Autism - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright Ó2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright Ó2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Autism: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83701-5 1. Autism-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on autism. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications.

Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON AUTISM ..................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Autism ........................................................................................ 16 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 70 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 71 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND AUTISM ......................................................................................... 157 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 157 Finding Nutrition Studies on Autism ....................................................................................... 157 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 166 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 166 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND AUTISM ................................................................... 169 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 169 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 169 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 180 General References ..................................................................................................................... 182 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON AUTISM ..................................................................................... 183 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 183 Dissertations on Autism ............................................................................................................ 183 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 207 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND AUTISM ................................................................................ 209 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 209 Recent Trials on Autism ............................................................................................................ 209 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 214 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON AUTISM ................................................................................................ 217 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 217 Patents on Autism ..................................................................................................................... 217 Patent Applications on Autism ................................................................................................. 228 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 234 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON AUTISM.................................................................................................... 235 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 235 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 235 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 241 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 268 Chapters on Autism ................................................................................................................... 270 Directories.................................................................................................................................. 281 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON AUTISM ......................................................................................... 283 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 283 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 283 Audio Recordings....................................................................................................................... 286 Bibliography: Multimedia on Autism ........................................................................................ 286 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON AUTISM ...................................................................... 289 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 289 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 289 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 294 Academic Periodicals covering Autism...................................................................................... 294 CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS................................................................................. 297 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 297 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 297 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 298

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Researching Orphan Drugs ....................................................................................................... 299 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 303 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 303 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 303 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 305 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 308 The Genome Project and Autism ............................................................................................... 309 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 313 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 313 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 313 Associations and Autism ........................................................................................................... 327 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 330 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 333 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 333 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 333 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 333 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 333 ONLINE GLOSSARIES ................................................................................................................ 339 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 340 AUTISM DICTIONARY............................................................................................................... 341 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 407

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with autism is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about autism, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to autism, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on autism. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to autism, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on autism. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON AUTISM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on autism.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and autism, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “autism” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: ·

Management of the Autistic Patient by the Dental Hygienist Source: Journal of Practical Hygiene. 8(1): 19-23. January-February 1999. Contact: Available from Montage Media Corporation. 1000 Wyckoff Avenue, Mahwah, NJ 07430-3164. (201) 891-3200. Summary: As the methods of treatment for autism have shifted toward mainstreaming rather than isolation, increasing numbers of autistic patients are being treated in dental practices. In order to provide the autistic patient with the highest quality of dental health care, the hygienist should be aware of and familiar with autism. This article describes the characteristics of autism, as well as treatments, dental considerations, and management interventions useful to the practitioner. The authors briefly outline the three defined stages of autism: social impairment, rigid thought and behavior patterns,

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Autism

and language impairment. Treatment options are then summarized, including psychodynamically oriented therapies, biological interventions (drug therapy), and behavioral interventions. The authors then note that dental appointments may be frightening for patients with autism, since many of them have had little social interaction. While most autistic patients can be treated in the dental office under standard conditions, some may require the use of sedation and the use of soft physical restraints. Although there are no known autism-related oral manifestations, oral problems may arise due to personal neglect and resistance to receiving dental care. The authors conclude with a brief discussion of the importance of educating the caregivers of people with autism. 5 figures. 2 tables. 16 references. ·

Two-Year Outcome of Preschool Children with Autism or Asperger's Syndrome Source: American Journal of Psychiatry. 157(12): 1980-1987. December 2000. Contact: Available from American Psychiatric Publishing Group. 1400 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20005. (800) 368-5777 or (202) 682-6240. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: Asperger's disorder is a type of pervasive developmental disorder without clinically significant cognitive or language delay. There are no data, however, on the outcome of children with Asperger's disorder or on whether their outcome differs from that of children with autism. This article reports on a study undertaken to compare the outcome of groups of children with these disorders over a period of 2 years on variables independent of the defining criteria and to identify variables that might account for these differences. Children who received a diagnosis of autism (n = 46) or Asperger's syndrome (n = 20) on the basis of a diagnostic interview and who had an IQ in the nonretarded range were given a battery of cognitive, language, and behavioral tests. Families were contacted roughly 2 years after the date of their enrollment in the study, and many of the tests were readministered. Children with Asperger's syndrome had better social skills and fewer autistic symptoms 2 years after study enrollment than the children with autism. The differences in outcome could not be explained by initial differences in IQ and language abilities. Children with autism who had developed verbal fluency at follow up were very similar to the children with Asperger's syndrome at study enrollment. The authors conclude that it appears that Asperger's disorder and autism represent parallel but potentially overlapping developmental trajectories. 3 tables. 33 references.

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Pediatrician's Role in the Diagnosis and Management of Autistic Spectrum Disorder in Children. Technical Report Source: Pediatrics. 107(5): [18 p.]. May 2001. Contact: Available from American Academy of Pediatrics. 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007-1098. (888) 227-1773. Fax (847) 434-8000. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.pediatrics.org. Full text of this article is available at www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/107/5/e85. Summary: Autism and its milder variants are not rare. Most pediatricians will have the opportunity to care for a child with autism. This technical report serves to complement and expand on the information in the accompanying policy statement which aims to increase the pediatrician's knowledge and comfort level in caring for children with autism. In so doing, the authors anticipate that earlier diagnosis and referral for appropriate intervention will be possible. This, in turn, will have a positive effect on long term outcomes for children with autism and their families. Early management

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strategies include parental education and support, early intervention (children younger than 3 years), school based special education (children older than 3 years), behavior management, medical treatment, community services, and alternative therapies. The authors emphasize that early diagnosis has become increasingly important, as recent studies have shown improved outcomes with implementation of early, consistent, and appropriate intervention strategies that have been individually tailored to the needs of the child and parents. The pediatrician can play a significant role by acting immediately on parental concerns, monitoring behavior and development, referring promptly for a comprehensive evaluation, searching for etiology and comorbid (coexisting illness) conditions, expediting enrollment and implementation of appropriate interventions, managing medical issues, and coordinating care among various service delivery systems. This approach could minimize the disabling aspects of ASD. 201 references. ·

Practice Parameter: Screening and Diagnosis of Autism. Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Child Neurology Society Source: Neurology. 55(4): 468-479. August 22, 2000. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2300. Fax (301) 824-7390. Summary: Autism is a common disorder of childhood, affecting 1 in 500 children. Yet, it often remains unrecognized and undiagnosed until or after late preschool age because appropriate tools for routine developmental screening and screening specifically for autism have not been available. Early identification of children with autism and intensive, early intervention during the toddler and preschool years improves outcome for most young children with autism. This article reviews the available empirical evidence in this field and offers specific recommendations for the identification of children with autism. This approach requires a dual process. Routine developmental surveillance and screening specifically for autism should be performed on all children to first identify those at risk for any type of atypical development, and then to identify those specifically at risk for autism. Second, strategies must be used to diagnose and evaluate autism, and to differentiate autism from other developmental disorders. A diagnostic algorithm is provided, as is a chart of the diagnostic criteria for autistic disorder (299.00). The article concludes with a list of consensus based general principles of management, in the areas of surveillance and screening, diagnosis, medical and neurologic evaluation, evaluation and monitoring of autism, speech, language and communication evaluation, cognitive and adaptive behavior evaluations, sensorimotor and occupational therapy evaluations, and neuropsychological, behavioral, and academic assessments. 1 figure. 1 table. 101 references.

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Pervasive Developmental Delay in Children Presenting as Possible Hearing Loss Source: Laryngoscope. 109(1): 129-135. January 1999. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2300. Fax (301) 824-7390. Summary: Children who fail to develop adequate language skills and or appropriate social skills by age 2 years are often referred to the department of otolaryngology for otolaryngologic examination and evaluation of possible hearing deficits. Discovering a gross disparity between hearing function and language ability often uncovers an underlying developmental disorder satisfying criteria for diagnosis on the spectrum of autism and pervasive developmental delay (PDD). This article reports on a study that

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reviewed 4 years of charts of children presenting for possible hearing loss; the review identified 15 children who were later diagnosed with PDD. Males outnumbered females 4 to 1, with the average age of referral being 2 years. One third of the patients displayed middle ear disease that improved with PE tube placement. One third of the patients showed brainstem conduction dysfunction on auditory brainstem evoked response (ABR) testing. The authors conclude that children with developmental delays, especially higher functioning ones, may present with a myriad of language and communication deficits that are often mistakenly attributed to hearing loss. The authors stress that the otolaryngologist has a unique opportunity to identify these autistic children and initiate their evaluation and management. 5 tables. 17 references. ·

Diagnostic Assessment of Communicative and Interactive Behaviours in Children with Autism and Receptive Language Disorder Source: European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 9(4): 295-300. December 2000. Contact: Available from Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. Journal Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 2485, Secaucus, NJ 07096-2485. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.springer.ny.com. Summary: Children with autism and children with a severe specific receptive language disorder both show clear deficits in communicative language skills and in social relationships. This article reports on a study in which the usefulness of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) in the differential diagnosis between these two groups of developmentally impaired children is assessed. The study included 11 children with early infantile autism and 20 children with a specific receptive language disorder; an additional 18 children with an expressive language disorder were used as a control group. The ADOS was individually administered to all children by the same examiner. The results showed that on most of the ADOS measures, the autistic children were clearly more deviant than the language impaired children. There were no significant differences between the two groups of language impaired children. Eight out of 11 autistic children reached the defined cut off values on the measures 'language and communication' and 'social interaction' of the ADOS algorithm, whereas only three autistic children did so on the measure 'stereotyped behavior.' None of the language impaired children reached the cut off values on more than one measure. The ADOS allowed for good assessment of certain types of behavior. The ADOS can be a useful tool in the discrimination of children with high functioning autism and children with a receptive or expressive language disorder. However, to confirm the diagnosis of infantile autism, additional information from the parents is required. 4 tables. 17 references.

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Autistic Disorder: A Review for the Pediatric Dentist Source: Pediatric Dentistry. 20(5): 312-317. September-October 1998. Contact: Available from American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Publications Department, 211 East Chicago Avenue, Suite 700, Chicago, IL 60611-2616. Summary: Dental publications on autism have been sparse since the first comprehensive article geared for the dental profession. New findings on the etiology of autistic disorder (AD) have been discovered, suggesting that it is an organic disorder characterized by abnormalities in the brain, especially the cerebellum and limbic system. This article summarizes the latest medical findings on the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment approaches of AD, and reviews the dental literature since 1969. The main dental topics reviewed are oral health status and dental needs of patients with AD, characteristics of

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patients with AD, and self-injurious behavior (SIB) in the context of AD. Clinical behavior management issues such as pharmacological and communicative techniques and physical restraint and desensitization are described. The authors also present the affect of the dental office's environment and appointment structure on a patient with AD. 47 references. (AA). ·

Delayed Language Onset as a Predictor of Clinical Symptoms in Pervasive Developmental Disorders Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 28(6): 527-533. December 1998. Contact: Available from Plenum Publishing Corporation. Subscription Department, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013. (212) 620-8468. Fax (212) 807-1047. Summary: Diagnostic guidelines state that Asperger disorder may be distinguished from Autistic disorder by a lack of a delay in early language development. This article reports on a study that was undertaken to establish whether the presence or absence of early language delay would predict autistic symptomatology in children diagnosed with a pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) or autism spectrum disorder. In the study, 46 language delayed and 62 normal language onset children (mean age 11 years) were compared on research and diagnostic criteria, receptive language, and developmental history variables. Retrospective data were also obtained to determine whether language onset predicted autism symptomatology when young (less than 6 years of age). The authors found that early language delay predicts more autistic symptomatology when young, but not at an older age. Early language delay is also associated with developmental motor milestone delays and lower receptive language abilities. The results question the use of early language delay as a valid discriminating variable between PDD subgroups. 2 tables. 21 references.

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Autism Spectrum Disorders: Interdisciplinary Teaming in Schools Source: The ASHA Leader. 2003;8;7:4. Contact: Available from American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. 10801 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852. Web site: www.professional.asha.org. Summary: In this article the author discusses the benefits of professional team work in schools for creating the best systems and treatment interventions to facilitate improved social and cognitive deficiencies for children on the autism spectrum in the regular school system. Such teams regularly include parents, teacher, SLP, occupational therapist (OT), speech therapist, and others.

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Effect of Auditory Integration Training on Autism Source: American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 3(2): 16-24. May 1994. Summary: In this article, the authors present a description of the auditory integration training (AIT) procedure, currently considered controversial as a treatment for autism. They give an overview of the background of AIT and of research on auditory problems in autistic individuals, a summary of the findings of a pilot study undertaken in 1991, and the preliminary findings of their large-scale study of AIT on 445 autistic subjects. The authors conclude from the data obtained in their study that there does appear to be a reasonable basis for expecting worthwhile improvement in various aspects of comprehension and behavior of autistic persons exposed to only 10 hours of AIT. 8 figures. 1 table. 27 references.

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Pervasive Developmental Disorders in Preschool Children Source: JAMA. Journal of the American Medical Association. 285(24): 3093-3099. June 27, 2001. Contact: Available from American Medical Association. P.O. Box 10946, Chicago, IL 60610-0946. (800) 262-2350 or (312) 670-7827. Fax (312) 464-5831. Website: jama.amaassn.org. Summary: Prevalence rates of autism spectrum disorders are uncertain, and speculation that their incidence is increasing continues to cause concern. This article reports on a study undertaken to estimate the prevalence of pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) in a geographically defined population of preschool children. The survey was conducted between July 1998 and July 1999 in 15,500 children aged 2.5 to 6.5 years in Staffordshire, England. The children were screened for developmental problems. Children with symptoms suggestive of a PDD were intensively assessed by a multidisciplinary team, which conducted standardized diagnostic interviews and administered psychometric tests. A total of 97 children (79.4 percent male) were confirmed to have a PDD. The prevalence of PDDs was estimated to be 62.6 per 10,000 children. Prevalences were 16.8 per 10,000 children for autistic disorder and 45.8 per 10,000 for other PDDs. The mean age at diagnosis was 41 months, and 81 percent were originally referred by health visitors (nurse specialists). Of the 97 children with a PDD, 25.8 percent had some degree of mental retardation and 9.3 percent had an associated medical condition. The authors note that these results suggest that rates of PDD are higher than previously reported. 1 figure. 3 tables. 36 references.

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Pediatrician's Role in the Diagnosis and Management of Autistic Spectrum Disorder in Children Source: Pediatrics. 107(5): 1221-1226. May 2001. Contact: Available from American Academy of Pediatrics. 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007-1098. (888) 227-1773. Website: www.pediatrics.org. Summary: Primary care physicians have the opportunity to be the first point of contact when parents have concerns about their child's development or behavior. This article offers a policy statement from the American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Children With Disabilities, with the goal of helping the pediatrician recognize the early symptoms of autism and participate in its diagnosis and management. This statement and the accompanying technical report (published in the same issue) are designed to familiarize the pediatrician with currently accepted criteria defining the spectrum of autism, strategies used in making a diagnosis, and conventional and alternative interventions. Early management strategies include parental education and support, early intervention (children younger than 3 years), school based special education (children older than 3 years), behavior management, medical treatment, community services, and alternative therapies. The authors emphasize that early diagnosis has become increasingly important, as recent studies have shown improved outcomes with implementation of early, consistent, and appropriate intervention strategies that have been individually tailored to the needs of the child and parents. 70 references.

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Screening and Diagnosis of Autistic Spectrum Disorders Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 29(6): 439-484. December 1999.

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Contact: Available from Plenum Publishing Corporation. Subscription Department, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013. (212) 620-8468. Fax (212) 807-1047. Summary: The Child Neurology Society and American Academy of Neurology recently proposed to formulate Practice Parameters for the Diagnosis and Evaluation of Autism for their memberships. This endeavor was expanded to include representatives from nine professional organizations and four parent organizations, with liaisons from the National Institutes of Health. This document is the result of this multidisciplinary Consensus Panel's systematic analysis of over 2,500 relevant scientific articles in the literature. The Panel concluded that appropriate diagnosis of autism requires a dual level approach: routine developmental surveillance; and diagnosis and evaluation of autism. Specific detailed recommendations for each level are established and reported in this document. These recommendations are intended to improve the rate of early suspicion and diagnosis of, and therefore early intervention for, autism. Autism includes (but is not limited to) three core defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior. 1 figure. 6 tables. 406 references. ·

Developing an Information Pack for the Asian Carers of People with Autism Spectrum Disorders Source: International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders. 36(Supplement): 216-221. 2001. Contact: Available from Taylor and Francis Inc. 1900 Frost Road, Suite 101, Bristol, PA 19007. Summary: The complexity and interaction of the cognitive, social and communicative impairments within autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are difficult to explain. At present, the information needs for people of Asian descent about ASD are not being met to an equal standard with their white majority counterparts. This article describes an investigation that forms the basis for the development of an information package for the Asian caregivers of people with ASD and learning disabilities. The authors present the results of semi structured interviews and planning for questionnaires with three different linguistic Asian groups (Urdu, Gujarati, and Bengali). The views, attitudes, and awareness of autism, knowledge of support services, and perceived priority of needs are analyzed for the three different communities. The authors conclude with recommendations as to whether separate information is needed by each culture or whether a single information pack can be used and presented in each language format. They determine that one audiovisual presentation about ASD and adults with learning disabilities can meet the needs of direct caregivers from these different Asian communities in Bradford, England. Each community would require a spoken dialog in its own tongue. The authors also discuss the possible presentation format in which the information can be produced. They note that contact with religious leaders, women's support groups, and community leaders is also important. 1 table. 8 references.

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Issues Raised by Facilitated Communication for Theorizing and Research on Autism Source: Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. Volume 36: 1108-1119. December 1993. Summary: There is considerable disagreement in the literature and among clinicians about the success of facilitated communication (FC), a new method of augmentative communication being used with people diagnosed as autistic. Some claim almost everyone exposed to FC achieves success; others claim minimal or no success. In this article, the author argues that both claims can be valid and that FC users with autism are

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sometimes competent and other times incompetent, depending on the conditions under which they are evaluated. The author supports her argument by offering a collaborative view of communication in place of the commonly held view that communication involves passing messages over an invisible conduit. Other topics covered include various unusual phenomena being revealed by facilitation and FC users, some theoretical approaches for explaining these phenomena, some research ideas for studying FC, and suggestions for ways to develop the understanding of when and how FC works for people with autism. 71 references. (AA-M). ·

Through the Lifespan: Managing Communication and Social Issues in Autism Source: Advance for Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists. 5(9): 13,17. March 6, 1995. Summary: This article brings readers up-to-date on the communication and related social deficits associated with autism, focusing on interventional strategies for this population. Topics covered include the symptoms of autism; the wide variability among individuals with autism, especially in the areas of communication and communication related social skills; language comprehension; establishing learning readiness; home programming and behavior modification; developing functional verbal skills; sign language; the use of augmentative and alternative communication; and the pragmatic use of social skills, including greetings and conversations. The authors present three brief case histories to highlight the changing communicative needs of individuals with autism across years and environments. 6 references.

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Preventing Factitious Gingival Injury in an Autistic Patient: A Case Report Source: JADA. Journal of American Dental Association. 127(2): 244-247. February 1996. Summary: This article describes a case of a patient with autism who developed factitious stomatitis. A 34-year-old man with a history of autism developed a deep gingival cleft. During clinical evaluation, the patient repeatedly scraped the affected area with his fingernail. The lesion's clinical features were consistent with focal inflammatory hyperplasia, periodontal disease, and factitious stomatitis. The authors discuss diagnostic and behavioral issues important in treating patients with cognitive disabilities. 1 figure. 10 references. (AA-M).

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Child'sTalk for Children with Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Source: International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders. 36(Supplement): 469-473. 2001. Contact: Available from Taylor and Francis Inc. 1900 Frost Road, Suite 101, Bristol, PA 19007. Summary: This article describes a research assessment protocol and early intervention approach (Child'sTalk) designed for use by multidisciplinary professionals with children who have the severe social communication deficits of early autism and pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). The assessment analyses the specific pattern of social communication impairment in each child and defines the characteristics of the dyad communication between parent and child. The intervention aims to identify facilitative (coping) strategies, using video feedback, which lead to close interpersonal interaction between the child and their parents. Parents can reflect on their own interaction and identify which strategies successfully engage their child. The six stages of Child'sTalk are: establishing joint attention, synchrony, sameness, variation,

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communicative teasers, and modeling. Child'sTalk aims to facilitate adaptations to the child's level of communication by sensitively and finely tuning the interaction and mutual sharing of intentions as a support for the emergence of communication. 8 references. ·

Facilitated Communication and Autism: Separating Fact from Fiction Source: Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation. 4(1): 66-74. January 1994. Summary: This article examines facilitated communication in light of what is known about autism. First, the authors examine claims made about facilitated communication and empirical issues involved in its validation. Then, claims of why it works and why it might appear to work are discussed in relation to the psychology of autism. Finally, ethical concerns are addressed. The authors include a review of the literature and a discussion of their own work with people with autism over a 16-year period. They conclude that facilitated communication should be considered experimental and its use limited to scientific inquiry. 33 references. (AA-M).

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Autism and the Pervasive Developmental Disorders: Part 2 Source: Pediatrics in Review. 16(5): 168-177. May 1995. Summary: This article is the second in a two-part series that presents evolving concepts about autism and describes a clinical approach for the diagnosis and management of children with the condition. The author discusses the differential diagnosis of autism, the assessment of children who are autistic, diagnostic instruments, the physical and neurological examination, laboratory and other medical evaluations, the evaluation of functional level, prognosis, and management considerations including educational management, pharmacologic management, and other therapies. The article concludes with a section on the role of family support and advocacy. The section on other therapies briefly reviews two controversial methods of treatment: facilitated communication and auditory integration training. Facilitated communication is an alternative communication modality for autistic children in which a trained 'facilitator' provides physical support under the arm of the autistic child to allow him or her to type messages on a keyboard communicator. Auditory integration training is based on the unproven theory that symptoms in autism and other developmental disabilities may be caused by a disturbance of the auditory system. These children are said to have hyperacute sensitivity to some frequencies of sound, a phenomenon said to be demonstrable on a carefully performed audiogram. 1 table. 24 references. (AA-M).

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Procedures for Teaching Appropriate Gestural Communication Skills to Children with Autism Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 28(6): 535-545. December 1998. Contact: Available from Plenum Publishing Corporation. Subscription Department, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013. (212) 620-8468. Fax (212) 807-1047. Summary: This article reports on a study of four children with autism who were taught to use gestures in combination with oral communication. Using a multiple baseline across response design, intervention was introduced successively across three response categories containing gestures representative of attention directing, attention getting, affective, and descriptive behavior. Although none of the participants displayed appropriate gestural and verbal responses during baseline, all participants acquired this skill with the systematic implementation of modeling, prompting, and reinforcement.

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Generalization measures indicated that the children learned to respond in the presence of novel stimuli and a novel setting. Social validity measures revealed that the participants' behavior appeared more socially appropriate at the completion of the study than at the start of the study, and that the participants' behavior was indistinguishable from that of their typically developing peers. 4 figures. 2 tables. 33 references. ·

Naltrexone and Communication Skills in Young Children with Autism Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 38(5): 587-593. May 1999. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Subscription Department, P.O. Box 350, Hagerstown, MD 21740-0350. (800) 638-3030. Website: www.aacap.org/journal/journal.htm. Summary: This article reports on a study that examined the impact of naltrexone, a potent oral opiate antagonist, on the communication skills of young children with autism. Autism is characterized by 3 core deficits: qualitative impairments in reciprocal social interactions; qualitative and quantitative impairments in communication; and restricted, repetitive, or stereotyped behaviors, interests, and activities. In the study, 24 children with autism (3.0 to 8.3 years old) who were living at home and attending appropriate school programs, participated in a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover trial. Naltrexone, 1.0 mg per kg, or placebo was administered daily for 2 weeks. Communication was evaluated from videotaped samples of seminaturalistic parent child interaction. Child and parent language were assessed using similar measures. In this heterogeneous sample, the median number of words the child produced on placebo was 9.5 (range 0 to 124). The median proportion of utterances with echolalia was 0.16. No differences were found between the naltrexone and placebo conditions in any of the measures of children or parents' communication. Significant correlations were found between the child's number of words and developmental quotient and between the child's and parent's number of words. Previous studies showed that naltrexone was associated with modest reductions in hyperactivity and restlessness in this group of children with autism. In this short term study, the medication did not lead to improvement in communication, a core deficit of autism. 2 tables. 46 references.

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Prenatal, Perinatal, and Neonatal Factors in Autism, Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified, and the General Population Source: Pediatrics. 107(4): [6 p.]. April 2001. Contact: Available from American Academy of Pediatrics. 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007-1098. (888) 227-1773. Fax (847) 434-8000. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.pediatrics.org. Full text of this article is available at www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/107/4/e63. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to examine various prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal factors in children with autism and in children with pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PPD NOS); the study compared the incidence of each factor to that of the normal population. The 74 participants (66 males, 8 females) were diagnosed with autism between age 2.5 and 4 years. At age 5, all participants were reevaluated, resulting in 61 autistic and 13 PDD NOS diagnoses. The study examined 28 factors in these 2 groups, using medical records and parental interviews. Incidences were compared with those of the United States population as reported in the Report of Final Natality Statistics (1995). Factors included maternal age,

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parity (number of pregnancies), number of previous abortions or miscarriages, gestational age, bleeding in pregnancy, vaginal infections, fever, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, rhesus (blood factor) incompatibility, smoking during pregnancy, use of contraception at conception, induced labor, Cesarean section, nonvertex presentation, forcep extraction, vacuum extraction, prolonged labor (longer than 20 hours), precipitous labor (less than 3 hours), multiple gestation, cord complication (prolapse, around the neck, knotted), trauma on delivery, low birth weight, low Apgar score, respiratory distress syndrome, oxygen treatment, hyperbilirubinemia, seizures, and birth defect. Although most of the factors showed comparable incidences between the index and control groups, several factors showed statistically significant differences. The autism group was found to have a significantly higher incidence of uterine bleeding, a lower incidence of maternal vaginal infection, and less maternal use of contraceptives during conception when compared with the general population. Similarly, the PDD NOS group showed a higher incidence of hyperbilirubinemia when compared with the general population. The results of this study support previous findings. However, the authors caution that interpretation of these results is difficult. Additional studies are needed to corroborate and strengthen these associations, as well as to determine the possibility of an underlying unifying pathological process. 5 tables. 25 references. ·

Visual Pedagogy in Dentistry for Children with Autism Source: Journal of Dentistry for Children. 66(5): 325-331. September-October 1999. Contact: Available from American Society of Dentistry for Children. John Hancock Center, 875 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 4040, Chicago, IL 60611-1901. (312) 943-1244. Summary: This article reviews the condition of autism in children and outlines strategies for the effective dental care of these children. The authors emphasize that dental care is a large problem for people with autism, as well as for their families. The authors report on a study undertaken to present and evaluate a model based on visual pedagogies for the introduction of dentistry to preschool children with autism. Visual pedagogy (the use of communicating via pictures rather than words) is described. The authors detail a book the study has produced. The book includes distinct color prints that show every step when visiting the dentist, i.e., the front door, the waiting room, the dentist, the operating room, and the instruments that will be used. The pictures are distinct and simple without irrelevant details and are to be read from the left to the right. Before actual treatment begins, the parents and the dentist meet without the child for information about the method and for sharing relevant information about the child. A common choice of words is agreed upon for the different situations and persons involved, to assure that the same vocabulary is used at home and at the clinic. After 1.5 years in the project using this visual pedagogy, the cooperation of the 11 children with autism was compared with that of sixteen children with autism of the same age, who had not been treated according to visual pedagogy. Compared to the control children, the children using visual pedagogy demonstrate a superior capacity to cooperate, a capacity far beyond the expectations of their parents. The parents have positive comments for the program and all families want to continue in the project. 1 figure. 2 tables. 19 references.

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Autism: Current Concepts Source: New England Journal of Medicine. 337(2): 97-104. July 1997. Summary: This article reviews the current thinking on autism, a group of developmental disorders of brain function known as pervasive developmental disorder. The author

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begins with a discussion of the symptoms of autism, as they are expressed in behavior, communication, play, attention and activities, cognition, and sensorimotor symptoms. The author continues with a discussion of epilepsy and autistic regression, the prevalence of autism, the causes of the condition, the neurologic basis of autism, its course and prognosis, the diagnostic considerations, and intervention. Comprehension and the communicative use of speech and gesture are always deficient, at least in young children with autism. There is a compromised ability to decode the rapid acoustic stimuli that characterize speech results in the most devastating language disorder in autism: verbal auditory agnosia or word deafness. Children with verbal auditory agnosia understand little or no language; they therefore fail to acquire speech and may remain nonverbal. The author stresses that the most important intervention in autism is early and intensive remedial education that addresses both behavioral and communication disorders. The effective approaches use a highly structured environment with intensive individual instruction and a high teacher-to-student ratio. Parents need specific instruction in how to deal with tantrums and destructive behavior and in useful techniques for keeping their children organized and occupied to minimize detrimental effects on the family. 5 tables. 62 references. (AA-M). ·

Pervasive Developmental Disorders: A 10-Year Review Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 39(9): 1079-1095. September 2000. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Subscription Department, P.O. Box 350, Hagerstown, MD 21740-0350. (800) 638-3030. Website: www.aacap.org/journal/journal.htm. Summary: This article summarizes recent advances about the nature, diagnosis, and treatment of pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs). The author conducted a review of MEDLINE databases, books, and book chapters published between July 1989 and November 1999. Clinical and genetic studies support expansion of the concept of autism to include a broader spectrum of social communication handicaps. The prevalence of autism is approximately 1 per 2,000; the prevalence of autism and Asperger's disorder together is 1 per 1,000. The Checklist for Autism in Toddlers is a useful screening instrument for 18 month old children; the Autism Diagnostic Interview Revised and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule are instruments of choice for research. Although twin and family studies clearly support genetic factors as important in autism, linkage analysis studies indicate that many genes may be involved. There is no one treatment of choice. Social pragmatic approaches, augmented by individualized strategies and social coaching, may be best for teaching social communication skills. Pharmacological interventions have a limited role in improving social communication, but selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and atypical neuroleptic medications may help lessen aggression, hyperactivity, and other secondary problems. The authors concludes by calling for continued private and government support of basic and applied research on PDDs. 209 references.

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Brain Wiring in Autism Source: ADVANCE for Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists. 9(1): 6-9. January 4, 1999. Contact: Available from Merion Publications, Inc. 650 Park Avenue, Box 61556, King of Prussia, PA 19406-0956. (800) 355-5627, ext. 279. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.advanceweb.com.

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Summary: This article, from a newsletter for speech language pathologists and audiologists, describes research on the deficits in cognitive processes in people with autism, the brain location of these deficits, and the behavioral basis of autism. The author describes the work of Dr. Nancy Minshew and her collaborators from the University of Pittsburgh, the Center for Cognitive Brain Imaging at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) in Pittsburgh, and the Division of Neurology at Case Western Reserve University Medical School in Cleveland. Their studies will compare people with high functioning autism to control subjects in order to pinpoint the critical differences in language, spatial, and executive processes. The article describes the research being undertaken, the results so far, the neurophysiology of the brain that may be involved, the part of the research that measures the reflexive and voluntary control of eye movements, the use of brain imaging studies, and the impact of information processing on coping in real life settings. The researcher emphasizes that discovering the cognitive basis of behavior and where the problems with the wiring of the brain lie in autism will lead to more effective intervention and, possibly, treatment. The article concludes with the addresses and contact information of the researchers interviewed. 3 figures. ·

Autism and the Pervasive Developmental Disorders: Part 1 Source: Pediatrics in Review. 16(4): 130-136. April 1995. Summary: This article, the first in a two-part series, presents evolving concepts about autism and describes a clinical approach for the diagnosis. The author notes that there are three general categories of behavioral impairment common to all persons who have autism: a qualitative impairment of reciprocal social interaction, a qualitative impairment in the development of language and communication, and a restricted range of activities and interests. The author discusses these aspects in more detail, then considers classification issues, epidemiology, associated medical conditions, biologic aspects, psychological aspects, and clinical presentation (in the three categories noted above). Regarding communication, most autistic children have an early delay in the onset of expressive language, often the symptom that prompts referral for evaluation. The language defect in autism is described as a pragmatic defect, meaning that the use of language for social communication is particularly impaired compared with other aspects of language. Lack of nonverbal types of communication can provide some of the earliest diagnostic evidence for the presence of autism. Even in older, higher functioning children, subtle deficits in nonverbal communication, such as in the use of hand or facial gestures, frequently remain. 3 tables. 14 references.

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Some Infantile Autism May be Inherited, Studies Find Source: Advance for Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists. 4(18): 3. September 5, 1994. Contact: Available from Merion Publications, Inc. 650 Park Avenue West, King of Prussia, PA 19406. (610) 265-7812. Summary: This brief news article reports on recent findings that some types of infantile autism may be inherited. Two studies conducted at Duke University Medical Center in Durham, NC indicate that autistic children who have no apparent neurological basis for their disorders may actually be suffering from an inherited, early-onset form of manicdepression. When manic-depression strikes in early infancy, it appears to blunt the child's cognitive, social and emotional development irreversibly, so that the child's brain never develops the framework in which to build communication or social skills. The article discusses the research conducted, family history of depression or manic-

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depressive illness, the area of the brain most likely to be affected, and the patterns of affective and cognitive symptoms. ·

Identifying Autism Susceptibility Genes Source: Neuron. 28(1): 19-24. October 2000. Contact: Available from Cell Press. Neuron, 1100 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138. (617) 661-7057. Fax (617) 661-7061. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.neuron.org. Summary: This review article focuses on the identification of susceptibility loci for autism. The genetic mechanisms predisposing to autism and related milder phenotypes are unknown. Neither the level of familial risk nor the very different concordance rates in monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs is compatible with a simple monogenic model. Most cases seem likely to arise on the basis of multiple susceptibility genes. Models using family and twin data for autism and related phenotypes suggest that between two and 10 loci may be implicated. Although various chromosomal abnormalities have been reported in people who have autism, one potentially specific association is with abnormalities of an unstable region of chromosome 15 (15q11-q13). The most common abnormalities are interstitial duplications or a supernumerary pseudodicentric chromosome 15 in patients who have autism spectrum disorders. When the parental origin has been investigated, all of the 15q duplications associated with autism were derived from the mother. Sex chromosome abnormalities have rarely been reported in association with autism. Genetic mapping relies on tracking the cosegregation of polymorphic deoxyribonucleic markers with a disorder. If a statistically significant association between the disorder and markers is found at an identified location, it implies a nearby susceptibility locus. The article discusses the use of linkage and association in genetic mapping and reports on association and genome wide linkage studies on autism. Linkage studies suggest that there is a high probability that a region on chromosome 7q contains a susceptibility locus for autism. Although the 15q region shows weaker evidence for linkage, the relatively high incidence of chromosomal abnormalities supports a role for this region in autism etiology. 1 figure. 2 tables. 22 references.

Federally Funded Research on Autism The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to autism. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to autism.

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore autism. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for autism: ·

Project Title: 1999 WORLD CONGRESS ON PSYCHIATRIC GENETICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Delisi, Lynn E.; Professor; Internatnl Society Psychiatric Genetics Psychiatric Genetics New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 10-DEC-1999; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: The International Society of Psychiatric Genetics (ISPG, a non- profit professional research society) is the sponsor of annual World Congresses of Psychiatric Genetics which are held alternating years between North America and Europe. It is a four day meeting with invited plenary speakers, freely submitted oral and poster presentations, as well as various workshops. These meetings have as their goal the education of researchers, students and the public about the latest research findings in the neurogenetics of all major psychiatric conditions. The work reported at these sessions ranges from epidemiological to molecular topics. An international program committee is assembled from senior researchers in the field to invite approximately 12 plenary speakers to present timely reviews of new and exciting advances in genetic technology or other topics relevant to a wide range of research in psychiatric genetics. However, the major portion of the program is devoted to the free submissions from investigators interested in attending. Graduate students and post-doctoral fellows are particularly encouraged to participate and present new data. Travel fellowships are provided for as many young investigators as possible, usually 15- 20. The meeting is generally held in the Fall and a public call for abstracts to be submitted in the May prior to the meeting is solicited by the internet, journal advertising and a mailing list of over 8000 professionals. It is hoped that this annual meeting will facilitate the acquisition of new knowledge pertinent for rapid advancement and progress toward finding genes for major psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, unipolar depressions, and autism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: A DEVICE FOR STEREOTYPE QUANTIFICATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Greeley, Harold P.; Creare, Inc. Box 71, Etna Rd Hanover, Nh 03755 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Stereotypy, describing motor behavior that is repetitive, rhythmical, and non-goal directed, is commonly observed in persons with autism and other developmental disabilities. For some children with autism or other developmental disabilities, stereotypy may be a target for intervention. On the other hand, stereotypy may serve as a proxy for other behaviors or conditions, for example, anxiety or mood disorders that are targeted for treatment. Taken together, stereotypy is a long-recognized and important behavior for persons with developmental disabilities. Measurement difficulties present an obstacle to the study of stereotypy, and ultimately, to its treatment. The objective of this program is to provide a tool that quantifies the level of stereotypy in autistic children. This will be achieved through an innovative integration of triaxial accelerometer and radio frequency telemetry technologies. The resulting long-term, free-living measurements performed in the clinic and at the subject's home, will provide objective measures of clinical change in autism treatment.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: A MULTI-FACETED SEARCH FOR AUTISM DISEASE GENES Principal Investigator & Institution: Wassink, Thomas H.; Psychiatry; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 05-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: In this application for a RCDA (K08), the candidate proposes to obtain expertise in molecular genetics, applying this expertise to the investigation of autism. The candidate is a psychiatrist who recently completed a research fellowship at a Mental Health Clinical Research Center, where he initially performed research in the phenomenology and neurobiology of schizophrenia. Midway through his fellowship, however, driven by his underlying interest in the molecular genetics of neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders, he began genetic investigations of both schizophrenia and autism. He has now joined the research faculty at his institution and is in a position, with the support of this award, to move towards leading and conducting independent investigations into the molecular genetic basis of these disorders. Autism is characterized by the childhood onset of stereotyped, repetitive behaviors and severe deficits in social interaction and communication. No effective treatment currently exists. Autism is largely heritable, and increasing effort is being expended to identify autism disease genes, though none have yet been discovered. The candidate's Research Plan uses two approaches to attempt to identify such genes: 1) Creating somatic cell hybrids from autistic subjects with chromosome 15 anomalies in order to isolate the abnormal chromosomes, characterize them molecularly, and more narrowly define a potential disease gene harboring region; and 2) Using the genome wide shared segment analysis approach, as well as traditional linkage analysis, to test for linkage in a number of extended pedigrees highly penetrant for autism. Linked or narrowed regions identified through these approaches will be screened for candidate genes, which, once identified, will be evaluated using appropriate molecular techniques. There is also opportunity for the candidate to analyze and compare genetic data from other types of family structures and to examine the effect of novel definitions of the autism phenotype. The candidate's molecular mentoring will be provided by a Howard Hughes geneticist at the University of Iowa, and will be supplemented by mentoring from recognized experts in statistical genetics, genetic computational bioinformatics, the genetics and phenotype of autism, and cytogenetics, and by a rigorous, well- organized series of didactic coursework. Taken together, the training plan and research proposal provide for a breadth of training, the potential for meaningful discovery, and support for the establishment of an independent research career. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: A QUANTITATIVE GENETIC MEASURE OF AUTISTIC TRAITS Principal Investigator & Institution: Constantino, John N.; Psychiatry; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: This proposal represents the third step of a quantitative approach to identifying genetic loci that contribute to the susceptibility for autistic spectrum disorders. It seeks to provider further validation of a new measure of autistic spectrum deficits, the Social Reciprocity Scale (Constantino et al., 2000), which, in studies involving over 900 children, has proven feasible for use in large-scale epidemiologic samples. The Social Reciprocity Scale (SRS) is unique in that it is designed to quantify

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autistic traits across the entire spectrum from unaffected to severely affected (referred to as the "broader autism phenotype). It therefore is useful for identifying extreme discordant sib pairs in the population, which is potentially important for gene mapping studies in autism since such pairs provide the highest degree of statistical power for identification of quantitative trait loci. Although SRS scores are highly genetically influenced (Constantino and Todd, submitted) and correlate well with clinical diagnoses of autistic spectrum disorders (Constantino et a., 2000), the instrument has never yet been directly compared with established diagnostic instruments for autism. This is a proposal to validate the Social Reciprocity Scale with the Autism Diagnostic InterviewRevised (ADI-R) among clinical and research subjects with and without pervasive developmental disorders at the Washington University School of Medicine. If the SRS compares favorably with the ADI-R, the SRS could feasibly be used to study the genetics of autism by examining the genetic structure of autistic traits in whole populations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: A TRANSLATIONAL AUTISM PROGRAM AT THE M.I.N.D. INSTITUTE Principal Investigator & Institution: Amaral, David G.; Professor; Psychiatry; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, CA 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 25-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Provided by applicant): The UC Davis M.I.N.D. (Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute was founded in 1998 as an interdisciplinary organization to study autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders. This unique collaboration among parents, community leaders, and researchers and clinicians at UC Davis takes a three-pronged approach to solving neurodevelopmental disorders; it brings together resources at UC Davis, from the Sacramento community and from the broader UC system to focus on basic and clinical research, patient treatment, and the education of patients, families and providers. Current activities include: an aggressive recruitment campaign to develop a critical mass of researchers, clinicians and educators; the construction of a campus of five buildings comprising approximately 142,000 sq. ft. of space that will include a comprehensive pediatric clinic, two research buildings, a community center and a laboratory school; and the expansion of an active intramural and extramural research program. The vision of the M.I.N.D. Institute is entirely consistent with the establishment of a translational Center of Excellence in Autism Research as outlined in the Children's Health Act of 2000. However, with the intense activity currently underway at the Institute and our need to incorporate many new Institute faculty into the preparation of a Center grant, we believe that it is premature to submit an application for the December deadline. The Developmental Grants for Autism Centers of Excellence provide a useful mechanism for enabling comprehensive discussion, consultation and decision-making in preparation for submission of such an application in 2002. During the planning year we will focus on defining those areas of translational research and community outreach that the M.I.N.D. Institute is best suited to pursue as an Autism Center of Excellence. A broad-based, twenty member, leadership team will participate in weekly brainstorming sessions to shape the aims of our expected application. Intensive two-day Focus Group sessions, during which consultants will not only present their latest data, but also advise the Institute on such promising areas as Biomarkers Research, Clinical Drug Trials, and Innovative Treatments for Autism, will inform the deliberations of this group. We will pursue collaborative relationships with California State University, Sacramento, and several Sacramento County school districts to establish pilot educational programs for children

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with autism. Evaluation, selection and implementation of a comprehensive database management system will be a priority for ensuring the seamless flow of information between the Institute's clinical and research efforts. Finally, we will explore the feasibility of using telemedicine technology for clinical care and education in autism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: ANALYSIS OF CHROMOSOME 15 DUPLICATIONS IN AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Schanen, Carolyn N.; Head of Human Genetics Research; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 23-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: Duplication of the maternally-derived copy of the imprinted region on chromosome 15q is associated with a major risk for autism or autism spectrum disorders. The duplications arise by homologous but unequal recombination through series of transcribed repeats in the region and variation in the alignment at crossing over lead to difference in the content and origin of the chromatin involved. The investigator?s goals are directed toward understanding the role that duplication of chromosome 15q plays in autism by examining the phenotypic sequelae in probands with known duplications. She also proposes to define the autism critical region by detailed examination of rearrangements in probands with unusual breakpoints or imprinting errors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: AP3 IN NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Burmeister, Margit M.; Associate Professor of Genetics in Psych; Psychiatry; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1994; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (Adapted from investigator's abstract) The P.I. has recently identified the mutant gene in mocha mice as the delta subunit of the adapter-related complex AP-3. They have also found that the ZnT-3 transporter is not transported correctly to synaptic vesicles, resulting in a lack of zinc in cortex and hippocampus. In this application, the P.I. proposes to genetically map all subunits of the AP-3 complex to determine if other mutants with a similar phenotype are caused by mutations in these AP-3 subunit genes, and test for interaction between mocha locus and pale-ear, the mouse homologue of HPS, the gene most commonly mutated in human Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS). They will focus on the neurological phenotype of mocha, and determine if mocha may be a mouse model for epilepsy, ADHD, autism or other neurological disorders. Mocha mutant mice have an HPS-like phenotype as well as neurological deficits (seizures, hyperactivity, spike-wave discharges, a hypersynchronized electrocortigram, increased auditory gating). In contrast, pearl mice have HPS but none of these neurological phenotypes, which they postulate is because pearl mice miss the non-neuronal form of the beta subunit, Ap3b1, but not the neuronal form of AP-3 beta, Ap3b2, whereas the delta subunit mutated in mocha is ubiquitously expressed. Dr. Burmeister postulates that inactivation of the neuronal form of AP-3 beta will result in a mouse with the neurological defects of mocha without the HPS-like phenotypes and higher fertility and viability than mocha mice. They will prepare a LoxP construct to knock out Ap3b2 in such a way that they can not only generate a complete knockout in ES cells, but also, by mating to mice in which Cre is under region-specific promoters, mice in which the AP-3

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complex is missing only in specific brain regions. The P.I. will characterize the behavior of mocha, mh-2J, ZnT-3 deficient mice as well as the proposed knockout mice for the nature of hyperactivity (is it generally more active, has increased startle, or stereotypic behavior), seizure propensity, anxiety, learning and memory and electrophysiological parameters. To determine if AP3B2 plays a role in human neurological disorders, Dr. Burmeister will isolate and characterize the human AP3B2 gene and search for mutations or polymorphisms that may be present in the normal population or in patients. Given the mocha phenotype, it is anticipated that this gene may be involved in human neurological disorders characterized by increased seizure frequency and hyperactivity (e.g. autism, OCD, ADHD and epilepsy). Such polymorphisms will be made available for the scientific community to test as a candidate gene for other neurological or psychiatric disorders if justified by the results of the behavior tests. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: AUTISM AND AMPS LYASE MUTATIONS: CELL AND MOUSE MODELS Principal Investigator & Institution: Patterson, David; President and Senior Fellow; Eleanor Roosevelt Inst for Cancer Res 1899 Gaylord St Denver, Co 80206 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 11-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) catalyzes two steps of de novo purine biosynthesis. In 1984, a genetic syndrome was described in which a deficiency in ADSL leads to profound developmental delay and, in up to 30% of cases, autistic features (5). Currently, over 30 mutations in ADSL are known to cause ADSL deficiency. The clinical picture in these individuals can vary widely. Interestingly, in 2000 an ADSL deficiency patient was reported with minimal developmental delay and autistic features. (6) In 1987, we mapped the gene for ADSL to human chromosome 22 (29). The precise location of the ADSL gene is now known to be in the 22q13 region. Chromosomal anomalies in this region are also associated with autism. This data suggests that ADSL deficiency is a contributing factor to autism as well as to psychomotor delay and mental retardation. Autism affects approximately 1 in 2000 individuals. Defining features are impaired sociability, language and communication, and range of interests and activities. Mental deficiency may or may not be present, and the cognitive profile is narrow, occasionally with superior but narrow talent. Perseveration, concreteness, affective blunting, and lack of insight into other persons' thinking may be present. We have isolated and extensively characterized a Chinese hamster ovary cell (CHO-K1) cell mutant, Adel, completely lacking in ADSL activity. We now propose to create and characterize a mouse model of ADSL deficiency. For this purpose, we will inactivate the mouse ADSL gene by targeted mutagenesis. We will then introduce the wild type and selected mutant human ADSL genes into different lines of transgenic mice and by appropriate breeding create mice carrying only the wild type or mutant forms of human ADSL. We will produce mice with the R426H mutation that leads to severe developmental delay, often with autistic features, and the R303C mutation that leads to mild disease. These mice will then be analyzed neuroanatomically, biochemically, physiologically, and behaviorally to understand the consequences of ADSL mutations. We will then attempt to intervene with appropriate pharmacological agents to reverse the effects of ADSL deficiency, and, we hope, to other forms of autism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

22 Autism

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Project Title: AUTISM CLASSROOM CONNECTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Rao, Patricia A.; Danya International, Inc. 8737 Colesville Rd, Ste 1200 Silver Spring, Md 20910 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JAN-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Danya International proposes to develop a multimedia intervention package designed to help facilitate the inclusion of children with autism in the general education classroom, based on a peer-based model used successfully in our previous corporate experience developing classroom materials for children with other development disabilities. The intervention package will consist of an educational video, a Facilitator's Guide for use with the video, and an online learning center about autism for teachers, parents, advocates and peers of children with autism. During Phase 1, Danya will develop the content for the video script, the Facilitator's Guide, and the online learning center, film the video, and conduct a feasibility study of the video. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: AGONISTS

AUTISM

THERAPEUTICS:

NOVEL

SECRETIN

RECEPTOR

Principal Investigator & Institution: Evans, David M.; Psychiatric Genomics, Inc. 19 Firstfield Rd Gaithersburg, Md 20878 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 31-OCT-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): Using a high-throughput robotic system we plan to screen a library of 70,000 small molecules (each <700 daltons) for agonists at the secretin receptor transfected into cells. Small molecule non-peptide agonists at this receptor may overcome some of the anticipated issues with administration of the peptide hormone in the treatment of patients with Autistic disorders, such as its short in vivo half life, its need to be administered by injection and its pharmacokinetic parameters. We propose to: Clone and express the human secretin receptor in a Chinese Hamster Ovary cell line. Confirm transfection by showing secretin stimulated accumulation of cAMP only in the transfected cells. Demonstrate that we can obtain cells which respond to secretin (by increasing cAMP) in a dose-dependent manner and that show a maximal response to secretin at least 2 fold that of the un-transfected cells. Develop and validate an assay that detects an increase in cAMP levels in these cells by compounds acting as agonists at the secretin receptor. Using High Throughput Screening (HTS) robotics, screen for nonpeptide small organic compounds from Psychiatric Genomics' (PGI) collection that can act as agonists at the secretin receptor and stimulate cAMP accumulation. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Patients with autism, or those within the broader category of autism spectrum disorder, are those who might benefit from secretin agonist drug therapy. A novel and innovative drug for autism would qualify under orphan drug status since there are less than 200,000 patients with autism in the U.S. This would increase the commercial viability and attractiveness of such a drug to small biotechnology or pharmaceutical businesses, and enhance the interest by the FDA. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: AUTISM: SOCIAL AND COMMUNICATION PREDICTORS IN SIBLINGS Principal Investigator & Institution: Landa, Rebecca; Director; Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Inc. Baltimore, Md 21205

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 25-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Autism spectrum disorders (ASD, including Autism, Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified, Asperger syndrome) are characterized by significant impairment in communication and emotional understanding and expression, as well as a limited behavioral repertoire with restricted interest and activities. Although early diagnosis and intervention are critical, ASD is rarely diagnosed before three years of age. This is problematic given evidence: 1) of prenatal brain abnormality in autism (Rodier et al, 1996; Bauman & Kemper, 1994; Bailey et al., 1998); 2) that symptoms of autism manifest before 24 months of age; and 3) of the importance of early intervention to capitalize on the neuroplasticity of the young brain. Particular attention should be paid to a very high-risk group: the young siblings of autistic children (hereafter, autism sibs). Family history studies indicate that autism sibs are at increased risk for ASD and communicator disorder, implying a need for screening during infancy. Young autism sibs provide researchers with an important opportunity to learn about the early manifestation and developmental trajectory of ASD, the relationship between social and language domains in the development of typical and atypical populations, the genetics of autism, and neuropsychological bases brain development in ASD and the broader autism phenotype. The proposed prospective study will enroll 340 autism sibs, tested at 14, 24, and 36 months of age, to address these specific aims: 1) To identify behavioral profiles that enhance diagnosis of ASD in the first two years of life of infant siblings of children with autism. 2) to test hypotheses about the relationship between joint attention, shared positive affect, and communication in infant siblings later diagnosed with ADS (at 3 years of age) and in those siblings without ASD. In addition, a sample of infants at no known risk for autism (having no developmental disorder) will be included as a basis of comparison of joint attention, communication, and affect development in non-ADS autism sibs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: AUTISM--A MODEL OF ANOMALOUS NEURAL SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Filipek, Pauline A.; Associate Professor; Pediatrics; University of California Irvine Campus Dr Irvine, Ca 92697 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1997; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: By school age, the rate of normal human brain growth declines sharply, but these final phases are especially critical to the maturation of motor, linguistic, cognitive and social aptitudes in the acquisition of adaptive behaviors. These growth rates reflect a delicate balance of normal progressive and regressive histogenic mechanisms. The developmental disorders can be a model for study of anomalous brain development, in particular autistic disorder (AD), which is characterized by deficits in socialization, attention, concept formation, verbal and non-verbal communication, and ritualistic, perseverative behaviors. The investigator's prior MRI-based morphometric analysis in children with AD, developmental language disorders (DLD), non-autistic low IQ (NILIQ), and normal children have shown that both AD and DLD brains are unexpectantly larger in volume and controls which is due to excessive white matter disproportionately localized to the temporal and posterior parietal region, including the angular gyrus, superior parietal lobule, and visual/association regions. These results point to maldevelopment of neocortical systems and are consistent with some of the classic neocortical localization theories. The investigators propose: 1) To recruit three new cohorts of children in early adolescence, aged 10.0 through 15.11, N=30 in each: a) autistic disorder, divided into high IQ (nonverbal IQ70) and low (nonverbal IQ<70) AD

24 Autism

cohort; b) nonautistic low IQ (nonverbal IQ<70); c) normal control volunteers are children with headaches, with normal birth, development, and medical histories, and normal, cognitive, linguistic and behavioral function (nonverbal IQ<70); 2) To replicate the investigator's previous morphometric findings of localized anomalous white matter volumes in the AD cohorts by performing the first of two sequential high-resolution three dimensional (3D) gradient echo T(1) - weighted MRI scans. Complete morphometric analysis will include computation of volume for whole brain, individual substructures, and hemisphere gradients. A new method of cortical localization and parcellation will then be applied to these MRI scans, reference to the Brodnann architectonic map and compatible with the Mesulem scheme of neurosystems hierarchy; 3) To test the hypothesis that the anomalous dysfunctional neurosystems are related to linguistic and neurobehavioral deficits in AD, independent of nonverbal IQ; and 4) To further investigate the effects of puberty on brain development in AD by performing a second of two sequential MRI scans three years later with repeated morphometric and cortical parcellation analysis on these AD and control cohorts. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: TREATMENT

AUTISM--DEVELOPMENT,

GENETIC

EPIDEMIOLOGY

AND

Principal Investigator & Institution: Todd, Richard D.; Professor of Psychiatry; Psychiatry; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Provided by applicant): This is an application for a developmental grant for an Autism Center of Excellence. The long-term goal of this proposed Autism Center of Excellence is the delineation of the genetic and neurobiological mechanisms underlying specific autistic traits and the application of this information to treatment and outcome studies. The basic assumption of this goal is that there are multiple and heterogeneous genetic and neurobiological mechanisms that contribute to the observed clinical heterogeneity of autistic children and determine the social and language differences observed in the relatives of these children. The short-term goal of this developmental grant application is the establishment of an interactive structure and environment for interested investigators to realize these aims. The proposed list of investigators include child psychiatry, child neurology, psychology, and occupational therapy experts with a broad range of interests spanning basic neuronal mechanisms, genetic epidemiology, clinical syndromes and treatment response. The central theme of the proposed center, using developmental and genetic epidemiological methods to determine the underlying mechanisms for specific autistic deficits, is based on our recent success applying these approaches to the genetics of the core autistic feature of reciprocal social behavior. The long range goal of the proposed center is to extend these approaches to include tests of basic neurobiological mechanisms which might be associated with these characteristics, to investigate if similar mechanisms act in the broader autistic spectrum of disorders and to investigate the contribution of these proposed mechanisms to the prediction of treatment response. During the initial phase of this center we will concentrate on the establishment of an organizational structure to facilitate the development of junior and established investigators as autism researchers and on the creation of an enhanced integration of clinical and educational programs in autism and related disorders. Pilot studies for this developmental period will include extension of instruments developed for children to adult versions to test for extended familial transmission of autistic traits and the piloting of the use of established instruments in a quantitative trait locus (QTL)

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analysis of the possible involvement of the X chromosome in deficits in reciprocal social behaviors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: AUTISM--MR NEUROANATOMIC ABNORMALITIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Courchesne, Eric; Professor of Neuroscience; Children's Hospital Research Center 3020 Children's Way, Mc 5074 San Diego, Ca 92123 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 10-SEP-1983; Project End 31-JAN-2002 Summary: Infantile autism is a neurological disorder that severely disrupts social, cognitive, and language development. The neurophysiological/neuroanatomical defects responsible for autism have, until recently, resisted discovery. The advent of a powerful, yet non- invasive in vivo imaging method -- magnetic resonance (MR) - combined with disciplined quantitative data analysis has yielded important new insight into the disorder. Our prior NIH-funded MR research has disclosed that specific sites of cerebral and cerebellar anatomical abnormality are present in diagnostically confirmed autistic patients as young as 5 years of age. Quantitative analysis of our MR imaging data indicate that specific loci of abnormality undergo distinct age-related changes in these affected patients. For example, initially small posterior callosal subregions undergo agerelated growth to near normal size, yet cerebellar vermian lobules VI and VII are reduced in size in autistic subjects at all ages, and show no growth over time. Results in even younger patients with a provisional diagnosis of autism indicate that a rapid decrease in size of posterior callosal subregions and cerebellar vermian lobules may occur between the ages of 2 and 6 years. These findings are intriguing, but require confirmation in the larger, carefully designed study herein proposed. To most efficiently explore the incidence and age-related size changes in specific sites of CNS abnormality in autism, we propose a cross- sequential experimental paradigm which will obtain MR imaging data in both autistic and normal control subjects longitudinally over 5 years. Analysis of the prospective longitudinal data acquired will reveal the developmental time course of anatomical deviations in autistic patients, particularly during the age range of 2 to 6 years, an important period of rapid growth in the normal brain. The completion of this study will further our long-term objective of elucidating the neuroanatomical substrate of infantile autism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BEHAVIOR ALTERATIONS IN AUTISM AND RODENT MODELS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bryson, Susan; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: NO ABSTRACT PROVIDED Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BEHAVIORAL AND BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS OF SELF INJURY Principal Investigator & Institution: Symons, Frank J.; Assistant Professor; Educational Psychology; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1997; Project End 31-AUG-2004

26 Autism

Summary: Why some people with mental retardation and/or autism repeatedly and persistently injure themselves, some so severely to the point of tissue damage and often times permanent scarring, has remained a mystery eluding a single solution. Unraveling this mystery poses paradoxial biomedical and behavioral science questions and creates deeply troubling problems for practitioners and family members of affected individuals. Over the past decade, many cases of self-injurious behavior (SIB) have been treated successfully using behavioral interventions that teach communication and other functional skills. Practical problems of implementation, costs associated with long-term treatment, and cases with no clear social profile appearing about 1/3 of the time suggest, however, that there is still much to be learned about why people self-injure. Our overall goals are to improve treatment, refine diagnosis, and to clarify mechanisms underlying different forms of self-injury. Given the severity of self-injury, it is surprising that few of the models have examined in more detail the relation between variables common to SIB and the neurophysiology of pain regulation. The main objective of this project is to evaluate the validity of several of these variables as possible predictors of response to self-injury. Treatments will be based on the hypothesis that some forms of self-injury involve intense stimulation of body sites sufficient to elicit the release and receptor binding of endogenous opioid peptides. Accordingly, treatments will include transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS)(an opioid agonist treatment) or naltrexone (an opioid antagonist treatment). Predictors will include observationallybased measures of the environmental functions of self-injury, body site location and intensity of self-injury, and salivary baseline levels of three bioactive substances (substance P, metenkephalin, & cortisol). Following initial identification of subjects (age range 4-25) with mold to profound mental retardation and/or autism, our first aim is to observe and describe in detail how frequently self- injury occurs, what its duration and intensity is, and where on the body it is directed. Following this characterization, substance P, met-enkephalin, and cortisol will be noninvasively examined through saliva as markers for altered pain transmission and predictors of response to treatment. After screening and SIB subtyping (i.e., social, nonsocial, or mixed) 37 subjects whose self-injury is primarily nonsocial or mixed will be evaluated over a 16-week period with TENS and the opiate antagonist naltrexone for self-injury. Subjects whose self-injury is primarily socially motivated will be evaluated with TENS and the opiate antagonist naltrexone for self-injury. Subjects whose self-injury is primarily socially motivated will be evaluated with TENS and receive behavioral interventions through a technical assistance service delivery model. Three- and six-month follow-ups will be conducted for each subject. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: BEHAVIORAL TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING MATCHING SKILLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mahon, Karen L.; Praxis, Inc. 13 West St Belmont, Ma 02478 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: This application seeks support for an SBIR Phase II project to complete development and evaluation of a computer-based product, StartMatching!, which is intended primarily for teaching children with mental retardation, autism, and other intellectual disabilities. The product addresses a pivotal skill --generalized identity matching to sample -- which is a target of many current programs for teaching this population (and also for teaching young typically developing children). In identity matching, students are presented with an array of two- or three-dimensional stimuli and

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27

required to select the item that physically matches (i.e., is identical to) a sample; hence the name "matching to sample." The project has two major objectives. First, based on a successful prototype developed in Phase I, we will develop a full-feature version of the StartMatching! product, in anticipation of commercialization. Second, we will verify that the product (1) can be implemented effectively by its intended users and (2) teaches matching skills reliably in settings in which it will be routinely used. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: The product being developed and evaluated may have a significant impact on special education practice for a variety of student populations. As such, the product is potentially marketable to educators, psychologists, other professionals, and parents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: BIOLOGY OF AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Dunn, Michelle A.; Associate Professor; Neurology; Yeshiva University 500 W 185Th St New York, Ny 10033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1997; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: Essential to understanding the symptomatology of autism is the need to unravel its neurophysiology, neurochemistry, and neuropathology. Progress in understanding its pathophysiology has been stymied by a dearth of post-mortem tissue. This Program Project focuses on sensorimotor deficits, their pharmacologic treatment, and their neural basis. The Core will provide a group of well-characterized DSM IV autistic children and a common data base for statistical analysis. In Project l, we will investigate the physiologic basis of aberrant auditory processing by systematically assessing cochlear, brainstem, and cortical auditory function (automatic and attentional discrimination of auditory stimuli). Abnormalities in timing, amplitude and topographic patterns of cortical event related potentials will be identified. In Project II, we will test the hypothesis that excessive endogenous brain opiods contribute to autistic behaviors by assessing the effectiveness of naltrexone, an opioid antagonist, in conventional and ultra-low doses on sociability, hyperactivity, attention, stereotypies, and self- injurious behavior. In animal studies we will localize changes in neural activity associated with naltrexone treatment. Project III will create an international registry of autistic brain specimens and a brain bank to provide the essential material for the scientific community's and our own studies of morphology, opioid and other neurotransmitters and receptors, growth factors, and apoptosis. We will canvas new neuropathologists nationally, and proselytize parent support groups and chronic disease facilities with the pressing need for brain donations. The applicants bring to this project many years of scientific collaboration and experience in brain banking, and management and participation in multidisiplinary research on autism and other cognitive disorders under the aegis of the Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research in Mental Retardation and Human Development. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BIRTH RISK AND SEVERE MENTAL DISORDERS IN DENMARK Principal Investigator & Institution: Eaton, William W.; Professor; Mental Hygiene; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1996; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract): It is now accepted that pregnancy and birth complications (PBC's) are associated with increased risk for schizophrenia. It is not known whether PBC's are associated with increased risk for bipolar disorder and other

28 Autism

affective psychoses; whether the increase in risk is explained by life style factors of the mother associated with lower socioeconomic status; whether the increased risk is an expression of genetic predisposition to disorder; whether PBC'S, and/or family history of disorder, are associated with early age of onset; the degree to which intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic status is explained by PBC's, in the general population; and in general, how the major risk factors for severe mental disorders combine in raising risk. Continuation of research on the relationship of PBC's to severe mental disorder (especially schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism, and their associated disorders) is proposed. Prior analyses, based on linkage of the medical birth register and psychiatric case register of Denmark for births 1973-1993, showed that PBC's were related prospectively to the entire range of hospitalized mental disorders, in both adults and children, with the possible exception of affective psychosis. This continuation expands: 1) the data collection years through 1999; 2) the case-finding beyond hospitals to include specialty outpatient clinics; and 3) the linkage to include the Central Population Register and the National Bureau of Statistics. A reference sample of 5 percent sample of the population of Denmark, including over 60,000 births after 1973 will be linked as well. The expansion will: 1) generate an expected 1200 cases of schizophrenia, 350 cases of affective psychosis, and 1150 cases of autism; 2) permit linkage of first degree relatives, including siblings, mothers and fathers; and 3) permit linkage to socioeocomic variables, obtained on yearly basis, when taxes are paid, such as occupation, income, education, employment, and wealth. Analytic procedures are mostly in the form of logistic regression, and its extensions to time-to-event models (Proportional Hazards); dependent variables with more than two categories (Polytomous Logistic); and to dependent observations (Generalized Estimating Equations). Denmark's system of social medicine provides free care for all, minimizing leakage of cases; and the system of registers is as highly developed and reliable as anywhere in the world. Results will clarify the etiologies of the severe mental disorders; improve understanding of nosologic relationships between the several disorders; provide quantitative information relevant to planning of longitudinal observational and preventive intervention research; and suggest subsets of cases to improve power for genetic analyses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: BRAIN ACTIVATION & FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY IN COGNITION Principal Investigator & Institution: Just, Marcel; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 26-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: Project IV will focus on the aspects of brain activation and cognition that appear to be unusual in autism, namely on inter-cortical region integration or coordination. The main approach will be the use of fMRI studies, many of them eventrelated, to examine the location and relative time course of the activation in key cortical areas, particularly in tasks that require varying amounts of interprocess coordination. The main types of cognitive tasks to be studied include language comprehension, problem-solving and planning. Another component of this project examines the development of cognitive abilities in the age range of 9 to 14, again focusing on processes that integrate various streams of information. Finally, the project will develop a computational model of the cognition and brain activation in autism, using as a point of departure a new computational neuroarchitecture, 4CAPS. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BRAIN MEASUREMENT

IMAGE

SEGMENTATION,

COMPARISON,

29

AND

Principal Investigator & Institution: Staib, Lawrence H.; Associate Professor; Diagnostic Radiology; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Technologies for high resolution structural imaging of the brain provide neuroscientists with tremendous opportunities for measuring the brain quantitatively and accurately. There is a need, however, for reliable true inter-subject comparison and accurate automated region-of-interest definition. Limitations in these areas have impeded progress in neuroscience in the understanding of normal and abnormal brain structure and in the characterization and treatment of an array of brain disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PYSD) and autism, two conditions having subtle yet distinctive structural abnormalities. The objective of this work is the development of an automated computer system for the analysis of the brain from structural images from magnetic resonance (MR). The aim is to develop and validate methods and provide a tool to allow for accurate, detailed, inter-subject comparison of structure in the brain. Such methods would also be directly applicable to associated functional image. This work requires the refinement and development of segmentation and non-rigid registration methodologies. The limitations of current approaches to registration in terms of lack of detail and inaccuracy can be overcome by incorporating prior statistical information of shape for boundary finding and integrating this image-derived information using physical models for deformation. Characterizing neuroanatomic variation in a detailed probabilistic manner is crucial for constraining the necessary transformation and making it consistent and reliable. The resulting representation allows detailed morphologic description in terms of geometry and deformation. This methodology would also be applicable to comparison within an individual where there is structural change over time. This system will be validated with synthetic, phantom and real images from separately funded studies of PTSD and autism. The results are ideally suited for statistical analysis of structure. This system will allow the accurate and routine analysis and comparison of brain imaging studies to compute regional structural measures for improved understanding of the normal and abnormal brain and in the treatment of patients with brain disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: BRAIN SEROTONIN SYNTHESIS IN AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Chugani, Diane C.; Associate Professor; Pediatrics; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-DEC-1998; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: Autism is a devastating neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a spectrum of abnormal behaviors including profound impairment in social interaction and communication, restrictive repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities, as well as stereotypic motor abnormalities. Studies investigating alterations of neuro- transmitters in blood of autistic patients have consistently found increased platelet serotonin in approximately one-third to one-half of autistic patients. Studies of the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA in cerebrospinal fluid, however, have failed to demonstrate consistent abnormalities of central serotonergic tone. Previously, no method for direct in vivo measurement of serotonin synthesis in humans was available, and only indirect and relatively insensitive measures could be made. Alpha[C-11]Methyl-L-tryptophan has been developed as a tracer for serotonin synthesis with

30 Autism

positron emission tomography (PET) and now allows a direct in vivo measurement of serotonin synthesis in humans. Using this technique, we have preliminary data demonstrating alteration in the whole brain serotonin synthesis in autistic children, as compared to their siblings aged 8-14 years or children with epilepsy aged 2-12 years. Furthermore, we have found focal differences between autistic boys and their siblings. Asymmetries of serotonin synthesis in frontal cortex, thalamus and cerebellum were found in autistic boys, but not in autistic girls nor in the majority of siblings studied. We propose that abnormal serotonin synthesis plays a role in the pathophysiology of autism. In order to further characterize whole brain and focal abnormalities of serotonin synthesis in autistic children, we propose to use alpha[C-11]-Methyl-L-tryptophan imaged with PET to: 1. Determine whether autistic children differ from their siblings with expanded phenotype of autistic disorder, their normal siblings and epileptic children with regard to changes in values for whole brain serotonin synthesis capacity with age. 2. Determine whether there are abnormalities of serotonin synthesis in specific brain regions in autistic children. An understanding of the neurochemical disturbances in autism is important for the development of new treatment approaches. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: COGNITIVE EFFECTS OF CEREBELLAR DYSFUNCTION IN AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Townsend, Jeanne; Associate Professor of Neurosciences; Neurosciences; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 16-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Cerebellar abnormality may underlie many of the cognitive and clinical symptoms in autism. While brain abnormalities in autism are diverse and involve cortical and subcortical regions, the cerebellum is the most consistently reported site of damage. Developmental abnormality of the cerebellum has been found in 95% of postmortem autism cases and in several hundred individuals with autism on quantitative MRI studies performed by six independent research groups. More than 60 studies have found molecular, metabolic, functional or structural abnormalities of the cerebellum in autism. A rapidly growing body of literature suggests that the cerebellum controls or modifies diverse cognitive processes, thus altering the traditional neurologic view of the cerebellum as a brain structure that supports only motor function. Work in our laboratory has linked the cerebellum to both cognitive function and neural response not only in autism, but also in normal function. We have proposed that some deficits in autism may reflect fundamental cerebellar dysfunction--failure to track sensory information, predict future events and prepare a response. We now propose to test this emerging model of cerebellar dysfunction in autism using functional and structural imaging. We will assess the specificity of cerebellar involvement in these cognitive operations (track, predict, prepare) by comparison of subjects with autism: 1) to patients with cerebellar damage acquired in early childhood; and 2) to those with Asperger syndrome in which the cerebellum may be less affected. We will ground our results from these comparisons by performing fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) studies in normal control subjects to establish that the cerebellum is normally active during these same operations. The fMRI studies of clinical groups will allow us to investigate whether patterns of activation suggest abnormal interaction of the cerebellum and cerebral cortical systems during these important processing operations. Our studies will link both behavioral and neural response (ERP, fMRI) to the underlying neuroanatomy (MRI). These results will help us understand the specific functional deficits associated with developmental or acquired

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damage to the cerebellum and thereby will contribute to understanding the brain substrates of behavioral dysfunction in autism. Such knowledge may enable more effective treatment and aid the search for the origins of this debilitating disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: CORE--NEUROTOXICOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Cory-Slechta, Deborah; Professor; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: The basic research goal of the Neurotoxicology Core is to understand the nature of the effects of environmental chemicals on nervous system function, their consequences over the life span, the mechanisms by which these effects are produced, and the risks they pose to human health. A key element in this goal is to understand the contribution of combined effects of genetic predisposition and environmental chemical exposures on neurological dysfunctions, particularly as it relates to neurodegenerative diseases. The research within this Core involves both basic neuroscience research and neurotoxicology and explores the age spectrum from development to aging. The general theme of the Core is that both early and late stages of life represent periods of potentially enhanced vulnerability to neurotoxic effects. Embedded within this theme is the emerging concept that neurological effects of toxic exposures may not manifest themselves until years after exposure, and that toxicants interact in complex ways with the genetic composition of the human to influence the nature and severity of functional outcomes. The Core consists of seven members of which five are continuing members and two are new members, drawn from the Departments of Neurology, Environmental Medicine, and Obstetrics-Gynecology. The members have been chosen on the basis of their productivity, commitment to multidisciplinary neuroscience research, and experience in areas of thematic interest to the Center. In the past funding period, the Core was called the Neurobehavioral Toxicology Research Core to reflect its focus on behavioral toxicology. The present Core, now named the Neurotoxicology Core, has expanded its focus to include a broader spectrum of issues, ranging from mechanisms, genetic predispositions and contributions to human diseases, and human risk assessment, while maintaining strengths in behavioral toxicology. Of particular note are the inclusions of sophisticated molecular biology and neurochemistry into the battery of Core skills. The present proposal continues to advance the traditional strengths in metal neurotoxicology, while venturing into several new initiatives as well. A major change is the plan to recruit a new faculty to replace Dr. Cory-Slechta as Core Director. The individual will be selected to further integrate the neurotoxicology and basic neuroscience. Another change is the new initiative into molecular neuroscience and genetic-toxicant interactions, which has been developed through the addition of Drs. Federoff and Gelbard to the Core. This group will focus particularly on toxicant contributions to the development of neurodegenerative disorders. The major thematic areas of the Neurotoxicology Core are the following: 1) Neurochemical mechanism of lead-induced behavioral toxicology (Cory-Slechta). This project examines the neurochemical and neuroanatomical sites through which lead alters neural functions. Work had identified neurotransmitter alterations, neural pathways and behavioral deficits in animal models of lead exposure. 2) Environmental neurotoxicant genetic interaction: murine model (Federoff). This work would test the hypothesis that neurotoxicants interact with yet uncharacterized genetic determinants to produce selective vulnerability. Focusing on the dopamine transporter (DAT), the principal investigator will engineer a population of dopaminergic neurons overexpressing DAT

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by means of a somatic mosaic approach and directed gene expression to compare the responses of expressing and non-expressing neurons in the same animal. 3) A murine model of genetic and environmental neurotoxicant action (Richfield). This project would look at the role of the alpha-synuclein gene and gene product in Parkinson?s disease using the somatic mosaic approach. Studies will determine whether mice overexpressing alpha-synuclein show an enhanced dopaminerigic vulnerability when exposed to low does of paraquat. 4) Genotype and phenotype of autism spectrum disorders (Rodier). This project will continue the investigator?s work linking injury during early development (as early as neural tube fusion) and specific genes with the development of the autism disorders. Work will continue to examine the valproic acid model of brain injury (which phenocopies some aspects of autism spectrum disorders), and the toxicant involves the HOX family of genes. 5) The role of inflammation and oxidative stress in human immunodeficiency virus type 1- associated neurologic disease (Gelbard). This project has been investigating how HIV type 1 results in neurotoxicity. In the proposed research, the principal investigator would examine the role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) and platelet activating factor (PAF) in the pathogenesis of neurotoxicity. Future plans include the development of TNF-overexpressing mice by somatic mosaic methods, and subsequent examination of neuronal death under various challenges. 6) Neurobehavioral and developmental effects of methylmercury exposure (Clarkson). This represents a continuation of the large human study of methylmercury exposure via fish and its consequences on development. This is one of two definitive epidemiological studies of human methylmercury exposure, which will continue and expand during the next funding period. In addition, the project director will continue his involvement in a prospective study of mercury exposure via dental amalgams. 7) Persisting functional consequences of neurotoxicant exposure during early development (Weiss). This work will continue studies of developmental exposure to several classes of toxicants. These will include solvents in addition to ongoing work in metals, endocrine disruptors (e.g., TCDD), and drugs (e.g., cocaine). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: CPEA DATA COORDINATING CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Dukes, Kimberly A.; Dm-Stat, Inc. 407 Rear Mystic Ave, Unit 11A Medford, Ma 02155 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 26-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Since 1997, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) has provided funding for a Network on the Neurobiology and Genetics of Autism: Collaborative Programs of Excellence in Autism (CPEA). The CPEA network of 10 multidisciplinary projects is being extended for an additional five years to continue studies of genes, brain structure, brain function and behavior and the clinical course of autism. Three separate entities (DMSTAT, Inc., the Boston University Statistics and Consulting Unit at the College of Arts and Sciences and the Department of Biostatistics at the Boston University School of Public Health) have formed a group, DMSTAT/BU, proposing to collaborate with the CPEA network and to serve as its centralized data coordinating center (DCC). Our multi-disciplinary team of biostatisticians, epidemiologists, statistical geneticists, project managers, programmers and data managers can effectively and efficiently serve the ongoing and changing needs of the CPEA network. The primary goal of DMSTAT/BU is to provide integrated support to all CPEA project staff on two fronts: 1) consistent, efficient, cost-effective and high quality data management, and 2) biostatistical expertise in study design,

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randomization schemes, matching procedures, statistical genetics and multivariable analysis. DMSTAT/BU will assist project staff in the following areas: study design and protocol development, innovative processes to streamline data collection and increase data quality, administrative management, staff training, study monitoring, regulatory compliance, statistical design, analysis and reporting, and study documentation, in addition to applying our proven data management and statistical analysis procedures, DMSTAT/BU will develop a website for the network which will serve as the backbone of the study infrastructure. The website will have administrative (e.g., e-mail links, meeting information, personnel contact information, project documentation, expense tracking) and data collection (distributed tracking and data entry systems) components. A reporting module in the website will make all of the administrative and data management information accessible to authorized members of the CPEA network. The team we have assembled has the requisite experience to effectively serve the needs of the CPEA network. The qualities that set us apart from our competitors are: innovation in streamlining and organizing processes, our abilities to educate and communicate with study staff at all levels, the breadth and depth of our analytic and statistical knowledge, our commitment to integrity in all aspects of data management, and our outstanding track record on studies of similar size and scope. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: DEFINITION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PHENOTYPE IN AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Rogers, Sally J.; Professor of Psychiatry; Psychiatry; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1997; Project End 31-MAY-2002 Summary: The overall goal of this Program Project is to define more clearly what is both familial and specific in the autism phenotype at three levels of analysis "brain, neuropsychology, and behavior" through a series of converging tests. The Program Project is designed to provide a rigorous set of converging tests of five competing neuropsychological explanations of autism: 1) a basic sensory deficit measured by means of magnetoencephalograph (MEG), 2) a praxis deficit, 3) an affective deficit, 4) an inter-subjectivity deficit, and 5) a deficit in executive functions. The converging tests of the latter four, higher level deficit/s are 1) Does the candidate deficits/appear early in the development of children with autism? (0003) 2) Is the deficit/s specific to autism? (Projects 0002 and 003) 3) Are sib pairs concordant for autism also concordant for the deficit/s? (Project 0002) 4) Is the deficit/s pervasive in the sense that it is part of the familial phenotype? (Project 0002) and 5) Is the deficit/s correlated with the brain phenotype, either at a structural (measured by MRI scans) or functional (measured by MEG) level? To permit this set of converging tests, we are studying the same behaviors and neuropsychological constructs in all the samples across Projects. The samples to be studied are 1) 25 multiplex families with idiopathic autism and 25 Down syndrome control families (Project 0002) 2) 40 adults with idiopathic autism, 40 adults with FXS, 40 adults with developmental disabilities (DD) but neither autism nor FXS, and 40 CA and 30 MA controls (Project 0001); and 3) 25 very young children with idiopathic autism, 25 MA and CA controls with DDs but neither autism nor FXS and 25 typically developing MA controls (Project 0003). In collaboration with Jeanette Holden, we will also test the hypothesis that lowered maternal serum dopamine betahydroxylase (DBH), secondary to allelic differences at the DBH locus, provides a uterine environment which is part of the etiology of autism and autistic features in both idiopathic autism and Fragile X

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syndrome (FXS). GRNT P01HD354680001 Autism is a devastating developmental disorder with an incidence of approximately 1 in 1,000 live birth. While strongly genetically determined, specific abnormalities remain to be determined, and the clinical picture is sufficiently diffuse to implicate pathology in multiple neural systems. Central to the syndrome is impaired social interaction, a severely restricted range of interests, and abnormalities of attention (a hyper-attentiveness), sensation (usually hyperreactivity). We propose to utilize magnetoencephalographic (MEG) sensory evoked field (EF) data, EEG evoked potential (EP) data, and MRI anatomical data to specifically address early cortical processing of sensory information. We will study 1) 40 high functioning (IQ>50) autistic adults, 2) 40 IQ and age matched FraX patients, 3) 40 age matched MR subjects, and 4) 40 age matched normal adults. We will specifically: 1) Using MEG and EEG, we will quantify reactivity of primary auditory and somatosensory cortex to stimuli of varying intensity; 2) By localizing and quantifying very high frequency (VHF) MEG activity (600 Hz) from primary somato-sensory cortex we will directly measure cortical GABA-ergic inhibitory interneurone activity, which we hypothesize will be deficient in autistic subjects (and correlated with cortical hyperreactivity); 3) Using an MEG auditory EF based goodness of fit metric, we will quantify the ability of autistic subjects to shirt attention from one hemisphere to the other during a binaural auditory oddball task; 4) Using the amplitude of the 100 msec latency auditory EF (termed M100) as a function of auditory interstimulus interval (ISI) we will calculate tau (t), the time constant of the decay of the echoic memory trace, generated in Heschl's gyri. We hypothesize this will be prolonged in autistic subjects, relative to normals, Fra-X or MR groups; 5) Using the EEG EP based metric termed mis-match negativity (MMN) we hypothesize that autistic subjects will demonstrate evidence of an accentuated pre-attentive, automatic cortical feature detection processes; 6) Using and MEG EF metric of auditory cortex MEG alpha suppression during a tonal memory task, we hypothesize that autistic subjects will demonstrate evidence of greater alpha suppression than normals, supporting enhanced should term auditory memory storage, scanning and retrieval; 7) using high resolution MR images of the brain we will quantify volume and relate MEG EF sources to specific cortical areas to determined is MEG and EEG based functional abnormalities are related to observed anatomical deficits in the cortex generating those signals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Sigman, Marian D.; Professor; Mental Retardation Res Center; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1997; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This program project aims to discover the biological bases of and environmental influences on the social communication deficits in autism. The first two projects propose experimental interventions and longitudinal follow-ups to test the extent to which joint attention, symbolic play, and language can be modified. Based on results showing that particular caregiver behaviors lead to gains in language skills over a 15-year period of development, Project I will test an experimental approach to modifying caregiver behaviors and measuring the consequences. Project II will follow a group of children whose nonverbal communication and play skills were improved through intervention, and will also attempt to generalize the intervention from skilled clinicians to paraprofessionals with a new sample of children. In order to understand

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the basis for the deficits associated with autism, Project III aims to explicate the role that duplication of chromosome 15q plays in autism by assessing the phenotypic sequelae in probands with known duplications. The proposed project also plans to define the autism critical region by detailed examination of rearrangements in probands with unusual breakpoints or imprinting errors. Lastly, the extent of cryptic duplication in the population of idiopathic autism will be investigated with newly developed mapping techniques. Project IV focuses on the neuroanatomical bases of social communication deficits in autism. The proposed project will use fMRI to investigate fundamental aspects of information processing: imitation, joint attention, and referencing. These studies will test the hypothesis that deficits in the response properties of specific neural populations, such as mirror neurons, and deficits in the brain's reward systems underlie impairments in perception of referencing and joint attention, which give rise to the social communication deficits in autism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: DEVELOPING A CENTER FOR AUTISM RESEARCH Principal Investigator & Institution: Warren, Stephen T.; William Patterson Timmie Professor and c; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Provided by applicant): This application will develop the Autism Research Center at Emory University. The application will integrate basic science and clinical research programs, establish cores in genetics and phenotyping, and create the organization for a center. The ultimate goal is to use the resources from this application to apply for a Center for Excellence in Autism Research. The program is built on a strong clinical base that has been developed over the past 10 years at Emory University. Both mouse and non-human primate models will be developed to study the neurobiology and genetics of deficits in social behavior. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF THE FLORIDA AUTISM CENTER OF EXCELLENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Lewis, Mark H.; Professor of Psychiatry; Psychiatry; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Provided by applicant): We are in the early development stage of building an interdisciplinary team of investigators focused on both basic and clinical issues related to autism. Our goal is to establish a Center for Excellence in Autism Research made up of a highly interactive set of investigators who have a strong record of research in developmental disorders and an increasing focus on and commitment to autism. Thus, consistent with NIH goal, this developmental grant will serve to attract both young and experienced investigators to the field of autism. We have significant resources to be developed including ready access to clinical populations for study and an excellent research environment in which to plan and develop a research Center. Our multidisciplinary research team has a history of collaborative efforts. Among this group are leaders in the field of abnormal repetitive behaviors, behavior analysis/functional analysis, and clinical and basic psychopharmacology. Our focus will be on a core and defining but understudied feature of autism: restricted and repetitive behaviors. We will employ approaches with which we have considerable experience including behavior

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analysis, psychopharmacology, movement analysis, and animal models. The period of support of the developmental grant will allow completion of several key developmental activities. First, the organizational structure for the successful development of an autism research program will be designed and implemented. A second activity will be to attract outstanding investigators into the field. A third activity will be the development of pilot projects. This will involve development and review of clinical protocols for assessment and treatment of repetitive behaviors disorders as well as research protocols for basic animal studies. Fourth, core services that will be cost effective and support the largest number of proposed or planned projects will be designed and implemented. Fifth, the planning and development of training activities will also be a major undertaking. We will identify current resources (relevant coursework, grand rounds, journal clubs, etc.) and supplement those where necessary. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING IN AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Haznedar, M M.; Psychiatry; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Autism may be due to an abnormal development of a neural network involving-several regions of the brain. The proposed project will be the first to directly examine white matter connectivity in autism. It has been suggested that the dysfunction in the frontal lobe may relate to the characteristic speech problems and that dysfunction in the limbic system, may be one of the mechanisms responsible for the emotional and executive function symptoms of the illness. Compared to control subjects, in the patients with autism the anterior cingulate gyrus, which is a part of the limbic system, showed decreased metabolic rate and structural changes. The anterior cingulate gyrus communicates with many other areas of the brain to coordinate complex behaviors. Communications from this area travel through the axons or white matter of the brain. The axons from the cingulate cortex form the cingulum and this sheaf of communication sweeps up and out of the cingulate. Failure of this communication bundle to systematically find its targets and instead to develop as a tangled and misrouted jumble may explain the disordered executive function and impaired emotional processing in autism. Diffusion tensor imaging makes it possible for the first time to image the direction and alignment of axons in the brain's white matter. This new technique provides a unique opportunity to directly examine quality of white matter connectivity between key brain regions. We propose to collect diffusion tensor MRI scans, anatomical MRI's and PET scans in 30 adult patients with autism spectrum illnesses and 30 healthy control subjects. In the current project along with the cingulum, we will examine the white matter organization in the cerebellar peduncles, striatum, corpus callosum and frontal white matter and will correlate our findings with the clinically distinct presentations of autism spectrum illnesses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DISORDERED VISUAL PROCESSING IN AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Hbehrmqnn, Marlene; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 26-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: The overarching goal of this application is to investigate the face recognition deficits of individuals with autism. Initially, this will entail documenting the behavioral

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as well as functional and structural cortical signatures associated with this impairment and, in doing so, contrasting face processing with that of other stimulus classes, such as objects or words. To understand the nature of the face impairment further, two additional lines of investigation will be pursued. In the first, the investigators will characterize the topography and function of striate and extrastriate visual areas in these individuals using functional magnetic resonance imaging of visual eccentricity and meridian maps. In addition, they will undertake analyses of the structural morphometry of regions such as fusiform and lingual gyrus to explore the neural substrate further. In the second, the investigators will explore the intermediate level vision of these individuals, with specific emphasis on their ability to derive configurations from local elements using sensitive behavioral assays. The investigators will also explore the developmental aspects of these perceptual processes by comparing the performance of young and older high-functioning autistic individuals, along with matched controls. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: DIVALPROEX SODIUM/PLACEBO IN CHILD/ADOLESENT AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Hollander, Eric; Associate Professor; Psychiatry; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder affecting social, communicative, and repetitive behavior domains and cognitive function, and has dramatic impact on quality of life. It is also frequently accompanied by aggression, self-injury, impulsivity, and mood instability, as well as EEG abnormalities and seizure disorders. While large scale studies of childhood autism are currently underway with SSRI's and atypical neuroleptics, little controlled data is available with other agents that might target these core and associated symptoms of autism. This application aims to determine whether there is scientific evidence to support the practice of prescribing divalproex sodium (DS)(valproate) to child/adolescent autistic patients. When a medication is used extensively prior to scientific substantiation in controlled clinical trials, the consequences can sometimes be problematic. Neither the side effects nor efficacy of valproate in treating child/adolescent autistic disorders has been definitively established. Of theoretical interest, valproate has possible neuroprotective effects mediated by signal transduction pathways (i.e., protein kinase-c inhibition and bcl-2 activation) which may potentially be beneficial for a neurodevelopmental disorder such as autism. This study is the first double-blind placebo-controlled medication trial of valproate for children and adolescents with autism, and utilizes a 12-week doubleblind placebo-controlled parallel design. The study is unique in examining the treatment effects of valproate (DS) versus placebo on global autism severity; aggression, self-injury and impulsivity; affective instability; repetitive behaviors and social deficits; and functional ability. While our pilot open data evaluating the use of DS for autistic subjects has been encouraging so far (71 percent of autistic subjects were global treatment responders on open DS), a double blind placebo controlled trial with larger sample size and more precise methodology is needed to provide a scientifically sound conclusion about the efficacy, side effects, and effects on functional living skills of this medication in children with autism. This will definitively either support or contradict its widespread use in this understudied and neglected population, and provide a benchmark by which new treatments could be compared. It will also assess the relationship between dose and blood levels and response, potentially identify subgroups particularly responsive to this treatment, and identify which components and associated symptoms are most responsive to change.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: DIVERGENCE AND VARIABILITY OF LANGUAGE MAPS IN AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Mueller, Ralph-Axel; Psychology; San Diego State University 5250 Campanile Dr San Diego, Ca 92182 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Despite a general consensus that autism has biological causes, the specific links between brain loci of abnormality and cognitivebehavioral impairments remain unknown. Functional neuroimaging studies do not provide a clear picture, possibly due to etiological heterogeneity of autism samples. We will explore potential abnormalities of functional brain organization in autism with specific focus on individual variability, using functional MRI (fMRI) -- an imaging technique with sufficient power for individual analyses. Thirty verbal individuals with autism, 24 subjects with Asperger syndrome (AS), and age, gender, and handednessmatched controls will be studied. Our project will focus on language -- a domain which not only differentiates autism and AS in terms of delay and deficit, but is also characterized by a wide spectrum of abilities within the adult autistic population. FMRI will be performed during auditory and phonological discrimination, and lexical semantic association. Several complementary data analysis paths (groupwise and intraindividually; in normalized and native space) will enable us: (i) to identify consistent abnormalities of functional maps for autism and AS groups; (ii) to quantify activation foci in each subject in terms of spatial divergence from normal and individual variability within patient groups; (iii) to relate varying patterns of abnormal functional maps with measures of language skill; and (iv) to distinguish effects of pathological disturbance of functional maps from those of compensatory plasticity. We will test hypotheses, according to which in autism (and to a lesser extent in AS) pathological disturbance of neural differentiation and impoverished interactive language experience during critical developmental periods result in aberrant neurofunctional maps and abnormally pronounced individual variability. Language delay in autism is further hypothesized to be associated with atypical hemispheric dominance for language. Finally, we expect that individually variable patterns of abnormal functional maps will be correlated with level of language outcome. Identifying such links between brain maps and level of functioning achieved in adults will elucidate the significance of individual variation in autism in terms of different pathways of etiology and abnormal development. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DONEPEZIL HCL: TREATING COGNITIVE DEFICIT IN AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Handen, Benjamin L.; Associate Professor and Program Director; Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 25-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by deficits in social interaction, impaired communication, and repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities (APA, 1994). Interest in the amelioration of some of the core and secondary features of ASD has led the use of a wide range of pharmacological interventions, with inattention and overactivity, ritualistic behavior, self-injury and agitation/aggression among the most frequently

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targeted symptoms. Recent survey data indicates that up to 34 percent of individuals with ASD are prescribed medication and/or vitamins for control of a wide range of behaviors (Aman et al., 1995). While most pharmacological research to date has attempted to treat many of the behavioral deficits commonly associated with ASD, few pharmacological studies have attempted to ameliorate the core features of this disorder (an area of particular interest for this RFA). Donepezil HC1, a cholinesterase inhibitor which increases brain levels of acetylcholine, is purported to enhance cognitive functioning in a range of disorders, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disorder, and ADHD. A recent open-label study of the safety and efficacy of donepezil HC1 in 25boys with ASD found significantly increased speech production and a statistical trend toward improvement in core symptoms of ASD (Chez et al., 2000). The present application will provide an opportunity to conduct further pilot testing of the tolerability, safety and effect of donepezil HCl on the cognitive deficits presumed to underlie the core features of ASD. Forty children and adolescents with ASD will be recruited to participate in a 10-week, double blind, placebo-controlled parallel groups study of donepezil HC1. This feasibility study is designed to provide documentation of medication-enhanced cognitive functioning in ASD using a 5mg and 10 mg/day donepezil HC1 dose. This study will also examine the side effects profile of donepezil HC1 in children with ASD, explore possible correlates of treatment response, and provide an opportunity to obtain initial pilot data to determine the sample size needed to conduct a full-scale intervention trial. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: EARLY LANGUAGE CHARACTERISTICS IN AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Kuhl, Patricia K.; Professor; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: Language and communication impairments are key components of autism. Our laboratory has been conducting studies on preschool age children with autism examining early aspects of language processing. These studies have revealed critical differences in phonetic discrimination, social communication, and crossmodal processing between preschool age children with autism and mental-age and chronological-age matched groups of developmentally delayed (DD) and typically developing children. As these measures reflect abilities that emerge during infancy, these results signal the potential of early speech measures for identifying children with autism at a very young age. Furthermore, it is possible that these early measures of language and communication ability may prove to be very sensitive predictors of language outcome for children with autism. In the current proposal, we plan to examine these early speech measures - namely, (1) event-related brain potential measures of phonetic perception, (2) listening preference for speech versus mechanical-sounding auditory signals, and (3) vocal imitation abilities - in 18-24 month children with autism, and comparison groups of children with DD and typical development to determine whether such measures discriminate children with autism at an early age. Furthermore, we will assess their value in explaining individual differences and predicting language outcome at age 4 for children with autism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND FMRI STUDIES OF SOCIAL COGNITION IN AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Aylward, Elizabeth H.; Professor; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: We propose to study the brain bases of one of the most basic aspects of social cognition, face processing. Parallel studies utilizing event-related potentials (ERPs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) will provide information about abnormalities in the timing and regional distribution of brain response to faces in autism. Twenty-five adults with idiopathic autism and 25 IQ- and age-matched typical individuals will participate in each study. These studies will examine ERP and flVIRI in response to face vs. nonface visual stimuli, to specific face parts (eyes vs. mouths), to moving vs. static face parts, and to familiar vs. unfamiliar faces. Separate eye-tracking studies on the same individuals will examine eye movements during viewing of different types of face stimuli. We will test a novel hypothesis that abnormalities in face processing in autism are related to atypical attentional strategies when viewing faces. Results of the ERP, fMRI, and eye-tracking studies will also be correlated with performance on neuropsychological tests of face perception and memory, and behavioral measures of social impairment. These studies will shed light on the nature and neural bases of face processing impairments in autism. Such information is clinically important for early identification, development of targeted interventions, and investigation of the genetic basis of autism. There is strong evidence of a genetic component in autism, and we expect that this research will lead to more refined measures of quantitative traits that can be used in genetic studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ENHANCING MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES TO CHILDREN WITH AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Nesbitt, Thomas S.; Human Physiology; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 18-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): This project represents the first step in a formal collaborative, interdisciplinary research program at the University of California, Davis Health System (UCDHS) between the Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (M.I.N.D.) Institute and the Center for Health and Technology (CHT). The project will review obstacles and develop strategies and guidelines for optimizing the effectiveness of telehealth technologies (clinical telemedicine, distance learning, internet communication and information distribution) in the delivery of high quality, empirically supported, well coordinated mental health services for children with autism and their families in rural communities. The project will develop an interdisciplinary network or "M.I.N.D. Bank" of faculty scholars from such areas as anthropology, medical sociology, special education and adult learning, public relations and marketing, political science, medical ethics and law, child psychiatry, child psychology, communication sciences and technology, and autism treatment. A Community Advisory Board (CAB) of stakeholders, including representatives from community and state mental health departments, developmental services organizations, special education, and parent organizations, will advise the M.I.N.D. Bank throughout the guideline development process. The aims of the proposed project are to: 1. Form an interdisciplinary faculty M.I.N.D. Bank of academic scholars and a Community Advisory Board (CAB) of

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stakeholders, who will engage in an interactive, iterative process to identify the potential advantages and barriers to the use of telehealth technologies in supporting best practices for children with autism; 2. Review and integrate disciplinary perspectives to produce a set of interdisciplinary guidelines regarding best practices for using telehealth to enhance empirically supported interventions to rural children with autism that will take into account cultural and ethical challenges; 3. Design and write research proposals to investigate the efficacy of the newly developed interdisciplinary telehealth guidelines to enhance delivery of mental health practices for children with autism in rural communities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: EPHB SIGNALING IN DENDRITIC SPINE DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Ethell, Iryna M.; None; University of California Riverside 900 University Ave Riverside, Ca 92521 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This research project will investigate the role of EphB receptor signaling in dendritic spine development. Understanding the molecular basis of dendritic spine morphogenesis is fundamentally important to a variety of inherited developmental disorders associated with mental retardation and autism, including Rett Syndrome and FragileX Syndrome. Patients with these disorders exhibit malformation of dendritic spines. These abnormalities result in synaptic dysfunctions, mental retardation and autism. The molecular mechanisms of dendritic spine abnormalities are not well described and require further investigation. Recently I made an important discovery that spine morphogenesis is controlled by the EphB-type receptor tyrosine kinases (Ethell et al., Neuron, 2001). I showed that expression of kinase-inactive EphB2, which prevents activation of EphB-type receptors in a dominantnegative fashion, blocked spine formation in cultured hippocampal neurons, the dendritic protrusions remained long, thin filopodia, as seen in patients with mental retardation and autism. I hypothesize that EphrinB (ligand)-induced activation of EphB receptors control dendritic spine formation. Preliminary results support this hypothesis and shows that clustered EphrinB2-Fc promotes dendritic spine morphogenesis. In Specific Aim 1, I will conduct experiments with knock out mice in which expression of one or multiple EphB receptors is disrupted to find which of the EphB receptors is responsible for the EphrinB2-induced spine formation. I propose to investigate two possible mechanisms through which EphB receptors may trigger dendritic spine mophogenesis: 1) recruitment of signaling molecules to synaptic membranes; 2) tyrosine phosphorylation of key molecules at postsynaptic sites. In Specific Aim 2, I will identify signaling molecules that may link the signaling of the EphB receptors to its effect on spine formation, by conducting mass-spectrometry analysis of the proteins recruited by EphB2 to dendritic spines upon its activation with EphrinB2-Fc. Preliminary results suggest that RhoGTPases may be responsible for the EphrinB/EphB receptor-mediated dendritic spine formation. In Specific Aim 3, I propose to investigate the molecular mechanism of EphB-mediated regulation of RhoGTPases in dendritic spines and its correlation with EphrinB-induced spine formation. In Specific Aim 4, I will also investigate role of cell adhesion molecules in EphrinB-mediated formation and stabilization of dendritic spines. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EXAMINING PRACTICE PATTERNS FOR CHILDREN WITH AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Stahmer, Aubyn C.; Children's Hospital Research Center 3020 Children's Way, Mc 5074 San Diego, Ca 92123 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): My goal in applying for this career development award is to obtain the advanced training I need to successfully develop independent R01 applications that assess the effectiveness of research-based treatments for children with autism in community settings. My research, academic and clinical training to date have prepared me to pursue this goal by providing substantive background in behavioral interventions, individualization of treatment strategies and autism specific issues. My objective is to build on this training to develop an independent translational research program designed to bridge the gap between behavioral intervention research in autism and implementation of efficacious treatments in the service delivery system. A rigorous training program is proposed which includes (1) training in methods moving efficacious interventions into effectiveness trials; (2) training in statistical methods appropriate to translation research including meta-analysis, clinical trials and sampling methods; (3) advanced training in working with culturally and economically diverse populations; and (4) continued training in the ethical conduct of research. Training will be put into practice through the conduct of a pilot research project which addresses all of the training areas. The specific aims of the proposed research project include: (1) assessing the extent to which research-based treatment developed and testing in research settings have been disseminated and translated into service systems and possible barriers to translation; (2) examining the fidelity of implementation of researchbased programming in an early intervention system and adaptations to these programs made in service systems; and (3) a small scale study examining the effect of the use of research-based treatments in the service system and family factors on child outcomes. This project will provide me with experience working with culturally and economically diverse families, assessing interventions and outcomes within a public service system and conducting statistical analyses on large data bases. This combination of training and research will provide me the necessary background to conduct independent translational research for young children with autism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EYE-TRACKING STUDIES OF SOCIAL VISUAL PURSUIT IN AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Klin, Ami J.; Harris Associate Professor of Psychology; Child Study Center; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 27-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This R01 focuses on the hypothesis that spontaneous visual fixation and visual scanning patterns are predictors of level of social competence in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). This hypothesis originated from research using eye-tracking technology to measure visual fixation time while cognitively-able adolescents and adults with autism watched naturalistic social scenes. Time spent looking at mouth, body, and object regions was 2+ times greater in individuals with autism relative to age-, sex-, and verbal IQ-matched controls. Time spent looking at the eyes, however, was 2+ times less in individuals with autism. Fixation time on mouths and objects was a strong predictor of level of daily social

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adjustment and level of autistic social symptomatology, while fixation time on eyes showed little relation to these outcome measures of social competence. Increased fixation on mouths predicted more social competence, whereas increased fixation on objects predicted less. Work on visual scanning patterns seems to yield even greater differences between the individuals with autism and controls. We request 5 years of support to examine this hypothesis in the context of a wider spectrum of autism manifestations, age, and cognitive levels. We propose to complete eye-tracking procedures for 96 participants with ASD and 96 age- and verbal IQ-matched controls aged 5 to 12 years. In specific aim #1 we will study the relationship between visual fixation patterns and age, verbal IQ, and outcome measures of social competence, which include standardized measures of social impairment, social adjustment, and social cognition. In specific aim #2 we will examine the relationship between visual scanning patterns and the same outcome measures of social competence, as well as age and verbal IQ. Apart from providing a unique window into the ways in which individuals with autism search for meaning when confronted with social situations, our overarching goal is to develop the eye-tracking paradigm into a laboratory-based quantifier of social disability, which is an important need in current genetic research of the varying manifestations of autism. The proposed R01 works synergistically with other ongoing eye-tracking research including studies of toddlers at risk of having autism and studies of monkeys with mesiofrontal-limbic ablations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: FACES AND THEIR COMMUNICATIVE SIGNALS IN AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Joseph, Robert M.; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: The goal of the proposed research is to investigate the social-communicative abilities of children with autism as revealed through their capacity to process information from people?s faces. In recent research, we found that children with autism engage in atypical face recognition strategies that involve an unusual reliance on the mouth, and deficient processing of the eyes. We plan to extend this work by investigating the entire range of face perception abilities in autism, including perception of face identity, facial expressions of emotion, eye gaze direction, and facial speech. A series of experiments will be conducted with autistic children aged 10-1 6 and with NVIQ>70; an age- and NVIQ-matched, language-impaired control group, and an agematched normal control group. The main predictions are that: (1) In face identification, children with autism will exhibit impaired eye recognition even when they are cued to attend to the eye region, and will exhibit impaired processing of eyes but intact processing of mouths across measures of holistic face recognition. (2) They will show a similar pattern of deficiency in the perception of facial emotions, with intact recognition of emotions expressed via the mouth, but impaired recognition of emotions expressed primarily through the eyes. (3) They will be impaired in following eye gaze and in judging eye gaze direction. (4) They will be less proficient at reading visual speech cues from the eyes than from the mouth. Across experiments, our goal is to assess how impairments in different aspects of face perception may be related in autism. In addition, we will assess the relationship of all experimental face perception variables to visual scanning patterns; lower-level visual perception abilities; and concurrent socialcommunicative functioning. In its broad focus on all aspects of face processing, this research will provide a systematic delineation of autistic impairments in a vital channel of communication, and will thus contribute to a better understanding of autism?s core

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symptomatology. Further, in investigating a range of face processing skills that have been intensively studied on the neuroanatomical level, this research can contribute to the elucidation of the brain bases of autism and its genetic etiology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: FUNCTIONAL MR IMAGING OF SOCIAL COGNITION IN AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Isenberg, Nancy B.; Jfk Medical Center 65 James St Edison, Nj 08820 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development Award, a program of research and career development, is proposed to establish a foundation for future independent research in functional neuroimaging, with a focus on social cognition in autism. The research component of the proposal is based on the hypothesis that autism will be associated with an abnormal pattern of brain activity while performing the social cognitive tasks with relative decreases in the amygdala and associated areas that are both necessary for social cognition and disordered behaviorally and neuropathologically in autism. The Specific Aims of the study are: 1) To identify the functional neuroanatomy that underlies social cognitive dysfunction in autism by the use of an implicit interpersonal threat (IIT) task that has been validated to activate an amygdala network in normal subjects. 2) To develop additional behavioral tasks that may be used in conjunction with functional imaging to further characterize social cognition in autism and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Investigators will characterize the limitations in social cognition in relation to performance on a moral judgment task, designed to differentiate between personal/high-emotion moral judgment and impersonal/low-emotion moral judgment. This task activates medial prefrontal and posterior cingulated cortex, areas of the brain that are also engaged during theory of mind tasks in normal subjects, and not in autistic subjects, despite similar performance. The extensive training portion of this proposal consists of clinical neuroscience and neuropsychology coursework and seminars, as well as hands-on instruction in behavioral analysis and fMRI imaging techniques. The multimodal studies that are outlined in the current proposal, and which contain psychophysiological, behavioral, and functional neuroimaging information, will permit the investigator to expand her area of expertise in clinical neuropsychiatry, affective processing and positron emission tomography to functional magnetic resonance imaging with specific focus on social disabilities in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism. The proposed research will utilize combined bottom-up (social emotional evaluation) and top-down (higher order social cognition) approaches, with the IIT task and moral judgment task, respectively, to further our understanding of social cognitive dysfunction in autism. By combining these approaches and data, it is anticipated that we will begin to examine, in greater depth, social cognitive dysfunction in autism as it relates to affective processing and theory of mind, and as reflected in neural, psychological, and behavioral responses. This line of investigation is likely to improve our understanding and treatment of autism, a prevalent and chronic public health problem. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS IN TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Crino, Peter B.; Professor; Neurology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant, multisystem disorder that affects the brain and results from mutations in one of two genes, TSC1, encoding hamartin, and TSC2, encoding tuberin. Neurological complications of TSC are the most disabling and include epilepsy in over 70-80% of TSC patients, as well as autism and mental retardation in half of TSC patients. These neuropsychiatric abnormalities in TSC result from the effects of cortical tubers, the characteristic brain lesions of TSC, on brain function. Tubers are developmental abnormalities of cerebral cortical cytoarchitecture (a form of cortical dysplasia) characterized histologically by disorganized cortical lamination and cells with aberrant morphologies. The prominent abnormal cell types in tubers are dysplastic neurons (DN), giant cells (GC), and abnormal astrocytes. Tubers are epileptogenic and seizures in TSC patients are often refractory to medical management despite anticonvulsant polytherapy. Surgical resection of tubers may be necessary to achieve adequate seizure control. The number of tubers present in TSC patients seems to correlate with the onset and severity of mental retardation and autism in TSC patients. The broad goal of this grant proposal is to investigate how hamartin and tuberin mutations contribute to tuber formation using 3 experimental paradigms. We will determine whether tubers form as a result of a "second hit" somatic mutation or haploinsufficency using a high resolution analysis of TSC1 and TSC2 genes in single microdissected GCs, DNs, and astrocytes. Second, we define the expression of five candidate gene and protein families that are pivotal in normal corticogenesis including cell adhesion molecules, transcription factors, growth factors, and cytoskeletal elements in single DNs, GCs, and astrocytes and then relate these changes in expression to the mutational state of these cell types. Third, the expression of the five candidate gene and protein families will be determined during distinct epochs of cortical developmental in 3 transgenic mouse strains in which tuberin or hamartin have been completely or conditionally knocked out. These experiments provide a strategy to define the molecular mechanism of tuber formation as a direct consequence of TSC gene mutations and the downstream effects on gene expression within distinct populations of cells at defined developmental timepoints. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: GENETICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Coon, Hilary H.; Associate Professor; University of Utah 200 S University St Salt Lake City, Ut 84112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: The Genetics Component will search for susceptibility genes for autism using extended pedigrees identified through the Utah Population Database (UPDB). We have already identified hive pedigrees with 3-7 affected members and large sibships, and have DNA on one pedigree with seven affected cases. UPDB searches for two pedigrees will be performed using 800 new cases of autism ascertained from four sources. DNA from the 800 cases and their parents will be banked for future family-based association studies. Serum and whole blood will also be banked for future serotonin and immune assays. These cases will also provide approximately 40 new sib pairs for network-wide studies and a pol of subjects for network-wide regression studies. Within members of identified extended pedigrees, we will collect phenotypic data on traits that have shown promise in preliminary data as intermediate phenotypes for autism. An intermediate phenotype occurs in unaffected and affected family members, and may serve as a marker for carrier status of susceptibility genes for autism. These traits may help us to identify specific susceptibility genes associated with particular intermediate phenotypes.

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Preliminary studies suggest several promising intermediate phenotypes, including the Broader Autism Phenotypes (BAP; mild clinical symptoms in communication, social, and behavioral domains), serotonin levels from blood, and head circumference. Immune phenotypes will be identified by the Immune Component; serum for immune assays will be stored on all subjects. A 5 cM genotype scan will be done using the Marshfield Mammalian Genotyping Service. Pedigrees will be analyzed using the clinical phenotype and intermediate phenotypes to map susceptibility loci. Four candidate genes under linkage peaks will be genotyped using SNPs. Budget resources will also be reserved to SNP type the best candidate gene identified through microarray studies in the Immune Component, for a total of five candidate genes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE OF BRAINSTEM INJURY IN AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Rodier, Patricia M.; Professor; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: Autism is a neuro-developmental disorder. This program will make use of new discoveries to bring research on autism into the context of modern developmental biology, neurobiology, and molecular genetics. Identification of the embryonic stage when injury can cause autism has led to the insight that the disorder is initiated by changes in the developing brain stem. The shortening of the hindbrain and loss of cranial nerve neurons in an animal model of the insult and a human case of autism resemble features of the Hoxa-1 transgenic knockout mouse. This suggests a unifying hypothesis regarding the multiple etiologies of autism: We propose that teratogens and genetic defects lead to similar developmental changes in the brain stem because mutations of early developmental genes are the cause of familial cases and the teratogens which cause the disease act by interfering with functional of the same genes. The new finding that one of the candidate genes is abnormal in some cases of autism supports this hypothesis. In Project I. Animal Models of Autism and Mechanisms of Injury, we shall compare the effects of valproic acid, hexanoic acid and retinoic acid on the Hox gene cascade, using mice transgenic for lacZ markers of Hoxa-1 expression, in situ hybridization for markers of the rhombomeres, and staining for neurofibrils. We shall develop animal models transgenic for human mutations involved in autism. Finally, we shall test for interactions between early developmental gene mutations and teratologic exposure. The goal is to understand how teratologic agents and genetic anomalies produce similar effects on the hindbrain. Project II. Behaviors Discriminating Autism in Humans and Animals, is an investigation of two behavioral tasks with promise to discriminate autism from other developmental disabilities. Both the conditioned eye-blink response and an attention task have already been shown to be affected in autism. The long- term goal is to develop animal tasks that can serve as markers of the injury that causes autism so that animal models can be tested for parallelism to the human disorder. Project III. Genotype and Phenotype in Autism and Behaviorally-Related Disorders, will assess behavioral symptomatology, minor physical anomalies, and neurological/ophthalmological deficits, and mutations of early developmental genes in four developmentally disabled groups (autism, Asperger syndrome, Moebius syndrome, and semantic-pragmatic language disorder) and normal controls. The goal is to determine whether the phenotypic or genotypic features of these disorders indicate a common etiology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: IDENTIFYING THE ETIOLOGY AND TREATMENTS FOR AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Miles, Judith H.; Professor of Pediatrics; Child Health; University of Missouri Columbia 310 Jesse Hall Columbia, Mo 65211 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Provided by applicant): The University of Missouri-Columbia campus (MU) hosts several active autism research programs spread among the Colleges of Medicine, Arts and Sciences, and Education. These research programs range from basic science to clinical investigations. We plan to combine these research efforts and identify our primary areas of emphasis as we develop a design for a Missouri Center of Excellence for autism research. This initiative is established in response to the NIH RFA: MH-02001 and to the April 2001 Missouri State Senate Resolution #616. An organizational core, consisting of seven core investigators, has been assembled with expertise in the areas of Medical Genetics, Clinical Neurophysiology, Neuropharmacology, Molecular Neurogenetics, Developmental Psychology, and Educational Psychology. The active involvement of public health specialists from the Missouri Departments of Mental Health, Health, Education, and Social Services will provide valuable resources to insure the success of this initiative. The goals for the developmental year will be to: (1) Develop an overall plan to establish the Missouri Center of Excellence for Autism Research. The scientific direction of the project will be fully developed through the intensive work of the core investigators meeting weekly, gathering an autism research Advisory Committee, and preparing the NIH Autism Research Centers of Excellence submission. (2) Educate the Missouri research community about autism and the research opportunities. This will be achieved through a biweekly journal club, an autism visiting professor series, and continued support for the current autism educational program. (3) Encourage and facilitate autism research at MU and throughout the state. This will be achieved by expanding the research expertise within each core area, strengthening offcampus collaborations, and fostering active mentorship for young investigators. We also listed tentative 5-year research goals for each of the six Research Center Areas that represent existing strengths on the MU campus. The intensive interactions among these Center Areas during the developmental process will modify and enrich these goals as the center investigators participate in an intensive one year planning process leading to a cohesive, scientifically meritorious research application for the NIH Autism Center. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: IERI: SCALING UP READING TUTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Cole, Ronald A.; Institute of Cognitive Science; University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder, Co 80309 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 27-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Provided by Applicant): The proposed work aims to scale up powerful, computer-based learning programs with cutting-edge speech and animation technology. These programs help children with special needs to acquire the foundational speech, language, and reading skills necessary for academic achievement, social interaction and self-esteem. The investigators target four populations of students with special needs, representing between 20-25% of all K-12 students in the country, students whose needs are currently not met adequately by the public school system: students with 1) hearing impairments, 2) autism spectrum disorders, 3) English as a second language, and 4) reading disabilities. The impact of the reduced potential of all these students is devastating both to them and to society. Computer-based programs can help these students overcome significant barriers to learning so they can realize their potential. The

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proposed project would provide students and their teachers with computer-based learning tool that enable significant learning gains whole reducing teacher load. The investigators propose to identify barriers to the widespread deployment and acceptance of these tools and to develop strategies that will enable them to successfully scale up programs using these tools to effect systemic change. The proposed work builds on a strong foundation of theoretical and empirical research by the investigators on learning in areas of speech and language, reading skills, and comprehension, and research and development of human language technologies. Their work has led to the development and successful deployment of computerized language training tutors that use intelligent animated agents to teach speech, reading, and classroom subjects to profoundly deaf children at Tucker Maxon Oral School in Portland, OR, and to students with dyslexia and ASD at schools in Boulder, CO. While educational technology is now poised to advance student achievement in many academic areas, the technology will be useless unless teachers feel invested, competent, and interested in including the technology in their own teaching. The goal of this research is to identify factors which hinder and help in the acceptance and deployment of the software, and to develop a model which will be useful for other researchers and developers in scaling up potentially valuable new technologies in education. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: IMMUNOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Fujinami, Robert S.; Professor; University of Utah 200 S University St Salt Lake City, Ut 84112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: The etiology and pathogenesis of autism is still unknown. This developmental disease is acknowledged as a syndrome having a broad range of symptoms. It appears that genetics play a major role in the development of this disease. Two lines of evidence support this. First, twin studies have shown concordance rates between 36% to 91% for monozygote twins and 0% to 30% for dizygotic twins, depending on the criteria used to define autism. Second, there is evidence for an association with autism and a region on human chromosomes 6 encompassing the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) that includes HLA class I and class II, and some of the complement components, including C4B. Since concordance rates in monozygotic twins are not 100%, this implies that other factors play a role in the development of autism or are responsible for different subtypes of this disease. Elevated serotonin levels are a consistent finding in autism. Similarly, it appears that the immune response and/or immune regulation in autistic subjects is altered versus control subjects. These immune aberrations often present as a decreased lymphoproliferative response to mitogens and immune reactivity to central nervous system (CNS) proteins. Genetic predisposition (elevated serotonin levels) and/or environmental agents such as viral injections or exposure to toxins in utero or early in life could be responsible for the immune dysregulation. Immune responses against CNS proteins during development could lead to CNS changes that affect behavior and social development later in life. First, we propose to investigate the role of serotonin in inducing dysregulation of the immune response. Second, we examine the specificity and autoreactivity of T cells and antibodies present in children with autism. Third, we plan to determine whether immune effector cells and antibodies induce or mimic CNS features often observed in autistic subjects such as hippocampal and mammillary body changes. Fourth, we propose to perform microarray analyses on RNA isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of autistic children versus control subjects. Determining

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what genes are altered and identifying their chromosomal positions may lead to additional loci that contribute to this disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: IMPACTS OF PARENTING ADOLESCENTS & ADULTS WITH AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Seltzer, Marsha M.; Waisman Ctr/Mr & Human Devlmt; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1990; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: This application seeks five years of support to continue the investigators' dual site research involving the impacts of life long parenting for adolescent and adult sons or daughters with mental retardation (MR). The focus of the work shifts in this application to a new population, as a sample of 400 families of adolescents and adults with autism will be studied. The proposed investigation will address four central issues: (1) the manifestation of symptoms of autism among adolescents and adults (both crosssectionally and longitudinally, (2) the effects of the behavioral, communicative, and social functioning of persons with autism on parental well-being (again cross-sectionally and longitudinally), (3) the antecedents and consequences of placement of the person with autism, and (4) the impact of differential diagnostic groups on family well-being. The fourth aim, families of persons with autism will be compared with two previously collected samples of families: one with a son or daughter with Down syndrome, and one with a son or daughter with schizophrenia. These samples, and the data relating to them, are available from previous or ongoing funded work by the current investigative group. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: IMPROVED SECRETIN ANALOGS FOR THE TREATMENT OF AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Boismenu, Richard; Assistant Professor; Repligen Corporation 41 Seyon St, Ste 100 Waltham, Ma 02453 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 17-SEP-2002; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Secretin is a naturally occurring, short-lived 27 amino acid neuropeptide hormone. Report of significant improvements in an autistic child treated with secretin has generated widespread clinical interest in its therapeutic potential since there is no FDA-approved treatment for autism. Studies in rodent have established that secretin transfers from blood into brain and can activate discrete brain regions. Synthetic human secretin analogs will be designed, using recently described strategies, to increase its stability and brain activity compared to the parent peptide. The secretin analogs generated in this Phase I will be tested in vitro for receptor binding and activation as well as in vivo for their ability to activate specific brain regions. Completion of these aims would validate the Phase II goal of developing a more active second generation secretin for the treatment of autism. In principle, the technologies developed to generate a more stable and active secretin could be applied to other therapeutic peptides. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: INFRASTRUCTURE FOR RESEARCH ON MENTAL DISABILITIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Stevenson, Roger E.; Director; Greenwood Genetic Center 1 Gregor Mendel Circle Greenwood, Sc 29646

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-FEB-1999; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: Autism and mental retardation are common and enigmatic disturbances of brain function which generally manifest in early childhood and persist throughout life. Systematic study of unselected series of patients identifies a specific cause in approximately 10% of cases of autism and 50% of cases with mental retardation. Recognized causes are heterogeneous, including genetic defects (e.g., chromosome aberrations, single gene mutations, uniparental disomy), environmental insults (e.g., infection, injury, chemical), or some combination of the two influences (multi-factorial causation). The lack of understanding of causation of many other aspects of autism and mental retardation, including identification of the many responsible genes, the pathogenetic mechanisms through which brain development is adversely affected, and the delineation of the clinical (including behavioral) phenotypes of autism and mental retardation syndromes, underscores the need for clinical research on these mental disabilities. The Greenwood Genetic Center operates a small but productive clinical research program related to autism and mental retardation. Strengths of the program include expertise in dysmorphology, clinical genetics, childhood development, pathology, cytogenetics, biochemical genetics, and molecular genetics. Gaps in expertise include neurology and neuropsychology, epidemiology and biostatistics. The overall goal of the proposed infrastructure support project is to enhance the capacity for the Greenwood Genetic Center, in collaboration with the SC Department of Disabilities and Special Needs, and to conduct clinical research on autism and mental retardation. This will be accomplished of a Section of Neurology/Behavioral Science, 2) developing the capacity to acquires and analyze data through establishment of a Section on Epidemiology and Biostatistic, 3) expansion of the range of molecular technologies and trained manpower available for research purposes, and 4) strengthening the administrative structure in support of the research program through development of an Office of Grants/Research Management and a Scientific Advisory Board. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: INTERGRATED METHODS FOR MEASURING NEUROANATOMY IN AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Duncan, James S.; Professor; Diagnostic Radiology; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1996; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: Autism is a complex disorder of early onset, involving odd and repetitive movements, severe social disability, deficits in social cognition, and disruption of language. While the multiple signs and symptoms in autism suggest several different brain systems are likely involved in its pathobiology, it remains the fact that most efforts aimed at the analysis of neuroanatomical structure related to autism from (primarily Magnetic Resonance (MR) images have been limited to the measurement of rather gross features, such as overall brain size and cross sectional area, or measurements of the corpus callosum and cerebellar vermis, using fairly small samples. These limitations are in large part because, to date, manual and computer-assisted, semi-automated segmentation/measurement of neuroanatomy is a tedious, labor-intensive, and costly process, subject to human variability. The research proposed here is aimed at the further development of an image analysis strategy that will accurately, reproducibly, robustly and efficiently analyze neuroanatomical structure relevant to autism from 3D high resolution MR images. At the core of this effort are unique mathematical approaches to: i.) segment cortical structure using coupled differential equations to simultaneously locate the gray/white and gray/CSF surfaces; ii.) segment subcortical structure by

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adding shape and inter-structure spatial relationship priors to an approach that integrates boundary finding and region growing; and iii.) nonlinearly register regional neuroanatomical structure to create atlases and match them to segmented information for the purpose of labeling cortical gyri and guiding the subcortical segmentation process. A key feature of the approach is that the final labeling and measurement that is performed is done by carefully focusing on individual regions of the brain, one at a time. The accuracy and robustness of the individual algorithm components to imaging parameters, field inhomogeneities and noise will be demonstrated by validating segmentation, registration, labeling and measurement algorithm results from synthetic data created using an MR image simulator against gold standard source images. The utility of the image analysis strategy for deriving robust, accurate measures in a variety of cortical and subcortical brain regions relevant to autism will be evaluated by running the algorithm on a cohort of 30 normal control and 30 subjects having autism and/or related conditions, sampled from a large, well characterized and separately NIH-funded subject database. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: LANGUAGE IN AUTISM: CLINICAL AND BASIC STUDIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Tager-Flusberg, Helen B.; Professor of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Anatomy and Neurobiology; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1997; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) This application has been submitted as a request for continuing support for a program of projects that has been designed to better understand the neurobiology and genetics of autism. The central organizing theme of the project is on studies of processes associated with language and social deficits in this syndrome. In its initial funding cycle the program included 3 funded projects designed to: a) provide a longitudinal study of the relations between language and theory of mind; b) develop a battery of computer based tasks that would differentiate nonverbal children with autism from children with severe autism, and c) explore the neurobiological underpinnings of language and communication abnormalities in autism with MRI. Three new projects are described in this continuation proposal. Project I proposes a detailed comparison of face processing in children with autism and controls. Project II proposes to examine the similarities and differences in language impairments in children with autism versus those with and without specific language development. Project III has been designed to provide a morphometric and functional MRI exploration of the neural substrates of social and language impairments in autism. These projects are to be carried out as a collaborative effort across Boston University Medical School; Tufts / New England Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School / Massachusetts General Hospital. These projects will be coordinated by a clinical and administrative core. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: LYMPHOCYTIC TARGETS AND BEHAVIOR IN FRAGILE X Principal Investigator & Institution: Kaufmann, Walter E.; Associate Professor; Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Inc. Baltimore, Md 21205 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 20-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Fragile X syndrome (FraX), the most prevalent form of inherited mental retardation, is associated with the absence of FMRP, a protein

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involved in regulation of protein synthesis. Recent microarray studies have identified transcripts that are abnormally regulated in both brains from FMRP knockout mice and lymphoblasts from males with FraX. These FMRP targets include structural and functional proteins that participate in synaptic development and plasticity. In addition, using proteomics techniques, we have demonstrated in FraX lymphocytes abnormal acetylation of several proteins that include the microglial regulatory protein annexin-1 (Anx-1) and the neuronal cytoskeletal protein a-tubulin. Abnormal Anx-1 expression is also predictive of autistic features in FraX. We hypothesize that specific aspects (e.g, autism, megalencephaly), and variability, of the FraX neurobehavioral phenotype are the consequence of abnormal expression of one or more neural proteins, and that these contributions can be identified by characterizing patterns of abnormal neural protein expression in lymphocytes and their neurobehavioral correlates in males with FraX. We propose to study the patterns of expression of 12 selected FMRP targets in lymphocytes from a well-characterized sample of males with FraX, representing the spectrum of neurobehavioral phenotypic manifestations. In Aim l, we will use a combination of immunochemical techniques to characterize patterns and levels of lymphocytic protein expression in 100 males with FraX and 20 controls. In Aim 2, we will examine the relationships between these molecular variables and selective aspects of the neurobehavioral phenotype (e.g., a-tubulin and IQ) of the FraX subjects. Since blood samples and behavioral data are available on 50 FraX and 10 control subjects, only half of the sample will be recruited over two years. Preliminary data also show the feasibility of studying 4 of the proposed proteins. Because of their innovative approach to examining genotype-phenotype relationships, we believe that the proposed studies are in accordance with the purposes of the Exploratory/Developmental Grant (R21) Program. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN AUTISM DISCORDANT SIBLINGS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lotspeich, Linda J.; Psychiatry; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 10-DEC-1999; Project End 30-NOV-2004 Summary: The overall aim of this grant proposal is to enhance the applicant s skill in patient-oriented clinical research in the area of child mental health. This will be accomplished through a program of combined education, training and the completion of a research project on structural neuroimaging of autism. The candidate s major goal is to develop her research capacities in clinical studies of child mental health with a focus on the neurobiology of childhood neurogenetic disorders. At the end of the award period, the candidate expects: 1) to possess the skills necessary to be an independent investigator in clinical research; 2) to have received funding as an independent investigator; and 3) to become a leader in the scientific study of patients with childhood neuropsychiatic disorders. The objectives of the proposed research project are to a) assess the relation between brain morphology and autism through structural neuroimaging of siblings discordant for autism and b) to assess the relations among cognition, behavior and specific brain morphologies in autistic subjects. In addition to the proposed research activity, the candidate will participate in graduate course work in the School of Medicine s Departments of Genetics, Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Health Care Policy and Research. The course work will encompass genetics, behavioral research, neuroscience, biostatistics, and epidemiology. She also will participate in

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seminars and tutorials with identified educational consultants in areas related to her planned research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: MHCRC NEUROBIOLOGY AND PHENOMENOLOGY OF MAJOR PSYCHOSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Andreasen, Nancy C.; Professor; Psychiatry; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1987; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: The focus of The University of Iowa Mental Health Clinical Research Center is on understanding the neurobiology of mental phenomena and disease processes, with the long-term goals of translating our findings "back" to the basic level of mechanisms and causes, and "forward" to the clinical level of treatment. Our primary emphasis is on schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Because the boundaries between schizophrenia and many other major mental illnesses are not clear, however, we also seek to gain insights about the neural mechanisms of normal and abnormal mental phenomena by studying other conditions with known mechanisms that can serve as "model syndromes" such as Huntington's disease or conditions with shared phenomenology and neurodevelopmental origins such as autism. The CRC consists of four core units and six research units. The Administrative Core is responsible for maintaining centralized records of all protocols, managing a five bed inpatient research unit, and coordinating the efforts of investigators between themselves and with the institution as a whole. The Assessment and Training Core maintains a core assessment battery, provides a training and calibration program for the various instruments used in CRC protocols, conducts studies of reliability, and develops new assessment techniques. The Biostatistics Core provides biostatistical consulting and collaboration to investigators at all stages of the research effort, maintains a centralized core data base, and provides quality assurance at all levels of core data processing. The Image Analysis Core provides a centralized resource for the analysis of imaging data, including the development of new software and image analysis techniques, training on the use of workstations, and a quality assurance program. The Diagnosis and Phenomenology Unit examines approaches to improving the definition of the phenotype. The Structural Imaging Unit examines anatomical aspects of schizophrenia and related disorders, with an emphasis on identifying neural circuits and linking MR findings to basic neurobiology through neuropathology studies. The Functional Imaging Unit emphasizes the use of 150 water technique in order to explore cognitive systems in normal individuals (i.e., attention, memory, language, and mood) and in various disease processes, including schizophrenia, autism, and substance abuse. The Cognitive Neuroscience Unit uses the techniques of experimental cognitive psychology and neuropsychology to focus on the relationship between cognitive systems and disease processes. The Basic and Clinical NeuroPharmacology Unit studies genetic regulation of drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and the effects of medications on cognition and blood flow through the use of PET and fMR. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MOUSE MODEL OF AUTISTIC REPETITIVE BEHAVIOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Garner, Joseph P.; Animal Science; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2004

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Summary: (provided by applicant): The presence of abnormal repetitive behaviors is necessary for a diagnosis of autism. These behaviors can be distressing, self-injurious, and difficult to treat. Despite their importance however, abnormal repetitive behaviors have received far less attention from researchers than other symptoms of autism. The specific goal of this project is therefore to develop an animal model of abnormal repetitive symptoms in autism. Abnormal repetitive behaviors in autistic patients are associated with disruption of 'executive' systems which are responsible for selecting and sequencing behavior. The performance of different executive systems can be measured using distinct neuropsychological tasks. Abnormal repetitive behavior in autism can be divided into 'high-level' behaviors which correlate with impairments in 'high-level' executive systems, measured using the IDED task; and 'low-level' behaviors which correlate with impairments in 'low-level' executive systems, measured using the gambling task. Abnormal repetitive behaviors commonly develop in captive animals. C57BL6/J laboratory mice perform two kinds - barbering (hair-pulling), and stereotypy - that closely resemble 'high-level' and 'low-level' behaviors respectively in autistic patients. If these behaviors are indeed equivalent to autistic symptoms they should correlate with the same measures of executive dysfunction. We will use a number of cognitive tasks, including the IDED and gambling tasks, to measure executive dysfunction in the mice. Our specific aims are therefore to: 1) develop standardized methods for recording these behaviors and performing these tasks in mice; 2) test the prediction that barbering will correlate with impairments on the IDED tasks; and 3) test the prediction that stereotypy will correlate with impairment on the gambling task. Developing a model of these symptoms in mice opens up several exciting new avenues for future research into environmental factors, genetic factors, and possible therapies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: NEURAL BASIS OF SOCIAL ATTENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Deaner, Robert O.; Neurobiology; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Humans are highly motivated to attend to socially relevant information, such as the proximity and attentional states of others. The neural basis of socially-motivated attention, however, remains poorly understood, despite the fact that the disruption of these mechanisms is a primary characteristic of several debilitating emotional disorders, including autism. The proposed research therefore aims to develop an animal model of the neurophysiology of socially-motivated attention. Two studies will investigate neuronal activation in the parietal cortex, an area that is known to be crucial in mediating visuo-spatial attention and is suggested, by neuroimaging data, to be crucial for socially-motivated attention. In one study, the activation of parietal neurons will be investigated while monkeys choose to attend to social or non-social stimuli. In the second study, parietal activity will examined when monkeys utilize the perceived gaze direction of a conspecific to orient their own attention. Together these studies will provide an improved understanding of the neural basis of social attention in healthy individuals and thus will contribute to the development of new treatments for autism and other debilitating disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NEURAL SUBSTRATES /SOCIOEMOTIONAL DISTURBANCES /DEVELOP. Principal Investigator & Institution: Malkova, Ludise; Pharmacology; Georgetown University Washington, Dc 20057

Assistant

Professor;

Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 03-AUG-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this proposal is to understand how early brain insults influence the short-term and long-term development of cognitive and socioemotional functions. This understanding is vital for the approach to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism, and at the same time is relevant to an entire spectrum of behavioral disorders that emerge as a result of a host of neurological disturbances in children (epilepsy, cerebral palsy, cortical dysgenesis, etc.). The analysis of human cases and experiments in animals suggest the hypothesis that dysfunction in medial temporal lobes, and the amygdala in particular, is an etiological factor in autism. Therefore the goal of our proposal is to investigate the role of the amygdala and its specific subdivisions for socioemotional behavior and to identify the critical developmental periods and neural triggers for developmental abnormalities in an animal model of autism. The first Specific Aim concentrates on the effects of pharmacologically-induced imbalances in neurotransmission in the amygdala on social interactions in infant animals. Drugs known to either block or enhance GABA-ergic or glutamatergic transmission will be focally infused into specific subdivisions of the amygdala and social interactions in the experimental animals will be observed. The second Specific Aim is to compare the effects of drugs (as obtained in Aim I) with the effects of discrete lesions of subregions of the amygdala, when damaged by axonsparing excitotoxic lesions, in infant monkeys. The third aim will evaluate the effects of early prolonged seizures, known to disrupt the function of the amygdala and its projection network, on the observed behavioral categories. This aim is directed to the understanding why certain seizure disorders in infants (e.g., infantile spasms) give rise to autism. An important facet of these studies will be the analysis of the extent to which socioemotional disturbances produced by various anatomically site-specific insults are accompanied by impairment in cognitive functions. Well standardized procedures will be used to evaluate various components of socioemotional interactions of infant and juvenile animals in dyads and to assess their emotional reactions to positive and negative stimuli. Cognitive tasks will include concurrent visual objects discrimination and auditory-visual crossmodal associations and memory. The results of the proposed studies will identify specific amygdaloid nuclei critical for regulation of social and emotional interactions and determine the critical stage(s) in development during which amygdala dysfunction (by lesions, drugs or seizures) can lead to long-term socioemotional abnormalities. This information will provide a rationale basis for the design of therapeutic interventions directed at correcting the underlying biological dysfunctions that give rise to autism and related socioemotional disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: NEUROBIOLOGIC STUDIES OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM IN AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Bauman, Margaret L.; Anatomy and Neurobiology; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 10-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract): Relatively few pathological studies of the brain in autism have been reported and a variety of findings in cortical, subcortical and posterior fossa regions have been described. Over the past several years, quantitative

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and semi-quantitative analyses have been conducted in a small series of autistic brains, studies in comparison with age and sex-matched controls that were processed in whole brain serial section. Abnormalities have been consistently observed in the limbic system, cerebellum and related inferior olive. In the limbic system, the hippocampus, amygdala and entorhinal cortex have shown a small nerve cell size and increased cell-packing density at all ages, consistent with a pattern of developmental curtailment. A different pattern of change had been noted in the vertical limb of the Diagonal Band of Broca, cerebellar nuclei and inferior olive with plentiful and abnormally enlarged neurons in the brains of young autistic subjects, and in adult autistic brains small, pale neurons that are often reduced in number. These findings, combined with reported age-related changes in brain weight, have raised the possibility of a progressive process. However, technological restraints have precluded the determination of total number of neurons in these structures and the use of qualitative and quantitative immunocytochemical techniques. This project will utilize modern immunohistochemical and stereological cell counting techniques to quantitatively analyze selected regions of the limbic system in a series of autistic brains studied in comparison with age and sex-matched controls. Findings will be compared with volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis in these same brains, and patterns of microscopic abnormality will be correlated with clinical characteristic of each subject based on information derived from medical records and formal interviews with families. Further, studies for evidence of a progressive process, and involvement of selected neurotransmitter systems in the limbic system that have been implicated in the clinical features of autism will be conducted. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: NEUROIMAGING AND SYMPTOM DOMAINS IN AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Levitt, Jennifer; None; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 02-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Autism represents one of the most severe disorders of development, yet its biological underpinnings remain unknown. Although the prevalence of autism in the general population is estimated at 0.05 -- 0.1 percent, a variety of studies indicate that deficits in social functioning and communication affect 15 percent of first-degree relatives of autistic individuals. The poor long-term outcomes seen in such children underscores the need for a better understanding of the biological mechanisms involved in autism. Three intersecting domains of behavior: communication, social reciprocity and restricted/repetitive behaviors, taken together are diagnostic of the illness, but appear partially independent. This fact, in concert with evidence from genome-wide linkage investigations and candidate gene studies, provides evidence that a single etiology of autism is unlikely. Given the heterogeneous nature of autism, identification of homogeneous subgroups is essential to furthering our understanding of the biology underlying the behaviors associated with this disorder. The availability of noninvasive, non-radioactive neuroimaging techniques and sophisticated data analytic approaches used in combination with family genetic data holds the promise of greatly improving our ability to identify these subgroups. The principal goal of the work proposed in this project is to use these tools to identify neuromorphometric and neurochemical measures that define meaningful endophenotypes in autism. In addition, the extent to which these measures are shared among siblings and therefore are familial will be explored as a means of identifying these endophenotypes. Using these tools, Affected Sibling Pairs selected from the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange multiplex families, and a sample of non-autistic

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control children selected from an ongoing study of normal children at UCLA will be examined. The CAN/AGRE study population is a large group of multiplex families with phenotypic and genotype data available for access by research scientists. We propose that key behavioral phenotypic dimensions of autism including: delay of language onset, repetitive/stereotyped behaviors and social reciprocity, are associated with specific brain neuromorphometric and neurochemical measures. Furthermore, we will examine the extent to which the neurobiologic findings underlying these phenotypic variations will be correlated among siblings, suggesting that they may be useful phenotypes for future investigations. Taken together, these studies will provide the basis for genetic studies to delineate specific gene > brain> behavioral pathways and lay the foundation for early detection and better intervention in autism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: NEUROIMAGING OF LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION IN AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Harris, Gordon; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: Deficits in language and social-communication functioning represent one of the primary manifestations of 'autism. However, to date there has been little research into the underlying neural mechanisms responsible for language and socialcommunication dysfunction in autism. Project Ill of the program project, 'Language in autism: Clinical and Basic Studies,' will use structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional MRI (fMRI) techniques to evaluate the anatomy and physiology of brain regions and tasks related to language and Social-communication in autism. Subjects will include adolescent (age 10-1 6) autistic, specific language impaired (SLI), and matched control groups. fMRl is ideally suited for the functional studies in this project because it is non-invasive, and does not use ionizing radiation, allowing multiple experimental conditions to be evaluated within individual subjects. The structural imaging studies will examine gray matter volumes in language and socialcommunication-related regions within the cerebral cortex using segmentation, parcellation, and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) methods. White matter and cerebellum have also been implicated in autism, and so structural analyses will also include cerebellar and white matter parcellation and diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) of white matter organization. Measures of brain structure will be evaluated for correlation with language performance determined through the Core evaluations. The fMRl experiments will evaluate high-functioning autistic subjects and matched control groups under five experimental conditions: lexical-semantic encoding, past tense processing, phonological processing, processing facial expressions linked to eyes vs. mouths, and activation related to direct vs. averted eye gaze. The three language fMRl tasks relate to experiments and findings from Project II (language), while the two socialcommunication tasks relate directly to Project I experiments and findings (socialcommunication). There is evidence that each of these domains demonstrates abnormality in autism, and we will evaluate the neural activation responses to these activation paradigms through a series of five experimental conditions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: AUTISM

NEUROIMAGING/DEVELOPMENTAL

NEUROBIOLOGY

OF

Principal Investigator & Institution: Hardan, Antonio Y.; Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 21-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The career development and research plans outlined in this Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development Award application are designed to enable the candidate to independently design and conduct neuroimaging studies investigating the neurobiology of autism by examining increased brain size and the involvement of the cerebelo-thalamo-frontal circuit in the pathophysiology of this neurodevelopment disorder. Autism is a severe disorder characterized by marked social and communication deficits, restricted and stereotyped patterns of behaviors and interests. A wide range of abnormalities has been reported and studies of brain structure have implicated several aspects of brain development involved in neuronal organization including the elaboration of dendritic and axonal ramifications, the establishments of synaptic connection, and cell death. Recent neuropathologic and neuroimaging studies have reported increased brain size in autism, and evidence supporting the underdevelopment of the circuitry of neural networks that involve cerebral cortex, limbic system and cerebellum. The proposed longitudinal study will use the combination of volumetric measurements obtained from magnetic resonance imaging scans and chemical shift imaging proton spectroscopy obtained at 30 months intervals from a group of children with autism (8-12 years of age) and individually-matched controls to characterize the developmental changes of brain enlargement, and the involvement of the cerebello-thalamo-frontal circuit in autism. It will also provide the candidate with the experience necessary to apply advanced neuroimaging techniques and a solid foundation from which to conduct longitudinal studies investigating the developmental neurobiology of autism and possibly identifying clinical, prognostic and therapeutic correlates. The candidate is certified in psychiatry, and child and adolescent psychiatry with four years of post-graduate clinical experience. Drs. Nancy Minshew, and Matchery Keshavan will serve as preceptors. Course work and directed reading in biostatistcs, data management, research ethics, neuroanatorny, neuroimaging and developmental neuroscience will complement the research training. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: NEUROMAGNETIC INVESTIGATION OF ADULTS WITH AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Reite, Martin L.; Professor; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 04-MAY-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2001 Summary: Autism is a devastating developmental disorder with an incidence of approximately I in 1,000 live births. While strongly genetically determined, specific abnormalities remain to be determined, and the clinical picture is sufficiently diffuse to implicate pathology in multiple neural systems. Central to the syndrome is impaired social interaction, a severely restricted range of interests, and abnormalities of attention (hyper-attentiveness) and sensation (usually hyper- reactivity). We propose to utilize magnetoencephalographic (MEG) sensory evoked field (EF) data, EEG evoked potential (EP) data, and MRI anatomical data to specifically address early cortical processing of sensory information. We will study 1) 30 high functioning (IQ>50) autistic adults, 2) 30 IQ and age matched FraX patients, 3) 30 age matched MR subjects, and 4) 30 age matched normal adults. We will specifically: 1)Using MEG and EEG, we will quantify

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reactivity of primary auditory and somatosensory cortex to stimuli of varying intensity; 2) By localizing and quantifying very high frequency (VHF) MEG activity (600 Hz) from primary somato- sensory cortex we will directly measure cortical GABA-ergic inhibitory interneurone activity, which we hypothesize will be deficient in autistic subjects (and correlated with cortical hyper- reactivity); 3)Using an MEG auditory EF based goodness of fit metric, we will quantify the ability or autistic subjects to shift attention from one hemisphere to the other during a binaural auditory oddball task; 4) Using the amplitude of the 100 msec latency auditory EF (termed M100) as a function of auditory interstimulus interval (151) we will calculate tau, the time constant of the decay of the echoic memory trace, generated in Heschl's gyri. We hypothesize this will be prolonged in autistic subjects, relative to normals, Fra-X or MR groups; 5) Using the EEG EP based metric termed mismatch negativity (MMN) we hypothesize that autistic subjects will demonstrate evidence of an accentuated pre-attentive, automatic cortical feature detection processes; 6) Using an MEG EF metric of auditory cortex MEG alpha suppression during a tonal memory task, we hypothesize that autistic subjects will demonstrate evidence of greater alpha suppression than normals, supporting enhanced short term auditory memory storage, scanning and retrieval; 7) Using high resolution MR images of the brain we will relate MEG EF sources to specific cortical areas to determined if MEG and EEG based functional abnormalities are related to observed anatomical deficits in the cortex generating those signals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: PRIMATES

OXYTOCIN

RECEPTORS

IN HUMAN

AND

NON-HUMAN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Boccia, Maria L.; Research Associate Professor; F.P. Graham Child Devel Ctr; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 25-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This K01 proposal is designed to provide training and establish the applicant as an independent researcher in the neurobiological mechanisms of social and emotional behavior development. Her previous research has focused on social and emotional development in a non-human primate model. This training program will provide her with the skills necessary to focus on the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these phenomena. This program of research includes an animal model of developmental disorders with social deficits, such as autism, or psychopathological syndromes with social and affective components, such as antisocial personality disorder or schizophrenia. To achieve these goals, the applicant has designed a program with career development activities and research studies under the mentorship of Cort Pedersen, exploring the role of oxytocin in social and emotional behavior and development. The research component of this program includes two goals, both of which utilize archival materials from human and non-human primate brain banks. Specific Aim 1 will test the hypothesis that the distribution and quantity of oxytocin receptors in limbic structures linked to social behavior will be altered and reduced, respectively, in brains derived from individuals with autism, compared to control tissue. Specific Aim 2, will test the hypothesis that the distribution and quantity of oxytocin receptors will differ in different primate taxa based on the social behavior and organizational features of the species. This second aim will provide critical data for the establishment of an animal model of these developmental disorders and psychopathological syndromes. The proposed training program is designed to develop the applicant's expertise in (1) primate neuroanatomy and neurophysiology, (2)

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neurotransmitter receptor biology, and (3) neurobiological techniques, including immunohistochemistry and autoradiography, and will give her the necessary skills to establish an independent behavioral neurobiology research career. The research outlined here will provide a basis for important new research directions for understanding the role of oxytocin in human social behavior and associated disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF RETT SYNDROME /MECP2 MUTATIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Zoghbi, Huda Y.; Professor and Investigator; Pediatrics; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 23-JUL-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: The X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder Rett syndrome (RTT) is one of the leading causes of mental retardation (MR) and autism in females. 80% of girls with RTT have mutations in the gene encoding methyl-CpG- binding protein 2 (MeCP2), a transcriptional repressor that binds methylated cytosines. The phenotypic consequences of MECP2 mutations range from classic RTT in those with random X chromosome inactivation (XCI) to mild or even no MR in girls with favorable XCI. We hypothesize that impaired MeCP2 function leads to misexpression of genes crucial for neuronal development, which mediates RTT pathogenesis and some forms of autism and MR. Project 1 (Dr. Zoghbi) will create mouse models for RTT for pathogenesis and therapeutic studies, use microarray technology to evaluate alterations in gene expression in the RTT mice, and genotypic sporadic females and female relatives of RTT girls with MR, autism, or learning disabilities. Project 2 (Drs. Glaze and Percy) will clinically characterize the girls studied in Project 1 and test whether methyl donors (folate and betaine) can ameliorate neurologic dysfunction in RTT by enhancing cytosine methylation. Project 3 (Dr. Van den Veyver) will characterize expression of MECP2 variants in developing brain and in RTT tissue; correlate effects of MECP2 mutations on gene expression in human cell lines, mouse embryonic stem cells and Xenopus with expression data from mouse models (Project 1) and study changes in DNA methylation by methyl donors administered to mice in Projects 1 and 2. The MorphologyNeuropathology portion of the Core (Dr. Armstrong) will do systematic morphological analyses on mouse models (Project 1) and conduct immunohistochemical studies on mouse and human tissues (Project 3). Through these multi-disciplinary studies we hope to identify the cause of MR/LD or autism in a subset of patients, to gain insight into the pathogenesis of RTT, and to develop therapeutic strategies for this and related late-onset neurodevelopmental diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PILOT--GLUTEN FREE AND CASEIN FREE DIETARY TREATMENT IN AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Elder, Jennifer H.; Associate Professor; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (from applicant's Abstract) Recent exploration into the role of the immune system, genetic susceptibility, and environmental factors such as infections, vaccines, and diet has led to the emergence of numerous theoretical models to explain the biological basis for autism. In turn, a growing number of parents are implementing a variety of still unproven treatment modalities with their autistic children. Particularly relevant to our proposed research is recent work by Cade and colleagues on diet and

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autism. Testimonials throughout the world support the efficacy of a diet free of wheat (which contains gluten) and milk (which has casein). Most noteworthy are reports of autistic children who, after being placed on the restricted diet, are "cured" of their autism. However, there are no published reports of controlled clinical trials using the most widely accepted autism diagnostic instruments and direct behavioral observation to test dietary effects. In this proposed research, we will use a randomized, double-blind repeated measures crossover design to evaluate the recommended gluten-free and casein-free (GCF) diet in a controlled inpatient setting. The specific aims are: (a) to evaluate the effects of the GCF diet on severity of autistic symptoms as measured by the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), Ecological Communication Orientation Scale (ECOS), and direct behavioral observation frequencies, (b) to evaluate the effects of the GCF diet on urinary peptide levels and (c) to evaluate the role of parent behavior in therapeutic and placebo effects of the GCF diet in autistic children. We hypothesize that: (a) using the placebo dietary condition for comparison, scores on the CARS, ECOS, and direct in-home observation ratings (frequency counts) of child social and language behaviors and aberrant behaviors will show an improvement following completion of 5 weeks on the GCF diet, (b) adherence to the GCF diet will result in decreased urinary peptide levels, and (c) "expectant waiting" behavioral frequencies, a measure of positive expectancy and subjectivity on the part of the parent, will not increase at any point during the study. Results of this study should provide important preliminary, empirically sound data regarding current claims of positive social and language behaviors in autistic children. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: PLANNING THE UTAH CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcmahon, William M.; Associate Professor; Psychiatry; University of Utah 200 S University St Salt Lake City, Ut 84112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Provided by applicant): Autism can be considered a prototype for neuropsychiatric developmental disorders. Diagnosis of autism has improved over the past 5 decades but still is based on developmental history and behavioral assessment, not on the underlying brain abnormality. The best current treatments for children with autism are directed at improving language, adaptive and social skills but do not address the biological basis of this disorder. Major advances in understanding the developmental neurobiology and genetics of autism may allow effective psychopharmacology and other biological treatments. Future recognition of the genetic and environmental factors contributing to the causation will allow for programs of prevention of autism and related developmental disorders. In parallel, programs to increase and improve training and to refine case identification and community awareness must be implemented to satisfy an immediate and growing need for diagnosis and treatment. Such progress will require a focused and synergistic effort by basic and clinical scientists in Centers of Excellence. The University of Utah proposes to develop such a Center over the next year. This application builds on a history of outstanding research in autism in Utah. Unique resources include a genealogical database, head circumference and structural neuroimaging findings for autism and a record of successful human gene discovery and genomics. The developmental plan for this Center includes three specific aims. First, we will develop working relationships, procedures and projects that integrate investigators at the University of Utah and Brigham Young University in basic and clinical disciplines relevant to autism research. Second, we will organize University and Department of Health and Mental Health

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resources into a Center of Excellence for autism research, diagnosis, referral and training. Finally, we will carry out pilot studies that develop promising research components in genetics, structural neuroimaging. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: RESEARCH IN AUTISM: PARENT INTERVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Schreibman, Laura E.; Professor; Psychology; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-1984; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): There is very little known about methods of designing interventions for very young nonverbal children. For example, the literature and our preliminary studies suggest that many nonverbal children may acquire functional communication with an intervention program that is focused entirely on verbal communication. Other children seem to require augmentative communication systems. These augmentative systems may be effective in further producing verbal communication for some nonverbal children, and may remain as the sole effective means of communication for other children who do not acquire expressive verbal communication. The purpose of the proposed research project is to systematically compare two widely used types of intervention programs (see Koegel, 2000, NIH Autism Conference; Lord & McGee, 2001, National Research Council report; Stiebel, 1999). Both approaches are consistent with our general theoretical model in that both target the key pivotal area of motivation to communicate. The primary difference in the approaches is one accomplishes this through a primarily verbal only approach, whereas the other accomplishes this through a primarily visual approach. This difference has been of major interest to the field of autism, but has not been systematically compared in scientific research. While it does not make any difference with respect to our theoretical position as to which condition turns out to be better, it may make a large difference with respect to translation from research to practice, and with respect to understanding autism, which are major NIMH priority areas. In one condition, randomly assigned children will be provided with an intervention using a welldocumented manualized intervention focused on verbal expressive communication only (Pivotal Response Training, PRT). In the other condition, randomly assigned children will receive an intervention for the same social communication functions using a welldocumented manualized augmentative system of intervention (Picture Exchange Communication System, PECS). Children in the two conditions will be compared for development of verbal and nonverbal communication, changes in disruptive behavior, changes in symptoms of autism, and general adaptive behavior gains. In addition, parent satisfaction and stress measures will be gathered in order to assess the effects of each intervention on family functioning. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: RESEARCH IN AUTISM--PARENT INTERVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Koegel, Robert L.; None; University of California Santa Barbara 3227 Cheadle Hall Santa Barbara, Ca 93106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1977; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: This proposal addresses the NIH priority of individualizing the treatment of autism (Bristol, et al., 1996), with particular attention devoted to the empirical measures of child and family characteristics related to prognosis. The literature and the results of our previous funding periods have supported the position that parent training is an

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extremely effective approach to the treatment of autism. It is fast, economical, and produces relatively broad treatment changes. During our research program our work has been concerned with identifying specific variables related to the best-practice parent training and developing an improved program designed to address these variables. Accordingly, our research has assured a progressive direction in the development of a parent training treatment delivery package that is optimal for the child and for the family. In our previous research we have typically compared one type of treatment to another type of treatment. Looking back at our efforts in this area we now feel we have a substantial corpus of data both comprehensive in scope and rich in detail; and based on our pilot studies and preliminary investigations we believe that careful analyses of these data now allow us to specify several variables important for the purpose of developing "individualized" treatments for children with autism and their parents. Our data indicate that although we have consistently found one standard type of treatment to be more beneficial overall than another standard type of treatment, each individual treatment contains aspects that are very powerful for specific purposes. In fact, our data suggest that a combination of these treatment procedures, individualized based on child, family and target behavior characteristics will be far superior than implementing one type of treatment for all children as if they were all the same. Because of the large amount of heterogeneity in child and parent characteristics seen in the area of autism it is becoming abundantly clear that individualized treatment will be greatly superior to a standard package. We hypothesize that this type of treatment will significantly improve the treatment of autism, with respect to both direct measures of child behavior and with respect to measures of overall family functioning. We thus propose to carefully compare two treatment conditions. Our control condition will be our current best practice parent training package (the Self-Management condition, now called the Standard Package or SP condition). Our experimental condition will be one in which treatment will be "individualized" for each family in that the specifics of the treatment plan will be dictated by the characteristics of the child and of the family (the Individualized Package or IP condition). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: RUPP-PI Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcdougle, Christopher J.; Albert E. Sterne Professor and Chair; Psychiatry; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The RUPP-PI at Indiana University School of Medicine will capitalize on the site's expertise and experience in pediatric psychopharmacology. In addition, the site will provide training opportunities for young investigators in the neuropsychopharmacology of serious childhood-onset disorders. The proposed treatment protocol will be a 16-week, randomized study of risperidone alone (n=40) vs. risperidone plus a structured behavior therapy program (n=80) in 120 children and adolescents with autistic disorder (autism) and other pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) who have significant tantrums, aggression, and/or self- injury. Change in these maladaptive behaviors, as well as improvement in adaptive functioning will be determined. Following an additional 8 weeks of stabilization, subjects who show a positive response to combined risperidone plus behavior therapy (estimated sample size of 60) will be randomized to continued treatment with risperidone or gradual discontinuation. The goal of the discontinuation phase is to determine whether the addition of behavior therapy allows for the discontinuation of

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risperidone. In a previous RUPP Autism Network study, we showed that risperidone was safe and more efficacious than placebo for treating tantrums, aggression, and/or self-injury in children and adolescents with autism. We also demonstrated that these symptoms returned rapidly in the majority of subjects when the risperidone was withdrawn in a placebo-controlled discontinuation phase. The present study will extend these findings and determine if the combination of risperidone and behavior therapy will enhance adaptive functioning in these children and protect against relapse. Side effects and therapeutic response will be carefully monitored. Subjects will be genotyped to explore the relationship between specific serotonin receptor genotypes and treatment response. The proposed study will be conducted by a multisite network that has already shown the capacity to collaborate on the design and conduct of clinical trials in children and adolescents with autism and other PDDs. Furthermore, this five-site network has established reliability on several measures that are relevant to the conduct of clinical trials in this patient population. The RUPP-PI at Indiana University is also prepared to participate in treatment studies involving children and adolescents with other psychiatric disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: RUPP-PI PROJECT Principal Investigator & Institution: Aman, Michael G.; Professor; Psychiatry; Ohio State University 1800 Cannon Dr, Rm 1210 Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDDs) are serious developmental conditions affecting 6 per 1000 school-age children. We propose a multisite study in which 120 children with PDDs accompanied by highly irritable behavior will be randomly assigned to risperidone only (N=40) or risperidone plus a structured behavior therapy program (N=80) and compared on adaptive and behavioral outcomes after 16 weeks. After an additional eight weeks of stabilization (6 months total), children who show a positive response to the combination of risperidone and behavior therapy (estimated samples size of 60) will be randomized to continued treatment with risperidone or gradual discontinuation. The goal of the discontinuation phase is to examine whether the addition of behavior therapy permits discontinuation of risperidone without relapse. PDD can be a profound disability across social, emotional, and academic domains. Thus, there is a pressing need for new treatments in PDD that are safe and effective. In a previous RUPP Autism Network study, we showed that risperidone was safe and effective for children and adolescents with autism accompanied by tantrums, aggression, and/or self-injury. We also showed that the behavioral symptoms rapidly returned in a high percentage of these pediatric patients when the medication was withdrawn in a placebo-controlled discontinuation study. The present study will extend these findings and will test whether risperidone plus behavior therapy will enhance adaptive functioning in children with PDDs and protect against relapse. Side effects and therapeutic response will be carefully monitored. Subjects will be genotyped in order to evaluate the relationship of specific serotonin receptor genotypes and treatment response. The proposed study will be conducted by a multisite network that has already shown the capacity to collaborate in the design and conduct of clinical trials in the PDD population. Furthermore, this five-site network has established reliability on several measures relevant to the multi-site clinical trials in children with PDD. O.S.U. also plans two pilot studies: (a) a randomized clinical trial in 60 children with PDDs and severe ADHD behavior and (b) a study of ziprasidone in 30 children and adolescents with PDDs and highly irritable behaviors.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: SEMANTIC NETWORK FLEXIBILITY MODULATION/AUTISM SPECTRUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Beversdorf, David Q.; Neurology; Ohio State University 1800 Cannon Dr, Rm 1210 Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-DEC-2002; Project End 30-NOV-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): I am a new faculty member in Neurology with fellowship training in Cognitive Neurology. I have put forth great effort to do research during my clinical training, but am seeking funding to release me from my current heavy burden of clinical responsibilities in order to develop as an independent investigator. My career development plan includes courses in neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, behavioral pharmacology, statistics, and ethics, and regular guidance meetings with my mentor (Dr. Robert Bornstein, a neuropsychologist experienced in frontal lobe research) and collaborators. My previous research has shown that individuals with high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have impaired flexibility of the semantic network. This may relate to other problems with context utilization, problem solving, and social functioning in ASD. My previous research has also demonstrated a noradrenergic modulation of cognitive flexibility in normal individuals. I wish to further explore the modulation of cognitive flexibility. My hypothesis is that noradrenergic modulation of cognitive flexibility is specific to the noradrenergic system among catecholamines, that noradrenergic modulation of cognitive flexibility can occur with long-term treatment, and that noradrenergie antagonism can influence cognitive flexibility in ASD. My first Specific Aim is to further study the influence of catecholamines on cognitive flexibility. I will first test modulation of cognitive flexibility with varying doses of noradrenergic agents, and will test whether long-term propranolol can have the same effect as single-dose propranolol. I will then test whether dopaminergic agents can yield the same finding with cognitive flexibility. My second Aim is to study the effects of stress and propranolol on cognitive flexibility. I will test whether propranolol can reverse the impairment in cognitive flexibility that results from situational stressors. My third Aim is to learn the effects of noradrenergic antagonism on cognitive flexibility in individuals with ASD. I will test whether propranolol has a greater effect on cognitive flexibility in individuals with ASD than in matched controls. With better understanding of modulation of cognitive flexibility, future studies can further test noradrenergic modulation of cognitive flexibility in ASD. My long-term goal is to study neuropharmacology and cognitive neuroscience and look for benefits in cognitively impaired patients, with a particular focus on high-functioning adults with ASD. OSU and my outside consultants are well equipped for my current and future research goals, with ongoing autism research, possible potential for future high-field fMRI, and strong neuroscience training. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SEQUENCE TEACHER: BEHAVIORAL TEACHING TECHNOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Mackay, Harry A.; Praxis, Inc. 13 West St Belmont, Ma 02478 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: The SBIR application seeks support to develop and study a computer- based product attended primary for teaching children with mental retardation, autism, and other intellectual disabilities. The product addresses a critical skill repertoire involving

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the production of stimulus sequences. Sequence production is a pre-academic skill relevant to the development of reading, spelling, numeric skills, and concepts, as well as everyday tasks like making a telephone call or operating a vending machine. Research supported by NIH has resulted in the development of techniques that can establish sequencing skills in our target population. These techniques, however, are not readily accessible to parents, professionals and the children who might benefit. This proposal aims to fill that gap by the development of a user-friendly software product for computer-assisted instruction. The basic task involves a form of constructed matching to sample: A sample stimulus is presented to the student, who then must select two or more individual stimuli (e.g., letters, numbers) from a pool to construct a multi-element stimulus complex (e.g., letter-by-letter, number-by-number) that is related to computer screen, and the student would then select the individual letters (S, H, etc.) from an array of letters displayed at the bottom of the screen. As each letter is selected, it moves by computer animation to a position below the picture, so that the student "constructs" the world "SHIRT." The project has two major objectives First, we will adapt well-developed methods from laboratory and applied research for use by teachers, other child care professionals, and parents. Second, we will evaluate the product to determine that it can be used effectively in typical educational situations. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: The product being developed and evaluated may have a significant impact on special education practice. As such, the product is potentially marketable to speech/language pathologists, special educators, psychologists, other professionals, and parents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: SLEEP RETARDATION

ARCHITECTURE:

INDIVIDUALS

WITH

MENTAL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Kennedy, Craig H.; Special Education; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Sleep dysfunction produces a range of negative health and psychological effects. The incidence of sleep problems for individuals with mental retardation (MR) has been reported to be three-fold greater than people without MR. However, previous research estimating the prevalence of sleep problems for people with MR have relied primarily on behavioral observation data. Such analyses can only identify gross behavioral changes in sleep states and are unable to identify subtler alterations in brain activity and sleep architecture that, nonetheless, have serious effects on a person's health and life quality. Hence, current estimates of sleep problems in this population may be underestimated. A more precise analysis of sleep and individual sleep stages is needed. The investigators propose to use polysomnography (i.e., EEG, EOG, and EMG) to investigate the sleep architecture of people with MR. Three groups of adults with MR (mild, moderate, and severe/profound) will be studied to assess the presence of altered sleep architectures as a function of level of MR. These groups will be compared to a contrast group of typical adults. In addition, the investigators propose to assess whether the presence of a co-morbid syndrome (i.e., autism) interacts with level of MR in determining the structure of a person's sleep architecture (i.e., autism plus mild MR, autism plus moderate MR, and autism plus severe MR). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: THE DEVELOPMENT OF JOINT ATTENTION AFTER INFANCY Principal Investigator & Institution: Adamson, Lauren B.; Professor; Psychology; Georgia State University University Plaza Atlanta, Ga 30303 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 05-APR-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2002 Summary: The objective is to characterize the developmental course of shared attention between children and their social partners. This proposal focuses on the year-long period just after infancy when children typically become increasingly competent symbol users. The basic contention is that the coordination of attention to people and objects, an organization often call joint attention, is transformed as symbols draw distant events into on-going interactions. Three specific aims are pursued: to describe normative changes in shared attention; to characterize how symbols increase the scope and coherence of social interactions; and to investigate how variations in the timing of language onset and the integrity of joint attention skills influence the development of shared attention after infancy. Seventy-two children, 48 who are developing typically and 24 who have been diagnosed with autism (a disorder characterized by deficiencies in joint attention skills), will each be videotaped five times over a year as they interact with their mothers in a series of scenes that probe requesting, social interacting, shared referring, and discussing past and future. The rate of language acquisition will also be assessed. Videotapes will be coded to document the child's attention to people, objects, and symbols; the child's symbolic actions; and the mother's attention-directing actions toward symbols. Growth curves will be examined both to chart the course of symbolinfused attention as a function of language onset and to discern how autism may disturb the infusion of symbols into shared attention. This systematic study of a period of rapid developmental change will provide a fuller view of how children are introduced to symbols as they communicate with their caregivers. This view should further the formulation of models of representational development as well as inform understanding of pervasive developmental disorders such as autism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: THERAPY FOR SELF INJURIOUS BEHAVIOR IN AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Wagner, George C.; Psychology; Rutgers the St Univ of Nj New Brunswick Asb Iii New Brunswick, Nj 08901 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): A subset of motoric symptoms associated with autism includes mild, stereotypic to intense, self-injurious behaviors. In the past, these behaviors have been linked to dysfunction of brain dopamine but, unfortunately, clinical trials with dopamine antagonists have met with poor results. The accepted rodent model of self-injurious behavior relies on neonatal dopamine lesions followed by L-dopa administration to the adult. This model works well in rats but not in mice. In a series of studies using in situ hybridization as well as knockout and transgenic mice to explore the development of the topographic projections of brain dopaminergic neurons, it was observed that brain serotinergic systems are activated following neonatal damage to dopaminergic neurons. That is, it appeared that early dopamine lesions activated brain serotinergic systems. This observation was then linked to the induction of stereotypic and self-injurious behaviors in adult mice treated with high doses of amphetamine, doses which induced the release of both dopamine and serotonin. On the basis of these and other observations, a new animal model of self-injurious behaviors centering on the dual activation of brain dopamine and serotonin is proposed. In

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addition, based on this new model, the possible beneficial effects of risperidone, an antagonist of these transmitter systems, will be explored. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: UNUSUAL SENSORY EXPERIENCES IN YOUNG CHILDREN W/AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Baranek, Grace T.; Associate Professor; Allied Health Sciences; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, NC 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): A variety of unusual responses (hypo- and hyperresponses) to sensory stimuli are documented in children with autism and appear to be exacerbated in social situations. The developmental nature of these phenomena and their relationship to the core features of autism are not well understood. Our model explaining unusual sensory experiences in autism involves a basic deficit in information processing (sensory orienting), moderated by social context and development. The specific aims of this project are to: (1) measure developmentally-related changes in responses to sensory experiences in young children with autism, children with other developmental disabilities (DD), and typically-developing children; (2) identify sensory processing patterns that are unique to autism; and (3) determine the extent to which sensory processing patterns covary with phenotypic expressions of autism. A crosssectional methodology will be used to study unusual sensory experiences in 180 children (60 with autism, 60 with DD, and 60 with typical development). The autism and DD groups will range from 2-7 years of age. All three groups will be matched according to nonverbal mental age and gender. Children will be assessed using a battery of measures (diagnostic, developmental, sensory, and phenotypic features). A crosssectional methodology will test the degree to which frequencies of sensory symptoms vary as a function of maturational variables and group membership. Composite scores reflecting four sensory processing patterns (hypo/hyper-responsiveness to social/nonsocial stimuli) will be analyzed to specifically discriminate autism from other groups. Finally, these sensory patterns will be correlated with measures of socialrelatedness, communication, and restricted/repetitive behaviors. Our conceptual model predicts that a) all three groups will demonstrate a decrease in unusual responses to sensory stimuli as age, cognitive abilities, and language increase, b) the autism group will have the highest frequency of symptoms, c) a hypo-responsive pattern (orienting deficit) will be specific to autism, magnified for social versus nonsocial stimuli, and d) the four patterns of sensory processing will differentially correlate with socialrelatedness subtypes and levels of severity in the phenotypic characteristics of autism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: VALPROATE ADOLESCENTS

RESPONSE

IN

AGGRESSIVE

AUTISTIC

Principal Investigator & Institution: Hellings, Jessica A.; Associate Professor; Psychiatry; University of Kansas Medical Center Msn 1039 Kansas City, Ks 66160 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-APR-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract): This career (K08) award applies specified funding, 75 percent research time and a 5-year plan to develop the candidate's experience and expertise, in the understudied area of psychopharmacologic research in persons with autism and mental retardation (MR). A primary goal is for the candidate

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to learn from Dr. Schroeder how behavioral observation and Applied Behavior Analysis can be used in research in this population. By performing a double-blind drug study, with Dr. Schroeder's weekly supervision, regular internal and expert-consultation and attending research didactic courses, the candidate will develop into an independent psychopharmacology researcher with expertise in behavioral observation and intervention techniques. The proposed study aims to test the hypothesis that aggressive autistic adolescents will show a significantly greater response to valproate maintained at blood levels of 75-100 mcg/ml than to placebo (PRO), in a double-blind casecontrolled design. The study will also critically assess the safety of valproate in autistic adolescents. The study will be performed over 5 years, on 30 outpatient autistic adolescents aged 10 to 19 years, referred to the University outpatient MR/Autism Clinic for aggression. Study candidates will undergo DSM-IV evaluation, the ADI-R and ADOS, and baseline blood tests. Exclusion criteria will include degenerative CNS disorders, unstable medical illness, seizures in the past 6 months, a history of valproate sensitivity or previous liver disease, a history of ovarian cysts in girls, a low platelet count or raised liver transaminases. No other psychoactive maintenance medication will be allowed. Any level of MR (IQ<70) will be permissible. After baseline screening, and a 1-week placebo lead-in, subjects will be randomized to PBO or valproate for 8 weeks. Dosage adjustment according to blood levels drawn at the end of weeks 2 and 4 will be arranged with parents by a child psychiatrist without breaking the blind. The Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Community (ABC-C) irritability subscale will be the primary measure; the Overt Aggression Scale (OAS), ABC-C hyperactivity subscale, Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) problem severity, Self-Injurious Behavior Questionnaire (SIBQ), and a valproate side effects checklist will be secondary measures. Primary measure scores obtained will be analyzed using a multivariate analysis of variance comparing drug placebo groups pre- and post-treatment. The secondary measures will be analyzed using a multivariate analysis of variance. Study results will be prepared and submitted as manuscripts for publications and presentations. Achievement of goals of the grant will be monitored by Dr. Schroeder weekly, quarterly and annually. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: VIDEO ENHANCED VIRTUAL REALITY PROGRAMS FOR AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Strickland, Dorothy C.; President; Virtual Reality Aids, Inc. 421 Orchis Rd Saint Augustine, Fl 32086 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: The broad, long-term objectives of this project are to design, build, and evaluate the efficacy of video enhanced virtual reality restaurant social skill instruction for children with autism. Specific aims are: 1) Design a virtual reality (VR) scenario for children with autism that will teach appropriate behavior in a restaurant; 2) Incorporate this design into an interactive computer program using animated characters and videos demonstrating similar real world social situations; 3) Demonstrate the efficacy of the instructional software through use of applied behavior analysis and single subjects design. The learning environment afforded by video enhanced VR may help individuals with autism master difficult social skills by providing individualized practice in controllable, non-threatening worlds. The research design and methods for achieving these goals are: 1) Choose children who have been diagnosed with autism; 2) Design, program, and debug a PC based VR restaurant environment and appropriate video scenarios; 3) Conduct trials to evaluate the results using n, multiple baselines across subjects design. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: Virtual reality learning environments would have a broad market appeal for children, parents, teachers. and

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health practitioners for teaching social behavior to children with autism and related learning disabilities. A present company web site provides products for autism language and safety skills, allowing an in-place cost effective delivery and support system for this new product. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “autism” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for autism in the PubMed Central database: ·

A case-control study of autism and mumps-measles-rubella vaccination using the general practice research database: design and methodology. by Smeeth L, Hall AJ, Fombonne E, Rodrigues LC, Huang X, Smith PG.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=29106

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A necdin/MAGE-like gene in the chromosome 15 autism susceptibility region: expression, imprinting, and mapping of the human and mouse orthologues. by Chibuk TK, Bischof JM, Wevrick R.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=64493

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Aminoglycoside antibiotics and autism: a speculative hypothesis. by Manev R, Manev H.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59656

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Autism funding dispute reaches Supreme Court. by [No authors listed]; 2003 Jan 21; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=140451

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BC court wades into medical-necessity debate over autism treatment. by Kent H.; 2002 Nov 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=134149

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BC families win suit over government payment for expensive autism therapy. by Kent H.; 2000 Oct 31; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=80260

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BC lawsuits try to link thimerosal to autism. by Kent H.; 2003 Apr 29; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=153704

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Dispute over autism treatment heads to top court. by Kent H.; 2003 Aug 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=167134

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Imaging autism. by [No authors listed]; 2002 Apr 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=102367

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Increased discrimination of "false memories" in autism spectrum disorder. by Beversdorf DQ, Smith BW, Crucian GP, Anderson JM, Keillor JM, Barrett AM, Hughes JD, Felopulos GJ, Bauman ML, Nadeau SE, Heilman KM.; 2000 Jul 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27017

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Is fever suppression involved in the etiology of autism and neurodevelopmental disorders? by Torres AR.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=194752

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Long-term treatment with clozapine in an adult with autistic disorder accompanied by aggressive behaviour. by Gobbi G, Pulvirenti L.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=167190

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Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and bowel problems or developmental regression in children with autism: population study. by Taylor B, Miller E, Lingam R, Andrews N, Simmons A, Stowe J.; 2002 Feb 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=65532

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Movement analysis in infancy may be useful for early diagnosis of autism. by Teitelbaum P, Teitelbaum O, Nye J, Fryman J, Maurer RG.; 1998 Nov 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=25000

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Mumps, measles, and rubella vaccine and the incidence of autism recorded by general practitioners: a time trend analysis. by Kaye JA, del Mar Melero-Montes M, Jick H.; 2001 Feb 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26561

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Relation of childhood gastrointestinal disorders to autism: nested case-control study using data from the UK General Practice Research Database. by Black C, Kaye JA, Jick H.; 2002 Aug 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=119436

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. 6

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

72 Autism

To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with autism, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “autism” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for autism (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): ·

A brief overview of special education law with focus on autism. Author(s): Turnbull HR 3rd, Wilcox BL, Stowe MJ. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 October; 32(5): 479-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463521&dopt=Abstract

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A case of autism in a child with Apert's syndrome. Author(s): Morey-Canellas J, Sivagamasundari U, Barton H. Source: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003 April; 12(2): 100-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12664274&dopt=Abstract

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A clinicopathological study of autism. Author(s): Bailey A, Luthert P, Dean A, Harding B, Janota I, Montgomery M, Rutter M, Lantos P. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1998 May; 121 ( Pt 5): 889-905. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9619192&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of WAIS-R profiles in adults with high-functioning autism or differing subtypes of learning disability. Author(s): Goldstein G, Beers SR, Siegel DJ, Minshew NJ. Source: Applied Neuropsychology. 2001; 8(3): 148-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11686649&dopt=Abstract

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A pilot randomised control trial of a parent training intervention for pre-school children with autism. Preliminary findings and methodological challenges. Author(s): Drew A, Baird G, Baron-Cohen S, Cox A, Slonims V, Wheelwright S, Swettenham J, Berry B, Charman T. Source: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002 December; 11(6): 266-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12541005&dopt=Abstract

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A population-based study of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. Author(s): Madsen KM, Hviid A, Vestergaard M, Schendel D, Wohlfahrt J, Thorsen P, Olsen J, Melbye M. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 November 7; 347(19): 1477-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12421889&dopt=Abstract

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A principal components analysis of the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised. Author(s): Tadevosyan-Leyfer O, Dowd M, Mankoski R, Winklosky B, Putnam S, McGrath L, Tager-Flusberg H, Folstein SE. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003 July; 42(7): 864-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12819447&dopt=Abstract

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A proposed primate animal model of autism. Author(s): Teitelbaum P. Source: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003 January; 12(1): 48-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12601565&dopt=Abstract

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Ability profiles in children with autism: influence of age and IQ. Author(s): Mayes SD, Calhoun SL. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2003 March; 7(1): 6580. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12638765&dopt=Abstract

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Access to specialty medical care for children with mental retardation, autism, and other special health care needs. Author(s): Krauss MW, Gulley S, Sciegaj M, Wells N. Source: Mental Retardation. 2003 October; 41(5): 329-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12962535&dopt=Abstract

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Adaptive skills and executive function in autism spectrum disorders. Author(s): Gilotty L, Kenworthy L, Sirian L, Black DO, Wagner AE. Source: Neuropsychology, Development, and Cognition. Section C, Child Neuropsychology : a Journal on Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence. 2002 December; 8(4): 241-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12759821&dopt=Abstract

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Amalgam, autism, and the beauty of Holland. Author(s): Gold SA. Source: J Calif Dent Assoc. 2002 June; 30(6): 405-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519050&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of prevalence trends of autism spectrum disorder in Minnesota. Author(s): Gurney JG, Fritz MS, Ness KK, Sievers P, Newschaffer CJ, Shapiro EG. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2003 July; 157(7): 622-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12860781&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of transmission of novel polymorphisms in the somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) gene in patients with autism. Author(s): Lauritsen MB, Nyegaard M, Betancur C, Colineaux C, Josiassen TL, Kruse TA, Leboyer M, Ewald H. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2003 August 15; 121B(1): 100-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12898583&dopt=Abstract

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Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism. Author(s): Gillberg C. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1998 March; 172: 200-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9614468&dopt=Abstract

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Assessing change in early intervention programs for children with autism. Author(s): Kasari C. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 October; 32(5): 447-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463519&dopt=Abstract

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Association between thimerosal-containing vaccine and autism. Author(s): Hviid A, Stellfeld M, Wohlfahrt J, Melbye M. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 October 1; 290(13): 1763-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14519711&dopt=Abstract

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Associative process as an indicator of interhemispheric interaction in healthy children and children with autism. Author(s): Nikolaenko NN. Source: Doklady Biological Sciences : Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the Ussr, Biological Sciences Sections / Translated from Russian. 2001 September-October; 380: 430-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12918395&dopt=Abstract

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Autism and a deficit in broadening the spread of visual attention. Author(s): Mann TA, Walker P. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2003 February; 44(2): 274-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12587863&dopt=Abstract

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Autism and auditory brain stem responses. Author(s): Rosenhall U, Nordin V, Brantberg K, Gillberg C. Source: Ear and Hearing. 2003 June; 24(3): 206-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12799542&dopt=Abstract

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Autism and autism risk in siblings of children with specific language impairment. Author(s): Tomblin JB, Hafeman LL, O'Brien M. Source: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. 2003 July-September; 38(3): 235-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12851077&dopt=Abstract

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Autism and measles-mumps-rubella vaccination: controversy laid to rest? Author(s): DeStefano F, Chen RT. Source: Cns Drugs. 2001; 15(11): 831-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11700148&dopt=Abstract

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Autism and mental retardation: the genetic relationship and contribution. Author(s): el-Hazmi MA. Source: East Mediterr Health J. 2001 May; 7(3): 536-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12690777&dopt=Abstract

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Autism and Mobius sequence: an exploratory study of children in northeastern Brazil. Author(s): Bandim JM, Ventura LO, Miller MT, Almeida HC, Costa AE. Source: Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria. 2003 June; 61(2A): 181-5. Epub 2003 June 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12806493&dopt=Abstract

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Autism and visual fixation. Author(s): Kemner C, van Engeland H. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 July; 160(7): 1358-9; Author Reply 1359. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12832263&dopt=Abstract

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Autism in Jamaica. Author(s): Pottinger AM. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 1998 March; 47(1): 10-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9619089&dopt=Abstract

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Autism spectrum disorder is not as certain as implied. Author(s): Simpson D. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 May 3; 326(7396): 986. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727783&dopt=Abstract

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Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine. Author(s): Tettenborn MA. Source: Lancet. 1998 May 2; 351(9112): 1357. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9643821&dopt=Abstract

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Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine. Author(s): Bhatt R. Source: Lancet. 1998 May 2; 351(9112): 1357. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9643820&dopt=Abstract

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Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine. Author(s): Walker-Smith JA. Source: Lancet. 1998 May 2; 351(9112): 1356-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9643819&dopt=Abstract

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Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine. Author(s): Rouse A. Source: Lancet. 1998 May 2; 351(9112): 1356. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9643818&dopt=Abstract

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Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine. Author(s): Richmond P, Goldblatt D. Source: Lancet. 1998 May 2; 351(9112): 1355-6; Author Reply 1356. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9643817&dopt=Abstract

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Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine. Author(s): Sinclair L. Source: Lancet. 1998 May 2; 351(9112): 1355; Author Reply 1356. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9643816&dopt=Abstract

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Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine. Author(s): Walker DR. Source: Lancet. 1998 May 2; 351(9112): 1355; Author Reply 1356. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9643815&dopt=Abstract

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Autism, primary pragmatic difficulties, and specific language impairment: can we distinguish them using psycholinguistic markers? Author(s): Botting N, Conti-Ramsden G. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2003 August; 45(8): 515-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12882530&dopt=Abstract

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Autism, regression, and the broader autism phenotype. Author(s): Lainhart JE, Ozonoff S, Coon H, Krasny L, Dinh E, Nice J, McMahon W. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 December 1; 113(3): 231-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12439889&dopt=Abstract

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Autism: an emerging public health problem. Author(s): Newschaffer CJ, Curran LK. Source: Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). 2003 September-October; 118(5): 393-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12941851&dopt=Abstract

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Balancing interests in autism study. Author(s): Gross M. Source: Current Biology : Cb. 2001 August 21; 11(16): R630. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11525749&dopt=Abstract

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Battling through autism confusion. Author(s): Gross M. Source: Current Biology : Cb. 2002 January 22; 12(2): R42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11818072&dopt=Abstract

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BC court wades into medical-necessity debate over autism treatment. Author(s): Kent H. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2002 November 26; 167(11): 1278. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12451093&dopt=Abstract

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BC families win suit over government payment for expensive autism therapy. Author(s): Kent H. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2000 October 31; 163(9): 1181. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11079068&dopt=Abstract

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Behavior analysis and intervention for adults with autism. Author(s): McClannahan LE, MacDuff GS, Krantz PJ. Source: Behavior Modification. 2002 January; 26(1): 9-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11799656&dopt=Abstract

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Behavior problems of children with autism, parental self-efficacy, and mental health. Author(s): Hastings RP, Brown T. Source: Am J Ment Retard. 2002 May; 107(3): 222-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11966335&dopt=Abstract

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Behavioral phenotypic variation in autism multiplex families: evidence for a continuous severity gradient. Author(s): Spiker D, Lotspeich LJ, Dimiceli S, Myers RM, Risch N. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 March 8; 114(2): 129-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11857572&dopt=Abstract

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Behavioural problems, social competence and self-concept in siblings of children with autism. Author(s): Verte S, Roeyers H, Buysse A. Source: Child: Care, Health and Development. 2003 May; 29(3): 193-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12752610&dopt=Abstract

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Benefit-cost analysis and autism services: a response to Jacobson and Mulick. Author(s): Marcus LM, Rubin JS, Rubin MA. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2000 December; 30(6): 595-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11261470&dopt=Abstract

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Benefits and pitfalls in the merging of disciplines: the example of developmental psychopathology and the study of persons with autism. Author(s): Burack JA, Iarocci G, Bowler D, Mottron L. Source: Development and Psychopathology. 2002 Spring; 14(2): 225-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12030689&dopt=Abstract

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Beyond expectations: autism, understanding embarrassment, and the relationship with theory of mind. Author(s): Hillier A, Allinson L. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2002 September; 6(3): 299-314. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12212920&dopt=Abstract

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Big bucks for autism research. Author(s): Dove A. Source: Nature Medicine. 2002 November; 8(11): 1190. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12411928&dopt=Abstract

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Birth order effects on nonverbal IQ scores in autism multiplex families. Author(s): Spiker D, Lotspeich LJ, Dimiceli S, Szatmari P, Myers RM, Risch N. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2001 October; 31(5): 449-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11794410&dopt=Abstract

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Body mass index in male and female children with infantile autism. Author(s): Mouridsen SE, Rich B, Isager T. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2002 June; 6(2): 197205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12083285&dopt=Abstract

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Borna disease virus (BDV)-induced model of autism: application to vaccine safety test design. Author(s): Carbone KM, Rubin SA, Pletnikov M. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7 Suppl 2: S36-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12142944&dopt=Abstract

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Borna disease virus infection of the neonatal rat: developmental brain injury model of autism spectrum disorders. Author(s): Pletnikov MV, Moran TH, Carbone KM. Source: Frontiers in Bioscience : a Journal and Virtual Library. 2002 March 1; 7: D593607. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11861216&dopt=Abstract

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Brain anatomy in autism. Author(s): Minshew N. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 December; 32(6): 615-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12553598&dopt=Abstract

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Brain perfusion in autism varies with age. Author(s): Wilcox J, Tsuang MT, Ledger E, Algeo J, Schnurr T. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2002; 46(1): 13-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12207141&dopt=Abstract

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Brain structural abnormalities in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Author(s): Sparks BF, Friedman SD, Shaw DW, Aylward EH, Echelard D, Artru AA, Maravilla KR, Giedd JN, Munson J, Dawson G, Dager SR. Source: Neurology. 2002 July 23; 59(2): 184-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12136055&dopt=Abstract

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Brain volume in autism. Author(s): Hardan AY, Minshew NJ, Mallikarjuhn M, Keshavan MS. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2001 June; 16(6): 421-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11417608&dopt=Abstract

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Bridging theory and practice: conceptual understanding of treatments for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), autism, and depression. Author(s): Rapport MD. Source: Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 2001 March; 30(1): 3-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11294075&dopt=Abstract

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Brief report: A case of autism associated with del(2)(q32.1q32.2) or (q32.2q32.3). Author(s): Gallagher L, Becker K, Kearney G, Dunlop A, Stallings R, Green A, Fitzgerald M, Gill M. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2003 February; 33(1): 105-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12708586&dopt=Abstract

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Brief report: A case of autism with interstitial deletion of chromosome 13. Author(s): Steele MM, Al-Adeimi M, Siu VM, Fan YS. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2001 April; 31(2): 231-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11450821&dopt=Abstract

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Brief report: allergological evaluation of children with autism. Author(s): Renzoni E, Beltrami V, Sestini P, Pompella A, Menchetti G, Zappella M. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1995 June; 25(3): 327-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7559298&dopt=Abstract

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Brief report: An assessment of stimulus generalization and contingency effects in functional communication training with two students with autism. Author(s): O'Neill RE, Sweetland-Baker M. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2001 April; 31(2): 235-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11450822&dopt=Abstract

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Brief report: Behavioral adjustment of siblings of children with autism. Author(s): Hastings RP. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2003 February; 33(1): 99-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12708585&dopt=Abstract

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Brief report: case reports on naltrexone use in children with autism: controlled observations regarding benefits and practical issues of medication management. Author(s): Williams PG, Allard A, Sears L, Dalrymple N, Bloom AS. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2001 February; 31(1): 103-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11439748&dopt=Abstract

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Brief report: Children with autism as they grow up--description of adult inpatients with severe autism. Author(s): Stein D, Ring A, Shulman C, Meir D, Holan A, Weizman A, Barak Y. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2001 June; 31(3): 355-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11518489&dopt=Abstract

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Brief report: imitation effects on children with autism. Author(s): Escalona A, Field T, Nadel J, Lundy B. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 April; 32(2): 141-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058842&dopt=Abstract

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Brief report: immune factors in autism: a critical review. Author(s): Krause I, He XS, Gershwin ME, Shoenfeld Y. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 August; 32(4): 337-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12199139&dopt=Abstract

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Brief report: increasing communication skills for an elementary-aged student with autism using the Picture Exchange Communication System. Author(s): Kravits TR, Kamps DM, Kemmerer K, Potucek J. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 June; 32(3): 225-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12108624&dopt=Abstract

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Brief report: macrographia in high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder. Author(s): Beversdorf DQ, Anderson JM, Manning SE, Anderson SL, Nordgren RE, Felopulos GJ, Bauman ML. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2001 February; 31(1): 97-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11439759&dopt=Abstract

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Brief report: prevalence of autism spectrum conditions in children aged 5-11 years in Cambridgeshire, UK. Author(s): Fiona JS, Baron-Cohen S, Bolton P, Brayne C. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2002 September; 6(3): 231-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12212915&dopt=Abstract

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Brief report: Recognition memory and stimulus-reward associations: indirect support for the role of ventromedial prefrontal dysfunction in autism. Author(s): Dawson G, Osterling J, Rinaldi J, Carver L, McPartland J. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2001 June; 31(3): 337-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11518486&dopt=Abstract

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Brief report: reduction of inappropriate vocalizations for a child with autism using a self-management treatment program. Author(s): Mancina C, Tankersley M, Kamps D, Kravits T, Parrett J. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2000 December; 30(6): 599-606. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11261471&dopt=Abstract

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Brief report: screening tool for autism in two-year-olds (STAT): development and preliminary data. Author(s): Stone WL, Coonrod EE, Ousley OY. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2000 December; 30(6): 607-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11261472&dopt=Abstract

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Brief report: the impact of regression on language development in autism. Author(s): Brown J, Prelock PA. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1995 June; 25(3): 305-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7559295&dopt=Abstract

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Brief report: thought disorder in Asperger syndrome: comparison with highfunctioning autism. Author(s): Ghaziuddin M, Leininger L, Tsai L. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1995 June; 25(3): 311-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7559296&dopt=Abstract

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Brief report: vocabulary acquisition for children with autism: teacher or computer instruction. Author(s): Moore M, Calvert S. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2000 August; 30(4): 359-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11039862&dopt=Abstract

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Can the checklist for autism in toddlers differentiate young children with autism from those with developmental delays? Author(s): Scambler D, Rogers SJ, Wehner EA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001 December; 40(12): 1457-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11765292&dopt=Abstract

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Can the pathophysiology of autism be explained by the nature of the discovered urine peptides? Author(s): Reichelt KL, Knivsberg AM. Source: Nutritional Neuroscience. 2003 February; 6(1): 19-28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12608733&dopt=Abstract

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Caring for children and adolescents with autism who require challenging procedures. Author(s): Souders MC, Freeman KG, DePaul D, Levy SE. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 2002 November-December; 28(6): 555-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12593340&dopt=Abstract

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Case of Myhre syndrome with autism and peculiar skin histological findings. Author(s): Titomanlio L, Marzano MG, Rossi E, D'Armiento M, De Brasi D, Vega GR, Andreucci MV, Orsini AV, Santoro L, Sebastio G. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 October 1; 103(2): 163-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11568925&dopt=Abstract

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Case series: use of ziprasidone for maladaptive symptoms in youths with autism. Author(s): McDougle CJ, Kem DL, Posey DJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002 August; 41(8): 921-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12164181&dopt=Abstract

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Case-control family study of lesser variant traits in autism. Author(s): Wilcox JA, Tsuang MT, Schnurr T, Baida-Fragoso N. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2003; 47(4): 171-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12824738&dopt=Abstract

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Causes of death in autism. Author(s): Shavelle RM, Strauss DJ, Pickett J. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2001 December; 31(6): 569-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11814268&dopt=Abstract

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Central coherence and cognitive shifting in relation to social improvement in highfunctioning young adults with autism. Author(s): Berger HJ, Aerts FH, van Spaendonck KP, Cools AR, Teunisse JP. Source: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2003 June; 25(4): 502-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12911104&dopt=Abstract

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Cerebral lobes in autism: early hyperplasia and abnormal age effects. Author(s): Carper RA, Moses P, Tigue ZD, Courchesne E. Source: Neuroimage. 2002 August; 16(4): 1038-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12202091&dopt=Abstract

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Checklist for autism in toddlers. Author(s): Fitzgerald M. Source: Ir Med J. 2001 September; 94(8): 254. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11758633&dopt=Abstract

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Child behaviour problems and partner mental health as correlates of stress in mothers and fathers of children with autism. Author(s): Hastings RP. Source: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research : Jidr. 2003 May-June; 47(Pt 4-5): 231-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12787155&dopt=Abstract

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Childhood autism rating scale--Tokyo version for screening pervasive developmental disorders. Author(s): Tachimori H, Osada H, Kurita H. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2003 February; 57(1): 113-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519463&dopt=Abstract

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Children with autism deserve evidence-based intervention. Author(s): Couper JJ, Sampson AJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2003 May 5; 178(9): 424-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12720505&dopt=Abstract

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Children with autism display more social behaviors after repeated imitation sessions. Author(s): Field T, Field T, Sanders C, Nadel J. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2001 September; 5(3): 317-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11708590&dopt=Abstract

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Child'sTalk--for children with autism and pervasive developmental disorder. Author(s): Aldred C, Pollard C, Adams C. Source: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. 2001; 36 Suppl: 469-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11340834&dopt=Abstract

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Cholinergic activity in autism: abnormalities in the cerebral cortex and basal forebrain. Author(s): Perry EK, Lee ML, Martin-Ruiz CM, Court JA, Volsen SG, Merrit J, Folly E, Iversen PE, Bauman ML, Perry RH, Wenk GL. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 July; 158(7): 1058-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11431227&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical and macroscopic correlates of minicolumnar pathology in autism. Author(s): Casanova MF, Buxhoeveden DP, Brown C. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2002 September; 17(9): 692-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503647&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical and neurodevelopmental profile of young children with autism. Author(s): Singhi P, Malhi P. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2001 April; 38(4): 384-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11313510&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical and neurophysiological aspects of epilepsy in subjects with autism and mental retardation. Author(s): Elia M, Musumeci SA, Ferri R, Bergonzi P. Source: Am J Ment Retard. 1995 July; 100(1): 6-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7546638&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical considerations in the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders. Author(s): Baird G, Charman T, Santosh PJ. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2001 May; 68(5): 439-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11407161&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical practice guideline: screening and diagnosing autism. Author(s): Blackwell J. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 2001 December; 13(12): 534-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11836828&dopt=Abstract

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Cognitive profiles and social-communicative functioning in children with autism spectrum disorder. Author(s): Joseph RM, Tager-Flusberg H, Lord C. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2002 September; 43(6): 807-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12236615&dopt=Abstract

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Comment: secretin for autism: unproven treatment or ineffective treatment? Author(s): Heisler MA, Guidry JR. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2002 July-August; 36(7-8): 1294; Author Reply 1295. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12086571&dopt=Abstract

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Commentary: The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers. Author(s): Charman T, Baron-Cohen I, Baird G, Cox A, Wheelwright S, Swettenham J, Drew A. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2001 April; 31(2): 145-8; Discussion 149-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11450813&dopt=Abstract

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Communication intervention for children with autism: a review of treatment efficacy. Author(s): Goldstein H. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 October; 32(5): 373-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463516&dopt=Abstract

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Communicative abilities in autism: evidence for attentional deficits. Author(s): Bara BG, Bucciarelli M, Colle L. Source: Brain and Language. 2001 May; 77(2): 216-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11300705&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of Sensory Profile scores of young children with and without autism spectrum disorders. Author(s): Watling RL, Deitz J, White O. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2001 July-August; 55(4): 416-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11723986&dopt=Abstract

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Comparisons of discrete-trial and normalized behavioral language intervention for young children with autism. Author(s): Delprato DJ. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2001 June; 31(3): 315-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11518484&dopt=Abstract

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Concurrent validity and classification accuracy of the Leiter and Leiter-R in lowfunctioning children with autism. Author(s): Tsatsanis KD, Dartnall N, Cicchetti D, Sparrow SS, Klin A, Volkmar FR. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2003 February; 33(1): 23-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12708577&dopt=Abstract

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Congressional autism hearings continue: no evidence MMR vaccine causes disorder. Author(s): Vastag B. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 May 23-30; 285(20): 2567-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11368715&dopt=Abstract

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Constipation with acquired megarectum in children with autism. Author(s): Afzal N, Murch S, Thirrupathy K, Berger L, Fagbemi A, Heuschkel R. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 October; 112(4): 939-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14523189&dopt=Abstract

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Construction of a physical map of an autism susceptibility region in 7q32.3-q33. Author(s): Beyer KS, Klauck SM, Wiemann S, Poustka A. Source: Gene. 2001 July 11; 272(1-2): 85-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11470513&dopt=Abstract

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Contextualized behavioral support in early intervention for children with autism and their families. Author(s): Moes DR, Frea WD. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 December; 32(6): 519-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12553589&dopt=Abstract

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Converging evidence for brain stem injury in autism. Author(s): Rodier PM. Source: Development and Psychopathology. 2002 Summer; 14(3): 537-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12349873&dopt=Abstract

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Coping by redefinition: cognitive appraisals in mothers of children with autism and children without autism. Author(s): Tunali B, Power TG. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 February; 32(1): 25-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11916329&dopt=Abstract

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Cortical sulcal maps in autism. Author(s): Levitt JG, Blanton RE, Smalley S, Thompson PM, Guthrie D, McCracken JT, Sadoun T, Heinichen L, Toga AW. Source: Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991). 2003 July; 13(7): 728-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12816888&dopt=Abstract

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Current investigations in autism brain tissue research. Author(s): Pickett J. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2001 December; 31(6): 521-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11814261&dopt=Abstract

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Current topic: Screening and surveillance for autism and pervasive developmental disorders. Author(s): Baird G, Charman T, Cox A, Baron-Cohen S, Swettenham J, Wheelwright S, Drew A. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2001 June; 84(6): 468-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11369559&dopt=Abstract

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Cyproheptadine in treatment of autism. Author(s): Gudarzi SS, Yasamy M, Akhondzadeh S. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2002 July; 17(4): 230-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12231270&dopt=Abstract

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De novo purine synthesis is increased in the fibroblasts of purine autism patients. Author(s): Page T, Coleman M. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1998; 431: 793-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9598172&dopt=Abstract

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Decreasing disruptive behaviors of children with autism using social stories. Author(s): Scattone D, Wilczynski SM, Edwards RP, Rabian B. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 December; 32(6): 535-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12553590&dopt=Abstract

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Deficits in the initiation of eye movements in the absence of a visual target in adolescents with high functioning autism. Author(s): Goldberg MC, Lasker AG, Zee DS, Garth E, Tien A, Landa RJ. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2002; 40(12): 2039-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12208001&dopt=Abstract

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Defining and quantifying the social phenotype in autism. Author(s): Klin A, Jones W, Schultz R, Volkmar F, Cohen D. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 June; 159(6): 895-908. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042174&dopt=Abstract

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Defining the broader phenotype of autism: genetic, brain, and behavioral perspectives. Author(s): Dawson G, Webb S, Schellenberg GD, Dager S, Friedman S, Aylward E, Richards T. Source: Development and Psychopathology. 2002 Summer; 14(3): 581-611. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12349875&dopt=Abstract

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Density and distribution of hippocampal neurotransmitter receptors in autism: an autoradiographic study. Author(s): Blatt GJ, Fitzgerald CM, Guptill JT, Booker AB, Kemper TL, Bauman ML. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2001 December; 31(6): 537-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11814263&dopt=Abstract

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Depression in children with autism/pervasive developmental disorders: a casecontrol family history study. Author(s): Ghaziuddin M, Greden J. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1998 April; 28(2): 111-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9586773&dopt=Abstract

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Depression in persons with autism: implications for research and clinical care. Author(s): Ghaziuddin M, Ghaziuddin N, Greden J. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 August; 32(4): 299-306. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12199134&dopt=Abstract

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Descriptive epidemiology of autism in a California population: who is at risk? Author(s): Croen LA, Grether JK, Selvin S. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 June; 32(3): 217-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12108623&dopt=Abstract

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Developing an information pack for the Asian carers of people with autism spectrum disorders. Author(s): Dobson S, Upadhyaya S, McNeil J, Venkateswaran S, Gilderdale D. Source: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. 2001; 36 Suppl: 216-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11340785&dopt=Abstract

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Developing pretend play in children with autism: a case study. Author(s): Sherratt D. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2002 June; 6(2): 16979. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12083283&dopt=Abstract

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Development and neural bases of face recognition in autism. Author(s): Carver LJ, Dawson G. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7 Suppl 2: S18-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12142937&dopt=Abstract

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Development of the hippocampal formation from 2 to 42 years: MRI evidence of smaller area dentata in autism. Author(s): Saitoh O, Karns CM, Courchesne E. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2001 July; 124(Pt 7): 1317-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11408327&dopt=Abstract

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Development. New hints into the biological basis of autism. Author(s): Stokstad E. Source: Science. 2001 October 5; 294(5540): 34-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11588233&dopt=Abstract

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Development. Scant evidence for an epidemic of autism. Author(s): Stokstad E. Source: Science. 2001 October 5; 294(5540): 35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11588234&dopt=Abstract

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Developmental depersonalization: the prefrontal cortex and self-functions in autism. Author(s): Ben Shalom D. Source: Consciousness and Cognition. 2000 September; 9(3): 457-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10993669&dopt=Abstract

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Developmental disabilities: epilepsy, cerebral palsy, and autism. Author(s): Surabian SR. Source: J Calif Dent Assoc. 2001 June; 29(6): 424-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11484298&dopt=Abstract

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Developmental profile and regression in a child with autism: a single case study. Author(s): Bernabei P, Camaioni L. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2001 September; 5(3): 287-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11708588&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis of autism. Author(s): Baird G, Cass H, Slonims V. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 August 30; 327(7413): 488-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12946972&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic assessment of communicative and interactive behaviours in children with autism and receptive language disorder. Author(s): Noterdaeme M, Sitter S, Mildenberger K, Amorosa H. Source: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2000 December; 9(4): 295-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11202105&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic conceptualization of autism among Indian psychiatrists, psychologists, and pediatricians. Author(s): Daley TC, Sigman MD. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 February; 32(1): 13-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11916328&dopt=Abstract

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Diet in autism and associated disorders. Author(s): Garvey J. Source: J Fam Health Care. 2002; 12(2): 34-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12415751&dopt=Abstract

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Differential effects of developmental cerebellar abnormality on cognitive and motor functions in the cerebellum: an fMRI study of autism. Author(s): Allen G, Courchesne E. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 February; 160(2): 262-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562572&dopt=Abstract

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Differentiation between autism and multiple complex developmental disorder in response to psychosocial stress. Author(s): Jansen LM, Gispen-de Wied CC, van der Gaag RJ, van Engeland H. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 March; 28(3): 582-90. Epub 2002 August 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12629541&dopt=Abstract

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Discovery of allelic variants of HOXA1 and HOXB1: genetic susceptibility to autism spectrum disorders. Author(s): Ingram JL, Stodgell CJ, Hyman SL, Figlewicz DA, Weitkamp LR, Rodier PM. Source: Teratology. 2000 December; 62(6): 393-405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11091361&dopt=Abstract

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Disease susceptibility genes for autism. Author(s): Bespalova IN, Buxbaum JD. Source: Annals of Medicine. 2003; 35(4): 274-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12846270&dopt=Abstract

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Disentangling weak coherence and executive dysfunction: planning drawing in autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Author(s): Booth R, Charlton R, Hughes C, Happe F. Source: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 2003 February 28; 358(1430): 387-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639335&dopt=Abstract

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Disordered visual processing and oscillatory brain activity in autism and Williams syndrome. Author(s): Grice SJ, Spratling MW, Karmiloff-Smith A, Halit H, Csibra G, de Haan M, Johnson MH. Source: Neuroreport. 2001 August 28; 12(12): 2697-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11522950&dopt=Abstract

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Do autism spectrum disorders differ from each other and from non-spectrum disorders on emotion recognition tests? Author(s): Dyck MJ, Ferguson K, Shochet IM. Source: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001 June; 10(2): 105-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11469282&dopt=Abstract

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Do children with autism fail to process information in context? Author(s): Lopez B, Leekam SR. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2003 February; 44(2): 285-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12587864&dopt=Abstract

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Do children with autism learn to read more readily by computer assisted instruction or traditional book methods? A pilot study. Author(s): Williams C, Wright B, Callaghan G, Coughlan B. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2002 March; 6(1): 7191. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11918110&dopt=Abstract

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Do children with autism who pass false belief tasks understand the mind as active interpreter? Author(s): Luckett T, Powell SD, Messer DJ, Thornton ME, Schulz J. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 April; 32(2): 127-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058841&dopt=Abstract

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Do vaccines cause autism? Author(s): Gorman C. Source: Time. 2002 November 18; 160(21): 150. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12455213&dopt=Abstract

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Does measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination cause inflammatory bowel disease and autism? Author(s): Strauss B, Bigham M. Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 2001 April 15; 27(8): 65-72. Review. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11338656&dopt=Abstract

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Does the perception of moving eyes trigger reflexive visual orienting in autism? Author(s): Swettenham J, Condie S, Campbell R, Milne E, Coleman M. Source: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 2003 February 28; 358(1430): 325-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639330&dopt=Abstract

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Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of secretin: effects on aberrant behavior in children with autism. Author(s): Carey T, Ratliff-Schaub K, Funk J, Weinle C, Myers M, Jenks J. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 June; 32(3): 161-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12108617&dopt=Abstract

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Drawing ability in autism: a window into the imagination. Author(s): Craig J, Baron-Cohen S, Scott F. Source: The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences. 2001; 38(3-4): 242-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11725423&dopt=Abstract

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Drawing insight from pictures: the development of concepts of false drawing and false belief in children with deafness, normal hearing, and autism. Author(s): Peterson CC. Source: Child Development. 2002 September-October; 73(5): 1442-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12361311&dopt=Abstract

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Dual access to semantics in autism: is pictorial access superior to verbal access? Author(s): Kamio Y, Toichi M. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2000 October; 41(7): 859-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11079428&dopt=Abstract

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Early intervention system for preschool children with autism in the community: the DISCOVERY approach in Yokohama, Japan. Author(s): Honda H, Shimizu Y. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2002 September; 6(3): 239-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12212916&dopt=Abstract

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Early recognition of 1-year-old infants with autism spectrum disorder versus mental retardation. Author(s): Osterling JA, Dawson G, Munson JA. Source: Development and Psychopathology. 2002 Spring; 14(2): 239-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12030690&dopt=Abstract

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Eating habits of children with autism. Author(s): Williams PG, Dalrymple N, Neal J. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 2000 May-June; 26(3): 259-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12026389&dopt=Abstract

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Echo and savant abilities versus central coherence in autism. Author(s): Loddo S. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2003 June; 7(2): 2267. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12846390&dopt=Abstract

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EEG features and epilepsy in patients with autism. Author(s): Rossi PG, Parmeggiani A, Bach V, Santucci M, Visconti P. Source: Brain & Development. 1995 May-June; 17(3): 169-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7573755&dopt=Abstract

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Effectiveness of a multimedia programme and therapist-instructed training for children with autism. Author(s): Wong SK, Tam SF. Source: International Journal of Rehabilitation Research. Internationale Zeitschrift Fur Rehabilitationsforschung. Revue Internationale De Recherches De Readaptation. 2001 December; 24(4): 269-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11775031&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of age on brain volume and head circumference in autism. Author(s): Aylward EH, Minshew NJ, Field K, Sparks BF, Singh N. Source: Neurology. 2002 July 23; 59(2): 175-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12136053&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of in-home training for culturally diverse fathers of children with autism. Author(s): Elder JH, Valcante G, Won D, Zylis R. Source: Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 2003 April-May; 24(3): 273-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12623686&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of intravenous secretin on language and behavior of children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms: a single-blinded, open-label pilot study. Author(s): Lightdale JR, Hayer C, Duer A, Lind-White C, Jenkins S, Siegel B, Elliott GR, Heyman MB. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 November; 108(5): E90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11694674&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of behavioral interventions for reducing problem behavior in persons with autism: a quantitative synthesis of single-subject research. Author(s): Campbell JM. Source: Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2003 March-April; 24(2): 120-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12623082&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of porcine secretin in children with autism and pervasive developmental disorder. Author(s): Kern JK, Van Miller S, Evans PA, Trivedi MH. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 June; 32(3): 153-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12108616&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of sensory and motor interventions for children with autism. Author(s): Baranek GT. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 October; 32(5): 397-422. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463517&dopt=Abstract

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Elevated plasma gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in autistic youngsters: stimulus for a GABA hypothesis of autism. Author(s): Dhossche D, Applegate H, Abraham A, Maertens P, Bland L, Bencsath A, Martinez J. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2002 August; 8(8): Pr1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12165753&dopt=Abstract

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Enhanced discrimination in autism. Author(s): Res Dev Disabil. 2002 Jan-Feb;23(1):81-104 Source: The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. A, Human Experimental Psychology. 2001 November; 54(4): 961-79. /entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12071397

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Enhanced pitch sensitivity in individuals with autism: a signal detection analysis. Author(s): Bonnel A, Mottron L, Peretz I, Trudel M, Gallun E, Bonnel AM. Source: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2003 February 15; 15(2): 226-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12676060&dopt=Abstract

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Enhanced salience and emotion recognition in Autism: a PET study. Author(s): Hall GB, Szechtman H, Nahmias C. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 August; 160(8): 1439-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12900306&dopt=Abstract

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Enterocolitis, autism and measles virus. Author(s): Wakefield AJ. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7 Suppl 2: S44-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12142948&dopt=Abstract

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Enzyme-based therapy for autism spectrum disorders -- is it worth another look? Author(s): Brudnak MA, Rimland B, Kerry RE, Dailey M, Taylor R, Stayton B, Waickman F, Waickman M, Pangborn J, Buchholz I. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2002 May; 58(5): 422-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12056881&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiological trends in rates of autism. Author(s): Fombonne E. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7 Suppl 2: S4-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12142931&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology. Vaccine-autism link dealt blow. Author(s): Stokstad E. Source: Science. 2003 September 12; 301(5639): 1454-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12970526&dopt=Abstract

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Epilepsy in autism. Author(s): Tuchman R, Rapin I. Source: Lancet. Neurology. 2002 October; 1(6): 352-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12849396&dopt=Abstract

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Ethical aspects of research into the etiology of autism. Author(s): Chen DT, Miller FG, Rosenstein DL. Source: Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews. 2003; 9(1): 48-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12587138&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of FOXP2 as an autism susceptibility gene. Author(s): Wassink TH, Piven J, Vieland VJ, Pietila J, Goedken RJ, Folstein SE, Sheffield VC. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 July 8; 114(5): 566-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12116195&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of neuromotor deficits in children with autism and children with a specific speech and language disorder. Author(s): Noterdaeme M, Mildenberger K, Minow F, Amorosa H. Source: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002 October; 11(5): 219-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12469239&dopt=Abstract

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97

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Evidence for a language quantitative trait locus on chromosome 7q in multiplex autism families. Author(s): Alarcon M, Cantor RM, Liu J, Gilliam TC, Geschwind DH; Autism Genetic Research Exchange Consortium. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 2002 January; 70(1): 60-71. Epub 2001 December 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11741194&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence of brain overgrowth in the first year of life in autism. Author(s): Courchesne E, Carper R, Akshoomoff N. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 July 16; 290(3): 337-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12865374&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence that eicosapentaenoic acid is effective in treating autism. Author(s): Johnson SM, Hollander E. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 July; 64(7): 848-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12934990&dopt=Abstract

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Executive functions and the natural habitat behaviors of children with autism. Author(s): Ruble LA, Scott MM. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2002 December; 6(4): 365-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12540128&dopt=Abstract

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Exploratory subsetting of autism families based on savant skills improves evidence of genetic linkage to 15q11-q13. Author(s): Nurmi EL, Dowd M, Tadevosyan-Leyfer O, Haines JL, Folstein SE, Sutcliffe JS. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003 July; 42(7): 856-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12819446&dopt=Abstract

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Eye contact does not facilitate detection in children with autism. Author(s): Senju A, Yaguchi K, Tojo Y, Hasegawa T. Source: Cognition. 2003 August; 89(1): B43-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12893128&dopt=Abstract

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Eye movements, visual attention, and autism: a saccadic reaction time study using the gap and overlap paradigm. Author(s): van der Geest JN, Kemner C, Camfferman G, Verbaten MN, van Engeland H. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2001 October 15; 50(8): 614-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11690597&dopt=Abstract

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Face processing occurs outside the fusiform 'face area' in autism: evidence from functional MRI. Author(s): Pierce K, Muller RA, Ambrose J, Allen G, Courchesne E. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2001 October; 124(Pt 10): 2059-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11571222&dopt=Abstract

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Facilitating factors and barriers to the implementation of intensive home-based behavioural intervention for young children with autism. Author(s): Johnson E, Hastings RP. Source: Child: Care, Health and Development. 2002 March; 28(2): 123-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11952647&dopt=Abstract

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Familial clustering of autoimmune disorders and evaluation of medical risk factors in autism. Author(s): Comi AM, Zimmerman AW, Frye VH, Law PA, Peeden JN. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 1999 June; 14(6): 388-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10385847&dopt=Abstract

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Familiar face and voice matching and recognition in children with autism. Author(s): Boucher J, Lewis V, Collis G. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 1998 February; 39(2): 171-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9669230&dopt=Abstract

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Family-based and population study of a functional promoter-region monoamine oxidase A polymorphism in autism: possible association with IQ. Author(s): Yirmiya N, Pilowsky T, Tidhar S, Nemanov L, Altmark L, Ebstein RP. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 April 8; 114(3): 284-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11920849&dopt=Abstract

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Fetal valproate syndrome and autism: additional evidence of an association. Author(s): Williams G, King J, Cunningham M, Stephan M, Kerr B, Hersh JH. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2001 March; 43(3): 202-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11263692&dopt=Abstract

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Finding specific genes that cause autism: a combination of approaches will be needed to maximize power. Author(s): Folstein SE, Bisson E, Santangelo SL, Piven J. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1998 October; 28(5): 439-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9813779&dopt=Abstract

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Fluoxetine in children with autism. Author(s): Peral M, Alcami M, Gilaberte I. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1999 December; 38(12): 1472-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10596244&dopt=Abstract

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Fluoxetine in treatment of adolescent patients with autism: a longitudinal open trial. Author(s): Fatemi SH, Realmuto GM, Khan L, Thuras P. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1998 August; 28(4): 303-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9711486&dopt=Abstract

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Following the child's lead: mothers' interactions with children with autism. Author(s): Watson LR. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1998 February; 28(1): 51-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9546302&dopt=Abstract

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Follow-up of children with language delay and features of autism from preschool years to middle childhood. Author(s): Michelotti J, Charman T, Slonims V, Baird G. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2002 December; 44(12): 812-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12455857&dopt=Abstract

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Follow-up of two-year-olds referred for possible autism. Author(s): Lord C. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 1995 November; 36(8): 1365-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8988272&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergy and infantile autism. Author(s): Lucarelli S, Frediani T, Zingoni AM, Ferruzzi F, Giardini O, Quintieri F, Barbato M, D'Eufemia P, Cardi E. Source: Panminerva Medica. 1995 September; 37(3): 137-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8869369&dopt=Abstract

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FOXP2 is not a major susceptibility gene for autism or specific language impairment. Author(s): Newbury DF, Bonora E, Lamb JA, Fisher SE, Lai CS, Baird G, Jannoun L, Slonims V, Stott CM, Merricks MJ, Bolton PF, Bailey AJ, Monaco AP; International Molecular Genetic Study of Autism Consortium. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 2002 May; 70(5): 1318-27. Epub 2002 March 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11894222&dopt=Abstract

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Fractionation of visual memory: agency detection and its impairment in autism. Author(s): Blair RJ, Frith U, Smith N, Abell F, Cipolotti L. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2002; 40(1): 108-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11595266&dopt=Abstract

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Fragile-X syndrome, Down's syndrome and autism: awareness and knowledge amongst special educators. Author(s): York A, von Fraunhofer N, Turk J, Sedgwick P. Source: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research : Jidr. 1999 August; 43 ( Pt 4): 314-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10466870&dopt=Abstract

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Fringe phenotypes in autism: a review of clinical, biochemical and cognitive studies. Author(s): Gousse V, Plumet MH, Chabane N, Mouren-Simeoni MC, Ferradian N, Leboyer M. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2002 May; 17(3): 120-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12052572&dopt=Abstract

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From categorization to classification: a comparison among individuals with autism, mental retardation, and normal development. Author(s): Shulman C, Yirmiya N, Greenbaum CW. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1995 November; 104(4): 601-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8530762&dopt=Abstract

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From impasse to insight in autism research: from behavioral symptoms to biological explanations. Author(s): Yeung-Courchesne R, Courchesne E. Source: Development and Psychopathology. 1997 Spring; 9(2): 389-419. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9201450&dopt=Abstract

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Full inclusion and students with autism. Author(s): Mesibov GB, Shea V. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1996 June; 26(3): 337-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8792264&dopt=Abstract

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Functional analysis of stereotypical ear covering in a child with autism. Author(s): Tang JC, Kennedy CH, Koppekin A, Caruso M. Source: J Appl Behav Anal. 2002 Spring; 35(1): 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936553&dopt=Abstract

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Functional communication training for the treatment of multiply determined challenging behavior in two boys with autism. Author(s): Sigafoos J, Meikle B. Source: Behavior Modification. 1996 January; 20(1): 60-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8561770&dopt=Abstract

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Functional neuroimaging and childhood autism. Author(s): Boddaert N, Zilbovicius M. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 2002 January; 32(1): 1-7. Epub 2001 November 13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11819054&dopt=Abstract

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Further characterization of the autism susceptibility locus AUTS1 on chromosome 7q. Author(s): International Molecular Genetic Study of Autism Consortium (IMGSAC). Source: Human Molecular Genetics. 2001 April 15; 10(9): 973-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11392322&dopt=Abstract

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Further evidence of intact working memory in autism. Author(s): Ozonoff S, Strayer DL. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2001 June; 31(3): 257-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11518480&dopt=Abstract

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GABA-transaminase, the liver and infantile autism. Author(s): Cohen BI. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2001 December; 57(6): 673-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11918424&dopt=Abstract

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Gangliosides in cerebrospinal fluid in children with autism spectrum disorders. Author(s): Nordin V, Lekman A, Johansson M, Fredman P, Gillberg C. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1998 September; 40(9): 587-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9766735&dopt=Abstract

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Gangliosides in children with autism. Author(s): Lekman A, Skjeldal O, Sponheim E, Svennerholm L. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1995 July; 84(7): 787-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7549298&dopt=Abstract

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Gastrointestinal microflora studies in late-onset autism. Author(s): Finegold SM, Molitoris D, Song Y, Liu C, Vaisanen ML, Bolte E, McTeague M, Sandler R, Wexler H, Marlowe EM, Collins MD, Lawson PA, Summanen P, Baysallar M, Tomzynski TJ, Read E, Johnson E, Rolfe R, Nasir P, Shah H, Haake DA, Manning P, Kaul A. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 September 1; 35(Suppl 1): S6-S16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12173102&dopt=Abstract

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Gender and coping: the parents of children with high functioning autism. Author(s): Gray DE. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2003 February; 56(3): 631-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12570979&dopt=Abstract

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Gender identity disorder in a girl with autism--a case report. Author(s): Landen M, Rasmussen P. Source: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997 September; 6(3): 170-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9383652&dopt=Abstract

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Generalized imitation and the mand: inducing first instances of speech in young children with autism. Author(s): Ross DE, Greer RD. Source: Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2003 January-February; 24(1): 58-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12553968&dopt=Abstract

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Generating novel ideas: fluency performance in high-functioning and learning disabled individuals with autism. Author(s): Turner MA. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 1999 February; 40(2): 189-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10188701&dopt=Abstract

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Generativity in the play of young people with autism. Author(s): Lewis V, Boucher J. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1995 April; 25(2): 105-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7559280&dopt=Abstract

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Genes for Prader Willi syndrome/Angelman syndrome and fragile X syndrome are homologous, with genetic imprinting and unstable trinucleotide repeats causing mental retardation, autism and aggression. Author(s): Fischer KM. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1996 October; 47(4): 289-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8910878&dopt=Abstract

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Genes tPA, Fyn, and FAK in autism? Author(s): Waterhouse L. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1997 April; 27(2): 220-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9105973&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic and immunologic considerations in autism. Author(s): Korvatska E, Van de Water J, Anders TF, Gershwin ME. Source: Neurobiology of Disease. 2002 March; 9(2): 107-25. Review. Erratum In: Neurobiol Dis 2002 June; 10(1): 69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11895365&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic clues to the biological basis of autism. Author(s): Turner M, Barnby G, Bailey A. Source: Molecular Medicine Today. 2000 June; 6(6): 238-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10840382&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic counseling in autism and pervasive developmental disorders. Author(s): Simonoff E. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1998 October; 28(5): 447-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9813780&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic influences in childhood-onset psychiatric disorders: autism and attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder. Author(s): Smalley SL. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1997 June; 60(6): 1276-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9199546&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic linkage of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on chromosome 16p13, in a region implicated in autism. Author(s): Smalley SL, Kustanovich V, Minassian SL, Stone JL, Ogdie MN, McGough JJ, McCracken JT, MacPhie IL, Francks C, Fisher SE, Cantor RM, Monaco AP, Nelson SF. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 2002 October; 71(4): 959-63. Epub 2002 August 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12187510&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic studies of autism: from the 1970s into the millennium. Author(s): Rutter M. Source: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 2000 February; 28(1): 3-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10772346&dopt=Abstract

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Genetics of autism. Author(s): Cook EH Jr. Source: Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2001 April; 10(2): 333-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11351802&dopt=Abstract

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Genetics of autism: complex aetiology for a heterogeneous disorder. Author(s): Folstein SE, Rosen-Sheidley B. Source: Nature Reviews. Genetics. 2001 December; 2(12): 943-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11733747&dopt=Abstract

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Genetics of autism: overview and new directions. Author(s): Szatmari P, Jones MB, Zwaigenbaum L, MacLean JE. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1998 October; 28(5): 351-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9813773&dopt=Abstract

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Genetics of childhood disorders: XLII. Autism, part 1: Diagnosis and assessment in autistic spectrum disorders. Author(s): Lord C, Volkmar F. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002 September; 41(9): 1134-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12218436&dopt=Abstract

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Genetics of childhood disorders: XLIII. Autism, part 2: neural foundations. Author(s): Schultz RT, Klin A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002 October; 41(10): 1259-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12364850&dopt=Abstract

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Genetics of childhood disorders: XLIV. autism, part 3: psychopharmacology of autism. Author(s): McDougle CJ, Posey D. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002 November; 41(11): 1380-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410082&dopt=Abstract

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Genetics of childhood disorders: XLV. Autism, part 4: serotonin in autism. Author(s): Anderson GM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002 December; 41(12): 1513-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12447040&dopt=Abstract

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Genetics of childhood disorders: XLVI. Autism, part 5: genetics of autism. Author(s): Veenstra-Vanderweele J, Cook E Jr, Lombroso PJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003 January; 42(1): 116-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12500084&dopt=Abstract

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Genetics of childhood disorders: XLVII. Autism, part 6: duplication and inherited susceptibility of chromosome 15q11-q13 genes in autism. Author(s): Sutcliffe JS, Nurmi EL, Lombroso PJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003 February; 42(2): 253-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544187&dopt=Abstract

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Genome-wide scan for autism susceptibility genes. Paris Autism Research International Sibpair Study. Author(s): Philippe A, Martinez M, Guilloud-Bataille M, Gillberg C, Rastam M, Sponheim E, Coleman M, Zappella M, Aschauer H, Van Maldergem L, Penet C, Feingold J, Brice A, Leboyer M, van Malldergerme L. Source: Human Molecular Genetics. 1999 May; 8(5): 805-12. Erratum In: Hum Mol Genet 1999 July; 8(7): 1353. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10196369&dopt=Abstract

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Glucose metabolic correlates of continuous performance test performance in adults with a history of infantile autism, schizophrenics, and controls. Author(s): Siegel BV Jr, Nuechterlein KH, Abel L, Wu JC, Buchsbaum MS. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 1995 September; 17(1): 85-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8541254&dopt=Abstract

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Gluten and casein free diets in autism: a study of the effects on food choice and nutrition. Author(s): Cornish E. Source: Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics : the Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association. 2002 August; 15(4): 261-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12153499&dopt=Abstract

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Guidelines for evaluating intervention programs for children with autism. Author(s): Freeman BJ. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1997 December; 27(6): 641-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9455726&dopt=Abstract

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Hand preference and hand skill in children with autism. Author(s): Cornish KM, McManus IC. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1996 December; 26(6): 597-609. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8986846&dopt=Abstract

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Hand preference and motor functioning in children with autism. Author(s): Hauck JA, Dewey D. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2001 June; 31(3): 265-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11518481&dopt=Abstract

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Harrdiness and social support as predictors of stress in mothers of typical children, children with autism, and children with mental retardation. Author(s): Weiss MJ. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2002 March; 6(1): 115-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11918107&dopt=Abstract

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Head circumference in autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. Author(s): Woodhouse W, Bailey A, Rutter M, Bolton P, Baird G, Le Couteur A. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 1996 September; 37(6): 665-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8894947&dopt=Abstract

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Head circumference in autism, Asperger syndrome, and ADHD: a comparative study. Author(s): Gillberg C, de Souza L. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2002 May; 44(5): 296-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12033714&dopt=Abstract

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Head circumference is an independent clinical finding associated with autism. Author(s): Miles JH, Hadden LL, Takahashi TN, Hillman RE. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000 December 11; 95(4): 339-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11186888&dopt=Abstract

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Head circumference measurements in children with autism. Author(s): Davidovitch M, Patterson B, Gartside P. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 1996 September; 11(5): 389-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8877607&dopt=Abstract

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Heat shock protein 90 antibodies in autism. Author(s): Evers M, Cunningham-Rundles C, Hollander E. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7 Suppl 2: S26-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12142940&dopt=Abstract

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Hello and goodbye: a study of social engagement in autism. Author(s): Hobson RP, Lee A. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1998 April; 28(2): 117-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9586774&dopt=Abstract

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Helping school nurses recognize student behaviors that may indicate PDD and other autism-related syndromes. Author(s): Dychkowski L. Source: School Nurse News. 2000 May; 17(3): 1-4, 8. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11778246&dopt=Abstract

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Hemoglobin and the brain: a piece of the autism puzzle? Author(s): Simon N. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1998 December; 28(6): 579-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9932245&dopt=Abstract

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Heritable and nonheritable risk factors for autism spectrum disorders. Author(s): Newschaffer CJ, Fallin D, Lee NL. Source: Epidemiologic Reviews. 2002; 24(2): 137-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12762089&dopt=Abstract

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Heterogeneity and the genetics of autism. Author(s): Szatmari P. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 1999 March; 24(2): 159-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10212560&dopt=Abstract

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Hey! It was just a joke! Understanding propositions and propositional attitudes by normally developing children and children with autism. Author(s): Baron-Cohen S. Source: The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences. 1997; 34(3): 174-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9334521&dopt=Abstract

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High “intelligence,” low “IQ”? Speed of processing and measured IQ in children with autism. Author(s): Scheuffgen K, Happe F, Anderson M, Frith U. Source: Development and Psychopathology. 2000 Winter; 12(1): 83-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10774597&dopt=Abstract

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High functioning autism and Childhood Disintegrative Disorder in half brothers. Author(s): Zwaigenbaum L, Szatmari P, Mahoney W, Bryson S, Bartolucci G, MacLean J. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2000 April; 30(2): 121-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10832776&dopt=Abstract

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High motion coherence thresholds in children with autism. Author(s): Milne E, Swettenham J, Hansen P, Campbell R, Jeffries H, Plaisted K. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2002 February; 43(2): 255-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11902604&dopt=Abstract

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High phenotypic correlations among siblings with autism and pervasive developmental disorders. Author(s): Szatmari P, Jones MB, Holden J, Bryson S, Mahoney W, Tuff L, MacLean J, White B, Bartolucci G, Schutz C, Robinson P, Hoult L. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1996 July 26; 67(4): 354-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8837702&dopt=Abstract

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Holistic and part-based face recognition in children with autism. Author(s): Joseph RM, Tanaka J. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2003 May; 44(4): 529-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12751845&dopt=Abstract

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Home-based behavioral treatment of young children with autism. Author(s): Sheinkopf SJ, Siegel B. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1998 February; 28(1): 15-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9546298&dopt=Abstract

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How common are gastrointestinal disorders in children with autism? Author(s): Kuddo T, Nelson KB. Source: Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2003 June; 15(3): 339-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12806268&dopt=Abstract

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How commonly are known medical conditions associated with autism? Author(s): Barton M, Volkmar F. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1998 August; 28(4): 273-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9711483&dopt=Abstract

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How well does early diagnosis of autism stand the test of time? Follow-up study of children assessed for autism at age 2 and development of an early diagnostic service. Author(s): Moore V, Goodson S. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2003 March; 7(1): 4763. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12638764&dopt=Abstract

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Human beings, animals and inanimate objects: what do people with autism like? Author(s): Celani G. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2002 March; 6(1): 93102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11918112&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrogen proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in autism: preliminary evidence of elevated choline/creatine ratio. Author(s): Sokol DK, Dunn DW, Edwards-Brown M, Feinberg J. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2002 April; 17(4): 245-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12088077&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperserotoninemia and serotonin receptor antibodies in children with autism but not mental retardation. Author(s): Singh VK, Singh EA, Warren RP. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1997 March 15; 41(6): 753-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9067002&dopt=Abstract

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Hypothesis: is infantile autism a hypoglutamatergic disorder? Relevance of glutamate - serotonin interactions for pharmacotherapy. Author(s): Carlsson ML. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 1998; 105(4-5): 525-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9720980&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of indolyl-3-acryloylglycine in the urine of people with autism. Author(s): Anderson RJ, Bendell DJ, Garnett I, Groundwater PW, Lough WJ, Mills MJ, Savery D, Shattock PE. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2002 February; 54(2): 295-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11858215&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of the human cortactin-binding protein-2 gene from the autism candidate region at 7q31. Author(s): Cheung J, Petek E, Nakabayashi K, Tsui LC, Vincent JB, Scherer SW. Source: Genomics. 2001 November; 78(1-2): 7-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11707066&dopt=Abstract

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Identifying neurocognitive phenotypes in autism. Author(s): Tager-Flusberg H, Joseph RM. Source: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 2003 February 28; 358(1430): 303-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639328&dopt=Abstract

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Impaired categorical perception of facial expressions in high-functioning adolescents with autism. Author(s): Teunisse JP, de Gelder B. Source: Neuropsychology, Development, and Cognition. Section C, Child Neuropsychology : a Journal on Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence. 2001 March; 7(1): 1-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11815876&dopt=Abstract

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In search of the hidden: an fMRI study with implications for the study of patients with autism and with acquired brain injury. Author(s): Manjaly ZM, Marshall JC, Stephan KE, Gurd JM, Zilles K, Fink GR. Source: Neuroimage. 2003 July; 19(3): 674-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12880798&dopt=Abstract

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Including children with autism in general education classrooms. A review of effective strategies. Author(s): Harrower JK, Dunlap G. Source: Behavior Modification. 2001 October; 25(5): 762-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11573339&dopt=Abstract

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Incorporating language phenotypes strengthens evidence of linkage to autism. Author(s): Collaborative Linkage Study of Autism. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 December 8; 105(8): 539-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11811141&dopt=Abstract

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Increased rate of head growth during infancy in autism. Author(s): Lainhart JE. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 July 16; 290(3): 393-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12865381&dopt=Abstract

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Increased rate of twins among affected sibling pairs with autism. Author(s): Betancur C, Leboyer M, Gillberg C. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 2002 May; 70(5): 1381-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11951183&dopt=Abstract

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Increased serum albumin, gamma globulin, immunoglobulin IgG, and IgG2 and IgG4 in autism. Author(s): Croonenberghs J, Wauters A, Devreese K, Verkerk R, Scharpe S, Bosmans E, Egyed B, Deboutte D, Maes M. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2002 November; 32(8): 1457-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12455944&dopt=Abstract

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Increasing social initiations in children with autism: effects of a tactile prompt. Author(s): Shabani DB, Katz RC, Wilder DA, Beauchamp K, Taylor CR, Fischer KJ. Source: J Appl Behav Anal. 2002 Spring; 35(1): 79-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936550&dopt=Abstract

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Inferential processing and story recall in children with communication problems: a comparison of specific language impairment, pragmatic language impairment and high-functioning autism. Author(s): Norbury CF, Bishop DV. Source: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. 2002 July-September; 37(3): 227-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12201976&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibitory mechanisms in autism spectrum disorders: typical selective inhibition of location versus facilitated perceptual processing. Author(s): Brian JA, Tipper SP, Weaver B, Bryson SE. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2003 May; 44(4): 552-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12751847&dopt=Abstract

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Innate immunity associated with inflammatory responses and cytokine production against common dietary proteins in patients with autism spectrum disorder. Author(s): Jyonouchi H, Sun S, Itokazu N. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2002; 46(2): 76-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12378124&dopt=Abstract

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Intensive behavioral treatment at school for 4- to 7-year-old children with autism. A 1year comparison controlled study. Author(s): Eikeseth S, Smith T, Jahr E, Eldevik S. Source: Behavior Modification. 2002 January; 26(1): 49-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11799654&dopt=Abstract

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Intensive behavioral treatment for a toddler at high risk for autism. Author(s): Green G, Brennan LC, Fein D. Source: Behavior Modification. 2002 January; 26(1): 69-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11799655&dopt=Abstract

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Interaction patterns between children and their teachers when using a specific multimedia and communication strategy: observations from children with autism and mixed intellectual disabilities. Author(s): Tjus T, Heimann M, Nelson KE. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2001 June; 5(2): 17587. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11706865&dopt=Abstract

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Interrelations among social-cognitive skills in young children with autism. Author(s): Carpenter M, Pennington BF, Rogers SJ. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 April; 32(2): 91-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058847&dopt=Abstract

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Interventions to facilitate social interaction for young children with autism: review of available research and recommendations for educational intervention and future research. Author(s): McConnell SR. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 October; 32(5): 351-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463515&dopt=Abstract

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Intestinal pathophysiology in autism. Author(s): White JF. Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.). 2003 June; 228(6): 639-49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12773694&dopt=Abstract

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Into life: Autism, Tourette's syndrome and the community of clinical research. Author(s): Cohen DJ. Source: The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences. 2001; 38(3-4): 226-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11725420&dopt=Abstract

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Intuitive psychology and physics among children with autism and typically developing children. Author(s): Binnie L, Williams J. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2003 June; 7(2): 17393. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12846386&dopt=Abstract

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Investigating individual differences in brain abnormalities in autism. Author(s): Salmond CH, de Haan M, Friston KJ, Gadian DG, Vargha-Khadem F. Source: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 2003 February 28; 358(1430): 405-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639337&dopt=Abstract

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Investigation of a reinforcement-based toilet training procedure for children with autism. Author(s): Cicero FR, Pfadt A. Source: Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2002 September-October; 23(5): 319-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12401483&dopt=Abstract

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Investigation of two variants in the DOPA decarboxylase gene in patients with autism. Author(s): Lauritsen MB, Borglum AD, Betancur C, Philippe A, Kruse TA, Leboyer M, Ewald H. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 May 8; 114(4): 466-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11992572&dopt=Abstract

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Iron deficiency in autism and Asperger syndrome. Author(s): Latif A, Heinz P, Cook R. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2002 March; 6(1): 103-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11918106&dopt=Abstract

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Is autism due to cerebral-cerebellum disconnection? Author(s): Skoyles JR. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2002 April; 58(4): 332-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027528&dopt=Abstract

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Is exposure to alcohol during pregnancy a risk factor for autism? Author(s): Fombonne E. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 June; 32(3): 243. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12108626&dopt=Abstract

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Is there an increase in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders? Author(s): Prior M. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2003 March; 39(2): 81-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12603792&dopt=Abstract

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Islands of genius. Artistic brilliance and a dazzling memory can sometimes accompany autism and other developmental disorders. Author(s): Treffert DA, Wallace GL. Source: Scientific American. 2002 June; 286(6): 76-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12030094&dopt=Abstract

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Joint attention and early social communication: implications for research on intervention with autism. Author(s): Mundy P, Crowson M. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1997 December; 27(6): 653-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9455727&dopt=Abstract

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Joint attention and set-shifting in young children with autism. Author(s): Stahl L, Pry R. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2002 December; 6(4): 383-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12540129&dopt=Abstract

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Joint attention in preverbal children: autism and developmental language disorder. Author(s): McArthur D, Adamson LB. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1996 October; 26(5): 481-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8906451&dopt=Abstract

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Joint attention training for children with autism using behavior modification procedures. Author(s): Whalen C, Schreibman L. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2003 March; 44(3): 456-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635974&dopt=Abstract

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Judgments of social appropriateness by children and adolescents with autism. Author(s): Loveland KA, Pearson DA, Tunali-Kotoski B, Ortegon J, Gibbs MC. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2001 August; 31(4): 367-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11569583&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of association between HoxA1 and HoxB1 gene variants and autism in 110 multiplex families. Author(s): Li J, Tabor HK, Nguyen L, Gleason C, Lotspeich LJ, Spiker D, Risch N, Myers RM. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 January 8; 114(1): 24-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11840501&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of association of the (AAAT)6 allele of the GXAlu tetranucleotide repeat in intron 27b of the NF1 gene with autism. Author(s): Plank SM, Copeland-Yates SA, Sossey-Alaoui K, Bell JM, Schroer RJ, Skinner C, Michaelis RC. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 July 8; 105(5): 404-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11449390&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of benefit of a single dose of synthetic human secretin in the treatment of autism and pervasive developmental disorder. Author(s): Sandler AD, Sutton KA, DeWeese J, Girardi MA, Sheppard V, Bodfish JW. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1999 December 9; 341(24): 1801-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10588965&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of benefit of intravenous synthetic human secretin in the treatment of autism. Author(s): Molloy CA, Manning-Courtney P, Swayne S, Bean J, Brown JM, Murray DS, Kinsman AM, Brasington M, Ulrich CD 2nd. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 December; 32(6): 545-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12553591&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of expansion of triplet repeats in the FMR1, FRAXE, and FRAXF loci in male multiplex families with autism and pervasive developmental disorders. Author(s): Holden JJ, Wing M, Chalifoux M, Julien-Inalsingh C, Schutz C, Robinson P, Szatmari P, White BN. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1996 August 9; 64(2): 399-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8844091&dopt=Abstract

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Language and pragmatic functions in school-age children on the autism spectrum. Author(s): Ramberg C, Ehlers S, Nyden A, Johansson M, Gillberg C. Source: Eur J Disord Commun. 1996; 31(4): 387-413. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9059572&dopt=Abstract

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Language disorders in children with autism. Author(s): Rapin I, Dunn M. Source: Semin Pediatr Neurol. 1997 June; 4(2): 86-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9195665&dopt=Abstract

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Latent-class analysis of recurrence risks for complex phenotypes with selection and measurement error: a twin and family history study of autism. Author(s): Pickles A, Bolton P, Macdonald H, Bailey A, Le Couteur A, Sim CH, Rutter M. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1995 September; 57(3): 717-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7668301&dopt=Abstract

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Lateralization in individuals with high-functioning autism and Asperger's disorder: a frontostriatal model. Author(s): Rinehart NJ, Bradshaw JL, Brereton AV, Tonge BJ. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 August; 32(4): 321-331. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12199137&dopt=Abstract

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Legitimacy of comparing fragile X with autism questioned. Author(s): Rapin I. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 February; 32(1): 60-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11916334&dopt=Abstract

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Levels of cerebrospinal fluid nerve-growth factor differ in infantile autism and Rett syndrome. Author(s): Riikonen R, Vanhala R. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1999 March; 41(3): 148-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10210246&dopt=Abstract

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Limbic circuitry in patients with autism spectrum disorders studied with positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Haznedar MM, Buchsbaum MS, Wei TC, Hof PR, Cartwright C, Bienstock CA, Hollander E. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 December; 157(12): 1994-2001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11097966&dopt=Abstract

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Linguistic processing in high-functioning adults with autism or Asperger's syndrome. Is global coherence impaired? Author(s): Jolliffe T, Baron-Cohen S. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2000 September; 30(5): 1169-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027052&dopt=Abstract

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Linkage and association of the glutamate receptor 6 gene with autism. Author(s): Jamain S, Betancur C, Quach H, Philippe A, Fellous M, Giros B, Gillberg C, Leboyer M, Bourgeron T; Paris Autism Research International Sibpair (PARIS) Study. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7(3): 302-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11920157&dopt=Abstract

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Linkage disequilibrium at the Angelman syndrome gene UBE3A in autism families. Author(s): Nurmi EL, Bradford Y, Chen Y, Hall J, Arnone B, Gardiner MB, Hutcheson HB, Gilbert JR, Pericak-Vance MA, Copeland-Yates SA, Michaelis RC, Wassink TH, Santangelo SL, Sheffield VC, Piven J, Folstein SE, Haines JL, Sutcliffe JS. Source: Genomics. 2001 September; 77(1-2): 105-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11543639&dopt=Abstract

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Linking etiologies in humans and animal models: studies of autism. Author(s): Rodier PM, Ingram JL, Tisdale B, Croog VJ. Source: Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.). 1997 March-June; 11(2-3): 417-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9100317&dopt=Abstract

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Linking parental perceptions to interactions in young children with autism. Author(s): Kasari C, Sigman M. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1997 February; 27(1): 39-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9018581&dopt=Abstract

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Linking theory of mind and central coherence bias in autism and in the general population. Author(s): Jarrold C, Butler DW, Cottington EM, Jimenez F. Source: Developmental Psychology. 2000 January; 36(1): 126-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10645750&dopt=Abstract

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Links between social understanding and social behavior in verbally able children with autism. Author(s): Travis L, Sigman M, Ruskin E. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2001 April; 31(2): 119-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11450811&dopt=Abstract

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Local and global processing of music in high-functioning persons with autism: beyond central coherence? Author(s): Mottron L, Peretz I, Menard E. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2000 November; 41(8): 1057-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11099122&dopt=Abstract

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Loneliness and friendship in high-functioning children with autism. Author(s): Bauminger N, Kasari C. Source: Child Development. 2000 March-April; 71(2): 447-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10834476&dopt=Abstract

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Longitudinal changes in cognitive and adaptive behavior scores in children and adolescents with the fragile X mutation or autism. Author(s): Fisch GS, Simensen RJ, Schroer RJ. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 April; 32(2): 107-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058838&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term memory and levels-of-processing in autism. Author(s): Toichi M, Kamio Y. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2002; 40(7): 964-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11900748&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term stability of individual differences in the emotional responsiveness of children with autism. Author(s): Dissanayake C, Sigman M, Kasari C. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 1996 May; 37(4): 461-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8735446&dopt=Abstract

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Low levels of insulin-like growth factor-I in cerebrospinal fluid in children with autism. Author(s): Vanhala R, Turpeinen U, Riikonen R. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2001 September; 43(9): 614-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11570630&dopt=Abstract

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Low-dose naltrexone effects on plasma chemistries and clinical symptoms in autism: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Bouvard MP, Leboyer M, Launay JM, Recasens C, Plumet MH, WallerPerotte D, Tabuteau F, Bondoux D, Dugas M, Lensing P, et al. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1995 October 16; 58(3): 191-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8570775&dopt=Abstract

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Maternal neuronal antibodies associated with autism and a language disorder. Author(s): Dalton P, Deacon R, Blamire A, Pike M, McKinlay I, Stein J, Styles P, Vincent A. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2003 April; 53(4): 533-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12666123&dopt=Abstract

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Measles, mumps and rubella vaccine, autism and inflammatory bowel disease: advising concerned parents. Author(s): Elliman DA, Bedford HE. Source: Paediatric Drugs. 2002; 4(10): 631-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12269839&dopt=Abstract

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Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. Author(s): Wakefield AJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 March 6; 348(10): 951-4; Author Reply 951-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12622124&dopt=Abstract

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Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. Author(s): Noble KK, Miyasaka K. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 March 6; 348(10): 951-4; Author Reply 951-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12622123&dopt=Abstract

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Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. Author(s): Mullins ME. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 March 6; 348(10): 951-4; Author Reply 951-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12622122&dopt=Abstract

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Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. Author(s): Spitzer WO. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 March 6; 348(10): 951-4; Author Reply 951-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12622119&dopt=Abstract

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Measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and the development of autism. Author(s): Miller E. Source: Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 2003 July; 14(3): 199-206. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12913832&dopt=Abstract

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Measures in intervention research with young children who have autism. Author(s): Wolery M, Garfinkle AN. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 October; 32(5): 463-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463520&dopt=Abstract

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Measuring early language development in preschool children with autism spectrum disorder using the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory (Infant Form). Author(s): Charman T, Drew A, Baird C, Baird G. Source: Journal of Child Language. 2003 February; 30(1): 213-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12718299&dopt=Abstract

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Medical disorders among inpatients with autism in Denmark according to ICD-8: a nationwide register-based study. Author(s): Lauritsen MB, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Ewald H. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 April; 32(2): 115-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058839&dopt=Abstract

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Mitochondrial dysfunction in patients with hypotonia, epilepsy, autism, and developmental delay: HEADD syndrome. Author(s): Fillano JJ, Goldenthal MJ, Rhodes CH, Marin-Garcia J. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2002 June; 17(6): 435-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12174964&dopt=Abstract

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MMR and autism: an overview of the debate to date. Author(s): Phelan AT. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 2002 May 9-22; 11(9): 621-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12048476&dopt=Abstract

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MMR and autism: moving from controversy toward consensus. Author(s): Coffin SE. Source: Expert Rev Vaccines. 2002 August; 1(2): 145-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12901553&dopt=Abstract

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MMR vaccination and autism 1998. Medical practitioners need to give more than reassurance. Author(s): Selway. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 June 13; 316(7147): 1824. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9652941&dopt=Abstract

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MMR vaccination and autism 1998. There is no causal link between MMR vaccine and autism. Author(s): Roberts R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 June 13; 316(7147): 1824. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9624080&dopt=Abstract

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MMR vaccination and autism 1998. Those giving MMR vaccine had no input into editorial. Author(s): Kiln MR. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 June 13; 316(7147): 1824. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9652942&dopt=Abstract

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MMR vaccination and autism: is there a link? Author(s): DeStefano F, Thompson WW. Source: Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 2002 July; 1(2): 115-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12904145&dopt=Abstract

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MMR vaccine and autism: a review of the evidence for a causal association. Author(s): DeStefano F. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7 Suppl 2: S51-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12142951&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular genetic delineation of 2q37.3 deletion in autism and osteodystrophy: report of a case and of new markers for deletion screening by PCR. Author(s): Smith M, Escamilla JR, Filipek P, Bocian ME, Modahl C, Flodman P, Spence MA. Source: Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 2001; 94(1-2): 15-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11701947&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular genetic delineation of a deletion of chromosome 13q12-->q13 in a patient with autism and auditory processing deficits. Author(s): Smith M, Woodroffe A, Smith R, Holguin S, Martinez J, Filipek PA, Modahl C, Moore B, Bocian ME, Mays L, Laulhere T, Flodman P, Spence MA. Source: Cytogenetic and Genome Research. 2002; 98(4): 233-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12826745&dopt=Abstract

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Motion perception in autism: a “complex” issue. Author(s): Bertone A, Mottron L, Jelenic P, Faubert J. Source: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2003 February 15; 15(2): 218-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12676059&dopt=Abstract

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Motor control and children with autism: deficit of anticipatory function? Author(s): Schmitz C, Martineau J, Barthelemy C, Assaiante C. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 September 4; 348(1): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12893415&dopt=Abstract

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Motor performance and anatomic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the basal ganglia in autism. Author(s): Hardan AY, Kilpatrick M, Keshavan MS, Minshew NJ. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2003 May; 18(5): 317-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12822815&dopt=Abstract

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Multicomponent procedure to teach conditional discriminations to children with autism. Author(s): Perez-Gonzalez LA, Williams G. Source: Am J Ment Retard. 2002 July; 107(4): 293-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12069648&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple doses of secretin in the treatment of autism: a controlled study. Author(s): Sponheim E, Oftedal G, Helverschou SB. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2002; 91(5): 540-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12113323&dopt=Abstract

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Multisite, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of porcine secretin in autism. Author(s): Owley T, McMahon W, Cook EH, Laulhere T, South M, Mays LZ, Shernoff ES, Lainhart J, Modahl CB, Corsello C, Ozonoff S, Risi S, Lord C, Leventhal BL, Filipek PA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001 November; 40(11): 1293-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11699803&dopt=Abstract

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Mutation analysis of the coding sequence of the MECP2 gene in infantile autism. Author(s): Beyer KS, Blasi F, Bacchelli E, Klauck SM, Maestrini E, Poustka A; International Molecular Genetic Study of Autism Consortium (IMGSAC). Source: Human Genetics. 2002 October; 111(4-5): 305-9. Epub 2002 August 14. Erratum In: Hum Genet. 2003 April; 112(4): 436. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12384770&dopt=Abstract

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Mutation screening and imprinting analysis of four candidate genes for autism in the 7q32 region. Author(s): Bonora E, Bacchelli E, Levy ER, Blasi F, Marlow A, Monaco AP, Maestrini E; International Molecular Genetic Study of Autism Consortium (IMGSAC). Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7(3): 289-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11920156&dopt=Abstract

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Mutations of the X-linked genes encoding neuroligins NLGN3 and NLGN4 are associated with autism. Author(s): Jamain S, Quach H, Betancur C, Rastam M, Colineaux C, Gillberg IC, Soderstrom H, Giros B, Leboyer M, Gillberg C, Bourgeron T; Paris Autism Research International Sibpair Study. Source: Nature Genetics. 2003 May; 34(1): 27-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12669065&dopt=Abstract

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Naltrexone and communication skills in young children with autism. Author(s): Feldman HM, Kolmen BK, Gonzaga AM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1999 May; 38(5): 587-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10230191&dopt=Abstract

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Naltrexone in children with autism. Author(s): Buitelaar JK, Willemsen-Swinkels S, Van Engeland H. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1998 August; 37(8): 800-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9695440&dopt=Abstract

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Negative association between MMR and autism. Author(s): DeStefano F, Chen RT. Source: Lancet. 1999 June 12; 353(9169): 1987-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10376608&dopt=Abstract

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Neither consenting nor protesting: an ethical analysis of a man with autism. Author(s): Diesfeld K. Source: Journal of Medical Ethics. 2000 August; 26(4): 277-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10951924&dopt=Abstract

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Neocortical system abnormalities in autism: an fMRI study of spatial working memory. Author(s): Luna B, Minshew NJ, Garver KE, Lazar NA, Thulborn KR, Eddy WF, Sweeney JA. Source: Neurology. 2002 September 24; 59(6): 834-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12297562&dopt=Abstract

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Neural correlates of face and object recognition in young children with autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay, and typical development. Author(s): Dawson G, Carver L, Meltzoff AN, Panagiotides H, McPartland J, Webb SJ. Source: Child Development. 2002 May-June; 73(3): 700-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12038546&dopt=Abstract

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Neuroanatomic contributions to slowed orienting of attention in children with autism. Author(s): Harris NS, Courchesne E, Townsend J, Carper RA, Lord C. Source: Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research. 1999 May; 8(1): 61-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10216274&dopt=Abstract

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Neuroanatomical and neurocognitive differences in a pair of monozygous twins discordant for strictly defined autism. Author(s): Kates WR, Mostofsky SH, Zimmerman AW, Mazzocco MM, Landa R, Warsofsky IS, Kaufmann WE, Reiss AL. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1998 June; 43(6): 782-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9629848&dopt=Abstract

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Neurocognitive function and joint attention ability in young children with autism spectrum disorder versus developmental delay. Author(s): Dawson G, Munson J, Estes A, Osterling J, McPartland J, Toth K, Carver L, Abbott R. Source: Child Development. 2002 March-April; 73(2): 345-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11949896&dopt=Abstract

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Neurodevelopmental processes and psychological functioning in autism. Author(s): Gillberg C. Source: Development and Psychopathology. 1999 Summer; 11(3): 567-87. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10532625&dopt=Abstract

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Neuro-epileptic determinants of autism spectrum disorders in tuberous sclerosis complex. Author(s): Bolton PF, Park RJ, Higgins JN, Griffiths PD, Pickles A. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2002 June; 125(Pt 6): 1247-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12023313&dopt=Abstract

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Neuroimaging in autism. Author(s): Deb S, Thompson B. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1998 October; 173: 299-302. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9926032&dopt=Abstract

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Neuropathology of infantile autism. Author(s): Kemper TL, Bauman ML. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7 Suppl 2: S12-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12142934&dopt=Abstract

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Neuropathology of infantile autism. Author(s): Kemper TL, Bauman M. Source: Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 1998 July; 57(7): 64552. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9690668&dopt=Abstract

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Neuropeptides and neurotrophins in neonatal blood of children with autism or mental retardation. Author(s): Nelson KB, Grether JK, Croen LA, Dambrosia JM, Dickens BF, Jelliffe LL, Hansen RL, Phillips TM. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2001 May; 49(5): 597-606. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11357950&dopt=Abstract

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Neuropeptides and social behavior: animal models relevant to autism. Author(s): Young LJ, Pitkow LJ, Ferguson JN. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7 Suppl 2: S38-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12142945&dopt=Abstract

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Neuropsychological correlates of early symptoms of autism. Author(s): Dawson G, Meltzoff AN, Osterling J, Rinaldi J. Source: Child Development. 1998 October; 69(5): 1276-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9839415&dopt=Abstract

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New centers to focus on autism and other developmental disorders. Author(s): Wakefield J. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 January; 110(1): A20-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11781177&dopt=Abstract

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New research demolishes link between MMR vaccine and autism. Author(s): Bower H. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 June 19; 318(7199): 1643. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10373156&dopt=Abstract

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New research on autism and measles “proves nothing”. Author(s): Eaton L. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 February 9; 324(7333): 315. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11834548&dopt=Abstract

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New study fails to find link between MMR and autism. Author(s): Marshall H. Source: Trends in Immunology. 2001 April; 22(4): 185. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11274921&dopt=Abstract

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Nicotinic receptor abnormalities in the cerebellar cortex in autism. Author(s): Lee M, Martin-Ruiz C, Graham A, Court J, Jaros E, Perry R, Iversen P, Bauman M, Perry E. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2002 July; 125(Pt 7): 1483-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12076999&dopt=Abstract

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NMR intensity of corpus callosum differs with age but not with diagnosis of autism. Author(s): Belmonte M, Egaas B, Townsend J, Courchesne E. Source: Neuroreport. 1995 June 19; 6(9): 1253-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7669980&dopt=Abstract

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No association between HOXA1 and HOXB1 genes and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Author(s): Talebizadeh Z, Bittel DC, Miles JH, Takahashi N, Wang CH, Kibiryeva N, Butler MG. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 November; 39(11): E70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12414832&dopt=Abstract

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No evidence for a new variant of measles-mumps-rubella-induced autism. Author(s): Fombonne E, Chakrabarti S. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 October; 108(4): E58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11581466&dopt=Abstract

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No evidence for linkage of liability to autism to HOXA1 in a sample from the CPEA network. Author(s): Devlin B, Bennett P, Cook EH Jr, Dawson G, Gonen D, Grigorenko EL, McMahon W, Pauls D, Smith M, Spence MA, Schellenberg GD; CPEA Genetics Network. Collaborative Programs of Excellence in Austism. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 August 8; 114(6): 667-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12210285&dopt=Abstract

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No evidence for measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine-associated inflammatory bowel disease or autism in a 14-year prospective study. Author(s): Peltola H, Patja A, Leinikki P, Valle M, Davidkin I, Paunio M. Source: Lancet. 1998 May 2; 351(9112): 1327-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9643797&dopt=Abstract

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Non-significance of early speech delay in children with autism and normal intelligence and implications for DSM-IV Asperger's disorder. Author(s): Mayes SD, Calhoun SL. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2001 March; 5(1): 8194. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11708393&dopt=Abstract

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Normal phospholipid-related signal transduction in autism. Author(s): Puri BK, Singh I. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2002 December; 26(7-8): 1405-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12502030&dopt=Abstract

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Obsessive compulsive behaviour in autism--towards an autistic-obsessive compulsive syndrome? Author(s): Gross-Isseroff R, Hermesh H, Weizman A. Source: World J Biol Psychiatry. 2001 October; 2(4): 193-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12587149&dopt=Abstract

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Obsessive-compulsive behaviors in parents of multiplex autism families. Author(s): Hollander E, King A, Delaney K, Smith CJ, Silverman JM. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2003 January 25; 117(1): 11-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12581816&dopt=Abstract

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Obstetric complications in autism: consequences or causes of the condition? Author(s): Bolton PF, Murphy M, Macdonald H, Whitlock B, Pickles A, Rutter M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997 February; 36(2): 272-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9031581&dopt=Abstract

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Obstetric factors in Asperger syndrome: comparison with high-functioning autism. Author(s): Ghaziuddin M, Shakal J, Tsai L. Source: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research : Jidr. 1995 December; 39 ( Pt 6): 53843. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8746742&dopt=Abstract

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Obstetrical suboptimality in children with autism: an Italian sample. Author(s): Zambrino CA, Balottin U, Bettaglio E, Gerardo A, Lanzi G. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1995 October; 25(5): 553-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8567599&dopt=Abstract

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Oculomotor evidence for neocortical systems but not cerebellar dysfunction in autism. Author(s): Minshew NJ, Luna B, Sweeney JA. Source: Neurology. 1999 March 23; 52(5): 917-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10102406&dopt=Abstract

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On cognitive variability in velocardiofacial syndrome: profound mental retardation and autism. Author(s): Kozma C. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1998 May 8; 81(3): 269-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9603617&dopt=Abstract

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On developing self-concepts: a controlled study of children and adolescents with autism. Author(s): Lee A, Hobson RP. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 1998 November; 39(8): 1131-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9844983&dopt=Abstract

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On the twin risk in autism. Author(s): Hallmayer J, Glasson EJ, Bower C, Petterson B, Croen L, Grether J, Risch N. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 2002 October; 71(4): 941-6. Epub 2002 September 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12297988&dopt=Abstract

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Open-label risperidone treatment of 6 children and adolescents with autism. Author(s): Vercellino F, Zanotto E, Ravera G, Veneselli E. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2001 August; 46(6): 559-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11526814&dopt=Abstract

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Opioid peptides and dipeptidyl peptidase in autism. Author(s): Hunter LC, O'Hare A, Herron WJ, Fisher LA, Jones GE. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2003 February; 45(2): 121-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12578238&dopt=Abstract

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Opioid-immune interactions in autism: behavioural and immunological assessment during a double-blind treatment with naltrexone. Author(s): Scifo R, Cioni M, Nicolosi A, Batticane N, Tirolo C, Testa N, Quattropani MC, Morale MC, Gallo F, Marchetti B. Source: Ann Ist Super Sanita. 1996; 32(3): 351-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9028057&dopt=Abstract

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Oral famotidine: a potential treatment for children with autism. Author(s): Linday LA. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1997 May; 48(5): 381-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9185122&dopt=Abstract

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Our grandson has autism. What do we do? Author(s): Harris SL. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 April; 32(2): 147. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058844&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome in high-functioning adults with autism with and without early language delays: implications for the differentiation between autism and Asperger syndrome. Author(s): Howlin P. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2003 February; 33(1): 3-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12708575&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome research in Asperger syndrome and autism. Author(s): Tsatsanis KD. Source: Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2003 January; 12(1): 47-63, Vi. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12512398&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome survey of early intensive behavioral intervention for young children with autism in a community setting. Author(s): Boyd RD, Corley MJ. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2001 December; 5(4): 430-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11777258&dopt=Abstract

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Overly literal interpretations of speech in autism: understanding that messages arise from minds. Author(s): Mitchell P, Saltmarsh R, Russell H. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 1997 September; 38(6): 685-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9315978&dopt=Abstract

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Oxytocin, vasopressin, and autism: is there a connection? Author(s): Insel TR, O'Brien DJ, Leckman JF. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1999 January 15; 45(2): 145-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9951561&dopt=Abstract

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Parent and professional agreement on cognitive level of children with autism. Author(s): Geiger DM, Smith DT, Creaghead NA. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 August; 32(4): 307-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12199135&dopt=Abstract

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Parent-mediated early intervention for young children with autism spectrum disorder. Author(s): Diggle T, McConachie HR, Randle VR. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (1): Cd003496. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12535477&dopt=Abstract

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Past and future perspectives in autism epidemiology. Author(s): Yeargin-Allsopp M. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7 Suppl 2: S9-S11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12142933&dopt=Abstract

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Pathophysiological role of nitric oxide and adrenomedullin in autism. Author(s): Zoroglu SS, Yurekli M, Meram I, Sogut S, Tutkun H, Yetkin O, Sivasli E, Savas HA, Yanik M, Herken H, Akyol O. Source: Cell Biochemistry and Function. 2003 March; 21(1): 55-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12579522&dopt=Abstract

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Pattern of semantic errors in autism: a brief research report. Author(s): Vogindroukas I, Papageorgiou V, Vostanis P. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2003 June; 7(2): 195203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12846387&dopt=Abstract

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Perinatal complications as predictors of infantile autism. Author(s): Wilkerson DS, Volpe AG, Dean RS, Titus JB. Source: The International Journal of Neuroscience. 2002 September; 112(9): 1085-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487097&dopt=Abstract

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Perinatal risk factors for infantile autism. Author(s): Hultman CM, Sparen P, Cnattingius S. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2002 July; 13(4): 417-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12094096&dopt=Abstract

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Pitch memory, labelling and disembedding in autism. Author(s): Heaton P. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2003 May; 44(4): 543-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12751846&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma amino acid levels in children with autism and their families. Author(s): Aldred S, Moore KM, Fitzgerald M, Waring RH. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2003 February; 33(1): 93-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12708584&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma androgens in autism. Author(s): Tordjman S, Anderson GM, McBride PA, Hertzig ME, Snow ME, Hall LM, Ferrari P, Cohen DJ. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1995 June; 25(3): 295-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7559294&dopt=Abstract

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Postmortem brain abnormalities of the glutamate neurotransmitter system in autism. Author(s): Purcell AE, Jeon OH, Zimmerman AW, Blue ME, Pevsner J. Source: Neurology. 2001 November 13; 57(9): 1618-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11706102&dopt=Abstract

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Practice and serial reaction time of adolescents with autism. Author(s): Inui N, Suzuki K. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1998 April; 86(2): 403-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9638741&dopt=Abstract

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Predicting language outcome in infants with autism and pervasive developmental disorder. Author(s): Charman T, Baron-Cohen S, Swettenham J, Baird G, Drew A, Cox A. Source: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. 2003 July-September; 38(3): 265-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12851079&dopt=Abstract

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Predictors of outcome among high functioning children with autism and Asperger syndrome. Author(s): Szatmari P, Bryson SE, Boyle MH, Streiner DL, Duku E. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2003 May; 44(4): 520-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12751844&dopt=Abstract

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Pregnancy and birth complications in autism and liability to the broader autism phenotype. Author(s): Zwaigenbaum L, Szatmari P, Jones MB, Bryson SE, MacLean JE, Mahoney WJ, Bartolucci G, Tuff L. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002 May; 41(5): 572-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12014790&dopt=Abstract

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Presence of large deletions in kindreds with autism. Author(s): Yu CE, Dawson G, Munson J, D'Souza I, Osterling J, Estes A, Leutenegger AL, Flodman P, Smith M, Raskind WH, Spence MA, McMahon W, Wijsman EM, Schellenberg GD. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 2002 July; 71(1): 100-15. Epub 2002 June 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058345&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence and patterns of use of psychoactive medicines in individuals with autism in the Autism Society of North Carolina. Author(s): Langworthy-Lam KS, Aman MG, Van Bourgondien ME. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2002 Winter; 12(4): 31121. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12625991&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of autism and parentally reported triggers in a north east London population. Author(s): Lingam R, Simmons A, Andrews N, Miller E, Stowe J, Taylor B. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2003 August; 88(8): 666-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12876158&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of autism in a United States population: the Brick Township, New Jersey, investigation. Author(s): Bertrand J, Mars A, Boyle C, Bove F, Yeargin-Allsopp M, Decoufle P. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 November; 108(5): 1155-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11694696&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of autism in a US metropolitan area. Author(s): Yeargin-Allsopp M, Rice C, Karapurkar T, Doernberg N, Boyle C, Murphy C. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 January 1; 289(1): 49-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503976&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of chronic gastrointestinal symptoms in children with autism and autistic spectrum disorders. Author(s): Molloy CA, Manning-Courtney P. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2003 June; 7(2): 16571. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12846385&dopt=Abstract

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Priapism associated with trazodone in an adolescent with autism. Author(s): Kem DL, Posey DJ, McDougle CJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002 July; 41(7): 758. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12108798&dopt=Abstract

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Problem behavior interventions for young children with autism: a research synthesis. Author(s): Horner RH, Carr EG, Strain PS, Todd AW, Reed HK. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 October; 32(5): 423-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463518&dopt=Abstract

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Progress and outcomes for children with autism receiving parent-managed intensive interventions. Author(s): Bibby P, Eikeseth S, Martin NT, Mudford OC, Reeves D. Source: Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2002 January-February; 23(1): 81-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12071397&dopt=Abstract

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Proinflammatory and regulatory cytokine production associated with innate and adaptive immune responses in children with autism spectrum disorders and developmental regression. Author(s): Jyonouchi H, Sun S, Le H. Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2001 November 1; 120(1-2): 170-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11694332&dopt=Abstract

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Prospective preliminary analysis of the development of autism and epilepsy in children with infantile spasms. Author(s): Askalan R, Mackay M, Brian J, Otsubo H, McDermott C, Bryson S, Boyd J, Snead C 3rd, Roberts W, Weiss S. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2003 March; 18(3): 165-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12731640&dopt=Abstract

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Psychosocial functioning in a group of Swedish adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Author(s): Engstrom I, Ekstrom L, Emilsson B. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2003 March; 7(1): 99110. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12638767&dopt=Abstract

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Purkinje cell size is reduced in cerebellum of patients with autism. Author(s): Fatemi SH, Halt AR, Realmuto G, Earle J, Kist DA, Thuras P, Merz A. Source: Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology. 2002 April; 22(2): 171-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12363198&dopt=Abstract

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Purkinje cell vulnerability and autism: a possible etiological connection. Author(s): Kinnear Kern J. Source: Brain & Development. 2003 September; 25(6): 377-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12907269&dopt=Abstract

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Pursuing the puzzle of autism. Author(s): Gross M. Source: Current Biology : Cb. 2002 October 15; 12(20): R679. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12401179&dopt=Abstract

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QEEG assisted neuropsychological evaluation of autism. Author(s): Harrison DW, Demaree HA, Shenal BV, Everhart DE. Source: The International Journal of Neuroscience. 1998 February; 93(1-2): 133-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9604175&dopt=Abstract

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Quantifying dimensions in autism: a factor-analytic study. Author(s): Szatmari P, Merette C, Bryson SE, Thivierge J, Roy MA, Cayer M, Maziade M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002 April; 41(4): 467-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11931604&dopt=Abstract

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Quantifying the phenotype in autism spectrum disorders. Author(s): Lord C, Leventhal BL, Cook EH Jr. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 January 8; 105(1): 36-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11424991&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging in autism: the cerebellar vermis. Author(s): Filipek PA. Source: Current Opinion in Neurology. 1995 April; 8(2): 134-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7620587&dopt=Abstract

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Race differences in the age at diagnosis among medicaid-eligible children with autism. Author(s): Mandell DS, Listerud J, Levy SE, Pinto-Martin JA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002 December; 41(12): 1447-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12447031&dopt=Abstract

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Random number generation in autism. Author(s): Williams MA, Moss SA, Bradshaw JL, Rinehart NJ. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 February; 32(1): 43-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11916332&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in children with autism. Author(s): Thirumalai SS, Shubin RA, Robinson R. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2002 March; 17(3): 173-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12026231&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Secretin and autism: a two-part clinical investigation. Author(s): Clark CE. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2001 April; 31(2): 248-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11450825&dopt=Abstract

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Reading the mind in the voice: a study with normal adults and adults with Asperger syndrome and high functioning autism. Author(s): Rutherford MD, Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 June; 32(3): 189-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12108620&dopt=Abstract

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Recall bias, MMR, and autism. Author(s): Andrews N, Miller E, Taylor B, Lingam R, Simmons A, Stowe J, Waight P. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2002 December; 87(6): 493-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12456546&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced thalamic volume in high-functioning individuals with autism. Author(s): Tsatsanis KD, Rourke BP, Klin A, Volkmar FR, Cicchetti D, Schultz RT. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2003 January 15; 53(2): 121-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12547467&dopt=Abstract

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Reducing disruptive behavior of a group-home resident with autism and mental retardation. Author(s): Reese RM, Sherman JA, Sheldon JB. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1998 April; 28(2): 159-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9586778&dopt=Abstract

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Reelin gene alleles and susceptibility to autism spectrum disorders. Author(s): Zhang H, Liu X, Zhang C, Mundo E, Macciardi F, Grayson DR, Guidotti AR, Holden JJ. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7(9): 1012-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12399956&dopt=Abstract

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Reelin mutations in mouse and man: from reeler mouse to schizophrenia, mood disorders, autism and lissencephaly. Author(s): Fatemi SH. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2001 March; 6(2): 129-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11317213&dopt=Abstract

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Regional brain chemical alterations in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Author(s): Friedman SD, Shaw DW, Artru AA, Richards TL, Gardner J, Dawson G, Posse S, Dager SR. Source: Neurology. 2003 January 14; 60(1): 100-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12525726&dopt=Abstract

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Regional meta-analysis of published data supports linkage of autism with markers on chromosome 7. Author(s): Badner JA, Gershon ES. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7(1): 56-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11803446&dopt=Abstract

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Relation of childhood gastrointestinal disorders to autism: nested case-control study using data from the UK General Practice Research Database. Author(s): Black C, Kaye JA, Jick H. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 August 24; 325(7361): 419-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12193358&dopt=Abstract

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Relation of the childhood autism rating scale-parent version to diagnosis, stress, and age. Author(s): Tobing LE, Glenwick DS. Source: Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2002 May-June; 23(3): 211-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12102589&dopt=Abstract

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Repeated doses of porcine secretin in the treatment of autism: a randomized, placebocontrolled trial. Author(s): Roberts W, Weaver L, Brian J, Bryson S, Emelianova S, Griffiths AM, MacKinnon B, Yim C, Wolpin J, Koren G. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 May; 107(5): E71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11331721&dopt=Abstract

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Research in brief: what do medical students know about autism? Author(s): Shah K. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2001 June; 5(2): 12733. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11706861&dopt=Abstract

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Research into early intervention for children with autism and related disorders: methodological and design issues. Report on a workshop funded by the Wellcome Trust, Institute of Child Health, London, UK, November 2001. Author(s): Charman T, Howlin P, Aldred C, Baird G, Degli Espinosa F, Diggle T, Kovshoff H, Law J, Le Couteur A, MacNiven J, Magiati I, Martin N, McConachie H, Peacock S, Pickles A, Randle V, Slonims V, Wolke D. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2003 June; 7(2): 21725. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12846389&dopt=Abstract

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Research strategies in autism: a story with two sides. Author(s): Caviness VS. Source: Current Opinion in Neurology. 2001 April; 14(2): 141-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11262726&dopt=Abstract

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Review article: the concept of entero-colonic encephalopathy, autism and opioid receptor ligands. Author(s): Wakefield AJ, Puleston JM, Montgomery SM, Anthony A, O'Leary JJ, Murch SH. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 April; 16(4): 663-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11929383&dopt=Abstract

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Risperidone improves behavior in children with autism. Author(s): Caicedo C, Williams SH. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2002 November; 51(11): 915. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12485538&dopt=Abstract

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Risperidone in children with autism and serious behavioral problems. Author(s): Munarriz R, Bennett L, Goldstein I. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 December 5; 347(23): 1890-1; Author Reply 1890-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12472072&dopt=Abstract

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Risperidone in children with autism and serious behavioral problems. Author(s): Valiquette G. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 December 5; 347(23): 1890-1; Author Reply 1890-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12472071&dopt=Abstract

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Risperidone in children with autism and serious behavioral problems. Author(s): Sandler L. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 December 5; 347(23): 1890-1; Author Reply 1890-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12466518&dopt=Abstract

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Risperidone in children with autism and serious behavioral problems. Author(s): McCracken JT, McGough J, Shah B, Cronin P, Hong D, Aman MG, Arnold LE, Lindsay R, Nash P, Hollway J, McDougle CJ, Posey D, Swiezy N, Kohn A, Scahill L, Martin A, Koenig K, Volkmar F, Carroll D, Lancor A, Tierney E, Ghuman J, Gonzalez NM, Grados M, Vitiello B, Ritz L, Davies M, Robinson J, McMahon D; Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Autism Network. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 August 1; 347(5): 314-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12151468&dopt=Abstract

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Risperidone treatment in children and adolescents with autism: short- and long-term safety and effectiveness. Author(s): Malone RP, Maislin G, Choudhury MS, Gifford C, Delaney MA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002 February; 41(2): 140-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11837403&dopt=Abstract

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Risperidone: a potential treatment for autism. Author(s): Posey DJ, McDougle CJ. Source: Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2002 August; 3(8): 1212-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12211417&dopt=Abstract

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Role of altered brain serotonin mechanisms in autism. Author(s): Chugani DC. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7 Suppl 2: S16-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12142936&dopt=Abstract

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Role of the serotonin transporter gene in the behavioral expression of autism. Author(s): Tordjman S, Gutknecht L, Carlier M, Spitz E, Antoine C, Slama F, Carsalade V, Cohen DJ, Ferrari P, Roubertoux PL, Anderson GM. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2001 July; 6(4): 434-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11443529&dopt=Abstract

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Routine cytogenetic and FISH studies for 17p11/15q11 duplications and subtelomeric rearrangement studies in children with autism spectrum disorders. Author(s): Keller K, Williams C, Wharton P, Paulk M, Bent-Williams A, Gray B, Ward A, Stalker H, Wallace M, Carter R, Zori R. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2003 March 1; 117A(2): 105-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12567405&dopt=Abstract

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Scottish expert group finds no link between MMR and autism. Author(s): Christie B. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 May 11; 324(7346): 1118. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12008724&dopt=Abstract

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Screening young children for autism and other social-communication disorders. Author(s): Blackwell PB. Source: J Ky Med Assoc. 2002 September; 100(9): 390-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12357915&dopt=Abstract

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Screening young children for autism. Author(s): Tanguay PE. Source: J Ky Med Assoc. 2002 November; 100(11): 506. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12455459&dopt=Abstract

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Screening young people for autism with the developmental behavior checklist. Author(s): Brereton AV, Tonge BJ, Mackinnon AJ, Einfeld SL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002 November; 41(11): 1369-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410080&dopt=Abstract

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Secretin and sleep in children with autism. Author(s): Honomichl RD, Goodlin-Jones BL, Burnham MM, Hansen RL, Anders TF. Source: Child Psychiatry and Human Development. 2002 Winter; 33(2): 107-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12462350&dopt=Abstract

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Secretin for the treatment of autism. Author(s): McQueen JM, Heck AM. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2002 February; 36(2): 305-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11847953&dopt=Abstract

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Sensitivity and specificity of the autism diagnostic inventory-telephone screening in Spanish. Author(s): Vrancic D, Nanclares V, Soares D, Kulesz A, Mordzinski C, Plebst C, Starkstein S. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 August; 32(4): 313-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12199136&dopt=Abstract

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Serotonin transporter promoter variants in autism: functional effects and relationship to platelet hyperserotonemia. Author(s): Anderson GM, Gutknecht L, Cohen DJ, Brailly-Tabard S, Cohen JH, Ferrari P, Roubertoux PL, Tordjman S. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7(8): 831-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12232775&dopt=Abstract

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Service evaluation of an autism diagnostic clinic for children. Author(s): Kerrell H. Source: Nurs Stand. 2001 June 6-12; 15(38): 33-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12205772&dopt=Abstract

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Shape constancy in autism: the role of prior knowledge and perspective cues. Author(s): Ropar D, Mitchell P. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2002 July; 43(5): 647-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12120860&dopt=Abstract

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Sharing humour and laughter in autism and Down's syndrome. Author(s): Reddy V, Williams E, Vaughan A. Source: The British Journal of Psychology. 2002 May; 93(Pt 2): 219-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12031149&dopt=Abstract

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Shifting attention and joint attention dissociation in Williams syndrome: implications for the cerebellum and social deficits in autism. Author(s): Lincoln A, Lai Z, Jones W. Source: Neurocase : Case Studies in Neuropsychology, Neuropsychiatry, and Behavioural Neurology. 2002; 8(3): 226-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12119319&dopt=Abstract

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Small intestinal enteropathy with epithelial IgG and complement deposition in children with regressive autism. Author(s): Torrente F, Ashwood P, Day R, Machado N, Furlano RI, Anthony A, Davies SE, Wakefield AJ, Thomson MA, Walker-Smith JA, Murch SH. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7(4): 375-82, 334. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11986981&dopt=Abstract

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Social and cardiac responses of young children with autism. Author(s): Sigman M, Dissanayake C, Corona R, Espinosa M. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2003 June; 7(2): 20516. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12846388&dopt=Abstract

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Social interactions of children with autism in father-child and mother-child play sessions. Author(s): Elder JH, Valcante G, Groce S, Yarandi H, Carlton MS. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 2002 November-December; 28(6): 573-8, 581. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12593342&dopt=Abstract

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Social interest and the development of cortical face specialization: what autism teaches us about face processing. Author(s): Grelotti DJ, Gauthier I, Schultz RT. Source: Developmental Psychobiology. 2002 April; 40(3): 213-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11891634&dopt=Abstract

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Social skills interventions for the autism spectrum: essential ingredients and a model curriculum. Author(s): Krasny L, Williams BJ, Provencal S, Ozonoff S. Source: Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2003 January; 12(1): 107-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12512401&dopt=Abstract

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Social timing, clock genes and autism: a new hypothesis. Author(s): Wimpory D, Nicholas B, Nash S. Source: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research : Jidr. 2002 May; 46(Pt 4): 352-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12000587&dopt=Abstract

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Social understanding in autism: eye gaze as a measure of core insights. Author(s): Ruffman T, Garnham W, Rideout P. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2001 November; 42(8): 1083-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11806690&dopt=Abstract

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Sodium channels SCN1A, SCN2A and SCN3A in familial autism. Author(s): Weiss LA, Escayg A, Kearney JA, Trudeau M, MacDonald BT, Mori M, Reichert J, Buxbaum JD, Meisler MH. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2003 February; 8(2): 186-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12610651&dopt=Abstract

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Spatial reversal as a measure of executive functioning in children with autism. Author(s): Coldren JT, Halloran C. Source: The Journal of Genetic Psychology; Child Behavior, Animal Behavior, and Comparative Psychology. 2003 March; 164(1): 29-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12693742&dopt=Abstract

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Specificity of cerebellar vermian abnormalities in autism: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Author(s): Kaufmann WE, Cooper KL, Mostofsky SH, Capone GT, Kates WR, Newschaffer CJ, Bukelis I, Stump MH, Jann AE, Lanham DC. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2003 July; 18(7): 463-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12940651&dopt=Abstract

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Speech-sound-selective auditory impairment in children with autism: they can perceive but do not attend. Author(s): Ceponiene R, Lepisto T, Shestakova A, Vanhala R, Alku P, Naatanen R, Yaguchi K. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003 April 29; 100(9): 5567-72. Epub 2003 Apr 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12702776&dopt=Abstract

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Strategies for pharmacologic treatment of high functioning autism and Asperger syndrome. Author(s): Towbin KE. Source: Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2003 January; 12(1): 23-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12512397&dopt=Abstract

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Structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging of autism. Author(s): Cody H, Pelphrey K, Piven J. Source: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience. 2002 June-August; 20(3-5): 42138. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12175882&dopt=Abstract

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Supporting families of preschool children with autism: what parents want and what helps. Author(s): Whitaker P. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2002 December; 6(4): 411-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12540131&dopt=Abstract

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Supratentorial tuber location and autism in tuberous sclerosis complex. Author(s): Walz NC, Byars AW, Egelhoff JC, Franz DN. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2002 November; 17(11): 830-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12585723&dopt=Abstract

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Symptom domains in autism and related conditions: evidence for familiality. Author(s): Silverman JM, Smith CJ, Schmeidler J, Hollander E, Lawlor BA, Fitzgerald M, Buxbaum JD, Delaney K, Galvin P; Autism Genetic Research Exchange Consortium. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 January 8; 114(1): 64-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11840508&dopt=Abstract

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Targeted treatments for symptom domains in child and adolescent autism. Author(s): Hollander E, Phillips AT, Yeh CC. Source: Lancet. 2003 August 30; 362(9385): 732-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12957098&dopt=Abstract

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The autism “epidemic”: impressions from the perspective of immunization safety review. Author(s): McCormick MC. Source: Ambulatory Pediatrics : the Official Journal of the Ambulatory Pediatric Association. 2003 May-June; 3(3): 119-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12708887&dopt=Abstract

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The causes of autism spectrum disorders. Author(s): Szatmari P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 January 25; 326(7382): 173-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12543815&dopt=Abstract

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The communicative use of pointing in autism: developmental profile and factors related to change. Author(s): Camaioni L, Perucchini P, Muratori F, Parrini B, Cesari A. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2003 February; 18(1): 6-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12648889&dopt=Abstract

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The development and maintenance of friendship in high-functioning children with autism: maternal perceptions. Author(s): Bauminger N, Shulman C. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2003 March; 7(1): 8197. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12638766&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of differential and lag reinforcement schedules on varied verbal responding by individuals with autism. Author(s): Lee R, McComas JJ, Jawor J. Source: J Appl Behav Anal. 2002 Winter; 35(4): 391-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12555910&dopt=Abstract

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The ethics of autism: what's wrong with the dominant paradigms and how to fix them. Author(s): Beals KP. Source: Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews. 2003; 9(1): 32-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12587136&dopt=Abstract

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The impact of the legal system on educational programming for young children with autism spectrum disorder. Author(s): Mandlawitz MR. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 October; 32(5): 495-508. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463522&dopt=Abstract

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The metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 gene at 7q31: partial duplication and possible association with autism. Author(s): Serajee FJ, Zhong H, Nabi R, Huq AH. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 2003 April; 40(4): E42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12676915&dopt=Abstract

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The neurobeachin gene is disrupted by a translocation in a patient with idiopathic autism. Author(s): Castermans D, Wilquet V, Parthoens E, Huysmans C, Steyaert J, Swinnen L, Fryns JP, Van de Ven W, Devriendt K. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 2003 May; 40(5): 352-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12746398&dopt=Abstract

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The neurobiology of autism: new pieces of the puzzle. Author(s): Acosta MT, Pearl PL. Source: Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2003 March; 3(2): 149-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12583844&dopt=Abstract

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The Parent Interview for Autism-Clinical Version (PIA-CV): a measure of behavioral change for young children with autism. Author(s): Stone WL, Coonrod EE, Pozdol SL, Turner LM. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2003 March; 7(1): 930. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12638762&dopt=Abstract

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The pathogenesis of autism: insights from congenital blindness. Author(s): Hobson RP, Bishop M. Source: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 2003 February 28; 358(1430): 335-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639331&dopt=Abstract

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The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders. Recent evidence and future challenges. Author(s): Charman T. Source: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002 December; 11(6): 249-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12541002&dopt=Abstract

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The prevalence of autism. Author(s): Fombonne E. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 January 1; 289(1): 87-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503982&dopt=Abstract

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The reach-to-grasp movement in children with autism spectrum disorder. Author(s): Mari M, Castiello U, Marks D, Marraffa C, Prior M. Source: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 2003 February 28; 358(1430): 393-403. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639336&dopt=Abstract

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The relation between general cognitive level and adaptive behavior domains in individuals with autism with and without co-morbid mental retardation. Author(s): Bolte S, Poustka F. Source: Child Psychiatry and Human Development. 2002 Winter; 33(2): 165-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12462353&dopt=Abstract

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The role of cellular secretion in autism spectrum disorders: a unifying hypothesis. Author(s): Bolte ER. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2003 January; 60(1): 119-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12450778&dopt=Abstract

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The role of the fusiform face area in social cognition: implications for the pathobiology of autism. Author(s): Schultz RT, Grelotti DJ, Klin A, Kleinman J, Van der Gaag C, Marois R, Skudlarski P. Source: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 2003 February 28; 358(1430): 415-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639338&dopt=Abstract

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The Son-Rise Program intervention for autism: an investigation into family experiences. Author(s): Williams KR, Wishart JG. Source: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research : Jidr. 2003 May-June; 47(Pt 4-5): 291-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12787161&dopt=Abstract

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The systemizing quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Author(s): Baron-Cohen S, Richler J, Bisarya D, Gurunathan N, Wheelwright S. Source: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 2003 February 28; 358(1430): 361-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639333&dopt=Abstract

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Thimerosal and autism? Author(s): Nelson KB, Bauman ML. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 March; 111(3): 674-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12612255&dopt=Abstract

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Thimerosal and the occurrence of autism: negative ecological evidence from Danish population-based data. Author(s): Madsen KM, Lauritsen MB, Pedersen CB, Thorsen P, Plesner AM, Andersen PH, Mortensen PB. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 September; 112(3 Pt 1): 604-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12949291&dopt=Abstract

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Thought-bubbles help children with autism acquire an alternative to a theory of mind. Author(s): Wellman HM, Baron-Cohen S, Caswell R, Gomez JC, Swettenham J, Toye E, Lagattuta K. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2002 December; 6(4): 343-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12540127&dopt=Abstract

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Tourette syndrome and prognosis in autism. Author(s): Kerbeshian J, Larry B. Source: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003 April; 12(2): 103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12747386&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of aggression in children and adolescents with autism and conduct disorder. Author(s): McDougle CJ, Stigler KA, Posey DJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003; 64 Suppl 4: 16-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672261&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of late onset autism as a consequence of probable autommune processes related to chronic bacterial infection. Author(s): Matarazzo EB. Source: World J Biol Psychiatry. 2002 July; 3(3): 162-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12478882&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of sleep problems in a 5-year-old boy with autism using behavioural principles. Author(s): Weiskop S, Matthews J, Richdale A. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2001 June; 5(2): 20921. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11706867&dopt=Abstract

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Uncertainties in aetiology and treatment of infantile autism--assumptions and evidence. Author(s): Kotsopoulos S. Source: Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy. 2000; 3(2): 175-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11079346&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding and listening to people with autism. Author(s): Aylott J. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 2001 February 8-21; 10(3): 166-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12170661&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding atypical emotions among children with autism. Author(s): Rieffe C, Meerum Terwogt M, Stockmann L. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2000 June; 30(3): 195-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11055456&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding autism. Author(s): Cowley G. Source: Newsweek. 2000 July 31; 136(5): 46-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11009739&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding autism: does anyone read new medical journals? Author(s): Gordon AG. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 1999 September; 24(4): 352-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10516805&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding autism--a work in progress. Author(s): Tanguay PE. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 1999 March; 24(2): 95-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10212550&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding children with autism: exploding the myths. Author(s): Aylott J. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 2000 June 22-July 12; 9(12): 779-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11235299&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding embarrassment among those with autism: breaking down the complex emotion of embarrassment among those with autism. Author(s): Hillier A, Allinson L. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 December; 32(6): 583-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12553594&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding of others' intentions in children with autism. Author(s): Carpenter M, Pennington BF, Rogers SJ. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2001 December; 31(6): 589-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11814270&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding the continuum of discrete-trial traditional behavioral to socialpragmatic developmental approaches in communication enhancement for young children with autism/PDD. Author(s): Prizant BM, Wetherby AM. Source: Seminars in Speech and Language. 1998; 19(4): 329-52; Quiz 353; 424. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9857391&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary levels of neopterin and biopterin in autism. Author(s): Messahel S, Pheasant AE, Pall H, Ahmed-Choudhury J, Sungum-Paliwal RS, Vostanis P. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 1998 January 23; 241(1): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9502205&dopt=Abstract

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US expert group rejects link between MMR and autism. Author(s): Ashraf H. Source: Lancet. 2001 April 28; 357(9265): 1341. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11343745&dopt=Abstract

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US report finds no link between MMR and autism. Author(s): Marwick C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 May 5; 322(7294): 1083. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11337432&dopt=Abstract

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Use of a GABA-transaminase agonist for treatment of infantile autism. Author(s): Cohen BI. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2002 July; 59(1): 115-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12160695&dopt=Abstract

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Use of fluoxetine for obsessive-compulsive behavior in adults with autism. Author(s): Koshes RJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997 April; 154(4): 578. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9090351&dopt=Abstract

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Use of secretin in the treatment of childhood autism. Author(s): Kaminska B, Czaja M, Kozielska E, Mazur E, Korzon M. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2002 January; 8(1): Ra22-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11782669&dopt=Abstract

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Using objects of obsession as token reinforcers for children with autism. Author(s): Charlop-Christy MH, Haymes LK. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1998 June; 28(3): 189-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9656130&dopt=Abstract

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Using obsessions as reinforcers with and without mild reductive procedures to decrease inappropriate behaviors of children with autism. Author(s): Charlop-Christy MH, Haymes LK. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1996 October; 26(5): 527-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8906454&dopt=Abstract

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Using participant observation to study the meaning of occupations of young children with autism and other developmental disabilities. Author(s): Spitzer SL. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 2003 January-February; 57(1): 66-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12549892&dopt=Abstract

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Using tests of false belief with children with autism: how valid and reliable are they? Author(s): Grant CM, Grayson A, Boucher J. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2001 June; 5(2): 13545. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11706862&dopt=Abstract

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Using the picture exchange communication system (PECS) with children with autism: assessment of PECS acquisition, speech, social-communicative behavior, and problem behavior. Author(s): Charlop-Christy MH, Carpenter M, Le L, LeBlanc LA, Kellet K. Source: J Appl Behav Anal. 2002 Fall; 35(3): 213-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12365736&dopt=Abstract

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Utility of the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale in research and clinical populations. Author(s): South M, Williams BJ, McMahon WM, Owley T, Filipek PA, Shernoff E, Corsello C, Lainhart JE, Landa R, Ozonoff S. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 December; 32(6): 593-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12553595&dopt=Abstract

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Vaccines and autism. Author(s): DeStefano F. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 September; 20(9): 887-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11734770&dopt=Abstract

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Vaccines, Crohn's disease and autism. Author(s): Afzal MA, Minor PD. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7 Suppl 2: S49-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12142950&dopt=Abstract

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Validity of the Autism/Pervasive Developmental Disorder subscale of the Diagnostic Assessment for the Severely Handicapped-II. Author(s): Matson JL, Smiroldo BB, Hastings TL. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1998 February; 28(1): 77-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9546305&dopt=Abstract

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Value of a clinical morphology examination in autism. Author(s): Miles JH, Hillman RE. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000 April 10; 91(4): 245-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10766977&dopt=Abstract

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Variable expression of mental retardation, autism, seizures, and dystonic hand movements in two families with an identical ARX gene mutation. Author(s): Turner G, Partington M, Kerr B, Mangelsdorf M, Gecz J. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 November 1; 112(4): 405-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12376946&dopt=Abstract

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Variable expression of the autism broader phenotype: findings from extended pedigrees. Author(s): Pickles A, Starr E, Kazak S, Bolton P, Papanikolaou K, Bailey A, Goodman R, Rutter M. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2000 May; 41(4): 491-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10836679&dopt=Abstract

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Variables related to differences in standardized test outcomes for children with autism. Author(s): Koegel LK, Koegel RL, Smith A. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1997 June; 27(3): 233-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9229256&dopt=Abstract

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Varieties of repetitive behavior in autism: comparisons to mental retardation. Author(s): Bodfish JW, Symons FJ, Parker DE, Lewis MH. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2000 June; 30(3): 237-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11055459&dopt=Abstract

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Venlafaxine and increased aggression in a female with autism. Author(s): Marshall BL, Napolitano DA, McAdam DB, Dunleavy III JJ, Tessing JL, Varrell J. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003 April; 42(4): 383-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12649624&dopt=Abstract

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Venlafaxine in children, adolescents, and young adults with autism spectrum disorders: an open retrospective clinical report. Author(s): Hollander E, Kaplan A, Cartwright C, Reichman D. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2000 February; 15(2): 132-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10695900&dopt=Abstract

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Verbal association for simple common words in high-functioning autism. Author(s): Toichi M, Kamio Y. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2001 October; 31(5): 483-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11794413&dopt=Abstract

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Virtual reality for autism communication and education, with lessons for medical training simulators. Author(s): Max ML, Burke JC. Source: Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. 1997; 39: 46-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10184722&dopt=Abstract

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Virtual reality for the treatment of autism. Author(s): Strickland D. Source: Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. 1997; 44: 81-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10184809&dopt=Abstract

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Visual attention abnormalities in autism: delayed orienting to location. Author(s): Townsend J, Harris NS, Courchesne E. Source: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : Jins. 1996 November; 2(6): 541-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9375158&dopt=Abstract

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Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism. Author(s): Klin A, Jones W, Schultz R, Volkmar F, Cohen D. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2002 September; 59(9): 809-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12215080&dopt=Abstract

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Visual pedagogy in dentistry for children with autism. Author(s): Backman B, Pilebro C. Source: Asdc J Dent Child. 1999 September-October; 66(5): 325-31, 294. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10631888&dopt=Abstract

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Visual recognition of biological motion is impaired in children with autism. Author(s): Blake R, Turner LM, Smoski MJ, Pozdol SL, Stone WL. Source: Psychological Science : a Journal of the American Psychological Society / Aps. 2003 March; 14(2): 151-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12661677&dopt=Abstract

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Visual scanning of faces in autism. Author(s): Pelphrey KA, Sasson NJ, Reznick JS, Paul G, Goldman BD, Piven J. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 August; 32(4): 249-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12199131&dopt=Abstract

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Visual-spatial orienting in autism. Author(s): Wainwright JA, Bryson SE. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1996 August; 26(4): 423-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8863093&dopt=Abstract

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Voice processing abilities in children with autism, children with specific language impairments, and young typically developing children. Author(s): Boucher J, Lewis V, Collis GM. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2000 October; 41(7): 847-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11079427&dopt=Abstract

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Volumetric MRI in autism: can high-tech craniometry provide neurobiological insights? Author(s): Mink JW, McKinstry RC. Source: Neurology. 2002 July 23; 59(2): 158-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12136049&dopt=Abstract

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Wechsler IQ profiles in diagnosis of high-functioning autism. Author(s): Siegel DJ, Minshew NJ, Goldstein G. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1996 August; 26(4): 389-406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8863091&dopt=Abstract

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Weight gain in a controlled study of risperidone in children, adolescents and adults with mental retardation and autism. Author(s): Hellings JA, Zarcone JR, Crandall K, Wallace D, Schroeder SR. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2001 Fall; 11(3): 229-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11642473&dopt=Abstract

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What are neuropeptides and neurotrophins and why are they important in autism? Author(s): Minshew N. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2001 October; 31(5): 517. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11794417&dopt=Abstract

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What do executive factors contribute to the failure on false belief tasks by children with autism? Author(s): Russell J, Saltmarsh R, Hill E. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 1999 September; 40(6): 859-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10509881&dopt=Abstract

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What is Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, how is it different from autism, and what is believed to be its cause? Author(s): Dawson G. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2000 April; 30(2): 177. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10832784&dopt=Abstract

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What is melatonin? Is it a useful treatment for sleep problems in autism? Author(s): Lord C. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1998 August; 28(4): 345-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9711493&dopt=Abstract

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What to measure in autism drug trials. Author(s): Roseman B, Schneider E, Crimmins D, Bostwick H, Visintainer P, Jaskow PA, Accardo P. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2001 June; 31(3): 361-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11518490&dopt=Abstract

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Why is joint attention a pivotal skill in autism? Author(s): Charman T. Source: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 2003 February 28; 358(1430): 315-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639329&dopt=Abstract

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Why no advice on autism. Author(s): Comm M. Source: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 1999 February; 37(2): 6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10023598&dopt=Abstract

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Working memory in children with autism and with moderate learning difficulties. Author(s): Russell J, Jarrold C, Henry L. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 1996 September; 37(6): 673-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8894948&dopt=Abstract

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X chromosome and infantile autism. Author(s): Petit E, Herault J, Raynaud M, Cherpi C, Perrot A, Barthelemy C, Lelord G, Muh JP. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1996 September 15; 40(6): 457-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8879465&dopt=Abstract

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Xeroderma pigmentosum group C splice mutation associated with autism and hypoglycinemia. Author(s): Khan SG, Levy HL, Legerski R, Quackenbush E, Reardon JT, Emmert S, Sancar A, Li L, Schneider TD, Cleaver JE, Kraemer KH. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1998 November; 111(5): 791-6. Erratum In: J Invest Dermatol 1999 March; 112(3): 402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9804340&dopt=Abstract

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Xp deletions associated with autism in three females. Author(s): Thomas NS, Sharp AJ, Browne CE, Skuse D, Hardie C, Dennis NR. Source: Human Genetics. 1999 January; 104(1): 43-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10071191&dopt=Abstract

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Zebras in the living room: the changing faces of autism. Author(s): Accardo P, Bostwick H. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1999 November; 135(5): 533-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10547235&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND AUTISM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and autism.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Autism The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “autism” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

158 Autism

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “autism” (or a synonym): ·

A balanced approach towards healthy eating in autism. Author(s): Senior Community Dietitian, Community Health Services, NHS Trust, Southern Derbyshire, Wilderslowe, 121 Osmaston Road, Derby DE1 2GA (United Kingdom) Source: Cornish, E. Journal-of-Human-Nutrition-and-Dietetics (United Kingdom). (1998). volume 11(6) page 501-509. children mankind vitamins nutritional status body measurements nutrients trace elements mineral nutrients feeding habits nervous system diseases diet ascorbic acid iron vitamin d nicotinamide riboflavin pyridoxine calcium zinc Summary: enfant genre humain vitamine etat nutritionnel mensuration corporelle substance nutritive oligoelement substance nutritive minerale comportement alimentaire trouble du systeme nerveux regime alimentaire acide ascorbique fer vitamine d nicotinamide riboflavine pyridoxine calcium zinc

Additional physician-oriented references include: ·

A 15-year follow-up of a boy with pyridoxine (vitamin B6)-dependent seizures with autism, breath holding, and severe mental retardation. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, USA. [email protected] Source: Burd, L Stenehjem, A Franceschini, L A Kerbeshian, J J-Child-Neurol. 2000 November; 15(11): 763-5 0883-0738

·

A case report of naltrexone treatment of self-injury and social withdrawal in autism. Author(s): Brown University Program in Medicine, Emma Pendleton Bradley Hospital, East Providence, Rhode Island 02915. Source: Walters, A S Barrett, R P Feinstein, C Mercurio, A Hole, W T J-Autism-DevDisord. 1990 June; 20(2): 169-76 0162-3257

·

A controlled trial with ORG 2766, an ACTH-(4-9) analog, in 50 relatively able children with autism. Author(s): Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Utrecht, Netherlands. Source: Buitelaar, J K Dekker, M E van Ree, J M van Engeland, H EurNeuropsychopharmacol. 1996 March; 6(1): 13-9 0924-977X

·

A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study investigating the effect of porcine secretin in children with autism. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Source: Corbett, B Khan, K Czapansky Beilman, D Brady, N Dropik, P Goldman, D Z Delaney, K Sharp, H Mueller, I Shapiro, E Ziegler, R Clin-Pediatr-(Phila). 2001 June; 40(6): 327-31 0009-9228

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A novel biochemical model linking dysfunctions in brain melatonin, proopiomelanocortin peptides, and serotonin in autism. Author(s): Brain Research Center, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20010. Source: Chamberlain, R S Herman, B H Biol-Psychiatry. 1990 November 1; 28(9): 773-93 0006-3223

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A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of single-dose intravenous secretin as treatment for children with autism. Author(s): Division of Developmental Pediatrics, The Marcus Institute at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Source: Coniglio, S J Lewis, J D Lang, C Burns, T G Subhani Siddique, R Weintraub, A Schub, H Holden, E W J-Pediatr. 2001 May; 138(5): 649-55 0022-3476

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Amisulpride versus bromocriptine in infantile autism: a controlled crossover comparative study of two drugs with opposite effects on dopaminergic function. Author(s): University of Rouen, Department of Psychiatry. Source: Dollfus, S Petit, M Menard, J F Lesieur, P J-Autism-Dev-Disord. 1992 March; 22(1): 47-60 0162-3257

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An assessment of food acceptance in children with autism or pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified. Author(s): The New England Center for Children, Southboro, MA 01772-2108, USA. [email protected] Source: Ahearn, W H Castine, T Nault, K Green, G J-Autism-Dev-Disord. 2001 October; 31(5): 505-11 0162-3257

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An enzyme/brain-barrier theory of psychiatric pathogenesis: unifying observations on phenylketonuria, autism, schizophrenia and postpartum psychosis. Author(s): Department of General Practice, University of Oslo, Blindern, Norway. Source: Seim, A R Reichelt, K L Med-Hypotheses. 1995 November; 45(5): 498-502 03069877

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An open trial of divalproex sodium in autism spectrum disorders. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry and Seaver Autism Research Center, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA. [email protected] Source: Hollander, E Dolgoff Kaspar, R Cartwright, C Rawitt, R Novotny, S J-ClinPsychiatry. 2001 July; 62(7): 530-4 0160-6689

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Anterior insular cortex: linking intestinal pathology and brain function in autismspectrum subgroups. Author(s): Institute for Molecular Introspections, Estes Park, Colorado 80517, USA. [email protected] Source: Binstock, T Med-Hypotheses. 2001 December; 57(6): 714-7 0306-9877

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Antibodies to neuron-specific antigens in children with autism: possible crossreaction with encephalitogenic proteins from milk, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Streptococcus group A. Author(s): Section of Neuroimmunology, Immunosciences Laboratory, Inc., 8693 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 200, Beverly Hills, CA 90211, USA. [email protected] Source: Vojdani, A Campbell, A W Anyanwu, E Kashanian, A Bock, K Vojdani, E JNeuroimmunol. 2002 August; 129(1-2): 168-77 0165-5728

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Application of genomeceuticals to the molecular and immunological aspects of autism. Author(s): MAK Wood Inc., Thiensville, Wisconsin 53024, USA. [email protected] Source: Brudnak, M A Med-Hypotheses. 2001 August; 57(2): 186-91 0306-9877

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Auditory integration training and facilitated communication for autism. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Children with Disabilities. Source: Anonymous Pediatrics. 1998 August; 102(2 Pt 1): 431-3 0031-4005

160 Autism

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Autism in tuberous sclerosis complex is related to both cortical and subcortical dysfunction. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit 48201, USA. Source: Asano, E Chugani, D C Muzik, O Behen, M Janisse, J Rothermel, R Mangner, T J Chakraborty, P K Chugani, H T Neurology. 2001 October 9; 57(7): 1269-77 0028-3878

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Autism, an extreme challenge to integrative medicine. Part 2: medical management. Source: Kidd, P M Altern-Med-Revolume 2002 December; 7(6): 472-99 1089-5159

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Brain opioids and autism: an updated analysis of possible linkages. Source: Sahley, T L Panksepp, J J-Autism-Dev-Disord. 1987 June; 17(2): 201-16 0162-3257

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Can the pathophysiology of autism be explained by the nature of the discovered urine peptides? Author(s): Institute of Pediatric Research, Univ of Oslo, Rikshospitalet, N-0027, Oslo, Norway. [email protected] Source: Reichelt, K L Knivsberg, A M Nutr-Neurosci. 2003 February; 6(1): 19-28 1028415X

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Clinical effects of naltrexone on autistic behavior. Author(s): Sonoma Developmental Center, Eldridge, CA 95431. Source: Zingarelli, G Ellman, G Hom, A Wymore, M Heidorn, S Chicz DeMet, A Am-JMent-Retard. 1992 July; 97(1): 57-63 0895-8017

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Combined vitamin B6-magnesium treatment in autism spectrum disorder. Author(s): UCF Center for Autism & Related Disabilities, 12001 Science Dr, Suite 145, Orlando, Florida 32826, USA. [email protected] Source: Nye, C Brice, A Cochrane-Database-Syst-Revolume 2002; (4): CD003497 1469493X

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Comments on “Secretin and autism: a two-part clinical investigation” by M.G. Chez et al. Source: Rimland, B J-Autism-Dev-Disord. 2000 April; 30(2): 95; discussion 97-8 01623257

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Controversies in the treatment of autistic children: vitamin and drug therapy. Author(s): Institute for Child Behavior Research, San Diego, CA 92116. Source: Rimland, B J-Child-Neurol. 1988; 3 SupplS68-72 0883-0738

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Deficits in social behavior in autism and their modification by a synthetic adrenocorticotrophic hormone (4-9) analog. Author(s): Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Utrecht University Hospital, The Netherlands. Source: Buitelaar, J K van Engeland, H de Kogel, C H de Vries, H van Hooff, J A van Ree, J M Experientia. 1992 April 15; 48(4): 391-4 0014-4754

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Diet in autism and associated disorders. Author(s): Royal Free Hospital, London. Source: Garvey, J J-Fam-Health-Care. 2002; 12(2): 34-8 1474-9114

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Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of secretin: effects on aberrant behavior in children with autism. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43608, USA. [email protected] Source: Carey, T Ratliff Schaub, K Funk, J Weinle, C Myers, M Jenks, J J-Autism-DevDisord. 2002 June; 32(3): 161-7 0162-3257

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Effectiveness of N,N-dimethylglycine in autism and pervasive developmental disorder. Author(s): Department of Human Development, University of Texas at Dallas, USA. [email protected] Source: Kern, J K Miller, V S Cauller, P L Kendall, P R Mehta, P J Dodd, M J-ChildNeurol. 2001 March; 16(3): 169-73 0883-0738

·

Effects of intravenous secretin on language and behavior of children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms: a single-blinded, open-label pilot study. Author(s): Combined Program in Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Source: Lightdale, J R Hayer, C Duer, A Lind White, C Jenkins, S Siegel, B Elliott, G R Heyman, M B Pediatrics. 2001 November; 108(5): E90 1098-4275

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Efficacy of porcine secretin in children with autism and pervasive developmental disorder. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75390-9101, USA. [email protected] Source: Kern, J K Van Miller, S Evans, P A Trivedi, M H J-Autism-Dev-Disord. 2002 June; 32(3): 153-60 0162-3257

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Enzyme-based therapy for autism spectrum disorders -- is it worth another look? Author(s): Autism Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA. Source: Brudnak, M A Rimland, B Kerry, R E Dailey, M Taylor, R Stayton, B Waickman, F Waickman, M Pangborn, J Buchholz, I Med-Hypotheses. 2002 May; 58(5): 422-8 03069877

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Fetal valproate syndrome and autism: additional evidence of an association. Author(s): University of Louisville Child Evaluation Center, KY 20402-3828, USA. Source: Williams, G King, J Cunningham, M Stephan, M Kerr, B Hersh, J H Dev-MedChild-Neurol. 2001 March; 43(3): 202-6 0012-1622

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Gastrointestinal microflora studies in late-onset autism. Author(s): Infectious Diseases Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Los Angeles, CA, USA. [email protected] Source: Finegold, Sydney M Molitoris, Denise Song, Yuli Liu, Chengxu Vaisanen, Marja Liisa Bolte, Ellen McTeague, Maureen Sandler, Richard Wexler, Hannah Marlowe, Elizabeth M Collins, Matthew D Lawson, Paul A Summanen, Paula Baysallar, Mehmet Tomzynski, Thomas J Read, Erik Johnson, Eric Rolfe, Rial Nasir, Palwasha Shah, Haroun Haake, David A Manning, Patricia Kaul, Ajay Clin-Infect-Dis. 2002 September 1; 35(Suppl 1): S6-S16 1537-6591

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Gluten and casein free diets in autism: a study of the effects on food choice and nutrition. Author(s): Community Nutrition Service, South Derbyshire Community Health NHS Trust, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Source: Cornish, E J-Hum-Nutr-Diet. 2002 August; 15(4): 261-9 0952-3871

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Homeopathic Secretin in autism: a clinical pilot study. Author(s): Barton House, Beaminster, Dorset, UK. Source: Robinson, T W Br-Homeopath-J. 2001 April; 90(2): 86-91 0007-0785

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Identification of indolyl-3-acryloylglycine in the urine of people with autism. Author(s): Institute of Pharmacy, Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sunderland, UK. [email protected]

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Source: Anderson, Rosaleen J Bendell, David J Garnett, Ian Groundwater, Paul W Lough, W John Mills, Malcolm J Savery, Dawn Shattock, Paul E G J-Pharm-Pharmacol. 2002 February; 54(2): 295-8 0022-3573 ·

Increased monoamine concentration in the brain and blood of fetal thalidomide- and valproic acid-exposed rat: putative animal models for autism. Author(s): Neurobiology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. Source: Narita, N Kato, M Tazoe, M Miyazaki, K Narita, M Okado, N Pediatr-Res. 2002 October; 52(4): 576-9 0031-3998

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Innate immunity associated with inflammatory responses and cytokine production against common dietary proteins in patients with autism spectrum disorder. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn, USA. Source: Jyonouchi, H Sun, S Itokazu, N Neuropsychobiology. 2002; 46(2): 76-84 0302282X

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Inositol treatment of autism. Author(s): Abarbanel Mental Health Center, Bat Yam, Israel. Source: Levine, J Aviram, A Holan, A Ring, A Barak, Y Belmaker, R H J-Neural-Transm. 1997; 104(2-3): 307-10

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Intelligence patterns among children with high-functioning autism, phenylketonuria, and childhood head injury. Author(s): Department of Psychology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Source: Dennis, M Lockyer, L Lazenby, A L Donnelly, R E Wilkinson, M Schoonheyt, W J-Autism-Dev-Disord. 1999 February; 29(1): 5-17 0162-3257

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Is autism a G-alpha protein defect reversible with natural vitamin A? Author(s): Pediatric and Adolescent Ability Center, Richmond, VA 23226, USA. Source: Megson, M N Med-Hypotheses. 2000 June; 54(6): 979-83 0306-9877

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Is there a basis for novel pharmacotherapy of autism? Author(s): Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA. Source: Hunsinger, D M Nguyen, T Zebraski, S E Raffa, R B Life-Sci. 2000 August 25; 67(14): 1667-82 0024-3205

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Lack of benefit of a single dose of synthetic human secretin in the treatment of autism and pervasive developmental disorder. Author(s): Olson Huff Center for Child Development, Thoms Rehabilitation Hospital, Asheville, NC 28803, USA. [email protected] Source: Sandler, A D Sutton, K A DeWeese, J Girardi, M A Sheppard, V Bodfish, J W NEngl-J-Med. 1999 December 9; 341(24): 1801-6 0028-4793

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Lithium carbonate in the treatment of two patients with infantile autism and atypical bipolar symptomatology. Author(s): Department of Neuroscience, University of North Dakota School of Medicine, Grand Forks. Source: Kerbeshian, J Burd, L Fisher, W J-Clin-Psychopharmacol. 1987 December; 7(6): 401-5 0271-0749

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Lithium responsive manic-like symptoms in two individuals with autism and mental retardation. Source: Steingard, R Biederman, J J-Am-Acad-Child-Adolesc-Psychiatry. 1987 November; 26(6): 932-5 0890-8567

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Metabolic approaches to the treatment of autism spectrum disorders. Author(s): Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, USA.

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Source: Page, T J-Autism-Dev-Disord. 2000 October; 30(5): 463-9 0162-3257 ·

Micronutrient accumulation and depletion in schizophrenia, epilepsy, autism and Parkinson's disease? Author(s): Moses Lake, Washington 98837, USA. Source: Johnson, S Med-Hypotheses. 2001 May; 56(5): 641-5 0306-9877

·

Multisite, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of porcine secretin in autism. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA. [email protected] Source: Owley, T McMahon, W Cook, E H Laulhere, T South, M Mays, L Z Shernoff, E S Lainhart, J Modahl, C B Corsello, C Ozonoff, S Risi, S Lord, C Leventhal, B L Filipek, P A J-Am-Acad-Child-Adolesc-Psychiatry. 2001 November; 40(11): 1293-9 0890-8567

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Naltrexone and communication skills in young children with autism. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Source: Feldman, H M Kolmen, B K Gonzaga, A M J-Am-Acad-Child-AdolescPsychiatry. 1999 May; 38(5): 587-93 0890-8567

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Naltrexone in infantile autism. Source: Campbell, M Adams, P Small, A M Tesch, L M Curren, E L PsychopharmacolBull. 1988; 24(1): 135-9 0048-5764

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Nutritional treatments currently under investigation in autism. Source: Coleman, M. Clin-Nutr. St. Louis, Mo. : C.V. Mosby Company. Sept/October 1989. volume 8 (5) page 210-212. 0733-2327

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Opioid-immune interactions in autism: behavioural and immunological assessment during a double-blind treatment with naltrexone. Author(s): Servizio di Psichiatria, Istituto OASI per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e l'Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina (Enna), Italy. Source: Scifo, R Cioni, M Nicolosi, A Batticane, N Tirolo, C Testa, N Quattropani, M C Morale, M C Gallo, F Marchetti, B Ann-Ist-Super-Sanita. 1996; 32(3): 351-9 0021-2571

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Pharmacotherapeutic management of autism. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Indaiana University School of Medicine, USA. [email protected]. Source: Posey, D J McDougle, C J Expert-Opin-Pharmacother. 2001 April; 2(4): 587-600 1465-6566

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Placebo effects in autism: lessons from secretin. Author(s): Olson Huff Center for Child Development, Thoms Rehabilitation Hospital, Asheville, North Carolina, USA. [email protected] Source: Sandler, A D Bodfish, J W J-Dev-Behav-Pediatr. 2000 October; 21(5): 347-50 0196206X

·

Plasma and urinary levels of biopterin, neopterin, and related pterins and plasma levels of folate in infantile autism. Author(s): Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294. Source: Eto, I Bandy, M D Butterworth, C E J-Autism-Dev-Disord. 1992 June; 22(2): 295308 0162-3257

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Plasma excitatory amino acids in autism. Author(s): Servicio de Medicina Genetica Perinatal, Hospital Chiquinquira, Maracaibo, Venezuela.

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Source: Moreno Fuenmayor, H Borjas, L Arrieta, A Valera, V Socorro Candanoza, L Invest-Clin. 1996 June; 37(2): 113-28 0535-5133 ·

Plasma fatty acid levels in autistic children. Author(s): Laboratoire de Nutrition et Securite Alimentaire, INRA, domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas cedex, France. [email protected] Source: Vancassel, S Durand, G Barthelemy, C Lejeune, B Martineau, J Guilloteau, D Andres, C Chalon, S Prostaglandins-Leukot-Essent-Fatty-Acids. 2001 July; 65(1): 1-7 0952-3278

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Prenatal exposure of rats to valproic acid reproduces the cerebellar anomalies associated with autism. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 14642, Rochester, NY, USA. Source: Ingram, J L Peckham, S M Tisdale, B Rodier, P M Neurotoxicol-Teratol. 2000 May-June; 22(3): 319-24 0892-0362

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Prognosis in autism: do specialist treatments affect long-term outcome? Author(s): Department of Psychology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, Tooting, London, United Kingdom. Source: Howlin, P Eur-Child-Adolesc-Psychiatry. 1997 June; 6(2): 55-72 1018-8827

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Prognostic significance of depression occurrence in infantile autism. Author(s): Servizio Neuropsichiatria Infantile Universita degli Studi-Catania. Source: Scifo, R Calandra, C Parrinello, M A Marchetti, B Minerva-Pediatr. 1996 November; 48(11): 495-8 0026-4946

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Proinflammatory and regulatory cytokine production associated with innate and adaptive immune responses in children with autism spectrum disorders and developmental regression. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, MMC 610 FUMC, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. [email protected] Source: Jyonouchi, H Sun, S Le, H J-Neuroimmunol. 2001 November 1; 120(1-2): 170-9 0165-5728

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Psychopharmacology in autism. Author(s): Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109-0390, USA. Source: Tsai, L Y Psychosom-Med. 1999 Sep-October; 61(5): 651-65 0033-3174

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Regional brain chemical alterations in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Author(s): Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle 98105-6099, USA. Source: Friedman, S D Shaw, D W Artru, A A Richards, T L Gardner, J Dawson, G Posse, S Dager, S R Neurology. 2003 January 14; 60(1): 100-7 1526-632X

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Secretin and autism: a two-part clinical investigation. Author(s): Pediatric Neurology, Lake Forest Hospital, Illinois 60045, USA. [email protected] Source: Chez, M G Buchanan, C P Bagan, B T Hammer, M S McCarthy, K S Ovrutskaya, I Nowinski, C V Cohen, Z S J-Autism-Dev-Disord. 2000 April; 30(2): 87-94 0162-3257

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Secretin and sleep in children with autism. Author(s): University of California, Davis 95616, USA. Source: Honomichl, R D Goodlin Jones, B L Burnham, M M Hansen, R L Anders, T F Child-Psychiatry-Hum-Devolume 2002 Winter; 33(2): 107-23 0009-398X

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Secretin for the treatment of autism. Author(s): Ambulatory Services, University Hospital, Health Alliance, Cincinnati, OH, USA. [email protected] Source: McQueen, Joanna M Heck, Amy M Ann-Pharmacother. 2002 February; 36(2): 305-11 1060-0280

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Sexual behaviors in autism: problems of definition and management. Author(s): Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA. [email protected] Source: Realmuto, G M Ruble, L A J-Autism-Dev-Disord. 1999 April; 29(2): 121-7 01623257

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Sudden infant death syndrome and secretin treatment for autism. Author(s): Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse 13202, USA. Source: Blatt, S D Meguid, V Church, C C Curr-Opin-Pediatr. 2000 April; 12(2): 179-83 1040-8703

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Sulphur metabolism in autism. Source: Waring, R.H. Klovrza, L.V. J-nutr-environ-med. Abingdon, U.K. : Carfax Publishing Company. March 2000. volume10 (1) page 25-32. 1359-0847

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The use of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (4-9) analog ORG 2766 in autistic children: effects on the organization of behavior. Author(s): Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Utrecht University Hospital, The Netherlands. Source: Buitelaar, J K van Engeland, H de Kogel, K H de Vries, H van Hooff, J A van Ree, J M Biol-Psychiatry. 1992 June 1; 31(11): 1119-29 0006-3223

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Transdermal secretin for autism - a case report. Author(s): Coordinator of Oncology, Bastyr University, Kenmore, WA, USA. [email protected] Source: Lamson, D W Plaza, S M Altern-Med-Revolume 2001 June; 6(3): 311-3 1089-5159

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Treatment of autism spectrum children with thiamine tetrahydrofurfuryl disulfide: a pilot study. Author(s): Preventive Medicine Group, 24700 Center Ridge Road, Westlake, OH 44145, USA. [email protected] Source: Lonsdale, D Shamberger, R J Audhya, T Neuroendocrinol-Lett. 2002 August; 23(4): 303-8 0172-780X

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Use of secretin in the treatment of childhood autism. Author(s): Department and Clinic of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Pediatric Oncology, Medical University, Gdansk, Poland. Source: Kaminska, Barbara Czaja, Mariusz Kozielska, Ewa Mazur, Elzbieta Korzon, Maria Med-Sci-Monit. 2002 January; 8(1): RA22-6 1234-1010

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Weight gain in a controlled study of risperidone in children, adolescents and adults with mental retardation and autism. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City 66160, USA. [email protected] Source: Hellings, J A Zarcone, J R Crandall, K Wallace, D Schroeder, S R J-ChildAdolesc-Psychopharmacol. 2001 Fall; 11(3): 229-38 1044-5463

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What is melatonin? Is it a useful treatment for sleep problems in autism? Source: Lord, C J-Autism-Dev-Disord. 1998 August; 28(4): 345-6 0162-3257

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Xeroderma pigmentosum group C splice mutation associated with autism and hypoglycinemia. Author(s): Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. Source: Khan, S G Levy, H L Legerski, R Quackenbush, E Reardon, J T Emmert, S Sancar, A Li, L Schneider, T D Cleaver, J E Kraemer, K H J-Invest-Dermatol. 1998 November; 111(5): 791-6 0022-202X

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: ·

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: ·

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to autism; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: ·

Vitamins Vitamin B6 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B6 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin C Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Minerals Magnesium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Magnesium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND AUTISM Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to autism. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to autism and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “autism” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to autism: ·

A medical model of autism: etiology, pathology and treatment. Author(s): Ritvo ER, Freeman BJ. Source: Pediatric Annals. 1984 April; 13(4): 298-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6610163&dopt=Abstract

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Alcohol, deafness, epilepsy, and autism. Author(s): Gordon AG. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 1993 August; 17(4): 926-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8214437&dopt=Abstract

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An animal model of autism: behavioural studies in the GS guinea-pig. Author(s): Caston J, Yon E, Mellier D, Godfrey HP, Delhaye-bouchaud N, Mariani J.

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Source: The European Journal of Neuroscience. 1998 August; 10(8): 2677-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9767397&dopt=Abstract ·

An approach to the nutritional management of autism. Author(s): Kidd PM. Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2003 September-October; 9(5): 2231; Quiz 32, 126. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14526708&dopt=Abstract

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An electrophysiologic indication of auditory processing defects in autism. Author(s): Novick B, Vaughan HG Jr, Kurtzberg D, Simson R. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1980 September; 3(1): 107-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6934552&dopt=Abstract

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An electrophysiologic indication of defective information storage in childhood autism. Author(s): Novick B, Kurtzberg D, Vaughn HG Jr. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1979 July; 1(1): 101-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=298335&dopt=Abstract

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Are children with autism superior at folk physics? Author(s): Baron-Cohen S. Source: New Dir Child Dev. 1997 Spring; (75): 45-54. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9306745&dopt=Abstract

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Auditory associative cortex dysfunction in children with autism: evidence from late auditory evoked potentials (N1 wave-T complex). Author(s): Bruneau N, Roux S, Adrien JL, Barthelemy C. Source: Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 1999 November; 110(11): 1927-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10576489&dopt=Abstract

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Auditory brainstem responses in autism: brainstem dysfunction or peripheral hearing loss? Author(s): Klin A. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1993 March; 23(1): 15-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8463195&dopt=Abstract

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Auditory integration training for children with autism: no behavioral benefits detected. Author(s): Mudford OC, Cross BA, Breen S, Cullen C, Reeves D, Gould J, Douglas J.

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Source: Am J Ment Retard. 2000 March; 105(2): 118-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10755175&dopt=Abstract ·

Auditory processing abilities in non-retarded adolescents and young adults with developmental receptive language disorder and autism. Author(s): Lincoln AJ, Dickstein P, Courchesne E, Elmasian R, Tallal P. Source: Brain and Language. 1992 November; 43(4): 613-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1483193&dopt=Abstract

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Autism AKA communication disorder. Author(s): Greenspan SI. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1993 January; 32(1): 221-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7679094&dopt=Abstract

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Autism and the immune system. Author(s): van Gent T, Heijnen CJ, Treffers PD. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 1997 March; 38(3): 337-49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9232480&dopt=Abstract

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Autism and visual agnosia in a child with right occipital lobectomy. Author(s): Jambaque I, Mottron L, Ponsot G, Chiron C. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1998 October; 65(4): 55560. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9771784&dopt=Abstract

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Autism as a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting communication and learning in early childhood: prenatal origins, post-natal course and effective educational support. Author(s): Trevarthen C. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 2000 July-August; 63(12): 41-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10970712&dopt=Abstract

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Autism from the inside. Author(s): White BB, White MS. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1987 November; 24(3): 223-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3696026&dopt=Abstract

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Autism in young children: an update. Author(s): Mays RM, Gillon JE.

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Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 1993 January-February; 7(1): 17-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8421239&dopt=Abstract ·

Autism revisited. Author(s): Schechter MD, Shurley JT, Toussieng PW, Maier WJ. Source: J Okla State Med Assoc. 1970 July; 63(7): 297-300. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5515622&dopt=Abstract

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Autism, an extreme challenge to integrative medicine. Part 2: medical management. Author(s): Kidd PM. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 2002 December; 7(6): 472-99. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12495373&dopt=Abstract

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Autism, an extreme challenge to integrative medicine. Part: 1: The knowledge base. Author(s): Kidd PM. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 2002 August; 7(4): 292-316. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12197782&dopt=Abstract

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Autism: a medical primer. Author(s): Prater CD, Zylstra RG. Source: American Family Physician. 2002 November 1; 66(9): 1667-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12449265&dopt=Abstract

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Autism: time for a national approach to early assessment and management. Author(s): Sampson AJ, Hale LG. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1997 April 21; 166(8): 443; Author Reply 443, 446. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9140353&dopt=Abstract

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Autism--the quest continues: reflections on the Novartis symposium on autism, June 2002. Author(s): Frith U. Source: Neuroreport. 2002 October 7; 13(14): 1703-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12395107&dopt=Abstract

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Behavioral and magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies in the rat hyperserotonemic model of autism. Author(s): Kahne D, Tudorica A, Borella A, Shapiro L, Johnstone F, Huang W, WhitakerAzmitia PM.

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Source: Physiology & Behavior. 2002 March; 75(3): 403-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11897268&dopt=Abstract ·

Behavioural techniques to reduce self-injurious behaviour in children with autism. Author(s): Howlin P. Source: Acta Paedopsychiatr. 1993; 56(2): 75-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8135115&dopt=Abstract

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Brief report: a pilot study of auditory integration training in autism. Author(s): Rimland B, Edelson SM. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1995 February; 25(1): 61-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7608035&dopt=Abstract

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Brief report: alternative approaches to the development of effective treatments for autism. Author(s): Rimland B, Baker SM. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1996 April; 26(2): 237-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8744492&dopt=Abstract

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Brief report: improvements in the behavior of children with autism following massage therapy. Author(s): Escalona A, Field T, Singer-Strunck R, Cullen C, Hartshorn K. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2001 October; 31(5): 513-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11794416&dopt=Abstract

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Brief report: musical interaction therapy for children with autism: an evaluative case study with two-year follow-up. Author(s): Wimpory D, Chadwick P, Nash S. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1995 October; 25(5): 541-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8567598&dopt=Abstract

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Combined vitamin B6-magnesium treatment in autism spectrum disorder. Author(s): Nye C, Brice A. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (4): Cd003497. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519599&dopt=Abstract

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Developing a diagnostic and intervention package for 2- to 3-year-olds with autism: outcomes of the frameworks for communication approach. Author(s): Chandler S, Christie P, Newson E, Prevezer W.

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Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2002 March; 6(1): 4769. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11918109&dopt=Abstract ·

Domain specificity in conceptual development: neuropsychological evidence from autism. Author(s): Leslie AM, Thaiss L. Source: Cognition. 1992 June; 43(3): 225-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1643814&dopt=Abstract

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Early environmental stress and infantile autism. Author(s): Harper J, Williams S. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1974 March 9; 1(10): 341-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4825826&dopt=Abstract

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Early infantile autism and receptor processes. Author(s): Schopler E. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1965 October; 13(4): 327-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5318111&dopt=Abstract

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Early infantile autism: diagnosis, etiology, and treatment. Author(s): Ward AJ. Source: Psychological Bulletin. 1970 May; 73(5): 350-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4097056&dopt=Abstract

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Early intensive behavioral intervention for children with autism: parental therapeutic self-efficacy. Author(s): Hastings RP, Symes MD. Source: Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2002 September-October; 23(5): 332-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12401484&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of sociodramatic play training on children with autism. Author(s): Thorp DM, Stahmer AC, Schreibman L. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1995 June; 25(3): 265-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7559292&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of synthetic speech output and orthographic feedback on spelling in a student with autism: a preliminary study. Author(s): Schlosser RW, Blischak DM, Belfiore PJ, Bartley C, Barnett N. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1998 August; 28(4): 309-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9711487&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of vitamin B6 and magnesium in the treatment of autism: a methodology review and summary of outcomes. Author(s): Pfeiffer SI, Norton J, Nelson L, Shott S. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1995 October; 25(5): 481-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8567594&dopt=Abstract

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Event-related potentials in cross-modal divided attention in autism. Author(s): Ciesielski KT, Knight JE, Prince RJ, Harris RJ, Handmaker SD. Source: Neuropsychologia. 1995 February; 33(2): 225-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7746366&dopt=Abstract

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High dose vitamin B6 and magnesium in treating autism: response to study by Findling et al. Author(s): Rimland B. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1998 December; 28(6): 581-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9932247&dopt=Abstract

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Homeopathic Secretin in autism: a clinical pilot study. Author(s): Robinson TW. Source: Br Homeopath J. 2001 April; 90(2): 86-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11341462&dopt=Abstract

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Hypersensitivity to acoustic change in children with autism: electrophysiological evidence of left frontal cortex dysfunctioning. Author(s): Gomot M, Giard MH, Adrien JL, Barthelemy C, Bruneau N. Source: Psychophysiology. 2002 September; 39(5): 577-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12236323&dopt=Abstract

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I, you, me, and autism: an experimental study. Author(s): Lee A, Hobson RP, Chiat S. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1994 April; 24(2): 155-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8040159&dopt=Abstract

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Increasing complex social behaviors in children with autism: effects of peerimplemented pivotal response training. Author(s): Pierce K, Schreibman L. Source: J Appl Behav Anal. 1995 Fall; 28(3): 285-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7592145&dopt=Abstract

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Is asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism necessarily a disability? Author(s): Baron-Cohen S.

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Source: Development and Psychopathology. 2000 Summer; 12(3): 489-500. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11014749&dopt=Abstract ·

'Kiss, cuddle, squeeze': the experiences and meaning of touch among parents of children with autism attending a Touch Therapy Programme. Author(s): Cullen L, Barlow J. Source: Journal of Child Health Care : for Professionals Working with Children in the Hospital and Community. 2002 September; 6(3): 171-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12224834&dopt=Abstract

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Memory deficits in early infantile autism: some similarities to the amnesic syndrome. Author(s): Boucher J, Warrington EK. Source: The British Journal of Psychology. 1976 February; 67(1): 73-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1268453&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple peer use of pivotal response training to increase social behaviors of classmates with autism: results from trained and untrained peers. Author(s): Pierce K, Schreibman L. Source: J Appl Behav Anal. 1997 Spring; 30(1): 157-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9103991&dopt=Abstract

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Musically adapted social stories to modify behaviors in students with autism: four case studies. Author(s): Brownell MD. Source: J Music Ther. 2002 Summer; 39(2): 117-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12213082&dopt=Abstract

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Normal P50 gating in children with autism. Author(s): Kemner C, Oranje B, Verbaten MN, van Engeland H. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 March; 63(3): 214-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11926720&dopt=Abstract

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'Obsessions' in children with autism or Asperger syndrome. Content analysis in terms of core domains of cognition. Author(s): Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1999 November; 175: 484-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10789283&dopt=Abstract

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Ontogenic development of EEG-asymmetry in early infantile autism. Author(s): Ogawa T, Sugiyama A, Ishiwa S, Suzuki M, Ishihara T, Sato K.

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Source: Brain & Development. 1982; 4(6): 439-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7168481&dopt=Abstract ·

Participation of children with autism and nondisabled peers in a cooperatively structured community art program. Author(s): Schleien SJ, Mustonen T, Rynders JE. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1995 August; 25(4): 397-413. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7592251&dopt=Abstract

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Perceptual inconstancy in early infantile autism. The syndrome of early infant autism and its variants including certain cases of childhood schizophrenia. Author(s): Ornitz EM, Ritvo ER. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1968 January; 18(1): 76-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4169269&dopt=Abstract

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Possible effects of tetrahydrobiopterin treatment in six children with autism--clinical and positron emission tomography data: a pilot study. Author(s): Fernell E, Watanabe Y, Adolfsson I, Tani Y, Bergstrom M, Hartvig P, Lilja A, von Knorring AL, Gillberg C, Langstrom B. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1997 May; 39(5): 313-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9236697&dopt=Abstract

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Psychopharmacology in autism. Author(s): Tsai LY. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 1999 September-October; 61(5): 651-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10511014&dopt=Abstract

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Quantified multidimensional assessment of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. Application for bioclinical research. Author(s): Hameury L, Roux S, Barthelemy C, Adrien JL, Desombre H, Sauvage D, Garreau B, Lelord G. Source: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 1995 April; 4(2): 123-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7796250&dopt=Abstract

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Reapproaching Mahler: new perspectives on normal autism, symbiosis, splitting and libidinal object constancy from cognitive developmental theory. Author(s): Gergely G. Source: J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 2000; 48(4): 1197-228. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11212188&dopt=Abstract

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Role taking and social competence in autism and mental retardation. Author(s): Oswald DP, Ollendick TH.

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Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1989 March; 19(1): 119-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2708295&dopt=Abstract ·

Saccharomyces boulardii: potential adjunctive treatment for children with autism and diarrhea. Author(s): Linday LA. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2001 May; 16(5): 387. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11392529&dopt=Abstract

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Semantic fields in low-functioning autism. Author(s): Boser K, Higgins S, Fetherston A, Preissler MA, Gordon B. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002 December; 32(6): 563-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12553593&dopt=Abstract

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Sleep disorder in children with autism. Author(s): Taira M, Takase M, Sasaki H. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1998 April; 52(2): 182-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9628139&dopt=Abstract

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Social-cognitive abilities in children with lesser variants of autism: skill deficits or failure to apply skills? Author(s): Serra M, Minderaa RB, van Geert PL, Jackson AE. Source: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 1999 December; 8(4): 301-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10654124&dopt=Abstract

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Startle modulation studies in autism. Author(s): Ornitz EM, Lane SJ, Sugiyama T, de Traversay J. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1993 December; 23(4): 619-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8106303&dopt=Abstract

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Teaching children with autism to initiate to peers: effects of a script-fading procedure. Author(s): Krantz PJ, McClannahan LE. Source: J Appl Behav Anal. 1993 Spring; 26(1): 121-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8473251&dopt=Abstract

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The biological significance of gaze aversion with particular reference to the syndrome of infantile autism. Author(s): Hutt C, Ounsted C. Source: Behavioral Science. 1966 September; 11(5): 346-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5970485&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of progressive relaxation training on the disruptive behavior of a boy with autism. Author(s): Mullins JL, Christian L. Source: Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2001 November-December; 22(6): 44962. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11768670&dopt=Abstract

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The enactive mind, or from actions to cognition: lessons from autism. Author(s): Klin A, Jones W, Schultz R, Volkmar F. Source: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 2003 February 28; 358(1430): 345-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639332&dopt=Abstract

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The link between autism and skills such as engineering, maths, physics and computing: a reply to Jarrold and Routh. Author(s): Wheelwright S, Baron-Cohen S. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2001 June; 5(2): 2237. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11706868&dopt=Abstract

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The long-term effects of auditory training on children with autism. Author(s): Bettison S. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1996 June; 26(3): 361-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8792266&dopt=Abstract

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The NAS EarlyBird Programme: autism-specific early intervention for parents. Author(s): Shields J. Source: Prof Care Mother Child. 2000; 10(2): 53-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11040767&dopt=Abstract

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The neuropathology of the autism spectrum disorders: what have we learned? Author(s): Bauman ML, Kemper TL. Source: Novartis Found Symp. 2003; 251: 112-22; Discussion 122-8, 281-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14521190&dopt=Abstract

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The path to care in autism: is it better now? Author(s): Smith B, Chung MC, Vostanis P. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1994 October; 24(5): 551-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7814305&dopt=Abstract

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The pathophysiology and treatment of autism. Author(s): Posey DJ, McDougle CJ.

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Source: Current Psychiatry Reports. 2001 April; 3(2): 101-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11276404&dopt=Abstract ·

Theory of mind abilities in individuals with autism, Down syndrome, and mental retardation of unknown etiology: the role of age and intelligence. Author(s): Yirmiya N, Solomonica-Levi D, Shulman C, Pilowsky T. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 1996 November; 37(8): 1003-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9119934&dopt=Abstract

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Toward a theory of early infantile autism. Author(s): Moore DJ, Shiek DA. Source: Psychological Review. 1971 September; 78(5): 451-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5165835&dopt=Abstract

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Transdermal secretin for autism - a case report. Author(s): Lamson DW, Plaza SM. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 2001 June; 6(3): 311-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11410075&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding autism: insights from mind and brain. Author(s): Hill EL, Frith U. Source: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 2003 February 28; 358(1430): 281-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639326&dopt=Abstract

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Unimodal and crossmodal reactivity in autism: presence of auditory evoked responses and effect of the repetition of auditory stimuli. Author(s): Martineau J, Roux S, Garreau B, Adrien JL, Lelord G. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1992 June 15; 31(12): 1190-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1391280&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: ·

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.comÒ: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

Alternative Medicine 181

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to autism; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: ·

General Overview Autism Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rubella Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Alternative Therapy Autism Alternative names: infantile autism Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/a.html Facilitated Communication Alternative names: FC Facilitated Communication therapy facilitated communication training [FCT] Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/f.html Massage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Massage Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,716,00.html

182 Autism

Music Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,719,00.html ·

Herbs and Supplements Melatonin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON AUTISM Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to autism. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “autism” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on autism, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Autism ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to autism. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: ·

A Biopsychosocial Treatment Model for Older Autistic Children and Their Families by Snider Anderson, Joanna Lyn; Psyd from Spalding University, 2002, 118 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3065641

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A Comparative Study of the Conversational Skills of Fragile-x, Autistic, and Down Syndrome Individuals by Ferrier, Linda J., Phd from Boston University, 1987, 225 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8715419

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A Comparison of Individuals with Asperger Syndrome and Autism on Neuropsychological Measures Sensitive to the Ability to Shift Attention by Hanson, Ellen M.; Phd from Alliant International University, San Diego, 2002, 96 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3077368

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A Comparison of One-to-one and Group Teaching Instructional Methods across Classrooms Serving Students with Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities by Walker, Dale, Phd from University of Kansas, 1988, 94 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8918424

184 Autism

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A Comparison of One-to-one and Small Group Instruction for Young Children with Autism: Focus on Effective Teaching and Behavior Management by Bertsch, Kathy Marie; Phd from Western Michigan University, 2002, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3077372

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A Comparison of Prompt Delivery Procedures for Increasing Spontaneous Speech among Children with Autism by Harrower, Joshua Keith; Phd from University of California, Santa Barbara, 1999, 114 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9956155

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A Comparison of Simultaneous and Most-to-least Prompting Procedures in Teaching Receptive Identification of Pictures to Toddlers with Autism by Boulware, Gusty-lee; Phd from University of Washington, 2001, 114 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3013933

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A Comparison of Spoken Language Abilities in Children with Aphasia, Autism, Learning Disabilities, and Normal Language Abilities by Mcdonough, Dayle Davis, Phd from University of New Orleans, 1986, 162 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8625151

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A Comparison of Teacher and Parental Expectations for Children with Autism by Ivey, Julie Kathryn; Phd from Oklahoma State University, 2001, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3057279

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A Comparison of the Attitudes of Parents Whose Children Are Diagnosed with Autism and of Parents Whose Children Are Diagnosed with Mental Retardation by Yeager, Mark Horren, Phd from The University of Southern Mississippi, 1998, 86 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9916049

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A Comparison of the Spontaneous Utterances of Students with Autism across Two Educational Settings by Peterson, Mary E., Edd from Western Michigan University, 1996, 163 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9639811

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A Descriptive Study of Parental Reports and Perceptions of Psychotropic Medication Prevalence, Patterns of Use, and Quality of Services in Autism Spectrum Disorders by Schall, Carol Marie; Phd from Virginia Commonwealth University, 2003, 251 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3080578

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A Developmental Analysis of Joint Attention and Requesting Skills in Young Children with Autism by Paparella, Tanya; Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 2000, 112 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9961641

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A Follow-up Study of Autistic and Autistic-like Children by Mccallon, Denise, Phd from University of North Texas, 1988, 137 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8900360

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A Functional Analysis of the Echolalic Behavior of Three Children with Autism in a Residential School Setting by Townsend, Bessie Juanita Kelsay; Phd from Mississippi State University, 2000, 87 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9970351

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A Play-based Treatment Model for Improving the Social Play Development of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder by Jelveh, Mojgan; Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 2002, 118 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3082243

Dissertations 185

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A Review of the Texas Education Agency's Impartial Hearing Officers' Decisions in Autistic Cases from 1983 to 1994 and Their Relevance to Public School Administrators by Bossey, Consuelo Pauline, Edd from East Texas State University, 1994, 143 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9510957

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A Socio-legal Study Within the Area of Autism. the Use of Law in an Environment of Knowledge Rivalry by Pfannenstill, Annika Susanne; Phd from Lunds Universitet (sweden), 2002, 214 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f1010273

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A Study of Employers' Perceptions of the Most Essential Social and Behavior Skills Necessary for Individuals with Autism to Maintain Employment by Polignano, Maria L.; Edd from Seton Hall University, College of Education and Human Services, 1999, 136 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9956021

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A Study of Moral Reasoning in Adults with Autism (reasoning) by Keel, Jill Hinton, Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1993, 70 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9415339

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A Validation Study of a Jordanian Version of the Autism Behavior Checklist (abc) of the Autism Screening Instrument for Educational Planning (asiep) by Smadi, Jamil Mahmoud, Phd from Michigan State University, 1985, 89 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8520561

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A Validity Analysis of Selected Instruments Used to Assess Autism by Teal, Madalyn Brand, Phd from Texas Woman's University, 1981, 106 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8201720

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Accessibility of In-home Family Training Information for Autism: an Examination of Educational Preparation for Independent Living in Texas by Tepper, Bonita, Phd from Texas Woman's University, 1998, 99 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9916250

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Acquisition, Maintenance, and Generalization of a Categorization Strategy by Children with Autism (learning Strategies) by Bock, Marjorie A., Edd from University of Kansas, 1990, 163 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9119049

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Adaptive Behavior of Children with Infantile Autism Compared to Children with Down's Syndrome and Children with Schizophrenia (developmental Disability, Childhood Disorders) by Wood, Jesse David, Phd from Texas A&m University, 1984, 200 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8417790

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Adults with Autism and Their Constructed Identities: a Qualitative Study (facilitated Communication) by Duncan, Janet Mary, Phd from Syracuse University, 1994, 193 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9522520

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Adults with Autism Speak Out: Perceptions of Their Life Experiences by Hurlbutt, Karen S.; Phd from The University of North Dakota, 2000, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9986531

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Aerobic Exercise Related to Functional Aerobic Capacity, Repetitive/interfering Behavior, and Platelet Serotonin Concentration of Individuals with Autism by Schmidt, Gordon James, Phd from Indiana University, 1989, 221 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9020695

186 Autism

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Affect Discrimination in Autism: Using a Learning Task to Assess Discrimination Strategies by Hogan, Kerry L.; Phd from Vanderbilt University, 2002, 154 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3058703

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Affective Perspective-taking Skills in More Able Individuals with Autism by Negrishoultz, Nanette Alanna, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1987, 221 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8720822

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An Analysis of Source Memory in Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders by O'shea, Angela Garcia; Phd from The University of Connecticut, 2003, 68 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3089756

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An Analysis of the Validity of the Definition of Autism by the National Society for Autistic Children by Bauer, Anne Marie, Edd from Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, 1983, 347 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8311395

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An Applied Behavior Analysis After-school Program to Treat Autistic Children and Educate Their Parents by De La Osa, Dagmary; Psyd from Carlos Albizu University, 2002, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3077970

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An Empirical and Social Validation of Response Covariation in the Reduction of Aberrant Behavior in an Autistic Boy (stereotypic, Auditory Feedback, Autism, Symptom Substitution, Collateral Effects) by Gunter, Philip Lee, Phd from Vanderbilt University, 1984, 80 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8522471

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An Examination of Adaptive Functioning in Children and Adolescents with High Functioning Autism and Asperger's Syndrome by Kopp Smily, Julie Meredith; Phd from The George Washington University, 2003, 52 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3075192

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An Exploration of Alternative Treatment Use in Young Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders by Erba, Heather Whiteford; Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2000, 171 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9993303

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An Innovative Approach for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: a Preliminary Outcome Evaluation by Shade-monuteaux, Dena Michelle; Phd from Tufts University, 2003, 70 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3074510

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An Investigation of Paraprofessional Training to Facilitate the Inclusion of Young Children with Severe Multiple Disabilities and Autism in Community Preschools (mainstreaming) by Wickham, Donna Ruth, Phd from University of Kansas, 1993, 227 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9425972

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An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Touchmath on Elementary Students with Autism by Barry, David Kurt; Phd from The Claremont Graduate University, 2001, 166 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9998941

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An Observational Study of the Interactions of a Child with Learning and Communication Difficulties Associated with Autism and a Nonhandicapped Child

Dissertations 187

When Interacting with Family Members by Murphy, Molly Elizabeth, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1989, 349 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8923807 ·

An Observational Study of the Interactions of Autistic Children and Their Families in the Natural Home Environment by Anderson, Jacki Lynn, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1982, 196 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8225629

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Analysis of Critical Skills Used by Educators of Students with Autism by Bunsen, Teresa Dawn, Phd from University of North Texas, 1989, 134 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9005314

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Analysis of Social Referencing Skills in Children with Autism by Brim, Devorah; Phd from City University of New York, 2002, 74 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3063808

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Analyzing the Effects of Self Recording on Teacher Use of Incidental Teaching Procedures to Teach Language to Children with Autism by Vener, Susan Melissa; Phd from City University of New York, 2002, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3037451

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Anxiety in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders: the Role of Social Skill Deficits by Bellini, Scott Curtis; Phd from Indiana University, 2002, 158 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3075930

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Are Social Stories Effective in Modifying Behavior in Children with Autism? by Romano, Jeanne; Psyd from Fairleigh Dickinson University, 2002, 70 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3044313

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Are There Identifiable Factors in Autism Which Can Predict Outcome and Are Outcomes Changing? (developmental Disabilities, Handicapped, Teaching) by Sullivan, Ruth Christ, Phd from Ohio University, 1984, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8504156

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Assessment of Cognitive Abilities in High-functioning Children with Autistic Disorder: a Comparison of the Wisc-iii and the Leiter-r by Hanzel, Elise Phelps; Phd from Alliant International University, San Diego, 2003, 159 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083449

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Assessment of Discrimination Skills in Individuals with Autism: Validity of the Assessment of Basic Learning Abilities (abla) by Condillac, Rosemary Antoinette; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 2002, 195 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ74662

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Attachment and Social Relatedness in Autism by Vanmeter, Lori Ann, Phd from The University of Connecticut, 1995, 74 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9539530

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Attachment Behaviors in Children with Autism by Spencer, Amelia Gunn, Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1993, 98 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9324104

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Attitudes toward and Applications of Facilitated Communication in Greater Chicago (illinois, Autism) by Kopnick, Nancy Magnus, Phd from University of Illinois at Chicago, Health Sciences Center, 1995, 237 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9544346

188 Autism

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Auditory Brainstem Evoked Response: Comparative Analysis of Autistic, Mentally Retarded, Normal Children and Normal Toddlers by Arick, Joel Robert, Phd from University of Oregon, 1981, 84 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8209650

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Autism: Diagnosis and Differentiation by Cadden, Luanne Helen-sjolander, Phd from University of Virginia, 1983, 136 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8402866

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Autism: Perspectives for Genetic Counselors by Trevors, Christopher Dale; Ms from Sarah Lawrence College, 2003, 45 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1413599

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Autism: a Critical Review of the Theoretical, Research, and Intervention Literature, and a Followup Study Illustrating Patterns of Psychological, Social, and Educational Development of Autistic Children by Stein, Charmion Kerr, Phd from Case Western Reserve University, 1980, 373 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8100552

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Autistic Children Can Learn: a Public School Program for Autistic Children by Slattery, Valerie Gordon, Phd from The American University, 1981, 308 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8208519

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Behavior Modification Training with Autistic Children Comparing Novel and Familiar Stimulus Materials by Schroeder, Corinne, Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 1981, 80 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8206074

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Behavioral Interventions for Maladaptive Behaviors of Students with Autism in Community Settings by Andrews, Donna Gail, Phd from Georgia State University, 1992, 162 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9312142

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Behavioral Transitions in Children with Autism Compared to Children with Down Syndrome in Their Natural Habitats by Brown, Shannon Ann; Phd from Indiana University, 2002, 159 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3038606

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Case Illustrations of Emerging Social Relations and Symbolic Activity in Children with Autism Through Supported Peer Play by Wolfberg, Pamela Jean, Phd from University of California, Berkeley with San Francisco State Univ., 1994, 305 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9505068

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Characteristics of Autistic Children: a Comparison with Trainable Mentally Handicapped Children by Scott, Sheila Day Leto, Phd from University of Florida, 1988, 127 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8924022

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Child Characteristics Affecting Stress Reactions in Parents of Children with Autism by Dewey, John Thomas, Edd from University of Sarasota, 1999, 139 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9920899

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Childhood Autism and the Effect of an Integrated Preschool Program by Brightwell, Attallah; Phd from Union Institute and University, 2002, 204 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3069749

Dissertations 189

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Collateral Effects of an Augmentative Communication System on Word Utterances in Children with Characteristics of Autism by Ganz, Jennifer Beth; Phd from University of Kansas, 2002, 99 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3067083

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Commenting in Children with Autism by Audet, Lisa Rita; Phd from Kent State University, 2000, 243 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9991694

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Communicative Functions of Echolalia in Children with Autism: Assessment and Treatment by Sullivan, Michelle Thibault; Phd from University of California, San Diego, 2002, 233 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3069220

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Comparing the Effectiveness of Static Pictures Vs. Video Modeling on Teaching Requesting Skills to Elementary Children with Autism by Spencer, Lorrie Gannon; Phd from Georgia State University, 2002, 91 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3069689

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Comparison of Cognitive Skill Patterns of Retarded and Non-retarded Autistic Children by Cox, Rebecca Sue, Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 1984, 125 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8428501

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Comparison of Descriptive Functional Assessment Instruments to Experimental Functional Analyses for Children with Autism by Chait, Andrea Melinda; Phd from University of Florida, 2002, 160 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3065916

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Comparison of Stress Levels in Parents of Preschool Children with Autism Served by Home-based, Center-based, or Combined Educational Placements by Olbrich, James Robert, Jr.; Phd from Temple University, 2002, 80 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3040350

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Concept Formation As a Function of Input Modality in Children with Autism by Yang, Tsung-ren, Phd from University of California, Berkeley with San Francisco State Univ., 1997, 111 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9803455

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Configural Processing in Autistic Individuals: Visual Precedence and Pattern Structure by Johnson, Stephanie Renee; Phd from The Catholic University of America, 2002, 97 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3047142

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Consciousness Rising: a Phenomenological Consideration of Autism and Ocd by Rowett, Kelly Anne; Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2003, 227 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086611

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Consulting with Regular Education Teachers to Incorporate Naturalistic Language Teaching Methods to Increase the Language Intelligibility of Children with Autism by Smith, Annette Elaine, Phd from University of California, Santa Barbara, 1998, 87 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9907765

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Cooperation in High Functioning Children with Autism by Downs, Andrew Michael; Phd from Washington State University, 2002, 73 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3069634

190 Autism

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Coping Strategies and Stress Levels of Parents of Children with Autism by Neil, Tammy L.; Phd from University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 2001, 94 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3049548

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Cross-cultural Study of Autism in South Korea and the United States by Seo, Gyeong Hee, Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1991, 159 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9200717

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Degree of Overselective Response to a Total Communication Stimulus and Its Relationship to Linguistic Performance and Degree of Autism in Autistic Elementary and Junior High School Age Boys by Capasso, Catherine George, Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 1986, 171 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8611665

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Differential Language Processing in Children Diagnosed with Autism: a Retrospective Investigation by Stewart, Marilyn; Phd from Alliant International University, Fresno, 2002, 55 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3062699

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Discrimination of Temporal Synchrony in Intermodal Events by Children with Autism and Children with Developmental Delays by Weiss, Jonathan; Ma from York University (canada), 2002, 89 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ71633

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Douglass Developmental Disabilities Center: a Followup Study (autism) by Melville, L. Charrice, Psyd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, G.s.a.p.p., 1987, 108 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8715865

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Dual Service Delivery for Young Children with Autism: a Descriptive Case Study of Three Students Receiving Both Public School Special Education and Home Applied Behavioral Analysis (aba) Therapy by Alderman, Laurie; Edd from The George Washington University, 2001, 139 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3006916

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Early Screening: Can Autism Be Identified in Young Children Through Parental Report? by Daniels, Sheneen Ann Garland; Phd from The University of Alabama, 2002, 117 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3051977

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Educating Students with Autism: Three Teachers' Perspectives by Ernsperger, Lori Ann; Phd from Indiana University, 2001, 201 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3024165

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Educating Young Children with Autism: a Conflict over Methodologies by Volmer, Lorna Marsh, Phd from Iowa State University, 1998, 217 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9841094

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Effects of Enhancing the Generalized Use of Teaching Strategies by Caregivers of Children with Autism by Kashinath, Shubha Priyadarshini; Phd from The Florida State University, 2002, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3076193

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Effects of Restricted Environmental Stimulation (rest) on the Behavior of Children with Autism by Harrison, John Robert, Phd from Washington State University, 1989, 187 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9025403

Dissertations 191

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Effects of Selection-based Versus Topography-based Communication Training on the Acquisition of Mands by Children with Autism and Multiple Disabilities by Tincani, Matthew John; Phd from The Ohio State University, 2002, 200 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3059341

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Effects of Social Skill Training for High-functioning Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder by Webb, Barbara Jane; Edd from University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 2002, 132 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3067360

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Effects of Treatment Strategies on the Learning and Development of Autistic Children by Williams, T. I., Dphil from University of Oxford (united Kingdom), 1987, 226 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/D-81594

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Effects of Weighted Vests on Focused Attention, Distractibility, and Self-stimulatory Behaviors in Elementary-age Students with Autism by Perkins, Paula Denise; Ma from Texas Woman's University, 2002, 61 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1411440

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Embracing Differences: Adults with High-functioning Autism. Listening to the Voices of Adults with High-functioning Autism by Babiracki, Jennifer Lynn; Edd from University of St. Thomas (minnesota), 2002, 162 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3068101

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Emotional Disclosure Through Writing: an Intervention to Facilitate Adjustment to Having a Child with Autism by Campbell, Nancy Bryan; Phd from The University of Mississippi, 2003, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3089852

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Environmental Interactions of Normal Children and Children with Autism by O'neill, Robert Edward, Phd from University of California, Santa Barbara, 1987, 171 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8729683

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Examination of Chromosome 7 in Autism by Hutcheson, Holli Beth; Phd from Vanderbilt University, 2002, 136 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3071946

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Examining the Congruence between an Antecedent Based Descriptive Assessment Methodology and Functional Analysis to Identify the Function of Problem Behavior for Children with Autism by Hale, Melissa Nannette; Phd from University of Florida, 2002, 118 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3065944

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Examining the Feedback Hypothesis of the Executive Function Deficit in Autism by Griffith, Elizabeth Mcmahon; Phd from University of Denver, 2002, 98 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3060041

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Executive Function in Autism: a Comparative Study by Rogers, Ben; Dclinpsy from University of Southampton (united Kingdom), 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f938817

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Exploring Movement Differences in Autism Through First-hand Accounts by Strandtconroy, Karen Ann; Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1999, 253 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9931076

192 Autism

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Facilitated Communication in Family Life: One Family's Story (autism, Quality of Life) by Sabin, Laural Ann, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1993, 232 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9330840

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Facilitated Communication: a Statewide Survey of the Decision-making Process and Criteria for Implementation (autism) by Braman, Beverly Jean, Phd from University of Houston, 1995, 104 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9542595

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Facilitated Communication: Validity and Instruction (autism, Cerebral Palsy) by Ramsden, Janice Ann, Phd from University of Oregon, 1994, 142 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9419004

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Facilitating Prelinguistic Communication Skills of Attention by Integrating a Music Stimulus Within Typical Language Intervention with Autistic Children by O'loughlin, Ruth Ann; Phd from The University of Toledo, 2000, 179 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9965033

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Facilitating Social Interaction between Students with Severe Autism and Their Typically Developing Peers: an Explorative Study by Fuller, Frances Darlene, Phd from New Mexico State University, 1996, 178 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9714439

·

Facilitative Factors in the Home Environments of Children with Autism by Zierhut, Cynthia; Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 2002, 78 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3058484

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Factors Contributing to Successful Community Programming for Youth with Autism: a Case Study by Pattavina, Sylvia Marie, Phd from Boston College, 1996, 175 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9706654

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Factors Leading to Success in Full Inclusion Placements for Students with Autism by Li, Monica Mel-lin; Psyd from Alliant International University, San Francisco Bay, 2002, 80 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3052995

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Factors Relating to the Prevalence of Autism by Spencer, Kathleen M., Phd from Texas Woman's University, 1996, 102 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9716593

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Families and Autism: an Ethnographic Approach (developmental Disability, Stigma, Social Networks, Stress, Passing) by Leonard, Joe Heath, Jr., Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 1986, 204 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8620380

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Families and Services in Autism: Promises to Keep by Cutler, Barbara Coyne, Edd from Boston University, 1990, 432 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9103471

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Families of Children with Autism and Families of Children with Mental Retardation: Relationships among Family Needs, Attributes, and Locus-of-control by Brandon, Lori Anne, Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1993, 154 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9323998

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Families with Autistic Children by Siu, Sau-fong Wong, Dsw from Columbia University, 1982, 792 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8222489

Dissertations 193

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Family Relationships and the Social Development of the Constitutionally Vulnerable Infant: a Case of Autism by Kalmanson, Barbara, Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 1987, 310 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8814135

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First Person Accounts by Three Persons with Autism Using Facilitated Communication by Majure, Lola Ann, Phd from The University of Wisconsin Madison, 1994, 169 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9419137

·

Generalized Imitation and the Mand: Inducing First Instances of Vocal Verbal Behavior in Young Children with Autism by Ross, Denise Elizabeth, Phd from Columbia University, 1998, 136 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9834364

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Global and Local Perception in Autism: the Role of Basic and Higher-order Attention by Iarocci, Grace I.; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 2001, 91 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ70046

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Group Instruction for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Implications for Professional Development by Wells, Jenny C.; Phd from University of Hawaii, 2003, 178 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3090538

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Healthy Adaptation in Parents of Children with Autism: Implications of Personality and Resilience by Chehrazi, Avazeh; Phd from Alliant International University, Los Angeles, 2002, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3043463

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How Children with Autism and Asperger Syndrome Respond to Questions: an Ethnographic Study by Kremer-sadlik, Tamar; Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 2001, 230 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3032881

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'i Have Something to Show You': a Qualitative Study of the Interactions of Mothers and Their Young Sons with Autism by Seery, Mary Ellen, Edd from University of Cincinnati, 1996, 298 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9718244

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Identification of the Competencies Needed by Teachers of Students with Autism by Clemons, Melodie Ann, Edd from East Texas State University, 1986, 529 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8703442

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Implementation of the Miller Method in an Early Intervention Program for Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorder (pdd): a Case Study by Cook, Christine Elizabeth, Phd from Kent State University, 1998, 269 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9835590

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Increasing Appropriate Social Interactions of Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders Using Social Stories by Scattone, Dorothy; Phd from The University of Southern Mississippi, 2002, 70 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3067247

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Increasing Vocabulary Through Question-asking for Children with Autism by Le, Loc; Phd from The Claremont Graduate University, 2002, 64 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3053050

194 Autism

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Increasing Workskills in Children with Autism Via Delayed Consequences and Fading Supervision by Pelios, Lillian V.; Phd from Temple University, 2000, 92 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9969929

·

Individual Behavioral Profiles and Predictors of Treatment Effectiveness for Children with Autism by Sherer, Michelle Ramos; Phd from University of California, San Diego, 2002, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3069223

·

Interpersonal Understanding: Mental Simulation View without Autism by Soyalpkaplan, Zelo Ezgi; Ma from Queen's University at Kingston (canada), 2002, 67 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ69356

·

Interventions for Children with Autism: a Descriptive Study of the Children in One School District (nevada) by Frank, Susan Lyn; Phd from University of Nevada, Reno, 2001, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3042743

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Investigating the Effectiveness of Classroom Instruction for Adolescents/young Adults with Autism And/or Severe Language Disorders: a Comparison of Computerassisted Versus Human Instruction by St. Peter, Susan Marie, Phd from University of New Orleans, 1986, 242 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8625155

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Invitations to Literacy: a Case Study of a Child with Autism by Rogers, Jane F.; Edd from University of Georgia, 2000, 178 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9984201

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Isolation or Involvement? the Social Networks of Children with Autism Included in Regular Classes by Chamberlain, Brandt Oliver; Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 2001, 111 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3024149

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Joint Attention and Knowledge of Intention in Children with Autism, Children with Other Developmental Disabilities, and in Typically Developing Children by Churchill Sterling, Rebecca Faith; Phd from The George Washington University, 2003, 163 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085538

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Joint Attention Intervention for Children with Autism by Jones, Emily Abigail; Phd from State University of New York at Stony Brook, 2002, 111 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3088071

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Loneliness, Friendship and Theory of Mind in High-functioning Children with Autism by Bauminger, Nirit, Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 1996, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9707399

·

Managing Autism by Poston, Stephanie Tylar; Ms from Sarah Lawrence College, 2002, 35 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1408538

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May I Have Your Attention, Please? Lessons on Language and Learning from One Child with Autism by Veale, Tina Kathleen, Phd from University of Cincinnati, 1998, 224 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9833743

Dissertations 195

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Measuring Changes in Spontaneous Play Behavior in Preschoolers with Autism Associated with a Receptive Language Intervention by Reijonen, Jori, Phd from Western Michigan University, 1996, 84 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9640076

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Metarepresentation in Autistic Language Use: a Test Case for Cognitive Theories of Autism (cognition) by De Roeck, Ann Etienne A., Phd from Universitaire Instelling Antwerpen (belgium), 1995, 298 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9625372

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Modeled Symbolic Play and Language Development in Autistic Children by Mildon, Kerry Randall, Phd from The University of Iowa, 1989, 82 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9019956

·

Molecular Abnormalities in Postmortem Brain of Individuals with Autism by Purcell, Amy Elizabeth; Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 2002, 90 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3028319

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Molecular and Genetic Analysis of Chromosome 15q11-q13 and Autism Susceptibility by Nurmi, Erika Lynn; Phd from Vanderbilt University, 2003, 196 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085786

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Molecular Correlates of Chromosome 15q11-q13 Duplications Associated with Autistic Disorder by Liu, Da Hai; Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 2002, 243 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3058462

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Mothers of Children with Autism: the Relationship between Knowledge of Autism and Stress by Almutairi, Masooma; Edd from University of the Pacific, 2002, 162 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3050054

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Motoric and Verbal Social Behaviors of Preschool-aged Children with Autism and Typical Children (motoric Behavior, Verbal Behavior) by Izeman, Susan Gail, Phd from University of Massachusetts, 1991, 139 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9207415

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Multimedia Social Story Intervention for Students with Autism by Hagiwara, Taku, Phd from University of Kansas, 1998, 199 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9914100

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Narrative Introduction Practices of Children with Autism and Asperger Syndrome by Solomon, Olga Gilbo; Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 2001, 312 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3035672

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Navajo Perceptions of Autism and Social Competence: a Cultural Perspective by Connors, Jeanne Louise, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1992, 396 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9223873

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Observational Study of the Use of Verbal Perseverations by Persons with Autism by Rein, Raelynne Pellinger, Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 1984, 193 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8723188

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Obsessive Compulsive Traits and Symptoms in Family Members of Autistic Individuals by Harden, Susan Patricia; Phd from Alliant International University, Los Angeles, 2002, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3043470

196 Autism

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Parent Education Programs for Families of Children with Autism Living in Geographically Distant Locations: Generalized Spread of Effects by Symon, Jennifer Beth; Phd from University of California, Santa Barbara, 2002, 150 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3056032

·

Parent Satisfaction with Autistic Spectrum Disorder Educational Programs Connecticut by Siegel, Alice, Edd from University of Bridgeport, 1998, 128 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9833829

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Parent Stress Related to Having a Child with Autism: Impact of Educational Programming by Longenecker, Harold Quentin; Phd from Fielding Graduate Institute, 2002, 143 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3077548

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Parental Perceptions of the Interactions between Parents of Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Education Professionals by Stoner, Julia Brown; Edd from Illinois State University, 2003, 211 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3087875

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Parents' Experience of Having a Child with Autism by Ewart, Karyn Hall; Phd from Alliant International University, Fresno, 2002, 125 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3062724

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Parents' Perceptions of Improvement in Communication Skills in Their Child with Autism by Nathan, Anne Miller, Psyd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, G.s.a.p.p., 1991, 50 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9200301

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Parents' Satisfaction with the Education of Their Child with Autism by Songlee, Dalhee; Ms from University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 2002, 67 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1413622

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Participation in the Inclusive Classroom: Creating Success for Non-verbal Students with Autism by Kasa-hendrickson, Christi Rae; Phd from Syracuse University, 2002, 171 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3046836

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Patterns of Concern and Help-seeking Behavior among Parents of Children with Autism by Evans, Susan P.; Edd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 2003, 66 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3075766

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Peer-mediated Intervention Strategies for Social Competency Skills of Preschoolers with Autism in Integrated Settings by Abelman, Deborah; Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 1999, 131 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9966280

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Performance of Students with Autism in Integrated and Segregated Physical Education Environments by Kim, Heejung; Phd from Texas Woman's University, 2001, 297 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3023353

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Perinatal Complications As Predictors of Infantile Autism (autism) by Wilkerson, Diana Sue, Phd from Ball State University, 1992, 138 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9236384

Dissertations 197

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Pragmatic Language Dysfunction in Autism: Referential Communication and Perspective Taking in Autistic Speakers by Volden, Joanne, Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1991, 177 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN69969

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Professional Perceptions of the Differences in Parental Attitudes and Behaviors and the Behavioral Manifestations of Autism in Chinese and Caucasian Children by Shu, Karen Elizabeth, Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 1989, 172 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8913134

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Prognostic Factors for Treatment Outcome in Young Children with Autism by Poe, Susannah Grimm; Edd from West Virginia University, 2000, 145 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3012798

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Promoting Social Behavior for Adolescents with Autism with Social Stories by Graetz, Janet Elaine; Phd from George Mason University, 2003, 172 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3079339

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Promoting the Adaptive Behavior Skills of Students with Autism: Gauging Educational Programming and Services by Volmer, Stacy Slavens; Phd from Iowa State University, 2001, 372 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3034235

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Quality of Life in Families with Autistic Children: a Comparison with Families of Non-handicapped Children by Gray, Mary Mcphail, Phd from Michigan State University, 1980, 272 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8106381

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Quality of Life in High-functioning Autistic Adults: Reconceptualizing Outcome by Craig, Christopher Geoffrey, Phd from University of Southern California, 1998, 184 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9919027

·

Regression in the Early Developmental Course of Autism Spectrum Disorders: Validation of the Phenomenon Using Parent Report and Home Video Tapes by Werner, Emily Brown; Phd from University of Washington, 2002, 77 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3063032

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Relationship between Selected Behaviors and Developmental Skills in Children with Autism (abnormal Behaviors) by Felini-smith, Linda, Phd from University of North Texas, 1991, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9201551

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Relationships among Parents' Perceptions of Their Autistic Child, Attitude toward Disability, Beliefs about Autism, and Self-esteem by Vaccaro, Terry, Phd from Hofstra University, 1993, 212 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9332918

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Relationships between Boys with Autism and Their Siblings by Robertson, Kristen; Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 2002, 80 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3045579

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Relaxation Training: Its Effects on Acting-out Behaviors of the Autistic Student by Mcmillan, Angus James, Phd from Wayne State University, 1985, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8605019

198 Autism

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Remediating Cognitive Perspective-taking in Children with Autism by Berg, Hadassah Pessin; Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 2002, 101 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3052862

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Research and Development of a System to Track Behaviors of Individuals with Autism or Other Severe Handicaps and Interfering Behaviors by Brookhiser, Judy K., Red from Indiana University, 1989, 197 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9006916

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Resiliency in Siblings of Autistic Children by Schwartz, Rachel Carin; Phd from Alliant International University, San Diego, 2003, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3092518

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School Psychologists' Perceptions of the Usefulness of Different Types of Assessment Data in the Diagnosis and Educational Program Planning for Students with Autism by Spears, Renee Christine; Phd from University of Kansas, 1999, 176 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9970625

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Script Fading As a Procedure for Teaching Unscripted Language to Children with Autism by Brown, John Lloyd; Phd from City University of New York, 2003, 86 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083645

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Sensorimotor and Symbolic Functioning in Autistic Children by Hotaling, Frances Paula Bartolini, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1981, 233 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8125131

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Sensory Reactivity in Children with and without Autism by Saulnier, Celine Antoinette; Phd from The University of Connecticut, 2002, 67 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3066257

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Siblings Relationships When a Child Has Autism: Temperament, Family Stress and Coping by Rivers, Jessica Wood, Phd from University of Georgia, 1998, 154 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9920084

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Signs and Signifiers: Flexible Categorizations of Autism by Taub, Deborah Anne; Phd from The American University, 2003, 267 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3081892

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Simultaneous Communication and Social Interaction in the Treatment of Autism. by Brenn, Bonnie Miriam, Phd from Northwestern University, 1977, 199 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7732281

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Social Competence of Young Children with Autism by Groen, Annette Desiree, Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 1995, 144 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9610843

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Social Skills Training for Children with Asperger's Syndrome, High-functioning Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified by Heitzman-powell, Linda Sue; Phd from University of Kansas, 2002, 200 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3082653

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Social Status and Social Network Affiliation of Children with Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders in General Education Classrooms by Carter, Evelyn Amanda; Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1999, 175 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9956806

Dissertations 199

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Special Education Teachers' and Speech Therapists' Knowledge of Autism Spectrum Disorder by Whaley, Carol Hendrix; Edd from East Tennessee State University, 2002, 180 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083444

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Staff Training: How to Work with Individuals Who Have Mental Retardation and Autism by Standage, Kristen, Edd from Texas A&m University, 1991, 151 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9133899

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Status of Special Education Services for Students with Autism in Saudi Arabia by Alothman, Ibrahim A.; Phd from University of Idaho, 2002, 123 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3055380

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Stereotypic Behaviors in Blind Children: Relationships to Motility Behaviors of Autism (rubella, Retrolental Fibroplasia, Self-stimulation) by Iverson, Landa J., Phd from The University of North Dakota, 1984, 104 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8418087

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Stress and Coping among Parents of Children with Autism by Kwan, Cindy Yuen; Msw from California State University, Long Beach, 2002, 84 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1409213

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Stress Patterns of Primary Caregivers Raising Children with Autism by Colombo, Kelli Lynn; Msw from California State University, Long Beach, 2002, 67 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1409398

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Stress, Social Support, and Sense of Parenting Competence: a Comparison of Mothers and Fathers of Children with Autism, Down Syndrome, and Normal Development across the Family Life Cycle by Belchic, Jill Kimberly, Phd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 1995, 67 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9618823

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Structure and Routine in the Classroom for Primary-age Students with Autism by Tillotson, Sandy L.; Mae from Pacific Lutheran University, 2002, 86 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1411057

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Student Control in Classrooms for Children with Severe Handicaps: Effects on Student Behavior and Perceived Social Climate (autism, Communication) by Peck, Charles Anthony, Phd from University of California, Santa Barbara, 1984, 256 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8500015

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Students with Autism: a Light/sound Technology Intervention by Woodbury, Patricia Powell, Edd from The College of William and Mary, 1996, 256 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9711373

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Subtypes of Autism by Cluster Analysis by Donnelly, Julie Alice, Phd from University of Missouri - Columbia, 1996, 74 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9737864

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Symbolic Understanding of Pictures and Words in Low-functioning Children with Autism and Normally Developing 18- and 24-month Old Toddlers by Preissler, Melissa Lynn Allen; Phd from New York University, 2003, 165 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3089318

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Systematic Desensitization, Symbolic Modeling, and Reinforcement in the Reduction of Dental Fear in Children with Autism by Luscre, Deanna Mae, Phd from Georgia State University, 1994, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9507427

200 Autism

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Teaching Children with Autism to Ask Questions in Integrated Preschool Settings: a Comparison of Constant and Progressive Time Delay by Shook, Stacey Lynn; Phd from University of Washington, 1999, 121 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9944178

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Teaching Children with Autism to Imitate Using a Naturalistic Treatment Approach: Effects on Imitation, Language, Play, and Social Behaviors by Ingersoll, Brooke Renee; Phd from University of California, San Diego, 2003, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3076342

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Teaching Children with Autism to Use a Self-initiated Strategy to Learn Expressive Vocabulary (language Learning) by Koegel, Lynn Kern, Phd from University of California, Santa Barbara, 1993, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9402594

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Teaching Fundamental Motor Skills to Children with Autism/pervasive Developmental Disorder (prompts, Pervasive Developmental Disorder, Motor Skills) by Wolosky, Pamela Sue, Edd from West Virginia University, 1992, 259 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9409895

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Teaching Parents of Children with Autism Picture Communication Symbols As a Natural Language to Decrease Levels of Family Stress by Cafiero, Joanne Maria, Phd from The University of Toledo, 1995, 213 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9540360

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Teaching Picture Discrimination to Children with Autism: an Examination of the Influence of Two Different Stimulus Fading Procedures on the Acquisition and Maintenance of Simple Stimulus Discriminations by Fullerton, Charles Henry, Jr.; Phd from University of Minnesota, 2003, 146 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3087753

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Teaching Pretend Play to Children with Autism Via Naturalistic Teaching Strategies (nats) by Labelle, Chris Allison; Phd from The Claremont Graduate University, 2002, 98 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3059057

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Tears Fall You Can't See: Autism, Personhood, and Expression-of-self by Young, Sally R.; Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2000, 317 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9981913

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The Analysis and Synthesis of Litigating a Free Appropriate Public Education (fape) As It Relates to Students Who Are Classified As Autistic: an Investigation of New Jersey Administrative Law Decisions by Miceli, David Michael; Edd from Seton Hall University, College of Education and Human Services, 2003, 132 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3081027

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The Application of Savant and Splinter Skills in the Autistic Population Through Curriculum Design: a Longitudinal Multiple-replication Case Study by Clark, Trevor Raymond; Phd from University of New South Wales (australia), 2001 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f1093969

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The Assessment of Basic Learning Abilities Test: Implications for Individuals with Autism by Morris, Dayna Elise; Ma from University of Toronto (canada), 2002, 92 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ73994

Dissertations 201

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The Challenge of Motivation in Autism: an Investigation Utilising the Premack Principle by Salzman, T.; Dclinpsy from University of Southampton (united Kingdom), 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f938801

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The Classical Eyeblink Conditioning Paradigm As a Model Neural System for Autism by Sears, Lonnie Lyn, Phd from Indiana University, 1992, 216 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9310392

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The Comparative Effectiveness of Four Instructional Techniques with Autistic Adolescents by Cheney, Christine Olivia, Edd from Indiana University, 1984, 213 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8428714

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The Current Status of Public Education for Autistic Youth in Thirty-two School Districts in Washington State by Herren, Dennis Kip, Edd from Seattle University, 1992, 415 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9231863

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The Development of a Scale to Differentiate between Asperger Syndrome and Autism by Jones Bock, Stacey Renae; Phd from University of Kansas, 1999, 105 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9946103

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The Development of Object Permanence in Autistic Children and Its Relationship to the Development of Receptive Language of These Children by Robb, Jacqueline Fiester, Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1984, 120 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8500305

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The Developmental Progression of Play in Children with Autism by Minor, Lavada Marie; Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 2003, 45 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3081170

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The Differential Effects of Simplified Speech Versus Typical Speech on Response Accuracy in Discrete Trial Teaching Formats with Prekindergarten-age Students with Autism by Clark, Claudia Pia; Edd from Florida Atlantic University, 2000, 114 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9960471

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The Early Childhood Inventory-4 and Child Symptom Inventory-4 As Screening Measures for Pervasive Developmental Disorders: a Validity Study by Gudaitis, Jane Lindsay; Psyd from Pace University, 2002, 198 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3065557

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The Effect of Picture Communication Symbols on the Verbal Comprehension of Young Children with Autism by Preis, Janet; Edd from The Johns Hopkins University, 2002, 127 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3046536

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The Effectiveness of Negotiated Social Communication Activities with Children with Autism (social Communication) by Mattson, Beverly Louise, Daed from George Mason University, 1993, 374 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9328944

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The Effectiveness of the Effects of the Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior and Gentle Teaching Methods on Target Behavior of Children with Autism (positive Reinforcement) by Pierson, Janet Ann, Edd from University of Northern Colorado, 1989, 112 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8925224

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The Effectiveness of Three Early Intervention Programs for Students with Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders by Tietjens, Mary Ann; Edd from Saint Louis University, 2001, 97 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3014292

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The Effects of a Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Responding Intervention on Behaviors of Adults with Autism during Vocational Training at a Competitive Job Site (severely Handicapped, Mental Retardation, Employment, On-the-job Training, Behavio by Mccarthy, Patricia Ann Talbert, Edd from University of South Carolina, 1984, 174 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8508188

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The Effects of a Fluency Building Intervention on the Language of Preschool Children with Autism and Developmental Disabilities and Their Peers by Schepis, Julie Ann; Phd from The Ohio State University, 2002, 220 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3059317

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The Effects of Adult Interaction Style on Verbal Conversational Behavior in Adolescents with Autism or Retardation by Mirenda, Patricia Louise, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1984, 202 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8419955

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The Effects of Computer-assisted Instruction on Communicative Interactions and Disruptive Behavior for Individuals with Autism by Hoppe, Sue E.; Phd from The University of Oklahoma, 2003, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3082937

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The Effects of Correspondence Training and Activity Schedules on the Play Behavior of Preschoolers with Autism in an Inclusive Classroom by Morrison, Rebecca Suzanne; Phd from The Ohio State University, 1999, 219 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9941392

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The Effects of Diagnostic Label, Stereotyped Behavior and Maternal Stress on Maternal Perceptions of Intentionality in Young Children with Autism by Sperry, Laurie Allyn; Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2000, 69 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9968677

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The Effects of Distance Technology and Peer Tutoring on a Student with Autism Spectrum Disorder by Valentine, Linda Conn; Edd from Baylor University, 2001, 181 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3029991

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The Effects of Functional Assessment and Treatment on Problem Behaviors of One Student with Autism by Choi, Hye-sung; Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 2000, 169 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9992769

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The Effects of Milieu Teaching Procedures on the Spoken Language Skills of Children with Autism by Kim, Ui-jung; Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 2000, 179 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9992835

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The Effects of Priming and Contingent Attention on Novel Play Episodes in a Child with Autism by Josendale, Julianne R.; Ms from University of North Texas, 2002, 73 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410920

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The Effects of Sensory Motor Therapy on the Stereotypic Movements of Children with Disorders on the Autistic Spectrum by Luce, Jodi Beth; Psyd from Pace University, 2003, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086677

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The Effects of Social Interactive Training on Early Social-communicative Skills of Preschool Children with Autism by Hwang, Bogseon, Phd from Vanderbilt University, 1998, 174 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9841617

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The Effects of Social Stories on Anxiety Levels and Excessive Behavioral Expressions of Elementary School-aged Children with Autism by Cullain, Rosemary Elizabeth; Phd from The Union Institute, 2000, 157 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3019561

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The Effects of Social Subtypes in Autism on the Psychological Functioning of the Family by Glenn, Marshall Andrew, Phd from The University of Oklahoma, 1995, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9541483

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The Effects of Sufficient Exemplars on the Social Inclusion of Autistic Students (peer Mediation) by Mundschenk, Nancy A., Phd from The University of Iowa, 1992, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9235887

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The Effects of Using Systematic Instruction to Teach Students with Pervasive Developmental Disorder Appropriate Responses to Lures and Incentives: an Effort to Increase Self-protection Skills (stimulus Control) by Mason, Susan Ann, Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1992, 183 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9315694

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The Efficacy of a Social Skills Training Program for Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders by Provencal, Sherri L.; Phd from The University of Utah, 2003, 56 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083611

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The Efficacy of Therapeutic Horseback Riding As a Treatment Tool for Selected Children with Autism by Stoner, Janine Brancato; Ms from Southern Connecticut State University, 2002, 70 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1409797

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The Evolution of Joint Attention: a Case Study of Two Siblings with Autism by Olson, Jennifer Endre; Psyd from Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 2002, 166 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3072962

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The High School Principal and Inclusive Practices (speech Impairments, Learning Disabilities, Autism) by Rankin, Donna M., Edd from Temple University, 1995, 172 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9535794

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The Influence of Human Contact on the Output of Facilitated Communication (autism) by Williams, Lori Lynn, Phd from Ohio University, 1993, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9412453

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The Integration of a Child with Autism into a Fourth-grade Class by Fredericks, Paula Joyce, Edd from University of Massachusetts, 1995, 263 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9541106

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The Measurement of Intelligence in Young Autistic Children (young Children) by Kamean, Lisa Ann, Psyd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, G.s.a.p.p., 1990, 79 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9124976

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The Modified - Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (m-chat): Early Detection of Autism Spectrum Disorders by Robins, Diana Lee; Phd from The University of Connecticut, 2002, 61 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3066256

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The Nature of Social Deficits in Children with Autism by Magill, Joyce Elaine; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL37644

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The Parents'/caretakers' Evaluation of Support Services in the State of Missouri for Persons Diagnosed with Autism by Williams, Everlyn Luevenia; Edd from University of Kansas, 2000, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9998126

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The Perspectives of Six Stakeholder Groups on the Challenging Behavior of Individuals with Mental Retardation And/or Autism by Ruef, Michael Benjamin, Phd from University of Kansas, 1997, 592 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9817103

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The Relationship between Joint Attention and Maternal Perception of Child Attachment in Families of Children with Autism by Martin, Robin Renea Jones; Phd from University of Missouri - Columbia, 2003, 74 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3091945

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The Relationship between Sensory Processing and Play in Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders by Gaines, Elizabeth Chilton; Psyd from The Wright Institute, 2002, 174 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3051897

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The Relationship between Sensory Processing and Self Care for Children with Autism Ages Two to Four by Kay, Sonia F.; Phd from Nova Southeastern University, 2002, 162 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3027819

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The Relationship between Stereotypic Behavior and Peer Social Interaction: Within and Cross-setting Effects (autism) by Lee, Sohyun, Phd from Vanderbilt University, 1991, 95 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9203337

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The Role of Theory of Mind and Emotion Recognition in the Social Interaction of Individuals with Autistic Disorder by Fisher, Julie A.; Psyd from Alliant International University, San Diego, 2002, 84 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3041554

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The School and Parent Autism Wars: a Civil Rights Struggle by Boyer, Heather Ann; Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 2001, 216 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3008283

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The Selection and Use of Strategies for Everyday Problem Solving by Highfunctioning Adolescents with Autism by Ho, Mei-hwei; Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1999, 298 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9956846

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The Use of Chinese Phonetic Symbols of Children with Autism in Taiwan by Chen, Kuo-long; Edd from University of Northern Colorado, 2000, 173 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9973905

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The Use of Contrastive Focus by High-functioning Children with Autism by Foreman, Christina Gayle; Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 2001, 144 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3032821

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The Validation of a Survey Designed to Measure Teacher Opinions Regarding Strategies That Promote Relationships between Students with Autism and Their Nondisabled Peers by Robinson, Susan Joy, Edd from University of Northern Colorado, 1998, 172 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9902427

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Theory of Mind and Autistic Children: Teaching the Appearance-reality Distinction (mind Theory, Reality) by Starr, Elizabeth Margaret, Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1992, 213 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN73037

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Training Parents of Children with Autism to Promote Sibling Play: Randomized Trials of Three Alternative Training Interventions (parent Training, Play) by Celiberti, David Alan, Phd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 1993, 310 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9412615

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Treatment Acceptability of Four Interventions for Children with Autism: the Influence of Group Membership, Problem Severity, and Age of Child by Frederick, Brigitte Noel; Phd from Texas A&m University, 2002, 109 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3072438

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Treatment and Generalization Effects of Errorless Academic Compliance Training for Children with Autism by Drain, Tammy Lynne; Ma from University of Toronto (canada), 2002, 57 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ73990

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Understanding 'el Autismo': a Qualitative Study of the Parental Interpretation of Autism. a Hispanic Perspective by Moreno, Claudia Lucia, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1995, 271 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9544647

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Understanding the Well-being of the Primary Care-takers of Autistic Children by Schwartz, Marci Anne; Phd from New York University, 2001, 238 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3002443

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Unshared Lives: Fictional and Personal Narrative Productions in High-functioning Autistic Children by Goldman, Sylvie; Phd from City University of New York, 2002, 156 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3047222

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Use of Nonprofessionals As Behavior Change Agents in Treatment of Autism by Small, Paxton Merle, Phd from University of Missouri - Kansas City, 1979, 159 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8009376

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Using a Concept Mastery Routine to Teach Social Skills to Elementary Children with High Functioning Autism in Order to Facilitate Acceptance by Laushey, Kelle Mechelle; Phd from Georgia State University, 2002, 121 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3069683

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Using Choice with Interactive Play to Increase Language Skills in Children with Autism by Carter, Cynthia Marie; Phd from University of California, Santa Barbara, 2000, 89 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9997424

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Using Naturalistic Teaching Strategies (nats) to Promote Coordinated Joint Attention and Gestures in Children with Autism by Carpenter, H. Michael; Phd from The Claremont Graduate University, 2003, 107 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3079291

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Using Theory-of-mind to Increase Social Competence in Young Children with Autism: a Model for Praxis in Early Childhood Special Education by Garfinkle, Ann Neal; Phd from University of Washington, 1999, 112 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9936403

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Using Video Modeling to Teach Reciprocal Play to a Young Child with Autism by Eastridge, Dixie D.; Ma from University of Nevada, Reno, 2003, 17 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1411357

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Utilizing Group Art Therapy to Enhance the Social Skills of Children with Autism and Down Syndrome by Kanareff, Rita Lynn; Ma from Ursuline College, 2002, 182 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1408034

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Video Self-modeling As a Technique for Increasing Spontaneous Requests of Objects and Actions in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (asd) by Wert, Barbara Jane; Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 2002, 85 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3077020

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Visual Memory Processes in Nonretarded Individuals with Autism by Ameli, Rezvan, Phd from California School of Professional Psychology - San Diego, 1986, 208 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8618123

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Visually Based Social Skills Training for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder by Stange, Edward Joseph, Jr.; Phd from University of South Florida, 2001, 144 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3041125

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Welcome to the Plastic City: Community Responses to the Leominster Autism Cluster by Lang, Martha Elizabeth, Phd from Brown University, 1998, 257 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9830475

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'when Life Says: 'you Can't'.': Creativity and Resilience in Families with Autistic Children Residing in New Jersey and Ireland by Sullivan, Madeleine Walsh; Dlitt from Drew University, 2003, 132 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083305

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'yesterday Peter Waved Goodbye': Challenges and Supports for Teachers of Children with Autism in Inclusive Early Childhood Settings by Strangis, Diane Elizabeth; Edd from University of Kentucky, 1999, 171 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9948911

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Young Children with Autism: How Do Child Choice and Teacher Selection of Toys Affect Engagement in Toy Play? by Reinhartsen, Debra Bailey; Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2003, 188 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086610

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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND AUTISM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning autism.

Recent Trials on Autism The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to autism.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. ·

A Controlled Study of Olanzapine in Children with Autism Condition(s): Autistic Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): FDA Office of Orphan Products Development Purpose - Excerpt: This is a 6-week study which investigates the use of olanzapine to decrease symptoms in children, aged 4 to 12 years old, with autism. The study is double-blind and placebo controlled, meaning that patients receive either placebo or olanzapine, and that neither the researchers or the patients know whether or not they are receiving placebo or olanzapine. The purpose in using placebo is that it is otherwise impossible to know how effective the drug is or whether or not the drug causes side effects. Patients treated with placebo can have improvement and can have side effects. In the study patients receive a psychiatric evaluation, physical examination, laboratory tests and study medication (olanzapine or placebo), free of charge. At the end of the 6week double-blind period, patients can receive 6 weeks of olanzapine as part of the study. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00057408

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Drug Treatment for Autism Condition(s): Autistic Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to examine the safety and effectiveness of donepezil HCl (Aricept) in children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00047697

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Effects of CX516 on Functioning in Fragile X Syndrome and Autism Condition(s): Fragile X Syndrome; Autism Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Cortex Pharmaceuticals; FRAXA Foundation Purpose - Excerpt: This study will investigate whether CX516 can improve attention, memory, language, or behavior in adults with Fragile X Syndrome and/or Autism. CX516 is an AMPAKINE(r) compound. AMPAKINE compounds enhance synaptic strength. There is evidence to suggest that the synapses in the brain of an individual with fragile X syndrome are immature and abnormal. It is possible CX516 may partially correct this synaptic transmission defect and lead to improvement in cognitive and behavioral functioning. There is also reason to believe that these changes caused by CX516 could be helpful in managing cognitive and behavioral symptoms in patients with autistic disorder. Involvement for each participant will last 28 days. Participants will be given study medication, a physical exam, and a variety of cognitive assessment tests to study potential drug effectiveness at improving disease symptoms. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00054730

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Improving Attention Skills of Children with Autism Condition(s): Autism Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: Toddlers with autism have poor joint attention skills. Joint attention skills include pointing to objects, following another person's gaze, and responding to invitations to join in a social interaction. Improved joint attention skills may lead to better verbal ability as the child ages. This study teaches caregivers how to help their toddlers with autism develop joint attention skills. Phase(s): Phase I; Phase II

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Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00065910 ·

Randomized Study of Fluoxetine in Children and Adolescents With Autism Condition(s): Autism Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): FDA Office of Orphan Products Development; Mount Sinai Medical Center Purpose - Excerpt: Objectives: I. Evaluate the efficacy of fluoxetine on social and language deficits, global severity and compulsive dimensions of children and adolescents with autism. II. Assess the effectiveness of this treatment regimen on neurocognitive deficits in this patient population. III. Compare the baseline compulsive severity and treatment outcome in these patients. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004486

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Study of Fluoxetine in Adults With Autistic Disorder Condition(s): Autistic Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): FDA Office of Orphan Products Development Purpose - Excerpt: This is a study to determine the effect of fluoxetine in the treatment of adult autism and on functional ability and behavior associated with autism. Evidence suggests abnormal serotonin function in autism. Fluoxetine is a selective inhibitor of the serotonin transporter. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00027404

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Synthetic Human Secretin in Children with Autism Condition(s): Autism Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Repligen Corporation Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of the study is to determine whether multiple doses of secretin are safe and effective in the treatment of children with autism. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): Karen A Jauregui 781-250-0111 Ext. 2017 [email protected] Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00036244

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Synthetic Human Secretin in Children with Autism and Gastrointestinal Dysfunction Condition(s): Autism Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Repligen Corporation Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of multiple doses of secretin on autism. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00036231

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Valproate Response in Aggressive Autistic Adolescents Condition(s): Autism Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will examine the effect of valproate, a medication used to treat seizures and bipolar disorder, on aggressive behavior in children and adolescents with autism. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00065884

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Methylphenidate in Children and Adolescents with Pervasive Developmental Disorders Condition(s): Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Autistic Disorder; Pervasive Development Disorders Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will evaluate the efficacy and safety of methylphenidate for treating hyperactivity, impulsiveness, and distractibility in 60 children and adolescents with Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD). Methylphenidate (Ritalin)is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of children and adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Data supporting its safety and effectiveness in treating ADHD symptoms in PDD are limited. Children and adolescents who do not show a positive response to methylphenidate will be invited to participate in a pilot study of the non-stimulant medication guanfacine (Tenex). Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00025779

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Treatment of Autism in Children and Adolescents Condition(s): Autistic Disorder Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: This study is designed to determine the effectiveness of risperidone, a drug treatment for the interfering symptoms of Autistic Disorder in children and adolescents between the ages of 5 and 17. Between 100 and 120 patients will be participating in this research study at five academic medical centers in the United States. The primary aim of the treatment is to reduce impairing behavioral symptoms such as aggression, explosive outbursts, or self-injurious behavior, without significant side effects. A secondary aim is to evaluate possible improvement in the level of social relatedness, attention, motor coordination, and short-term memory. This study is a placebo-controlled, double-blind study (neither the investigators nor patients know if the treatment being given is risperidone or an inactive substance, placebo). Patients will be asked to participate for 6 to 8 months. For the first 8 weeks, patients will receive either risperidone or placebo, randomly chosen. At the end of the 8 weeks, those patients who have improved and were on risperidone will be asked to continue on this medication for another 4 months. The last two months of the study are again doubleblind (neither patients nor investigators know treatment). Patients will either continue risperidone treatment or be gradually tapered from risperidone (placebo-substitution). This blinded discontinuation phase will last 2 months during which patients will be closely monitored for recurrence or worsening of symptoms. Patients who have been treated with placebo in the first 8 weeks of the study and have not improved will be treated with risperidone. Weekly visits are required for the first 8 weeks of the study, monthly visits for the following 4 months, and weekly visits during the last 2 months of the study. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005014

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Longitudinal and Biological Study of Childhood Disintegrative Disorder Condition(s): Pervasive Child Development Disorders; Autism Study Status: This study is terminated. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); Yale University Purpose - Excerpt: Objectives: I. Compare the developmental course (language acquisition, diagnostic stability, predictors of outcome, and restricted interests and behaviors) of childhood disintegrative disorder versus autism and non-autistic developmental delays. II. Collect data on molecular genetics of proband and family members. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004458

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Randomized Study of Intensive One-on-one Behavioral Treatment Individualized Parent Training in Preschool Aged Children With Autism

Versus

Condition(s): Autism Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); University of California, Los Angeles Purpose - Excerpt: Objectives: I. Determine the effectiveness of intensive one-on-one behavioral treatment in the home or neighborhood compared with at home, individualized, parent training in preschool aged children with autism. II. Identify intake measures that predict differences in outcome between subjects in the experimental group. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004449 ·

Secretin for the Treatment of Autism Condition(s): Autism Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) Purpose - Excerpt: Many drugs used to treat autism target specific symptoms, such as hyperactivity and aggressiveness. Few drugs target the core autistic symptoms of impaired social interaction and communication. This study will evaluate two forms of the drug secretin for the treatment of core autistic symptoms. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00065962

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “autism” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials:

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·

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON AUTISM Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “autism” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on autism, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Autism By performing a patent search focusing on autism, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

9Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on autism: ·

5-HT.sub.3 receptor antagonists for the treatment of autism Inventor(s): Coates; Ian H. (Hertford, GB2), Oxford; Alexander W. (Royston, GB2), North; Peter C. (Royston, GB2), Oakley; Nigel R. (Cambridge, GB2) Assignee(s): Glaxo Group Limited (London, GB2) Patent Number: 5,225,407 Date filed: September 8, 1992 Abstract: The invention relates to the use of a compound which acts as an antagonist of 5-HT at 5-HT.sub.3 receptors in the treatment of autism or another disorder originating in childhood in which there is mental retardation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a new medical use for certain chemical compounds and pharmaceutical compositions containing them. In particular it relates to the use in the treatment of mental disorders originating in childhood of compounds which act as antagonists of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) at 5-HT.sub.3 receptors. Such receptors have been described for example by Fozard et al., Eur. J. Pharmacol., 1979, 59, 195-210; Ireland, Straughan and Tyers, Br. J. Pharmacol., 1982, 75, 16P; Humphrey, Neuropharm., 1984, 23, 1503-1570; Richardson et al., Nature, 1985, 316, 126-131; and Bradley et al., Neuropharm., 1986, 25, 563-576. 5-HT.sub.3 receptors of this type are located, for example, on the terminals of afferent sensory neurones, and are also present in the central nervous system. Compounds which act as antagonists of 5-HT at 5-HT.sub.3 receptors may be identified using standard tests, for example, in vitro by measuring their inhibition of the depolarising effect of 5-HT on the rat or rabbit isolated vagus nerve, or the tachycardia produced by 5-HT in the rabbit isolated heart or the contraction produced by 5-HT in the guinea-pig isolated ileum, or in vivo by measuring their effect on the Von Bezold-Jarisch reflex (induced by 5-HT) as described, for example, in the above-mentioned references. A variety of compounds which act as antagonists of 5-HT at 5-HT.sub.3 receptors have been described in the art. These compounds are generally azabicyclo derivatives and/or benzoic acid derivatives, or imidazole derivatives. The azabicyclo derivatives include compounds containing a bridged piperidyl group, such as a tropyl, pseudotropyl, homotropyl or quinuclidinyl group, and they preferably contain a carbocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic group linked, for example as an ester or amide, to the azabicyclic ring. The aromatic group may be for example an optionally substituted phenyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, benzisoxazolyl, indazolyl or pyrimidinyl group. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05225407__

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Anticonvulsant derivatives useful in treating autism Inventor(s): Van Kammen; Daniel P. (Neshanic Station, NJ) Assignee(s): Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical, Inc. (Rarltan, NJ) Patent Number: 6,552,000 Date filed: January 18, 2000 Abstract: Anticonvulsant derivatives useful in treating autism.

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Excerpt(s): are structurally novel antiepileptic compounds that are highly effective anticonvulsants in animal tests (Maryanoff, B. E, Nortey, S. O., Gardocki, J. F., Shank, R. P. and Dodgson, S. P. J. Med. Chem. 30, 880-887, 1987; Maryanoff, B. E., Costanzo, M. J., Shank, R. P., Schupsky, J. J., Ortegon, M. E., and Vaught J. L. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 3, 2653-2656, 1993). These compounds are covered by U.S. Pat. No.4,513,006. One of these compounds 2,3:4,5-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-.beta.-Dfructopyranose sulfamate known as topiramate has been demonstrated in clinical trials of human epilepsy to be effective as adjunctive therapy or as monotherapy in treating simple and complex partial seizures and secondarily generalized seizures (E. FAUGHT, B. J. WILDER, R. E. RAMSEY, R. A. REIFE, L D. KRAMER, G. W. PLEDGER, R. M. KARIM et. al., Epilepsia 36 (S4) 33, 1995; S. K. SACHDEO, R. C. SACHDEO, R. A. REIFE, P. LIM and G. PLEDGER, Epilepsia 36 (S4) 33, 1995), and is currently marketed for the treatment of simple and complex partial seizure epilepsy with or without secondary generalized seizures in approximately twenty countries including the United States, and applications for regulatory approval are presently pending in several additional countries throughout the world. Compounds of Formula I were initially found to possess anticonvulsant activity in the traditional maximal electroshock seizure (MES) test in mice (SHANK, R. P., GARDOCKI, J. F., VAUGHT, J. L., DAVIS, C. B., SCHUPSKY, J. J., RAFFA, R. B., DODGSON, S. J., NORTEY, S. O., and MARYANOFF, B. E., Epilepsia 35 450-460, 1994). Subsequent studies revealed that Compounds of Formula I were also highly effective in the MES test in rats. More recently topiramate was found to effectively block seizures in several rodent models of epilepsy (J. NAKAMURA, S. TAMU , T. KANDA, A. ISHII, K. ISHIHARA, T. SERIKAWA, J. YAMADA, and M. SASA, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 254 83-89, 1994), and in an animal model of kindled epilepsy (A. WAUQUIER and S. ZHOU, Epilepsy Res. 24, 73-77, 1996). wherein X is O or CH.sub.2, and R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are as defined hereinafter are useful in maintaining weight loss. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06552000__ ·

Compositions and methods relating to reduction of symptoms of autism Inventor(s): Houston; Devin B. (Forsyth, MO) Assignee(s): Klaire Laboratories, Inc. (Solana Beach, CA) Patent Number: 6,447,772 Date filed: October 1, 1999 Abstract: Methods and compositions that can reduce the symptoms of autism in a human patient comprising administering a physiologically effective amount of one or both of a purified casomorphin inhibitor selected from the group consisting of a casomorphinase and a casomorphin ligand, and a physiologically effective amount of a purified gluteomorphin inhibitor selected from the group consisting of a gluteomorphinase and a gluteomorphin ligand, to a human patient in sufficient quantities to reduce the effects of the autism. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods further comprise a physiologically effective amount of an enkephalin inhibitor, preferably an enkephalinase, and a physiologically effective amount of an endorphin inhibitor, preferably an endorphinase. Excerpt(s): Autism is a relatively rare syndrome of early childhood that affects between three and eight of every 10,000 school-aged children. Autism is a serious disease that seriously impairs the functioning and life-enjoyment of its victims. The disease can include language disorders with impaired understanding, echolalia, pronominal

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reversal (such as using "you" instead of "I" or "me" when referring to one's self), rituals and compulsive phenomena, and uneven intellectual development with mental retardation. Autism is about two to five times more common in boys than in girls. The cause of autism is unknown, but there are, at the least, some important genetic factors, as indicated by the fact the concordance rate is significantly greater in monozygotic twins than dizygotic twins. Merck Manual, 17.sup.th edition, section 19, chapter 274 (1999); Autism Review, Lowell Ackerman, http://www.parentzone.com/autismlreview.htm (1997). Other factors may include rubella, problems during pregnancy, labor and delivery, cytomegalic inclusion disease, phenylketonuria, and fragile X syndrome. Autistic children are also at increased risk of developing seizure disorders, especially during their teen years. Analysis of the urine of autistic children found hyperpeptiduria in the children, which means that the analysis found a significantly increased presence of peptides (short chains of amino acids) in the urine of children. Reichelt et al., J. Applied Nutr., 42(1):1-11 (1990); Reichelt et al., Brain Dysfunct., 4:308-319 (1991); Reichelt et al., Dev. Brain Dysfunct,. 7:71-85 (1994). Reichelt et al. (1994) hypothesized that the peptiduria was caused by insufficient breakdown of peptide fragments from dietary milk protein (i.e., casein) and wheat protein (i.e., gluten), resulting in the uptake of the peptides by the body. This is problematic because the peptides from casein and gluten, casomorphin and gluteomorphin, respectively, have opioid qualities, which means that they mimic opiates in the body (indeed, that is indicated by the "-morphin" suffix of the names, which shows their functional similarity to morphine, a strong opiate; casomorphin is also known as caseomorphine). For example, one molecule of gluten contains 15 opioid sequences, which can be released by the action of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and secretin. Id. Reichelt et al. also hypothesized that the release of the opioid-like casomorphin (from casein) and gluteomorphin (from gluten) were caused by a defect of peptidases in the patient. Reichelt et al. (1991) at 308. Accordingly, Reichelt et al. proposed a strict gluten-free and casein-free diet (i.e., strictly wheat-free and dairy-free). Reichelt et al. (1990) found that such a diet ultimately resulted in increased social contact, decreased stereotypy, an end to self-mutilation like head banging, and a decrease in dreamy state periods. Also, alimentary problems generally improved. Reichelt et al. (1990) at 5; accord Reichelt et al. (1991); Reichelt et al. (1994). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06447772__ ·

Diagnosis of autism and treatment therefor Inventor(s): Shaw; William (Shawnee, KS) Assignee(s): The Children's Mercy Hospital (Kansas City, MO) Patent Number: 5,686,311 Date filed: June 23, 1995 Abstract: A method for diagnosing the likelihood of autism in patients is provided which comprises first obtaining from the patient a sample of body fluid such as urine and analyzing the sample to determine the quantity therein of at least one marker compound selected from the group consisting of citramalic acid, 5-hydroxy-methyl-2furoic acid, 3-oxo-glutaric acid, furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid, tartaric acid, furancarbonylglycine, arabinose, dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid, carboxycitric acid and phenylcarboxylic acid; if the quantities of one or more of the compounds are abnormally high, as compared with the urine of non-autistic individuals, an ultimate diagnosis of autism is likely. The invention also pertains to a method of treating autistic patients by

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administration of antifungal drugs, in order to ameliorate the clinical symptoms of autism. Excerpt(s): The present invention is broadly concerned with an improved method to aid in the diagnosis of autism, and a corresponding method of treating this condition in order to ameliorate the symptoms thereof. More particularly, the invention pertains to a diagnosis method wherein a body fluid sample (e.g., urine) is obtained and quantified for the presence of certain marker compounds such as tartaric acid; abnormally high quantities of one or more of the marker compounds is an indication of autism. In a treatment protocol, a patient suffering from autism is given an antifungal drug, which reduces the quantities of marker compounds and ameliorates the symptoms of autism. Childhood autism is the most characteristic group of the broader persuasive developmental disorder category of childhood diseases. The cause of autism is unknown except for a small subgroup due to adenylosuccinic aciduria, a defect in purine metabolism. Autism is characterized by a behavioral syndrome often recognized between two and three years of age. The core of the syndrome is a deviant and/or retarded development of cognitive capacities and skills necessary for social relations, communication, fantasy, and symbolic thinking. Almost all autistic children do not reach independence as adults and 75% are deemed mentally retarded. Taurine aspartate, and glutonate are reported to be significantly elevated in the plasma of a significant fraction of autistic persons, and some have metabolic acidosis. Diagnosis of autism presents difficulties in its own right, and a number of modalities have been proposed primarily based upon psychiatric evaluations. A number of different therapies have been attempted in an effort to cure autism or at least lessen the clinical symptoms thereof. Such have included drug therapies as well as psychiatric care and attempted counseling. In general, results of such treatments have been disappointing, and autism remains very difficult to effectively treat, particularly in severe cases. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05686311__ ·

Genetic polymorphisms which are associated with autism spectrum disorders Inventor(s): Rodier; Patricia M (Rochester, NY), Ingram; Jennifer L. (Rochester, NY), Figlewicz; Denise A. (Rochester, NY), Hyman; Susan L. (Rochester, NY), Stodgell; Christopher J. (Rochester, NY) Assignee(s): University of Rochester (Rochester, NY) Patent Number: 6,228,582 Date filed: June 10, 1998 Abstract: A method is provided for screening subjects for genetic markers associated with autism. The method involves isolating a biological sample from a mammal and then testing for the presence of a mutated gene or a product thereof which is associated with autism. Also disclosed are isolated nucleic acids encoding HoxA1 and HoxB1, both of which have a polymorphism that is associated with autism spectrum disorders. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of screening subjects for genetic markers associated with autism. The invention further relates to isolated nucleic acids having polymorphisms associated with autism, the polypeptide products of those nucleic acids, and antibodies specific to the polypeptides produced by the mutated genes. Autism is a behaviorally defined syndrome characterized by impairment of social interaction, deficiency or abnormality of speech development, and limited activities and interest (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The last category includes such

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abnormal behaviors as fascination with spinning objects, repetitive stereotypic movements, obsessive interests, and abnormal aversion to change in the environment. Symptoms are present by 30 months of age. The prevalence rate in recent Canadian studies using total ascertainment is over 1/1,000 (Bryson, S. E. et al., J. Child Psychol. Psychiat., 29, 433 (1988)). Attempts to identify the cause of the disease have been difficult, in part, because the symptoms do not suggest a brain region or system where injury would result in the diagnostic set of behaviors. Further, the nature of the behaviors included in the criteria preclude an animal model of the diagnostic symptoms and make it difficult to relate much of the experimental literature on brain injuries to the symptoms of autism. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06228582__ ·

Lipid-soluble thiamine derivatives in the treatment of autism Inventor(s): Frackelton; James P. (Westlake, OH), Lonsdale; Derrick (Strongsville, OH) Assignee(s): Westlake Laboratories, Inc. (Westlake, OH) Patent Number: 6,585,996 Date filed: March 13, 2002 Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method for the treatment of autism comprising administering to a person in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a lipid-soluble thiamine derivative. The lipid-soluble thiamine derivative is preferably tetrahydrofurfuryl disulfide (TTFD). TTFD administration methods may include suppository forms, transdermal carriers, such as gels, lotions, or creams; and oral carriers, such as tablets or capsules. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pharmaceuticals and, more specifically, using pharmaceuticals to treat autism. Autism is a disabling neurological disorder that affects thousands of Americans and includes a number of subtypes, with various assumed causes and few documented ameliorative treatments. Autism is characterized by behavioral syndrome often recognized between two and three years of age. There is no clear-cut biological marker for autism. Diagnosis of the disorder is made by considering the degree to which the child matches the behavioral syndrome, which is characterized by poor communicative abilities, peculiarities in social and cognitive capacities, and maladaptive behavioral patterns. There currently is no known medical treatment for autism. A number of different therapies have been attempted in an effort to cure autism or at least lessen its symptoms, including drug therapies as well as psychiatric care and attempted counseling. In general, results of such treatments have been disappointing, and autism remains very difficult to effectively treat, particularly in severe cases. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06585996__

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Method for assisting in differential diagnosis and treatment of autistic syndromes Inventor(s): Beck; Victoria (Bedford, NH), Horvath; Karoly (Baltimore, MD) Assignee(s): Repligen Corporation (Waltham, MA) Patent Number: 6,498,143 Date filed: November 24, 1999

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Abstract: A novel relationship between pancreatico-biliary secretion and autistic syndrome is disclosed. This relationship enables a novel therapy for the treatment of the symptoms of autistic syndromes, comprising the administration of a therapeutically effective, preferably intravenous, dose of secretin to an individual with autistic syndrome. The relationship further enables a differential diagnosis for autistic syndrome, comprising an analysis of an individual's blood and/or intestinal tissue for the presence of secretin and comparison of the level of secretin to known norms. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates in general to differential diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of autistic syndromes, and in particular to a new and useful method for diagnosing and treating autistic syndromes by measurement and administration of secretin. Despite the substantial body of evidence implicating neurobiological factors in the pathogenesis, precise etiologic mechanisms of autism have yet to be identified. In the absence of a clear etiology, although both behavioral and medical interventions are available to improve learning and behavior, there is no evidence of a cure for autism, nor any efficient psychopharmacological treatments for the core symptoms. Autism is a syndrome with multiple etiologies, as is made clear both by the evidence of neurobiological research and by the catalog of disorders that are present with autistic behaviors.sup.4. Based on clinical observations, there are subgroups and subtypes of subjects with significantly different patterns of strengths and deficits, different patterns of comorbidity, levels of severity, and different psychological/cognitive profiles. The response to therapeutic trials also showed a wide variety of outcomes, which may support the possibility that there are multiple etiologies for autism. Although we know that genetic, infectious, metabolic, immunologic, neurophysiological, and environmental causes may lead to similar patterns of altered development with autistic behavior, the recognition of these clear neuropathological disorders does not help us to understand the basic pathogenic mechanism of autism. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06498143__ ·

Method of treating autism Inventor(s): Gruber; Harry E. (San Diego, CA) Assignee(s): The Regents of the University of California (Oakland, CA) Patent Number: 5,008,251 Date filed: August 31, 1989 Abstract: Methods for increasing extracellular concentrations of adenosine for the prophylactic or affirmative treatment of autism involving administering to a patient purine nucleoside and purine nucleoside-related analogs which increase extracellular adenosine concentration. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods for prophylactically and affirmatively treating various bodily states that respond beneficially to increases in extracellular levels of adenosine by providing patients with purine nucleosides, purine nucleotides, and derivatives, intermediates and analogs thereof. The invention also relates to the stabilization of mast cells with such compounds by suppression of mast cell activation. Adenosine, 9-.beta.-D-ribofuranosyladenine (the nucleoside of the purine adenine), belongs to the class of biochemicals termed purine nucleosides and is a key biochemical cell regulatory molecule, as described by Fox and Kelly in the Annual Reviews of Biochemistry, Vol 47, p. 635, 1978. It interacts with a wide variety of cell types and is responsible for a myriad of biological effects. For instance, adenosine is a potent

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vasodilator, an inhibitor of immune cell function, and can at certain levels enhance activation of mast cells, is an inhibitor of granulocyte oxygen-free radial production, is anti-arrhythmic, and is an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Considering its broad spectrum of biological activity, considerable effort has been aimed at establishing practical therapeutic uses for adenosine and its analogs. Since adenosine is thought to act at the level of the cell plasma membrane by binding to receptors anchored in the membrane, past work has included attempts to increase extracellular levels of adenosine by administration of it into the blood stream. Unfortunately, adenosine is toxic at concentrations that have to be administered to a patient to maintain an efficacious extracellular therapeutic level, and the administration of adenosine alone is therefore of limited therapeutic use. Further, adenosine receptors are subject to negative feedback control following exposure to adenosine, including down-regulation of the receptors. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05008251__ ·

Method of treating obsessive compulsive disorders, somatoform disorders, dissociative disorders, eating disorders, impulse control disorders, and autism Inventor(s): Coffin; Vicki L. (Basking Ridge, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (Kenilworth, NJ) Patent Number: 6,410,527 Date filed: March 1, 1999 Abstract: A method for treating obsessive-compulsive disorders, somatoform disorders, dissociative disorders, eating disorders, impulse control disorders, and autism is disclosed. These disorders are treated by administering an effective amount of a D1/D5 antagonist. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to the treatment of a group of disorders marked by repetitive, intrusive thoughts and/or ritualistic behaviors, i.e., obsessive-compulsive disorder, somatoform disorders, dissociative disorders, eating disorders, impulse control disorders, and autism. Obsessive-compulsive disorder ("OCD"), recognized to be among the most common of all psychiatric disorders, occurs in 2 to 3% of the U.S. population. OCD is characterized by anxiety-provoking and intrusive thoughts (e.g., fear of contamination and germs, doubt and uncertainty about future harm, need for symmetry, etc.) which lead to ritualistic and/or irrational behavior (e.g., constant checking, washing, touching, counting, etc.). See Hollander, et al., J. Clin Psychiatry 57 (Suppl. 8), pp. 3-6 (1996). Somatoform disorders (e.g., body dysmorphic disorder and hypochondriasis) are characterized by abnormal preoccupation with one's appearance or physical condition. For example, body dysmorphic disorder is a preoccupation with an imagined or slight defect in appearance. Many sufferers of body dysmorphic disorder are severely debilitated by their abnormal preoccupation, with significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important aspects of daily life. See Phillips, J. Clin Psychiatry 57 (suppl. 8), pp. 61-64 (1996). Hypocondriasis is characterized by a persistent conviction that one is, or is likely to become ill. Many hypochondriacs are unable to work or engage in ordinary activities due to their preoccupation with illness. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06410527__

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Method of using secretin for treating autism Inventor(s): Rimland; Bernard (San Diego, CA), Beck; Victoria (Bedford, NH) Assignee(s): Repligen Corporation (Needham, MA) Patent Number: 6,197,746 Date filed: January 13, 1999 Abstract: Secretin and secretin compositions are used for the treatment of autism and other neurological, behavioral and immunological disorders. The method includes administering an effective amount of secretin, such as Secretin-Ferring, to a patient. In one example, 2 clinical units (CU) of Secretin-Ferring was dissolved in a 7.5 ml solution of sodium chloride and was intravenously injected over 1 minute. In another example, secretin was administered transdermally by applying dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to the patients skin and rubbing about 15 CU of Secretin-Ferring into the DMSO. Other methods and compositions for administering the effective amount of secretin include other transdermal carrier substances, such as gels, lotions, or patches; oral carriers, such as tablets, capsules, or lozenges; inhalation through the nose or mouth (e.g., as an aerosol); suppository forms of secretin and secretin compositions; and using acoustic waves to cause the secretin to penetrate the skin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods and compositions for the treatment of neurological, behavioral and/or immunological disorders and more particularly, to a new medical use for the natural or synthetic hormone secretin in the treatment of autism and other neurological, behavioral and/or immunological disorders. Autism is a disabling neurological disorder that affects thousands of Americans and encompasses a number of subtypes, with various putative causes and few documented ameliorative treatments. The disorders of the autistic spectrum may be present at birth, or may have later onset, for example, at ages two or three. There are no clear cut biological markers for autism. Diagnosis of the disorder is made by considering the degree to which the child matches the behavioral syndrome, which is characterized by poor communicative abilities, peculiarities in social and cognitive capacities, and maladaptive behavioral patterns. A number of different treatments for autism have been developed. Many of the treatments, however, address the symptoms of the disease, rather than the causes. For example, therapies ranging from psychoanalysis to psychopharmacology have been employed in the treatment of autism. Although some clinical symptoms may be lessened by these treatments, modest improvement, at best, has been demonstrated in a minor fraction of the cases. Only a small percentage of autistic persons become able to function as self-sufficient adults. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06197746__

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Methylxanthines in the diagnosis and treatment of autistic disorder Inventor(s): Zhang; Jundong (Newton, MA), Rusche; James R. (Framingham, MA) Assignee(s): Repligen Corporation (Needham, MA) Patent Number: 6,365,593 Date filed: April 12, 2001 Abstract: The invention is based on the discovery that the levels of one or more methylxanthines in urine samples are significantly decreased in children diagnosed with symptoms of autistic disorder, compared to the levels in normal children, and that levels

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of xanthines in urine are increased in autistic children. Consequently, the presence in the urine of levels of methylxanthines below a certain range and the level of xanthine above a certain range, are diagnostic of autistic disorder. In another aspect, one or more of these methylxanthines can be used to treat individuals exhibiting symptoms of autistic disorder. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the diagnosis and treatment of autistic disorder. Autistic disorder or autism is a severely debilitating developmental disorder characterized by a profound deficiency in verbal communication and normal socialization. Autism is typically diagnosed in children between the ages of two or three and six with a diagnosis usually being made based on behavioral symptoms using the guidelines in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)(American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C., pages 66-71, 1994). The fourth edition of these guidelines, DSM-IV, identifies autistic disorder as one of five separate disorders under the general category of Pervasive Developmental Disorders. (1) qualitative impairment in social interaction, as manifested by at least two of the following: (a) marked impairment in the use of multiple nonverbal behaviors such as eye-to-eye gaze, facial expression, body postures, and gestures to regulate social interaction; (b) failure to develop peer relationships appropriate to developmental level; (c) a lack of spontaneous seeking to share enjoyment, interests, or achievements with other people (e.g., by a lack of showing, bringing, or pointing out objects of interest); and (d) lack of social or emotional reciprocity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06365593__ ·

Modulation of in vivo glutamine and glycine levels in the treatment of autism Inventor(s): McGrew; Susan G. (Nashville, TN), Phillips, III; John A. (Brentwood, TN) Assignee(s): Vanderbilt University (Nashville, TN) Patent Number: 6,362,226 Date filed: December 5, 2000 Abstract: A method of treating autism in a patient. The method includes administering to the patient an effective amount of a glutamine level reducing agent, a glycine level reducing agent or combinations thereof. Representative glutamine level reducing agents are phenylbutyrate and phenylacetate, and a representative glycine level reducing agent is sodium benzoate. Optionally, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist can also be administered to the patient. A representative N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist is dextromethorphan. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for treating autism in patients. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method for modulating in vivo levels of glutamine, glycine or both glutamine or glycine in the treatment of autism. Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by social relating and communicating impairments along with restricted, repetitive or stereotypical behavior and onset by three years of age. A genetic basis for the disorder is suggested by observations such as developmental anomalies in autistic patients, increased incidence of autism in siblings of autistic patients, and a tendency for both of a set of monozygotic twins to be either autistic or not autistic (also called "concordance" for a disorder). However, in 75-80% of autistic individuals, no underlying cause is found for the autism. Previous studies have implicated abnormalities involving neurotransmitters including serotonin, norepinephrine, and histamine in some cases of autism. U.S. Pat. No. 4,994,467 issued

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Feb. 19, 1991 to Zimmerman discloses a method for treating autism in children by administration of therapeutically effective amounts of a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist selected from the group consisting of ketamine and dextromethorphan. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06362226__ ·

Pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of infantile autism Inventor(s): Hayaishi; Osamu (Kyoto, JP), Watanabe; Yasuyoshi (Kyoto, JP), Takesada; Masashi (Hyogo, JP), Naruse; Hiroshi (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Suntory Limited (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 4,778,794 Date filed: June 4, 1986 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of infantile autism which contains tetrahydrobiopterin or a derivative thereof as a major effective ingredient and 5-hydroxytryptophan and/or L-DOPA as an optional auxiliary effective ingredient is provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of infantile autism which contains tetrahydrobiopterin or a derivative thereof as an effective ingredient. Ever since the finding of the dysfunctioning of the brain in autistic children, autism has been considered to be a disease caused by brain impairment. The etiology of autism has been ascribed to heredity, developmental anomaly or impairment at delivery but no lucid and convincing explanation has yet been put forward. Therefore, the treatments so far tried have been limited to nosotropic ones which involve the administration of such drugs as pimozide, haloperidol, pentoxyfylline and calcium hopantenate in accordance with the specific abnormal behaviors manifested by autistic patients, and no treatment which is truly etiotropic has been known [Acta paedopsychiat., 48, 173-184 (1982); Clin. Eval., 8, 629-673, December, 1980; Shinryo to Shinyaku (Diagnosis and New Drugs), 21, 4, Special Issue, Apr. 1, 1984). Tetrahydrobiopterin and derivatives thereof are known compounds which have been used in the treatment of malignant hyperphenylalaninemia, depressions and Parkinson's disease (see, for example, Japanese Patent Public Disclosure Nos. 25323/1984 and 76086/1984). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04778794__

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Treating autism and other developmental disorders in children with NMDA receptor antagonists Inventor(s): Zimmerman; Andrew W. (930 Emerald Ave., Ste. 815, Knoxville, TN 37917) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,994,467 Date filed: May 31, 1989 Abstract: A method is provided for treating autism and other pervasive developmental disorders in children by the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a Nmethyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. The NMDA receptor antagonist is chosen from the group consisting of ketamine and dextromethorphan.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods for the treatment of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders in children by means of the administration of an effective amount of a pharmaceutical. Thousands of children suffer from the effects of pervasive developmental disorders. In addition, thousands of parents and other relatives must provide care for those children. Those children who suffer from the severest forms of these disorders must now be institutionalized. This institutionalization imposes a large expense on the families of the children and on society for the care of those children. Various diagnostic terms, including atypical symbiotic psychosis, childhood psychosis, childhood schizophrenia and others, have been used to describe these disorders in the past. Though some early investigators suggested that these disorders were continuous with adult psychoses (e.g., schizophrenia), substantial research suggests that they are unrelated to those disorders, although autism itself may continue into adulthood. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04994467__

Patent Applications on Autism As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to autism: ·

Anticonvulsant derivatives useful in treating autism Inventor(s): Van Kammen, Daniel P.; (Neshanic Station, NJ) Correspondence: Audley A Ciamporcero Jr; One Johnson & Johnson Plaza; New Brunswick; NJ; 08933-7003; US Patent Application Number: 20020035068 Date filed: January 18, 2000 Abstract: Anticonvulsant derivatives useful in treating autism. Excerpt(s): are structurally novel antiepileptic compounds that are highly effective anticonvulsants in animal tests (Maryanoff, B. E, Nortey, S. O., Gardocki, J. F., Shank, R. P. and Dodgson, S. P. J. Med. Chem. 30, 880-887, 1987; Maryanoff, B. E., Costanzo, M. J., Shank, R. P., Schupsky, J. J., Ortegon, M. E., and Vaught J. L. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 3, 2653-2656, 1993). These compounds are covered by U.S. Pat. No. 4,513,006. One of these compounds 2,3:4,5-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-B-D-fructopyranose sulfamate known as topiramate has been demonstrated in clinical trials of human epilepsy to be effective as adjunctive therapy or as monotherapy in treating simple and complex partial seizures and secondarily generalized seizures (E. FAUGHT, B. J. WILDER, R. E. RAMSEY, R. A. REIFE, L D. KRAMER, G. W. PLEDGER, R. M. KARIM et. al., Epilepsia 36 (S4) 33, 1995; S. K. SACHDEO, R. C. SACHDEO, R. A. REIFE, P. LIM and G. PLEDGER, Epilepsia 36 (S4) 33, 1995), and is currently marketed for the treatment of simple and complex partial seizure epilepsy with or without secondary generalized seizures in approximately twenty countries including the United States, and applications for regulatory approval are presently pending in several additional countries throughout the world. wherein X is O or CH.sub.2, and R1, R2, R3,

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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R4 and R5 are as defined hereinafter are useful in maintaining weight loss. R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 are the same or different and are hydrogen, lower alkyl or are alkyl and are joined to form a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl ring. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Autism Inventor(s): Dealler, Stephen; (Burnley, GB) Correspondence: BEYER WEAVER & THOMAS LLP; P.O. BOX 778; BERKELEY; CA; 94704-0778; US Patent Application Number: 20010039265 Date filed: February 2, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for combatting the symptoms of autism in a subject, said method comprising: administering to the subject a polyanionic polyglycoside (eg a polysulphonated polyglycoside). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for combatting autism using polyanionic polyglycosides (eg polysulphonated polyglycosides). Autism is a childhood psychosis originating in infancy which is characterised by a wide spectrum of psychological symptoms that progress with age (eg lack of responsiveness in social relationships, language abnormality and a need for constant environmental input). It generally appears in children between the ages of two and three years and gives rise to a loss of the development previously gained by the child. The syndrome frequently leads to repeated narrow spectrum diets and psychological difficulties in changing other aspects of life. Epilepsy commonly develops after the age of ten and many drugs are used to control this. The child may develop into an adult that can not be involved normally in society or generate its own income. Autism is commonly associated with certain abdominal complaints (such as abdominal pain, nausea, retching, constipation, inflammatory bowel disease and malabsorption). The abdominal complaints have been looked upon for some time as being separate to the psychological symptoms or caused by them (Wing, 1997, Autism, 1, 13 to 23) and have therefore undergone little investigation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Compositions and methods relating to reduction of symptoms of autism Inventor(s): Houston, Devin B.; (Forsyth, MO) Correspondence: GRAYBEAL, JACKSON, HALEY LLP; 155 - 108TH AVENUE NE; SUITE 350; BELLEVUE; WA; 98004-5901; US Patent Application Number: 20030170227 Date filed: December 6, 2002 Abstract: Methods and compositions that can reduce the symptoms of autism in a human patient comprising administering a physiologically effective amount of one or both of a purified casomorphin inhibitor selected from the group consisting of a casomorphinase and a casomorphin ligand, and a physiologically effective amount of a purified gluteomorphin inhibitor selected from the group consisting of a gluteomorphinase and a gluteomorphin ligand, to a human patient in sufficient

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quantities to reduce the effects of the autism. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods further comprise a physiologically effective amount of an enkephalin inhibitor, preferably an enkephalinase, and a physiologically effective amount of an endorphin inhibitor, preferably an endorphinase. Excerpt(s): Autism is a relatively rare syndrome of early childhood that affects between three and eight of every 10,000 school-aged children. Autism is a serious disease that seriously impairs the functioning and life-enjoyment of its victims. The disease can include language disorders with impaired understanding, echolalia, pronominal reversal (such as using "you" instead of "I" or "me" when referring to one's self), rituals and compulsive phenomena, and uneven intellectual development with mental retardation. Autism is about two to five times more common in boys than in girls. The cause of autism is unknown, but there are, at the least, some important genetic factors, as indicated by the fact the concordance rate is significantly greater in monozygotic twins than dizygotic twins. Merck Manual, 17.sup.th edition, section 19, chapter 274 (1999); Autism Review, Lowell Ackerman, http://www.parentzone.com/autism/review.htm (1997). Other factors may include rubella, problems during pregnancy, labor and delivery, cytomegalic inclusion disease, phenylketonuria, and fragile X syndrome. Autistic children are also at increased risk of developing seizure disorders, especially during their teen years. Analysis of the urine of autistic children found hyperpeptiduria in the children, which means that the analysis found a significantly increased presence of peptides (short chains of amino acids) in the urine of children. Reichelt et al., J. Applied Nutr., 42(1): 1-11 (1990); Reichelt et al., Brain Dysfunct., 4:308-319 (1991); Reichelt et al., Dev. Brain Dysfunct,. 7:71-85 (1994). Reichelt et al. (1994) hypothesized that the peptiduria was caused by insufficient breakdown of peptide fragments from dietary milk protein (i.e., casein) and wheat protein (i.e., gluten), resulting in the uptake of the peptides by the body. This is problematic because the peptides from casein and gluten, casomorphin and gluteomorphin, respectively, have opioid qualities, which means that they mimic opiates in the body (indeed, that is indicated by the "-morphin" suffix of the names, which shows their functional similarity to morphine, a strong opiate; casomorphin is also known as caseomorphine). For example, one molecule of gluten contains 15 opioid sequences, which can be released by the action of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and secretin. Id. Reichelt et al. also hypothesized that the release of the opioid-like casomorphin (from casein) and gluteomorphin (from gluten) were caused by a defect of peptidases in the patient. Reichelt et al. (1991) at 308. Accordingly, Reichelt et al. proposed a strict gluten-free and casein-free diet (i.e., strictly wheat-free and dairy-free). Reicheit et al. (1990) found that such a diet ultimately resulted in increased social contact, decreased stereotypy, an end to self-mutilation like head banging, and a decrease in dreamy state periods. Also, alimentary problems generally improved. Reichelt et al. (1990) at 5; accord Reichelt et al. (1991); Reichelt et al. (1994). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Genetic polymorphisms which are associated with autism spectrum Disorders Inventor(s): Rodier, Patricia M.; (Rochester, NY), Stodgell, Christopher J.; (Rochester, NY), Hyman, Susan L.; (Rochester, NY), Ingram, Jennifer L.; (Rochester, NY), Figlewicz, Denise A.; (Rochester, NY) Correspondence: Michael L. Goldman, Esq.; NIXON PEABODY LLP; Clinton Square, P. O. 31051; Rochester; NY; 14603; US Patent Application Number: 20020155450 Date filed: May 7, 2001 Abstract: A method is provided for screening subjects for genetic markers associated with autism. The method involves isolating a biological sample from a mammal and then testing for the presence of a mutated gene or a product thereof which is associated with autism. Also disclosed are isolated nucleic acids encoding HoxA1 and HoxB1, both of which have a polymorphism that is associated with autism spectrum disorders. Excerpt(s): The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/049,803, filed Jun. 17, 1997. The present invention relates to a method of screening subjects for genetic markers associated with autism. The invention further relates to isolated nucleic acids having polymorphisms associated with autism, the polypeptide products of those nucleic acids, and antibodies specific to the polypeptides produced by the mutated genes. Autism is a behaviorally defined syndrome characterized by impairment of social interaction, deficiency or abnormality of speech development, and limited activities and interest (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The last category includes such abnormal behaviors as fascination with spinning objects, repetitive stereotypic movements, obsessive interests, and abnormal aversion to change in the environment. Symptoms are present by 30 months of age. The prevalence rate in recent Canadian studies using total ascertainment is over {fraction (1/1,000)} (Bryson, S.E. et al., J. Child Psychol. Psychiat., 29, 433 (1988)). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Genomeceutical and/or enzymatic composition and method for treating autism Inventor(s): Brudnak, Mark A.; (Port Washington, WI) Correspondence: Steven J. Adamson, PC; P.O. Box 5997; Portland; OR; 97228; US Patent Application Number: 20020041871 Date filed: June 1, 2001 Abstract: A composition for use in treating autism spectrum disorders. The composition preferably includes a genomeceutical type compound that increases the user's expression of DPPIV or like substances. The genomeceutical compound may include a sugar (such as a milk sugar), glucans, galactose and/or related material. The composition may also include one or more of a protease, peptidase or phytase. The inclusion of phospholipids, disaccharides, lipases and/or related substances in a composition for treating autism spectrum disorders and the function they provide is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/208,800, filed Jun. 1, 2000, and having the same inventor as above and entitled Enzyme Formulation for Treating Autism. The present invention relates to treating autism and, more specifically, to treating autism with genomeceutical based treatments.

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The present invention also includes the use of phytase and like substances and formulations containing one or more of genomeceutical, enzymatic and phytase-like compounds for treating autism. Autism may be defined as a condition, usually present from childhood, that is characterized by self-absorption, a reduced ability to respond to or communicate with the outside world and behavioral dysfunction. An autistic individual may suffer from several maladies with the accumulated symptoms being categorized as autism spectrum disorders, referred to in the field as autism or ASD. Symptoms of autism include stimming, reduced eye contact, perseveration (repeating same activity for long periods), poor communication and social skills and heightened sound sensitivity, amongst others. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Method of using secretin and compositions made therefrom for the treatment of autism and other neurological, behavioral and immunological disorders Inventor(s): Beck, Victoria; (Bedford, NH), Rimland, Bernard; (San Diego, CA) Correspondence: J. PETER FASSE; Fish & Richardson P.C.; 225 Franklin Street; Boston; MA; 02110-2804; US Patent Application Number: 20010049353 Date filed: March 5, 2001 Abstract: Secretin and secretin compositions are used for the treatment of autism and other neurological, behavioral and immunological disorders. The method includes administering an effective amount of secretin, such as Secretin-Ferring, to a patient. In one example, 2 clinical units (CU) of Secretin-Ferring was dissolved in a 7.5 ml solution of sodium chloride and was intravenously injected over 1 minute. In another example, secretin was administered transdermally by applying dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to the patients skin and rubbing about 15 CU of Secretin-Ferring into the DMSO. Other methods and compositions for administering the effective amount of secretin include other transdermal carrier substances, such as gels, lotions, or patches; oral carriers, such as tablets, capsules, or lozenges; inhalation through the nose or mouth (e.g., as an aerosol); suppository forms of secretin and secretin compositions; and using acoustic waves to cause the secretin to penetrate the skin. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/088,575 filed Jun. 9, 1998, fully incorporated herein by reference, and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/080,631 filed May 18, 1998 and entitled Method For Assisting in Differential Diagnosis And Treatment Of Autistic Syndromes. The present invention relates to methods and compositions for the treatment of neurological, behavioral and/or immunological disorders and more particularly, to a new medical use for the natural or synthetic hormone secretin in the treatment of autism and other neurological, behavioral and/or immunological disorders. Autism is a disabling neurological disorder that affects thousands of Americans and encompasses a number of subtypes, with various putative causes and few documented ameliorative treatments. The disorders of the autistic spectrum may be present at birth, or may have later onset, for example, at ages two or three. There are no clear cut biological markers for autism. Diagnosis of the disorder is made by considering the degree to which the child matches the behavioral syndrome, which is characterized by poor communicative abilities, peculiarities in social and cognitive capacities, and maladaptive behavioral patterns.

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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Methylxanthines in the diagnosis and treatment of autistic disorder Inventor(s): Rusche, James R.; (Framingham, MA), Zhang, Jundong; (Newton, MA) Correspondence: J. PETER FASSE; Fish & Richardson P.C.; 225 Franklin Street; Boston; MA; 02110-2804; US Patent Application Number: 20020019407 Date filed: April 12, 2001 Abstract: The invention is based on the discovery that the levels of one or more methylxanthines in urine samples are significantly decreased in children diagnosed with symptoms of autistic disorder, compared to the levels in normal children, and that levels of xanthines in urine are increased in autistic children. Consequently, the presence in the urine of levels of methylxanthines below a certain range and the level of xanthine above a certain range, are diagnostic of autistic disorder. In another aspect, one or more of these methylxanthines can be used to treat individuals exhibiting symptoms of autistic disorder. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/196,423 filed on Apr. 12, 2000, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. This invention relates to the diagnosis and treatment of autistic disorder. Autistic disorder or autism is a severely debilitating developmental disorder characterized by a profound deficiency in verbal communication and normal socialization. Autism is typically diagnosed in children between the ages of two or three and six with a diagnosis usually being made based on behavioral symptoms using the guidelines in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)(American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C., pages 66-71, 1994). The fourth edition of these guidelines, DSM-IV, identifies autistic disorder as one of five separate disorders under the general category of Pervasive Developmental Disorders. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Nutrient supplements and methods for treating autism and for preventing the onset of autism Inventor(s): Walsh, William John; (Naperville, IL), Usman, Anjum Iona; (Lisle, IL) Correspondence: MARSHALL, GERSTEIN & BORUN; 6300 SEARS TOWER; 233 SOUTH WACKER; CHICAGO; IL; 60606-6357; US Patent Application Number: 20020155170 Date filed: November 30, 2001 Abstract: Provided by the present invention are novel and non-obvious nutrient supplements that preferably comprise minerals, vitamins, amino acids, and agents capable of delivering cysteine in vivo. The nutrient supplements desirably are capable of promoting metallothioneins, and optionally, promoting the removal of excess metals from the bloodstream. Also provided by the invention are methods of treating autism involving administration of the nutrient supplements. The methods include treatment to prevent or slow down the onset of autism once a predisposition for the development of autism has been detected, and treatment to alleviate or reverse the symptoms of autism

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once autism has been diagnosed. The invention further provides methods of administering the nutrient supplements in the treatment of other diseases, disorders and conditions, that would benefit from such administration, especially those that would benefit from metallothionein promotion and/or removal of excess metals from the bloodstream. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/250,404, filed Nov. 30, 2000, pending, which is fully incorporated herein by reference. The present invention pertains to novel and non-obvious nutrient supplements. Preferably the supplements comprise minerals, vitamins, amino acids, and agents capable of delivering cysteine in vivo. The nutrient supplements desirably are capable of promoting metallothioneins, and optionally, promoting the removal of excess metals from the bloodstream. The invention also pertains to methods of treating autism involving administration of the nutrient supplements. The methods include treatment to prevent or slow down the onset of autism once a predisposition for the development of autism has been detected, and treatment to alleviate or reverse the symptoms of autism once autism has been diagnosed. The nutrient supplements also optionally can be employed in the treatment of other diseases, disorders and conditions, as described herein, particularly those that would benefit from metallothionein promotion and/or removal of excess metals from the bloodstream. Autism is a developmental disorder that affects brain function, interfering with reasoning ability, imagination, communication, and social interaction. Formerly a rare disorder, autism has increased in the last decade by 300% to 500% in the United States and many other countries. Clearly, a means of prevention and treatment of what is now an epidemic are needed. A variety of different types of autism treatments premised on a variety of different theories regarding the development of autism (e.g., that it is due to a persistent atypical viral infection in patients administered live attenuated combination vaccinations, that it results from toxic metals such as mercury in the context of autoimmunity, that it results from affecting retinoid receptors in the brain through disruption of the G-alpha protein, and other theories) presently exist. However, what is needed is an approach to autism that addresses the underlying causes of autism, as opposed to one that merely treats or even masks the symptoms. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with autism, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “autism” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on autism. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning autism. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON AUTISM Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to autism. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on autism include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “autism” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on autism: ·

Do-Watch-Listen-Say: Social and Communication Intervention for Children with Autism Source: Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. 2000. 430 p. Contact: Available from Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. P.O. Box 10624, Baltimore, MD 21285. (800) 638-3775. Fax (410) 337-8539. Website: www.brookespublishing.com. PRICE: $56.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1557664536. Summary: Autism is a disorder of social, communicative, and repetitive behaviors. Because impaired social and communication development are the defining symptoms of autism, the assessment and treatment of these skills should be an intervention priority. This text provides intervention guidelines that specifically address social and communication skills, to help guide the thinking of educators, clinicians, and parents who are working with these children. The first two chapters discuss the developmental characteristics of autism. Chapter 3 includes an assessment tool that can be used to

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establish a comprehensive profile of a child's functional, social, and communication skills. Chapters 4 and 5 describe the continuum of intervention options to build social and communication skills. The final three chapters describe curricular activities to build the skills addressed in the assessment. Each activity sheet corresponds with a subskill listed in the assessment tool's checklists. The chapters list specific behavioral objectives, fun activities, and suggestions to enhance the acquisition and generalization of target skills. The text concludes with a resources section that includes formal assessments, augmentative and alternative communication devices, children's books, computer software, children's music, toys, distributors, web sites, and recommended readings. A subject index is also included. 249 references. ·

Children with Autism: A Parents' Guide. 2nd ed Source: Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House. 2000. 427 p. Contact: Available from Woodbine House. 6510 Bells Mill Road, Bethesda, MD 20817. (800) 843-7323 or (301) 897-3570. Fax (301) 897-5838. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.woodbinehouse.com. PRICE: $17.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1890627046. Summary: Autism is a physical disorder of the brain that causes a lifelong developmental disability. People with autism have three major symptoms: impaired social interaction, impaired communication, and repetitive, stereotypic, or odd patterns of behavior, unusual interests, or responses to the environment. This book is designed for both the new parent coping with a child's recent diagnosis and one who is an experienced advocate for their child. Chapters cover diagnosis, daily life, family life, education, advocacy, adjustment, medical problems and treatments, development, legal rights, and adults with autism. The book also includes a glossary of terms, a reading list, a guide to resources and organizations, a list of contributors, and a subject index. One appendix offers the diagnostic criteria for autistic disorder, for Rett's disorder, for childhood disintegrative disorder, for Asperger's disorder, and for pervasive developmental disorder (from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-IV). The book includes extensive quotes from parents of children with autism and from people with autism; family photographs are sprinkled throughout the text.

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Fragile Success: Ten Autistic Children, Childhood to Adulthood Source: Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. 2001. 242 p. Contact: Available from Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. P.O. Box 10624, Baltimore, MD 21285. (800) 638-3775. Fax (410) 337-8539. Website: www.brookespublishing.com. PRICE: $24.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1557664587. Summary: Children with autism exhibit a specified number of problems in social interaction, in communication, and in imaginative play, as well as unusual behaviors and restricted interests and activities. This book offers a view of the variations of autism, written by a former teacher who traces the lives of her students over 30 years. Readers can follow the children into adulthood, reading first hand accounts about individuals with autism, as witness by their parents, teachers, medical professionals, social workers, and peers. These true case histories provide insight into the mystery and diversity of autism, how it affects individuals' personal lives, social habits, and work, and how their conditions (along with others' perceptions and understandings) have changed over the years. The book includes introductory chapters on teaching the child with autism. Four appendices include an essay on 'growing in and out of an autistic mind,' and one on

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autism as portrayed in the film Rain Man; a summary chart of the ten case studies from preschool through high school; and a summary chart of their adult outcomes. The book concludes with a glossary of terms, a list of resources, a bibliography, and a subject index. 48 references. ·

A Parent's Guide to Asperger Syndrome and High-Functioning Autism Source: The Guilford Press. New York, NY. 2002. [p.278]. www.guilford.com. Contact: Guilford Press. 72 Spring Street, New York, NY 10012. ISBN: 1-57230-531-2. PRICE: $17.95 plus shipping and handling. Available in hard cover, ISBN: 1-57230-767-6. PRICE: $35.00 plus shipping and handling. www.guilford.com. Summary: The authors of this text, A Parent's Guide to Asperger Syndrome and HighFunctioning Autism, are leading psychologists who have written this guide to help parents whose children are diagnosed with Asperger Syndrome and high-functioning autism to help these children live a more successful life. The psychologists explain how to work with the puzzling combination of precocious talents and social difficulties to help children with these diagnoses engage more fully with others. The book features everyday problem-solving ideas and examples, including strategies for fostering better sibling and peer interaction and communicating rules of appropriate behavior. Included also are tips and suggestions for finding the best educational placements, exercising educational rights for children according to the law, and getting the maximum benefits from therapy, support groups, and medication. 278pp.

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Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Transactional Developmental Perspective Source: Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. 2000. 439 p. Contact: Available from Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. P.O. Box 10624, Baltimore, MD 21285. (800) 638-3775. Fax (410) 337-8539. Website: www.brookespublishing.com. PRICE: $39.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1557664455. Summary: The terms autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) currently are used synonymously to refer to a wide spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders that have three core features: impairments in social interaction, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior. This volume provides a theoretical and research foundation for understanding the nature of the communication and language problems experienced by children with ASD and for guiding decision making in educational programming and, in particular, communication assessment and intervention. The first part (Chapters 2 through 8) examines the developmental context of children and their families and explores the underpinnings of ASDs and how these related to communication and language problems. The second part (Chapters 9 through 15) examines issues pertaining to education and treatment for children with ASD. The volume focuses on the first decade of life, spanning infancy, childhood, and elementary school age. Each chapter, authored by experts in the field, includes references; the volume concludes with author and subject indices. The editors explain that the common bond shared by all of the authors is the understanding that children with ASD and their families are uniquely individual and that there is no single explanation that accounts for the developmental profiles and challenges of all of the children. Thus, there is no single intervention approach of treatment modality that can address the varied needs of all children and their families.

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Right from the Start: Behavioral Intervention for Young Children with Autism Source: Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House. 1998. 138 p. Contact: Available from Woodbine House. 6510 Bells Mill Road, Bethesda, MD 20817. (800) 843-7323 or (301) 897-3570. Fax (301) 897-5838. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.woodbinehouse.com. PRICE: $14.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 189062702X. Summary: This book describes a teaching method known as intensive behavioral intervention (IBI) which can be used to benefit young children with autism and related disorders. Written in an accessible and nontechnical style, the guide begins by discussing applied behavior analysis (ABA), the central component of IBI. Readers learn how ABA can be used to each speech and language, social, motor, and adaptive skills through a system of repetition, reward, and goal adjustment. The authors include a description of a real life family going through the process of understanding their young child's diagnosis and choosing an intensive behavioral intervention program, to bolster the confidence of readers who are making their own evaluations. The authors also discuss what families should consider before choosing any treatment method for their child with autism, and specifically what key elements an IBI program should have. Topics include curriculum, professional roles, parent involvement, inclusion, and the pros and cons of a home based versus center based program. Each chapter includes references and the book includes a glossary of terms commonly used in autism research and education and a subject index. The book includes encouraging words from other parents of children with autism and is illustrated with black and white photographs of children and families.

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Finding Out About Asperger Syndrome, High Functioning Autism and PDD Source: London, England: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 2000. 46 p. Contact: Available from Taylor and Francis Inc. 325 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106. (215) 625-8900. Fax (215) 625-2940. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $9.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1853028401. Summary: This book is written by an adult with Asperger syndrome (high functioning autism) to help teenagers and young adults who receive a diagnosis of Asperger syndrome. The book first reviews some of the difficulties that young people with Asperger may experience, including in the areas of motor skills, eye contact, being in a group of people, changes, and language. Other topics include thinking differently, using questions to clarify misunderstandings, the role of the five senses, the positive aspects of having Asperger syndrome, learning that one has a disability, and the causes of Asperger syndrome. The author concludes by encouraging people with Asperger syndrome to be proud of themselves and by encouraging people who know someone with Asperger syndrome to respect his or her disability and enjoy the excitement of getting to know somebody who is not like everyone else.

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Siblings of children with autism: A guide for families Source: Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House. 1994. 127 pp. Contact: Available from Woodbine House, 6510 Bells Mill Road, Bethesda, MD 20817. Telephone: (800) 843-7323 or (301) 897-3570 / fax: (301) 897- 5838. $12.95. Summary: This book provides a guide for parents who have children with autism that will help them teach the child's siblings about the condition. It suggests ways to assure

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that siblings also get the attention they need. The book indicates methods parents can use to meet the special needs of all their children; it offers suggestions for explaining autism to children, getting children to share their thoughts and feelings, and helping them learn to play. It also covers techniques parents can use to find time for their family, their work, and themselves. ·

When snow turns to rain: One family's struggle to solve the riddle of autism Source: Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House. 1993. 216 pp. Contact: Available from Woodbine House, 6510 Bells Mill Road, Bethesda, MD 20817. Telephone: (800) 843-7323 or (301) 897-3570 / fax: (301) 897- 5838. $14.95. Summary: This book relates the author's experiences as he comes to terms with his son's autism. The book traces the author's struggle to accept and understand the effects of the disorder and his efforts to help his child through various treatment and educational programs.

·

Immunization safety review: Measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and autism Source: Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 2001. 86 pp. Contact: Available from National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20002. Telephone: (202) 334-3313 or (888) 624-8422 / fax: (202) 334-2451 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.nap.edu. $25.00, plus shipping and handling. Summary: This report presents an assessment of the evidence regarding a hypothesized causal association between the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism; an assessment of the broader significance for society; and conclusions and recommendations based on those assessments. The report contents include an overview of the immunization safety review, the study process, assessing causality, a study of the MMR-autism hypothesis, assessments, arguments, recommendations, and references. The appendices include the January 11, 2001 organizational meeting agenda of the Immunization Safety Review Committee; the March 8, 2001 autism meeting agenda; the Immunization Safety Review Committee biosketches, and a review of additional research needs and opportunities.

·

Solving Behavior Problems in Autism: Improving Communication with Visual Strategies Source: Troy, MI: QuirkRoberts Publishing. 1999. 251 p. Contact: Available from QuirkRoberts Publishing. P.O. Box 71, Troy, MI 48099-0071. (248) 879-2598. Fax (248) 879-2599. PRICE: $39.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0961678623. Summary: This resource book offers practical help for educators and parents who face behavior and self management challenges of students with autism spectrum disorders and other students with moderate to severe communication disorders. In the book, the author identifies a wide variety of behavior situations and problem behaviors that are related to communication or related to understanding, expression, or other learning skills such as establishing attention or memory. The author then suggests a variety of visual support communication strategies to implement to improve positive student participation. The author stresses that the development of visually supported communication strategies has evolved to be a significant source for improving

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communication in this population. Seventeen chapters cover the link between behavior, communication and visual strategies; how behavior is defined and measured; communication development; visual strategies; evaluating behavior situations; ten keys to becoming a better communication partner; seven critical communication skills to teach; using visual strategies to improve understanding; strategies to help students control their environments; using visual tools to regulate behavior; improving language skills with visual tools; tools to support self management; developing visual tools; addressing special needs, such as very young children, students with limited cognitive ability, and students with multiple disabilities; what to do when things do not go well, including calming techniques; and common causes for unsuccessful behavior management. The book also includes a section of answers to frequently asked questions. The book concludes with a list of footnotes, and a section of references. The book is illustrated with line drawings, graphics, and examples of the visual tools under discussion. ·

Educating Children and Youth with Autism: Strategies for Effective Practice Source: Austin, TX: PRO-ED, Inc. 1998. ISBN:0-89079-743-9. 360 p. Contact: Available from PRO-ED, Inc. 8700 Shoal Creek Boulevard, Austin, TX 787576897. (800) 897-3202; Fax (800) 397-7633. Web site: http://www.proedinc.com. PRICE: $38.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This text book provides information regarding the treatment of autism useful for teachers, practitioners, and prospective practitioners. The book presents current methods and strategies and recognizes a number of different approaches. Readers will find best-practices methods written by persons who have theoretical and research knowledge and experience working in direct-service settings as well as information based on current research literature and the authors' personal expertise.

·

Understanding the Nature of Autism: A Practical Guide Source: San Antonio, TX: Therapy Skill Builders. 1996. 478 p. Contact: Available from Therapy Skill Builders. Order Service Center, P.O. Box 839954, San Antonio, TX 78283-3954. (800) 211-8378; TTY (800) 723-1318; Fax (800) 232-1223. PRICE: $49.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0761643796. Summary: This text provides an accessible overview of autism for parents, educators, and others who support those with autism. The book offers twenty-five chapters in six sections. In Part 1, the foundation is established for understanding autism and the impact of autism on learning and thinking. In Part 2, some assessment and evaluation issues are addressed; strategies are provided for solving common assessment problems to elicit the best possible information. In Part 3, the author provides guidelines for making the many decisions that are required for planning educational programs and support systems that will most likely lead to more positive outcomes. In Part 4, the author proposes a foundation for planning all interventions. A set of basic strategies is introduced to address the deficits and problems most commonly associated with autism. In Part 5, the information from previous chapters is integrated and applied to the process for teaching a broad range of new skills. Part 6 serves as a summary of the processes and strategies while addressing potentially serious problems. The book features extensive behavioral examples extrapolated from the author's personal experiences and from parents, service providers, and specialists in autism. The book also features quotations from the stories of five mothers of children with autism. The book

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includes reproducible forms, a glossary, a resource list, and extensive references. 47 figures. 206 references. ·

Teaching Children with Autism: Strategies to Enhance Communication and Socialization Source: New York, NY: Delmar Publishers Inc. 1995. 315 p. Contact: Available from Thomson Learning. Order Fulfillment, P.O. Box 6904, Florence, KY 41022. (800) 347-7707. Fax (800) 487-8488. Website: www.delmar.com. PRICE: $38.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0827362692. Summary: This textbook provides a framework for understanding the developmental differences of children with autism and applying this knowledge to treatment efforts to promote communication and socialization abilities. The reader is guided through a discussion of the child's cognitive and social perspectives, presented strategies to enhance communication and interpersonal relationships, and offered guidelines to assist children with autism through the social maze. The first section presents one theoretical and two autobiographical perspectives on the nature of autism and educational methodology. The second section on communication enhancement presents intervention strategies for children who are nonverbal and verbal. The discussions include considerations for using augmentative communication, the treatment of echolalia, and methods that improve the quality of social communicative interactions. The third section on promoting socialization covers strategies to foster play, social understanding, independence, flexibility, and self control. Assessment and treatment issues are addressed concurrently. The authors discuss informal measures for observing and assessing communicative competence and social behaviors, and specific assessment guidelines are provided in chapter appendices. The text is designed for educators, clinicians, parents, and students in education, communication disorders, and related fields. A subject index concludes the volume.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in PrintÒ). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “autism” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover nonmedical books that use the generic term “autism” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “autism” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): ·

"now you know me think more": A Journey with Autism using Facilitated Communication Techniques by Ppinder Hundal, Pauline Lukey; ISBN: 1843101440; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843101440/icongroupinterna

·

A Cow! and Other Poems: Autism: Through a Mother's Eyes by Arley M. Fosburgh, Raleigh Fosburgh (Illustrator) (2000); ISBN: 0595157467; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595157467/icongroupinterna

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A Different Kind of Boy: A Father's Memoir about Raising a Gifted Child with Autism by Daniel Mont; ISBN: 1843107155; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843107155/icongroupinterna

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·

A Guide to Successful Employment for Individuals With Autism by Marcia Datlow Smith, et al (1997); ISBN: 1557661715; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1557661715/icongroupinterna

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A Parent's Guide to Asperger Syndrome and High-Functioning Autism: How to Meet the Challenges and Help Your Child Thrive by Sally Ozonoff, et al; ISBN: 1572305312; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572305312/icongroupinterna

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A Parent's Guide to Autism by Charles A. Hart, Claire Zion (Editor) (1993); ISBN: 0671750992; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0671750992/icongroupinterna

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A Passion to Believe: Autism and the Facilitated Communication Phenomenon (Essays in Developmental Science) by Diane Twachtman-Cullen (1998); ISBN: 0813390982; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813390982/icongroupinterna

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A Picture's Worth: PECS and Other Visual Communication Strategies in Autism (Topics in Autism) by Andy, Ph.D Bondy, et al (2001); ISBN: 0933149964; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0933149964/icongroupinterna

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A Positive Approach to Autism by Stella Waterhouse, Donna Williams; ISBN: 1853028088; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853028088/icongroupinterna

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A Supported Employment Scheme for Able Adults with Autism or Asperger Syndrome by Lynn Mawhood, Patricia Howlin; ISBN: 1899280553; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1899280553/icongroupinterna

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A Treasure Chest of Behavioral Strategies for Individuals With Autism by Beth Fouse, Maria Wheeler (1997); ISBN: 1885477368; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885477368/icongroupinterna

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A User Guide to the GF/CF Diet for Autism, Asperger Syndrome and AD/HD by Luke Jackson, Marilyn Le Breton; ISBN: 184310055X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/184310055X/icongroupinterna

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A Will of His Own: Reflections on Parenting a Child With Autism by Kelly Harland (2002); ISBN: 1890627194; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890627194/icongroupinterna

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A Work in Progress: Behavior Management Strategies & A Curriculum for Intensive Behavioral Treatment of Autism by Ron Leaf, et al (1999); ISBN: 0966526600; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966526600/icongroupinterna

·

Activity Schedules for Children With Autism: Teaching Independent Behavior (Topics in Autism) by Lynn E., Ph.D McClannahan, Patricia J., Ph.D Krantz (2003); ISBN: 093314993X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/093314993X/icongroupinterna

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Adapted Physical Education for Students With Autism by Kimberly Davis (1990); ISBN: 0398056889; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398056889/icongroupinterna

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Addressing the Challenging Behavior of Children with High-Functioning Autism/Asperger Syndrome in the Classroom: A Guide for Teachers and Parents by Rebecca A. Moyes, Rececca A. Moyes (2002); ISBN: 1843107198; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843107198/icongroupinterna

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·

Adolescent and Adult Psychoeducational Profile\Aapep (Individualized Assessment and Treatment for Autistic and Developmentally diSabled Children, Vol) by Eric Schopler, et al (1989); ISBN: 089079152X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089079152X/icongroupinterna

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Adults with Autism : A Guide to Theory and Practice by Hugh Morgan (Author) (1996); ISBN: 0521456835; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521456835/icongroupinterna

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Adults With Autism and Mental Retardation: A Life-Span Perspective (Studia Psychologica Upsaliensia, 20) by Bengt Akerstrom (2001); ISBN: 9155449778; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9155449778/icongroupinterna

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Allison's Suncatchers and Chains: A Journey With Autism by Kris Jones (2002); ISBN: 1550592343; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1550592343/icongroupinterna

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An Approach to Teaching Autistic Children (Pergamon International Library of Science, Technology, Engineering and sociAl Studies) by M.P. Everard; ISBN: 0080208959; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080208959/icongroupinterna

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An autistic child in the family : report; ISBN: 0902502093; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0902502093/icongroupinterna

·

Aquamarine Blue 5: Personal Stories of College Students With Autism by Dawn Prince-Hughes (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 0804010544; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0804010544/icongroupinterna

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Art Therapy With Children on the Autistic Spectrum: Beyond Words by Kathy Evans, Janek Dubowski; ISBN: 1853028258; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853028258/icongroupinterna

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Artikelsamling, Autisme '95 : konference, 24.-25. april 1995; ISBN: 8760148950; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8760148950/icongroupinterna

·

As it happeneth to the fool: a study of withdrawal and depression, with examples from autism and schizoid states by Carol Jeffrey; ISBN: 0852660049; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852660049/icongroupinterna

·

Aspects of Autism: Biological Research: Proceedings of a Conference Held at the University of Kent, 18-20 September, 1987 (Gaskell Psychiatry Serie) by Lorba Wing (Editor), Lorna Wing (Editor); ISBN: 0902241257; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0902241257/icongroupinterna

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Asperger Syndrome or High-Functioning Autism? (Current Issues in Autism) by Eric Schopler (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0306457466; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306457466/icongroupinterna

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Autism by Steven Hyman (Editor); ISBN: 0815337450; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815337450/icongroupinterna

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Autism by John Gerdtz, Joel Bregman (Contributor); ISBN: 0826404626; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0826404626/icongroupinterna

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Autism (1991); ISBN: 0898761352; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898761352/icongroupinterna

244 Autism

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Autism - Asperger's and Sexuality: Puberty and Beyond by Jerry Newport, et al (2002); ISBN: 1885477880; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885477880/icongroupinterna

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Autism - The Eighth Colour of the Rainbow: Learn to Speak Autistic by Florica Stone (2003); ISBN: 1843101823; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843101823/icongroupinterna

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Autism (Baldwin, Carol, Health Matters.) by Carol Baldwin (2002); ISBN: 1403402507; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1403402507/icongroupinterna

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Autism (Developmental Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry Series, Vol 15) by Laura Ellen Schreibman; ISBN: 0803928092; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803928092/icongroupinterna

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Autism (Diseases and Disorders) by Michele Engel Edwards (2001); ISBN: 1560068299; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560068299/icongroupinterna

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Autism (Health Issues) by Sarah Lennard-Brown (2004); ISBN: 073986422X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/073986422X/icongroupinterna

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Autism (International Review of Research in Mental Retardation, Vol 23) by Laraine Masters Glidden (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 0123662230; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0123662230/icongroupinterna

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Autism (Single Title: Science) by Elaine Landau; ISBN: 0531117804; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0531117804/icongroupinterna

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Autism : A Holistic Approach by Bob Woodward, Marga, Dr. Hogenboom (2001); ISBN: 0863153119; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0863153119/icongroupinterna

·

Autism : Neural Basis and Treatment Possibilities, No. 251 by Novartis Foundation Symposium (Author) (2003); ISBN: 047085099X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/047085099X/icongroupinterna

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Autism A New Understanding! by Gail I. Gillingham; ISBN: 0968786316; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0968786316/icongroupinterna

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Autism and Asperger Syndrome by Uta Frith (Editor) (1991); ISBN: 052138608X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/052138608X/icongroupinterna

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Autism and Asperger Syndrome: Preparing for Adulthood by Patricia Howlin; ISBN: 0415309689; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415309689/icongroupinterna

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Autism and Autistic-Like Conditions in Mental Retardation by Dirk W. Kraijer (1997); ISBN: 9026514638; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9026514638/icongroupinterna

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Autism and Childhood Psychosis. by Frances Tustin; ISBN: 0876680554; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876680554/icongroupinterna

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Autism and Creativity: Is There a Link Between Autism in Men and Exceptional Ability by Michael Fitzgerald (2004); ISBN: 1583912134; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583912134/icongroupinterna

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Autism and ICT: A Guide for Teachers and Parents by Colin Hardy, et al; ISBN: 185346824X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/185346824X/icongroupinterna

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Autism and Learning: A Guide to Good Practice by Stuart Powell (Editor), Rita Jordan (Editor) (1997); ISBN: 185346421X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/185346421X/icongroupinterna

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Autism and Life in the Community: Successful Interventions for Behavioral Challenges by Marcia Datlow Smith; ISBN: 1557660352; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1557660352/icongroupinterna

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Autism and Personality: Findings from the Tavistock Autism Workshop by Anne Alvarez (Editor), Susan Reid (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 041514602X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/041514602X/icongroupinterna

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Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders by Fred R. Volkmar (Editor); ISBN: 0521553865; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521553865/icongroupinterna

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Autism and Play by Jannik Beyer, Lone Gammeltoft; ISBN: 1853028452; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853028452/icongroupinterna

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Autism and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Ending Autistic Fixation by Ken Lenchitz (2000); ISBN: 0398070962; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398070962/icongroupinterna

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Autism and Sensing: The Unlost Instinct by Donna Williams (1998); ISBN: 1853026123; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853026123/icongroupinterna

·

Autism and Severe Psychopathology (Advances in Child Behavioral Analysis and Therapy; V. 2) by John Steffen; ISBN: 0669056391; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0669056391/icongroupinterna

·

Autism and the Crisis of Meaning by Alexander Durig (1996); ISBN: 0791428141; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0791428141/icongroupinterna

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Autism and the Development of the Mind by R. Peter Hobson, et al (1997); ISBN: 0863772293; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0863772293/icongroupinterna

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Autism and the Family: Problems, Prospects, and Coping With the Disorder by David E. Gray; ISBN: 0398068437; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398068437/icongroupinterna

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Autism As an Executive Disorder by James Russell (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 0198523491; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0198523491/icongroupinterna

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Autism Body Brain Connection by Dr. Gregory S. Ellis; ISBN: 0970583273; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0970583273/icongroupinterna

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Autism Ecological: Issues in Intervention by Paul S. Miller (1988); ISBN: 0871899329; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0871899329/icongroupinterna

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Autism for Dummies by Linda Rastelli (Author), Lito Tejada-Flores; ISBN: 0764525476; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0764525476/icongroupinterna

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Autism Handle with Care by Gail Gillingham (2001); ISBN: 0968786308; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0968786308/icongroupinterna

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Autism in Adolescents and Adults by Eric Schopler (Photographer), Gary B. Mesibov (Photographer) (1983); ISBN: 0306410575; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306410575/icongroupinterna

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Autism in Childhood: Sponsored by the Occupational Therapy Association of California by Valerie Adams; ISBN: 1581110154; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1581110154/icongroupinterna

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Autism in History: The Case of Hugh Blair of Borgue by Uta Frith, Rab A. Houston (2000); ISBN: 0631220895; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0631220895/icongroupinterna

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Autism in the Early Years: A Practical Guide by Val Cumine, et al; ISBN: 1853465992; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853465992/icongroupinterna

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Autism Society of America Conference Proceedings 2001 (2001); ISBN: 1885477732; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885477732/icongroupinterna

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Autism Spectrum Disorders (Medical Psychiatry, Volume 24) by Eric Hollander (Editor); ISBN: 082470715X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/082470715X/icongroupinterna

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Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Research Review for Practitioners by Sally Ozonoff (Editor), et al (2003); ISBN: 1585621196; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1585621196/icongroupinterna

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Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Transactional Developmental Perspective (Communication and Language Intervention Series, 9) by Amy M. Wetherby (Editor), Barry M. Prizant (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 1557664455; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1557664455/icongroupinterna

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Autism Spectrum Disorders: Now Service Delivery Models for Nonverbal Young Children by Amy M. Wetherby, Barry M. Prizant (1997); ISBN: 0910329931; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0910329931/icongroupinterna

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Autism through a Sister's Eyes by Eve B. Band, et al; ISBN: 1885477716; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885477716/icongroupinterna

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Autism Through the Lifespan: The Eden Model by David L. Holmes, et al; ISBN: 093314928X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/093314928X/icongroupinterna

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Autism Treatment Guide, 2nd Edition by Elizabeth Gerlach, Elizabeth K. Gerlach; ISBN: 1885477643; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885477643/icongroupinterna

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Autism Treatment Guide, Third Edition by Elizabeth K. Gerlach (2003); ISBN: 1885477996; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885477996/icongroupinterna

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Autism with Severe Learning Difficulties by Rita Johnson, et al (2002); ISBN: 0285635999; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0285635999/icongroupinterna

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Autism, Advocates and Law Enforcement Professionals: Recognizing and Reducing Risk Situations for People with Autism Spectrum Disorders by Dennis Debbaudt; ISBN: 1853029807; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853029807/icongroupinterna

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Autism, Art, and Children: The Stories We Draw by Julia Kellman (Author); ISBN: 0897897358; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0897897358/icongroupinterna

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Autism, New Directions in Research and Education (Pergamon General Psychology Series : V. 87) by Webster; ISBN: 0080250831; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080250831/icongroupinterna

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Autism/Aspergers: Solving the Relationship Puzzle by Steven E. Gutstein; ISBN: 1885477708; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885477708/icongroupinterna

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Autism: A Complex Learning Disorder: A Multidisciplinary Perspective by S. Ramaa; ISBN: 818603062X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/818603062X/icongroupinterna

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Autism: A Comprehensive Occupational Therapy Approach by Heather MillerKuhaneck (Editor); ISBN: 156900109X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/156900109X/icongroupinterna

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Autism: A Practical Guide for Parents and Professionals by Maria J. Paluszny, Eric Schopler (Designer); ISBN: 0815622252; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815622252/icongroupinterna

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Autism: A Reference Book (Special Education Series) by Ellen Weber Bell; ISBN: 0582286212; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0582286212/icongroupinterna

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Autism: A Sensorimotor Approach to Management by Ruth A. Huebner (Editor) (2004); ISBN: 0890799210; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890799210/icongroupinterna

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Autism: An Introduction to Psychological Theory by Francesca Happe (1998); ISBN: 0674053117; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0674053117/icongroupinterna

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Autism: Behavior-Analytic Perspectives by Patrick M. Ghezzi (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1878978322; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1878978322/icongroupinterna

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Autism: Explaining the Enigma by Uta Frith (2003); ISBN: 0631229000; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0631229000/icongroupinterna

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Autism: Facts and Strategies for Parents by Janice E. Janzen (1999); ISBN: 0761645500; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761645500/icongroupinterna

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Autism: From Research to Individualized Practice by Robin L. Gabriels (Editor), Dina E. Hill (2003); ISBN: 1843107015; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843107015/icongroupinterna

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Autism: From Theoretical Understanding to Educational Intervention by Theo Peeters; ISBN: 1565938461; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565938461/icongroupinterna

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Autism: From Tragedy to Triumph by Carol Johnson, et al (1994); ISBN: 0828319650; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0828319650/icongroupinterna

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Autism: How to Help Your Young Child by Tim Sidaway (1998); ISBN: 1899280650; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1899280650/icongroupinterna

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Autism: How to Help Your Young Child Succeed by Educational Department Leicestershire County Council, et al (2002); ISBN: 1931282102; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1931282102/icongroupinterna

248 Autism

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Autism: Identification, Education and Treatment by Dianne E. Berkell Zager (Editor), Dianne E. B. Zager (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 0805820442; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0805820442/icongroupinterna

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Autism: Information and Resources for Parents, Families and Professionals by Richard L. Simpson, Paul Zionts (1992); ISBN: 089079538X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089079538X/icongroupinterna

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Autism: Information and Resources for Professionals and Parents by Richard L. Simpson, Paul Zionts (1999); ISBN: 0890798206; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890798206/icongroupinterna

·

Autism: Medical and Educational Aspects by C. Gillberg, Theo Peeters; ISBN: 1861560931; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1861560931/icongroupinterna

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Autism: Nature, Diagnosis, and Treatment by Geraldine Dawson (Editor); ISBN: 0898627249; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898627249/icongroupinterna

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Autism: Now What? by Abby Ward Collins, Sibley J. Collins; ISBN: 0970658168; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0970658168/icongroupinterna

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Autism: Preparing for Adulthood by Patricia Howlin (1997); ISBN: 0415115329; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415115329/icongroupinterna

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Autism: Professional Perspectives and Practice (Therapy in Practice Series, Vol 17) by Kathryn Ellis (Editor); ISBN: 041232220X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/041232220X/icongroupinterna

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Autism: Teaching Does Make a Difference by Brenda Scheuermann, Jo Webber; ISBN: 1565938941; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565938941/icongroupinterna

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Autism: The Facts by Simon Baron-Cohen, Patrick Bolton (1994); ISBN: 0192623273; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192623273/icongroupinterna

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Autism: the Hidden Epidemic by Sylvia Gawn; ISBN: 1898941440; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1898941440/icongroupinterna

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Autism: The Search for Coherence by John Richer (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1853028886; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853028886/icongroupinterna

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Autism: Understanding the Disorder (Clinical Child Psychology Library) by Gary B. Mesibov, et al (1998); ISBN: 0306455471; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306455471/icongroupinterna

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Autism-An Inside-Out Approach: An Innovative Look at the Mechanics of 'Autism' and Its Developmental 'Cousins' by Donna Williams (1996); ISBN: 1853023876; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853023876/icongroupinterna

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Autisme i Danmark 1990 : 2. nationale konference om b²rn, unge og voksne med autisme; ISBN: 8750383647; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8750383647/icongroupinterna

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Autismes de l'enfance; ISBN: 2130456030; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/2130456030/icongroupinterna

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Autismus by Elisabeth Wurst; ISBN: 3456802781; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3456802781/icongroupinterna

Books

249

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Autistic Adults at Bittersweet Farms by Norman S. Giddan, Jane J. Giddan (1990); ISBN: 1560240571; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560240571/icongroupinterna

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Autistic Children (1985); ISBN: 0876300522; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876300522/icongroupinterna

·

Autistic Children: A Guide for Parents and Professionals by Lorna Wing (1985); ISBN: 0876303912; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876303912/icongroupinterna

·

Autistic Children: New Hope for a Cure by Niko Tinbergen, et al; ISBN: 0041570111; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0041570111/icongroupinterna

·

Autistic Spectrum Disorders: An Introductory Handbook for Practitioners by Rita Jordan (1999); ISBN: 1853466662; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853466662/icongroupinterna

·

Autistic Spectrum Disorders: Understanding the Diagnosis and Getting Help by Mitzi Waltz; ISBN: 0596500130; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0596500130/icongroupinterna

·

Autistic States in Children by Francis Tustin, Frances Tustin (1992); ISBN: 0415081297; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415081297/icongroupinterna

·

Autistic Syndromes by M. Coleman (Editor); ISBN: 0720405904; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0720405904/icongroupinterna

·

Autistic Thinking by Peter Vermeulen; ISBN: 1853029955; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853029955/icongroupinterna

·

Autistische Menschen zwischen Jugend- und Behindertenhilfe. High Functioning Autism und Aspergerssyndrom. by Heinrich Hölzl (Author); ISBN: 3784112145; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3784112145/icongroupinterna

·

Avis sur l'autisme et les autres psychopathologies graves de l'enfance; ISBN: 2551057582; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/2551057582/icongroupinterna

·

Behavioral Concerns and Autistic Spectrum Disorders: Explorations and Strategies for Change by John Clements, Ewa Zarkowska (2000); ISBN: 1853027421; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853027421/icongroupinterna

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Behavioral Intervention for Young Children With Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals by Catherine Maurice (Editor), et al (1996); ISBN: 0890796831; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890796831/icongroupinterna

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Behavioral Issues in Autism (Current Issues in Autism) by Gary B. Mesibov (Editor), Eric Schopler (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 0306446006; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306446006/icongroupinterna

·

Beyond the Wall: Personal Experiences with Autism and Asperger Syndrome, Second Edition by Stephen Shore, Temple Grandin (Foreword); ISBN: 1931282196; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1931282196/icongroupinterna

·

Biological Treatments for Autism & PDD : What's Going On? What Can You Do About It? by William Shaw; ISBN: 0966123808; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966123808/icongroupinterna

·

Biological Treatments for Autism and PDD by William, Ph.D. Shaw; ISBN: 0966123816; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966123816/icongroupinterna

250 Autism

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Breaking Autism's Barriers : A Father's Story by Bill Davis, Wendy Goldband Schunick (Contributor) (2001); ISBN: 1853029793; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853029793/icongroupinterna

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Breakthroughs: How to Reach Students With Autism by Karen L. Sewell (1998); ISBN: 1578610605; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1578610605/icongroupinterna

·

Bright Splinters of the Mind: A Personal Story of Research with Autistics Savant by Beate Hermelin, Michael Rutter (2001); ISBN: 1853029327; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853029327/icongroupinterna

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Building Wellness with Dmg: How a Breakthrough Nutrient Gives Cancer, Autism & Cardiovascular Patients a Second Chance at Health by Roger V. Kendall; ISBN: 1893910318; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1893910318/icongroupinterna

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Can't Eat, Won't Eat: Dietary Difficulties and the Autism Spectrum by Brenda Legge; ISBN: 1853029742; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853029742/icongroupinterna

·

Caring for a Child with Autism: A Practical Guide for Parents by Martine Ives, et al; ISBN: 1853029963; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853029963/icongroupinterna

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Case Studies in Autism: A Young Child and Two Adolescents by Cheryl D. Seifert; ISBN: 0819177237; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0819177237/icongroupinterna

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Challenging Behaviour and Autism: Making Sense-Making Progress by Philip Whitaker, et al; ISBN: 1931282072; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1931282072/icongroupinterna

·

Chase of a Lifetime : A Journey through Therapeutic and Academic Strategies for Children on the Autism Spectrum by Denise M Carrier (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0595290337; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595290337/icongroupinterna

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Childhood Autism and Structural Therapy: Selected Papers on Early Childhood Autism by Alan J. Ward, et al (1976); ISBN: 0911012567; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0911012567/icongroupinterna

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Children apart: autistic children and their families by Lorna Wing; ISBN: 0900557184; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0900557184/icongroupinterna

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Children with Autism and Asperger Syndrome : A Guide for Practitioners and Carers by Patricia Howlin (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0471983284; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471983284/icongroupinterna

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Children With Autism and Other Pervasive Disorders of Development and Behavior: Therapy Through Activities by D. Nelson; ISBN: 0913590959; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0913590959/icongroupinterna

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Children With Autism: A Developmental Perspective (Developing Child Series) by Marian Sigman, Lisa Capps (Contributor) (1997); ISBN: 0674053133; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0674053133/icongroupinterna

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Children with Autism: A Parent's Guide by Michael D., Powers (Editor), Temple Grandin; ISBN: 1890627046; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890627046/icongroupinterna

Books

251

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Children With Autism: Diagnosis and Interventions to Meet Their Needs by Colwyn Trevarthen (Editor), et al (1998); ISBN: 1853025550; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853025550/icongroupinterna

·

Children With Starving Brains: A Medical Treatment Guide for Autism Spectrum Disorder, Second Edition by Jaquelyn McCandless; ISBN: 188364710X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/188364710X/icongroupinterna

·

Chronic Schizophrenia and Adult Autism: Issues in Diagnosis, Assessment, and Psychological Treatment by Johnny L. Matson (Editor); ISBN: 0826160204; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0826160204/icongroupinterna

·

Cinderella With Wrong Shoes: Poems by a Young Woman With Autism by Jennifer Fan, Autumn Fan (2001); ISBN: 0595211054; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595211054/icongroupinterna

·

Claudine et le faux autisme by Alain Ksensée; ISBN: 2708918109; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/2708918109/icongroupinterna

·

Climbing Out of Autism One Bite at a Time: A Step by Step Manual for Recovery and Developmental Gain by Michelle Cheney (2001); ISBN: 0595183999; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595183999/icongroupinterna

·

Communicating Partners: Building Responsive Relationships in Autism by James D. MacDonald (2004); ISBN: 1843107589; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843107589/icongroupinterna

·

Communication Problems in Autism (Current Issues in Autism) by Eric Schopler, Gary B. Mesibov (Editor) (1985); ISBN: 0306418592; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306418592/icongroupinterna

·

Communication Unbound: How Facilitated Communication Is Challenging Traditional Views of Autism and Ability/Disability (Special Education, No 13) by Douglas Biklen (1993); ISBN: 0807732222; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0807732222/icongroupinterna

·

Conquering Autism: Reclaiming Your Child Through Natural Therapies by Stephen B., Md. Edelson (2003); ISBN: 0758201834; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0758201834/icongroupinterna

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Continuity and Change in the Social Competence of Children With Autism, Down Syndrome, and Developmental Delays (Monographs of the Society for Research) by Marian Sigman, et al (1999); ISBN: 0631215913; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0631215913/icongroupinterna

·

Coping When a Brother or Sister Is Autistic (Coping) by Marsha Sarah Rosenberg (2001); ISBN: 0823931943; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823931943/icongroupinterna

·

CoTeaching Students with Autism by Judi Kinney, Debbie Fischer; ISBN: 1578611253; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1578611253/icongroupinterna

·

Creating a Win-Win I. E. P. for Students With Autism by Beth Fouse (1999); ISBN: 188547752X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/188547752X/icongroupinterna

·

Dancing in Cornmeal: Life With Autism by Nannette B. Silvernail (2002); ISBN: 059522833X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/059522833X/icongroupinterna

252 Autism

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Dangerous Encounters - Avoiding Perilous Situations with Autism: A Streetwise Guide for All Emergency Responders, Retailers and Parents by Bill Davis, Wendy Goldband Schunick (2002); ISBN: 1843107325; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843107325/icongroupinterna

·

Day by Day: Raising the Child with Autism/PDD by Joan F. Goodman (Producer), Susan Hoban (Producer); ISBN: 0898629470; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898629470/icongroupinterna

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Dear Charlie - A Grandfather's Love Letter to his Grandson with Autism by Earle P., Jr. Martin, et al; ISBN: 1885477619; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885477619/icongroupinterna

·

Decreasing Behaviors of Persons With Severe Retardation and Autism by Richard M. Foxx (1982); ISBN: 0878222642; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878222642/icongroupinterna

·

Demystifying Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Guide to Diagnosis for Parents and Professionals by Carolyn Thorwarth Bruey (2003); ISBN: 1890627348; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890627348/icongroupinterna

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Demystifying the Autistic Experience: A Humanistic Introduction for Parents, Caregivers, and Educators by William Stillman; ISBN: 1843107260; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843107260/icongroupinterna

·

Developing Leisure Time Skills for Persons With Autism : A Practical Approach for Home, School and Community by Phyllis Coyne, et al; ISBN: 1885477562; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885477562/icongroupinterna

·

Development of Autism: Perspectives from Theory and Research by Jacob A. Burack (Editor), et al (2001); ISBN: 0805832459; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0805832459/icongroupinterna

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Diagnosis and Assessment in Autism (Current Issues in Autism) by Eric Schopler, Gary B. Mesibov (Editor) (1988); ISBN: 030642889X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/030642889X/icongroupinterna

·

Diagnosis and Treatment of Autism by Christopher Gillberg (Editor) (1990); ISBN: 0306434814; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306434814/icongroupinterna

·

Die Umschrift : zwei kommunikationstheoretische Studien, "japanische Kommunikation" und "Autismus" by Peter Fuchs; ISBN: 3518288164; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3518288164/icongroupinterna

·

Diet Intervention and Autism: Implementing a Gluten Free and Casein Free Diet for Autistic Children and Adults: A Guide for Parents by Marilyn Le Breton, Rosemary Kessick; ISBN: 1853029351; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853029351/icongroupinterna

·

Discovering My Autism: Apologia Pro Vita Sua (With Apologies to Cardinal Newman) by Edgar Schneider (1999); ISBN: 1853027243; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853027243/icongroupinterna

·

Do-Watch-Listen-Say: Social and Communication Intervention for Children With Autism by Kathleen Ann Quill (2000); ISBN: 1557664536; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1557664536/icongroupinterna

·

Early Childhood Autism; ISBN: 008017177X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/008017177X/icongroupinterna

Books

253

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Early Childhood Autism: An Ethological Approach (Supplements to Journal of Comparative Ethology; 10) by Elisabeth A. Tinbergen, Niko Tinbergen; ISBN: 3489780361; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3489780361/icongroupinterna

·

Early Childhood Autism: Clinical, Educational, and Social Aspects (Pergamon International Library of Science, Technology, Engineering and sociAl) by Lorna Wing (Editor), J. K. Early Childhood Autism Wing (Editor); ISBN: 0080171788; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080171788/icongroupinterna

·

Educating and understanding autistic children; ISBN: 0933014686; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0933014686/icongroupinterna

·

Educating Children and Youth With Autism: Strategies for Effective Practice by Richard L. Simpson (Editor), Brenda Myles (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 0890797439; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890797439/icongroupinterna

·

Educating Children With Autism by National Research Council (2001); ISBN: 0309072697; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309072697/icongroupinterna

·

Educational Provisions for Children with Autism and Asperger Syndrome: Monitoring Teaching in the Primary School by Glenys Jones; ISBN: 1853466697; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853466697/icongroupinterna

·

Elijah's Cup: A Family's Journey into the Community and Culture of HighFunctioning Autism and Asperger's Syndrome by Valerie Paradiz (2002); ISBN: 074320445X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/074320445X/icongroupinterna

·

Emergence:Labeled Autistic by Temple Grandin (Author) (1996); ISBN: 0446671827; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0446671827/icongroupinterna

·

Enabling Communication in Children with Autism by Carol Potter, Chris Whittaker (2001); ISBN: 1853029564; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853029564/icongroupinterna

·

Encounters With Autistic States: A Memorial Tribute to Frances Tustin by Theodore Mitrani (Editor), et al (1997); ISBN: 0765700662; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0765700662/icongroupinterna

·

Enzymes for Autism and other Neurological Conditions by Karen L. DeFelice; ISBN: 0972591877; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0972591877/icongroupinterna

·

European Farm Communities for Autism by Jane J. Giddan, Norman S. Giddan (1993); ISBN: 0944742041; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0944742041/icongroupinterna

·

Everybody Is Different: A Book for Young People Who Have Brothers or Sisters With Autism by Fiona Bleach; ISBN: 1931282064; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1931282064/icongroupinterna

·

Everyday Solutions: A Practical Guide for Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder by Mindy Small, Lisa Kontente (2003); ISBN: 1931282250; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1931282250/icongroupinterna

·

Exiting Nirvana: A Daughter's Life with Autism by Clara Claiborne Park (Author); ISBN: 0316691240; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0316691240/icongroupinterna

254 Autism

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Explorations in Autism: A Psycho-Analytical Study by Donald Meltzer, et al; ISBN: 0902965034; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0902965034/icongroupinterna

·

Exploring the Spectrum of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders: Intervention Strategies by Carolyn Murray-Slutsky, Betty A. Paris (2000); ISBN: 076165500X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/076165500X/icongroupinterna

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Exposure Anxiety - The Invisible Cage: An Exploration of Self-Protection Response in the Autism Spectrum by Donna Williams; ISBN: 1843100517; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843100517/icongroupinterna

·

Facilities available for autistic children: a report; ISBN: 0902502050; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0902502050/icongroupinterna

·

Facing Autism: Giving Parents Reasons for Hope and Guidance for Help by Lynn M. Hamilton, Bernard Rimland; ISBN: 1578562627; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1578562627/icongroupinterna

·

Fighting for Darla: Challenges for Family Care and Professional Responsibility: The Case Study of a Pregnant Adolescent With Autism by Ellen A. Brantlinger (1994); ISBN: 0807733563; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0807733563/icongroupinterna

·

Finding Out About Asperger's Syndrome, High-Functioning Autism and Pdd by Gunilla Gerland (2000); ISBN: 1853028401; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853028401/icongroupinterna

·

Forgotten teenagers: report by the National Society for Autistic Children; ISBN: 0902502018; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0902502018/icongroupinterna

·

Fragile Success: Ten Autistic Children, Childhood to Adulthood, Second Edition by Virginia Walker Sperry, et al; ISBN: 1557664587; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1557664587/icongroupinterna

·

Frances Tustin : The Borderlands of Autism and Psychosis (Makers of Modern Psychotherapy) by Sheila Spensley; ISBN: 0415092620; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415092620/icongroupinterna

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From Goals to Data and Back Again: Adding Backbone to Developmental Intervention for Children With Autism by Jill Fain Lehman, et al (2003); ISBN: 1843107538; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843107538/icongroupinterna

·

Gentle Giant: The Inspiring Story of an Autistic Child by Wendy Robinson; ISBN: 1862043043; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862043043/icongroupinterna

·

Getting Services for Your Child on the Autism Spectrum by Matthew G. Foley, et al; ISBN: 1853029912; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853029912/icongroupinterna

·

Giggle Time - Establishing the Social Connection: A Program to Develop the Communication Skills of Children with Autism by Susan Aud Sonders (2002); ISBN: 1843107163; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843107163/icongroupinterna

Books

255

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Growing Up Severely Autistic: They Call Me Gabriel by Kate Rankin (2000); ISBN: 1853028916; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853028916/icongroupinterna

·

Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders by Donald J. Cohen (Editor), Fred R. Volkmar (Editor); ISBN: 0471532428; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471532428/icongroupinterna

·

Healthcare for Children on the Autism Spectrum: A Guide to Medical, Nutritional, and Behavioral Issues by Lorna Wing (Foreword), et al (2003); ISBN: 0933149972; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0933149972/icongroupinterna

·

Helping Children With Autism Learn: A Guide to Treatment Approaches for Parents and Professionals by Bryna Siegel (2003); ISBN: 0195138112; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195138112/icongroupinterna

·

Helping Children With Autism to Learn by Stuart Powell (Editor); ISBN: 1853466379; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853466379/icongroupinterna

·

Higher Functioning Adolescents and Young Adults With Autism: A Teacher's Guide by Ann Fullerton (Editor), et al (1996); ISBN: 0890796815; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890796815/icongroupinterna

·

High-Functioning Individuals With Autism (Current Issues in Autism) by Eric Schopler (Editor), Gary B. Mesibov (Editor) (1992); ISBN: 0306440644; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306440644/icongroupinterna

·

Holistic Interpretation of Autism by Cheryl D. Seifert, Charlene Breedlove (Editor); ISBN: 0819177393; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0819177393/icongroupinterna

·

Home Educating our Autistic Spectrum Children: Paths are Made by Walking by Kitt Cowlishaw (Editor), Terri Dowty (Editor); ISBN: 1843100371; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843100371/icongroupinterna

·

I Am Special: Introducing Children and Young People to Their Autism Spectrum Disorder by Peter Vermeulen (2000); ISBN: 1853029165; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853029165/icongroupinterna

·

I Don't Want to Be Inside Me Anymore: Messages from an Autistic Mind by Birger Sellin, et al; ISBN: 0465031722; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0465031722/icongroupinterna

·

I Love My Brother!: A Preschooler's View of Living With a Brother Who Has Autism by Connor Sullivan, et al; ISBN: 0970658117; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0970658117/icongroupinterna

·

Ian's Walk: A Story About Autism by Laurie Lears, Karen Ritz (Illustrator) (2003); ISBN: 0807534811; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0807534811/icongroupinterna

·

I'm Not Naughty - I'm Autistic: Jodi's Journey by Jean Shaw (2002); ISBN: 184310105X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/184310105X/icongroupinterna

·

Immunization Safety Review: Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine and Autism by Kathleen Stratton, et al; ISBN: 0309074479; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309074479/icongroupinterna

256 Autism

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Inclusive Programming For Elementary Students with Autism by Sheila Wagner, Sheila Wagner; ISBN: 1885477546; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885477546/icongroupinterna

·

Incorporating Social Goals in the Classroom: A Guide for Teachers and Parents of Children with High-Functioning Autism and Asperger Syndrome by Rebecca A. Moyes, Susan J. Moreno (2001); ISBN: 185302967X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/185302967X/icongroupinterna

·

Increasing Behaviors of Severely Retarded and Autistic Persons by Richard M. Foxx (1982); ISBN: 0878222634; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878222634/icongroupinterna

·

Increasing Behaviors/Decreasing Behaviors of Persons With Severe Retardation and Autism by Richard M. Foxx; ISBN: 0878222650; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878222650/icongroupinterna

·

Independence Bound: A Mother and Her Autistic Son's Journey to Adulthood by Jacquelyn Altman Marquette; ISBN: 1564690857; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1564690857/icongroupinterna

·

Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorders: Teaching, Language, and Screening (Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of social Sciences, 103) by Fredrika M. Miranda Linne (2001); ISBN: 9155450474; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9155450474/icongroupinterna

·

Infantile Autism by C. Barthelemy, et al; ISBN: 2744700177; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/2744700177/icongroupinterna

·

Introduction to Theory of Mind: Children, Autism and Apes by Peter Mitchell (1996); ISBN: 0340624973; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0340624973/icongroupinterna

·

Izzy Baia: Autism, Life and Other Unsolved Mysteries by Kevin Whelan (1998); ISBN: 186023075X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/186023075X/icongroupinterna

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Joey and Sam: "A Heartwarming Storybook About Autism, a Family, and a Brother's Love" by Illana Katz, et al (1993); ISBN: 1882388003; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1882388003/icongroupinterna

·

Jonathan Lerman: The Drawings of a Boy with Autism by Jonathan Lerman, et al (2002); ISBN: 0807615137; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0807615137/icongroupinterna

·

Just This Side of Normal: Glimpses into Life With Autism by Elizabeth King Gerlach; ISBN: 0963757849; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963757849/icongroupinterna

·

Keys to Parenting the Child with Autism (2nd Edition) by Marlene Targ Brill (2001); ISBN: 0764112929; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0764112929/icongroupinterna

·

Keys to Success for Teaching Students with Autism by Lori Ernsperger; ISBN: 1885477929; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885477929/icongroupinterna

·

Kindlicher Autismus; ISBN: 3805528221; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805528221/icongroupinterna

Books

257

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Language of Autistic Children by Don W. Churchill; ISBN: 0470264179; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0470264179/icongroupinterna

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Laughing & Loving With Autism: A Collection of "Real Life" Warm & Humorous Stories by R. Wayne Gilpin (1993); ISBN: 188547704X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/188547704X/icongroupinterna

·

Learning and Cognition in Autism (Critical Issues in Autism) by Eric Schopler (Editor), Gary B. Mesibov (Editor) (1995); ISBN: 0306448718; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306448718/icongroupinterna

·

Learning Disabilities Sourcebook: Basic Information About Disorders Such As Dyslexia, Visual and Auditory Processing Deficits, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Autism, alo (Health Reference Series, Vol 33) by Linda M. Shin (Editor), Linda M. Ross (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 0780802101; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0780802101/icongroupinterna

·

Learning to Live With High Functioning Autism: A Parent's Guide for Professionals by Mike Stanton (2000); ISBN: 1853029157; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853029157/icongroupinterna

·

Let Me Hear Your Voice: A Family's Triumph over Autism by Catherine Maurice (1994); ISBN: 0449906647; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0449906647/icongroupinterna

·

Life Behind Glass: A Personal Account of Autism Spectrum Disorder by Wendy Lawson (2000); ISBN: 1853029114; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853029114/icongroupinterna

·

Life on Hold: A Mother and Son's Journey Through Autism by Thelma Wheatley; ISBN: 1894663330; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1894663330/icongroupinterna

·

Live Company: Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy With Autistic, Borderline, Deprived and Abused Children by Anne Alvarez (1992); ISBN: 0415060974; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415060974/icongroupinterna

·

Living the Good Life with Autism by Edgar Schneider; ISBN: 1843107120; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843107120/icongroupinterna

·

Living With Autism: The Parents' Stories by Kathleen M. Dillon, Lahri Bond (Illustrator) (2003); ISBN: 0963575279; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963575279/icongroupinterna

·

Lucy's Story: Autism and Other Adventures by Lucy Blackman, Tony Attwood; ISBN: 1843100428; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843100428/icongroupinterna

·

Making a Difference: Behavioral Intervention for Autism by Catherine Maurice (Editor), et al (2001); ISBN: 0890798710; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890798710/icongroupinterna

·

Making It a Success: Practical Strategies and Worksheets for Teaching Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder by Sue Larkey (2004); ISBN: 1843102048; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843102048/icongroupinterna

·

Making Sense of Art: Sensory-Based Art Activities for Children with Autism, Asperger Syndrome, and Pervasive Developmental Disorders by Sandra R. Davalos (Editor); ISBN: 0967251443; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0967251443/icongroupinterna

258 Autism

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Making Visual Supports Work in the Home and Community: Strategies for Individuals with Autism and Asperger Syndrome by Jennifer L. Savner, Brenda Smith Myles; ISBN: 096725146X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/096725146X/icongroupinterna

·

Maximum Solutions for Add, Learning Disabilities and Autism: Natural Treatments for Add, Adhd and Autism by Ted Broer (2002); ISBN: 0884197190; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0884197190/icongroupinterna

·

Meeting the Needs of Children With Autistic Spectrum Disorders by Rita Jordan, Glenys Jones; ISBN: 1853465828; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853465828/icongroupinterna

·

Mindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind by Simon Baron-Cohen (Author); ISBN: 026252225X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/026252225X/icongroupinterna

·

MMR and Autism by Michael, Dr Fitzpatrick, et al; ISBN: 0415321786; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415321786/icongroupinterna

·

More Laughing & Loving With Autism by R. Wayne Gilpin (1994); ISBN: 1885477120; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885477120/icongroupinterna

·

More Than Words: Helping Parents Promote Communication and Social Skills in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder by Fern Sussman (1999); ISBN: 0921145144; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0921145144/icongroupinterna

·

Mori's Story: A Book About a Boy With Autism (Meeting the Challenge) by Zachary M. Gartenberg, Jerry Gay (Illustrator); ISBN: 0822525852; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0822525852/icongroupinterna

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Movement Differences and Diversity in Autism-Mental Retardation: Appreciations and Accommodations People With Communications and Behavior Challenges by Anne M. Donnellan, Martha R. Leary (1994); ISBN: 1886928002; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1886928002/icongroupinterna

·

Much More Laughing and Loving with Autism by R. Wayne Gilpin (Compiler), Sue Lynn Cotton (Illustrator); ISBN: 1885477783; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885477783/icongroupinterna

·

Multicoloured Mayhem: Parenting the Many Shades of Adolescence, Autism, Asperger Syndrome and AD/HD by Jacqui Jackson; ISBN: 1843101718; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843101718/icongroupinterna

·

Music Therapy for the Autistic Child by Juliette Alvin, Auriel Warwick (1997); ISBN: 0198162766; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0198162766/icongroupinterna

·

My Brother Kevin Has Autism by Richard W. Carlson (2002); ISBN: 0595222064; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595222064/icongroupinterna

·

My Friend with Autism: A Coloring Book for Peers and Siblings by Beverly Bishop, Craig Bishop (Illustrator); ISBN: 1885477899; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885477899/icongroupinterna

·

Nadia: A Case of Extraordinary Drawing Ability in an Autistic Child (A Harvest/Hbj Book) by Lorna Selfe; ISBN: 0156653206; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0156653206/icongroupinterna

Books

259

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Navigating the Social World: A Curriculum for Individuals with Asperger's Syndrome, High Functioning Autism and Related Disorders by Jeannie McAfee, Dr. Tony Attwood (Foreword); ISBN: 1885477821; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885477821/icongroupinterna

·

Neurobiological Issues in Autism (Current Issues in Autism) by Eric Schopler (Editor), Gary B. Mesibov (Editor) (1987); ISBN: 0306424517; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306424517/icongroupinterna

·

No Duty To Retreat: The Stories of Tourette's Syndrome and Asperger's Autism by E. Antonio Hernandez (2003); ISBN: 1592869262; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1592869262/icongroupinterna

·

Nobody Nowhere.autistic by D Williams (Author) (1994); ISBN: 0380722178; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0380722178/icongroupinterna

·

Nowhere to go : a report on the plight of autistic adolescents; ISBN: 0902502077; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0902502077/icongroupinterna

·

One-On-One Manual Working With Low-Functioning Children With Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities by Marilyn Chassman; ISBN: 157861080X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/157861080X/icongroupinterna

·

Our Journey Through High Functioning Autism and Asperger Syndrome: A Roadmap by Linda Andron (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1853029475; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853029475/icongroupinterna

·

Overcoming Autism: Finding the Answers, Strategies and Hope That Can Transform a Child's Life by Lynn Kern, Ph.D. Koegel, Claire Lazebnik (2004); ISBN: 0670032948; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0670032948/icongroupinterna

·

Parent Survival Manual: A Guide to Crisis Resolution in Autism and Related Developmental Disorders by Eric Schopler (Editor) (1995); ISBN: 0306449773; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306449773/icongroupinterna

·

Parents and Children in Autism by Marian K. Demyer; ISBN: 047026733X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/047026733X/icongroupinterna

·

Parents' Education As Autism Therapists: Applied Behaviour Analysis in Context by Mickey Keenan (Editor), et al (2000); ISBN: 1853027782; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853027782/icongroupinterna

·

Peer Play and the Autism Spectrum: The Art of Guiding Children's Socialization and Imagination by Pamela J. Wolfberg, Adriana L. Schuler (2003); ISBN: 193128217X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/193128217X/icongroupinterna

·

Play and Imagination in Children With Autism (Special Education Series (New York, N.Y.).) by Pamela J. Wolfberg (1999); ISBN: 080773814X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/080773814X/icongroupinterna

·

Playing, Laughing and Learning with Children on the Autism Spectrum: A Practical Resource of Play Ideas for Parents and Carers by Julia Moor (2002); ISBN: 1843100606; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843100606/icongroupinterna

·

Poems and Short Stories About My Brother Kevin Who Has Autism: Entertainment for Boys and Girls Ages 6 to 10 by Richard W., Jr. Carlson, Kevin Carlson (Illustrator) (2002); ISBN: 0595228453; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595228453/icongroupinterna

260 Autism

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Power Cards: Using Special Interests to Motivate Children and Youth with Asperger Syndrome and Autism by Elisa Gagnon (2001); ISBN: 1931282013; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1931282013/icongroupinterna

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Practical guidance for those who work with autistic children by Wendy Landman; ISBN: 0902502107; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0902502107/icongroupinterna

·

Practical Ideas That Really Work for Students With Autism Spectrum Disorders by Kathleen McConnell, Gail Ryser (2000); ISBN: 0890798583; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890798583/icongroupinterna

·

Preschool Children with Inadequate Communication : Developmental Language Disorder, Autism, Low IQ by Isabelle Rapin (Editor) (1996); ISBN: 1898683077; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1898683077/icongroupinterna

·

Preschool Education Programs for Children With Autism by Jan S. Handleman (Editor), Sandra L. Harris (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 0890798508; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890798508/icongroupinterna

·

Preschool Issues in Autism (Current Issues in Autism) by Eric Schopler (Editor), et al (1993); ISBN: 0306444402; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306444402/icongroupinterna

·

Raising a Child with Autism: A Guide to Applied Behavior Analysis for Parents by Shira Richman (2001); ISBN: 1853029106; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853029106/icongroupinterna

·

Reaching Out, Joining in: Teaching Social Skills to Young Children With Autism (Topics in Autism) by Mary Jane Weiss, Sandra L. Harris (2001); ISBN: 1890627240; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890627240/icongroupinterna

·

Reaching the Autistic Child: A Parent Training Program by Martin A. Kozloff (1998); ISBN: 1571290567; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1571290567/icongroupinterna

·

Reaching the Child With Autism Through Art: Practical, "Fun" Activities to Enchance Motor Skills and Improve Tactile and Concept Awareness by Toni Flowers (1996); ISBN: 1885477236; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885477236/icongroupinterna

·

Reaching the Young Autistic Child by Sibylle Janert, et al; ISBN: 1853434981; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853434981/icongroupinterna

·

Readings in Autism by Special Learning Corporation Staff (1978); ISBN: 0895680084; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895680084/icongroupinterna

·

Reconstruction of the Sensory World of Autism by O. Bogdashina; ISBN: 0863399304; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0863399304/icongroupinterna

·

Relationship Development Intervention with Children, Adolescents and Adults: Social and Emotional Development Activities for Asperger Syndrome, Autism, PDD, and NLD by Steven E. Gutstein, Rachelle K. Sheely; ISBN: 1843107171; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843107171/icongroupinterna

·

Relationship Development Intervention with Young Children: Social and Emotional Development Activities for Asperger Syndrome, Autism, PDD and NLD by Steven E. Gutstein, Rachelle K. Sheely; ISBN: 1843107147; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843107147/icongroupinterna

Books

261

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Relationship Development Intervention: Social and Emotional Development Activities for Asperger Syndrome, Autism, Pdd, and Ndl by Steven E. Gutstein, Rachelle K. Sheely (2002); ISBN: 1843107201; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843107201/icongroupinterna

·

Report to the Legislature on the Principal Findings from the Epidemiology of Autism in California: A Comprehensive Pilot Study by Robert S. Byrd (Editor), Allyson C. Sage (Editor); ISBN: 0756728436; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0756728436/icongroupinterna

·

Review of Health and Social Services for Mentally Disordered Offenders: Mental Handicap or With Autism (People With Learning Disabilities, Vol 7) by Hmso, HMSO Books (1994); ISBN: 0113217013; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0113217013/icongroupinterna

·

Reweaving the Autistic Tapestry: Autism, Asperger Syndrome and ADHD by Lisa Blakemore-Brown; ISBN: 1853027480; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853027480/icongroupinterna

·

Riddle of Autism: A Psychological Analysis by George Victor; ISBN: 0669064475; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0669064475/icongroupinterna

·

Right from the Start: Behavioral Intervention for Young Children With Autism: A Guide for Parents and Professionals (Topics in Autism) by Sandra L., Ph.D Harris, et al (2003); ISBN: 189062702X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/189062702X/icongroupinterna

·

Russell Is Extra Special : A Book About Autism by Charles A., III Amenta; ISBN: 0945354436; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0945354436/icongroupinterna

·

Russell Is Extra Special: A Book About Autism for Children by Charles A., III Amenta (1992); ISBN: 0945354444; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0945354444/icongroupinterna

·

Say Good-Bye to Allergy Related Autism by Devi S., Dr., Ph.D. Nambudripad, et al; ISBN: 096582425X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/096582425X/icongroupinterna

·

Schools for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Directory of Educational Programs in New York City and the Lower Hudson Valley by Inc Resources for Children With Special Needs; ISBN: 0967836530; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0967836530/icongroupinterna

·

Sensory Motor Issues in Autism by Johannam. Anderson (1999); ISBN: 0761671005; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761671005/icongroupinterna

·

Sensory Perceptual Issues in Autism: Different Sensory Experiences, Different Perceptual Worlds by Olga Bogdashina; ISBN: 1843101661; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843101661/icongroupinterna

·

Siblings of Children With Autism: A Guide for Familes (Topics in Autism) by Sandra L., Ph.D. Harris, Beth A., Ph.D. Glasberg (2003); ISBN: 1890627291; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890627291/icongroupinterna

·

Small Miracles Day by Day: A Guide for Parents of Individuals with Low Functioning Autism by Dara Lane (2003); ISBN: 1589394488; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1589394488/icongroupinterna

262 Autism

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Snapshots of Autism: A Family Album by Jennifer Overton; ISBN: 1843107236; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843107236/icongroupinterna

·

Social Behavior in Autism (Current Issues in Autism) by Eric Schopler, Gary B. Mesibov (Editor) (1986); ISBN: 0306421631; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306421631/icongroupinterna

·

Social Skills for Students With Autism by Richard L. Simpson (Editor); ISBN: 0865862028; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865862028/icongroupinterna

·

Solving Behavior Problems in Autism by Linda A. Hodgdon; ISBN: 0961678623; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0961678623/icongroupinterna

·

Somebody Somewhere: Breaking Free from the World of Autism by Donna Williams (1995); ISBN: 0812925246; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0812925246/icongroupinterna

·

Somewhere Over the Spectrum: Theoretical Perspectives on Autism and Asperger Syndrome by Mike Blamires; ISBN: 1853028622; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853028622/icongroupinterna

·

Songs of the Gorilla Nation: My Journey Through Autism by Dawn, Ph.D. PrinceHughes (2004); ISBN: 1400050588; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1400050588/icongroupinterna

·

Soon Will Come the Light: A View from Inside the Autism Puzzle by Thomas A. McKean, et al (1994); ISBN: 1885477112; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885477112/icongroupinterna

·

SOULS:BENEATH & BEYOND AUTISM by Thomas Balsamo, Sharon Rosenbloom; ISBN: 0072881704; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0072881704/icongroupinterna

·

Sound of a Miracle: A Childs Triumph over Autism by Annabel Stehli, et al (1997); ISBN: 0964483815; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964483815/icongroupinterna

·

Spirituality and the Autism Spectrum: Of Falling Sparrows by Abe Isanon; ISBN: 1843100266; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843100266/icongroupinterna

·

Students with Autism: Characteristics and Instruction Programming by Jack Scott, et al; ISBN: 1565936302; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565936302/icongroupinterna

·

Supporting the Families of Children with Autism by Peter Randall (Author), Jonathan Parker (Author); ISBN: 0471982180; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471982180/icongroupinterna

·

Symposium on autism : a one day function organised by the Apex Trust for Autism and the Post-graduate Committee in Medical Education, University of New South Wales; ISBN: 0959707506; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0959707506/icongroupinterna

·

Taking Autism to School by Andreanna Edwards, Tom Dineen (Illustrator) (2002); ISBN: 1891383132; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1891383132/icongroupinterna

Books

263

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Taking Care of Myself: A Hygiene, Puberty and Personal Curriculum for Young People with Autism by Mary Wrobel; ISBN: 1885477945; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885477945/icongroupinterna

·

Taking the Mystery Out of Medications in Autism/Asperger's Syndromes by Luke Tsai (2001); ISBN: 1885477805; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885477805/icongroupinterna

·

Targeting Autism: What We Know, Don't Know, and Can Do to Help Young Children With Autism and Related Disorders by Shirley Cohen (2002); ISBN: 0520234804; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0520234804/icongroupinterna

·

Teach Me Language: A Language Manual for children with autism, Asperger's syndrome and related developmental disorders. by Sabrina Freeman, et al; ISBN: 0965756505; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0965756505/icongroupinterna

·

Teaching Autistic Children to Communicate by Paige Shaughnessy Hinerman; ISBN: 0894438840; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0894438840/icongroupinterna

·

Teaching Children With Autism to Mind-Read : A Practical Guide for Teachers and Parents by Patricia Howlin (Author), et al (1998); ISBN: 0471976237; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471976237/icongroupinterna

·

Teaching Children With Autism: Strategies for Initiating Positive Interactions and Improving Learning Opportunities by Robert L. Koegel (Editor), Lynn Kern Koegel (Editor) (1996); ISBN: 1557661804; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1557661804/icongroupinterna

·

Teaching Children with Autism: Strategies to Enhance Communication and Socialization by Kathleen Ann Quill; ISBN: 0827362692; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0827362692/icongroupinterna

·

Teaching Kids & Adults With Autism: Building the Framework for Lifetime Learning by Kathleen McConnell Fad, L. Rozelle Moulton (1999); ISBN: 1570352046; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1570352046/icongroupinterna

·

Teaching Students With Moderate/Severe Disabilities, Including Autism: Strategies for Second Language Learners in Inclusive Settings by Elva Duran, Diane Cordero De Noriega (Introduction) (1996); ISBN: 0398067007; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398067007/icongroupinterna

·

The ABA Program Companion: Organizing Quality Programs for Children With Autism and PDD by J. Tyler, M.A. Fovel (2002); ISBN: 0966526678; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966526678/icongroupinterna

·

The Adhd-Autism Connection : A Step Toward More Accurate Diagnoses and Effective Treatments by Diane Kennedy, et al (2002); ISBN: 1578564980; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1578564980/icongroupinterna

·

The Autism Handbook by Andrew Nye (Editor); ISBN: 1899280243; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1899280243/icongroupinterna

·

The Autism Social Skills Picture Book by Dr. Jed Baker, Jed E. Baker; ISBN: 1885477910; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885477910/icongroupinterna

264 Autism

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The Autistic Spectrum: A Parents' Guide to Understanding and Helping Your Child by Lorna Wing, et al; ISBN: 1569752575; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569752575/icongroupinterna

·

The Autistic syndromes; ISBN: 0444112014; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444112014/icongroupinterna

·

The Biology of the Autistic Syndromes by Christopher Gillberg (Author), Mary Coleman (Author) (2000); ISBN: 1898683220; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1898683220/icongroupinterna

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The Boy Who Loved Windows: Opening the Heart and Mind of a Child Threatened With Autism by Patricia Stacey (2003); ISBN: 0738206660; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0738206660/icongroupinterna

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The Color of Autism by Toni Flowers; ISBN: 1885477570; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885477570/icongroupinterna

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The Dragons of Autism: Autism as a Source of Wisdom by Olga Holland; ISBN: 1843107414; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843107414/icongroupinterna

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The Early Origins of Autism : A Scientific American article [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Patricia M. Rodier (Author); ISBN: B00006BNPL; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00006BNPL/icongroupinterna

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The Effects of Autism on the Family: Current Issues in Autism by Eric Schopler (Editor), Gary B. Mesibov (Editor) (1984); ISBN: 030641533X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/030641533X/icongroupinterna

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The Everything Parent's Guide to Children With Autism Book: A Reassuring Guide to Know What to Expect, Find the Help You Need, and Get Through the Day (The Everything Series) by Adelle Jameson Tilton (2004); ISBN: 1593370415; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1593370415/icongroupinterna

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The fugitive mind: the early development of an autistic child by Peter Rowlands; ISBN: 0460078763; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0460078763/icongroupinterna

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The Gift from My Son: Autism Redefined by Keli Lindelien (2004); ISBN: 157174391X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/157174391X/icongroupinterna

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The Handbook of Autism [DOWNLOAD: MICROSOFT READER] by Maureen Aarons, Tessa Gittens (1999); ISBN: B0000ANFAY; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0000ANFAY/icongroupinterna

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The Handbook of Autism, 2nd Edition by Maureen Aarons, Tessa Gittens; ISBN: 0415160340; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415160340/icongroupinterna

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The Hidden Child: Youth With Autism (Youth With Special Needs) by Sherry Bonnice (2004); ISBN: 1590847369; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1590847369/icongroupinterna

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The Infinite Mind: Autism - Beyond the Silence by Lichtenstein Creative Media Inc; ISBN: 1888064366; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1888064366/icongroupinterna

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The Mind Tree: A Miraculous Child Breaks the Silence of Autism by Tito Rajarshi Mukhopadhyay (Author) (2003); ISBN: 1559706996; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1559706996/icongroupinterna

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The Natural Medicine Guide to Autism (The Healthy Mind Guides) by Stephanie Marohn (2002); ISBN: 1571742883; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1571742883/icongroupinterna

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The nature of childhood autism by Gerald O'Gorman; ISBN: 0407326014; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0407326014/icongroupinterna

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The Neurobiology of Autism (Johns Hopkins Series in Psychiatry and Neuroscience) by Margaret L., Md. Bauman (Editor), Thomas L., Md. Kemper (Editor) (1997); ISBN: 0801856809; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801856809/icongroupinterna

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The Official Parent's Sourcebook on Autism: A Revised and Updated Directory for the Internet Age by Icon Health Publications (2002); ISBN: 0597830436; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597830436/icongroupinterna

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The Other Side of Autism by Stella Carlton; ISBN: 1854212060; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1854212060/icongroupinterna

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The Research Basis for Autism Intervention by Eric Schopler (Editor), et al (2001); ISBN: 030646585X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/030646585X/icongroupinterna

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The Ride Together: A Brother and Sister's Memoir of Autism in the Family by Paul Karasik, Judy Karasik (2003); ISBN: 0743423364; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0743423364/icongroupinterna

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The Secrets of Autism : TIME Magazine Cover Story [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by J. Madeleine Nash (Author); ISBN: B00006FCUR; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00006FCUR/icongroupinterna

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The Siege : The First Eight Years of an Autistic Child by Clara Claiborne Park; ISBN: 0316690767; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0316690767/icongroupinterna

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The small outsider; the story of an autistic child by Joan Martin Hundley; ISBN: 0207121931; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0207121931/icongroupinterna

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The source for autism by Gail J. Richard (1997); ISBN: 0760601461; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0760601461/icongroupinterna

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The Stolen Child: Aspects of Autism and Asperger Syndrome by Ann Hewetson (Author); ISBN: 0897898443; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0897898443/icongroupinterna

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The Ultimate Stranger: The Autistic Child by Carl H. Delacato; ISBN: 0385010745; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385010745/icongroupinterna

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The Unreachable Child: An Introduction to Early Childhood Autism by Sam B. Morgan; ISBN: 0878702016; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878702016/icongroupinterna

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The Utimate Treasure Hunt: Offering Hope to Children with Autism by Adair N. Renning (1995); ISBN: 0964877309; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964877309/icongroupinterna

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The World of the Autistic Child: Understanding and Treating Autistic Spectrum Disorders by Bryna Siegel (1998); ISBN: 0195119177; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195119177/icongroupinterna

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Theories of Autism by Cheryl D. Seifert, Charlene Breedlove (Editor); ISBN: 0819177180; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0819177180/icongroupinterna

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Thinking in Pictures: And Other Reports from My Life With Autism by Temple Grandin (1996); ISBN: 0679772898; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0679772898/icongroupinterna

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Through the Glass Wall: Journeys into the Closed-Off Worlds of the Autistic by Howard Buten (2004); ISBN: 0553803468; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553803468/icongroupinterna

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Toilet Training for Individuals with Autism and Related Disorders by Maria Wheeler; ISBN: 1885477457; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885477457/icongroupinterna

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Too Wise To Be Mistaken, Too Good To Be Unkind : Christian Parents Contend With Autism by Cathy Steere; ISBN: 1930133006; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1930133006/icongroupinterna

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Treating Autism: Parent Stories of Hope and Success by Stephen M. Edelson (2003); ISBN: 0974036005; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0974036005/icongroupinterna

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Treatment of Autistic Children (Wiley Series on Studies in Child Psychiatry) by Patricia Howlin, Michael Rutter; ISBN: 0471102628; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471102628/icongroupinterna

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Turn Around, Bright Eyes - Snapshots from a Voyage Out of Autism's Silence by Liane Gentry Skye (2002); ISBN: 1589610245; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1589610245/icongroupinterna

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Turning Every Stone: Autism With Love - A Mother's Journal by Phyllis H. Lambert; ISBN: 096247374X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/096247374X/icongroupinterna

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Understanding and Teaching Children with Autism by Rita Jordan (Author), Stuart Powell (Author); ISBN: 0471957143; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471957143/icongroupinterna

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Understanding and Working With the Spectrum of Autism: An Insider's View by Wendy Lawson; ISBN: 1853029718; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853029718/icongroupinterna

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Understanding Asperger Syndrome and High Functioning Autism (The Autism Spectrum Disorders Library, Volume 1) by Gary B. Mesibov, et al (2001); ISBN: 0306466279; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306466279/icongroupinterna

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Understanding Autism Spectrum Disorders: Frequently Asked Questions by Diane Yapko, Yapko Diane; ISBN: 1843107562; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843107562/icongroupinterna

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Understanding the Nature of Autism: A Guide to the Autism Spectrum Disorders, Second Edition by Janice E. Janzen (2003); ISBN: 0761641262; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761641262/icongroupinterna

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Understanding the Nature of Autism: A Practical Guide by Janice E. Janzen (1998); ISBN: 0761643796; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761643796/icongroupinterna

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Unraveling the Mystery of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorder: A Mother's Story of Research and Recovery by Karyn Seroussi, Bernard Rimland (2002); ISBN: 0767907981; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0767907981/icongroupinterna

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Vaccines and the Autism Epidemic: Reviewing the Federal Government's Track Record and Charting a Course for the Future: Hearing Before the Committee o by United States (2003); ISBN: 0160701031; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160701031/icongroupinterna

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Vaccines, Autism and Childhood Disorders: Crucial Data That Could Save Your Child's Life by Neil Z. Miller (2003); ISBN: 1881217329; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1881217329/icongroupinterna

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Vroegkinderlijk autisme : een opvoedingsprobleem by I. A. van Berckelaer-Onnes; ISBN: 9026503202; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9026503202/icongroupinterna

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What Does It Mean To: Have Autism (What Does It Mean to Have/be.?) by Louise Spillsbury; ISBN: 0431139326; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0431139326/icongroupinterna

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What's Next?: Preparing the Student With Autism or Other Developmental Disabilities for Success in the Community by Carol Gray; ISBN: 188547718X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/188547718X/icongroupinterna

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When Autism Strikes: Families Cope With Childhood Disintegrative Disorder by Robert A. Catalano (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 030645789X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/030645789X/icongroupinterna

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When Everybody Cares: Case Studies of ABA with People with Autism by Bobby Newman, Bobby Newman; ISBN: 0966852818; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966852818/icongroupinterna

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When Snow Turns to Rain: One Family's Struggle to Solve the Riddle of Autism by Craig B. Schulze; ISBN: 0933149638; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0933149638/icongroupinterna

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When Your Doctor is Wrong, Hepatitis B Vaccine and Autism by Judy Converse (2002); ISBN: 1401029736; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1401029736/icongroupinterna

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Why Does Chris Do That? Some Suggestions Regarding the Cause and Management of the Unusual Behavior of Children and Adults with Autism and Asperger Syndrome: REVISED 2003 by Tony Attwood (2003); ISBN: 1931282501; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1931282501/icongroupinterna

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Without Reason : A Family Copes with Two Generations of Autism by Charles A. Hart; ISBN: 1885477694; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885477694/icongroupinterna

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Without Reason: A Family Copes With 2 Generations of Autism by Charles Hart; ISBN: 0060161434; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060161434/icongroupinterna

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Women from Another Planet?: Our Lives in the Universe of Autism by Jean Kearns Miller (2003); ISBN: 1410734315; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1410734315/icongroupinterna

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Words From Those Who Care: Further Case Studies of ABA with People with Autism by Bobby Newman (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0966852826; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966852826/icongroupinterna

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Working the Organizing Experience: Transforming Psychotic, Schizoid, and Autistic States With an Introduction by James S. Grotstein and a Case by Lawrence E. Hedges (1995); ISBN: 1568212550; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1568212550/icongroupinterna

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Working Together for a Brighter Future: Unique Approaches for Educating High Functioning Students With Autism by Marilyn F. Hays, Veronica Zysk (Editor) (1996); ISBN: 1885477279; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885477279/icongroupinterna

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Your Life is Not a Label: A Guide to Living Fully with Autism and Asperger's Syndrome by Jerry Newport, Ron Bass (Foreword); ISBN: 1885477775; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885477775/icongroupinterna

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You're Going to Love This Kid!: Teaching Students With Autism in the Inclusive Classroom by Paula Kluth (2003); ISBN: 1557666148; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1557666148/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “autism” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 ·

"As it happeneth to the fool"; a study of withdrawal and depression with examples from autism and schizoid states. Author: Jeffrey, Carol.; Year: 1968; [London, 1969]

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Aspects of autism; some approaches to childhood psychoses [proceedings] Edited by P. J. Mittler. Author: Bryant, Peter,; Year: 1968; London, British Psychological Society, 1968

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Autism: diagnosis, current research and management Author: Ritvo, Edward R.,; Year: 1976; New York: S P Books Division of Spectrum Publications; distributed by Halsted Press, 1976; ISBN: 0470150394 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0470150394/icongroupinterna

11

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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Autism; cure tomorrow, care today. Proceedings of a conference on the autistic child held at Adelaide, South Australia, 16-18 August 1967. Author: Autistic Children's Association of South Australia.; Year: 1971; Adelaide, Autistic Children's Assn. of South Australia [1969?]

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Autism--diagnosis, instruction, management, and research Author: Gilliam, James E.; Year: 1980; Springfield, Ill.: Thomas, c1981; ISBN: 0398040729 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398040729/icongroupinterna

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Autistic children: the nature and treatment of childhood autism. Author: Shaberman, Raphael B.; Year: 1971; London, Stuart; Watkins, 1971; ISBN: 0722401191 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722401191/icongroupinterna

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Communication disorders in psychoses with special emphasis on autism and schizophrenia; bibliography. 433 references: 1964-1973; period of search: January 1964April 1973. Author: Information Center for Hearing, Speech, and Disorders of Human Communication.; Year: 1972; Baltimore, 1973

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Early childhood autism; clinical, educational and social aspects. Author: Wing, J. K. (John Kenneth),; Year: 1969; Oxford, New York, Pergamon Press [1966]

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Early childhood psychosis: infantile autism, childhood schizophrenia and related disorders; an annotated bibliography, 1964 to 1969, prepared by Carolyn Q. Bryson and Joseph N. Hingtgen. Author: Bryson, Carolyn Q.; Year: 1964; Rockville, Md., National Institute of Mental Health [National Clearinghouse for Mental Health Information] 1971

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Infantile autism: concepts, characteristics, and treatment. Study Group held at the Ciba Foundation, London, 15-17, June 1970, under the auspices of the Institute for Research into Mental Retardation. Edited by Michael Rutter. Author: Rutter, Michael,; Year: 1972; Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone [1971]; ISBN: 0700015337 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0700015337/icongroupinterna

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Infantile autism; a clinical and phenomenological-anthropological investigation taking language as the guide. Author: Bosch, G. (Gerhard); Year: 1970; Berlin, New York, Springer-Verlag, 1970

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Infantile autism; proceedings. Edited by Don W. Churchill, Gerald D. Alpern [and] Marian K. DeMyer. Author: Alpern, Gerald D.; Year: 1971; Springfield, Ill., Thomas [c1971]

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Infantile autism; the syndrome and its implications for a neural theory of behavior. Author: Rimland, Bernard,; Year: 1973; [New York] Appleton-Century-Crofts [c1964]

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Involuntary strangers: autism: the problems faced by parents Author: Everard, Peggie.; Year: 1981; London: John Clare Books, c1980; ISBN: 0906549108

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The empty fortress; infantile autism and the birth of the self. Author: Bettelheim, Bruno.; Year: 1966; New York, Free Press; London, Collier-Macmillan [c1967]

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The nature of childhood autism. Author: O'Gorman, Gerald.; Year: 1967; London, Butterworth, 1967

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The self and autism Author: Fordham, Michael,; Year: 2003; London: Heinemann Medical Books, c1976; ISBN: 0433308826 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0433308826/icongroupinterna

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The unreachable child: an introduction to early childhood autism Author: Morgan, Sam B.,; Year: 1982; Memphis: Memphis State University Press, c1981; ISBN: 0878702024 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878702024/icongroupinterna

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Your child is asleep; early infantile autism; etiology, treatment, parental influences [by] Austin M. DesLauriers [and] Carole F. Carlson. Author: Des Lauriers, Austin M.; Year: 1969; Homewood, Ill., Dorsey Press, 1969

Chapters on Autism In order to find chapters that specifically relate to autism, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and autism using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “autism” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on autism: ·

Joint Attention, Social Orienting, and Nonverbal Communication in Autism Source: in Wetherby, A.M. and Prizant, B.M., eds. Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Transactional Developmental Perspective. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. 2000. p. 55-77. Contact: Available from Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. P.O. Box 10624, Baltimore, MD 21285. (800) 638-3775. Fax (410) 337-8539. Website: www.brookespublishing.com. PRICE: $39.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1557664455. Summary: A comprehensive model of autism needs to address both linguistic pragmatic difficulties and the very early onset of preverbal sociocommunicative deficits that are characteristic of the syndrome. This chapter on joint attention, social orienting, and nonverbal communication in autism is from a volume that provides a theoretical and research foundation for understanding the nature of the communication and language problems experienced by children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The authors focus on two issues; first, the nature of the neurological disturbance that leads to the sociocommunicative disturbance of autism, and second, the functional, or psychological, nature of the neurological disturbance in autism. The authors review the models and theories supporting each of these issues. They note that a collective view of these models gives rise to a consideration of how related neurological processes may serve different functions at different stages in the development of autism. Specific topics covered include theory of mind and sociocommunicative disturbance, executive functions, social orienting, the recovery intervention hypothesis, the pivotal skill hypothesis, and a model of intervention effects. The authors conclude that a consideration of the changing interplay between initial biological insult and subsequent transactions with the environment may be crucial to an understanding of autism. 95 references.

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Complexity of Autism Source: in Quill, K.A. Do-Watch-Listen-Say: Social and Communication Intervention for Children with Autism. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. 2000. p. 1-20. Contact: Available from Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. P.O. Box 10624, Baltimore, MD 21285. (800) 638-3775. Fax (410) 337-8539. Website: www.brookespublishing.com. PRICE: $56.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1557664536.

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Summary: Autism is a disorder of social, communicative, and repetitive behaviors. Because impaired social and communication development are the defining symptoms of autism, the assessment and treatment of these skills should be an intervention priority. This introductory chapter is from a text that provides intervention guidelines that specifically address social and communication skills, to help guide the thinking of educators, clinicians, and parents who are working with these children. The author first introduces a number of children whose cases highlight the diversity of the disorder. The author then discusses the nature of autism; cognition in autism, including issues of attention, information processing, and social cognition; core skills for social and communication development, including nonverbal social communicative interaction and imitation; social development, including solitary play and social play; communication development, including reciprocal communication, the social functions of communication, and conversational discourse; and rituals in autism. The author concludes that although there have been significant gains in understanding the nature of autism, there still is no singular explanation for the disorder. The author emphasizes the need to view autism within the context of typical development, which presupposes that all areas of development interweave to form a complex tapestry. 4 tables. ·

What Is Autism? Source: in Powers, M.D., ed. Children with Autism: A Parents' Guide. 2nd ed. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House. 2000. p. 1-44. Contact: Available from Woodbine House. 6510 Bells Mill Road, Bethesda, MD 20817. (800) 843-7323 or (301) 897-3570. Fax (301) 897-5838. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.woodbinehouse.com. PRICE: $17.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1890627046. Summary: Autism is a physical disorder of the brain that causes a lifelong developmental disability. People with autism have three major symptoms: impaired social interaction, impaired communication, and repetitive, stereotypic, or odd patterns of behavior, unusual interests, or responses to the environment. This introductory chapter is from a book designed for both the new parent coping with a child's recent diagnosis and one who is an experienced advocate for their child. Topics include a definition of autism, the symptoms of autism, the failure to develop normal socialization, disturbances in speech, language and communication, abnormal relationships to objects and events, abnormal responses to sensory stimulation, developmental delays and differences, early symptoms (during infancy) of autism, the types of autism, autism disorder, Asperger's disorder, Rett's disorder (also known as Rett's syndrome), childhood disintegrative disorder, pervasive developmental disorder (not otherwise specified, or PPD NOS), the incidence of autism, the incidence of autism in boys versus in girls, trends that have resulted in increases in the reports of autism, the causes of autism, getting a diagnosis, differential diagnosis, the evaluation process, professionals on the evaluation team, a history of autism, and the future for a child with autism. This introductory chapter concludes with encouraging words from other parents of children with autism.

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Intersubjectivity in Autism: The Roles of Imitation and Executive Function Source: in Wetherby, A.M. and Prizant, B.M., eds. Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Transactional Developmental Perspective. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. 2000. p. 79-107.

272 Autism

Contact: Available from Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. P.O. Box 10624, Baltimore, MD 21285. (800) 638-3775. Fax (410) 337-8539. Website: www.brookespublishing.com. PRICE: $39.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1557664455. Summary: In 1991 Rogers and Pennington proposed a developmental model for autism that could account for the earliest symptoms of autism. Their model highlighted several developmental domains that appeared to differentiate people with autism reliably from other clinical groups: imitation, emotional perception and responses, joint attention and communication, theory of mind (ToM), and executive function (EF). This chapter on intersubjectivity in autism is from a volume that provides a theoretical and research foundation for understanding the nature of the communication and language problems experienced by children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The authors of this chapter revisit two aspects of the Rogers and Pennington model (imitation and EF), in light of the empirical work that has occurred since the early 1990s. The authors first discuss findings in those areas, then consider what implications those findings have for the original Rogers and Pennington model regarding the development of sociocommunicative aspects of autism. The authors consider the implications for both clinical intervention and future research. The authors conclude that the social cascade can occur, in partial, fragmented ways, for people with autism. Partial improvements in imitation (the child imitating their communication partner) would lead to partial experiences of emotional contagion and moments of affective coordination of self and other. This, in turn, would allow for partial development of intersubjective and intentional awareness, including some aspects of joint attention, empathy, symbolic play, and intentional communication. The authors suggest that the synchrony of movements, voices, and expressions will continue to be impaired in autism, even among high functioning individuals. 109 references. ·

Joint Attention, Cultural Learning, and Language Acquisition: Implications for Children with Autism Source: in Wetherby, A.M. and Prizant, B.M., eds. Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Transactional Developmental Perspective. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. 2000. p. 31-54. Contact: Available from Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. P.O. Box 10624, Baltimore, MD 21285. (800) 638-3775. Fax (410) 337-8539. Website: www.brookespublishing.com. PRICE: $39.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1557664455. Summary: In the social pragmatic view of language development, children acquire linguistic symbols as an integral part of their social interactions with adults, in much the same way that they learn many other cultural conventions. This chapter on joint attention and cultural learning is from a volume that provides a theoretical and research foundation for understanding the nature of the communication and language problems experienced by children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The authors spell out this view of language acquisition in more detail, focusing first on how children begin language acquisition via processes of joint attentional interaction, then on how they progress in word learning in the second year of life, and then on the social cognitive skills on which language acquisition depends. Finally, the authors apply this general theoretical approach to the acquisition of language by children with autism. The language difficulties of these children are well known, but the authors believe that these difficulties may be better understood when they are seen in the light of other difficulties these children have with social and communicative activities in general. 103 references.

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Strategies for Promoting Language Acquisition in Children with Autism Source: Austin, Texas. PRO-ED, Inc. Behavioral Intervention for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals. ISBN 0-89079-683-1. 1996. 307-19. Contact: Full document available from PRO-ED, Inc. 8700 Shoal Creek Boulevard, Austin, Texas 78757-6897. 800-897-3202; Fax: 800-397-7633. E-mail: [email protected]. Web site: www.proedinc.com. PRICE: $45.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: In this chapter of Behavioral Intervention for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals various strategies are offered as examples of some of the ways in which children with autism have been helped to acquire language. The author is offering these suggestions to parents as ideas to enhance their daily communicative interaction with their children. The focus is on language, speech or articulation skills are not addressed. The chapter begins with some general principles that apply to children with autism at all stages of language development, and is followed by recommendations for children at specific stages of language growth: the preverbal child; the child just beginning to use words; and the child who is using creative, multi-word utterances. Appendix: age-appropriate language development overview. Selected readings.

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More Able Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Sociocommunicative Challenges and Guidelines for Enhancing Abilities Source: in Wetherby, A.M. and Prizant, B.M., eds. Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Transactional Developmental Perspective. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. 2000. p. 225-249. Contact: Available from Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. P.O. Box 10624, Baltimore, MD 21285. (800) 638-3775. Fax (410) 337-8539. Website: www.brookespublishing.com. PRICE: $39.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1557664455. Summary: Some children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) function at a seemingly higher level than expected and the subtle nature of their language and sociocommunicative challenges often goes undetected, particularly when masked by language form and content that appear typical or even high level. In education and intervention for these children, this misunderstanding can result in problems being viewed as superficial and isolated, although in reality they are complex and multifaceted. This chapter on these more able children with autism is from a volume that provides a theoretical and research foundation for understanding the nature of the communication and language problems experienced by children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The author of this chapter is concerned with redirecting the focus of attention in addressing the needs of more able children with ASD, so that practitioners are able to make the adjustments and accommodations that not only are appropriate to the children's intervention needs but also lead to increased academic success. The author's premise is that to meet the sociocommunicative needs of more able children with autism, it is necessary for practitioners to widen their focus of attention, that is, to be guided by an expanded research base that, in addition to language, takes into account information processing and interrelated cognitive and social cognitive constructs. The first section focuses on a multidimensional research approach that includes language comprehension, higher level pragmatics, information processing, and the related cognitive and social cognitive constructs of theory of mind (ToM) and executive function (EF). The initial focus on typical development is followed by a discussion of ways in the which the sociocommunicative deficits express themselves in autism and related disorders. The final sections of the chapter address general guidelines for

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enhancing abilities in more able children, as well as implications for both clinical and educational practice and future research. 1 table. 68 references. ·

Theoretical and Applied Insights from Multimedia Facilitation of Communication Skills in Children with Autism, Deaf Children, and Children with Other Disabilities Source: in Adamson, L.B.; Romski, A.R., eds. Communication and Language Acquisition: Discoveries from Atypical Development. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company. 1997. p. 295-325. Contact: Available from Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company. P.O. Box 10624, Baltimore, MD 21285-0624. (800) 638-3775 or (410) 337-9580. Fax (410) 337-8539. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.brookespublishing.com. PRICE: $44.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1557662797. Summary: This chapter is from a text that explores research on atypical communication and language development as a source of knowledge about how children become accomplished communicators. The authors of this chapter discuss their studies of advances in reading and writing under multimedia literacy instruction in children with disabilities. The children in the studies ranged in age from 5 year olds who are beginning to read to 10 to 16 year olds with serious delays in reading and writing skills. Their disabilities included autism, deafness, motor disabilities, dyslexia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Regardless of age and disability, these children worked with multimedia computer software designed to facilitate skills in the text mode by patterning text sentences together rapidly with other media channels, including graphics, voice, and sign language. The first section in the chapter provides the theoretical basis for the multimedia procedures, including the application of Rare Event Learning (REL) theory. The next section reviews results of field research for children's advances in reading and writing and for related teacher and child variables. Most of the results involve children with deafness and other hearing impairments and children with autism. 6 tables. 75 references.

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Effects of Autism on Language, Communication, and Social Development Source: in Janzen, J.E. Understanding the Nature of Autism: A Practical Guide. San Antonio, TX: Therapy Skill Builders. 1996. p. 34-46. Contact: Available from Therapy Skill Builders. Order Service Center, P.O. Box 839954, San Antonio, TX 78283-3954. (800) 211-8378; TTY (800) 723-1318; Fax (800) 232-1223. PRICE: $49.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0761643796. Summary: This chapter is from a text that provides an accessible overview of autism for parents, educators, and others who support those with autism. This chapter focuses on the effects of autism on language, communication, and social development. Pervasive differences in these areas are the defining characteristics or symptoms of autism. The author provides an overview, a brief summary of normal development, and a discussion of the most typical developmental differences in autism. Topics include differences in learning the meaning of words and the use of language (such as echolalia); differences in early interaction and communication skills, including eye gazes and contact and the use of a communication system; and differences in the development of advanced social and communication skills. The author concludes that the profound effect of the learning style differences in autism cannot be overemphasized. Most individuals with autism are unable to tell us when or why they are confused or frustrated. Because they are unable to derive coherent meaning from their experiences and operate from such a different perspective, they are dependent upon their parents, teachers, and mentors to help them

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make sense of things. The chapter features extensive behavioral examples extrapolated from the author's personal experiences and from parents, service providers, and specialists in autism. ·

Early Behavioral Intervention for Autism: What Does Research Tell Us Source: Austin, Texas. PRO-ED, Inc. Behavioral Intervention for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals. ISBN 0-89079-683-1. 1996. 29-44. Contact: Full document available from PRO-ED, Inc. 8700 Shoal Creek Boulevard, Austin, Texas 78757-6897. 800-897-3202; Fax: 800-397-7633. E-mail: [email protected]. Web site: www.proedinc.com. PRICE: $45.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This chapter of Behavioral Intervention for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals provides a research summary on early behavioral intervention, described here as the one treatment approach with scientifically proven effectiveness. Written especially for families of children with autism, the purpose of this chapter is to provide a brief overview of Applied Behavior Analysis principles and methods as they apply to teaching young children with autism; review studies of early behavioral intervention for autism that have been published in peer- reviewed professional literature; and summarize what research reports on early behavioral intervention for autism, and the questions that remain to be answered by further research. Includes references.

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Instructional Strategies To Facilitate Successful Learning Outcomes for Students With Autism Source: Austin, TX: PRO-ED, Inc. 1998. ISBN:0-89079-743-9. (3)55-111. Contact: Available from PRO-ED, Inc. 8700 Shoal Creek Boulevard, Austin, TX 787576897. (800) 897-3202; Fax (800) 397-7633. Web site: http://www.proedinc.com. PRICE: $38.00 plus shipping and handling for full text. Summary: This chapter of Instructional Strategies To Facilitate Successful Learning Outcomes for Students With Autism highlights techniques and strategies recommended for use with children and youth with autism. The strategies covered include ways to create environmental supports to give structure and consistency in the school setting and techniques for developing behavioral based communication tools to enhance student attention and on-task behavior. Also discussed are methods for expanding opportunities and increasing student flexibility, as well as specific instructional procedures for teaching children with autism. References are included.

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Developmental Approach to Difficulties in Relating and Communicating in Autism Spectrum Disorders and Related Syndromes Source: in Wetherby, A.M. and Prizant, B.M., eds. Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Transactional Developmental Perspective. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. 2000. p. 279-306. Contact: Available from Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. P.O. Box 10624, Baltimore, MD 21285. (800) 638-3775. Fax (410) 337-8539. Website: www.brookespublishing.com. PRICE: $39.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1557664455. Summary: This chapter on a developmental approach to communication difficulties in autism is from a volume that provides a theoretical and research foundation for understanding the nature of the communication and language problems experienced by

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children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The authors of this chapter stress that in a functional approach, assessments (diagnosis) and intervention (therapy) must include all relevant areas of functioning and must deal with each child and family in terms of their unique profiles of functional limitations. The authors describe their developmental approach, the Developmental, Individual Difference, Relationship Based (DIR) model. The DIR model engages a child at his or her current level of functioning, works with the unique features of his or her nervous system, and utilizes extensive interactive experiences that are part of ongoing relationships to enable him or her to master new capacities. The model considers the relevant areas of functioning and helps with the construction of each child's developmental profile. 1 appendix. 1 figure. 23 references. ·

Autism and Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders Source: in Batshaw, M.L., ed. Children with Disabilities. 4th ed. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company. 1997. p. 425-447. Contact: Available from Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company. P.O. Box 10624, Baltimore, MD 21285-0624. (800) 638-3775 or (410) 337-9580. Fax (410) 337-8539. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.brookespublishing.com. PRICE: $49.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1557662932. Summary: This chapter on autism and other pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) is from a textbook that addresses the impact of disabilities on child development and function. The chapter covers the three central features of all PDDs (impairments in communication, impairments in reciprocal social interaction skills, and the presence of stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities); describes the spectrum of PDDs; discusses how to distinguish autism from other PDDs; and outlines interventions for these disorders. Disorders discussed include autism, Asperger disorder, Rett syndrome, and childhood disintegrative disorder (Heller syndrome). Treatment options covered include behavioral interventions, education, speech language therapy, and pharmacological management (drug therapy) for hyperactivity, aggression, self-injury, stereotypes and rigid behaviors, depression, seizure disorders, and sleep disorders. The chapter includes illustrative case studies of a child with autism and of a child with Asperger syndrome. As medical terms are introduced in the text, they appear in bold type; definitions for these terms are provided in a glossary at the end of the book. 1 figure. 2 tables. 108 references.

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Communication Intervention Issues for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders Source: in Wetherby, A.M. and Prizant, B.M., eds. Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Transactional Developmental Perspective. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. 2000. p. 193-224. Contact: Available from Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. P.O. Box 10624, Baltimore, MD 21285. (800) 638-3775. Fax (410) 337-8539. Website: www.brookespublishing.com. PRICE: $39.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1557664455. Summary: This chapter on communication intervention issues in autism is from a volume that provides a theoretical and research foundation for understanding the nature of the communication and language problems experienced by children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The authors of this chapter explore current issues in enhancing language and communication abilities in young children with ASD from a developmental and transactional orientation. First, the essential underpinnings of a developmental, social pragmatic model are described. The contributions of

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developmental practice to contemporary behavioral methods for assessment and intervention are also noted. The authors contrast developmental social pragmatic models, which are consistent with transactional theory, with traditional behavioral approaches, which rely primarily on discrete trial training conducted outside of social contexts. The authors hope that this comparison will clearly delineate aspects of practice that are seen as contributing to as well as potentially limiting initiated, spontaneous communication. The authors conclude with a discussion of an evolving model, which they refer to as the SCERTS model of intervention, and which focuses on social communication, emotional regulation, and transactional support as the major components and priorities in enhancing communication and related abilities of young children with ASD. 99 references. ·

What's So Special About Asperger Syndrome?: The Need for Further Exploration of the Borderlands of Autism Source: in Klin, A.; Volkmar, F.R.; Sparrow, S.S., eds. Asperger Syndrome. New York, NY: Guilford Press. 2000. p. 254-277. Contact: Available from Guilford Publications. 72 Spring Street, New York, NY 10012. (800) 365-7006. Fax (212) 966-6708. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.guilford.com. PRICE: $45.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1572305347. Summary: This chapter on definitions and classification of Asperger syndrome (AS) and autism is from a comprehensive text on AS. The author of this chapter aims to provide a counterbalance to the weight of research that is concerned with whether there is a continuum between AS and autistic disorder. The author argues that, by concentrating on only these two conditions, researchers have created the impression that there is a single continuum, with autistic disorder at one end and AS at the other. This impression has led many people to suppose that AS is the appropriate diagnosis for any child who falls within the autistic spectrum, is of normal intelligence, but who does not meet full criteria for autistic disorder. In the chapter, the author presents evidence against this view. The author argues that there are many children whose deficits resemble mild forms of autism but who do not have the constellation of features characterizing AS. The diagnostic boundaries between pervasive and specific developmental disorders are, according to this view, much less clear cut than the textbooks seems to imply. In addition, questions about the relationship between language disorder and autistic spectrum disorders have been clouded by a failure to draw a distinction between formal knowledge of language structure and ability to use language to communicate effectively. 5 figures. 5 tables. 26 references.

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Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Young Children Source: in Wetherby, A.M. and Prizant, B.M., eds. Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Transactional Developmental Perspective. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. 2000. p. 11-30. Contact: Available from Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. P.O. Box 10624, Baltimore, MD 21285. (800) 638-3775. Fax (410) 337-8539. Website: www.brookespublishing.com. PRICE: $39.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1557664455. Summary: This chapter on diagnosis is from a volume that provides a theoretical and research foundation for understanding the nature of the communication and language problems experienced by children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The authors first introduce autism as a spectrum disorder and define some of the terms used in the field. The authors then discuss the importance of a diagnosis, diagnosis in young

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children, empirical studies of autism in young children, the difficulties encountered in diagnosing very young children, parents as sources of information, observational measures for early diagnosis, clinical and educational implications, and directions for future research. The authors stress that much more is known about the diagnosis of young children with autism now than was known in the late 1980s. Methods are available that provide ways of acquiring structured information from parents and for observing children directly in diagnosis. Measurement of levels of language and nonverbal functioning have been shown to be reliable and valid and to have great importance in interacting with autism specific factors to predict outcome. Conceptualization of how screening and diagnosis fit together is improving, with increased awareness of the need to consider consequences for children and families. 1 figure. 2 tables. 44 references. ·

Enhancing Communication in Nonverbal Children with Autism Source: in Quill, K.A. Teaching Children with Autism: Strategies to Enhance Communication and Socialization. New York, NY: Delmar Publishers Inc. 1995. p. 73103. Contact: Available from Thomson Learning. Order Fulfillment, P.O. Box 6904, Florence, KY 41022. (800) 347-7707. Fax (800) 487-8488. Website: www.delmar.com. PRICE: $38.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0827362692. Summary: This chapter on enhancing communication in nonverbal children with autism is from a textbook that provides a framework for understanding the developmental differences of children with autism and applying this knowledge to treatment efforts to promote communication and socialization abilities. The book offers a discussion of the child's cognitive and social perspectives, presents strategies to enhance communication and interpersonal relationships, and offers guidelines to assist children with autism through the social maze. This chapter focuses on the importance of identifying and recognizing the individual differences found in these children. The authors contend that, all too often, children with autism are viewed as members of a group, with little interest or concern shown toward each child as an individual. The recommended intervention strategies should be considered for each child individually and should be modified or adapted when the particular needs of the child demand it. Topics include developmental behaviors, including social, cognitive, and communication behaviors; behaviors necessary to be a more successful communicator, including understanding cause and effect, the desire to communicate, a communication partner, something to communicate about, and a means of communication; alternative communication systems, including sign language, objects for communicative exchange, pictures or pictographs for communicative exchange, reading and computers for communication, and facilitated communication; and communication intervention, including intervention goals and intervention strategies. The chapter includes numerous case study vignettes. 1 appendix. 3 tables. 71 references.

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Social Language Use in Asperger Syndrome and High-Functioning Autism Source: in Klin, A.; Volkmar, F.R.; Sparrow, S.S., eds. Asperger Syndrome. New York, NY: Guilford Press. 2000. p. 125-155. Contact: Available from Guilford Publications. 72 Spring Street, New York, NY 10012. (800) 365-7006. Fax (212) 966-6708. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.guilford.com. PRICE: $45.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1572305347.

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Summary: This chapter on social language use in Asperger syndrome (AS) and high functioning autism (HFA, defined as more prototypical autism accompanied by near normal IQ) is from a comprehensive text on this autistic spectrum disorder. Impairment in the social use of language (pragmatics) is a hallmark of both autism and AS. However, assessment of pragmatic skills is complicated due to the multifaceted, context bound nature of pragmatics and difficulty of measuring pragmatic functions in an ecologically valid way using standardized pragmatic measures. In this chapter, the author attempts to demystify the concept of pragmatics and to review the rather scant literature on pragmatic related behavior associated with HFA and AS. The author concludes that success in social communication has an impact on a person's adaptive functioning and overall well being. Although people with autism and AS exhibit pragmatic impairment, they have many strengths that should be recognized. Not all aspects of pragmatic behavior are abnormal all the time. Methods are available for assessing and treating pragmatic disorders for people of all ages. With ongoing research, the increasing understanding of brain function in people with HFA and AS sets the stage for earlier diagnosis and more appropriate intervention. 103 references. ·

Nature of Language Disorders Among Children with Autism Source: in Ratner, V.; Harris, L. Understanding Language Disorders: The Impact on Learning. Eau Claire, WI: Thinking Publications. 1994. p. 259-291. Contact: Available from Thinking Publications. 424 Galloway Street, Eau Claire, WI 54703. (800) 225-GROW or (715) 832-2488; Fax (800) 828-8885 or (715) 832-9082; E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $47.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 093059990X. Summary: This chapter on the nature of language disorders among children with autism is from a textbook written for teachers, parents, and other professionals who are concerned with children who do not acquire language at the stages that their peers acquire language. The authors remind readers that there is a wide range of abilities exhibited by children with autism. The authors discuss the characteristics of autism as observed by researchers and as currently defined by diagnosticians, differentiate autism from other emotional disturbances, explore the theories associated with autism over the last few decades, explain how the professional understanding of the disorder has altered intervention strategies, emphasize the linguistic and communicative aspects of autism and issues related to using alternative forms of communication, and present current perspectives regarding intervention. The authors focus on principles of inclusion in decision making, social situations, and academic opportunities. (AA-M).

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Psychopharmacological Treatment of Higher-Functioning Pervasive Developmental Disorders Source: in Klin, A.; Volkmar, F.R.; Sparrow, S.S., eds. Asperger Syndrome. New York, NY: Guilford Press. 2000. p. 210-228. Contact: Available from Guilford Publications. 72 Spring Street, New York, NY 10012. (800) 365-7006. Fax (212) 966-6708. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.guilford.com. PRICE: $45.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1572305347. Summary: This chapter on the psychopharmacological treatment of higher functioning pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) is from a comprehensive text on the autism spectrum disorder, Asperger syndrome (AS). The authors first review the small amount of available literature on the topic, pointing out some methodological and ascertainment limitations. Second, the authors describe a recently conducted naturalistic study on the

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psychotropic medical use patterns in a sample of over 100 subjects with AS and related conditions, highlighting the schism between available research and usual standards of clinical practice. Finally, the authors set forth recommendations for future research directions. In particular, they underscore the role for consortium wide collaborative efforts for the field, as specifically exemplified in the recently National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) funded Research Units in Pediatric Psychopharmacology (RUPPs) focused on the study of autism and related conditions. 4 tables. 60 references. ·

Autism: A Pervasive Developmental Disorder Source: in Pueschel, S.M. Special Child: A Source for Parents of Children with Developmental Disabilities. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company. 1994. p. 105-114. Contact: Available from Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company. P.O. Box 10624, Baltimore, MD 21285-0624. (800) 638-3775. Fax (410) 337-8539. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.brookespublishing.com.PRICE: $ 26.00 plus shipping and handling. Item Number 1677. ISBN: 1557661677. Summary: This chapter, from a sourcebook for parents of children with developmental disabilities, discusses autism, the most common of the pervasive developmental disorders. Sections include a description of pervasive developmental disorders; Asperger syndrome; a description of autism; the causes of autism; incidence of autism; criteria for a diagnosis of autism; treatment of autism; and the expected outcomes for children with autism. The authors conclude that although autism is a lifelong disability, the impact it has on an individual's life can be lessened through the continuous efforts of parents and professionals.

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Communication Skills in Autism and PDD Source: in Siegel, B. World of the Autistic Child: Understanding and Treating Autistic Spectrum Disorders. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 1996. p. 43-59. Contact: Available from Oxford University Press. 200 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016. (800) 334-4249 or (212) 679-7300. PRICE: $27.50 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0195076672. Summary: This chapter, from a text on understanding and treating autistic disorders, discusses communication skills in autism and pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). The author looks at spoken language as well as forms of nonverbal communication that toddlers learn to use. Specific topics covered include the theory of mind, the use of gesture, facial cues, use of interpersonal space, the range of emotional expression, prosody or tone of voice, the onset of language in autistic children, mutism, early language loss, instrumental language, immediate echolalia, delayed echolalia, idiosyncratic word use and jargon, conversational skill, and language pragmatics. The author focuses on how disabilities in social perception make it difficult to learn and implement language for the purposes of communication.

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Thinking in Autism: Differences in Learning and Development Source: in Quill, K.A. Teaching Children with Autism: Strategies to Enhance Communication and Socialization. New York, NY: Delmar Publishers Inc. 1995. p. 11-32. Contact: Available from Thomson Learning. Order Fulfillment, P.O. Box 6904, Florence, KY 41022. (800) 347-7707. Fax (800) 487-8488. Website: www.delmar.com. PRICE: $38.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0827362692.

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Summary: This introductory chapter is from a textbook that provides a framework for understanding the developmental differences of children with autism and applying this knowledge to treatment efforts to promote communication and socialization abilities. The book offers a discussion of the child's cognitive and social perspectives, presents strategies to enhance communication and interpersonal relationships, and offers guidelines to assist children with autism through the social maze. This chapter provides a summary of research findings that cuts across professional disciplines and research methodologies. The author points out that cognitive idiosyncracies are closely intertwined with differences in social interaction, affect, communication, and language learning. The author presents a prototypical case profile to illustrate how discrepant the developmental profile of individuals with autism can be, to explain how these discrepancies can be explained as a difference between object referenced and people referenced thinking, and to discuss the implications in terms of educational and clinical practices. The author offers specific recommendations to help parents and practitioners capitalize on individual strengths and learning styles to support their children's and student's explorations of the world of people. 51 references.

Directories In addition to the references and resources discussed earlier in this chapter, a number of directories relating to autism have been published that consolidate information across various sources. The Combined Health Information Database lists the following, which you may wish to consult in your local medical library:12 ·

Parent Resources: Agencies, Organizations, Support Groups Source: in DeFeo, A.B., ed. Parent Articles 2. San Antonio, TX: Communication Skill Builders. 1995. p. 213-234. Contact: Available from Communication Skill Builders. Customer Service, 555 Academic Court, San Antonio, TX 78204-2498. (800) 211-8378; Fax (800) 232-1223. PRICE: $55.00 plus shipping and handling. Order Number 076-163-0732. Summary: This appendix section is from a parent education skill builders textbook. The appendix lists agencies, organizations, and support groups that parents might want to contact as they work with developing communication skills in and with their child. National information and advocacy groups are listed, including groups for consumer information, education, financial aid, home care, legal assistance, nonoral communication, orthotics and prosthetics, psychiatry, psychology, rare disorders, rehabilitation, residential placement, self-help, severe disabilities, sibling support, social workers, and telephone usage for persons with disabilities. Also listed are national organizations for specific disabilities and conditions, including acoustic neuroma, autism, birth defects, chronic dizziness and balance disorders, cleft palate and craniofacial disorders, developmental disabilities, Down's syndrome, dyslexia, dystonia, genetic conditions, head injuries, hearing impairments, learning disabilities, mental retardation, neurofibromatosis, neurological disorders, stuttering, Tourette syndrome,

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You will need to limit your search to “Directory” and “autism” using the "Detailed Search" option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find directories, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Directory.” Type “autism” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months.

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and voice disorders and laryngectomies. The address and telephone number for each organization are noted. ·

Brain Connections: Your Source Guide to Information on Brain Diseases and Disorders. 5th ed Source: New York, NY: Dana Alliance for Brain Initiatives. 2000. 49 p. Contact: Available from Dana Press. Charles A. Dana Foundation, 745 Fifth Avenue, Suite 700, New York, NY 10151. Fax (212) 593-7623. Website: www.dana.org. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This guide lists organizations that assist people with a brain-related disorder or disease as well as those organizations that assist caregivers and health care providers in these areas. The guide lists more than 275 organizations alphabetically by disease or disorder. Listings of particular relevance to communication disorders include: acoustic neuroma, aphasia, ataxia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, deafness and hearing loss, disability and rehabilitation, dizziness, dyslexia, dystonia, head injury, learning disabilities, neurofibromatosis, smell and taste (chemosensory) disorders, spasmodic dysphonia, stuttering, tinnitus, Tourette syndrome, and vestibular disorders. Emphasis is placed on organizations that have a national focus, however, many of these groups sponsor local chapters or affiliates and make referrals to local medical professionals and organizations. For each organization listed, the guide notes mailing address, telephone numbers, e-mail and web sites; also provided are symbols which indicate that the organization offers support groups, referrals to doctors, referrals to other sources of information, regional chapters, availability of literature, availability of speakers, and volunteer opportunities. The guide also describes the publishing body, the Dana Alliance for Brain Initiatives, and provides a list of ways in which readers can support and further brain research.

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Self-Help Sourcebook: Finding and Forming Mutual Aid Self-Help Groups. 4th ed Source: Denville, NJ: American Self-Help Clearinghouse. 1992. 226 p. Contact: Available from American Self-Help Clearinghouse. Attn: Sourcebook, St. Clares-Riverside Medical Center, 25 Pocono Road, Denville, NJ 07834. Voice (201) 6257101; TTY (201) 625-9053. PRICE: $9.00 book rate; $10.00 first class mail. ISBN: 0963432206. Summary: This sourcebook lists self-help groups in a wide variety of topic areas, including addictions and dependencies, bereavement, disabilities, health, mental health, parenting and family, physical and/or emotional abuse, and miscellaneous categories. Topics relevant to deafness and communication disorders include acoustic neuroma, alternative/augmentative communication, autism, cleft palate and cleft lip, cochlear implants, developmental disabilities, developmentally delayed children, Down syndrome, dystonia, ear anomalies, elective mutism, hearing impairment, inner ear problems, laryngectomy, late-deafened adults, learning disabilities, Meniere's disease, neck-head-oral cancer, parents of children with hearing impairment, speech dysfunction, speech impairments, stuttering, tinnitus, Tourette syndrome, and Usher's syndrome. In addition to basic information about the self-help groups, the sourcebook lists self-help clearinghouses, toll-free helplines, resources for rare disorders, resources for genetic disorders, housing and neighborhood resources and resources for the homeless, how-to ideas for developing self-help groups, and using a home computer for mutual help. The book includes a bibliography and key word index.

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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON AUTISM Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on autism. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on autism is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “autism” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “autism” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on autism: ·

Understanding Autism: A Biological Approach? Source: Films for the Humanities and Sciences. Princeton, NJ. 2002. Contact: Available from Films for the Humanities and Sciences. P.O. Box 2053, Princeton, NJ 08543-2053. Voice (800) 257-5126; (609) 275-1400, 8:00am to 5:30pm EST. Fax (609) 275-3767. E-mail: [email protected]. Web site: http://www.films.com. PRICE: $89.95 plus shipping. Summary: Autism, a complex genetic disability, is generally believed to be a genetic disorder. Dr. William Walsh, a senior scientist at the Pfeiffer Institute, believes he has isolated a biochemical cause, based on analysis of blood, urine, and hair samples from 503 autistic children. His pioneering research attributes autism to the inability of a protein, metallothionein, to balance the body's metal metabolism. In this video program, Dr. Walsh discusses his controversial findings, bolstered by testimony from parents whose children have shown dramatic results from dietary supplements that counteract metal imbalance. 12 minutes, color video.

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·

Embracing Play: Teaching Your Child with Autism Source: Behavioral Intervention Association (BIA), www.bia4autism.org; David Donnenfield Productions. Contact: Available from Woodbine House. 6510 Bells Mill Rd., Bethesda, MD 20817. 301897-3570; 800-843-7323. Web site: www.woodbinehouse.com. PRICE: $34.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0-9727080-0-6. Summary: In this video, parents discuss the role of play in reaching their children with autism, and the benefits. Embracing Play demonstrates several play sessions between parents or professionals and the child. The video teaches the adult how to use toys to encourage the child's attention and facilitate learning. These play sessions are intended to enhance the child's communication and social skills.

·

Asperger's Syndrome: Autism and Obsessive Behavior Source: Films for the Humanities and Sciences. Princeton, NJ. 2001. Contact: Available from Films for the Humanities and Sciences. P.O. Box 2053, Princeton, NJ 08543-2053. Voice (800) 257-5126; (609) 275-1400, 8:00am to 5:30pm EST. Fax (609) 275-3767. E-mail: [email protected]. Web site: http://www.films.com. PRICE: $129.95 plus shipping. Summary: Sufferers of Asperger's syndrome are incapable of everyday interactions. They live in a constant state of anxiety, a result of the phobias that are a part of the disease. This video program profiles the symptoms of Asperger's syndrome and explains what sufferers and their families can do to overcome the limitations that it imposes. Original BBC broadcast title: I'm Not Stupid. 29 minutes, color video.

·

Understanding Autism Source: NewsCart Productions, Inc. 1993. ISBN 1-57295-100-1. 19 minutes, VHS; color. Contact: Fanlight Productions Media Library. Post Office Box 1084, Harriman, NY 10926. 800-343-5540; Fax: 201-652-1973. E-mail: [email protected]; Web site: www.fanlight.com. Order No. QA-100. PRICE: $199.00. Summary: Therapists, teachers, and parents of children with autism discuss the nature and symptoms of this lifelong disability, which can occur in between five and fifteen of every 10,000 births. The program also outlines a treatment program, based on behavior modification principles, which can be used in the schools or by family members at home.

·

Talk to Me: A Documentary Film About Children With Autism Source: Fanlight Productions. 2003. ISBN 1-57295-382-9. 28 minutes, VHS; color. Contact: Fanlight Productions Media Library. Post Office Box 1084, Harriman, NY 10926. 800-343-5540; Fax: 201-652-1973. E-mail: [email protected]; Web site: www.fanlight.com. Order No. QA-382. PRICE: $199.00. Summary: This documentary takes viewers into the lives of Seven-year-old Adre and Emma, and five-year-old Julian who are in the Autism Program of the Oakland, California, public schools. It profiles the efforts of their parents and teachers to help them reach their maximum potential, at home and at school. The film demonstrates that, regardless of their incomes, these families struggle to obtain appropriate services for their children, and that such resources are not always distributed fairly. Emma's parents

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have enrolled her in an at-home program, while Adre's single mother is unaware that such programs exist. By the film's end we learn that the state's budget crisis causes some of the dedicated teachers and administrators to be laid off, causing a reduction in some of the services. ·

Don't Give Up: A Video on Autism Source: Fanlight Productions. 2000. ISBN 1-57295-371-3. 58 minutes, VHS; color. Contact: Fanlight Productions Media Library. Post Office Box 1084, Harriman, NY 10926. 800-343-5540; Fax: 201-652-1973. E-mail: [email protected]; Web site: www.fanlight.com. Order No.QA-371. PRICE: $229.00. Summary: This video documentary chronicles a year in the life of a four-year-old (Adrian) who has Autism. The presentation focuses primarily on his progress in a special therapy program. The film gives viewers a first-hand look into the day-to-day struggles of his father and special needs teachers and caregivers to break through the communication barriers that keep him from relating to others.

·

The Spectrum of Autism Source: Fanlight Productions. 2002. ISBN 1-57295-344-6. 34 minutes, VHS; color. Contact: Fanlight Productions Media Library. Post Office Box 1084, Harriman, NY 10926. 800-343-5540; Fax: 201-652-1973. E-mail: [email protected]; Web site: www.fanlight.com. Order No. QA-344. PRICE: $229.00. Summary: This video records the experiences of several families who are caring for children who fall at various points on the spectrum of autism. We learn about the symptoms which first alerted them to the possibility of a developmental disorder in their child, and the challenges they faced in obtaining an accurate diagnosis, and then in securing proper treatment and an educational setting appropriate to their children's needs. It covers also the perspectives of clinicians and educators who explain the difficulties they face in recognizing autism, and point to some of the common developmental signs which may be early signals of the disorder. These include delays or regression in learning to talk; difficulties in understanding and integrating various forms of sensory stimuli; and failure to develop normal speech, language or early social skills.

·

Autism: Diagnosis, Causes, and Treatments Source: Films for the Humanities and Sciences. Princeton, NJ. 2002. Contact: Available from Films for the Humanities and Sciences. P.O. Box 2053, Princeton, NJ 08543-2053. Voice (800) 257-5126; (609) 275-1400, 8:00am to 5:30pm EST. Fax (609) 275-3767. E-mail: [email protected]. Web site: http://www.films.com. PRICE: $149.95 plus shipping. Summary: What is it like for people with autism, living among others, yet in a sense, always living alone? How do their parents cope as they care for them? Built around several case studies, this video program distinguishes between high- and lowfunctioning autism; illustrates structural and functional differences between autistic and non-autistic brains; considers genetics, neurological diseases, and immune system anomalies as possible contributory factors, and discusses associated conditions such as mental retardation, epilepsy, and echolalia. Applied behavior analysis, the TEACCH

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system, multisensory stimulation, and dietary interventions also mentioned. 52 minutes, color video.

Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “autism” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on autism: ·

Discovering Abilities Within the Disability of Autism Source: Rockville, MD: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). 1997. (audiocassettes, manual). Contact: Available from American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). Product Sales, 10801 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852. (888) 498-6699. TTY (301) 8970157. Website: www.asha.org. PRICE: $38.00 plus shipping and handling. Order number 0112070. Summary: This audiocassette program and accompanying manual present a conference titled, 'Discovering Abilities Within the Disability of Autism.' The workshop was undertaken to clarify an eclectic functional definition of autism for cross-disciplinary programming; to introduce strategies to maximize learning opportunities despite behavioral disruptions; and to examine current intervention models and discuss the decision making process in designing treatment. Specific topics include the Federal IDEA definition and other definitions, diagnostic decision making, medical versus educational labels, behavioral observation, patient care team members, integration of services, behavioral strategies (sensory system differences, behavioral modifications, and nonverbal communication), communication strategies (receptive language comprehension, automatic speech and echolalia, oral motor exercises, and alternative and augmentative communication), and general management strategies. The manual includes reprints of the slides used in the presentation and space for participants to take notes or record questions. The manual also includes some related reprints and materials with which listeners can obtain continuing education credits.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Autism The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in autism (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on autism: ·

"But he knows all his colors" [videorecording]: characteristics of autism in children birth to three Source: the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center; Biomedical

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Communications; Year: 1995; Format: Videorecording; Van Nuys, CA: Child Development Media, c1995 ·

Asperger's syndrome [videorecording]: autism and obsessive behavior Source: a presentation of Films for the Humanities & Sciences; BBC, Education & Training; QED; Year: 1999; Format: Videorecording; Princeton, N.J.: Films for the Humanities & Sciences, c1999

·

At the gates of autism [videorecording]: emerging into life Source: un film de Anne Georget; Films for the Humanities & Sciences; [présentent] La Sept Arte. [et al.]; Year: 2002; Format: Videorecording; Princeton, N.J.: Films for the Humanities & Sciences, c2002

·

Autism [videorecording] Source: [presented by] the University of Texas Medical School at Houston; produced by UT/TV-Houston, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Year: 1990; Format: Videorecording; [Houston, Tex.: UT/TV], c1990

·

Autism [videorecording]: a world apart Source: written and produced by Karen Cunninghame; Year: 1988; Format: Videorecording; [United States: s.n., 1988]

·

Autism [videorecording]: diagnosis, causes, and treatments Source: [presented by] ICOTOP; Year: 2002; Format: Videorecording; Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities & Sciences, 2002

·

Autism [videorecording]: the child who couldn't play Source: a presentation of Films for the Humanities & Sciences; produced and distributed by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation; Year: 1996; Format: Videorecording; Princeton, N.J.: Films for the Humanities & Sciences, c1996

·

Autism and applied behavioral analysis [videorecording]: to find the words Source: a presentation of Films for the Humanities & Sciences; ABC News; Nightline; Year: 2001; Format: Videorecording; Princeton, N.J.: Films for the Humanities & Sciences, c2001

·

Autism and the new law [videorecording]: resources for treatment, hope for a cure Source: an Edvantage Media production; Year: 2001; Format: Videorecording; Fair Haven, NJ: Edvantage Media; Cicero, NY: Distributed by Program Development Associates, [2001?]

·

Autism spectrum disorders [videorecording]. Year: 2002; Format: Videorecording; Verona, WI: Attainment Co., c2002

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Breakthroughs [videorecording]: how to reach students with autism Source: Attainment; Year: 1998; Format: Videorecording; Verona, WI: Attainment Co., c1998

·

CARS, the childhood autism rating scale [videorecording]: practice tape in using the CARS Source: [presented by] Division TEACCH; Year: 1984; Format: Videorecording; Carrboro, NC: Health Sciences Consortium, c1984

·

Developing careers for high functioning people with autism [videorecording] Source: [presented by] Future Horizons; Year: 1999; Format: Videorecording; Arlington, Tex.: Future Horizons; Cicero, NY: Distributed by Program Development Associates, [1999]

·

Diagnosis and evaluating medications for autism: [videorecording] Source: [presented by] Future Horizons; Year: 1999; Format: Videorecording; Arlington, Tex.: Future Horizons; Cicero, NY: Distributed by Program Development Associates, [1999]

·

Focus on autism and other developmental disabilities. Year: 9999; Austin, TX: PROED, Inc., c1996-

·

From goals to data and back again: adding backbone to developmental intervention for children with autism Source: Jill Fain Lehman and Rebecca Klaw; Year: 2003; London; New York: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2003

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·

My son Jack-- diagnosis [videorecording]: autism Source: Chip Taylor Communications; Year: 2002; Format: Videorecording; Derry, N.H.: Chip Taylor Communications, 2002

·

Screening and treatment for infantile autism [sound recording]: psychodynamic perspectives Source: WAIPAD 5th World Congress 1992; Year: 1992; Format: Sound recording; [Oak Brook, Ill.: WAIPAD, 1992?]

·

Teaching social and leisure skills to youth with autism [videorecording] Source: Indiana University, Developmental Training Center; Year: 1983; Format: Videorecording; Bloomington, In.: Indiana University, Audio-Visual Center, c1983

·

The Childhood autism rating scale [videorecording]: demonstration tape on using the CARS Source: [presented by] Division TEACCH; Year: 1984; Format: Videorecording; Carrboro, NC: Health Sciences Consortium, c1984

·

The different shades of autism [videorecording]: the screening and diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorders presented by] Veronica Bird Charitable Foundation; a Ramsway Pictures production; in association with Renegade Productions. Year: 2003; Format: Videorecording; Riva, MD: Veronica Bird Charitable Foundation; [Elk Grove Village, IL]: Distributed by the American Academy of Pediatrics, [2003]

·

The invisible wall [videorecording]: autism Source: a presentation of Films for the Humanities & Sciences; Year: 2001; Format: Videorecording; Princeton, N.J.: Films for the Humanities & Sciences, c2001

·

Understanding autism [videorecording] Source: produced by Newscart Productions, Inc., in association with Eden II Programs; Year: 1993; Format: Videorecording; Boston, Mass.: Newscart Productions & Eden II Programs, c1993

·

Understanding autism [videorecording] Source: a presentation of Films for the Humanities & Sciences; produced with the participation of Saskatchewan Communications Network, produced with the participation of SaskFILM; Heartland Motion Pictures Inc. [et al; Year: 1996; Format: Videorecording; Princeton, N.J.: Films for the Humanities & Sciences, c1996

·

Understanding autism [videorecording]: a biochemical approach? Source: a presentation of Films for the Humanities & Sciences; Year: 2002; Format: Videorecording; Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities & Sciences, c2002

·

Visual thinking and emotions in autism [videorecording] Source: [presented by] Future Horizons; Year: 1999; Format: Videorecording; Arlington, Tex.: Future Horizons; Cicero, NY: Distributed by Program Development Associates, [1999]

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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON AUTISM Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover autism.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on autism is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing.

PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “autism” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance.

Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to autism. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “autism” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for autism: ·

US study finds no link between vaccines, autism Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 03, 2003

·

Scientists highlight the X factor in autism Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 09, 2003

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·

Rise in autism cases seen after thimerosal vaccines discontinued in Denmark Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 03, 2003

·

No link found between MMR and autistic spectrum disorder Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 24, 2003

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Measles vaccine not linked to autism Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 24, 2003

·

Prevalence of autism in UK has leveled off after 1992 peak Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 22, 2003

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Cases of British autism level off after 1992 peak Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 22, 2003

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Fast brain growth during infancy linked to autism Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 15, 2003

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Brain overgrowth during infancy may signal autism Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 15, 2003

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Media misled Britons on MMR-autism link: report Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 20, 2003

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Media coverage misled Britons on MMR-autism link: survey Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 20, 2003

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California autism rate nearly doubles in 4 years Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 14, 2003

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Scientists wonder if Einstein, Newton were autistic Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 30, 2003

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Autistic kids grasp changes in music, not words Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 14, 2003

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Repligen to begin autism-drug extension studies sooner than expected Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 25, 2003

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Gene findings offer future promise for autism care Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 19, 2003

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New method finds gene cause of some autism-study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 07, 2003

Periodicals and News

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Link between MMR vaccination and autism subject to recall bias Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 06, 2003

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Higher prevalence of autism in US confirmed Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 31, 2002

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Atlanta study finds rise in autism diagnoses Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 31, 2002

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Autism claims seen as threat to US vaccine compensation program Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 04, 2002

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Autism claims could overwhelm US vaccine compensation program, officials say Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 04, 2002

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Secretin therapy does not reduce autism symptoms Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 19, 2002

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Autism diagnosis often delayed in African-American children Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 13, 2002

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Autism diagnosis comes later for blacks than whites Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 13, 2002

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Reversed language-related cortex asymmetry seen in autistic children Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 07, 2002

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Brain scans find language center anomaly in autism Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 07, 2002

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New study shows no evidence vaccine causes autism Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 06, 2002

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MMR vaccination not associated with autism in large Danish study Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 06, 2002

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California study confirms rise in autism cases Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 18, 2002

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California confirms rise in autism cases Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 18, 2002

·

Gaze pattern may ID autism, predict social skills Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 17, 2002

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·

FDA seizes dietary supplements promoted for autism Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 17, 2002

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FDA seizes 'autism' supplements Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 17, 2002

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Repligen reports additional safety data for autism drug Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 16, 2002

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Additional safety data reported for new autism drug Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 16, 2002

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Tailored programme transitions autistic children into mainstream school Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 13, 2002

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Tailored education helps autistic kids mainstream Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 13, 2002

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No gastrointestinal disorder link to autism-study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 23, 2002

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No link between autism and gastrointestinal disorders found in UK kids Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 22, 2002

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People with autism lack self-consciousness: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 13, 2002

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Risperidone controls aggressive behavior in autistic children Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 31, 2002

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Drug may help quiet behavior problems in autism Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 31, 2002

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Findings shed light on brain development in autistic patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 22, 2002

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Brain may grow too fast, too early in autism Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 22, 2002

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Modified mice offer clues to autism-like disorder Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 18, 2002

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Autism may result from intrauterine growth restriction, fetal distress Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 18, 2002

Periodicals and News

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Smoking during pregnancy linked to autism Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 03, 2002

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UK study finds no link between MMR vaccine, autism Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 12, 2002

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No link "whatsoever" seen between MMR vaccine and autism, GI disease Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 11, 2002

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine.

Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.

Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “autism” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.

Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “autism” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to autism, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “autism” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “autism” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on autism: ·

Autism-Part I Source: Harvard Mental Health Letter. 17(12): 1-4. June 2001. Contact: Available from Harvard Mental Health Letter. P.O. Box 428448, Palm Coast, FL 32142-0448. (800) 829-5379. Website: www.health.harvard.edu/newsletters. Summary: This health newsletter article presents information about autism, a disorder characterized by a peculiar emotional and cognitive isolation and detachment. Autistic children can be identified by their apparent inability to form human relationships, abnormal or absent speech, and an unusually limited range of activities and interests. The article first reviews the symptoms and language development of children with autism, then discusses Asperger's disorder, genetic and environmental causes of autism, autism and the brain, and the role of a missing 'theory of mind'. The author reports that language develops slowly and in an odd way in children with autism. Some children do not speak at all; others are unintelligible even though they occasionally produce correctly formed words or even sentences. They may have trouble distinguishing pronouns, often saying 'you' for 'I.' They may echo the speech of others or speak tonelessly in repetitive phrases, but they cannot sustain even a simple conversation. The vast majority of autistic persons have intellectual limitations associated with a seriously impaired capacity for adaptive behavior and cannot attain the social responsibility and personal independence appropriate to their age, as children or as adults. On the other hand (or at the other end of the spectrum of autism), children with Asperger disorder usually have normal or even high verbal intelligence and considerable curiosity about their environment. They are often capable of doing good schoolwork and, as adults, satisfactory work. But they suffer from serious social and emotional deficiencies: limited and fixed interests, a tendency to repetition in their speech and actions, and difficulty in understanding emotional subtleties and social cues. 4 references.

Academic Periodicals covering Autism Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to autism. In addition to these

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sources, you can search for articles covering autism that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for autism. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DIÒ Advice for the PatientÒ can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with autism. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to autism: Fluoxetine ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Prozac; Sarafem http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202247.html

Haloperidol ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Haldol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202278.html

Sertraline ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zoloft http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202651.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug ConsultÔ Mosby’s Drug ConsultÔ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html.

Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee.

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Researching Orphan Drugs Although the list of orphan drugs is revised on a daily basis, you can quickly research orphan drugs that might be applicable to autism by using the database managed by the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD), at http://www.rarediseases.org/. Scroll down the page, and on the left toolbar, click on “Orphan Drug Designation Database.” On this page (http://www.rarediseases.org/search/noddsearch.html), type “autism” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.” When you receive your results, note that not all of the drugs may be relevant, as some may have been withdrawn from orphan status. Write down or print out the name of each drug and the relevant contact information. From there, visit the Pharmacopeia Web site and type the name of each orphan drug into the search box at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. You may need to contact the sponsor or NORD for further information. NORD conducts “early access programs for investigational new drugs (IND) under the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) approval ‘Treatment INDs’ programs which allow for a limited number of individuals to receive investigational drugs before FDA marketing approval.” If the orphan product about which you are seeking information is approved for marketing, information on side effects can be found on the product’s label. If the product is not approved, you may need to contact the sponsor. The following is a list of orphan drugs currently listed in the NORD Orphan Drug Designation Database for autism: ·

human gammaglobulin http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1303

·

Fluoxetine (trade name: Prozac) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=976

If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute13: ·

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

·

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

·

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

·

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

·

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

·

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

·

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

·

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

13

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

·

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

·

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

·

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

·

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

·

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

·

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

·

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

·

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

·

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

·

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

·

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

·

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

·

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

·

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

·

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

·

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

·

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.14 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:15 ·

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

·

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

·

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

·

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

·

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

·

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

·

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

·

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

·

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

·

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

·

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

14

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 15 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

·

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “autism” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “autism” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: ·

Measuring outcomes in children's services Source: Providence, RI: Fraser A. Lang; Manisses Communications Group. 1999. 250 pp. Contact: Available from Manisses Communications Group, 208 Governor Street, Providence, RI 02906. Telephone: (800) 333-7771 / fax: (401) 861-6370 / Web site: http://www.manisses.com. $75.00 plus $5.95 shipping and handling. Summary: This guide describes outcome evaluation in the field of children's services. Each chapter contains two kinds of articles: digests of journal articles, and field reports from programs and consultants working on outcomes evaluation. Each article reports results from a given intervention and explains what tools were used to measure client outcomes. The guide also points out important strengths and/or weaknesses of the approaches used in the outcomes evaluation studies discussed. Topics covered include anxiety and other emotional disorders, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, depression and suicide, eating disorders, conduct disorders, risky behavior, substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, and child abuse and neglect.

·

Caring for Every Child's Mental Health: Communities Together Campaign. [Information packet] Source: Rockville, MD: Center for Mental Health Services, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [1996]. 26 items. Contact: Available from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Mental Health Services, 5600 Fishers Lane, Room 13-103, Rockville, MD 20857. Telephone: (301) 443-2792. Available at no charge. Summary: This information packet contains materials describing the public education initiative, Caring for Every Child's Mental Health: Communities Together Campaign, promotional materials about the campaign, camera-ready copy promoting the recognition of mental health problems and the campaign itself, and fact sheets. One describes the campaign; one includes a glossary; others provide overviews of these topics: child and adolescent mental health; mental, emotional, and behavior disorders; attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders; autism; conduct disorders; anxiety disorders; depression; and family interactions and how they can affect mental,

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emotional, and behavior disorders. Still other fact sheets describe systems of care, comprehensive community services, and the provision of culturally competent services. ·

Healthy from the start: Why America needs a better system to track and understand birth defects and the environment Source: Baltimore, MD: Pew Environmental Health Commission. [1999]. 86 pp. Contact: Available from Pew Environmental Health Commission, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 111 Market Street, Suite 850, Baltimore, MD 21202. Available from the Web site at no charge. Summary: This report examines the need for a comprehensive, modern tracking system to identify environmental and other preventable factors that contribute to birth defects and other disabilities and preventable diseases. The first section of the report discusses the connection between environmental exposures and birth defects, preterm and low birthweight, cerebral palsy, mental retardation and autism. The second section analyzes existing information from the National Center for Health Statistics and state birth defects registries to understand the rates and time trends of infant mortality, low birthweight, preterm birth, and birth defects and the geographic variability of birth defects in the United States. The third section of the report examines the adequacy, comprehensiveness, and quality of state birth defects surveillance systems.

The NLM Gateway16 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.17 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “autism” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

16 17

Items Found 7597 633 727 9 9 8975

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

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HSTAT18 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.19 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.20 Simply search by “autism” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists21 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.22 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.23 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: ·

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

·

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18

Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.

19

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

20

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 21 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 22

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story.

23

After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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The Genome Project and Autism In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and autism.

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).24 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “autism” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for autism: ·

Autism, Susceptibility To, 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?209850

·

Autism, Susceptibility To, 3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607373

·

Autism, Susceptibility To, 4 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?608049

·

Autism, X-linked Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?300425

·

Macrocephaly/autism Syndrome Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605309

·

Phrase Speech Delay, Autism-related Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606053

Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map) The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed:

Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.

24

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·

Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html

·

Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html

·

Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html

·

Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html

·

Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html

·

Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html

·

Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html

Entrez Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: ·

3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

Physician Resources

·

Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books

·

Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome

·

NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/

·

Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide

·

OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM

·

PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset

·

ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

·

Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein

·

PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed

·

Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure

·

Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy

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To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “autism” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.”

Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database25 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html.

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html.

25

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The Genome Database26 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “autism” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).

26

Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on autism can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to autism. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly.

The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below.

Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to autism. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “autism”:

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·

Guides on autism Autism http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/autism.html

·

Other guides Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/attentiondeficitdisorderwithhyperactivity.t ml Bipolar Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bipolardisorder.html Child Mental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childmentalhealth.html Childhood Immunization http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childhoodimmunization.html Developmental Disabilities http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/developmentaldisabilities.html Growth Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/growthdisorders.html Infant and Toddler Development http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infantandtoddlerdevelopment.html Speech & Communication Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/speechcommunicationdisorders.html Tuberous Sclerosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tuberoussclerosis.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to autism, the following was listed: ·

General/Overview What Is Autism? Source: Autism Society of America http://www.autism-society.org/site/PageServer?pagename=whatisautism

·

Diagnosis/Symptoms Autism Checklist Source: Autism Society of America http://www.autism-society.org/site/PageServer?pagename=checklist

·

Treatment Anti-Psychotic Medication Useful In Treating Serious Behavioral Problems Among Children With Autism Source: National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jul2002/nimh-31.htm

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Autism Treatment and Education Source: Autism Society of America http://www.autismsociety.org/site/PageServer?pagename=TreatmentEducationOverview Autism Treatment Options Source: Autism Society of America http://www.autism-society.org/site/PageServer?pagename=TreatmentOptions ·

Coping Individualized Education Plans (IEPs) Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/growth/learning/iep.html Safety in the Home Source: Autism Society of America http://www.autism-society.org/site/PageServer?pagename=livingsafety Stress on Families Source: Autism Society of America http://www.autism-society.org/site/PageServer?pagename=livingfamily

·

Specific Conditions/Aspects Asperger Syndrome http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/asperger_doc.htm FAQs about MMR Vaccine & Autism Source: National Immunization Program http://www.cdc.gov/nip/vacsafe/concerns/autism/autism-mmr.htm Rett Syndrome Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/autism/Rett/index.htm Tuberous Sclerosis and Autism Spectrum Disorders Source: Tuberous Sclerosis Alliance http://www.tsalliance.org/Fact%2520Sheets/TS%2520and%2520autism%2520spect rum%2520disorders.pdf Vaccine Safety Source: National Vaccine Program Office http://www.cdc.gov/od/nvpo/vacsafe.htm Vaccines and Autism Theory Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/nip/vacsafe/concerns/autism/default.htm

·

Children Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Quest Source: National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/kids/kautismpage.htm

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Pervasive Developmental Disorders Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/learning/pervasive_develop_disorders.htm l ·

From the National Institutes of Health Autism and the MMR Vaccine Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/autism/mmr/index.htm Autism Facts Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/autism/facts/index.htm NICHD Autism Site Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nichd.nih.gov/autism/

·

Law and Policy General Information about Disabilities: Disabilities That Qualify Infants, Toddlers, Children and Youth for Services Under the IDEA Source: National Information Center for Children and Youth with Disabilities http://www.nichcy.org/pubs/genresc/gr3.htm

·

Organizations Asperger Syndrome Coalition of the U.S. http://www.asperger.org/ Autism Society of America http://www.autism-society.org/site/PageServer National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nichd.nih.gov/ National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/ National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/ National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/

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Research About Autism Source: National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/dd/aic/about/default.htm Autism and Vaccine Research Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/autism2.htm

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Autism Research at the National Institute of Mental Health Source: National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/autismresfact.cfm Autism Tissue Program Source: Autism Society of America Foundation, National Alliance for Autism Research http://www.brainbank.org HHS on the Forefront of Autism Research Source: Dept. of Health and Human Services http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2001pres/01fsautism.html NICHD Autism Research Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nichd.nih.gov/autism/research.cfm NICHD/NIDCD Network on the Neurobiology and Genetics of Autism: The Collaborative Programs of Excellence in Autism (CPEAs) Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/autism/CPEA/index.htm NIH Awards Grants for Two New Autism Research Centers Source: National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/sep2002/nimh-18.htm Study Confirms Secretin No More Effective Than Placebo in Treating Autism Symptoms Source: National Institutes of Health http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/nov2001/nichd-27.htm ·

Statistics Autism Prevalence http://www.cdc.gov/od/nvpo/factsheets/fs_tableVII_doc2.htm

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on autism. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive:

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Autism Society of America: Services and Benefits Source: Bethesda, MD: Autism Society of America. 199x. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from Autism Society of America. 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Number 650, Bethesda, MD 20814-3015. (800) 3-AUTISM or (301) 657-0881; Fax (800) FAX-0899 (fax-on-demand) or (301) 657-0869; http://www.autism-society.org/. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: Autism is a developmental disability that interferes with the normal development of the brain in areas that control verbal and nonverbal communication, social interaction, and sensory development. This brochure describes the Autism Society of America (ASA), an organization dedicated to increasing public awareness about autism and the day to day issues faced by individuals with autism, their families, and the professionals with whom they interact. Education, advocacy, public awareness efforts and promotion of research form the cornerstones of ASA's activities. The brochure describes the services and benefits of ASA, including information and referral, ASA chapter network activities, the ADVOCATE newsletter, the annual national conference on autism, foreign language materials, the mail order bookstore, government advocacy (lobbying), the Fax-On-Demand service, the World Wide Web site, the ASA Foundation (funding biomedical research), and public relations. The brochure includes a membership form for readers wishing to join or contribute to ASA.

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Autism Spectrum Disorders Among Children. [Trastornos del Espectro de Autismo en los Ninos] Source: Atlanta, GA: National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH). 1999. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from Division of Birth Defects, Child Development, and Disability and Health, National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 4770 Buford Highway, NE, Mailstop F-15, Atlanta, GA 30341-3724. (770) 488-7400. Fax (770) 488-7361. Website: www.cdc.gov/nceh/cddh. PRICE: Single copy free. NCEH Publication No. 99-0441. Summary: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of lifelong developmental disabilities caused by an abnormality of the brain. ASD are characterized by problems with social interaction and communication skills, and by the need for sameness or repetition in behavior. ASD includes autistic disorder, pervasive developmental disorder (atypical autism), and Asperger's disorder. This fact sheet, from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides basic information about ASD in children. The fact sheet describes a CDC program, one of the few programs in the world that conducts active, ongoing monitoring of the number of children with ASD in a large, multiracial metropolitan area. In 1991, CDC started the Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Surveillance Program (MADDSP) to monitor the number of 3 to 10 year old children living in the metropolitan Atlanta area who have one or more of the following conditions: mental retardation, cerebral palsy, hearing impairment, and vision impairment. CDC added ASD to the program in 1998. MADDSP also provides opportunities for special studies through which CDC staff members can identify risk factors for these disabilities and determine whether steps taken to prevent disabilities have been effective. The fact sheet also lists related CDC activities and notes the city or state where they take place. The fact sheet is available in English or Spanish.

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Employment and Adults with Autism Source: Bethesda, MD: Autism Society of America. 199x. [12 p.].

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Contact: Available from Autism Society of America. 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 300, Bethesda, MD 20814-3067. (800) 328-8476 or (301) 657-0881. Fax (301) 657-0869. Website: www.autism-society.org. PRICE: $7.00 for members; $10.00 for non-members, plus shipping and handling. Also available for free at www.autismsociety.org/packages/packages.html. Summary: Due to the diverse population of individuals with autism, there are several different ways to approach decisions concerning employment. This fact sheet, from the Autism Society of America (ASA), helps parents understand the options for employment and careers for children with autism. The fact sheet notes that due to the diverse population of individuals with autism, there are several different ways to approach decisions concerning employment. The fact sheet covers employment options, including sheltered employment, supported employment, and competitive employment, then reviews state agencies and other possible resources for information about employment. The fact sheet concludes with a resources list of ASA conference proceedings (available on audio cassette), books, videos and computer software, instructional and educational materials, newsletters and journals, and organizations (the latter with a brief description of the group's activities and scope). Each page of the fact sheet includes the contact information for the Society (www.autism-society.org). ·

Educating Children with Autism Source: Bethesda, MD: Autism Society of America. 199x. 19 p. Contact: Available from Autism Society of America. 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 300, Bethesda, MD 20814-3067. (800) 328-8476 or (301) 657-0881. Fax (301) 657-0869. Website: www.autism-society.org. PRICE: $7.00 for members; $10.00 for non-members, plus shipping and handling. Also available for free at www.autismsociety.org/packages/packages.html. Summary: Educational programming for students with autism often addresses a wide range of skill development including academics, language, social skills, self help skills, behavioral issues, and leisure skills. This fact sheet, from the Autism Society of America (ASA), helps parents understand their options concerning the education of children with autism. The fact sheet is a packet of basic information, a few related articles, and an extensive list of referrals designed to guide parents in their search for information. The information provided is designed to address choices in the education of the child with autism, information that can be shared with teachers in order to help them help the child to learn, and how to determine the best program or practices available. The fact sheet stresses that whatever the level of impairment, the educational program for an individual with autism should be based on the unique needs of the student, and thoroughly documented in the IEP (Individualized Education Program). The fact sheet cautions that without proper training specifically in autism, even well intentioned professionals may generate curriculum models inappropriate for the child with autism and impair the child's ability to develop to his or her fullest potential. The resources list include ASA conference proceedings (available on audio cassette), books, computer products, instructional and educational materials, newsletters and journals, organizations, and training guides. The latter section of the fact sheet addresses difficulties teachers may face when including children with autism in their classrooms, and how to overcome those difficulties; a separate section reviews methods to enhance learning. Each page of the fact sheet includes the contact information for the Society (www.autism-society.org).

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Federal Programs for Adults with Autism Source: Bethesda, MD: Autism Society of America. 199x. 14 p. Contact: Available from Autism Society of America. 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 300, Bethesda, MD 20814-3067. (800) 328-8476 or (301) 657-0881. Fax (301) 657-0869. Website: www.autism-society.org. PRICE: $7.00 for members; $10.00 for non-members, plus shipping and handling. Also available for free at www.autismsociety.org/packages/packages.html. Summary: Gaining access to federal money can be a confusing process that may seem overwhelming at times. This fact sheet, from the Autism Society of America (ASA), helps parents understand the federal programs for adults with autism. The fact sheet assists readers with questions about Supplemental Security Income (SSI), the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), Medicare, and Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI). The ASA recommends that readers keep detailed, accurate records of all correspondence and telephone calls (complete with names and dates), keep a copy of all information sent to any agency, and never send originals. The fact sheet concludes with a glossary of related terms, and a list of the appropriate federal agencies and their contact information. Each page of the fact sheet includes the contact information for the Society (www.autism-society.org).

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Autism: The Search for an Open Window Source: in DeFeo, A.B., ed. Parent Articles 2. San Antonio, TX: Communication Skill Builders. 1995. p. 187-188. Contact: Available from Communication Skill Builders. Customer Service, 555 Academic Court, San Antonio, TX 78204-2498. (800) 211-8378; Fax (800) 232-1223. PRICE: $55.00 plus shipping and handling. Order Number 076-163-0732. Summary: In this fact sheet, from a communication skills book for parents, a parent of a child with autism discusses the emotions and psychological factors that may affect the parents of children with autism. Topics covered include obtaining a diagnosis, coping with the diagnosis, psychosocial concerns as the child develops, the role of speech language therapy and other treatments including sensory therapy and auditory integration therapy, and the need for parents to find their own support network. The author uses examples from her son's experiences to provides specific suggestions for parents to incorporate into daily activities. The author encourages parents to educate themselves, to draw on other parents for support, and to act as their child's advocate.

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Autism Source: Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. 1996. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Office of Scientific and Health Reports, P.O. Box 5801, Bethesda, MD 20824. (800) 352-9424 or (301) 496-5751. PRICE: Single copy free. NIH Publication Number 96-1877. Summary: This brochure provides basic information about autism, defined as a developmental disorder of brain function. People with classical autism show three types of symptoms: impaired social interaction, problems with verbal and nonverbal communication and imagination, and unusual or severely limited activities and interests. The brochure describes the common signs of autism, how autism is diagnosed, the causes of autism, the role of genetics, how the symptoms of autism change over

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time, treatment options for autism, and current research work into various aspects of autism. Treatment options discussed include educational interventions, behavioral interventions, and medications. The brochure concludes with the addresses and telephone numbers for organizations through which readers can get more information on autism. ·

Pervasive Developmental Disorders Source: Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. 1997. [1 p.]. Contact: Available from National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Office of Scientific and Health Reports, P.O. Box 5801, Bethesda, MD 20824. (800) 352-9424 or (301) 496-5751. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This fact sheet from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke describes the diagnostic category pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), a group of disorders characterized by delays in the development of multiple basic functions including socialization and communication. The onset of PDD typically begins after 30 months of age and before age 12. Symptoms may include communication problems such as using and understanding language; difficulty relating to people, objects, and events; unusual play with toys and other objects; difficulty with changes in routine; and repetitive body movements or behavior patterns. Autism is the most characteristic and thoroughly studied PDD. Other types of PDD include Asperger's syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, Rett's syndrome, and PDD not otherwise specified. The fact sheet describes these disorders, treatment options, prognosis, and present research efforts on the disorder. The fact sheet stresses that early intervention, including appropriate and specialized educational programs and support services, plays a critical role in improving the outcome of individuals with PDD. The fact sheet concludes with the telephone numbers and addresses for four organizations through which readers can obtain more information. 4 references.

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Autism-PDD. [El Autismo/PDD] Source: Washington, DC: National Information Center for Children and Youth with Disabilities (NICHCY). 1999. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from National Information Center for Children and Youth with Disabilities (NICHCY). P.O. Box 1492, Washington, DC 20013-1492. Voice/TTY (800) 695-0285. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.nichcy.org. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This fact sheet outlines autism and pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), developmental disabilities that share many of the same characteristics. Usually evident by age three, autism and PDD are neurological disorders that affect a child's ability to communicate, understand language, play, and relate to others. The fact sheet discusses incidence, characteristics, and the educational implications of these disabilities. The author emphasizes the importance of early identification and intervention. Educational programs for students with autism or PDD focus on improving communication, social, academic, behavioral, and daily living skills. Students with autism or PDD learn better and are less confused when information is presented visually as well as verbally. Interaction with nondisabled peers is also important, for these students provide models of appropriate language, social, and behavior skills. In addition, to overcome frequent problems in generalizing skills learned at school, it is important to develop programs with parents, so that learning activities, experiences, and approaches can be carried over into the home and community. The fact sheet concludes with a list of recommended

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resources and the addresses of four resource organizations through which readers can obtain more information. 7 references. ·

Autism and Communication Source: Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), National Institutes of Health (NIH). 2002. [5 p.]. Contact: Available from NIDCD Information Clearinghouse. 1 Communication Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20892-3456. Voice (800) 241-1044. TTY (800) 241-1055. Fax (301) 907-8830. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.nidcd.nih.gov. PRICE: Single copy free. NIH Publication Number 99-4315. Summary: This fact sheet provides basic information about communication in autism, a brain disorder that begins in early childhood and persists throughout adulthood. Autism affects three crucial areas of development: verbal and nonverbal communication, social interaction, and creative or imaginative play. The fact sheet defines autism and other pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs), provides statistics about who is affected by autism, and describes how speech and language normally develop. The fact sheet also explores the causes and symptoms of speech and language problems in autism and discusses treatment options. The fact sheet emphasizes that no one treatment method has been found to successfully improve communication in all individuals who have autism. The best treatment begins early, during the preschool years, is individually tailored, targets both behavior and communication, and involves parents or primary caregivers. The fact sheet concludes with a brief description of current research efforts in this area and a listing of organizations through which readers can get additional information.

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Autism (Autistic Disorder) Source: in DeFeo, A.B., ed. Parent Articles 2. San Antonio, TX: Communication Skill Builders. 1995. p. 119-121. Contact: Available from Communication Skill Builders. Customer Service, 555 Academic Court, San Antonio, TX 78204-2498. (800) 211-8378; Fax (800) 232-1223. PRICE: $55.00 plus shipping and handling. Order Number 3073-CS5. Summary: This fact sheet, from a communication skills book for parents, provides information on autism (autistic disorder). Topics covered include a definition of autism; the causes of autism; how and when autism is typically identified; the importance of early identification and diagnosis; and education and treatment considerations, particularly those which encourage communication skills. The author encourages parents to take an active role in developing and implementing an effective program for their child with autism. The fact sheet concludes with a brief list of resources. 3 references.

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Options to Meet the Challenges of Autism Source: Bethesda, MD: Autism Society of America. 1998. 4 p. Contact: Available from Autism Society of America. 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 300, Bethesda, MD 20814-3067. (800) 328-8476 or (301) 657-0881. Fax (301) 657-0869. Website: www.autism-society.org. PRICE: $7.00 for members; $10.00 for non-members, plus shipping and handling. Also available for free at www.autismsociety.org/packages/packages.html.

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Summary: This fact sheet, from the Autism Society of America, outlines options that parents can use to meet the challenges of autism in their child. The fact sheet notes that because of the spectrum nature of the disability, there is no one treatment that is equally effective for every individual with autism. However, many individuals with autism respond well to highly structured, specialized education programs, tailored to the individual's needs. Strategies to help a person with autism should be part of a comprehensive plan. The fact sheet reviews the areas that parents need to consider when creating a plan: social skill development, communication, behavior, and sensory integration. The fact sheet outlines the principles of evaluating any particular treatment of autism and then lists suggested questions for parents to ask regarding specific treatments. The fact sheet then briefly defines treatment options, including those addressing or using auditory training, behavior, communication, diet or vitamins, facilitated communication, medications, music, sensory integration, social skills, and vision. Each page of the fact sheet includes the contact information for the Society (www.autism-society.org). ·

Pervasive Developmental Disorders: PDD-NOS, Asperger's Disorder, and Autism Parent Information Booklet Source: Boston, MA: Institute for Community Inclusion-UAP. 1996. [12 p.]. Contact: Available from Institute for Community Inclusion-UAP. 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115. Voice (617) 355-6506. TTY (617) 355-6956. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: web1.tch.harvard.edu/ici. PRICE: $3.00 plus shipping and handling. Also available for free at http://web1.tch.harvard.edu/ici/publications/pddbook.html. Summary: This informational packet offers information for parents on pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs), including pervasive development disorders not otherwise specified (PPD-NOS), such as Asperger's disorder and autism. Topics include definitions, a summary of the most common categories of PDDs, the general characteristics of children with PDD, the causes of PDD, diagnostic tests and decisions, how to know if a diagnosis is accurate, the coexistence of PDD or autism and mental retardation, genetics of PDDs and risk factors for other children in the same family, speech development in children with PDD, recovery for children with PDD, the difficult behaviors of PDD and their causes, intervention and education strategies for children with PDD, drug therapy (medications) that may help children with PDD, other treatment options (auditory training, vitamin therapy, facilitated communication), how to meet other parents of children with PDD, and how to get additional information about PDDs, their diagnosis, and treatment. The contact information is provided for the Autism Society of America (ASA, 800-328-8476) and for the Autism Support Center (8007AUTISM).

The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “autism” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted:

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Practice parameter: Screening and diagnosis of autism. Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Child Neurology Society Source: American Academy of Neurology - Medical Specialty Society; 2000 August; 12 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2822&nbr=2048&a mp;string=autism

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Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with autism and other pervasive developmental disorders Source: American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry - Medical Specialty Society; 1999 June 27; 69 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2141&nbr=1367&a mp;string=autism

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The pediatrician's role in the diagnosis and management of autistic spectrum disorder in children Source: American Academy of Pediatrics - Medical Specialty Society; 2001 May; 6 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2799&nbr=2025&a mp;string=autism

Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: ·

Autism Summary: This booklet defines autism, explains how this devastating childhood disorder is diagnosed, and summarizes current thinking about possible causes. Source: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4311

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Autism in Children and Adolescents Summary: This is one of a series of fact sheets on the mental, emotional, and behavior disorders that can appear in childhood or adolescence. Source: SAMHSA's National Mental Health Information Center, Center for Mental Health Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5167

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Autism Information Center Summary: The Autism Information Center links to basic information about autism spectrum disorders and programs for autism at the state and federal levels. Source: National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7062

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Autism Information Fact Sheet Summary: This fact sheet defines autism and pervasive developmental disorder NOS (not otherwise specified) as developmental disabilities that share many of the same characteristics. Source: National Information Center for Children and Youth with Disabilities, U.S. Department of Education http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3404

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Autism Information Page Summary: A general overview of autism that includes a description and information about treatment, prognosis and research. Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=773

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Autism Spectrum Disorders Among Children Summary: This fact sheet describes autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and details CDC's research program activities related to children with ASD. Source: National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5420

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Communication in Autism Summary: This fact sheet describes who is affected by autism, what causes the speech and language problems of autism, and how the speech and language problems are being treated. Source: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders Information Clearinghouse http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6646

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Understanding Autism Summary: Autism is a developmental disability that affects how the brain functions, specifically those areas of the brain that control social ability and communication skills. Source: American Occupational Therapy Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7292

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Unraveling Autism Summary: Autism, a brain disorder that affects 1 to 2 in 1,000 Americans, too often results in a lifetime of impaired thinking, feeling and social functioning—our most uniquely human attributes. Source: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6659 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to autism. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.

NORD (The National Organization of Rare Disorders, Inc.) NORD provides an invaluable service to the public by publishing short yet comprehensive guidelines on over 1,000 diseases. NORD primarily focuses on rare diseases that might not be covered by the previously listed sources. NORD’s Web address is http://www.rarediseases.org/. A complete guide on autism can be purchased from NORD for a nominal fee. Additional Web Sources

A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: ·

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

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WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Associations and Autism The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to autism: ·

Autism Network for Hearing and Visually Impaired Persons Telephone: (757) 428-9036 Toll-free: TTY: Fax: (757) 428-0019 Background: The Autism Network for Hearing and Visually Impaired Persons is a voluntary organization that was founded to serve the needs of people with Autism who also have a hearing or visual impairment. Established in 1992, the Network was adopted as a formal committee of the Autism Society of America. The goals of the organization include the creation and maintenance of a database of people with Autism combined with a sensory disability in order to establish a network for communication, education, research, and advocacy. The Network also seeks to develop centers to diagnose and evaluate individuals with these disorders. In addition, the organization works to educate physicians within the community and present educational sessions at the Autism Society of America National Annual Conference.

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Autism Network International Telephone: (315) 476-2462 Fax: (315) 425-1978 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://ani.autistics.org Background: Autism Network International (ANI) is a self-help and advocacy organization formed by and for autistic people. Established in 1992 and consisting of approximately 340 members, ANI believes that the best advocates for autistic people are autistic people themselves. ANI provides a forum for autistic people to share information, peer support, and tips for coping and problem solving. In addition to promoting self-advocacy for verbal autistic adults, ANI also works to improve the lives of autistic people who, whether because they are too young or because they do not have adequate communication skills, are currently unable to act independently as selfadvocates. Autism Network International assists autistic people who are unable to participate directly by providing information and referrals to parents and teachers. Autism Network International has an online forum for information and support, and holds an annual retreat that is attended by autistic people and families from all over the world. Relevant area(s) of interest: Autism, Kanner Syndrome

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Autism Research Institute Telephone: (619) 281-7165 Fax: (619) 563-6840 Web Site: http://www.autismresearchinstitute.com Background: The Autism Research Institute (ARI) is an international voluntary organization dedicated to assisting parents and professionals concerned with autism. Autism is a nonprogressive neurologic disorder characterized by language and communication deficits, withdrawal from social contacts, and extreme reactions to

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changes in the immediate environment. ARI was founded in 1967 to conduct and foster scientific research designed to improve the methods of diagnosing, treating, and preventing autism. ARI also disseminates research findings to parents and other interested individuals. The Institute s databank contains approximately 29,000 detailed case histories of children with autism. The records were compiled from over 60 countries. In addition, the organization publishes a quarterly newsletter entitled 'Autism Research Review International.'. Relevant area(s) of interest: Autism, Pervasive Developmental Disorder ·

Autism Society of America Telephone: (301) 657-0881 Toll-free: (800) 328-8476 Fax: (301) 657-0869 Web Site: http://www.autism-society.org Background: The Autism Society of America, a national not-for-profit advocacy organization established in 1965, is dedicated to providing information, assistance, support, and advocacy services to individuals with autism and their families. Autism is a nonprogressive neurological disorder characterized by language and communication deficits, withdrawal from social contacts, and extreme reactions to changes in the immediate environment. The Society supports ongoing medical research into the causes, prevention, and treatment of autism; promotes public awareness; and provides information and advocacy services to help affected individuals become fully participating members of their communities. In addition, the Society makes referrals to appropriate sources of support and treatment. The Society s educational materials include newsletters, brochures, and Spanish language materials. Relevant area(s) of interest: Autism

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National Alliance for Autism Research Telephone: (609) 430-9160 Toll-free: (888) 777-6227 Fax: (609) 430-9163 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.naar.org Background: The National Alliance for Autism Research (NAAR) is a voluntary organization dedicated to promoting and supporting biomedical research into the prevention, treatment, and potential cure of autism spectrum disorders. Autism is characterized by extreme withdrawal and an inability to speak or communicate, to relate to others, or to learn or understand human interaction. Autism is considered a pervasive developmental disorder since it affects fine motor, gross motor, language, communicative, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral skills. The National Alliance for Autism Research was founded in 1994 by parents who were concerned about the limited amount of biomedical research conducted into the causes, prevention, treatment, and cure of autism spectrum disorders. The organization, which now has approximately 7,000 members, promotes research in autism by providing funding for promising and innovative pilot studies, significant projects of established investigators in autism and related fields whose techniques and discoveries may be relevant to autism, and fellowships and post-doctoral research. All research proposals seeking funding from the NAAR are reviewed by the organization's Scientific Advisory Board, which is composed of preeminent scientists in a broad array of disciplines relevant to autism research. The

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NAAR also conducts conferences for parents and working groups of autism researchers to help coordinate research strategies and encourage collaborative efforts. In addition, the NAAR provides assistance to brain bank sites to help strengthen research capabilities and encourages the pharmaceutical industry to develop treatment agents beneficial to individuals with autism. The NAAR also has a web site on the Internet and provides a variety of educational materials including brochures, reports, and a regular newsletter entitled 'Narrative.'. Relevant area(s) of interest: Autism, Pervasive Developmental Disorder ·

National Autistic Society Telephone: 020 7833 2299 Fax: 020 7833 9699 Email: [email protected] Web Site: www.nas.org.uk Background: The National Autistic Society is a non-profit support organisation which exists to champion the rights and interests of all people with autism in the UK and to ensure that they and their families receive quality services appropriate to their needs. It has developed a range of educational and support services; runs schools and adult centres; offers families and carers information, advice and support; works to improve awareness of autism; offers a diagnostic and assessment service; and provides training and promotes research. Activities include: National Autism Helpline for parents, carers, families and people with autism; Information Centre for interested professionals, students, general public drawing on a research database covering all aspects of autism (including Asperger's syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder); Publications and distribution of a wide range of literature on autism (including a journal 'Communication'). Relevant area(s) of interest: Autism, Kanner Syndrome

·

Scottish Society for Autism Telephone: 01259 720044 Fax: 01259 720051 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.autism-in-scotland.org.uk Background: The Scottish Society for Autism is a not-for-profit voluntary organization dedicated to providing the best possible care, support, and education for people of all ages with autism throughout Scotland. The Society also works to raise the awareness of autism among the general public and professionals working in this field. Autism is a genetic disorder characterized by difficulties in relating to, or understanding, other people and social situations; difficulties in acquiring any form of communication; and a lack of imaginative ability, often substituted by obsessive, repetitive behavior and a strong resistance to change. Established in 1976, the Society has programs that provide residential and day services for people with autism from all over Scotland. Relevant area(s) of interest: Autism, Pervasive Developmental Disorder

330 Autism

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to autism. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with autism.

The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about autism. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.

Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “autism” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information.

The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “autism”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “autism” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “autism” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.27

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

27

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)28: ·

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

·

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

·

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

·

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

·

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

·

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

·

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

·

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

·

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

·

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

·

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

·

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

·

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

·

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

·

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

·

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

·

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

·

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

28

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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·

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

·

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

·

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

·

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

·

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

·

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

·

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

·

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

·

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

·

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

·

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

·

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

·

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

·

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

·

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

·

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

·

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

·

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

·

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

·

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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·

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

·

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

·

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

·

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

·

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

·

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

·

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

·

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

·

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

·

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

·

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

·

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

·

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

·

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

·

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

·

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

·

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

·

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

·

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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·

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

·

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

·

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

·

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

·

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

·

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

·

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

·

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

·

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

·

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

·

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

·

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

·

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

·

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

·

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

·

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

·

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

·

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

·

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

·

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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·

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

·

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

·

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

·

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

339

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: ·

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

·

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

·

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

·

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

·

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

·

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

·

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on autism: ·

Basic Guidelines for Autism Autism Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001526.htm Autism - resources Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002163.htm Autistic behavior Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003254.htm

·

Signs & Symptoms for Autism Deafness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003044.htm

·

Diagnostics and Tests for Autism ADH Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003702.htm

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ALT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003473.htm ·

Background Topics for Autism Autism - resources Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002163.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm Safety Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001931.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: ·

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

·

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

·

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

·

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

341

AUTISM DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 5-Hydroxytryptophan: Precursor of serotonin used as antiepileptic and antidepressant. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Academic Medical Centers: Medical complexes consisting of medical school, hospitals, clinics, libraries, administrative facilities, etc. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] ACE: Angiotensin-coverting enzyme. A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH]

Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acupuncture Analgesia: Analgesia produced by the insertion of acupuncture needles at certain points in the body. These activate the small myelinated nerve fibers in the muscle which transmit impulses to the spinal cord and then activate three centers - the spinal cord, midbrain and pituitary hypothalamus - to produce analgesia. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjunctive Therapy: Another treatment used together with the primary treatment. Its

342 Autism

purpose is to assist the primary treatment. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adolescent Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in individuals 13-18 years. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Aggressiveness: The quality of being aggressive (= characterized by aggression; militant; enterprising; spreading with vigour; chemically active; variable and adaptable). [EU] Agnosia: Loss of the ability to comprehend the meaning or recognize the importance of various forms of stimulation that cannot be attributed to impairment of a primary sensory modality. Tactile agnosia is characterized by an inability to perceive the shape and nature of an object by touch alone, despite unimpaired sensation to light touch, position, and other primary sensory modalities. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Alexia: The inability to recognize or comprehend written or printed words. [NIH]

Dictionary 343

Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger

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cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]

Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anterior Cerebral Artery: Artery formed by the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. Branches of the anterior cerebral artery supply the caudate nucleus, internal capsule,

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putamen, septal nuclei, gyrus cinguli, and surfaces of the frontal lobe and parietal lobe. [NIH] Anthropology: The science devoted to the comparative study of man. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antiemetics: Drugs used to prevent nausea or vomiting. Antiemetics act by a wide range of mechanisms. Some act on the medullary contol centers (the vomiting center and the chemoreceptive trigger zone) while others affect the peripheral receptors. [NIH] Antiepileptic: An agent that combats epilepsy. [EU] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic

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and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antipsychotic Agents: Agents that control agitated psychotic behavior, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect. They are used in schizophrenia, senile dementia, transient psychosis following surgery or myocardial infarction, etc. These drugs are often referred to as neuroleptics alluding to the tendency to produce neurological side effects, but not all antipsychotics are likely to produce such effects. Many of these drugs may also be effective against nausea, emesis, and pruritus. [NIH] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. [EU] Aphasia: A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Articulation: The relationship of two bodies by means of a moveable joint. [NIH] Artificial Organs: Devices intended to replace non-functioning organs. They may be temporary or permanent. Since they are intended always to function as the natural organs they are replacing, they should be differentiated from prostheses and implants and specific types of prostheses which, though also replacements for body parts, are frequently cosmetic (artificial eye) as well as functional (artificial limbs). [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C,

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functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Auditory Cortex: Area of the temporal lobe concerned with hearing. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Autoradiography: A process in which radioactive material within an object produces an image when it is in close proximity to a radiation sensitive emulsion. [NIH] Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron

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cell body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Behavior Therapy: The application of modern theories of learning and conditioning in the treatment of behavior disorders. [NIH] Behavioral Symptoms: Observable manifestions of impaired psychological functioning. [NIH]

Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Bereavement: Refers to the whole process of grieving and mourning and is associated with a deep sense of loss and sadness. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Binaural: Used of the two ears functioning together. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc. [NIH]

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Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biopterin: A natural product that has been considered as a growth factor for some insects. [NIH]

Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bipolar Disorder: A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Bivalent: Pertaining to a group of 2 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Image: Individuals' personal concept of their bodies as objects in and bound by space, independently and apart from all other objects. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Bradycardia: Excessive slowness in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate below 60

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beats per minute. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Injuries: Acute and chronic injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brain stem. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with diffuse axonal injury or coma, posttraumatic. Localized injuries may be associated with neurobehavioral manifestations; hemiparesis, or other focal neurologic deficits. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion and is used to treat amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and female infertility, and has been proposed for Parkinson disease. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchoconstriction: Diminution of the caliber of a bronchus physiologically or as a result of pharmacological intervention. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calibration: Determination, by measurement or comparison with a standard, of the correct value of each scale reading on a meter or other measuring instrument; or determination of the settings of a control device that correspond to particular values of voltage, current, frequency, or other output. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardioselective: Having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH]

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Catalyse: To speed up a chemical reaction. [EU] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Causality: The relating of causes to the effects they produce. Causes are termed necessary when they must always precede an effect and sufficient when they initiate or produce an effect. Any of several factors may be associated with the potential disease causation or outcome, including predisposing factors, enabling factors, precipitating factors, reinforcing factors, and risk factors. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion Molecules: Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cephalometry: Scientific measurement of the dimensions of the head. In dentistry, certain combinations of measurements developed from tracing the oriented lateral and frontal radiographic head film are used to assess craniofacial growth and development and to determine the nature of the orthodontic treatment response. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH]

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Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Child Behavior: Any observable response or action of a child from 24 months through 12 years of age. For neonates or children younger than 24 months, infant behavior is available. [NIH]

Child Care: Care of children in the home or institution. [NIH] Child Development: The continuous sequential physiological and psychological maturing of the child from birth up to but not including adolescence. It includes healthy responses to situations, but does not include growth in stature or size (= growth). [NIH] Child Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in children. [NIH] Child Psychology: The study of normal and abnormal behavior of children. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes,

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and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chromosome Aberrations: Deviations from the normal number or structure of chromosomes, not necessarily associated with disease. [NIH] Chromosome Abnormalities: Defects in the structure or number of chromosomes resulting in structural aberrations or manifesting as disease. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, chymotrypsinogen and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by trypsin. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Cleft Lip: Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region. [NIH] Cleft Palate: Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion. [NIH] Clinical Protocols: Precise and detailed plans for the study of a medical or biomedical problem and/or plans for a regimen of therapy. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that

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yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]

Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Cochlear Implants: Electronic devices implanted beneath the skin with electrodes to the cochlear nerve to create sound sensation in persons with sensorineural deafness. [NIH] Cochlear Nerve: The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve). The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus) of the brain stem. They mediate the sense of hearing. [NIH] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Colchicine: A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Communication Barriers: Those factors, such as language or sociocultural relationships,

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which interfere in the meaningful interpretation and transmission of ideas between individuals or groups. [NIH] Communication Disorders: Disorders of verbal and nonverbal communication caused by receptive or expressive language disorders, cognitive dysfunction (e.g., mental retardation), psychiatric conditions, and hearing disorders. [NIH] Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Compulsions: In psychology, an irresistible urge, sometimes amounting to obsession to perform a particular act which usually is carried out against the performer's will or better judgment. [NIH] Compulsive Behavior: The behavior of performing an act persistently and repetitively without it leading to reward or pleasure. The act is usually a small, circumscribed behavior,

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almost ritualistic, yet not pathologically disturbing. Examples of compulsive behavior include twirling of hair, checking something constantly, not wanting pennies in change, straightening tilted pictures, etc. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computer-Assisted Instruction: A self-learning technique, usually online, involving interaction of the student with programmed instructional materials. [NIH] Concept Formation: A cognitive process involving the formation of ideas generalized from the knowledge of qualities, aspects, and relations of objects. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Continuum: An area over which the vegetation or animal population is of constantly changing composition so that homogeneous, separate communities cannot be distinguished. [NIH]

Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

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Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Convulsive: Relating or referring to spasm; affected with spasm; characterized by a spasm or spasms. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Callosum: Broad plate of dense myelinated fibers that reciprocally interconnect regions of the cortex in all lobes with corresponding regions of the opposite hemisphere. The corpus callosum is located deep in the longitudinal fissure. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Cranial Nerves: Twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers. [NIH] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Craniometry: The scientific measurement of the dimensions of the bones of the skull and face. It applies to measurement of the dead skull as opposed to cephalometry, measurements performed on the living skull. [NIH] Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. [NIH]

Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cysteinyl: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all

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cellular proteins. [NIH] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decision Making: The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Amalgam: An alloy used in restorative dentistry that contains mercury, silver, tin, copper, and possibly zinc. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleotides: A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a deoxyribose containing a bond to a phosphate group. [NIH] Depersonalization: Alteration in the perception of the self so that the usual sense of one's own reality is lost, manifested in a sense of unreality or self-estrangement, in changes of

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body image, or in a feeling that one does not control his own actions and speech; seen in depersonalization disorder, schizophrenic disorders, and schizotypal personality disorder. Some do not draw a distinction between depersonalization and derealization, using depersonalization to include both. [EU] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Derealization: Is characterized by the loss of the sense of reality concerning one's surroundings. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developmental Biology: The field of biology which deals with the process of the growth and differentiation of an organism. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Dextromethorphan: The d-isomer of the codeine analog of levorphanol. Dextromethorphan shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is a NMDA receptor antagonist (receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is used widely as an antitussive agent, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity. [NIH] Diagnosis, Differential: Determination of which one of two or more diseases or conditions a patient is suffering from by systematically comparing and contrasting results of diagnostic measures. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diagnostic Services: Organized services for the purpose of providing diagnosis to promote and maintain health. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diastolic blood pressure: The minimum pressure that remains within the artery when the heart is at rest. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Dietary Proteins: Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the essential amino acids. [NIH] Diffuse Axonal Injury: A relatively common sequela of blunt head injury, characterized by a global disruption of axons throughout the brain. Associated clinical features may include

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neurobehavioral manifestations; persistent vegetative state; dementia; and other disorders. [NIH]

Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during cryopreservation. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation. [NIH] Dipeptidyl Peptidase I: A cysteine-type peptidase that is chlorine dependent and functions maximally at acidic pHs. At neutral pH, it polymerizes esters, aryl- and dipeptide amides. EC 3.4.14.1. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disabled Persons: Persons with physical or mental disabilities that affect or limit their activities of daily living and that may require special accommodations. [NIH] Disaccharides: Sugars composed of two monosaccharides linked by glycoside bonds. [NIH] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disparity: Failure of the two retinal images of an object to fall on corresponding retinal points. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dominance: In genetics, the full phenotypic expression of a gene in both heterozygotes and homozygotes. [EU] Donepezil: A drug used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. It belongs to the family of

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drugs called cholinesterase inhibitors. It is being studied as a treatment for side effects caused by radiation therapy to the brain. [NIH] Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dopamine Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate dopamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of dopamine or exogenous agonists. Many drugs used in the treatment of psychotic disorders (antipsychotic agents) are dopamine antagonists, although their therapeutic effects may be due to long-term adjustments of the brain rather than to the acute effects of blocking dopamine receptors. Dopamine antagonists have been used for several other clinical purposes including as antiemetics, in the treatment of Tourette syndrome, and for hiccup. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Evaluation: Any process by which toxicity, metabolism, absorption, elimination, preferred route of administration, safe dosage range, etc., for a drug or group of drugs is determined through clinical assessment in humans or veterinary animals. [NIH] Drug Evaluation, Preclinical: Preclinical testing of drugs in experimental animals or in vitro for their biological and toxic effects and potential clinical applications. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (receptors, opioid, kappa) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters. [NIH] Dysgenesis: Defective development. [EU] Dyslexia: Partial alexia in which letters but not words may be read, or in which words may be read but not understood. [NIH] Dysphonia: Difficulty or pain in speaking; impairment of the voice. [NIH]

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Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH] Eccentricity: Oddness of behavior or conduct without insanity. [NIH] Echolalia: The pathological repetition by imitation of the speech of another. [NIH] Eclampsia: Onset of convulsions or coma in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient. [NIH]

Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ego: The conscious portion of the personality structure which serves to mediate between the demands of the primitive instinctual drives, (the id), of internalized parental and social prohibitions or the conscience, (the superego), and of reality. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Electroshock: Induction of a stress reaction in experimental subjects by means of an electrical shock; applies to either convulsive or non-convulsive states. [NIH] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Employment, Supported: Paid work for mentally or physically disabled persons, taking place in regular or normal work settings. It may be competitive employment (work that pays minimum wage) or employment with subminimal wages in individualized or group placement situations. It is intended for persons with severe disabilities who require a range of support services to maintain employment. Supported employment differs from sheltered workshops in that work in the latter takes place in a controlled working environment. Federal regulations are authorized and administered by the U.S. Department of Education,

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Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endorphin: Opioid peptides derived from beta-lipotropin. Endorphin is the most potent naturally occurring analgesic agent. It is present in pituitary, brain, and peripheral tissues. [NIH]

Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Enkephalin: A natural opiate painkiller, in the hypothalamus. [NIH] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]

Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort

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studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithalamus: The dorsal posterior subdivision of the diencephalon. The epithalamus is generally considered to include the habenular nuclei (habenula) and associated fiber bundles, the pineal body, and the epithelial roof of the third ventricle. The anterior and posterior paraventricular nuclei of the thalamus are included with the thalamic nuclei although they develop from the same pronuclear mass as the epithalamic nuclei and are sometimes considered part of the epithalamus. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] ERV: The expiratory reserve volume is the largest volume of gas that can be expired from the end-expiratory level. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Evaluation Studies: Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, clinical trials, drug evaluation, and drug evaluation, preclinical are available. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Evoked Potentials: The electric response evoked in the central nervous system by stimulation of sensory receptors or some point on the sensory pathway leading from the receptor to the cortex. The evoked stimulus can be auditory, somatosensory, or visual, although other modalities have been reported. Event-related potentials is sometimes used synonymously with evoked potentials but is often associated with the execution of a motor, cognitive, or psychophysiological task, as well as with the response to a stimulus. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Excitatory Amino Acids: Endogenous amino acids released by neurons as excitatory neurotransmitters. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Aspartic acid has been regarded as an excitatory transmitter for many years, but the extent of its role as a transmitter is unclear. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU]

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Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] Expiratory Reserve Volume: The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. Common abbreviation is ERV. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Eye Movements: Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Expression: Observable changes of expression in the face in response to emotional stimuli. [NIH] Family Characteristics: Size and composition of the family. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fathers: Male parents, human or animal. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fetal Distress: Adverse or threatening condition of the fetus identified by fetal bradycardia or tachycardia and passage of meconium in vertex presentation. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU]

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Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Free Association: Spontaneous verbalization of whatever comes to mind. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Functional magnetic resonance imaging: A noninvasive tool used to observe functioning in the brain or other organs by detecting changes in chemical composition, blood flow, or both. [NIH]

Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical

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preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] General practitioner: A medical practitioner who does not specialize in a particular branch of medicine or limit his practice to a specific class of diseases. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Markers: A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genetics, Behavioral: The experimental study of the relationship between the genotype of an organism and its behavior. The scope includes the effects of genes on simple sensory processes to complex organization of the nervous system. [NIH] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]

Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gestational Age: Age of the conceptus. In humans, this may be assessed by medical history, physical examination, early immunologic pregnancy tests, radiography, ultrasonography, and amniotic fluid analysis. [NIH] Gestures: Movement of a part of the body for the purpose of communication. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucans: Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH]

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Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Gravidity: Pregnancy; the condition of being pregnant, without regard to the outcome. [EU] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent. The drug lowers both systolic and diastolic blood pressure by activating the central nervous system alpha-2 adrenoreceptors, which results in reduced sympathetic outflow leading to reduced vascular tone. Its adverse reactions include dry mouth, sedation, and constipation. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Gyrus Cinguli: One of the convolutions on the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere. It surrounds the rostral part of the brain and interhemispheric commissure and forms part of

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the limbic system. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Handedness: Preference for using right or left hand. [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Hearing Disorders: Conditions that impair the transmission or perception of auditory impulses and information from the level of the ear to the temporal cortices, including the sensorineural pathways. [NIH] Hemiparesis: The weakness or paralysis affecting one side of the body. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Heterozygotes: Having unlike alleles at one or more corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes. [NIH] Hiccup: A spasm of the diaphragm that causes a sudden inhalation followed by rapid closure of the glottis which produces a sound. [NIH] Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU]

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Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypochondriasis: (DSM III-R) a mental disorder characterized by a preoccupation with bodily functions and the interpretation of normal sensations (such as heart beats, sweating, peristaltic action, and bowel movements) or minor abnormalities (such as a runny nose, minor aches and pains, or slightly swollen lymph nodes) as indications of highly disturbing problems needing medical attention. Negative results of diagnostic evaluations and reassurance by physicians only increase the patient's anxious concern about his health, and the patient continues to seek medical attention. Called also hypochondriacal neurosis. [EU] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypotonia: A condition of diminished tone of the skeletal muscles; diminished resistance of muscles to passive stretching. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Imagination: A new pattern of perceptual or ideational material derived from past experience. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been

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immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] Impulse Control Disorders: Disorders whose essential features are the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the individual or to others. Individuals experience an increased sense of tension prior to the act and pleasure, gratification, or release of tension at the time of committing the act. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infant Behavior: Any observable response or action of a neonate or infant up through the

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age of 23 months. [NIH] Infant Mortality: Perinatal, neonatal, and infant deaths in a given population. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Institutionalization: The caring for individuals in institutions and their adaptation to routines characteristic of the institutional environment, and/or their loss of adaptation to life outside the institution. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood

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glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Capsule: White matter pathway, flanked by nuclear masses, consisting of both afferent and efferent fibers projecting between the cerebral cortex and the brainstem. It consists of three distinct parts: an anterior limb, posterior limb, and genu. [NIH] Interpersonal Relations: The reciprocal interaction of two or more persons. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]

Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Juvenile Delinquency: The antisocial acts of children or persons under age which are illegal or lawfully interpreted as constituting delinquency. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (receptors, N-

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Methyl-D-Aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Kidney Cortex: The outer zone of the kidney, beneath the capsule, consisting of kidney glomerulus; kidney tubules, distal; and kidney tubules, proximal. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lag: The time elapsing between application of a stimulus and the resulting reaction. [NIH] Language Development: The gradual expansion in complexity and meaning of symbols and sounds as perceived and interpreted by the individual through a maturational and learning process. Stages in development include babbling, cooing, word imitation with cognition, and use of short sentences. [NIH] Language Development Disorders: Conditions characterized by language abilities (comprehension and expression of speech and writing) that are below the expected level for a given age, generally in the absence of an intellectual impairment. These conditions may be associated with deafness; brain diseases; mental disorders; or environmental factors. [NIH] Language Disorders: Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders. [NIH] Language Therapy: Rehabilitation of persons with language disorders or training of children with language development disorders. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngectomy: Total or partial excision of the larynx. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the

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treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection. [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Lobule: A small lobe or subdivision of a lobe. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Longitudinal Studies: Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH]

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Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoproliferative: Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (magnetic resonance imaging). [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]

defect

resulting

from

an

intrinsically

abnormal

Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely

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expressed in behaviour. [EU] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Measles Virus: The type species of morbillivirus and the cause of the highly infectious human disease measles, which affects mostly children. [NIH] Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a fullterm fetus. It consists of secretions of the intestinal glands, bile pigments, fatty acids, amniotic fluid, and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn. [NIH]

Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Megalencephaly: A condition in which there is an abnormally large, heavy, and usually malfunctioning brain. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Lipids: Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH]

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Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Health Services: Organized services to provide mental health care. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]

Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metabotropic: A glutamate receptor which triggers an increase in production of 2 intracellular messengers: diacylglycerol and inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate. [NIH] Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of attention-deficit disorders in children and for narcolepsy. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of dextroamphetamine. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling. [NIH]

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Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Monogenic: A human disease caused by a mutation in a single gene. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Mood Disorders: Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature. [NIH] Morbillivirus: A genus of the family Paramyxoviridae (subfamily Paramyxovirinae) where all the virions have hemagglutinin but not neuraminidase activity. All members produce both cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies. MEASLES VIRUS is the type species. [NIH]

Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]

Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU]

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Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor Skills: Performance of complex motor acts. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Multivariate Analysis: A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables. [NIH] Mutilation: Injuries to the body. [NIH] Mutism: Inability or refusal to speak. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. [NIH] Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of naloxone. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neopterin: A pteridine derivative present in body fluids; elevated levels result from immune system activation, malignant disease, allograft rejection, and viral infections. (From

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Stedman, 26th ed) Neopterin also serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of biopterin. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Growth Factor: Nerve growth factor is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neural Pathways: Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another. [NIH]

Neuroanatomy: Study of the anatomy of the nervous system as a specialty or discipline. [NIH]

Neurobehavioral Manifestations: Signs and symptoms of higher cortical dysfunction caused by organic conditions. These include certain behavioral alterations and impairments of skills involved in the acquisition, processing, and utilization of knowledge or information. [NIH]

Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH] Neurofibrils: The delicate interlacing threads, formed by aggregations of neurofilaments and neurotubules, coursing through the cytoplasm of the body of a neuron and extending from one dendrite into another or into the axon. [NIH] Neurofilaments: Bundle of neuronal fibers. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroma: A tumor that arises in nerve cells. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH]

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Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neuropharmacology: The branch of pharmacology dealing especially with the action of drugs upon various parts of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropsychological Tests: Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury. [NIH] Neuropsychology: A branch of psychology which investigates the correlation between experience or behavior and the basic neurophysiological processes. The term neuropsychology stresses the dominant role of the nervous system. It is a more narrowly defined field than physiological psychology or psychophysiology. [NIH] Neurosis: Functional derangement due to disorders of the nervous system which does not affect the psychic personality of the patient. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]

Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neurotrophins: A nerve growth factor. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH]

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Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Obsession: A recurrent, persistent thought, image, or impulse that is unwanted and distressing (ego-dystonic) and comes involuntarily to mind despite attempts to ignore or suppress it. Common obsessions involve thoughts of violence, contamination, and selfdoubt. [EU] Obsessive Behavior: Persistent, unwanted idea or impulse which is considered normal when it does not markedly interfere with mental processes or emotional adjustment. [NIH] Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension. [NIH] Occipital Lobe: Posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Occupational Therapy: The field concerned with utilizing craft or work activities in the rehabilitation of patients. Occupational therapy can also refer to the activities themselves. [NIH]

Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Oligoelement: A chemical substance, minute amounts of which can be found in living organisms. [EU] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU]

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Opioid Peptides: The endogenous peptides with opiate-like activity. The three major classes currently recognized are the enkephalins, the dynorphins, and the endorphins. Each of these families derives from different precursors, proenkephalin, prodynorphin, and proopiomelanocortin, respectively. There are also at least three classes of opioid receptors, but the peptide families do not map to the receptors in a simple way. [NIH] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Manifestations: Disorders of the mouth attendant upon non-oral disease or injury. [NIH]

Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteodystrophy: Defective bone formation. [EU] Otolaryngologist: A doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the ear, nose, and throat. Also called an ENT doctor. [NIH] Otolaryngology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the ear, nose, and throat. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovarian Cysts: General term for cysts and cystic diseases of the ovary. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxytocin: A nonapeptide posterior pituitary hormone that causes uterine contractions and stimulates lactation. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH]

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Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parietal Lobe: Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Parity: The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with gravidity, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Care Team: Care of patients by a multidisciplinary team usually organized under the leadership of a physician; each member of the team has specific responsibilities and the whole team contributes to the care of the patient. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pediatrics: A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence. [NIH] Pedigree: A record of one's ancestors, offspring, siblings, and their offspring that may be used to determine the pattern of certain genes or disease inheritance within a family. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH]

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Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Phantom: Used to absorb and/or scatter radiation equivalently to a patient, and hence to estimate radiation doses and test imaging systems without actually exposing a patient. It may be an anthropomorphic or a physical test object. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylacetate: A drug being studied in the treatment of cancer. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phenylbutyrate: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called differentiating agents. [NIH] Phobias: An exaggerated and invariably pathological dread of some specific type of stimulus or situation. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs

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of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot Projects: Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pitch: The subjective awareness of the frequency or spectral distribution of a sound. [NIH] Placebo Effect: An effect usually, but not necessarily, beneficial that is attributable to an expectation that the regimen will have an effect, i.e., the effect is due to the power of suggestion. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by platelets, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including hypotension, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and bronchoconstriction. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelet Count: A count of the number of platelets per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation

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of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polyethylene Glycols: Alpha-Hydro-omega-hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyls). Additional polymers of ethylene oxide and water and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid, depending on the molecular weight, indicated by a number following the name. Used as surfactants in industry, including foods, cosmetics and pharmaceutics; in biomedicine, as dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, tablet excipients. Some specific groups are lauromagrogols, nonoxynols, octoxynols and poloxamers. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polytherapy: A therapy which uses more than one drug. [EU] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitating Factors: Factors associated with the definitive onset of a disease, illness, accident, behavioral response, or course of action. Usually one factor is more important or more obviously recognizable than others, if several are involved, and one may often be regarded as "necessary". Examples include exposure to specific disease; amount or level of an infectious organism, drug, or noxious agent, etc. [NIH]

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Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Preeclampsia: A toxaemia of late pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria, when convulsions and coma are associated, it is called eclampsia. [EU] Prefrontal Cortex: The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the diencephalon, mesencephalon, and limbic system as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin. [NIH] Pregnancy Tests: Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Problem Solving: A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal. [NIH] Programmed Instruction: Instruction in which learners progress at their own rate using workbooks, textbooks, or electromechanical devices that provide information in discrete steps, test learning at each step, and provide immediate feedback about achievement. (ERIC, Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors, 1996). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Prolapse: The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice. [NIH]

Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Pro-Opiomelanocortin: A precursor protein, MW 30,000, synthesized mainly in the anterior pituitary gland but also found in the hypothalamus, brain, and several peripheral tissues. It incorporates the amino acid sequences of ACTH and beta-lipotropin. These two hormones, in turn, contain the biologically active peptides MSH, corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide, alpha-lipotropin, endorphins, and methionine enkephalin. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the

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nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proxy: A person authorized to decide or act for another person, for example, a person having durable power of attorney. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychoanalysis: The separation or resolution of the psyche into its constituent elements. The term has two separate meanings: 1. a procedure devised by Sigmund Freud, for investigating mental processes by means of free association, dream interpretation and interpretation of resistance and transference manifestations; and 2. a theory of psychology developed by Freud from his clinical experience with hysterical patients. (From Campbell, Psychiatric Dictionary, 1996). [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU]

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Psychopathology: The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness. [NIH] Psychopharmacology: The study of the effects of drugs on mental and behavioral activity. [NIH]

Psychophysiology: The study of the physiological basis of human and animal behavior. [NIH]

Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Psychotomimetic: Psychosis miming. [NIH] Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Public Relations: Relations of an individual, association, organization, hospital, or corporation with the publics which it must take into consideration in carrying out its functions. Publics may include consumers, patients, pressure groups, departments, etc. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Racemic: Optically inactive but resolvable in the way of all racemic compounds. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation

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therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until the organism responds. [NIH] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Reassurance: A procedure in psychotherapy that seeks to give the client confidence in a favorable outcome. It makes use of suggestion, of the prestige of the therapist. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Growth Factor: Cell surface receptors that bind growth or trophic factors with high affinity, triggering intracellular responses which influence the growth, differentiation, or survival of cells. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH]

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Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Registries: The systems and processes involved in the establishment, support, management, and operation of registers, e.g., disease registers. [NIH] Reinforcement Schedule: A schedule prescribing when the subject is to be reinforced or rewarded in terms of temporal interval in psychological experiments. The schedule may be continuous or intermittent. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory distress syndrome: A lung disease that occurs primarily in premature infants; the newborn must struggle for each breath and blueing of its skin reflects the baby's inability to get enough oxygen. [NIH] Retching: Dry vomiting. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the

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retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Riboflavin: Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as FMN and FAD. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rickets: A condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanelles, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risperidone: A selective blocker of dopamine D2 and serotonin-5-HT-2 receptors that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of schizophrenia. [NIH] Robotics: The application of electronic, computerized control systems to mechanical devices designed to perform human functions. Formerly restricted to industry, but nowadays applied to artificial organs controlled by bionic (bioelectronic) devices, like automated insulin pumps and other prostheses. [NIH] Rubella: An acute, usually benign, infectious disease caused by a togavirus and most often affecting children and nonimmune young adults, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and spreads to the lymphatic system. It is characterized by a slight cold, sore throat, and fever, followed by enlargement of the postauricular, suboccipital, and cervical lymph nodes, and the appearances of a fine pink rash that begins on the head and spreads to become generalized. Called also German measles, roetln, röteln, and three-day measles, and rubeola in French and Spanish. [EU] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create

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pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretin: A hormone made in the duodenum. Causes the stomach to make pepsin, the liver to make bile, and the pancreas to make a digestive juice. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedimentation: The act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal machine. [EU] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Self-Help Groups: Organizations which provide an environment encouraging social interactions through group activities or individual relationships especially for the purpose of rehabilitating or supporting patients, individuals with common health problems, or the elderly. They include therapeutic social clubs. [NIH] Self-Injurious Behavior: Behavior in which persons hurt or harm themselves without the motive of suicide or of sexual deviation. [NIH] Semantics: The relationships between symbols and their meanings. [NIH] Semicircular canal: Three long canals of the bony labyrinth of the ear, forming loops and opening into the vestibule by five openings. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Septal Nuclei: Neural nuclei situated in the septal region. They have afferent and

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cholinergic efferent connections with a variety of forebrain and brainstem areas including the hippocampus, the lateral hypothalamus, the tegmentum, and the amygdala. Included are the dorsal, lateral, medial, and triangular septal nuclei, septofimbrial nucleus, nucleus of diagonal band, nucleus of anterior commissure, and the nucleus of stria terminalis. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Sequester: A portion of dead bone which has become detached from the healthy bone tissue, as occurs in necrosis. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sheltered Workshops: Protective places of employment for disabled persons which provide training and employment on a temporary or permanent basis. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sign Language: A system of hand gestures used for communication by the deaf or by people speaking different languages. [NIH] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH]

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Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sociability: The tendency of organisms to grow together with others of the same kind. [NIH] Social Behavior: Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Medicine: A branch of medicine concerned with the role of socio-environmental factors in the occurrence, prevention and treatment of disease. [NIH] Social Perception: The perceiving of attributes, characteristics, and behaviors of one's associates or social groups. [NIH] Social Responsibility: The obligations and accountability assumed in carrying out actions or ideas in behalf of others. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Social Work: The use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. It includes social service agencies. [NIH] Socialization: The training or molding of an individual through various relationships, educational agencies, and social controls, which enables him to become a member of a particular society. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of benzoic acid. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function. [NIH]

Sodium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for sodium ions. Fast sodium current is associated with the action potential in neural membranes. [NIH] Software Design: Specifications and instructions applied to the software. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of

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dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatosensory Cortex: Area of the parietal lobe concerned with receiving general sensations. It lies posterior to the central sulcus. [NIH] Somatostatin: A polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus, and other tissues and organs. It inhibits the release of human growth hormone, and also modulates important physiological functions of the kidney, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. Somatostatin also acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spike: The activation of synapses causes changes in the permeability of the dendritic membrane leading to changes in the membrane potential. This difference of the potential travels along the axon of the neuron and is called spike. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

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Statistically significant: Describes a mathematical measure of difference between groups. The difference is said to be statistically significant if it is greater than what might be expected to happen by chance alone. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stereotyped Behavior: Relatively invariant mode of behavior elicited or determined by a particular situation; may be verbal, postural, or expressive. [NIH] Stereotypy: Unvarying repetition or unvarying persistence. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]

Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Striate: Recurrent branch of the anterior cerebral artery which supplies the anterior limb of the internal capsule. [NIH] Striatum: A higher brain's domain thus called because of its stripes. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to

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cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppository: A medicated mass adapted for introduction into the rectal, vaginal, or urethral orifice of the body, suppository bases are solid at room temperature but melt or dissolve at body temperature. Commonly used bases are cocoa butter, glycerinated gelatin, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights, and fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol. [EU] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Symbiosis: The living together of organisms of different species. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Membranes: Cell membranes associated with synapses. Both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are included along with their integral or tightly associated specializations for the release or reception of transmitters. [NIH] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synaptic Vesicles: Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules. Synaptic vesicles are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. They actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. In at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of their contents. [NIH] Synchrony: The normal physiologic sequencing of atrial and ventricular activation and contraction. [NIH] Syncytium: A living nucleated tissue without apparent cellular structure; a tissue composed of a mass of nucleated protoplasm without cell boundaries. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of

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the heart. [EU] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Telecommunications: Transmission of information over distances via electronic means. [NIH]

Telemedicine: Delivery of health services via remote telecommunications. This includes interactive consultative and diagnostic services. [NIH] Telencephalon: Paired anteriolateral evaginations of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis. The cerebral hemispheres are derived from it. Many authors consider cerebrum a synonymous term to telencephalon, though a minority include diencephalon as part of the cerebrum (Anthoney, 1994). [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Teratogens: An agent that causes the production of physical defects in the developing embryo. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]

Thalidomide: A pharmaceutical agent originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market because of its known tetratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppresive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of tumor necrosis factor alpha from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thiamine: 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-5-(2methylthiazolium chloride. [NIH]

hydroxyethyl)-4-

Thimerosal: A topical antiseptic used on skin and mucous membranes. It is also used as a preservative in pharmaceuticals. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH]

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Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Toilet Training: Conditioning to defecate and urinate in culturally acceptable places. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonal: Based on special tests used for a topographic diagnosis of perceptive deafness (damage of the Corti organ, peripheral or central damage, i. e. the auditive cortex). [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxaemia: 1. The condition resulting from the spread of bacterial products (toxins) by the bloodstream. 2. A condition resulting from metabolic disturbances, e.g. toxaemia of pregnancy. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures. [NIH] Transaminase: Aminotransferase (= a subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyse the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an

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acceptor (generally 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxal-phosphate-proteins. [EU]

Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transcutaneous: Transdermal. [EU] Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation: Electrical stimulation of nerves and/or muscles to relieve pain; it is used less frequently to produce anesthesia. The optimal placements of electrodes or "trigger points" may correspond with acupuncture analgesia points. TENS is sometimes referred to as acupuncture-like when using a low frequency stimulus. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translating: Conversion from one language to another language. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]

Trinucleotide Repeats: Microsatellite repeats consisting of three nucleotides dispersed in the euchromatic arms of chromosomes. [NIH] Trophic: Of or pertaining to nutrition. [EU] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or

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kidneys. [NIH] Tubulin: A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from sperm flagella, cilia, and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to colchicine, vincristine, and vinblastine. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vagus Nerve: The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx). [NIH] Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant properties used in the treatment of epilepsy. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GABA levels in the brain or by altering the properties of voltage dependent sodium

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channels. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vinblastine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. It is a mitotic inhibitor. [NIH] Vincristine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Afferents: The sensory fibers innervating the viscera. [NIH] Visual Perception: The selecting and organizing of visual stimuli based on the individual's past experience. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitamin D: The vitamin that mediates intestinal calcium absorption, bone calcium metabolism, and probably muscle activity. It usually acts as a hormone precursor, requiring

406 Autism

2 stages of metabolism before reaching actual hormonal form. It is isolated from fish liver oils and used in the treatment and prevention of rickets. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Voice Disorders: Disorders of voice pitch, loudness, or quality. Dysphonia refers to impaired utterance of sounds by the vocal folds. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xanthine: An urinary calculus. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

407

INDEX 5 5-Hydroxytryptophan, 227, 341 A Abdominal, 229, 341, 384 Abdominal Pain, 229, 341 Aberrant, 27, 38, 45, 61, 69, 93, 160, 186, 341 Academic Medical Centers, 213, 341 Acceptor, 341, 375, 384, 403 ACE, 98, 341 Acetylcholine, 39, 341, 352, 353, 382 Acidosis, 221, 341 Acoustic, 14, 175, 225, 232, 281, 282, 341, 405 Acupuncture Analgesia, 341, 403 Adaptability, 341, 351 Adaptation, 193, 341, 372, 387 Adenine, 223, 341 Adenosine, 223, 341, 386 Adjunctive Therapy, 219, 228, 341 Adjustment, 43, 69, 80, 191, 236, 238, 341, 342, 383 Adolescence, 23, 73, 110, 258, 324, 342, 352, 385 Adrenal Cortex, 342, 357 Adrenal Medulla, 342, 351, 364, 383 Adrenergic, 342, 345, 361, 364, 390, 400, 404 Adverse Effect, 342, 353, 396 Aerosol, 225, 232, 342 Aetiology, 104, 147, 342 Afferent, 218, 342, 357, 373, 389, 395 Affinity, 342, 347, 353, 359, 378, 392, 397 Age of Onset, 28, 342 Aggressiveness, 214, 342 Agnosia, 14, 171, 342 Agonist, 22, 26, 149, 342, 350, 361, 380 Alexia, 342, 361 Algorithms, 343, 349 Alimentary, 137, 220, 230, 343 Alkaline, 341, 343, 350 Alkaloid, 343, 350, 354, 379 Alleles, 135, 343, 369 Allergen, 343, 359 Allograft, 343, 380 Alpha Particles, 343, 391 Alternative medicine, 293, 343 Amenorrhea, 343, 350

Amine, 343, 369 Amino Acid Sequence, 343, 345, 367, 389 Ammonia, 343, 368 Amniotic Fluid, 343, 367, 377 Amphetamine, 67, 343, 359 Amygdala, 44, 55, 56, 344, 348, 375, 396, 401 Anaesthesia, 344, 371 Anal, 28, 33, 56, 100, 111, 134, 144, 150, 175, 176, 178, 247, 344, 363, 365, 375, 380 Analgesic, 344, 354, 363, 375, 379, 384 Analog, 158, 160, 165, 344, 359 Analogous, 344, 403 Analysis of Variance, 69, 344 Anaphylatoxins, 344, 355 Anatomical, 25, 34, 36, 53, 58, 344, 352, 371, 378, 395 Androgens, 131, 342, 344 Anesthesia, 344, 373, 403 Angina, 344, 390 Angina Pectoris, 344, 390 Animal model, 31, 36, 46, 54, 55, 59, 67, 73, 117, 125, 162, 169, 219, 222, 344 Anions, 344, 373, 396 Anomalies, 18, 21, 46, 164, 226, 282, 285, 344 Antagonism, 65, 344, 353 Anterior Cerebral Artery, 344, 399 Anthropology, 40, 345 Antibacterial, 345, 398 Antibiotic, 344, 345, 385, 398 Antibodies, 48, 106, 109, 118, 159, 221, 231, 345, 370, 371, 376, 387 Antibody, 342, 345, 355, 369, 371, 372, 377, 392, 398 Anticonvulsant, 45, 218, 219, 228, 345, 404 Antidepressant, 341, 345, 366 Antiemetics, 345, 361 Antiepileptic, 219, 228, 341, 345 Antifungal, 221, 345, 397 Antigen, 342, 345, 355, 367, 369, 370, 371, 372, 377, 378 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 345, 355 Antihypertensive, 345, 368 Antioxidant, 345, 347, 384 Antipsychotic, 345, 346, 353, 361, 381, 394 Antipsychotic Agents, 346, 361 Antiseptic, 346, 401

408 Autism

Antitussive, 346, 359, 384 Anus, 344, 346, 349, 354, 392 Anxiety, 17, 21, 187, 203, 224, 254, 284, 306, 346, 383, 390 Anxiety Disorders, 306, 346 Apathy, 346, 381 Aphasia, 184, 282, 346 Apoptosis, 27, 346, 357 Aqueous, 346, 348, 358, 363 Arginine, 344, 346, 382, 403 Aromatic, 218, 346, 353, 378, 386 Arterial, 346, 370, 390, 400 Arteries, 346, 349, 357, 378, 380 Articulation, 273, 346 Artificial Organs, 346, 394 Ascorbic Acid, 158, 346, 370 Aspartate, 221, 226, 227, 347, 359, 374 Assay, 22, 347 Astringents, 347, 378 Astrocytes, 45, 347, 378, 379 Ataxia, 282, 347, 401 Atrial, 347, 400 Atrophy, 347, 381 Atypical, 5, 14, 23, 37, 38, 40, 43, 147, 162, 228, 234, 274, 318, 347, 353, 394 Auditory Cortex, 34, 59, 347 Autoimmune disease, 347, 380 Autoimmunity, 234, 347 Autonomic, 341, 346, 347, 357, 381, 383, 386 Autonomic Nervous System, 347, 381, 386 Autoradiography, 60, 347 Axonal, 58, 347 Axons, 36, 347, 358, 359 B Bacteria, 345, 348, 363, 365, 378, 398, 403, 404 Barbiturate, 348, 401 Basal Ganglia, 121, 346, 347, 348, 375 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 347, 348 Base, 27, 35, 53, 172, 273, 341, 348, 358, 367, 373, 401 Basophils, 348, 368, 374, 387 Behavior Therapy, 63, 64, 348 Behavioral Symptoms, 64, 100, 210, 213, 226, 233, 348 Benign, 348, 394 Benzoic Acid, 218, 348, 397 Bereavement, 282, 348 Bile, 348, 366, 369, 373, 375, 377, 395, 399 Bile duct, 348 Biliary, 223, 348

Bilirubin, 348, 370 Binaural, 34, 59, 348 Biochemical, 50, 100, 158, 223, 283, 288, 343, 348, 396 Biological Markers, 225, 232, 348 Biological therapy, 349, 368 Biopterin, 149, 163, 349, 381 Biotechnology, 22, 70, 71, 268, 293, 305, 349 Bipolar Disorder, 27, 212, 314, 349 Bivalent, 349, 378 Bladder, 349, 353, 355, 380, 404 Blastocyst, 349, 356 Blood Coagulation, 349, 350 Blood Platelets, 349, 396, 401 Blood pressure, 345, 349, 370, 379, 397 Blood vessel, 341, 349, 350, 352, 363, 375, 376, 385, 397, 399, 401, 405 Body Fluids, 349, 361, 380, 397 Body Image, 349, 359 Bone Marrow, 349, 371, 376, 379 Bone scan, 349, 394 Bowel, 71, 344, 349, 360, 370, 372, 373 Bowel Movement, 349, 360, 370 Bradycardia, 349, 365 Bradykinin, 350, 382, 387 Brain Injuries, 222, 350 Brain Stem, 46, 74, 87, 350, 351, 354 Branch, 337, 350, 358, 362, 367, 376, 377, 382, 385, 391, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401 Breakdown, 220, 230, 350, 360, 366 Breeding, 21, 350 Bromocriptine, 159, 350 Bronchial, 350, 369 Bronchoconstriction, 350, 387 Buccal, 350, 399 C Calcium, 158, 227, 350, 355, 396, 405 Calibration, 53, 350 Capsules, 222, 225, 232, 350, 367 Carbon Dioxide, 350, 358, 365, 393, 405 Carcinogenic, 350, 372, 389, 399 Cardiac, 141, 350, 364, 380, 399 Cardioselective, 350, 390 Cardiovascular, 250, 344, 350, 396 Case report, 80, 102, 158, 165, 180, 350, 353 Catalyse, 351, 402 Catecholamine, 351, 361, 386 Caudal, 351, 359, 370, 388 Causal, 120, 121, 239, 351, 363 Causality, 239, 351 Cell Adhesion, 41, 45, 351

Index 409

Cell Adhesion Molecules, 41, 45, 351 Cell Count, 56, 351 Cell Death, 58, 346, 351, 367 Cell Differentiation, 351, 396 Cell Division, 348, 351, 358, 368, 377, 379, 387, 389, 395 Cell membrane, 351, 359, 364, 366, 386, 397, 400 Cell proliferation, 351, 396 Cell Size, 56, 133, 351 Cell Survival, 351, 368 Cephalometry, 351, 357 Cerebellar, 25, 30, 36, 50, 56, 57, 91, 125, 127, 134, 142, 164, 347, 351, 393 Cerebellum, 6, 30, 56, 57, 58, 91, 113, 133, 140, 350, 351, 388, 393 Cerebral Cortex, 57, 58, 84, 87, 347, 352, 364, 365, 373 Cerebral hemispheres, 348, 350, 352, 401 Cerebral Palsy, 55, 90, 192, 307, 318, 352 Cerebrospinal, 29, 101, 116, 118, 352 Cerebrospinal fluid, 29, 101, 116, 118, 352 Cerebrum, 352, 401, 403 Cervical, 352, 394 Character, 344, 352, 358, 368 Chemotactic Factors, 352, 355 Child Behavior, 63, 142, 160, 245, 352 Child Care, 66, 352 Child Development, 93, 117, 123, 124, 125, 162, 163, 213, 276, 287, 318, 352 Child Psychiatry, 24, 40, 139, 145, 266, 352 Chin, 352, 377 Chlorine, 352, 360 Choline, 109, 352 Cholinesterase Inhibitors, 353, 361 Chromatin, 20, 346, 353, 363, 382 Chromosomal, 16, 21, 49, 353 Chromosome Aberrations, 50, 353 Chromosome Abnormalities, 16, 353 Chronic, 27, 44, 132, 147, 251, 281, 350, 353, 372, 399 Chronic Disease, 27, 353 Chymotrypsin, 220, 230, 353 Citrus, 346, 353 Cleft Lip, 282, 353 Cleft Palate, 281, 282, 353 Clinical Protocols, 36, 353 Clinical study, 353, 356 Clinical trial, 17, 42, 64, 67, 209, 214, 219, 228, 305, 353, 356, 361, 364, 390, 392 Cloning, 349, 353 Clozapine, 71, 353

Coca, 353, 354 Cocaine, 32, 354 Cochlea, 354, 372 Cochlear, 27, 282, 354, 402, 405 Cochlear Diseases, 354, 402 Cochlear Implants, 282, 354 Cochlear Nerve, 354, 405 Codeine, 354, 359, 384 Coenzyme, 347, 354 Cofactor, 354, 390 Colchicine, 354, 404 Colitis, 354, 372 Collagen, 343, 354, 365, 366, 387 Collapse, 350, 354 Colloidal, 354, 396 Colon, 354, 372, 374 Communication Barriers, 285, 354 Communication Disorders, 9, 10, 14, 32, 75, 84, 89, 111, 131, 139, 214, 215, 239, 241, 282, 304, 314, 316, 322, 325, 355 Comorbidity, 223, 355 Complement, 4, 48, 58, 140, 344, 355, 376, 387 Complementary and alternative medicine, 169, 182, 355 Complementary medicine, 169, 355 Compliance, 33, 205, 355 Compulsions, 355, 383 Compulsive Behavior, 127, 149, 355 Computational Biology, 305, 356 Computed tomography, 356, 394 Computer-Assisted Instruction, 66, 356 Concept Formation, 23, 189, 356 Conception, 13, 356, 365 Conduction, 6, 356 Conjugated, 348, 356 Connective Tissue, 346, 349, 354, 356, 359, 366, 376 Consciousness, 90, 189, 292, 344, 356, 360, 390 Constipation, 86, 229, 346, 356, 368 Consultation, 19, 69, 356 Consumption, 356, 383, 393 Contamination, 224, 356, 383 Continuum, 148, 236, 277, 356 Contraception, 13, 356 Contraindications, ii, 356 Control group, 6, 13, 43, 57, 356, 392 Controlled clinical trial, 37, 61, 356 Controlled study, 111, 118, 122, 128, 153, 165, 356 Convulsions, 345, 348, 357, 362, 389

410 Autism

Convulsive, 357, 362 Coordination, 28, 67, 213, 272, 351, 357, 380 Coronary, 344, 357, 378, 380 Coronary Thrombosis, 357, 378, 380 Corpus, 36, 50, 63, 125, 357, 401 Corpus Callosum, 36, 50, 125, 357, 401 Cortex, 20, 30, 34, 36, 44, 54, 59, 125, 159, 170, 175, 210, 291, 357, 363, 364, 389, 393, 402 Cortical, 24, 27, 28, 30, 34, 37, 45, 50, 55, 58, 87, 141, 160, 357, 364, 381, 389, 395, 401 Cortisol, 26, 357 Cranial, 46, 351, 354, 357, 373, 381, 386, 404, 405 Cranial Nerves, 357, 381 Craniocerebral Trauma, 348, 357, 401, 402 Craniometry, 153, 357 Creatine, 109, 357 Creatinine, 357 Crossing-over, 357, 392 Cues, 43, 140, 280, 294, 357 Curative, 357, 382, 394, 401 Cyclic, 357, 368, 382 Cysteinyl, 357, 378 Cytogenetics, 18, 50, 121, 358 Cytokine, 111, 133, 162, 164, 358, 401 Cytoplasm, 346, 348, 351, 358, 363, 378, 379, 381, 382, 394, 400 Cytosine, 60, 358 Cytotoxic, 358, 396 D Data Collection, 28, 33, 358 De novo, 21, 88, 358 Deamination, 358, 379 Decarboxylation, 358, 369 Decision Making, 237, 279, 286, 358 Degenerative, 69, 358 Deletion, 80, 121, 346, 358 Delusions, 358, 391 Dendrites, 358, 381 Dendritic, 41, 58, 358, 398 Density, 56, 88, 358, 383, 388, 398 Dental Amalgam, 32, 358 Dental Care, 4, 13, 358 Dentate Gyrus, 358, 369 Deoxyribonucleic, 16, 358 Deoxyribonucleotides, 358 Depersonalization, 90, 358, 395 Depolarization, 359, 396 Derealization, 359

Dermis, 359, 403 Desensitization, 7, 199, 359 Deuterium, 359, 370 Developmental Biology, 46, 359 Dextroamphetamine, 344, 359, 378 Dextromethorphan, 226, 227, 359 Diagnosis, Differential, 271, 359 Diagnostic procedure, 217, 293, 359 Diagnostic Services, 359, 401 Diarrhea, 178, 359 Diastolic, 359, 368, 370 Diastolic blood pressure, 359, 368 Diencephalon, 359, 364, 370, 389, 401 Dietary Proteins, 111, 162, 359 Diffuse Axonal Injury, 350, 359 Digestion, 343, 348, 349, 360, 373, 375, 399 Digestive system, 215, 360 Dilatation, 360, 389 Dimethyl, 225, 232, 360 Dimethyl Sulfoxide, 225, 232, 360 Dipeptidyl Peptidase I, 128, 360 Direct, iii, 9, 29, 45, 57, 61, 63, 240, 297, 360, 361, 393, 400 Disabled Persons, 360, 362, 396 Disaccharides, 231, 360 Discrete, 49, 55, 86, 148, 201, 277, 360, 389 Discrimination, 6, 27, 38, 39, 55, 71, 95, 186, 187, 190, 200, 360 Disparity, 5, 360 Dissociation, 140, 342, 360, 373 Dissociative Disorders, 224, 360 Distal, 347, 360, 374 Dizziness, 281, 282, 360 Dominance, 38, 360 Donepezil, 39, 210, 360 Dopa, 67, 361, 374 Dopamine, 31, 33, 67, 343, 345, 350, 353, 354, 359, 361, 374, 379, 382, 386, 394 Dopamine Antagonists, 67, 361 Dorsal, 361, 364, 388, 396 Dose-dependent, 22, 361 Double-blind, 37, 61, 69, 93, 118, 122, 128, 158, 159, 160, 163, 209, 213, 361 Drive, ii, vi, 63, 157, 361, 371, 375 Drug Evaluation, 361, 364 Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, 361, 364 Drug Interactions, 298, 361 Duct, 361, 394 Duodenum, 348, 353, 361, 385, 395, 399 Dynorphins, 361, 384 Dysgenesis, 55, 361 Dyslexia, 48, 257, 274, 281, 282, 361

Index 411

Dysphonia, 282, 361, 406 Dysplasia, 45, 362 Dystonia, 281, 282, 346, 362 E Eating Disorders, 224, 306, 362 Eccentricity, 37, 362 Echolalia, 12, 189, 219, 230, 241, 274, 280, 285, 286, 362 Eclampsia, 362, 389 Edema, 352, 362, 373, 389 Effector, 48, 341, 355, 362 Effector cell, 48, 362 Efficacy, 37, 39, 41, 61, 69, 77, 86, 94, 95, 161, 174, 175, 203, 211, 212, 362, 403 Ego, 362, 383, 392 Elastic, 362, 368, 398 Elective, 282, 362 Electrolyte, 362, 397 Electrophysiological, 21, 175, 362 Electroshock, 219, 362 Elementary Particles, 362, 376, 382, 390 Embryo, 349, 351, 362, 371, 378, 401 Empirical, 5, 11, 48, 62, 186, 272, 278, 362 Employment, Supported, 319, 362 Emulsion, 347, 363, 365 Encephalopathy, 137, 363 Endemic, 363, 398 Endogenous, 26, 27, 361, 363, 364, 384, 403 Endorphin, 219, 230, 363 Endothelium, 363, 382 Endothelium-derived, 363, 382 Endotoxin, 363, 404 Enkephalin, 26, 219, 230, 363, 389 Enteropeptidase, 363, 403 Entorhinal Cortex, 56, 363, 369 Environmental Exposure, 307, 348, 363 Environmental Health, 125, 304, 306, 307, 318, 363 Enzymatic, 231, 232, 343, 350, 355, 363, 369, 377, 393 Eosinophils, 363, 368, 374 Epidemic, 90, 143, 234, 248, 267, 363, 398 Epidemiologic Studies, 348, 363 Epidemiological, 17, 24, 32, 96, 364 Epinephrine, 342, 361, 364, 382, 383, 404 Epithalamus, 359, 364, 375 Epithelial, 140, 364 Ergot, 350, 364 ERV, 140, 308, 364, 365 Esophagus, 360, 364, 386, 399 Eukaryotic Cells, 364, 371 Evacuation, 356, 364

Evaluation Studies, 306, 364 Evoke, 364, 399 Evoked Potentials, 170, 364 Excitation, 364, 382 Excitatory, 163, 364, 367, 368 Excitatory Amino Acids, 163, 364 Exhaustion, 344, 364 Exocytosis, 364, 400 Exogenous, 361, 363, 364 Expiratory, 364, 365 Expiratory Reserve Volume, 364, 365 Extracellular, 223, 347, 356, 365, 397 Extracellular Matrix, 356, 365 Extraction, 13, 365 Extrapyramidal, 346, 361, 365 Eye Movements, 15, 40, 88, 365 F Facial, 15, 43, 57, 110, 226, 280, 365, 377 Facial Expression, 43, 57, 110, 226, 365 Family Characteristics, 62, 365 Family Planning, 305, 365 Famotidine, 128, 365 Fat, 349, 365, 375, 380 Fathers, 28, 84, 94, 199, 365 Feces, 356, 365 Fetal Distress, 292, 365 Fetus, 365, 377, 389, 404 Fibroblasts, 88, 365 Fissure, 353, 357, 358, 365, 389 Fixation, 42, 75, 152, 245, 365 Fluoxetine, 99, 149, 211, 298, 299, 366 Folate, 60, 163, 366 Fold, 22, 66, 365, 366 Folic Acid, 366 Fossa, 55, 351, 366 Fovea, 365, 366 Free Association, 366, 390 Free Radicals, 345, 360, 366 Frontal Lobe, 36, 65, 345, 366, 389 Functional magnetic resonance imaging, 30, 37, 40, 44, 142, 366 Fungi, 345, 366, 378, 406 Fungistatic, 348, 366 G Gallbladder, 341, 348, 360, 366 Ganglia, 341, 348, 366, 381, 386 Gap Junctions, 366, 400 Gas, 343, 350, 352, 364, 366, 370, 382, 405 Gastric, 365, 366, 369 Gastrin, 366, 369

412 Autism

Gastrointestinal, 71, 94, 102, 108, 132, 136, 161, 212, 292, 350, 353, 364, 366, 396, 398, 399 Gastrointestinal tract, 353, 366, 396, 398 Gelatin, 366, 368, 400 Gels, 222, 225, 232, 367 Gene Expression, 32, 45, 60, 367 General practitioner, 71, 367 Genetic Code, 367, 383 Genetic Markers, 221, 231, 367 Genetics, Behavioral, 52, 367 Genomics, 22, 61, 109, 116, 367 Genotype, 32, 46, 52, 57, 367, 386 Germ Cells, 367, 377, 384, 398 Gestation, 13, 367, 385 Gestational, 13, 367 Gestational Age, 13, 367 Gestures, 11, 15, 206, 226, 367, 396 Giant Cells, 45, 367 Gland, 342, 367, 370, 376, 384, 389, 395, 399, 402 Glucans, 231, 367 Glucose, 105, 346, 367, 368, 372, 373 Glutamate, 109, 116, 131, 144, 359, 367, 368, 378 Glutamic Acid, 366, 368, 382 Glutamine, 226, 368 Gluten, 61, 105, 161, 220, 230, 252, 368 Glycerol, 368, 386 Glycerophospholipids, 368, 386 Glycine, 226, 343, 348, 368, 382, 396 Glycoprotein, 367, 368, 404 Glycoside, 360, 368 Governing Board, 368, 388 Grade, 203, 368 Graft, 368, 369, 371 Granulocyte, 224, 368 Gravidity, 368, 385 Growth, 23, 25, 45, 67, 110, 116, 118, 273, 290, 292, 314, 315, 342, 344, 345, 346, 349, 351, 352, 359, 366, 368, 373, 376, 378, 381, 387, 392, 398, 402, 403 Growth factors, 45, 368, 378 Guanfacine, 212, 368 Guanylate Cyclase, 368, 382 Gyrus Cinguli, 345, 368, 375 H Habitat, 97, 369 Handedness, 38, 369 Health Services, 158, 369, 401 Hearing Disorders, 355, 369 Hemiparesis, 350, 369

Hemorrhage, 357, 369, 399 Hemostasis, 369, 396 Heredity, 227, 367, 369 Heterogeneity, 24, 38, 63, 107, 342, 369 Heterozygotes, 360, 369 Hiccup, 361, 369 Hippocampus, 20, 56, 358, 369, 375, 396, 399 Histamine, 226, 344, 345, 365, 369 Histidine, 369 Homogeneous, 56, 356, 369 Homologous, 20, 102, 343, 349, 357, 369, 395, 400 Hormonal, 347, 369, 406 Host, 55, 369, 371, 404 Humour, 140, 369 Hydrogen, 109, 229, 341, 343, 348, 359, 370, 375, 379, 382, 384, 390 Hydrolysis, 370, 385, 386, 390, 403 Hydroxyproline, 343, 354, 370 Hyperbilirubinemia, 13, 370, 373 Hyperplasia, 10, 83, 370 Hypersensitivity, 175, 343, 359, 370 Hypertension, 370, 373, 389, 390 Hyperthyroidism, 370, 390 Hypertrophy, 370 Hypnotic, 348, 370, 401 Hypochondriasis, 224, 370 Hypotension, 346, 357, 370, 387 Hypothalamus, 341, 347, 359, 363, 370, 375, 389, 396, 398, 401 Hypotonia, 120, 370 I Id, 166, 180, 220, 230, 324, 326, 336, 338, 362, 370 Idiopathic, 33, 35, 40, 144, 370 Ileum, 218, 370 Imagination, 93, 234, 259, 320, 370 Imidazole, 218, 369, 370 Immune response, 48, 133, 164, 345, 347, 370, 371, 376, 399, 404, 405 Immune Sera, 370, 371 Immune system, 60, 171, 285, 347, 349, 362, 370, 371, 376, 380, 404, 406 Immunity, 111, 162, 371, 403 Immunization, 143, 239, 255, 314, 315, 371 Immunodeficiency, 32, 371 Immunoglobulin, 110, 345, 371 Immunohistochemistry, 60, 371 Immunologic, 103, 223, 352, 367, 371 Immunotherapy, 349, 359, 371

Index 413

Impairment, 3, 10, 15, 23, 29, 37, 40, 43, 54, 55, 65, 75, 76, 99, 100, 111, 142, 221, 224, 226, 227, 231, 279, 282, 318, 319, 327, 342, 347, 361, 371, 374, 377, 378, 391 Implantation, 356, 371 Impulse Control Disorders, 224, 371 In situ, 46, 67, 371 In Situ Hybridization, 46, 67, 371 In vitro, 49, 218, 361, 371 In vivo, 22, 25, 29, 49, 218, 226, 233, 234, 371 Incision, 371, 373 Indicative, 241, 371, 385, 405 Induction, 67, 344, 345, 362, 371, 373, 389 Infancy, 15, 23, 39, 67, 71, 110, 229, 237, 271, 290, 371, 394 Infant Behavior, 352, 371 Infant Mortality, 307, 372 Infarction, 372 Infection, 13, 50, 79, 147, 234, 349, 352, 368, 371, 372, 376, 385, 399, 406 Infertility, 350, 372 Inflammation, 32, 354, 360, 372, 387, 399 Inflammatory bowel disease, 75, 76, 92, 118, 126, 229, 372 Infusion, 67, 372 Inhalation, 225, 232, 342, 369, 372, 387 Initiation, 88, 372, 403 Inner ear, 282, 354, 372 Inositol, 162, 372, 378 Inotropic, 361, 372 Inpatients, 81, 119, 372 Insight, 21, 25, 46, 60, 93, 100, 236, 372 Institutionalization, 228, 372 Insulator, 372, 380 Insulin, 118, 372, 373, 394 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 372 Insulin-like, 118, 373 Intermittent, 373, 393 Internal Capsule, 344, 373, 399 Interpersonal Relations, 241, 278, 281, 373 Interstitial, 16, 80, 373 Intestinal, 112, 140, 159, 223, 363, 373, 376, 377, 405 Intestine, 349, 373, 374 Intoxication, 373, 406 Intracellular, 372, 373, 377, 378, 382, 392, 396 Intracranial Hypertension, 373, 402 Intravenous, 94, 115, 159, 161, 223, 372, 373 Invasive, 25, 57, 371, 373, 376

Involuntary, 269, 348, 373, 380, 393, 398 Ion Channels, 347, 373, 400 Ionization, 373 Ionizing, 57, 343, 363, 373 Ions, 348, 360, 362, 370, 373, 397 J Jaundice, 370, 373 Joint, 10, 23, 34, 67, 114, 124, 140, 154, 184, 194, 203, 204, 206, 210, 270, 272, 346, 373 Juvenile Delinquency, 306, 373 K Kb, 304, 373 Ketamine, 227, 373 Keto, 374, 403 Kidney Cortex, 374, 378 Kinetic, 373, 374 L Labile, 355, 374 Labyrinth, 354, 372, 374, 395, 405 Lactation, 374, 384, 389 Lag, 144, 374 Language Development, 7, 25, 51, 82, 119, 195, 272, 273, 274, 294, 374 Language Development Disorders, 374 Language Disorders, 23, 194, 219, 230, 279, 355, 374 Language Therapy, 276, 320, 374 Large Intestine, 360, 373, 374, 392, 397 Laryngectomy, 282, 374 Larynx, 374, 404 Latency, 34, 59, 374 Latent, 115, 374, 389 Leucocyte, 374, 376 Leukocytes, 348, 349, 352, 363, 374, 379, 382, 404 Levodopa, 361, 374 Levorphanol, 359, 375 Libido, 344, 375 Library Services, 336, 375 Ligands, 137, 351, 375 Limbic, 6, 36, 43, 56, 58, 59, 116, 344, 369, 375, 389 Limbic System, 6, 36, 56, 58, 344, 369, 375, 389 Linkage, 14, 16, 18, 28, 46, 56, 97, 103, 110, 116, 126, 136, 367, 375 Lip, 353, 375 Lipid, 222, 353, 368, 372, 374, 375, 380, 384 Lipid Peroxidation, 375, 384 Liver, 69, 101, 341, 348, 360, 363, 365, 366, 375, 378, 379, 394, 395, 397, 406 Liver scan, 375, 394

414 Autism

Lobe, 375, 389 Lobule, 23, 375 Localization, 23, 371, 375 Localized, 23, 350, 365, 372, 375, 379, 387 Longitudinal Studies, 58, 375 Longitudinal study, 51, 58, 375 Lymph, 352, 363, 369, 370, 376, 394 Lymph node, 352, 370, 376, 394 Lymphatic, 363, 372, 376, 394, 402 Lymphatic system, 376, 394, 402 Lymphoblasts, 52, 376 Lymphocyte, 345, 376, 377 Lymphocytic, 52, 376 Lymphoid, 345, 374, 376 Lymphoproliferative, 48, 376 Lysine, 376, 403 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 56, 57, 58, 116, 121, 134, 142, 376, 394 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 109, 376 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 48, 376 Malabsorption, 229, 376 Malformation, 41, 376 Malignant, 227, 376, 380 Mania, 376 Manic, 15, 162, 345, 349, 376, 391 Manic-depressive psychosis, 376, 391 Manifest, 23, 31, 50, 347, 376 Maxillary, 353, 377 Measles Virus, 95, 377 Meatus, 377, 404 Meconium, 365, 377 Medial, 44, 55, 353, 368, 377, 396 Mediate, 351, 354, 361, 362, 377 Mediator, 361, 377, 396 Medical Records, 12, 56, 377 MEDLINE, 14, 305, 377 Medullary, 345, 359, 377 Megalencephaly, 52, 377 Meiosis, 349, 377, 400 Melanin, 377, 386, 404 Membrane Lipids, 377, 386 Meninges, 351, 357, 377 Menopause, 377, 390 Mental Disorders, 28, 215, 218, 226, 233, 236, 342, 352, 374, 377, 390, 391 Mental Health Services, iv, 16, 40, 154, 306, 308, 324, 378 Mental Processes, 360, 378, 383, 390 Mentors, 274, 378

Mercury, 32, 234, 358, 378 Mesoderm, 353, 378 Meta-Analysis, 42, 136, 378 Metabolite, 29, 360, 378 Metabotropic, 144, 378 Metallothionein, 234, 283, 378 Metastasis, 351, 378 Methionine, 360, 378, 389 Methylphenidate, 212, 378 MI, 13, 239, 340, 378 Microbiology, 341, 347, 378 Microglia, 347, 378, 379 Migration, 353, 379 Mitosis, 346, 379 Modeling, 11, 189, 199, 206, 379 Modification, 10, 77, 101, 110, 111, 114, 160, 188, 284, 343, 379, 391 Monitor, 95, 149, 318, 357, 379, 383 Monoamine, 98, 162, 343, 359, 379, 404 Monoamine Oxidase, 98, 343, 359, 379, 404 Monocytes, 374, 379, 387, 401 Monogenic, 16, 379 Mononuclear, 48, 379, 404 Monotherapy, 219, 228, 379 Mood Disorders, 17, 136, 379 Morbillivirus, 377, 379 Morphine, 220, 230, 354, 379, 380, 384 Morphogenesis, 41, 379 Morphological, 60, 362, 379 Morphology, 27, 52, 60, 151, 379 Motility, 199, 379, 396 Motion Sickness, 380 Motor Skills, 200, 238, 260, 380 Mucins, 380, 394 Mucosa, 380, 389, 399 Multiple sclerosis, 39, 380 Multivariate Analysis, 69, 380 Mutilation, 220, 230, 380 Mutism, 280, 282, 380 Myelin, 380 Myocardial infarction, 346, 357, 378, 380, 390 Myocardium, 344, 378, 380 N Naloxone, 380 Naltrexone, 12, 26, 27, 80, 118, 122, 123, 128, 158, 160, 163, 380 Narcolepsy, 359, 378, 380 Narcotic, 375, 379, 380 Nausea, 229, 345, 346, 380 NCI, 1, 215, 303, 380

Index 415

Neonatal, 12, 67, 79, 124, 372, 380 Neopterin, 149, 163, 380 Nerve Growth Factor, 381, 382 Nervous System, 31, 48, 158, 218, 276, 341, 342, 343, 347, 351, 353, 354, 359, 361, 364, 366, 367, 368, 375, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 386, 388, 396, 400, 404 Nervous System Diseases, 158, 381 Networks, 58, 192, 194, 381 Neural Pathways, 31, 381 Neuroanatomy, 30, 44, 50, 59, 375, 381 Neurobehavioral Manifestations, 350, 360, 381 Neurodegenerative Diseases, 31, 348, 381 Neurofibrils, 46, 381 Neurofilaments, 381 Neuroleptic, 14, 345, 353, 381 Neurologic, 5, 14, 30, 32, 60, 327, 350, 381 Neuroma, 281, 282, 381 Neuromuscular, 341, 381 Neuromuscular Junction, 341, 381 Neuronal, 20, 24, 32, 52, 54, 58, 60, 118, 381 Neurons, 31, 35, 41, 45, 46, 54, 56, 67, 354, 358, 364, 366, 374, 381, 400, 405 Neuropeptide, 49, 382 Neuropharmacology, 47, 65, 382 Neurophysiology, 15, 26, 27, 47, 54, 59, 170, 359, 382 Neuropsychological Tests, 40, 382 Neuropsychology, 33, 44, 50, 53, 72, 73, 110, 140, 382 Neurosis, 370, 382 Neurotoxic, 31, 382 Neurotoxicity, 32, 359, 382 Neurotrophins, 124, 153, 382 Neutrons, 343, 382, 391 Neutrophils, 368, 374, 382, 387 Niacin, 382, 403 Nitric Oxide, 130, 382 Nitrogen, 343, 344, 365, 368, 382, 403 Nonverbal Communication, 9, 15, 34, 62, 237, 270, 280, 286, 318, 320, 322, 355, 383, 391 Norepinephrine, 226, 342, 361, 382, 383 Nuclear, 348, 364, 373, 375, 383, 401 Nuclei, 55, 56, 343, 344, 354, 364, 376, 379, 382, 383, 390, 394, 395, 405 Nucleic acid, 221, 231, 358, 367, 371, 382, 383 Nutritional Status, 158, 383

O Obsession, 149, 355, 383 Obsessive Behavior, 284, 287, 383 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 80, 224, 383 Occipital Lobe, 171, 383 Occupational Therapy, 5, 24, 246, 247, 325, 383 Odour, 346, 383 Oligoelement, 158, 383 Opacity, 358, 383 Operon, 383, 393 Ophthalmology, 365, 383 Opiate, 12, 26, 220, 230, 363, 379, 380, 383, 384 Opioid Peptides, 26, 361, 384 Opium, 379, 383, 384 Oral Health, 6, 384 Oral Manifestations, 4, 384 Osmotic, 384, 396 Osteodystrophy, 121, 384 Otolaryngologist, 6, 384 Otolaryngology, 5, 384 Outpatient, 28, 69, 384 Ovarian Cysts, 69, 384 Ovary, 21, 22, 384 Ovum, 367, 384, 389, 406 Oxidation, 341, 345, 375, 384 Oxidative Stress, 32, 384 Oxytocin, 59, 129, 384 P Palate, 353, 384, 399 Palliative, 384, 401 Pancreas, 341, 353, 360, 372, 384, 385, 395, 398, 403 Pancreatic, 353, 385 Pancreatic Juice, 353, 385 Parietal, 23, 54, 345, 385, 398 Parietal Lobe, 345, 385, 398 Parity, 13, 385 Patch, 385, 403 Pathogenesis, 32, 48, 60, 145, 159, 223, 385 Pathologic, 341, 346, 357, 370, 385 Pathologic Processes, 346, 385 Pathophysiology, 27, 30, 58, 82, 112, 160, 179, 385 Patient Care Team, 286, 385 Patient Education, 317, 334, 336, 340, 385 Pedigree, 45, 385 Penicillin, 344, 385 Pepsin, 385, 395

416 Autism

Peptide, 22, 49, 61, 220, 230, 343, 363, 384, 385, 389, 390 Peptide Fragments, 220, 230, 385 Perception, 35, 39, 40, 43, 92, 110, 121, 193, 204, 272, 358, 369, 385, 395 Perfusion, 79, 385 Perinatal, 12, 130, 163, 196, 372, 385 Periodontal disease, 10, 385 Peripheral blood, 48, 386 Peripheral Nervous System, 381, 382, 386, 398, 399 Phallic, 365, 386 Phantom, 29, 386 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 367, 386, 397 Pharmacokinetic, 22, 386 Pharmacologic, 11, 27, 142, 344, 386, 402 Pharmacotherapy, 85, 109, 139, 162, 386 Pharynx, 386, 404 Phenotype, 18, 19, 20, 23, 30, 32, 33, 45, 46, 52, 53, 76, 88, 131, 134, 151, 348, 386 Phenyl, 218, 386 Phenylacetate, 226, 386 Phenylalanine, 386, 404 Phenylbutyrate, 226, 386 Phobias, 284, 386 Phospholipases, 386, 396 Phospholipids, 231, 365, 372, 377, 386 Phosphorus, 350, 386 Phosphorylation, 41, 386 Physical Examination, 209, 367, 386 Physiologic, 27, 342, 361, 387, 392, 400 Physiology, 40, 57, 173, 341, 348, 362, 382, 387 Pilot Projects, 36, 387 Pilot study, 7, 92, 94, 161, 165, 173, 175, 177, 212, 387 Pitch, 95, 130, 387, 406 Placebo Effect, 61, 387 Plants, 343, 350, 352, 353, 354, 367, 368, 379, 383, 387, 402 Plasma, 95, 118, 130, 131, 163, 164, 221, 224, 345, 351, 366, 369, 387, 396 Plasma cells, 345, 387 Plasma protein, 387, 396 Plasticity, 38, 52, 387 Platelet Activating Factor, 32, 387 Platelet Activation, 387, 396 Platelet Aggregation, 344, 382, 387 Platelet Count, 69, 387 Platelets, 382, 387 Pneumonia, 356, 387

Poisoning, 364, 373, 378, 380, 387 Polyethylene, 388, 400 Polyethylene Glycols, 388, 400 Polymerase, 388, 393 Polymorphic, 16, 358, 388 Polymorphism, 98, 221, 231, 388 Polytherapy, 45, 388 Pons, 350, 388 Posterior, 23, 25, 44, 55, 344, 347, 351, 361, 364, 373, 383, 384, 388, 398 Postnatal, 388, 399 Postsynaptic, 41, 388, 396, 400 Post-traumatic, 350, 388 Postural, 388, 399 Potentiation, 353, 388, 396 Practicability, 388, 403 Practice Guidelines, 308, 323, 388 Precipitating Factors, 351, 388 Precursor, 341, 352, 361, 362, 363, 374, 381, 383, 386, 389, 403, 404, 405 Predisposition, 28, 31, 48, 233, 234, 389 Preeclampsia, 13, 389 Prefrontal Cortex, 90, 389 Pregnancy Tests, 367, 389 Prenatal, 12, 23, 164, 171, 362, 389 Presynaptic, 382, 389, 400 Prevalence, 8, 14, 56, 66, 73, 81, 113, 132, 145, 184, 192, 222, 231, 290, 291, 317, 389 Probe, 67, 389 Problem Solving, 65, 204, 327, 389 Programmed Instruction, 356, 389 Progression, 201, 344, 389 Progressive, 23, 56, 63, 179, 200, 351, 368, 381, 387, 389 Projection, 55, 383, 389, 393 Prolactin, 350, 389 Prolapse, 13, 389 Promoter, 98, 140, 389 Pro-Opiomelanocortin, 384, 389 Prophase, 349, 389, 400 Prophylaxis, 390, 404 Propranolol, 65, 390 Prospective study, 23, 32, 126, 375, 390 Protease, 231, 390 Protein S, 52, 268, 349, 367, 390, 394 Proteinuria, 389, 390 Proteolytic, 355, 363, 390 Protocol, 10, 33, 63, 221, 390 Protons, 343, 370, 373, 376, 390, 391 Proxy, 17, 390 Psychic, 375, 377, 382, 390, 395 Psychoactive, 69, 132, 390, 406

Index 417

Psychoanalysis, 225, 390 Psychomotor, 21, 381, 390 Psychopathology, 78, 87, 88, 93, 100, 107, 124, 176, 245, 391 Psychopharmacology, 35, 61, 63, 69, 104, 126, 132, 138, 153, 164, 177, 225, 280, 391 Psychophysiology, 175, 382, 391 Psychosis, 28, 159, 228, 229, 244, 254, 269, 345, 346, 367, 391 Psychotherapy, 254, 257, 391, 392 Psychotomimetic, 343, 359, 391 Psychotropic, 184, 280, 391 Puberty, 24, 244, 263, 391 Public Health, 32, 44, 47, 77, 307, 308, 391 Public Policy, 305, 391 Public Relations, 40, 318, 391 Pulse, 379, 391 Pyridoxal, 391, 403 Q Quality of Life, 37, 192, 197, 391 R Race, 134, 361, 379, 391 Racemic, 361, 391 Radiation, 57, 344, 347, 361, 362, 363, 366, 373, 386, 391, 392, 394, 406 Radiation therapy, 361, 391 Radioactive, 56, 347, 349, 370, 371, 373, 375, 383, 391, 392, 394 Radiography, 367, 392 Radioisotope, 392, 402 Random Allocation, 392 Randomization, 33, 392 Randomized, 12, 61, 63, 64, 69, 136, 159, 205, 211, 214, 362, 392 Randomized clinical trial, 64, 392 Reaction Time, 97, 131, 392 Reality Testing, 391, 392 Reassurance, 120, 370, 392 Receptors, Growth Factor, 27, 392 Receptors, Serotonin, 392, 396 Recombination, 20, 367, 392 Rectal, 392, 400 Rectum, 346, 349, 354, 360, 366, 372, 374, 392 Recurrence, 115, 213, 349, 376, 392 Red Nucleus, 347, 393 Refer, 1, 237, 277, 350, 355, 360, 365, 366, 375, 381, 382, 383, 391, 393, 405 Reflex, 218, 365, 393 Refraction, 393, 398 Refractory, 45, 393 Regimen, 211, 353, 362, 386, 387, 393

Registries, 307, 393 Reinforcement Schedule, 144, 393 Relapse, 64, 393 Reliability, 53, 64, 393 Remission, 349, 376, 392, 393 Repressor, 60, 383, 393 Research Design, 69, 328, 393 Resection, 45, 393 Respiration, 350, 379, 393 Respiratory distress syndrome, 13, 393 Retching, 229, 393 Retina, 393, 394 Retinal, 360, 393 Retinoid, 234, 394 Retrospective, 7, 151, 190, 394 Riboflavin, 158, 394 Ribose, 341, 394 Ribosome, 394, 403 Rickets, 394, 406 Risk factor, 28, 98, 107, 113, 130, 318, 323, 351, 363, 390, 394 Risperidone, 63, 64, 68, 128, 137, 138, 153, 165, 213, 292, 394 Robotics, 22, 394 Rubella, 70, 71, 72, 75, 92, 118, 119, 126, 181, 199, 220, 230, 239, 255, 394 S Saliva, 26, 394 Salivary, 26, 360, 394 Salivary glands, 360, 394 Scans, 24, 33, 36, 58, 291, 394 Scatter, 386, 395 Schizoid, 243, 268, 395, 406 Schizophrenia, 17, 18, 27, 49, 53, 59, 105, 136, 159, 163, 177, 185, 228, 251, 269, 346, 394, 395, 406 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 359, 395, 406 Sclerosis, 380, 395 Secretion, 145, 223, 350, 365, 369, 373, 374, 378, 380, 395 Secretory, 395, 400 Sedimentation, 395, 404 Segmentation, 29, 50, 57, 395 Segregation, 392, 395 Seizures, 13, 20, 45, 55, 69, 151, 158, 212, 219, 228, 395 Self-Help Groups, 282, 395 Self-Injurious Behavior, 7, 26, 67, 69, 213, 395 Semantics, 93, 395 Semicircular canal, 372, 395

418 Autism

Semisynthetic, 350, 395 Septal, 345, 375, 395 Septal Nuclei, 345, 375, 395 Sequencing, 54, 66, 396, 400 Sequester, 396, 400 Serine, 353, 396, 403 Serum, 33, 45, 110, 344, 355, 370, 396, 404 Serum Albumin, 110, 396 Sex Characteristics, 342, 344, 391, 396 Sheltered Workshops, 362, 396 Shock, 106, 362, 396, 403 Side effect, 37, 39, 64, 69, 209, 213, 297, 299, 342, 346, 349, 361, 396, 402 Sign Language, 10, 274, 278, 396 Signal Transduction, 37, 126, 372, 396 Signs and Symptoms, 50, 393, 397 Skeletal, 344, 353, 370, 397, 398 Skeleton, 373, 397 Skull, 357, 397, 401 Small intestine, 361, 369, 370, 373, 397, 403 Smooth muscle, 344, 369, 379, 397, 398, 399 Sociability, 21, 27, 397 Social Behavior, 24, 35, 59, 70, 84, 117, 125, 160, 175, 176, 195, 197, 200, 241, 262, 397 Social Environment, 391, 397 Social Medicine, 28, 397 Social Perception, 280, 397 Social Responsibility, 294, 397 Social Support, 106, 199, 397 Social Work, 236, 281, 397 Socialization, 9, 23, 226, 233, 241, 259, 263, 271, 278, 280, 281, 321, 397 Sodium, 37, 141, 159, 225, 226, 232, 397, 404 Sodium Benzoate, 226, 397 Sodium Channels, 397, 405 Software Design, 274, 397 Solvent, 360, 368, 384, 397 Soma, 398 Somatic, 18, 32, 45, 342, 357, 375, 377, 379, 386, 389, 398, 404 Somatosensory Cortex, 34, 59, 398 Somatostatin, 74, 398 Sound wave, 356, 398 Spasm, 357, 369, 398 Spasmodic, 282, 398 Spatial disorientation, 360, 398 Specialist, 164, 330, 398 Species, 59, 354, 364, 377, 379, 391, 397, 398, 399, 400, 403, 406 Specificity, 30, 48, 140, 142, 174, 342, 398

Spectroscopic, 172, 376, 398 Sperm, 344, 353, 398, 404 Spike, 20, 398 Spinal cord, 341, 347, 350, 351, 352, 377, 381, 386, 393, 398 Sporadic, 60, 381, 398 Stabilization, 41, 63, 64, 223, 398 Staging, 394, 398 Statistically significant, 13, 16, 399 Stem Cells, 60, 399 Stereotyped Behavior, 6, 12, 57, 202, 399 Stereotypy, 17, 54, 220, 230, 399 Steroid, 357, 399 Stimulant, 212, 343, 359, 369, 378, 399 Stomach, 341, 360, 364, 366, 369, 380, 385, 386, 395, 397, 399 Stomatitis, 10, 399 Striate, 37, 399 Striatum, 36, 399 Stroke, 215, 304, 316, 320, 321, 325, 399 Subacute, 372, 399 Subclinical, 372, 395, 399 Subiculum, 369, 399 Subspecies, 398, 399 Substance P, 378, 395, 399 Substrate, 25, 37, 399, 404 Support group, 9, 27, 237, 281, 282, 399 Suppository, 222, 225, 232, 388, 400 Suppression, 34, 59, 71, 223, 400 Symbiosis, 177, 400 Sympathomimetic, 343, 359, 361, 364, 383, 400, 404 Symptomatology, 7, 27, 43, 44, 46, 162, 400 Synapse, 342, 381, 389, 400, 403 Synapsis, 400 Synaptic, 20, 41, 52, 58, 210, 382, 396, 400 Synaptic Membranes, 41, 400 Synaptic Transmission, 210, 400 Synaptic Vesicles, 20, 400 Synchrony, 10, 190, 272, 400 Syncytium, 367, 400 Synergistic, 61, 389, 400 Systemic, 48, 298, 349, 364, 372, 373, 387, 392, 399, 400, 403 Systolic, 368, 370, 400 T Tachycardia, 218, 365, 401 Telecommunications, 401 Telemedicine, 20, 40, 401 Telencephalon, 348, 352, 401 Temporal, 23, 55, 190, 344, 347, 369, 377, 393, 401

Index 419

Temporal Lobe, 55, 344, 347, 401 Teratogens, 46, 401 Thalamic, 135, 347, 364, 401 Thalamic Diseases, 347, 401 Thalamus, 30, 359, 364, 375, 389, 401 Thalidomide, 162, 401 Therapeutics, 137, 298, 379, 401 Thermal, 360, 382, 401 Thiamine, 165, 222, 401 Thimerosal, 70, 74, 146, 290, 401 Third Ventricle, 364, 370, 401 Thorax, 401, 404 Thrombocytopenia, 387, 401 Thrombosis, 390, 399, 401 Thymus, 371, 376, 402 Thyroid, 370, 402, 404 Tin, 358, 402 Tinnitus, 282, 402, 405 Toilet Training, 113, 266, 402 Tomography, 30, 44, 116, 177, 356, 376, 394, 402 Tonal, 34, 59, 402 Tone, 29, 280, 368, 370, 402 Tonicity, 362, 402 Tonus, 402 Topical, 347, 360, 401, 402 Toxaemia, 389, 402 Toxic, iv, 31, 224, 234, 361, 363, 371, 402 Toxicity, 361, 378, 402 Toxicology, 31, 117, 306, 402 Toxins, 48, 345, 372, 402 Trace element, 158, 402 Tracer, 29, 402 Transaminase, 101, 149, 402 Transcription Factors, 45, 403 Transcutaneous, 26, 403 Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation, 26, 403 Transdermal, 165, 180, 222, 225, 232, 403 Transduction, 396, 403 Transfection, 22, 349, 403 Transfer Factor, 371, 403 Translating, 53, 403 Translation, 42, 62, 343, 403 Translational, 19, 42, 403 Translocation, 144, 403 Transmitter, 68, 341, 347, 361, 364, 373, 377, 383, 400, 403, 404 Transplantation, 371, 376, 403 Trauma, 13, 350, 403 Treatment Outcome, 197, 211, 403 Trinucleotide Repeats, 102, 403

Trophic, 392, 403 Trypsin, 220, 230, 353, 363, 403, 406 Tryptophan, 29, 354, 396, 403 Tuberous Sclerosis, 45, 124, 143, 160, 314, 315, 403 Tubulin, 52, 404 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 32, 401, 404 Tyramine, 379, 404 Tyrosine, 41, 361, 404 U Ultrasonography, 367, 404 Unconscious, 370, 404 Urethra, 404 Urinary, 61, 149, 163, 353, 404, 406 Urinate, 402, 404 Urine, 82, 88, 109, 160, 161, 220, 221, 225, 230, 233, 283, 349, 357, 390, 394, 404 Uterine Contraction, 384, 404 Uterus, 352, 357, 404 V Vaccination, 70, 71, 72, 75, 92, 118, 119, 120, 291, 404 Vagina, 404 Vaginal, 13, 400, 404 Vagus Nerve, 218, 404 Valproic Acid, 32, 46, 162, 164, 404 Vascular, 359, 363, 368, 372, 382, 405 Vasodilator, 224, 350, 361, 369, 405 Vein, 373, 383, 405 Venous, 387, 390, 405 Venous blood, 387, 405 Ventricle, 344, 369, 391, 400, 401, 405 Ventricular, 400, 405 Vestibular, 282, 405 Vestibule, 354, 372, 395, 405 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 354, 402, 405 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 402, 405 Veterinary Medicine, 305, 405 Vinblastine, 404, 405 Vincristine, 404, 405 Viral, 48, 234, 367, 380, 403, 405 Virus, 32, 79, 367, 394, 403, 405 Visceral, 347, 357, 375, 404, 405 Visceral Afferents, 347, 404, 405 Visual Perception, 43, 405 Vitamin A, 160, 372, 394, 405 Vitamin D, 158, 394, 405 Vitro, 406 Vivo, 30, 406 Voice Disorders, 282, 406

420 Autism

W White blood cell, 345, 368, 374, 376, 387, 406 Withdrawal, 158, 243, 268, 327, 328, 406 Wound Healing, 351, 406 X Xanthine, 226, 233, 406

Xenograft, 344, 406 X-ray, 356, 383, 391, 395, 406 Y Yeasts, 366, 386, 406 Z Zygote, 356, 406 Zymogen, 353, 406

Index 421

422 Autism

Index 423

424 Autism