from the skin. The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is then rubbed on the bald spots. After 25 minutes, the scalp is rinsed, removing any excess composition. This procedure is repeated daily for 15 days. The inventor has found that it usually takes three-fifteen days for pores to open and fifteen days to three months for fuzzy hair to appear. The inventor has found that it takes approximately one to six months for hair to grow to the point where it appears normal. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions for and methods of encouraging hair growth. Hair loss occurs in many persons. Two relatively common causes of hair loss are male pattern baldness and alopecia areata. Alopecia areata is a disease affecting about two million people in the United States. It causes hair to fall out quickly, from scattered spots in the size a quarter to complete loss of all bodily hair, including the hair on the scalp. More information about alopecia areata can be obtained from the National Alopecia Areata Foundation (NAAF), P.O. Box 150760, San Rafael, Calif. 94915-0760, (415) 456-4644, Fax: (415) 456-4274. The NAAF publishes a bimonthly newsletter. The inventor of the present invention is aware of a commercially available pharmaceutical composition for encouraging hair growth--Rogaine.RTM. with minoxidil, commercially available from the Upjohn Company. However, Rogaine.RTM. is relatively expensive and has been shown to cause hair regrowth in only about 63% of the women who have tried it (as opposed to 39% of women in a placebo group). According to an August 1991 newspaper article, only 39 percent of men using Rogaine.RTM. in clinical trials either grew new hair or stopped losing hair after six to eight months on the drug. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06103273__ •
Purified flavonoid and diterpene 5.alpha.-reductase inhibitors from thuja orientalis for androgen-related diseases Inventor(s): Hara; Susumu (c/o Kabushiki Kaisha Yakurigaku Chuo Kenkyusho, 15-4, Soshigaya 4-Chome, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157, JP), Matsui; Rieko (c/o Kabushiki Kaisha Yakurigaku Chuo Kenkyusho, 15-4, Soshigaya 4-Chome, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157, JP), Takahashi; Hidehiko (15-26, Seijou 5-Chome, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157, JP) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,773,005 Date filed: June 7, 1996 Abstract: Strong 5.alpha.a-reductase inhibitors are extracted and fractionated from Thuja orientalis and other similar crude drugs or they may be purified as diterpenes in isolated form. The inhibitors are used either on their own or as active ingredients of therapeutics in the treatment of diseases caused by the overactivity of 5.alpha.a-
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reductase or the hypersecretion of androgens, such as male pattern baldness, androgenetic alopecia, hirsutism, acne, prostatomegaly and cancer of the prostate. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to therapeutics of androgenetic diseases containing as active ingredients the nonsteroidal 5.alpha.-reductase inhibitors that have been obtained by fractioning the extracts of crude drugs including Thuja orientalis, Fritillaria thunbergii, etc. The fractionated extracts of these crude drugs are directly used as therapeutics or they may be chromatographically or otherwise isolated and fixed as diterpenes which provide more potent therapeutics. The therapeutics of the invention exhibit pronounced efficacy against androgenetic diseases such as male pattern baldness, androgenetic alopecia, hirsutism, acne, prostatomegaly, and cancer of the prostate. Androgenetic diseases including acne, seborrhea, male pattern baldness, androgenetic alopecia, hirsutism, prostatomegaly and cancer of the prostate are induced by excessive production of 5.alpha.-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Since the DHT is produced in a target organ by the reduction of androgens with 5.alpha.-reductase, active efforts are being made to develop therapeutics of androgenetic diseases that contain 5.alpha.-reductase inhibitors as active ingredients. The 5.alpha.-reductase inhibitors are known to be available as steroids and nonsteroids. Potent nonsteroids are far from being suitable for clinical application. Some of the steroidal 5.alpha.-reductase inhibitors are at the advanced stage of commercialization but they cause the inevitable side effects of steroid hormones. Among the serious side effects caused by the steroid 5.alpha.reductase inhibitors are infectious diseases, peptic ulcer, diabetes, mental disorders, hypertension, withdrawal syndrome and adrenal insufficiency; the inhibitors also cause mild side effects such as moon face, obesity, acne, hirsutism, emmenipathy, edema, insomnia, osteoporosity and thrombosis. Steroids can cause not only the intended clinical effects but also unwanted side effects, so they are prescribed judiciously by physicians who administer the minimum necessary dose for the clinical efficacy while taking cautions to keep the possible side effects to minimal levels. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05773005__ •
R-enatiomerically pure hydroxylated xanthine compounds to treat baldness Inventor(s): Bianco; James A. (Seattle, WA), Porubek; David (Edmonds, WA), Singer; Jack (Seattle, WA), Woodson; Paul (Bothell, WA) Assignee(s): Cell Therapeutics, Inc. (Seattle, WA) Patent Number: 5,567,704 Date filed: June 1, 1995 Abstract: There is disclosed compounds and pharmaceutical compositions that are a resolved R or S (preferably R) enantiomer of an.omega.-1 alcohol of a straight chain alkyl (C.sub.5-8) substituted at the 1-position of 3,7-disubstituted xanthine. The inventive compounds are effective in treating baldness. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a discovery that an isomer of a hydroxy-substituted xanthine compound is an effective agent to modulate cellular responses to stimuli mediated through a stereo-specific cellular second messenger pathway. More specifically, the inventive compounds are an R or S (preferably R) enantiomer of an.omega.-1 alcohol of a straight chain alkyl (C.sub.5-8) substituted at the 1-position of 3,7-disubstituted xanthine. The inventive compounds are useful antagonists to control intracellular levels of specific sn-2 unsaturated phosphatidic acids and corresponding phosphatidic acid-derived diacylglycerols which occur in response to cellular
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proliferative stimuli and mediated through a phosphotidic acid (PA) pathway. Pentoxifylline (1-(5-oxohexyl)-3,7-dimethylxanthine), abbreviated PTX, is a xanthine derivative which has seen widespread medical use for the increase of blood flow. PTX is disclosed in U.S. Pat Nos. 3,422,307 and 3,737,433. Metabolites of PTX were summarized in Davis et al., Applied Environment Microbiol. 48:327, 1984. A metabolite of PTX is 1(5-hydroxyhexyl)-3,7-dimethylxanthine, designated Ml and as a racemic mixture. Ml (racemic mixture) was also disclosed as increasing cerebral blood flow (as opposed to just increasing blood flow) in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,515,795 and 4,576,947. In addition, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,833,146 and 5,039,666 disclose use of shorter chain tertiary alcohol analogs of xanthine for enhancing cerebral blood flow. In subsequent metabolism studies, PTX was found to be metabolized to the S enantiomer. Furthermore, U.S. Pat. No. 4,636,507 describes an ability of PTX and Ml (racemic mixture), to stimulate chemotaxis in polymorphonuclear leukocytes in response to a stimulator of chemotaxis. PTX and related tertiary alcohol substituted xanthines inhibit activity of certain cytokines to affect chemotaxis (U.S. Pat. No. 4,965,271 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,096,906). Administration of PTX and GM-CSF decrease tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels in patients undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplant (Bianco et at., Blood 76: Supplement 1 (522A), 1990). Reduction in assayable levels of TNF was accompanied by reduction in bone marrow transplant-related complications. However, in normal volunteers, TNF levels were higher among PTX recipients. Therefore, elevated levels of TNF are not the primary cause of such complications. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05567704__ •
Steroid 5A-reductases Inventor(s): Andersson; Stefan (New York, NY), Russell; David W. (Dallas, TX) Assignee(s): Board of Regents, The University of Texas System (Austin, TX) Patent Number: 5,679,521 Date filed: June 1, 1995 Abstract: Disclosed are methods and compositions for the preparation of steroid 5.alpha.-reductases by recombinant means, as well as for the use of these enzymes in screening assays for the identification of compounds which have the ability to inhibit or otherwise alter the enzymatic function of these enzymes. Biochemical and pharmacological evidence is presented to demonstrate the existence of more than one human steroid 5.alpha.-reductase. The DNA sequence encoding steroid 5.alpha.reductase 2, the major active isozyme of human genital tissue, is disclosed herein, in addition to methods and compositions for its preparation and pharmacological analysis. The sequences disclosed herein may be used directly in the preparation of genetic constructs, or may be employed in the preparation of hybridization probes for the selection of enzyme-encoding sequences from other sources. These sequences may prove useful in an analysis of normal and abnormal sexual differentiation, benign prostatic hyperplasia, male pattern baldness, acne, hirsutism, endometriosis, and cancer of the prostate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to enzymes, termed steroid 5.alpha.reductases, which function biologically to catalyse the conversion of testosterone to dihydroxytestosterone. Accordingly, the invention relates to the preparation of this enzyme from various sources by recombinant techniques, to nucleic acid segments which encode the enzyme or which can be used as probes for the selection of related sequences, as well as to assay methods for the identification of candidate substances
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which will affect the activity of the enzyme. The present invention is particularly directed to nucleic acid segments which encode the major steroid 5.alpha.-reductase isozyme in human genital tissue, to its preparation by recombinant techniques, and to assay methods for the identification of substances affecting the activity of this isozyme. The enzyme steroid 5.alpha.-reductase is a microsomal protein that plays a central role in human sexual differentiation and androgen physiology. Interest in this protein arises from several distinguishing characteristics. Firstly, steroid 5.alpha.-reductase catalyzes the conversion of testosterone into the more potent androgen dihydrotestosterone (Wilson, 1975). This latter steroid induces a program of differentiation during embyrogenesis that leads to the development of the male external genitalia (Wilson, 1978). Secondly, mutations in the gene for steroid 5.alpha.-reductase give rise to a rare form of male pseudohermaphroditism in which affected males develop normal internal urogenital tracts but fail to develop external male structures (Griffin et al., 1989). Thirdly, the expression of the gene is regulated by androgens in tissues such as the prostate and liver (Anderson et al., 1989a). A fourth distinguishing feature of steroid 5.alpha.-reductase is its role in several endocrine abnormalities including benign prostate hyperplasia, male pattern baldness, acne, and hirsutism (Wilson, 1980; Mooradian et al., 1987; Cunha et al., 1987). It is this fourth role which has led researchers towards the development of agents that will serve to inhibit the enzyme, with the hope that such agents will prove useful in the treatment of one or more of these conditions. Since the product of steroid 5.alpha.-reductase activity, dihydrotestosterone, is involved in inducing these and perhaps other conditions, it is believed that by inhibiting steroid 5.alpha.-reductase action, one can ameliorate one or more aspects of the particular condition. The drugs which have been used a therapeutic agents include principally 4azasteroid derivatives such as MK-906 (Finasteride) and 4-MA (Brooks et al., 1981; Vermeulen et al., 1989) that function as competitive inhibitors of the enzyme (Liang et al., 1985). The exact mechanism by which these compounds act in vivo has yet to be elucidated. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05679521__ •
Stimulation of hair growth with minoxidil and a 5.alpha.-reductase inhibitor Inventor(s): Buhl; Allen E. (Portage, MI), Diani; Arthur R. (Mattawan, MI), Schostarez; Heinrich J. (Portage, MI) Assignee(s): The Upjohn Company (Kalamazoo, MI) Patent Number: 5,578,599 Date filed: January 20, 1995 Abstract: An improved method and composition for promoting hair growth in mammals for treating various forms of alopecia or male pattern baldness comprising the concomitant administration of potassium channel openers, such as minoxidil, cromakalim, pinacidil, or a compound selected frown the classes of s-triazine, thiane-1oxide, benzopyran and pyridinopyran compounds; and a 5.alpha.-reductase inhibitors, 17.beta.-(N-tert-butylcarbamoyl)-4-aza-5-.alpha.-androst-1-en-3-one. The method comprises administering an effective amount of the potassium channel opener and administering an effective amount of the 17.beta.-(N-tert-butylcarbamoyl)-4-aza-5.alpha.-androst-1-en-3-one whereby the promotion of hair growth is increase over the sole administration of the potassium channel opener. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to improved methods and compositions for promoting hair growth by the concomitant administration of a potassium channel
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opener such as minoxidil, cromakalim, pinacidil, or a compound selected from the classes of potassium channel openers such as s-triazine derivatives, benzopyran derivatives, pyridinopyran derivatives and thiane-1-oxide compounds; and a 5.alpha.reductase inhibitors, 17.beta.-(N-tert-butylcarbamoyl)-4-aza-5-.alpha.-androst-1-en-3one. Since the discovery that minoxidil could promote hair growth and was useful in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia commonly known as "male pattern baldness" (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,596,812; 4,139,619), alopecia areata, and balding in females, effort has been directed toward attempts to improve upon the sole use of a topical minoxidil composition by incorporating other active ingredients, for example the combinations of minoxidil/hydrocortisone and minoxidil/retinoids (DE 3827467-A). Another approach has been to attempt to identify and quantify the biological mechanisms responsible for the initiating and controlling hair growth at the follicullar level and intervening with therapeutic agents which stimulate hair growth. It is well known in the an that the onset of puberty results in changes in endocrine levels which result in, among other changes, the stimulation of facial hair growth (males), axillary hair growth (males and females), and pubic hair growth (males and females). One class of compounds implicated in these effects are the androgens. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05578599__ •
Treatment of scalp baldness with 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate Inventor(s): Cortright; Joyce A. (Pine Bush, NY) Assignee(s): Taphorn; Joseph B. (Poughkeepsie, NY) Patent Number: 6,033,676 Date filed: March 11, 1992 Abstract: A process and product restoring hair to bald-headed men involves massaging the scalp with a commercially available ointmenmt known as BAG BALM. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to baldness, and more particularly to a method and product for overcoming baldness. Baldness is the absence of hair on the head. Baldness frequently becomes a problem as people age. There is generally gradual thinning of the hair over the head. The top of the head may become completely bald. Baldness may also be hereditary. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06033676__
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Use of emu oil for stimulating skin and hair growth Inventor(s): Holick; Michael F. (31 Bishop La., Sudbury, MA 01776) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,744,128 Date filed: May 3, 1995 Abstract: The present invention is directed to the discovery that topical or parenteral administration of emu oil to a mammal stimulates the proliferation of skin. Emu oil can be used to treat skin wrinkles and rejuvenate aged and photo-damaged skin. It has also been discovered that emu oil can be topically applied to stimulate melanogenesis in the skin and to stimulate hair growth. Thus, emu oil is useful to treat pigmentation disorders such as hypopigmentation, stimulating melanogenesis to enhance skin
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tanning, and treating disorders relating to disturbances in hair cycling such as alopecia, male pattern baldness, female baldness, and chemotherapy-induced alopecia. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to methods of topically, orally or parenterally applying emu oil or a fraction thereof to mammalian skin or hair for the purposes of stimulating skin and hair growth, or to enhance pigmentation of the skin. The invention further relates to compositions for topical, oral or parenteral application that are useful for treating skin disorders, said compositions comprising emu oil in combination with other substances known to have therapeutic effects on mammalian skin. For the purposes of this specification, the term "emu oil" refers to oils and preparations of oils derived from the emu (Dromais Novae--Hollandiae). International application WO92/08470, published May 29, 1992, discloses pharmaceutical compositions including emu oil and dermal transport enhancing compounds that are useful as topical anti-inflammatory treatments. The published application also discloses the isolation of a biologically active fraction of emu oil that displays topical anti-inflammatory activity. The inventors surmise that the potent anti-elastase activity demonstrated to be present in the emu oil could provide a local anti-inflammatory, as well as an anti-degenerative effect, to dermal tissues that could be particularly relevant during dermal inflammation where cell and tissue damage produced by exposure to strong UV radiation, as in sunburn, occurs. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05744128__ •
Use of sucralfate to treat baldness Inventor(s): Bar-Shalom; Daniel (Rypevaenget 213, DK-2980 Kokkedal, DK), Bukh; Niels (Strandvejen 122, DK-2900 Hellerup, DK) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,618,798 Date filed: May 23, 1994 Abstract: A method of treating and/or preventing alopecia (baldness, deficient hair growth) comprises administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of a sulfated mono-, di- or oligosaccharide or a derivative, salt or complex thereof. The saccharide is preferably polysulfated, such as a polysulfated disaccharide, in particular sucrose, or a derivative, complex or salt thereof. Especially interesting polysulfated disaccharides are sucrose pentasulfate, sucrose hexasulfate, sucrose heptasulfate and sucrose octasulfate, e.g. in the form of a potassium or sodium salt, or in the form of sucralfate. Excerpt(s): Alopecia (baldness or deficient hair growth) is a condition which leads to more or less disabling or discomfort to the individual suffering therefrom, ranging from minor cosmetic disadvantages to severe psychological consequences. Alopecia has a number of etiologies. The most common form of alopecia is androgenetic alopecia, more accurately described as common baldness. Androgenetic alopecia occurs in chimpanzees, orang-outangs and other primates as well as in man. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05618798__
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Patent Applications on Baldness As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to baldness: •
7-oxo-DHEA compounds for treating keratinous conditions/afflictions Inventor(s): Burnier, Veronique; (Paris, FR), Cavezza, Alexandre; (Tremblay-En-France, FR), Dalko, Maria; (Gif Sur Yvette, FR), Picard-Lesboueyries, Elisabeth; (Velizy, FR), Renault, Beatrice; (Saint Maurice, FR) Correspondence: Norman H. Stepno, Esquire; BURNS, DOANE, SWECKER & MATHIS, L.L.P.; P.O. Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20030054021 Date filed: June 14, 2002 Abstract: 7-Oxo-DHEA derivatives, various of which are themselves novel compounds, are well suited for cosmetically/therapeutically treating adverse conditions/afflictions of a keratinous substrate/material, notably of human skin, hair, eyelashes and nails, to improve the appearance thereof, in particular to prevent or treat signs of aging of the skin and/or a dull complexion and/or skin or hair pigmentation disorders and/or dryness of the skin and/or hyperseborrhoea and/or hyperseborrhoea-related imperfections and/or sensitive skin and/or dandruff and/or natural hair loss and/or baldness. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn. 119 of FR-01/07804, filed Jun. 14, 2001, hereby expressly incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to novel 7-oxo-DHEA derivatives, to a process for synthesizing such novel compounds and to cosmetic/therapeutic compositions comprising same. The present invention also relates to cosmetic applications of at least one 7-oxo-DHEA derivative to improve the appearance of keratin materials and substrates, such as the skin, the hair, the eyelashes and the nails, in particular to prevent or treat adverse signs of aging of the skin and/or a dull complexion and/or skin or hair pigmentation disorders and/or dryness of the skin and/or hyperseborrhoea and/or hyperseborrhoea-related imperfections and/or sensitive skin and/or dandruff and/or natural hair loss and/or baldness. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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BALDNESS COSMETIC AND METHOD OF APPLICATION Inventor(s): BACKUS, ALAN L.; (LOS ANGELES, CA), POND, KENNETH; (JINDALEE, AU), POPEIL, RONALD M.; (LAS VEGAS, NV) Correspondence: BRAIN M. BERLINER; O'MELVENY & MYERS LLP; 400 SOUTH HOPE STREET; LOS ANGELES; CA; 90071-2899; US Patent Application Number: 20010006627 Date filed: December 22, 1998
6 This
has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Abstract: A process for treating balding spots and a composition which when applied to areas of thinning or balding hair increases the width and visibility of the hairs within the thinning or balding area and thus obscures visibility of the scalp or skin underlying the hairs. A bonding agent helps make the spray more efficient in application, decreases undesirable overspray, and increases formula adherence to hair shafts. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a cosmetic for obscuring balding areas by enhancing the visibility of existing hair within the balding area and a novel method of application. Baldness has been a problem, both for men and women, throughout the ages. A thinning scalp has long been a traditional sign of aging. People have used hair pieces, hair weaves, internal and externally applied medicines, hair transplant and scalp reduction surgeries, and many other means to try to avoid appearing bald. Some attempts have worked, but most have proven expensive, difficult and at best only partially successful. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Compositions and methods for treating baldness Inventor(s): Catalfo, Chris; (Orlando, FL), Mussari, Fred; (Melbourne, FL), Perry, Stephen H.; (Longwood, FL) Correspondence: Timothy H. Van Dyke; Bencen & Van Dyke, P.A.; 1630 Hillcrest Street; Orlando; FL; 32803; US Patent Application Number: 20020028257 Date filed: February 20, 2001 Abstract: Disclosed herein are novel compositions and/or formulations containing minoxidil as an active ingredient in combination with other active agents and/or enhancer agents (e.g., saw palmetto extract and nettle root extract) which increase the hair growth capability of the composition. Also disclosed are methods of using the novel compositions to treat male patterned baldness and to stimulate hair growth on the scalp, including both the apex and frontal regions of the scalp. Excerpt(s): The subject application claims the benefit under 35 USC.sctn. 119(e) of Provisional Application No. 60/183553 filed Feb. 18, 2000. Androgenic alopecia is the single largest type of recognizable alopecia to affect both men (50%) and women (30%), primarily of Caucasian origin. Androgenic alopecia or common baldness represents 99 percent of all cases of hair loss (Brodland and Muller, 1991). The condition is characterized by the gradual conversion of terminal hair to short, wispy, colorless vellus hair. It is generally accepted that genetic hair loss arises from an inherited predisposition activated by circulating androgenic hormones. While many investigators have tried to isolate the causative androgen metabolite, no single molecule has emerged. For example, in comparative studies between non-balding controls, no significant difference between mean hormonal values or amounts has been detected. See Puolakka, 1980. This suggests that a sensitivity or receptivity to hormones at the cell binding sites within the dermal papilla is a possible factor. Several treatments are based on this theory using anti-androgens such as CPA (cyproterone acetate) in combination with ethinyl-estradiol and the aldosterone antagonist spironolactone, which, given in dosages from 75 to 100 mg per day has shown some benefit. See e.g., Rushton and Ramsay, 1992; Rushton et al. 1991. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Compounds for blocking androgen receptors Inventor(s): Mamana, John P.; (McLean, VA) Correspondence: McGuireWoods LLP; 1750 Tysons Boulevard, Suite 1800; McLean; VA; 22102; US Patent Application Number: 20030153627 Date filed: January 9, 2003 Abstract: Compounds used to block non-essential androgen receptors are described. In particular, cyclohexenone compounds containing an alkyl group may be used in the treatment of conditions mediated by the blocking of non-essential androgen receptors such as acne, male patterned baldness, keloids, skin-wrinkling, and osteoarthritis. The cyclohexenone compound may be administered orally, topically, or internally. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to and is related to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/346,545, filed Jan. 9, 2002, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. The present invention is directed to compounds that are useful for treating conditions mediated by blocking non-essential androgen receptors in a patient. It is well know that androgen plays a significant role in causing a variety of conditions such as acne and male patterned baldness. Other conditions that are thought to be related to androgen include keloids, adhesions, elastin synthesis, wrinkling effects, and osteoarthritis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Cosmetic uses of 3beta-acetoxy-7-oxo-DHEA Inventor(s): Burnier, Veronique; (Paris, FR), Courchay, Guy; (Sucy-en-Brie, FR), PicardLesboueyries, Elisabeth; (Velizy, FR), Renault, Beatrice; (Saint Maurice, FR), Roguet, Roland; (Paris, FR) Correspondence: Thomas L. Irving; FINNEGAN, HENDERSON, FARABOW,; GARRETT & DUNNER, L.L.P.; 1300 I Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005-3315; US Patent Application Number: 20030165547 Date filed: May 17, 2002 Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the cosmetic use of 3.beta.-acetoxy-7-oxoDHEA to improve the appearance of keratin materials, with the exception of the treatment of wrinkles and fine lines, dry skin and dermatitis. This use is intended in particular for preventing or treating the loss of firmness of the skin and/or a dull complexion and/or dilation of the pores and/or skin or hair pigmentation disorders and/or hyperseborrhea and/or hyperseborrhea-related imperfections and/or sensitive skin and/or hair loss and/or baldness. The invention also relates to a cosmetic composition containing, in a physiologically acceptable medium, 3.beta.-acetoxy-7-oxoDHEA in combination with at least one other compound. DHEA, or dehydroepiandrosterone, is a natural steroid produced essentially by the adrenal glands. Exogenous DHEA, administered topically or orally, is known for its capacity to promote epidermal keratinization (JP-07 196 467) and to treat dry skin by increasing the endogenous production and secretion of sebum and thus reinforcing the skin's barrier effect (U.S. Pat. No. 4,496,556). Patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,932 has also described the use of DHEA to remedy dermal atrophy by inhibiting the loss of collagen and connective tissue. Finally, the Applicant has demonstrated the capacity of DHEA to combat the
Patents 47
weathered appearance of the skin (FR 00/00349), to modify skin and hair pigmentation (FR 99/12773) and to combat epidermal atrophy (FR 00/06154). These properties of DHEA make it a candidate of choice as an anti-ageing active agent. However, for regulatory reasons, the hormonal nature of DHEA currently prevents it from being used for the manufacture of cosmetic products in certain countries, and there is thus still a need to provide DHEA analogues with properties as advantageous as DHEA itself, but without any hormonal effects. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
INHIBITION OF APOPTOSIS IN KERATINOCYTES BY A LIGAND OF p75 NERVE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR Inventor(s): ELLER, MARK; (BOSTON, MA), GILCHRIST, BARBARA A.; (BROOKLINE, MA), YAAR, MINA; (SHARON, MA) Correspondence: HAMILTON, BROOK, SMITH & REYNOLDS, P.C.; 530 VIRGINIA ROAD; P.O. BOX 9133; CONCORD; MA; 01742-9133; US Patent Application Number: 20030175231 Date filed: February 4, 1998 Abstract: Methods to control, or manipulate, melanocyte and keratinocyte cell death are disclosed. In particular, a method of preventing epidermal melanocyte cell loss due to injury in a vertebrate is disclosed. Also disclosed is a method of inducing hair growth in a vertebrate, a method of inducing hair color in a vertebrate, a method of inducing skin color in a vertebrate, a method of treating baldness in an individual, and a method of treating alopecia areata in an individual. Excerpt(s): This application is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. Ser. No.: 08/793,683 filed Aug. 30, 1995, which is the U.S. National Phase of PCT/US95/10971 filed Aug. 30, 1995 which is a Continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 08/298,941, filed Aug. 31, 1994, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. Normal hair follicles cycle between a growth stage (anagen), a degenerative stage (catagen), and a resting stage (telogen). The scalp hairs have a relatively long life cycle: the anagen stage ranges from two to five years, the catagen stage ranges from a few days to a few weeks, and the telogen stage is approximately three months (Fitzpatrick, T. B., et al., eds., DERMATOLOGY IN GENERAL MEDICINE (Vol. I), McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993, pp. 290291; Sperling, L. C., J. Amer. Acad. Dermatology (v. 25, No. 1, Part 1), pp. 1-17 (1991)). Shorter hairs found elsewhere on the body have corresponding shorter anagen duration. The morphology of the hair and the hair follicle changes dramatically over the course of the life cycle of the hair. During anagen, the hair follicle is highly active metabolically (Sperling, L. C., J. Amer. Acad. Dermatology (v. 25, No. 1, Part 1), p. 4 (1991)). The follicle comprises a follicular (dermal) papilla at the base of the follicle; epidermal matrix cells surrounding the follicular papilla and forming the base of a hair shaft; and the hair shaft that extends upwards from the papilla through the hair canal (Fitzpatrick, T. B., et al., eds., DERMATOLOGY IN GENERAL MEDICINE (Vol. I), McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993). The matrix cells are the actively growing portion of the hair (Sperling, L. C., J. Amer. Acad. Dermatology (v. 25, No. 1, Part 1), p.6 (1991)). At catagen, the matrix cells retract from the papilla, and other degenerative changes occur (Sperling, L. C., J. Amer. Acad. Dermatology (v. 25, No. 1, Part 1), pp. 13-14 (1991)). A column of epithelial cells pushes the keratinized proximal shaft of the hair upwards (Sperling, L. C., J. Amer. Acad. Dermatology (v. 25, No. 1, Part 1), p. 3 (1991)), and cell death occurs within the follicle
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(Fitzpatrick, T. B., et al., eds., DERMATOLOGY IN GENERAL MEDICINE (Vol. I), McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993, p. 291). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Methods and compositions for regulation of 5-alpha reductase activity Inventor(s): Hiipakka, Richard A.; (Chicago, IL), Liao, Shutsung; (Chicago, IL) Correspondence: MAYER, BROWN, ROWE & MAW; P.O. BOX 2828; CHICAGO; IL; 60690; US Patent Application Number: 20030144346 Date filed: November 14, 2002 Abstract: Compounds that inhibit 5.alpha.-reductase are provided. The compounds are used to treat prostate cancer, breast cancer, obesity, skin disorders and baldness. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to compounds, compositions and methods regulating the action and function of androgens and other steroid hormones by modulating the activity of steroid-reductases, including isozymes of 5.alpha.-reductases. More specifically, the present invention relates to the use of these compounds to regulate processes or treat disorders that are modulated by androgens or other steroid hormones or are caused by abnormal actions of androgens or other steroid hormones in cells or organs of animals, humans, plants, or microorganisms. This invention relates to the use of natural and synthetic flavanoids, catechols, curcumin-related substances, quinones, catechins and fatty acids and their analogues or derivatives as 5.alpha.reductase isozyme inhibitors and as therapeutic agents. These compounds can also be used in promoting or modulating desirable production of specific products for commercial purposes. In some of the androgen-sensitive organs, such as the prostate and skin, testosterone (T) is converted to a more active metabolite 5.alpha.dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by 5.alpha.-reductase (Anderson and Liao, 1968; Bruchovsky and Wilson, 1968). Other substrates of 5.alpha.-reductases are also converted to reduce products that may have specific properties. Inhibition of 5.alpha.-reductase represents a unique approach for developing therapeutic methods for androgen-dependent diseases, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, breast and prostatic cancer, skin disorders, seborrhea, common baldness, hirsutism, and hidradenitis suppurative. Various compounds have been shown to inhibit 5.alpha.-reductase activity (Liang and Liao, 1992; Hirsch et al., 1993; Russell and Wilson, 1994; Liao and Hiipakka, 1995). Finasteride (Proscar), a 5.alpha.-reductase inhibitor, lowers the level of DHT in serum and the prostate, reduces prostate volume and increase urinary flow in some patients (Stoner E. Finasteride Study Group, 1992). Certain aliphatic unsaturated fatty acids, such as.gamma.-linolenic acid (Liang and Liao, 1992) and catechin-3-gallates (Liao and Hiipakka, 1995), can inhibit 5.alpha.-reductase activity of liver and prostate of rats and humans in vitro. 5.alpha.-Reductase is found in many organs (Russell and Wilson, 1994; Hiipakka et al., 1993) including the sebaceous gland of hamsters (Takayasu and Adachi, 1972) and human hair follicles (Randall, 1994). Two 5.alpha.-reductase isozymes have been identified in rats and humans (Russell and Wilson, 1994). The type 1 isozyme predominates in rat tissues such as liver, kidney, brain, and lung, whereas the type 2 enzyme is more abundant in rat testis and epididymis. Both isozymes are found in skins of the neonate, but the type 1 isozyme is the major form expressed in the skin after puberty. The type 1 isozyme is also expressed in balding scalp. The possibility that the type 2 isozyme plays a unique role in skin and hair growth cannot be excluded. Finasteride, a 4-azasteroid, is a competitive inhibitor of 5.alpha.-reductases and has an
Patents 49
affinity 30-fold higher for isozyme 2 than for isozyme 1 (Russell and Wilson, 1994). In contrast, the green tea catechins, epicatechin-3-gallate and epigallocatechin-3-gallate are more effective inhibitors of the type 1 enzyme and.gamma.-linolenic acid inhibits both isozymes equally well (Liao and Hiipakka, 1995). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Nitrosated and nitrosylated potassium channel activators, compositions and methods of use Inventor(s): Garvey, David S.; (Dover, MA), Tejada, Inigo Saenz de; (Madrid, ES) Correspondence: EDWARD D GRIEFF; HALE & DORR LLP; 1455 PENNSYLVANIA AVE, NW; WASHINGTON; DC; 20004; US Patent Application Number: 20020143188 Date filed: May 28, 2002 Abstract: The present invention describes novel nitrosated and/or nitrosylated potassium channel activators, and novel compositions comprising at least one nitrosated and/or nitrosylated potassium channel activator, and, optionally, at least one compound that donates, transfers or releases nitric oxide, elevates endogenous levels of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, stimulates endogenous synthesis of nitric oxide or is a substrate for nitric oxide synthase and/or at least one vasoactive agent. The present invention also provides novel compositions comprising at least one potassium channel activator, and at least one compound that donates, transfers or releases nitric oxide, elevates endogenous levels of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, stimulates endogenous synthesis of nitric oxide or is a substrate for nitric oxide synthase and/or at least one vasoactive agent. The present invention also provides methods for treating or preventing sexual dysfunctions in males and females, for enhancing sexual responses in males and females, and for treating or preventing cardiovascular disorders, cerebrovascular disorders, hypertension, asthma, baldness, urinary incontinence, epilepsy, sleep disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, migraines, irritable bowel syndrome and sensitive skin. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/133,888 filed May 12, 1999. Adequate sexual function is a complex interaction of hormonal events and psychosocial relationships. There are four stages to sexual response as described in the International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 51(3):265277 (1995). The first stage of sexual response is desire. The second stage of sexual response is arousal. Both physical and emotional stimulation may lead to breast and genital vasodilation and clitoral engorgement (vasocongestion). In the female, dilation and engorgement of the blood vessels in the labia and tissue surrounding the vagina produce the "orgasmic platform," an area at the distal third of the vagina where blood becomes sequestered. Localized perivaginal swelling and vaginal lubrication make up the changes in this stage of sexual response. Subsequently, ballooning of the proximal portion of the vagina and elevation of the uterus occurs. In the male, vasodilation of the cavernosal arteries and closure of the venous channels that drain the penis produce an erection. The third stage of sexual response is orgasm, while the fourth stage is resolution. Interruption or absence of any of the stages of the sexual response cycle can result in sexual dysfunction. One study found that 35% of males and 42% of females reported some form of sexual dysfunction. Read et al, J. Public Health Med., 19(4):387391 (1997).
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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Novel curcumin analogues and uses thereof Inventor(s): Chang, Chawnshang; (Pittsford, NY), Ishida, Junko; (Tokyo, JP), Itokawa, Hideji; (Chapel Hill, NC), Lee, Kuo-Hsiung; (Chapel Hill, NC), Ohtsu, Hironori; (Chapel Hill, NC), Shih, Charles C-Y.; (Solana Beach, CA), Wang, Hui-Kang; (Chapel Hill, NC) Correspondence: MYERS BIGEL SIBLEY & SAJOVEC; PO BOX 37428; RALEIGH; NC; 27627; US Patent Application Number: 20030203933 Date filed: April 17, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds capable of acting as androgen receptor antagonists, pharmaceutical formulations containing the same, and methods of use thereof. Such uses include, but are not limited to, use as antitumor agents, particularly for the treatment of cancers such as colon, skin and prostate cancer and to induce androgen receptor antagonist activity in a subject afflicted with an androgenrelated affliction. Examples of androgen-related afflictions include, but are not limited to, baldness, hirsutism, behavioral disorders, acne, and uninhibited spermatogenesis wherein inhibition of spermatogenesis is so desired. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compounds capable of acting as androgen receptor antagonists, pharmaceutical formulations containing the same, and methods of use thereof. Chart 1. Structures of cyprosterone, hydroxyflutamide, and bicalutamide. The synthetic steroidal antiandrogen cyprosterone is one of the first antiandrogens used clinically in Europe, McLeod, D., G., Cancer, 71, 1046-1049 (1993) but it has many side effects. Neumann et al., J. Clin. Oncol., 1, 41-65 (1982). HF and bicalutamide are both nonsteroidal antiandrogens. Bicalutamide is a newer nonsteroidal antiandrogen originally thought to have a pure antiandrogen activity without agonist activity. It has a longer half-life (6 days) and a higher binding affinity to the AR than HF. Verhelst et al., Clin. Endocrinol., 41, 525-530 (1994). (a) Kelly et al., J. Urol. (1993), 149, 607-609; (b) Scher et al., Prostate Cancer. J. Clin. Oncol., 11, 1566-1572 (1993). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Nucleic acid sequences associated with baldness Inventor(s): Brown, Joseph; (Seattle, WA), Burmer, Glenna; (Seattle, WA), Demas, Vasiliki; (Seattle, WA), Pritchard, David; (Seattle, WA) Correspondence: TOWNSEND AND TOWNSEND AND CREW, LLP; TWO EMBARCADERO CENTER; EIGHTH FLOOR; SAN FRANCISCO; CA; 94111-3834; US Patent Application Number: 20020177566 Date filed: April 2, 2001 Abstract: This invention relates to the discovery of nucleic acids and proteins associated with baldness and/or hair loss. The identification of these baldness-associated nucleic acids and proteins have uses in predicting the propensity for baldness of an individual and/or in determining the likelihood of baldness in an individual experiencing hair loss. In addition, the nucleic acids of the invention can be used can be used for gene
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therapy for delaying or stopping the progression of baldness, and/or for reversing baldness. Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority to U.S. Ser. No. 60/199,745, filed Apr. 25, 2000, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Not applicable. Hair loss can be caused by illness (e.g., fever, thyroid function imbalance, skin disease, infection or autoimmune disorders), or can be due to extrinsic factors, such as medical treatments (e.g., chemotherapy and radiotherapy), dietary imbalances or stress, as well as to pregnancy and intrinsic factors (e.g., genetic factors, hormone production, hormonal imbalances, aging, etc.). Hair loss due to extrinsic factors, pregnancy or curable diseases or imbalances generally stops when normal condition is restored, and the hair grows back. In contrast, hair loss due to intrinsic factors is often irreversible and results in partial or complete baldness. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Potassium channel blocking agents Inventor(s): Jensen, Bo Skaaning; (Copenhagen S, DK), Olesen, Soren Peter; (Klampenborg, DK), Peters, Dan; (Arlov, SE), Strobaek, Dorte; (Farum, DK), Teuber, Lene; (Vaerlose, DK) Correspondence: BIRCH STEWART KOLASCH & BIRCH; PO BOX 747; FALLS CHURCH; VA; 22040-0747; US Patent Application Number: 20020049246 Date filed: December 29, 2000 Abstract: This invention relates to novel potassium channel blocking agents, and their use in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions.Moreover the invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions useful for the treatment or alleviation of diseases or disorders associated with the activity of potassium channels, in particular asthma, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and rhinorrhea, convulsions, vascular spasms, coronary artery spasms, renal disorders, polycystic kidney disease, bladder spasms, urinary incontinence, bladder outflow obstruction, irritable bowel syndrome, gastrointestinal dysfunction, secretory diarrhoea, ischaemia, cerebral ischaemia, ischaemic hearth disease, angina pectoris, coronary hearth disease, traumatic brain injury, psychosis, anxiety, depression, dementia, memory and attention deficits, Alzheimer's disease, dysmenorrhea, narcolepsy, Reynaud's disease, intermittent claudication, Sjorgren's syndrome, migraine, arrhythmia, hypertension, absence seizures, myotonic muscle dystrophia, xerostomi, diabetes type II, hyperinsulinemia, premature labor, baldness, cancer, and immune suppression. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel potassium channel blocking agents, and their use in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions. Moreover the invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions useful for the treatment or alleviation of diseases or disorders associated with the activity of potassium channels, in particular asthma, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and rhinorrhea, convulsions, vascular spasms, coronary artery spasms, renal disorders, polycystic kidney disease, bladder spasms, urinary incontinence, bladder outflow obstruction, irritable bowel syndrome, gastrointestinal dysfunction, secretory diarrhoea, ischaemia, cerebral ischaemia, ischaemic hearth disease, angina pectoris, coronary hearth disease, traumatic brain injury, psychosis, anxiety, depression, dementia, memory and attention deficits, Alzheimer's disease, dysmenorrhea, narcolepsy, Reynaud's disease, intermittent
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claudication, Sjorgren's syndrome, migraine, arrhythmia, hypertension, absence seizures, myotonic muscle dystrophia, xerostomi, diabetes type II, hyperinsulinemia, premature labor, baldness, cancer, and immune suppression. Ion channels are transmembrane proteins, which catalyze the transport of inorganic ions across cell membranes. The ion channels participate in processes as diverse as the generation and timing of action potentials, synaptic transmissions, secretion of hormones, contraction of muscles, etc. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
ULTRASOUND-MEDIATED DRUG DELIVERY Inventor(s): ATALA, ANTHONY; (WESTON, MA), MACHLOUF, MARCELLE; (BROOKLINE, MA) Correspondence: LAHIVE AND COCKFIELD; 28 STATE STREET; BOSTON; MA; 02109 Patent Application Number: 20020055702 Date filed: July 13, 1998 Abstract: Methods and apparatus are disclosed for treating physiological problems, and for providing rapid, efficacious transdermal treatment, for example, of muscle sprains, erectile dysfunction, or baldness, without requiring the use of needles or other invasive interventions. A topical therapeutic agent and ultrasound energy are applied to a tissue surface, e.g., the skin, such that the ultrasound enhances transdermal penetration of the agent. The invention is especially useful in localized delivery of a controlled dosage of a therapeutic agent to the small blood vessels and capillaries beneath the skin's surface. Excerpt(s): The present application claims the benefit of, and incorporates by reference, the commonly owned, co-pending U.S. provisional application No. 60/074231, filed Feb. 10, 1998. The technical field of this invention is medical treatments and devices. In particular, medical methods and devices are disclosed for enhancing transcutaneous absorption of drugs. The invention is useful for a variety of purposes, including the treatment of muscle sprains and inflammation, treatment of male erectile dysfunction, treatment of hereditary baldness and other applications. Muscle sprains typically occur when over-exercise or a traumatic event causes a joint to move beyond its normal range if motion and tissues of the muscle's tendons or ligaments are torn or stretched. The results of such sprains are typically rapid swelling, tenderness or pain, and/or impaired joint function. The treatment of muscle sprains usually involves applying ice to the affected region, rest and aspirin or other analgesic agents. Only in serious cases are stronger anti-inflammatory drugs recommended because they must be applied systemically (e.g., orally) or by injection. The use of topical analgesics and/or topical anti-inflammatory agents is considered of marginal effectiveness, despite the plethora of products sold as over-the-counter pain relief agents. Topical agents are largely unable to pass transdermally to the capillary beds that surround the afflicted tissue and, hence, usually can not delivery an sufficient dosage of the medication to the site of injury. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with baldness, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “baldness” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on baldness. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning baldness. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON BALDNESS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to baldness. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on baldness include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “baldness” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “baldness” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “baldness” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Baldness: A Social History by Kerry Segrave (1996); ISBN: 0786401931; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0786401931/icongroupinterna
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Baldness: Is It Necessary? by Katherine Pugh; ISBN: 0915628686; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0915628686/icongroupinterna
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Hair Replacement: How to Reduce the Effects of Male Pattern Baldness (Doctor to Patient Series) by James Bernard Pinski, James A. Pinski; ISBN: 1879136023; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1879136023/icongroupinterna
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Hair Techniques and Alternatives to Baldness by John Mayhew; ISBN: 0932426255; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0932426255/icongroupinterna
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Hair! : Mankind's Historic Quest to End Baldness by Gersh Kuntzman (2001); ISBN: 0812991583; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0812991583/icongroupinterna
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How to Save Your Hair: A Complete Guide to the Prevention and Treatment of Baldness by Suzanne K. Flynn; ISBN: 0877955794; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0877955794/icongroupinterna
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Pate: The Facts of Nature Underlying Pate Thinning Hair and Baldness, Its Causes and a Professional Program for Prevention by Lawrence Holley, Felix T. Brooks (Illustrator) (1989); ISBN: 0962508314; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962508314/icongroupinterna
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The Irreverent but Indispensable Guide to Hair Loss Solutions: A Myth-Exploding Survey of the 37 Alternatives to Baldness by L.H. Carson; ISBN: 0963466704; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963466704/icongroupinterna
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The Joy of Baldness: Men With Less Hair and the Women Who Love Them by Richard Sandomir; ISBN: 1561712019; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1561712019/icongroupinterna
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The Summer of Her Baldness: A Cancer Improvisation by Catherine Lord (2004); ISBN: 0292702574; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0292702574/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “baldness” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:7 •
Baldness and greyness; their etiology, pathology & treatment. Author: Robinson, Tom.; Year: 1891; London, Hirschfeld, 1891
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Baldness, grayness, dandruff; treatable or nontreatable. Author: Parrotto, Anthony J.; Year: 1961; Philadelphia, Whitmore [c1961]
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Baldness, its causes, its treatment and its prevention, by Richard W. Müller. Author: Müller, Richard W.,; Year: 1917; New York, E. P. Dutton; company [c1917]
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Baldness: is it necessary? Author: Pugh, Katherine (Kirby); Year: 1964; [Richmond] 1964
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Baldness; its cause and prevention. Author: MacLeod, George Steward,; Year: 1918; [Seattle, c1918]
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Can human hair grow again?: baldness: new steps toward prevention and cure Author: Inaba, Masumi,; Year: 1996; Tokyo, Japan: Azabu Shokan, 1985
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Hair transplantation for the treatment of male pattern baldness Author: Vallis, Charles Peter,; Year: 1980; Springfield, Ill.: Thomas, c1982; ISBN: 0398041652
7
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398041652/icongroupinterna •
Head hair in males: relation of baldness, grayness, and hair size to some anthropometric, clinical, and other characteristics Author: Punsar, Sven.; Year: 1985; Helsinki: Kansanterveystieteen laitokset, 1980; ISBN: 9514520114
•
How to avoid baldness; its causes and prevention, by Richard Milan [pseud.]. Author: Kudolla, Milton Peter.; Year: 1950; Chicago, Lawrence [1950]
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How to obtain healthy hair; with full particulars of the home treatment for scalp disorders, including baldness, dandruff, alopecia areata, falling hair, etc. Author: Thomson, James C. (James Charles); Year: 1973; London, Thorsons, 1939
•
Loss of hair; baldness, falling hair, prematurely gray hair and seborrhoea successfully treated by the new quartz light rays. Authorized translation from the German by Richard W. Müller. Author: Nagelschmidt, Carl Franz,; Year: 1915; New York, Jenkins [c1915]
•
On ringworm, scall-head, baldness, and other parasitical diseases of the head and face; with an appendix. On the constitutional relations of diseases of the skin and principles of treatment. Author: Ross, George,; Year: 1863; London, Renshaw, 1862
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Our vanishing hair; a dissertation on human hair production with special reference to premature baldness, by Charles Nessler. Author: Nessler, Charles.; Year: 1934; New York, N. Y., The Alwyn-Schmidt publishing co. [c1934]
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The conquest of baldness; the wonderful story of hair. [Tr. by Mervyn Savill. Author: Lambert, Gilles.; Year: 1961; London] Souvenir Press [1961]
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The Customary treatment of the hair considered in relation to the remarkable prevalence of premature baldness in the United States.; Year: 1888; Saint Louis, Deacon, 1888
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The hair and its diseases, including ringworm, greyness, and baldness; an introductory handbook. Author: Walsh, David.; Year: 1982; London, Baillière, Tindall and Cox, 1908
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The health of men; overweight, exercise, smoking, drinking, sex and marriage, impotence, baldness, middle age, etc. Author: Donaldson, R. J. (Raymond Joseph); Year: 1973; [London] British Medical Assn. [1973]
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The true cause of baldness, by I. L. Nagler. Author: Nagler, Isidore Leon,; Year: 1922; [New York, c1922]
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This bunk about baldness, by Frederick Bleifuss; with illustrations by Allen Anderson. Author: Bleifuss, Frederick.; Year: 1937; Philadelphia, Dorrance and company [c1937]
Chapters on Baldness In order to find chapters that specifically relate to baldness, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and baldness using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “baldness” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on baldness:
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•
Chapter 200: Hair Disorders Source: in Berkow, R., ed. The Merck Manual of Medical Information: Home Edition (online version). Rahway, NJ: Merck and Company, Inc. 2000. 3 p. Contact: Available online from Merck and Company, Inc. (800) 819-9456. Website: www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_home/contents.htm. Also available from your local book store. PRICE: $29.95 plus shipping. Summary: This chapter provides the general public and people who have hair disorders with information on the causes and treatment of excessive hairiness, baldness, and ingrown beard hairs. Excessive hairiness may occur in women and children as a result of a disorder of the pituitary or adrenal glands that causes overproduction of masculinizing steroids. Excessive hairiness is also common after menopause and among people who use anabolic steroids or corticosteroids and have porphyria cutanea tarda. Temporary treatments include shaving, plucking, or waxing the hair or using depilatories. Electrolysis is the only safe permanent form of hair removal. Baldness occurs more often in men than in women. Male pattern baldness is the most common type of hair loss affecting men. Female pattern baldness, which is less common than male pattern baldness, causes the hair to thin in the front, on the sides, or on the crown. Toxic baldness may follow a severe illness with a high fever or may occur as a result of using certain drugs. Alopecia areata is a condition is which hair is lost suddenly in a particular area. Hair pulling occurs most frequently in children, but it may persist throughout life. Scarring alopecia is hair loss that occurs at areas scarred from burns, severe injury, or x ray therapy. A biopsy may be needed to diagnose the type of baldness affecting a person. Most types have no cure. Treatment options include hair transplantation, medications to regrow hair, and corticosteroid injections. Ingrown beard hairs cause inflammation. The best treatment is to grow the beard. A depilatory made of thioglycolate or tretinoin can also be used.
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CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON BALDNESS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on baldness. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Bibliography: Multimedia on Baldness The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in baldness (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on baldness: •
Baldness [videorecording]: the surgical solution Source: produced by Health Communications Productions, Inc; Year: 1991; Format: Videorecording; Birmingham, MI: Health Communications Productions, c1991
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The New TPO flap for baldness [videorecording] Source: produced by the Instructional TV Unit, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, in conjunction with the Stough Dermatology and Dermatologic Plastic Surgery Clinic; Year: 1986; Format: Videorecording; [Hot Springs, Ark.]: The Clinic, c1986
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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BALDNESS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover baldness.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on baldness is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “baldness” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to baldness. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “baldness” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for baldness: •
Baldness drug prevents cancer in men, study finds Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 24, 2003
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Japan company says finds genes linked to baldness Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 17, 2003
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Rheumatoid arthritis drug may help treat patchy baldness Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 08, 2002
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Immune suppression drug helps patchy baldness Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 08, 2002
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Phytopharm male baldness remedy fails clinical trial Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 18, 2001
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Phytopharm to begin phase II studies of baldness drug Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 16, 2000
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Male-pattern baldness associated with higher risk of coronary heart disease Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 24, 2000
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Baldness in men reflects higher heart disease risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 24, 2000
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Scientists seek gene therapy for baldness Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 07, 1999
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Gene For Severe Baldness Found Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 29, 1998
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FDA Approves Pill For Male Baldness Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 22, 1997
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Pill for Male Pattern Baldness Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 14, 1997
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FDA Panel Says Finasteride Effective For Male Pattern Baldness Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 14, 1997
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Mutated Gene Causes Rare Baldness Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 28, 1997
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Alpharma Gets FDA Approval For Baldness Drug For Women Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 15, 1997
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Dyad Developing Antisense Baldness Drug Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 25, 1997
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New Drug for Baldness Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 24, 1997
Periodicals and News
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Merck To Seek Approval For Baldness Drug Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 21, 1997
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The Naked Truth On Baldness Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 24, 1997
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More Evidence Links Early Male Pattern Baldness With CHD Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 05, 1996
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “baldness” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “baldness” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to baldness, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.
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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “baldness” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “baldness” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on baldness: •
Male Pattern Baldness Drug Works Slowly Source: Skin and Allergy News. 29(2): 1. February 1998. Summary: This newsletter article provides health professionals with information on the efficacy of Propecia for treating male pattern baldness. Propecia is the 1 milligram version of finasteride. The latter drug inhibits the steroid 5 alpha-reductase, which converts testosterone into 5-alpha dihydrotestosterone. This androgen plays a role in male pattern hair loss. Clinical trials of Propecia show that men should not expect any results for at least 6 months. After 3 months men may notice at most some diminished shedding. In addition, not all men respond. After 2 years of therapy, about 17 percent of men have hair counts below baseline. The remaining men either maintain the status quo or gain hair. In two studies on vertex baldness, the men treated with Propecia had significant increases in hair counts at 6 and 12 months. The effect on frontal hair was not as great as it was on vertex hair loss, and the effect was greatest in Caucasian men. So far, no serious safety issues have arisen in Propecia treated patients. Overall, Propecia seems well tolerated. The drug is contraindicated in women during pregnancy because of the risk of giving birth to boys with ambiguous genitalia. In addition, men taking Propecia and undergoing prostate specific antigen (PSA) screens may need to have their PSA values adjusted. 2 figures.
•
Baldness: Medical Solutions for Men and Women Source: Mayo Clinic Health Letter. 19(11): 4-5. November 2001. Contact: Available from Mayo Clinic Health Letter. 200 First Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905. (800) 333-9037 or (303) 604-1465. E-mail:
[email protected]. Summary: This newsletter article provides people who are losing their hair with information on new treatment options for this problem. Male and female pattern baldness accounts for 99 percent of hair loss. Pattern baldness in both genders tends to have a significant genetic link. Although this type of hair loss is permanent, if treatment is sought before growth stops, it is possible to slow hair loss, and, in some cases, regrow hair. The drugs minoxidil (Rogaine) and finasteride (Propecia) have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat pattern baldness. Minoxidil, which can be used by men or women, is a nonprescription liquid that is rubbed into the scalp twice a
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day to regrow hair and prevent further loss. This drug seems to be most effective in the early stages of baldness, and it usually must be used for 6 months or more to be effective. If the drug is discontinued, new hair may stop growing. Finasteride, which comes in prescription pill form, is approved only for men. The drug usually needs to be used for several months before results are seen. Surgical options in the form of hair transplants and scalp reduction may also be considered to treat baldness. 1 figure.
Academic Periodicals covering Baldness Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to baldness. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering baldness that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
8 These
publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
9
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “baldness” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 6625 128 773 9 0 7535
HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “baldness” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
11
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
12
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
The Genome Project and Baldness In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and baldness. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).19 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information.
16 Adapted 17
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 19 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.
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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “baldness” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for baldness: •
Alopecia, Androgenetic Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?109200 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)
The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •
Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html
•
Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html
•
Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html
•
Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html
•
Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html
•
Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned
Physician Resources 75
baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html •
Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez
Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •
3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
•
Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books
•
Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome
•
NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/
•
Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide
•
OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM
•
PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset
•
ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
•
Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein
•
PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
•
Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure
•
Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy
To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the
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drop box next to “Search.” Enter “baldness” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database20 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database21 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “baldness” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).
20 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 21 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on baldness can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to baldness. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to baldness. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “baldness”:
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•
Other guides Anabolic Steroids http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anabolicsteroids.html Hair Diseases and Hair Loss http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hairdiseasesandhairloss.html Metabolic Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/metabolicdisorders.html Plastic & Cosmetic Surgery http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/plasticcosmeticsurgery.html Skin Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skindiseases.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on baldness. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Treating Baldness in Men Source: American Family Physician. 59(8): 2196. April 15, 1999. Contact: American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237 or (913) 906-6000. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This journal article uses a question and answer format to provide men who are bald with information on treatments for baldness. Male pattern baldness occurs because the male hormone testosterone changes the hair roots. Although there is no cure for baldness, the medications finasteride and minoxidil help many men regrow some, but not all, lost hair. These medications work better on the crown of the head than on the front hairline. Minoxidil is sprayed or rubbed into the scalp twice per day, and finasteride is a pill that is taken daily. There is no way to predict whether a man will respond to these medications, and it may take up to 6 months before a man can tell whether the medication is having any effect. Side effects of these medications may include a decrease in sexual urges and an itchy scalp.
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Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Female Pattern Hair Loss Summary: This online document discusses the types and causes of hair loss/baldness in women and the treatment options currently available. Source: American Hair Loss Council http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2428
•
Male Pattern Hair Loss Summary: This online document discusses the types and causes of hair loss/baldness in men and the treatment options currently available. Source: American Hair Loss Council http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2427 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to baldness. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to baldness. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with baldness. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about baldness. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “baldness” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “baldness”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “baldness” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “baldness” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
22
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
23
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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BALDNESS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 5-alpha: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Action Potentials: The electric response of a nerve or muscle to its stimulation. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adhesions: Pathological processes consisting of the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenal insufficiency: The reduced secretion of adrenal glands. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic beta-Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic betaantagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent
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chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Ageing: A physiological or morphological change in the life of an organism or its parts, generally irreversible and typically associated with a decline in growth and reproductive vigor. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-helix: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anabolic Steroids: Chemical derivatives of testosterone that are used for anabolic promotion of growth and repair of body tissues and the development of male sexual
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characteristics. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgenic: Producing masculine characteristics. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antiandrogens: Drugs used to block the production or interfere with the action of male sex hormones. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Antihypertensive Agents: Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic hypertension regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are diuretics (especially diuretics, thiazide), adrenergic beta-antagonists, adrenergic alpha-antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, ganglionic blockers,
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and vasodilator agents. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aplastic anemia: A condition in which the bone marrow is unable to produce blood cells. [NIH]
Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arcus Senilis: A corneal disease in which there is a deposition of phospholipid and cholesterol in the corneal stroma and anterior sclera. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign
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and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]
Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benign prostatic hyperplasia: A benign (noncancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH. [NIH] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Bicalutamide: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antiandrogens. [NIH]
Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and
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clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: A technique for the treatment of neoplasms, especially gliomas and melanomas in which boron-10, an isotope, is introduced into the target cells followed by irradiation with thermal neutrons. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Ischemia: Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obtruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjuction with brain hypoxia. Prolonged ischemia is associated with brain infarction. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breast reconstruction: Surgery to rebuild a breast's shape after a mastectomy. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH]
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Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Fragility: The lack of resistance, or susceptibility, of capillaries to damage or disruption under conditions of increased stress. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for
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example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catalyse: To speed up a chemical reaction. [EU] Catalytic Domain: The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction. [NIH] Cataracts: In medicine, an opacity of the crystalline lens of the eye obstructing partially or totally its transmission of light. [NIH] Catechin: Extracted from Uncaria gambier, Acacia catechu and other plants; it stabilizes collagen and is therefore used in tanning and dyeing; it prevents capillary fragility and abnormal permeability, but was formerly used as an antidiarrheal. [NIH] Catechols: A group of 1,2-benzenediols that contain the general formula R-C6H5O2. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH]
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Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]
Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrovascular Disorders: A broad category of disorders characterized by impairment of blood flow in the arteries and veins which supply the brain. These include cerebral infarction; brain ischemia; hypoxia, brain; intracranial embolism and thrombosis; intracranial arteriovenous malformations; and vasculitis, central nervous system. In common usage, the term cerebrovascular disorders is not limited to conditions that affect the cerebrum, but refers to vascular disorders of the entire brain including the diencephalon; brain stem; and cerebellum. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromans: Benzopyrans saturated in the 2 and 3 positions. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, chymotrypsinogen and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by trypsin. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side. [NIH] Cicatrix: The formation of new tissue in the process of wound healing. [NIH] Claudication: Limping or lameness. [EU] Cleave: A double-stranded cut in DNA with a restriction endonuclease. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH]
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Clitoral: Pertaining to the clitoris. [EU] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]
Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy,
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spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Corneal Stroma: The lamellated connective tissue constituting the thickest layer of the cornea between the Bowman and Descemet membranes. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]
Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or
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clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Curcumin: A dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of Curcuma longa Linn. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate, also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females. [NIH] Cyproterone Acetate: An agent with anti-androgen and progestational properties. It shows competitive binding with dihydrotestosterone at androgen receptor sites. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]
Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks.
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The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydroepiandrosterone: DHEA. A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called steroids. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] DHEA: Dehydroepiandrosterone. A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called steroids. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given
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quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disaccharides: Sugars composed of two monosaccharides linked by glycoside bonds. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuretics, Thiazide: Diuretics characterized as analogs of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1dioxide. All have a common mechanism of action and differ primarily in the dose required to produce a given effect. They act directly on the kidney to increase the excretion of sodium chloride and water and also increase excretion of potassium ions. [NIH] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in
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all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]
Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]
Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue more or less perfectly resembling the uterine mucous membrane (the endometrium) and containing typical endometrial granular and stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various locations in the pelvic cavity. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]
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Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epitestosterone: 17 alpha-Hydroxy-androst-4-ene-3-one. A naturally occurring stereoisomer of testosterone with androgenic activity. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extender: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight, used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU]
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Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Finasteride: An orally active testosterone 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Free Radical Scavengers: Substances that influence the course of a chemical reaction by ready combination with free radicals. Among other effects, this combining activity protects pancreatic islets against damage by cytokines and prevents myocardial and pulmonary perfusion injuries. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Gallate: Antioxidant present in tea. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglionic Blockers: Agents having as their major action the interruption of neural transmission at nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Because their actions are so broad, including blocking of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, their therapeutic use has been largely supplanted by more specific drugs. They may still be used in the control of blood pressure in patients with acute dissecting aortic aneurysm and for the induction of hypotension in surgery. [NIH] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]
Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria,
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forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycerophosphates: Any salt or ester of glycerophosphoric acid. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of health-
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related institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Hair Color: Color of hair or fur. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring.
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2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Hidradenitis: The inflammation of a sweat gland (usually of the apocrine type). The condition can be idiopathic or occur as a result of or in association with another underlying condition. Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis is a relatively rare variant that has been reported in patients undergoing chemotherapy, usually for non-Hodgkin lymphomas or leukemic conditions. [NIH] Hirsutism: Excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. The concept does not include hypertrichosis, which is localized or generalized excess hair. [NIH]
Homeobox: Distinctive sequence of DNA bases. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersecretion: Excessive secretion. [EU]
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Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrichosis: Localized or generalized excess hair. The concept does not include hirsutism, which is excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypopigmentation: A condition caused by a deficiency in melanin formation or a loss of pre-existing melanin or melanocytes. It can be complete or partial and may result from trauma, inflammation, and certain infections. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Ichthyosis: Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU]
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Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Embolism: The sudden obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus. [NIH] Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis: Embolism or thrombosis involving blood vessels which supply intracranial structures. Emboli may originate from extracranial or intracranial sources. Thrombosis may occur in arterial or venous structures. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the gastric glands that is required for the absorption of vitamin B 12. Deficiency of intrinsic factor results in pernicious anemia. [NIH]
Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
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Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ion Transport: The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active or passive. Passive ion transport (facilitated diffusion) derives its energy from the concentration gradient of the ion itself and allows the transport of a single solute in one direction (uniport). Active ion transport is usually coupled to an energy-yielding chemical or photochemical reaction such as ATP hydrolysis. This form of primary active transport is called an ion pump. Secondary active transport utilizes the voltage and ion gradients produced by the primary transport to drive the cotransport of other ions or molecules. These may be transported in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) direction. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoflavones: 3-Phenylchromones. Isomeric form of flavones in which the benzene group is attached to the 3 position of the benzopyran ring instead of the 2 position. [NIH] Isozymes: The multiple forms of a single enzyme. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keloid: A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (cicatrix, hypertrophic) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage.
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Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liposomal: A drug preparation that contains the active drug in very tiny fat particles. This fat-encapsulated drug is absorbed better, and its distribution to the tumor site is improved. [NIH]
Liposome: A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lubrication: The application of a substance to diminish friction between two surfaces. It may refer to oils, greases, and similar substances for the lubrication of medical equipment but it can be used for the application of substances to tissue to reduce friction, such as lotions for skin and vaginal lubricants. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph).
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[NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Mastectomy: Surgery to remove the breast (or as much of the breast tissue as possible). [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of
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the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Milligram: A measure of weight. A milligram is approximately 450,000-times smaller than a pound and 28,000-times smaller than an ounce. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]
Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mutagenicity: Ability to damage DNA, the genetic material; the power to cause mutations. [NIH]
Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myelodysplastic syndrome: Disease in which the bone marrow does not function normally.
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Also called preleukemia or smoldering leukemia. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH]
Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myopathy: Any disease of a muscle. [EU] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and
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ganglia. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nevus: A benign growth on the skin, such as a mole. A mole is a cluster of melanocytes and surrounding supportive tissue that usually appears as a tan, brown, or flesh-colored spot on the skin. The plural of nevus is nevi (NEE-vye). [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Orgasm: The crisis of sexual excitement in either humans or animals. [NIH] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH]
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Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]
Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parietal Lobe: Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural
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and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Pernicious: Tending to a fatal issue. [EU] Pernicious anemia: A type of anemia (low red blood cell count) caused by the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12. [NIH] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phosphatidic Acids: Fatty acid derivatives of glycerophosphates. They are composed of glycerol bound in ester linkage with 1 mole of phosphoric acid at the terminal 3-hydroxyl group and with 2 moles of fatty acids at the other two hydroxyl groups. [NIH]
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Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Photosensitivity: An abnormal cutaneous response involving the interaction between photosensitizing substances and sunlight or filtered or artificial light at wavelengths of 280400 mm. There are two main types : photoallergy and photoxicity. [EU] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plastic surgeon: A surgeon who specializes in reducing scarring or disfigurement that may occur as a result of accidents, birth defects, or treatment for diseases. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand
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as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Porphyria: A group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of porphyrins or their precursors that arises from abnormalities in the regulation of the porphyrin-heme pathway. The porphyrias are usually divided into three broad groups, erythropoietic, hepatic, and erythrohepatic, according to the major sites of abnormal porphyrin synthesis. [NIH]
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda: A form of hepatic porphyria (porphyria, hepatic) characterized by photosensitivity resulting in bullae that rupture easily to form shallow ulcers. This condition occurs in two forms: a sporadic, nonfamilial form that begins in middle age and has normal amounts of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase with diminished activity in the liver; and a familial form in which there is an autosomal dominant inherited deficiency of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in the liver and red blood cells. [NIH] Porphyria, Hepatic: Porphyria in which the liver is the site where excess formation of porphyrin or its precursors is found. Acute intermittent porphyria and porphyria cutanea tarda are types of hepatic porphyria. [NIH] Porphyrins: A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. [NIH] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potassium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for potassium ions. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which
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another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Preleukemia: Conditions in which the abnormalities in the peripheral blood or bone marrow represent the early manifestations of acute leukemia, but in which the changes are not of sufficient magnitude or specificity to permit a diagnosis of acute leukemia by the usual clinical criteria. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promyelocytic leukemia: A type of acute myeloid leukemia, a quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH]
Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostate gland: A gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of semen. [NIH] Prostatic Hyperplasia: Enlargement or overgrowth of the prostate gland as a result of an increase in the number of its constituent cells. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH]
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Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Quinones: Hydrocarbon rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is
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both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptivity: The condition of the reproductive organs of a female flower that permits effective pollination. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage
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the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinorrhea: The free discharge of a thin nasal mucus. [EU] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH]
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Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scleroproteins: Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Seborrhea: Hypersecretion of sebum with excessive oily secretion from the sweat glands. [NIH]
Seborrhoea: 1. Excessive secretion of sebum; called also hypersteatosis 2. Seborrhoeic dermatitis. [EU] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH] Sex Differentiation: Differentiation of male and female tissues and organs during embryogenesis, but after sex determination (sex determination (genetics)). [NIH]
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Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin graft: Skin that is moved from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smoldering leukemia: Disease in which the bone marrow does not function normally. Also called preleukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. [NIH] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU]
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Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatogenesis: Process of formation and development of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may
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be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sucralfate: A basic aluminum complex of sulfated sucrose. It is advocated in the therapy of peptic, duodenal, and prepyloric ulcers, gastritis, reflux esophagitis, and other gastrointestinal irritations. It acts primarily at the ulcer site, where it has cytoprotective, pepsinostatic, antacid, and bile acid-binding properties. The drug is only slightly absorbed by the digestive mucosa, which explains the absence of systemic effects and toxicity. [NIH] Sunburn: An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of
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the heart. [EU] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are antithryoid agents and/or free radical scavengers. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Expansion: Process whereby tissue adjacent to a soft tissue defect is expanded by means of a subcutaneously implanted reservoir. The procedure is used in reconstructive surgery for injuries caused by trauma, burns, or ablative surgery. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test
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substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcutaneous: Transdermal. [EU] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tretinoin: An important regulator of gene expression, particularly during growth and development and in neoplasms. Retinoic acid derived from maternal vitamin A is essential for normal gene expression during embryonic development and either a deficiency or an excess can be teratogenic. It is also a topical dermatologic agent which is used in the treatment of psoriasis, acne vulgaris, and several other skin diseases. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH]
Dictionary 133
Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ultrasound energy: A form of therapy being studied as an anticancer treatment. Intensified ultrasound energy can be directed at cancer cells to heat them and kill them. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase: One of the enzymes active in heme biosynthesis. It catalyzes the decarboxylation of uroporphyrinogen III to coproporphyrinogen III by the conversion of four acetic acid groups to four methyl groups. EC 4.1.1.37. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Veins: The vessels carrying blood toward the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some
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viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xanthine: An urinary calculus. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
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INDEX 5 5-alpha, 5, 24, 35, 48, 64, 91, 107 A Abdomen, 91, 96, 114, 126, 129 Abdominal, 91, 113, 119, 126 Abdominal Pain, 91, 113 Acetylcholine, 91, 118 Acne, 5, 7, 24, 39, 40, 41, 46, 50, 91, 102, 126, 132 Acne Vulgaris, 5, 91, 132 Action Potentials, 25, 52, 91 Adaptability, 91, 98 Adenovirus, 7, 91 Adhesions, 46, 91 Adrenal Cortex, 91, 92, 102, 106, 110, 123 Adrenal Glands, 46, 58, 91 Adrenal insufficiency, 39, 91 Adrenergic, 91, 93 Adrenergic beta-Antagonists, 91, 93 Adverse Effect, 91, 128 Affinity, 31, 36, 49, 50, 91, 92, 128 Ageing, 47, 92 Agonist, 50, 92 Aldosterone, 27, 45, 92 Algorithms, 92, 96 Alimentary, 92, 112, 119, 120 Allogeneic, 40, 92 Alopecia, 5, 7, 16, 20, 24, 26, 27, 28, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 45, 47, 57, 58, 92 Alpha Particles, 92, 125 Alpha-helix, 92, 113 Alternative medicine, 63, 92 Aluminum, 92, 130 Ameliorating, 32, 92 Amino Acids, 34, 92, 99, 108, 120, 122, 124, 126, 127, 132, 133 Ammonia, 92, 130, 133 Anabolic, 58, 78, 92, 103 Anabolic Steroids, 58, 78, 92 Analgesic, 52, 93 Analog, 25, 93 Anatomical, 93, 103, 105, 111, 127 Androgenic, 5, 7, 24, 26, 27, 37, 45, 93, 106 Androgens, 6, 26, 27, 35, 39, 41, 42, 45, 48, 91, 93, 102 Anemia, 33, 93, 120 Aneurysm, 93, 107, 133 Angina, 25, 51, 91, 93
Angina Pectoris, 25, 51, 91, 93 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, 93 Anions, 93, 113 Antiallergic, 93, 102 Antiandrogens, 50, 93, 95 Antibody, 92, 93, 100, 102, 109, 110, 111, 112, 115, 125, 129 Anticoagulant, 93, 123 Antigen, 64, 92, 93, 100, 110, 111, 112, 115 Antihypertensive, 36, 37, 93 Antihypertensive Agents, 36, 93 Anti-inflammatory, 43, 52, 94, 102, 108 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 52, 94, 102 Antineoplastic, 94, 102 Antioxidant, 94, 107, 119 Antiseptic, 94, 134 Anxiety, 25, 51, 91, 94 Aplastic anemia, 31, 32, 33, 34, 94 Apoptosis, 5, 31, 33, 34, 94 Aqueous, 94, 95, 102, 114 Arcus Senilis, 4, 11, 94 Arginine, 29, 30, 94, 118, 132 Aromatic, 94, 99 Arrhythmia, 25, 51, 52, 94 Arterial, 94, 96, 99, 111, 112, 124, 130 Arteries, 49, 94, 96, 99, 101, 116, 117 Arterioles, 94, 96, 97, 117 Arteriovenous, 94, 99 Articular, 94, 118 Aspirin, 52, 94 Assay, 31, 33, 34, 37, 40, 94 Astringent, 94, 134 Atrophy, 46, 94 Attenuated, 94, 103 Autoimmune disease, 94, 95, 116 Autoimmunity, 32, 95 Axillary, 42, 95 B Bacteria, 93, 95, 105, 106, 107, 125, 127, 128, 129, 132 Bacteriophage, 95, 132 Base, 30, 47, 95, 103, 108, 113, 131 Basophils, 95, 109, 114 Benign, 3, 9, 24, 29, 35, 40, 41, 48, 95, 107, 117, 118, 125 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 3, 9, 35, 40, 48, 95, 107
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Benzene, 95, 98, 113 Bicalutamide, 50, 95 Bile, 95, 114, 129, 130 Binding Sites, 27, 45, 95 Biochemical, 6, 10, 40, 95, 118 Biological therapy, 95, 109 Biopsy, 58, 95 Biosynthesis, 95, 127, 133 Biotechnology, 8, 56, 63, 71, 95 Biotransformation, 96 Bladder, 25, 51, 95, 96, 111, 116, 123, 133 Bloating, 96, 113 Blood pressure, 93, 96, 97, 107, 111, 120, 128 Blood vessel, 49, 52, 96, 97, 99, 105, 112, 113, 120, 128, 130, 131, 133 Body Fluids, 96, 128 Body Mass Index, 96, 119 Bone Marrow, 32, 40, 94, 95, 96, 115, 116, 123, 128, 130 Boron, 37, 96, 102 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, 96 Bradykinin, 96, 118 Brain Ischemia, 96, 99 Brain Stem, 96, 98, 99 Branch, 87, 96, 119, 129, 131 Breast reconstruction, 28, 29, 96 Bronchitis, 96, 99 Burns, 58, 97, 131 Burns, Electric, 97 C Calcium, 93, 97, 100, 117, 128 Calcium channel blocker, 93, 97 Calcium Channel Blockers, 93, 97 Callus, 97, 105 Capillary, 52, 96, 97, 98, 133 Capillary Fragility, 97, 98 Carbohydrate, 97, 102, 108, 122 Carbon Dioxide, 30, 97, 121, 126 Carcinogen, 97, 131 Carcinogenic, 95, 97, 112, 129 Carcinoma, 97, 102 Cardiac, 6, 91, 97, 108, 117, 129 Cardiomyopathy, 6, 97 Cardiovascular, 12, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 49, 97 Cardiovascular disease, 31, 32, 33, 34, 97 Case report, 97, 98, 99 Case series, 98, 99 Catalyse, 40, 98 Catalytic Domain, 6, 98 Cataracts, 6, 98
Catechin, 36, 48, 98 Catechols, 35, 48, 98 Cations, 98, 113 Cell, 25, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 39, 43, 45, 47, 52, 92, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 109, 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 126, 128, 130, 131, 132 Cell Death, 31, 33, 34, 47, 94, 98, 117 Cell Differentiation, 98, 128 Cell Division, 95, 98, 109, 115, 116, 121, 123 Cell membrane, 25, 52, 97, 98, 103, 107, 113, 121, 122 Cell proliferation, 31, 98, 128 Cell Survival, 98, 109 Cellulose, 98, 121 Central Nervous System, 91, 95, 98, 99, 116 Centrifugation, 98, 116 Cerebellar, 32, 98 Cerebellum, 98, 99 Cerebral, 25, 37, 40, 51, 96, 99, 101, 119, 129 Cerebral Infarction, 99 Cerebrovascular, 49, 97, 99 Cerebrovascular Disorders, 49, 99 Cerebrum, 99 Character, 93, 99, 103 Chemotaxis, 40, 99 Chemotherapy, 7, 43, 51, 99, 110 Cholesterol, 94, 95, 99, 102, 129 Chromans, 37, 99 Chromatin, 94, 99, 106, 118, 129 Chronic, 24, 25, 33, 34, 51, 91, 93, 99, 100, 105, 106, 112, 113, 121, 124, 130 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 24, 25, 51, 99 Chronic renal, 99, 121 Chymotrypsin, 35, 99 Cicatrix, 99, 113 Claudication, 25, 51, 52, 99 Cleave, 35, 99 Clinical study, 8, 99 Clinical trial, 4, 38, 62, 64, 71, 99, 116, 125 Clitoral, 49, 100 Clone, 32, 100 Cloning, 96, 100 Cofactor, 100, 124, 131 Colitis, 100, 113 Collagen, 46, 98, 100, 107, 110, 113, 121, 123
Index 137
Collagen disease, 100, 110 Colloidal, 100, 106 Complement, 100, 101 Complementary and alternative medicine, 19, 21, 100 Complementary medicine, 19, 101 Computational Biology, 71, 101 Concomitant, 41, 101 Conduction, 6, 101 Congestive heart failure, 37, 101 Connective Tissue, 46, 96, 100, 101, 107, 113, 114, 126 Connective Tissue Cells, 101 Consciousness, 93, 101, 103, 104 Constipation, 101, 113 Constitutional, 57, 101 Constriction, 101, 113 Contraindications, ii, 101 Contralateral, 5, 101 Convulsions, 25, 51, 101 Coordination, 98, 101, 116 Corneal Stroma, 94, 101 Corneum, 101, 106, 111 Coronary, 4, 9, 12, 25, 37, 51, 62, 93, 97, 101, 102, 116, 117 Coronary Circulation, 93, 101 Coronary heart disease, 4, 9, 12, 62, 97, 101 Coronary Thrombosis, 102, 116, 117 Corpus, 102, 120, 123 Cortex, 102 Cortical, 102, 127 Corticosteroid, 58, 102 Curative, 102, 131 Curcumin, 35, 48, 50, 102 Cyclic, 26, 102, 109, 118, 122 Cyproterone, 27, 45, 102 Cyproterone Acetate, 27, 45, 102 Cysteine, 34, 102 Cystine, 102 Cytokines, 31, 40, 102, 107 Cytoplasm, 94, 95, 98, 102, 106, 109, 116, 118, 126 Cytotoxic, 102, 125, 128 D Databases, Bibliographic, 71, 102 Deamination, 103, 133 Degenerative, 31, 33, 34, 43, 47, 103, 118 Dehydroepiandrosterone, 20, 46, 103 Deletion, 94, 103 Delusions, 103, 124 Dementia, 25, 51, 103
Density, 4, 12, 96, 98, 103, 118, 129 Depolarization, 103, 128 Deprivation, 31, 103 Dermal, 27, 43, 45, 46, 47, 103 Dermatitis, 46, 103, 127 Deuterium, 103, 110 DHEA, 20, 44, 46, 103 Diagnostic procedure, 23, 63, 103 Diarrhea, 103, 113 Diarrhoea, 25, 51, 103 Diastolic, 103, 111 Diencephalon, 99, 103 Diffusion, 103, 113 Digestion, 92, 95, 103, 114, 120, 129 Dihydrotestosterone, 3, 5, 13, 24, 26, 35, 39, 41, 48, 64, 91, 102, 103, 125 Dilatation, 93, 103, 133 Dilatation, Pathologic, 103, 133 Dilation, 46, 49, 96, 103, 133 Dilution, 13, 103 Diploid, 104, 121 Direct, iii, 104, 125 Disaccharides, 43, 104 Dissociation, 92, 104 Distal, 49, 104, 124 Diuretics, Thiazide, 93, 104 Dose-dependent, 4, 104 Drive, ii, vi, 15, 104, 113, 114 Drug Interactions, 104 Duodenum, 95, 99, 104, 119, 129 Dysmenorrhea, 25, 51, 104 Dystrophy, 6, 20, 104 E Ectopic, 35, 104 Edema, 39, 104, 117 Effector, 35, 91, 100, 104 Efficacy, 5, 39, 64, 104 Elastin, 46, 100, 104 Elective, 104 Electrolyte, 92, 102, 104, 116, 122, 128 Electrons, 94, 95, 104, 113, 119, 125 Embolus, 105, 112 Embryo, 98, 105, 111 Embryogenesis, 31, 33, 34, 105, 127 Emphysema, 99, 105 Enamel, 105, 113 Encapsulated, 105, 114 Endometrial, 105 Endometriosis, 40, 105 Endometrium, 105 Endothelial cell, 31, 33, 34, 105, 131 Endothelium, 49, 105, 118
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Endothelium, Lymphatic, 105 Endothelium, Vascular, 105 Endothelium-derived, 49, 105, 118 Endotoxin, 105, 132 End-stage renal, 99, 105, 121 Enhancer, 27, 45, 105 Enteropeptidase, 105, 132 Environmental Health, 70, 72, 106 Enzymatic, 6, 40, 97, 98, 100, 106 Enzyme, 3, 6, 33, 34, 35, 36, 40, 48, 91, 98, 104, 105, 106, 109, 113, 117, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 128, 130, 131, 134 Eosinophils, 106, 109, 114 Epidermal, 46, 47, 106, 113, 115 Epidermis, 101, 106, 111, 113, 123, 124 Epitestosterone, 10, 106 Epithelial, 47, 106 Epithelial Cells, 47, 106 Epithelium, 7, 105, 106, 107 Erectile, 52, 106, 120 Erection, 49, 106 Erythema, 106, 130 Erythrocytes, 93, 96, 106, 125 Esophagitis, 106, 130 Estradiol, 27, 45, 106 Estrogen, 102, 106 Exogenous, 46, 96, 106 Extender, 28, 106 Extracellular, 101, 106, 107, 128 Extracellular Matrix, 101, 106, 107 Eye Infections, 91, 106 F Facial, 11, 29, 42, 106 Faecal, 103, 107 Family Planning, 71, 107 Fat, 4, 96, 102, 105, 107, 114, 116, 119, 126, 127, 128 Fatty acids, 35, 48, 107, 120 Fetus, 107, 121, 123, 133 Fibroblasts, 35, 101, 107 Fibrosis, 24, 25, 51, 107, 127 Finasteride, 3, 5, 35, 41, 48, 62, 64, 78, 107 Fold, 36, 49, 107 Follicles, 7, 9, 26, 36, 107 Free Radical Scavengers, 107, 131 Friction, 107, 114 Fructose, 107, 108 G Gallate, 36, 49, 107 Gamma Rays, 107, 125 Ganglionic Blockers, 93, 107 Gap Junctions, 107, 130
Gas, 92, 97, 103, 107, 110, 113, 118 Gastric, 107, 112, 120 Gastric Juices, 107, 120 Gastric Mucosa, 107, 120 Gastrin, 108, 110 Gastritis, 108, 130 Gastrointestinal, 25, 49, 51, 96, 108, 130 Gene, 6, 7, 11, 12, 31, 34, 41, 50, 56, 62, 91, 96, 108, 132 Gene Expression, 108, 132 Genetic Code, 108, 118 Genetics, 108, 127 Genital, 6, 40, 41, 49, 108, 133 Genitourinary, 108, 133 Genotype, 108, 120 Germ Cells, 108, 115, 119, 129, 131 Gland, 5, 6, 91, 108, 110, 114, 119, 121, 123, 127, 129, 130, 131 Glucocorticoid, 108, 110 Glucose, 98, 108, 109, 126 Glycerol, 108, 120, 121 Glycerophosphates, 108, 120 Glycine, 108, 127 Glycoprotein, 108, 112, 131, 132 Glycoside, 36, 104, 108, 126 Gonadal, 108, 129 Governing Board, 108, 122 Grade, 28, 109 Graft, 109, 110, 117 Grafting, 9, 109 Granulocytes, 109, 128 Growth factors, 31, 109 Guanylate Cyclase, 109, 118 H Hair Color, 47, 109 Hair follicles, 5, 7, 26, 27, 36, 47, 48, 109 Half-Life, 50, 109 Haploid, 109, 121 Haptens, 92, 109 Heart attack, 97, 109 Heart failure, 93, 109 Heme, 109, 122, 133 Hemoglobin, 93, 106, 109, 122 Hemorrhage, 109, 117, 130 Hepatic, 109, 122 Hereditary, 42, 52, 109 Heredity, 26, 91, 108, 109 Heterogeneity, 92, 110 Hidradenitis, 35, 48, 110 Hirsutism, 7, 24, 35, 39, 40, 41, 48, 50, 102, 110, 111 Homeobox, 6, 110
Index 139
Homeostasis, 31, 33, 34, 110 Homologous, 34, 110, 130 Hormonal, 27, 45, 47, 49, 51, 94, 102, 110 Hormone, 25, 51, 78, 92, 102, 106, 108, 110, 123, 126, 128, 131 Host, 31, 33, 34, 95, 110 Hybrid, 100, 110 Hybridization, 40, 110 Hydrocortisone, 28, 42, 110 Hydrogen, 28, 95, 97, 103, 110, 116, 118, 119, 124 Hydrolysis, 96, 110, 113, 121, 122, 124, 132 Hydroxylysine, 100, 110 Hydroxyproline, 100, 110 Hyperplasia, 41, 110 Hypersecretion, 39, 110, 127 Hypersensitivity, 111, 126 Hypertension, 25, 32, 39, 49, 51, 52, 91, 93, 97, 111 Hypertrichosis, 110, 111 Hypertrophy, 24, 95, 110, 111 Hypopigmentation, 42, 111 Hypotension, 32, 101, 107, 111 Hypoxia, 37, 96, 99, 111 I Ichthyosis, 9, 12, 16, 111 Id, 17, 20, 79, 86, 88, 111 Idiopathic, 110, 111 Immune response, 93, 95, 102, 109, 111, 130, 134 Immune system, 95, 111, 115, 116, 120 Immunologic, 111, 125 Immunology, 92, 111 Impairment, 99, 106, 111, 115, 124 Impotence, 57, 106, 111 In situ, 6, 111 In vitro, 35, 36, 48, 111 In vivo, 41, 111, 119 Incision, 111, 112 Incontinence, 25, 49, 51, 111 Indicative, 55, 111, 119, 133 Induction, 93, 107, 111 Infarction, 33, 96, 99, 112, 125 Infection, 31, 33, 34, 51, 95, 106, 112, 114, 115, 126, 130 Inflammation, 31, 32, 33, 34, 43, 52, 58, 91, 94, 96, 100, 103, 106, 107, 108, 110, 111, 112, 126, 133 Initiation, 29, 112 Inorganic, 25, 52, 112, 116 Insomnia, 39, 112 Insulator, 112, 116
Interleukin-1, 33, 34, 35, 112 Interleukin-2, 112 Intermittent, 25, 51, 112, 122 Intestines, 91, 108, 112 Intoxication, 112, 134 Intracellular, 39, 97, 112, 118, 122, 128 Intracranial Embolism, 99, 112 Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis, 99, 112 Intramuscular, 25, 112, 119 Intravenous, 112, 119 Intrinsic, 51, 92, 112 Intrinsic Factor, 51, 112 Invasive, 52, 112 Involuntary, 113, 117, 128 Ion Channels, 25, 52, 113, 130 Ion Transport, 32, 113, 116 Ionizing, 92, 113, 125 Ions, 25, 52, 95, 104, 110, 113, 122 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 25, 49, 51, 113 Ischemia, 31, 32, 33, 34, 94, 96, 113, 117, 125 Isoflavones, 36, 113 Isozymes, 35, 48, 113 J Joint, 52, 94, 113, 118, 130 K Kb, 70, 113 Keloid, 29, 113 Keratin, 44, 46, 113, 127 Keratinocytes, 7, 113 Kidney Disease, 25, 31, 32, 33, 34, 51, 70, 113 Kinetic, 113, 114 L Latent, 114, 123 Lens, 98, 114 Lesion, 114, 128, 133 Leukocytes, 40, 95, 96, 102, 106, 109, 114, 116, 118, 132 Libido, 93, 114 Library Services, 86, 114 Life cycle, 47, 114 Ligament, 114, 123 Linkage, 114, 120 Lipid, 108, 114, 116 Liposomal, 5, 114 Liposome, 5, 114 Liver, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 41, 48, 91, 95, 109, 114, 122, 133 Localization, 6, 114
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Localized, 49, 52, 96, 105, 110, 111, 112, 114, 121, 133 Locomotion, 114, 121 Lubricants, 114 Lubrication, 49, 114 Lymph, 95, 105, 114, 115 Lymph node, 95, 114, 115 Lymphatic, 105, 112, 114, 115 Lymphocyte, 93, 115 Lysine, 110, 115, 132 M Macrophage, 112, 115 Malignant, 29, 94, 115, 117, 125 Malnutrition, 94, 115 Manic, 115, 124 Manic-depressive psychosis, 115, 124 Mastectomy, 29, 96, 115 Mediator, 24, 112, 115 MEDLINE, 71, 115 Meiosis, 115, 130 Melanin, 111, 115 Melanocytes, 111, 115, 118 Membrane, 98, 100, 103, 105, 106, 113, 115, 116, 121, 128 Membrane Glycoproteins, 115 Memory, 25, 51, 103, 115 Menopause, 58, 115, 122 Menstruation, 104, 115 Mental Disorders, 39, 115, 124 Metabolite, 27, 35, 40, 45, 48, 96, 115 MI, 33, 34, 37, 41, 59, 89, 115 Microsomal, 37, 41, 116 Milligram, 3, 64, 116 Mineralocorticoids, 91, 102, 116 Mitosis, 94, 116 Modification, 14, 116 Molecular, 6, 71, 73, 96, 101, 106, 116, 132 Molecule, 27, 45, 93, 95, 100, 104, 105, 108, 110, 116, 118, 119, 125, 128, 133 Monocytes, 112, 114, 116 Mononuclear, 116, 132 Morphological, 92, 105, 115, 116 Morphology, 47, 116 Motor Activity, 101, 116 Mucosa, 108, 116, 130 Mucus, 116, 126 Multicenter study, 5, 116 Multiple sclerosis, 32, 116 Muscular Dystrophies, 104, 116 Mutagenicity, 37, 116 Mydriatic, 103, 116 Myelin, 116
Myelodysplastic syndrome, 31, 32, 33, 34, 116, 128 Myocardial infarction, 8, 11, 31, 32, 33, 34, 102, 115, 117 Myocardial Ischemia, 93, 117 Myocardial Reperfusion, 117, 126 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 117, 126 Myocardium, 6, 93, 115, 117 Myopathy, 6, 117 Myotonic Dystrophy, 6, 117 N Narcolepsy, 25, 51, 117 Necrosis, 94, 99, 112, 115, 117, 125, 126 Need, 3, 5, 32, 43, 47, 57, 64, 80, 99, 117 Neoplasms, 94, 96, 117, 125, 132 Neoplastic, 110, 117 Nephropathy, 114, 117 Nerve, 91, 115, 116, 117, 122, 127, 129, 132 Nervous System, 93, 98, 115, 117, 118, 130 Neurons, 107, 118, 130 Neutrons, 92, 96, 118, 125 Neutrophils, 109, 114, 118 Nevus, 29, 118 Nitric Oxide, 49, 118 Nitrogen, 93, 118, 132 Nucleic acid, 31, 33, 34, 40, 50, 108, 110, 118, 124 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 110, 118 Nucleus, 6, 94, 95, 99, 102, 103, 106, 107, 115, 116, 118, 123, 124, 129 O Ointments, 118, 134 Opacity, 98, 103, 118 Orgasm, 49, 118 Osteoarthritis, 32, 46, 118 Osteoporosis, 31, 32, 33, 34, 118 Ovary, 106, 119 Overweight, 16, 57, 119 Ovum, 114, 119, 123, 134 Oxidants, 30, 119 Oxidation, 94, 96, 102, 119 Oxidation-Reduction, 96, 119 P Palliative, 102, 119, 131 Pancreas, 91, 99, 119, 132 Pancreatic, 99, 107, 119 Pancreatic Juice, 99, 119 Papilla, 27, 45, 47, 119 Parenteral, 42, 43, 119 Parietal, 14, 119 Parietal Lobe, 119 Paroxysmal, 93, 119
Index 141
Particle, 114, 119, 129, 132 Patch, 119, 132 Pathogenesis, 7, 119 Pathologic, 94, 95, 101, 111, 119, 120, 124 Pathologic Processes, 94, 120 Pathophysiology, 6, 120 Patient Education, 78, 84, 86, 89, 120 Pelvic, 105, 120, 123 Penis, 49, 120, 126 Pepsin, 120 Pepsin A, 120 Peptic, 39, 120, 130 Peptic Ulcer, 39, 120 Peptide, 105, 113, 120, 122, 123, 124 Perfusion, 107, 111, 120 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 37, 120 Pernicious, 112, 120 Pernicious anemia, 112, 120 Phagocyte, 119, 120 Pharmacokinetic, 120 Pharmacologic, 109, 120, 132 Phenotype, 6, 35, 120 Phosphatidic Acids, 39, 120 Phospholipases, 121, 128 Phospholipids, 107, 121 Photosensitivity, 121, 122 Physiologic, 6, 92, 95, 109, 115, 121, 125 Physiology, 7, 41, 121 Pigment, 36, 115, 121 Pigmentation, 42, 43, 44, 46, 121 Pituitary Gland, 102, 121 Placenta, 106, 121, 123 Plants, 35, 36, 48, 97, 98, 108, 116, 121, 126, 132 Plasma, 98, 105, 106, 109, 116, 121, 127 Plastic surgeon, 29, 121 Platelet Activation, 121, 128 Platelet Aggregation, 118, 121 Platelets, 118, 121, 131 Pleated, 113, 121 Polycystic, 25, 31, 33, 34, 51, 121 Polymerase, 35, 121 Polymorphism, 11, 12, 122 Polypeptide, 31, 33, 34, 100, 110, 120, 122, 134 Polysaccharide, 93, 98, 122 Porphyria, 58, 122 Porphyria Cutanea Tarda, 58, 122 Porphyria, Hepatic, 122 Porphyrins, 122 Postmenopausal, 118, 122 Postnatal, 7, 122
Postsynaptic, 122, 128, 130 Potassium, 24, 25, 28, 41, 43, 49, 51, 92, 104, 116, 122 Potassium Channels, 24, 25, 51, 122 Potentiates, 112, 122 Potentiation, 122, 128 Practice Guidelines, 72, 122 Precursor, 104, 106, 122, 132 Predisposition, 27, 45, 123 Preleukemia, 117, 123, 128 Prenatal, 7, 105, 123 Presynaptic, 123, 130 Prevalence, 57, 123 Prickle, 113, 123 Progesterone, 123, 129 Progression, 5, 26, 51, 123 Progressive, 13, 28, 98, 99, 103, 109, 116, 117, 118, 121, 123 Proline, 100, 110, 123 Promyelocytic leukemia, 123, 132 Prophase, 123, 130 Prophylaxis, 123, 126 Prostate, 5, 6, 10, 12, 35, 39, 40, 41, 48, 50, 64, 95, 123, 126 Prostate gland, 6, 123 Prostatic Hyperplasia, 123 Prosthesis, 29, 123 Protease, 33, 34, 123 Protein C, 7, 95, 113, 123, 133 Protein Kinases, 6, 124 Protein S, 56, 96, 108, 124, 126 Proteolytic, 6, 35, 100, 105, 124 Protons, 92, 110, 113, 124, 125 Proximal, 47, 49, 104, 123, 124 Psoriasis, 124, 126, 132 Psychic, 114, 124, 127 Psychosis, 25, 51, 124 Puberty, 36, 42, 48, 124 Public Policy, 71, 124 Publishing, 57, 124 Pupil, 103, 116, 124 Purines, 124, 127 Pustular, 91, 124 Q Quinones, 35, 48, 124 R Race, 40, 124 Radiation, 43, 93, 107, 113, 125, 130, 134 Radioactive, 109, 110, 125 Radioimmunotherapy, 125 Radiotherapy, 51, 125 Randomized, 5, 104, 125
142 Baldness
Reactive Oxygen Species, 10, 125 Reality Testing, 124, 125 Receptivity, 27, 45, 125 Receptor, 6, 7, 12, 32, 50, 93, 102, 125, 128 Recombinant, 31, 32, 33, 34, 40, 125, 133 Rectum, 107, 111, 123, 125 Red blood cells, 106, 122, 125, 126 Reductase, 5, 6, 10, 16, 24, 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 48, 64, 107, 125 Refer, 1, 100, 114, 118, 124, 125 Reflux, 125, 130 Regimen, 104, 125 Reperfusion, 31, 32, 33, 34, 117, 125, 126 Reperfusion Injury, 31, 32, 33, 34, 126 Reproductive system, 123, 126 Respiration, 97, 126 Retinoids, 28, 42, 126 Retroperitoneal, 91, 126 Rheumatism, 126 Rheumatoid, 31, 32, 33, 34, 62, 100, 119, 126 Rheumatoid arthritis, 31, 32, 33, 34, 62, 100, 126 Rhinorrhea, 24, 25, 51, 126 Ribose, 35, 126 Ribosome, 126, 132 Rigidity, 121, 126 Risk factor, 4, 12, 126 S Saponins, 126, 129 Schizoid, 126, 134 Schizophrenia, 126, 134 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 126, 134 Sclera, 94, 127 Scleroproteins, 113, 127 Sclerosis, 32, 100, 116, 127 Screening, 40, 99, 127 Sebaceous, 5, 10, 36, 48, 127 Sebaceous gland, 5, 10, 36, 48, 127 Seborrhea, 24, 35, 39, 48, 127 Seborrhoea, 57, 127 Sebum, 46, 91, 127 Secretion, 25, 26, 46, 52, 91, 102, 110, 116, 127 Secretory, 25, 51, 127, 130 Seizures, 25, 51, 52, 119, 127 Semen, 123, 127 Senile, 118, 127 Sepsis, 31, 32, 33, 34, 127 Septic, 31, 32, 33, 34, 127 Serine, 6, 99, 127, 132 Serous, 105, 127
Serum, 4, 35, 48, 100, 116, 127, 132 Sex Characteristics, 93, 124, 127, 131 Sex Determination, 127 Sex Differentiation, 26, 127 Shedding, 64, 128 Shock, 31, 32, 33, 34, 110, 128, 132 Side effect, 4, 5, 39, 50, 78, 91, 95, 128, 131 Signal Transduction, 6, 128 Skeletal, 6, 93, 116, 128 Skeleton, 113, 128 Skin graft, 29, 128 Skull, 128, 131 Small intestine, 104, 110, 112, 128, 132 Smoldering leukemia, 117, 128 Sneezing, 128 Sodium, 43, 92, 104, 116, 128, 130 Soft tissue, 96, 128, 131 Solvent, 30, 95, 108, 128 Somatic, 105, 115, 116, 128 Sound wave, 101, 129 Spastic, 113, 129 Specialist, 80, 103, 129 Species, 92, 110, 115, 116, 124, 125, 129, 132 Specificity, 92, 123, 129 Spectrum, 102, 129 Sperm, 93, 129 Spermatogenesis, 50, 129 Spermatozoa, 127, 129 Spinous, 106, 113, 129 Sporadic, 122, 129 Steel, 28, 129 Steroid, 24, 26, 35, 39, 40, 46, 48, 64, 126, 129 Stimulus, 104, 113, 129, 131 Stomach, 91, 107, 108, 110, 112, 120, 125, 128, 129 Stool, 111, 113, 129 Strand, 121, 129 Stress, 51, 97, 113, 123, 126, 129 Stroke, 31, 32, 33, 34, 70, 97, 129 Stromal, 32, 105, 130 Subacute, 112, 130 Subclinical, 112, 127, 130 Subcutaneous, 25, 28, 29, 104, 119, 130 Substance P, 115, 127, 130 Substrate, 30, 35, 44, 49, 98, 130 Sucralfate, 43, 130 Sunburn, 43, 130 Suppression, 25, 51, 52, 62, 102, 130 Suppurative, 35, 48, 130 Sweat, 110, 127, 130
Index 143
Sweat Glands, 127, 130 Symphysis, 123, 130 Synapsis, 130 Synaptic, 25, 52, 128, 130 Synaptic Transmission, 25, 52, 130 Systemic, 96, 100, 111, 112, 130 Systemic disease, 111, 130 Systolic, 111, 130 T Temporal, 8, 131 Teratogenic, 131, 132 Testicular, 10, 131 Testis, 6, 36, 48, 106, 131 Testosterone, 3, 10, 24, 35, 40, 48, 64, 78, 91, 92, 106, 107, 125, 131 Therapeutics, 38, 39, 131 Thiourea, 24, 131 Threonine, 127, 131 Threshold, 111, 131 Thrombin, 121, 123, 131 Thrombomodulin, 123, 131 Thrombosis, 39, 112, 124, 130, 131 Thrombus, 102, 112, 117, 121, 131 Thyroid, 51, 131 Tissue Expansion, 28, 29, 131 Topical, 5, 8, 30, 36, 37, 42, 43, 52, 94, 131, 132, 134 Torsion, 112, 131 Toxic, iv, 5, 58, 95, 131, 132 Toxicity, 104, 130, 131 Toxicokinetics, 131 Toxicology, 72, 132 Toxins, 93, 112, 125, 132 Trace element, 96, 132 Trachea, 131, 132 Transcutaneous, 14, 52, 132 Transdermal, 16, 52, 132 Transduction, 6, 128, 132 Transfection, 96, 132 Transfusion, 106, 132 Translation, 57, 132 Transmitter, 91, 113, 115, 132 Transplantation, 11, 27, 56, 58, 99, 132 Trauma, 28, 106, 111, 117, 131, 132 Tretinoin, 16, 58, 132 Trypsin, 35, 99, 105, 132, 134 Tryptophan, 100, 132 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 40, 132
U Ulcer, 120, 130, 133 Ultrasound energy, 52, 133 Unconscious, 111, 133 Urea, 24, 130, 133 Urethra, 95, 120, 123, 133 Urinary, 25, 36, 48, 49, 51, 108, 111, 133, 134 Urine, 95, 96, 111, 133 Urogenital, 7, 41, 108, 133 Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase, 122, 133 Uterus, 49, 102, 105, 115, 123, 126, 133 V Vagina, 49, 115, 126, 133 Vaginal, 49, 114, 133 Vascular, 25, 37, 51, 97, 99, 105, 112, 118, 121, 131, 133 Vasculitis, 99, 133 Vasoactive, 49, 133 Vasodilation, 49, 93, 133 Vasodilator, 94, 96, 117, 133 Vector, 7, 132, 133 Veins, 96, 99, 133 Venous, 49, 94, 99, 112, 124, 133 Ventral, 6, 133 Venules, 96, 97, 105, 133 Vesicular, 116, 133 Veterinary Medicine, 71, 133 Viral, 31, 32, 33, 34, 132, 133 Virus, 95, 105, 132, 133 Vitro, 134 Vivo, 134 W Weight Gain, 5, 134 Windpipe, 131, 134 Withdrawal, 39, 134 Womb, 126, 133, 134 Wound Healing, 29, 99, 134 X Xanthine, 39, 134 X-ray, 107, 125, 134 Y Yeasts, 120, 134 Z Zinc Oxide, 38, 134 Zymogen, 99, 123, 134
144 Baldness
