Arthroscopy - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

ARTHROSCOPY A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N...

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ARTHROSCOPY A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Arthroscopy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00094-6 1. Arthroscopy-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on arthroscopy. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ARTHROSCOPY .......................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Arthroscopy................................................................................... 5 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ARTHROSCOPY ................................................................................ 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Finding Nutrition Studies on Arthroscopy ................................................................................. 53 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 54 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ARTHROSCOPY.......................................................... 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 57 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 62 General References ....................................................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON ARTHROSCOPY ...................................................................................... 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Patents on Arthroscopy................................................................................................................ 63 Patent Applications on Arthroscopy............................................................................................ 87 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 89 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON ARTHROSCOPY .......................................................................................... 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 91 Chapters on Arthroscopy ............................................................................................................. 92 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ARTHROSCOPY ............................................................ 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 95 Academic Periodicals covering Arthroscopy................................................................................ 96 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 101 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 103 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 105 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 107 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 111 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 113 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 113 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 113 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 113 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 113 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 119 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 120 ARTHROSCOPY DICTIONARY................................................................................................ 123 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 151

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with arthroscopy is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about arthroscopy, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to arthroscopy, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on arthroscopy. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to arthroscopy, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on arthroscopy. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ARTHROSCOPY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on arthroscopy.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and arthroscopy, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “arthroscopy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Temporomandibular Joint Arthroscopy: A 6-Year Multicenter Retrospective Study of 4,831 Joints Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Volume 50: 926-930. 1992. Summary: This article reports the results of a 6-year multicenter study of data on the results of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) arthroscopic surgical procedures on 4,831 temporomandibular joints. Four health outcomes (range of motion, pain, diet, and disability) were measured in six diagnostic categories: internal derangement with closed lock; internal derangement with painful click; osteoarthritis; hypermobility; fibrous ankylosis; and arthralgia. Results showed that, after arthroscopic surgery, 91.6 percent of all patients had good or excellent motion; 91.3 percent had good or excellent pain reduction; 90.6 percent had good or excellent ability to maintain a normal diet; and 92 percent had a good or excellent reduction in disability. These outcomes compare

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favorably with all other known treatments for these conditions; also, the surgical technique was relatively free of complications (4.4 percent had complications). 8 tables. 13 references. (AA-M). •

Arthroscopy for Arthritic Joints Source: Women's Health Digest. 2(2):132-133; 1996. Summary: This journal article for individuals with arthritis focuses on the use of arthroscopy to diagnose and treat arthritis. Conservative measures to control pain that should be used before arthroscopy is performed are identified. The procedures involved in knee arthroscopy are used to illustrate the general procedures involved in performing arthroscopy. The complications and advantages of arthroscopic surgery are also highlighted. 3 references and 2 figures.

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Hip Arthroscopy in Athletes Source: Clinics in Sports Medicine. 20(4): 749-761. October 2001. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on a prospective study of hip arthroscopy in athletes. From a population of 263 consecutive patients undergoing hip arthroscopy, 42 patients were identified as athletic. The hip was initially diagnosed as the source of symptoms in 17 cases. Twenty five cases were treated for an average of 7 months before the hip was recognized as the source of pathology. The three most common diagnoses were labral tear, articular damage, and rupture of the ligamentum teres. Average age at surgery was 29 years. There was 100 percent follow up at an average of 26 months. The average improvement was 35 points from a preoperative value of 57 to 92 postoperatively. Thirty nine patients demonstrated greater than 10 points of improvement. Younger patients tended to do better. With regard to level of sport, collegiate, elite, and professional athletes had a higher baseline Harris Hip Score. There was no correlation with duration of symptoms. With regard to onset of symptoms, the traumatic group seemed to fare better than the acute, which was slightly better than the insidious group. There was no correlation with center edge angle. With regard to diagnosis, impinging osteophytes, loose bodies, and ruptured ligamentum teres fared best. Comparable results were seen in both chondral and labral pathology. On average, the greatest improvement was noted within the first month with maximal improvement achieved by 3 months. Intraarticular injuries may be elusive to investigative studies and require an index of suspicion. With proper selection, these patients may respond quite well to arthroscopic intervention. 10 figures, 8 tables, and 20 references. (AA-M).

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Hip Arthroscopy Source: Clinics in Sports Medicine. 20(4): I-xii,647-863. October 2001. Summary: This journal provides health professionals with information on hip arthroscopy. The journal begins with an article that discusses the etiology and diagnosis of hip pain in both the child and adult athlete. This is followed by an article that describes imaging modalities used in the work up of hip pain, including plain radiography, nuclear scintigraphy, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and MRI arthrography. This article also presents the imaging features of common hip disorders such as osteoarthritis, osteonecrosis, trauma, stress fractures, labral and ligamentum teres injury, transient osteoporosis, transient bone marrow edema, snapping iliopsoas tendon syndrome, bursitis, and septic arthritis. The focus of the next article is on the procedure used to establish portals for hip arthroscopy. The fourth

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article discusses the indications, extra articular and intraarticular anatomy, and technical aspects of performing hip arthroscopy in the supine position. This is followed by an article that describes the lateral approach to hip arthroscopy. The next article presents a study on hip arthroscopy in athletes. The focus of the seventh article is on hip arthroscopy in the adolescent and pediatric athlete. This is followed by an article that discusses the clinical presentation, injury mechanisms, classification, and treatment of acetabular labral tears in the athlete. The next article discusses injury to the ligamentum teres, focusing on the classification and mechanism of injury to the ligamentum teres, indications for treatment, and treatment options. The tenth article examines lateral impact injury as a source of occult hip pathology and presents four case examples that illustrate a clinical entity, generic physical findings, the variable nature of the diagnostic work up, and a consistent pattern of arthroscopic findings. The next article examines the role of arthroscopic thermal capsular shrinkage in the hip and its specific indications. This is followed by an article on complications of hip arthroscopy. The final article discusses rehabilitation of the hip and presents a rehabilitation protocol. Numerous figures, 18 tables, and numerous references.

Federally Funded Research on Arthroscopy The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to arthroscopy. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to arthroscopy. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore arthroscopy. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for arthroscopy: •

Project Title: A VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT FOR ARTHROSCOPY SIMULATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Reinig, Karl D.; Touch of Life Technologies, Inc. 12635 E Montview Blvd, Ste 123 Aurora, Co 80010 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 08-MAY-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Arthroscopic surgery is one of the most commonly performed operations in the US. As in all surgical specialties, the bulk of the surgeon?s arthroscopic skills are acquired while working on live patients. Today?s climate of contained healthcare costs, patient rights, and associated litigation has created a strong demand to find alternatives to using patients for practicing medical procedures. A simulator reproducing the look and feel of real joint anatomy could be used to impart a significant portion of these skills with instructor-controlled curriculum, unprecedented

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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procedure feedback, and no patient risk. Touch of Life Technologies is developing Virtual Anatomy (VA), based on color photographs of high-resolution cryosectioned human specimens. VA models have significantly higher-resolution than is currently available using any other existing technology. Yet, because they are polygonally based, they may be displayed both haptically and graphically in real-time using inexpensive and widely available graphics hardware. This SBIR will demonstrate the efficacy of high-resolution VA and apply it to produce a realistic arthroscopy simulator. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: The simulator will be marketed to train and test orthopedic residents and fellows, upgrade the skills of practicing surgeons, and provide an objective foundation for certification and credentialing. It will also provide a platform for orthopedic tool and device makers to introduce and to train doctors on their new developments. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MRI T2 MAPPING OF CARTILAGE FOR DIAGNOSIS OF EARLY OA Principal Investigator & Institution: Mosher, Timothy J.; Radiology; Pennsylvania State Univ Hershey Med Ctr 500 University Drive Hershey, Pa 170332390 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Verbatim from the Applicant's Abstract): The long-term objective of this research is to understand the natural history of early osteoarthritis (OA), and cartilage aging to improve diagnosis, treatment, and management of patients with rheumatic disease. The goal of this project is to develop and validate a reproducible, quantitative, imaging technique that is sensitive to structural changes in the extracellular matrix that precede the loss of articular cartilage. This proposal is based on the hypothesis that the increase in cartilage water content, and permeability, and loss of tissue anisotropy, known to occur with early degeneration; will increase the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRt T2 of cartilage. Therefore, a quantitative measurement of cartilage T2 will provide a sensitive noninvasive marker of early cartilage damage. This study will address the following specific aims: Specific Aim 1: Develop and validate methods for obtaining and analyzing quantitative MRI T2 maps of human knees. Specific Aim 2: Test the hypothesis that compression of articular cartilage results in a measurable decrease in T2 values of superficial cartilage. Specific Aim 3: Validate the technique in patient with potential cartilage damage by determining inter- and intra reader reliability and correlating results of cartilage T2-mapping with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) Osteoarthritis Index, and quantitative arthroscopic evaluation. Measurement of cartilage T2 provides a unique opportunity to observe early m about structural changes of the extracellular matrix, and monitor these changes over time. In this proposal we will develop, validate, and refine the methodology needed to obtain reproducible quantitative T2 maps of human knees. At the conclusion of this project we will have 1) developed and tested methods for data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation, 2) Evaluated the effect of body habitus and activity on cartilage T2, and 3) Validated T2 mapping with OA symptoms, and arthroscopy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: THE EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON PROGRESSION OF KNEE OA Principal Investigator & Institution: Concoff, Andrew L.; Internal Medicine; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006

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Summary: (Taken from the applicants abstract): In order to gain the requisite skills to design and conduct clinical investigations regarding the interrelationship between exercise and osteoarthritis (OA), this application proposes that a physician with formal Rheumatology and Sports Medicine fellowship training engage in a five-year program of combining didactic lectures in Clinical Investigation with the conduction of an arthroscopically-based trial of the effect of exercise on the progression of knee OA. Specific emphasis will be placed upon the development of new outcome measures, large scale trial methodology and management, in addition to statistical data analysis. The proposed research study will investigate whether a weight-resistance exercise intervention yields slower progression of knee OA than a control group that receives only education regarding self-management techniques in knee osteoarthritis. A novel, arthroscopic outcome measure that assesses cartilage damage and synovial inflammation, the American College of Rheumatology Knee Arthroscopy Osteoarthritis Scale (ACR/KAOS), will serve as the primary outcome measure. A blinded observer trained in arthroscopy will score videotapes of arthroscopies performed on each patient prior to and following the assigned intervention using the ACR/KAOS. The rate of progression according to the ACR/KAOS will then be compared between those randomized to the exercise and education groups. The sensitivity to change of the ACR/KAOS will be compared to that of the gold-standard for knee OA disease progression, semiflexed (MTP) plain radiographs of the knee. The short-term goal will be to complete the courses required to achieve a Masters of Science degree in Clinical Investigation. The goals of this didactic portion of the program will be to gain knowledge of biostatistics, epidemiology, study design, and a detailed understanding of the moral and legal limitations to the inclusion of human subjects in clinical studies. In order to achieve this goal, the first year of the proposed plan would include participation in classes in the UCLA School of Public Health. Approximately 50% of the first year will be devoted to these classes, with the remaining 50% devoted to the conduction of the trial. This research plan will provide the training required to establish the principal investigator as an independent researcher in osteoarthritis. The long-term goal of the plan is to systematically apply the state of the art, aggressive training methods from sports medicine to those afflicted with OA and to monitor the impact through the use of comprehensive rheumatologic outcomes. Eventually, optimal exercise regimens will be sought for both primary and secondary prevention of OA at various joints and stages. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. 3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with arthroscopy, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “arthroscopy” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for arthroscopy (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A benefit of the volar approach for wrist arthroscopy. Author(s): Abe Y, Doi K, Hattori Y, Ikeda K, Dhawan V. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2003 April; 19(4): 440-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12671629

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A comparison of intraarticular morphine and bupivacaine for pain control after outpatient knee arthroscopy. A prospective, randomized, double-blinded study. Author(s): Jaureguito JW, Wilcox JF, Cohn SJ, Thisted RA, Reider B. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1995 May-June; 23(3): 350-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7661266

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A comparison of psoas compartment block and spinal and general anesthesia for outpatient knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Jankowski CJ, Hebl JR, Stuart MJ, Rock MG, Pagnano MW, Beighley CM, Schroeder DR, Horlocker TT. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 October; 97(4): 1003-9, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14500148

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A comparison of two regional anesthetic techniques for outpatient knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Pollock JE, Mulroy MF, Bent E, Polissar NL. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 August; 97(2): 397-401, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12873924

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A correlation between knee cartilage degradation observed by arthroscopy and synovial proteinases activities. Author(s): Marini S, Fasciglione GF, Monteleone G, Maiotti M, Tarantino U, Coletta M. Source: Clinical Biochemistry. 2003 June; 36(4): 295-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12810159

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A critical appraisal of quantitative arthroscopy as an outcome measure in osteoarthritis of the knee. Author(s): Oakley SP, Lassere MN. Source: Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2003 October; 33(2): 83-105. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14625817

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A prospective audit of knee arthroscopy: a study of the accuracy of clinical diagnosis and therapeutic value of 325 knee arthroscopies. Author(s): Lawson GM, Nutton RW. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1995 April; 40(2): 135-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7776277

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An aiming guide for anterior portal placement in hip arthroscopy. Author(s): Ilizaliturri VM Jr, Valero FS, Chaidez PA, Aguilera JM. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2003 November; 19(9): E13-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14608338

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Analgesia following day-case knee arthroscopy--the effect of piroxicam with or without bupivacaine infiltration. Author(s): Morrow BC, Milligan KR, Murthy BV. Source: Anaesthesia. 1995 May; 50(5): 461-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7793557

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Anesthesia for outpatient knee arthroscopy: is there an optimal technique? Author(s): Horlocker TT, Hebl JR. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2003 January-February; 28(1): 58-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12567346

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Ankle arthroscopy in industrial injuries of the ankle. Author(s): Hall RL, Shereff MJ, Stone J, Guhl JF. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1995 April; 11(2): 127-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7794422

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Ankle arthroscopy in the lateral decubitus position. Author(s): Harbach GP, Stewart JD, Lambert EW, Anderson C. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 2003 August; 24(8): 597-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12956564

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Ankle arthroscopy. Author(s): Sandmeier RH, Renstrom PA. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 1995 April; 5(2): 64-70. Review. Erratum In: Scand J Med Sci Sports 1995 October; 5(5): 313. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7606512

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Arthroscopy for knee osteoarthritis. Author(s): Maravic M, Landais P. Source: Joint, Bone, Spine : Revue Du Rhumatisme. 2003 December; 70(6): 404-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14667547

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Arthroscopy for osteoarthrosis of the knee is seldom necessary. Author(s): Santavirta S. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 2003 February; 74(1): 4-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12635785

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Arthroscopy of the hip. Author(s): Grontvedt T, Engebretsen L. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 1995 February; 5(1): 7-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7882131

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Arthroscopy of the shoulder. Author(s): Altchek DW. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 1995 April; 5(2): 71-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7606513

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Arthroscopy of the temporomandibular joint: technique and operative images. Author(s): White RD. Source: Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2003 September; 11(2): 129-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14552050

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Arthroscopy-assisted reduction and percutaneous fixation of a multiple glenoid fracture. Author(s): Gigante A, Marinelli M, Verdenelli A, Lupetti E, Greco F. Source: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the Esska. 2003 March; 11(2): 112-5. Epub 2003 January 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12664204

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Assessment of progression in knee osteoarthritis: results of a 1 year study comparing arthroscopy and MRI. Author(s): Pessis E, Drape JL, Ravaud P, Chevrot A, Dougados M, Ayral X. Source: Osteoarthritis and Cartilage / Oars, Osteoarthritis Research Society. 2003 May; 11(5): 361-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12744942

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Bandage distraction technique for ankle arthroscopy. Author(s): Takao M, Ochi M, Shu N, Naito K, Matsusaki M, Tobita M, Kawasaki K. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 1999 June; 20(6): 389-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10395343

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Basics of elbow arthroscopy. Author(s): Lyons TR, Field LD, Savoie FH 3rd. Source: Instr Course Lect. 2000; 49: 239-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10829179

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Beneficial impact of epidural anesthesia on recovery after outpatient arthroscopy. Author(s): Parnass SM, McCarthy RJ, Bach BR Jr, Corey ER, Hasson S, Werling MA, Ivankovich AD. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1993; 9(1): 91-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8442839

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Blastomycosis of the knee and skull after arthroscopy. Author(s): Yocum J, Seligson D. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1991 November-December; 19(6): 6702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1781511

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Blood levels of bupivacaine after arthroscopy of the knee joint. Author(s): Wasudev G, Smith BE, Limbird TJ. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1990; 6(1): 40-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2310449

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Bupivacaine use after knee arthroscopy: pharmacokinetics and pain control study. Author(s): Kaeding CC, Hill JA, Katz J, Benson L. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1990; 6(1): 33-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2310448

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Cardiac arrest after interscalene brachial plexus block in the sitting position for shoulder arthroscopy: a case report. Author(s): Turker G, Demirag B, Ozturk C, Uckunkaya N. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 2004 February; 70(1): 84-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15055325

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Chronic persistent knee pain after repeated diagnostic arthroscopy: osteoid osteoma, a primarily overlooked diagnosis in a young woman. Author(s): Kornberg A, Stangl M, Scheele J, Hammer C. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2001 May; 121(5): 291-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11409562

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Clinical controversies in oral and maxillofacial surgery: surgical arthroscopy (part 1) or arthroscopic lysis and lavage (part 2) as the preferred treatment for internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint. Author(s): Tarro AW. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 2001 August; 59(8): 962-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11474469

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Coaxial portals for posterior ankle arthroscopy: An anatomic study with clinical correlation on 29 patients. Author(s): Acevedo JI, Busch MT, Ganey TM, Hutton WC, Ogden JA. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2000 November; 16(8): 836-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11078540

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Combined intra-articular glucocorticoid, bupivacaine and morphine reduces pain and convalescence after diagnostic knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Rasmussen S, Lorentzen JS, Larsen AS, Thomsen ST, Kehlet H. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 2002 April; 73(2): 175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12079015

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Comparing the efficacy of postoperative pain relief with the use of intra-articular morphine versus Marcaine (bupivacaine) following arthroscopy of the knee. Author(s): Singelyn MJ. Source: Am J Orthop. 1995 March; 24(3): 214. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7773664

Studies

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Comparison of morphine and ropivacaine following knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Franceschi F, Rizzello G, Cataldo R, Denaro V. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2001 May; 17(5): 477-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11337713

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Comparison of two regional anesthetic techniques for knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Bonicalzi V, Gallino M. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1995 April; 11(2): 207-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7794434

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Complications in foot and ankle arthroscopy. Author(s): Ferkel RD, Small HN, Gittins JE. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2001 October; (391): 89-104. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11603693

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Complications of arthroscopy of the knee. Author(s): Muir L. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2003 August; 85(6): 932; Author Reply 932-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12931823

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Complications of arthroscopy of the knee. Author(s): Allum R. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2002 September; 84(7): 937-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12358382

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Complications of elbow arthroscopy. Author(s): Kelly EW, Morrey BF, O'Driscoll SW. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2001 January; 83-A(1): 25-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11205854

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Complications of hip arthroscopy. Author(s): Sampson TG. Source: Clinics in Sports Medicine. 2001 October; 20(4): 831-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11675890

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Complications of knee arthroscopy performed by rheumatologists. Author(s): Wollaston S, Brion P, Kumar A, Klashman D, Kalunian K. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2001 August; 28(8): 1871-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11508593

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Complications of wrist arthroscopy and how to prevent them. Author(s): Warhold LG, Ruth RM. Source: Hand Clin. 1995 February; 11(1): 81-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7751335

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Contrast medium in power Doppler ultrasound for assessment of synovial vascularity: comparison with arthroscopy. Author(s): Fiocco U, Ferro F, Cozzi L, Vezzu M, Sfriso P, Checchetto C, Bianchi FC, Nardacchione R, Piccoli A, Todesco S, Rubaltelli L. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003 October; 30(10): 2170-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14528513

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Contribution of arthroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging to the evaluation of painful knee osteoarthritis. Author(s): Boyer T, Daumen-Legre V. Source: Joint, Bone, Spine : Revue Du Rhumatisme. 2000; 67(6): 504-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11195312

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Controversial topics in shoulder arthroscopy. Author(s): Ruotolo C, Nottage WM, Flatow EL, Gross RM, Fanton GS. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2002 February; 18(2 Suppl 1): 65-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11828347

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Conus medullaris injury due to herniated disk and intraoperative positioning for arthroscopy. Author(s): Brower RS, Herkowitz HN, Weissman ML. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders. 1995 April; 8(2): 163-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7606125

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Cryotherapy: an effective modality for decreasing intraarticular temperature after knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Martin SS, Spindler KP, Tarter JW, Detwiler K, Petersen HA. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2001 May-June; 29(3): 288-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11394596

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Damage to cobalt-chromium surfaces during arthroscopy of total knee replacements. Author(s): Raab GE, Jobe CM, Williams PA, Dai QG. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2001 January; 83-A(1): 46-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11205858

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Day case arthroscopy and arthroscopic surgery of the knee. Author(s): Mowbray MJ, Milligan KA. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1988 May; 70(3): 185. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3408179

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Debridement arthroscopy. 10-year followup. Author(s): McGinley BJ, Cushner FD, Scott WN. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1999 October; (367): 190-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10546614

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Decrease in minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane during anaesthesia and arthroscopy. Author(s): Higuchi H, Adachi Y. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2002 August; 19(8): 600-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12200951

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Degenerative arthritis arthroscopy and research. Author(s): Poehling GG. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2002 September; 18(7): 683-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12209424

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Diagnosis and treatment of ankle pain with the use of arthroscopy. Author(s): Seeber PW, Staschiak VJ. Source: Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2002 October; 19(4): 509-17, Vi. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12471858

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Diagnosis of a tear of the tibiofibular syndesmosis. The role of arthroscopy of the ankle. Author(s): Takao M, Ochi M, Oae K, Naito K, Uchio Y. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2003 April; 85(3): 324-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12729102

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Diagnosis of the painful hip by magnetic resonance imaging and arthroscopy. Author(s): Edwards DJ, Lomas D, Villar RN. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1995 May; 77(3): 374-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7744918

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Diagnostic accuracy of TMJ arthroscopy in correlation to histological findings. Author(s): Carls FR, von Hochstetter A, Makek M, Engelke W. Source: Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery : Official Publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. 1995 April; 23(2): 75-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7790511

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Diagnostic and therapeutic arthroscopy of the hip in children and adolescents: evaluation of results. Author(s): Schindler A, Lechevallier JJ, Rao NS, Bowen JR. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 1995 May-June; 15(3): 317-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7790487

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Diagnostic arthroscopy of the knee joint: comparison of the accuracy of physical examination, contrast arthrography and arthroscopy. Author(s): Clevers GJ, de Vries LS, Haarman HJ. Source: Neth J Surg. 1988 June; 40(4): 104-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3217027

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Diagnostic arthroscopy of the temporomandibular joint. Part II. Arthroscopic findings of arthrographically diagnosed disk displacements. Author(s): Blaustein D, Heffez L. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1988 February; 65(2): 135-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3422716

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Diagnostic arthroscopy: indications and interpretation of findings. Author(s): Sennwald G. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2001 June; 26(3): 241-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11386776

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Diagnostic imaging and arthroscopy for wrist pain. Author(s): Dennison D, Weiss AP. Source: Hand Clin. 1999 August; 15(3): 415-21, Vii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10451816

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Diclofenac premedication but not intra-articular ropivacaine alleviates pain following day-case knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Rautoma P, Santanen U, Avela R, Luurila H, Perhoniemi V, Erkola O. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2000 March; 47(3): 220-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10730731

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Distraction in the lateral position in elbow arthroscopy. Author(s): Takahashi T, Iai H, Hirose D, Handa N, Yamamoto H. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2000 March; 16(2): 221-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10705338

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Does cryotherapy affect intraarticular temperature after knee arthroscopy? Author(s): Martin SS, Spindler KP, Tarter JW, Detwiler KB. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2002 July; (400): 184-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12072761

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Drill hole position in endoscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Results of an advanced arthroscopy course. Author(s): Kohn D, Busche T, Carls J. Source: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the Esska. 1998; 6 Suppl 1: S13-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9608457

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Driving reaction time after right knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Hau R, Csongvay S, Bartlett J. Source: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the Esska. 2000; 8(2): 89-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10795670

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Dynamic assessment of shoulder and patellofemoral pathology using limited-volume gas arthroscopy. Author(s): Struhl S. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1998 July-August; 14(5): 546-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9681554

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Early experience and validation work with Procedicus VA--the Prosolvia virtual reality shoulder arthroscopy trainer. Author(s): Smith S, Wan A, Taffinder N, Read S, Emery R, Darzi A. Source: Stud Health Technol Inform. 1999; 62: 337-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10538383

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Early knee arthritis. The role of arthroscopy: beneficial or placebo? Author(s): Scott WN, Clarke HD. Source: Orthopedics. 2003 September; 26(9): 943-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14503758

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Effective pain relief from intra-articular saline with or without morphine 2 mg in patients with moderate-to-severe pain after knee arthroscopy: a randomized, doubleblind controlled clinical study. Author(s): Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A, Grevbo F, Reikeras O, Breivik H. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2003 July; 47(6): 732-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12803592

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Effectiveness of MR imaging in selection of patients for arthroscopy of the knee. Author(s): Vincken PW, ter Braak BP, van Erkell AR, de Rooy TP, Mallens WM, Post W, Bloem JL. Source: Radiology. 2002 June; 223(3): 739-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12034943

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Effects of adding epinephrine plus fentanyl to low-dose lidocaine for spinal anesthesia in outpatient knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Turker G, UCkunkaya N, Yilmazlar A, Demirag B, Tokat O. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2003 September; 47(8): 986-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12904191

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Effects of epinephrine in local anesthetic mixtures on hemodynamics and view quality during knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Karaoglu S, Dogru K, Kabak S, Inan M, Halici M. Source: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the Esska. 2002 July; 10(4): 226-8. Epub 2001 November 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12172716

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Effects of intrathecal fentanyl on duration of bupivacaine spinal blockade for outpatient knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Roussel JR, Heindel L. Source: Aana Journal. 1999 August; 67(4): 337-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10497456

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Elbow arthroscopy for neglected osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum. Author(s): Byrd JW, Elrod BF, Jones KS. Source: J South Orthop Assoc. 2001 Spring; 10(1): 12-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12132837

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Elbow arthroscopy in the pediatric and adolescent population. Author(s): Micheli LJ, Luke AC, Mintzer CM, Waters PM. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2001 September; 17(7): 694-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11536087

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Elbow arthroscopy in trauma and reconstruction. Author(s): Moskal MJ, Savoie FH 3rd, Field LD. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 1999 January; 30(1): 163-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9882733

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Elbow arthroscopy: basic setup and treatment of arthritis. Author(s): Ramsey ML. Source: Instr Course Lect. 2002; 51: 69-72. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12064149

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Electrocardiographic artifacts during shoulder arthroscopy using a pressurecontrolled irrigation pump. Author(s): Toyoyama H, Kariya N, Toyoda Y. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2000 April; 90(4): 856-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10735788

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Emphysema of the knee and thigh following excessive use of the Mitek vaporizer during arthroscopy of the knee. Author(s): Logan AJ, Roy S, Wilson C. Source: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine. 2002 May; 12(3): 182-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12011727

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Endogenous cortisol production in response to knee arthroscopy and total knee arthroplasty. Author(s): Leopold SS, Casnellie MT, Warme WJ, Dougherty PJ, Wingo ST, Shott S. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2003 November; 85A(11): 2163-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14630847

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Eugen Bircher (1882-1956) the first knee surgeon to use diagnostic arthroscopy. Author(s): Kieser CW, Jackson RW. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2003 September; 19(7): 771-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12966386

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Evaluation of a virtual reality simulator for arthroscopy skills development. Author(s): Pedowitz RA, Esch J, Snyder S. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2002 July-August; 18(6): E29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12098111

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Evaluation of disease progression during nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug treatment: imaging by arthroscopy. Author(s): Dougados M. Source: Osteoarthritis and Cartilage / Oars, Osteoarthritis Research Society. 1999 May; 7(3): 345-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10329326

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Evolution of temporomandibular joint arthroscopy. "Current status". Author(s): Levin SN, Ryan DE. Source: Wis Dent Assoc J. 1994 November-December; 70(6): 36-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9563347

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Extensive subcutaneous emphysema following arthroscopy: a case report. Author(s): Deshmukh NV, Shah MM. Source: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the Esska. 2002 March; 10(2): 119-21. Epub 2002 January 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11914770

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Extraarticular pigmented villonodular synovitis: a cause for failed knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Chin KR, Brick GW. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2002 November; (404): 330-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12439277

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Facial pain treated by temporomandibular joint arthroscopy and styloidectomy: report of case. Author(s): Forman D, Jaffe J. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1990 March; 120(3): 324. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2312950

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Fast three-dimensional MR imaging of the knee: comparison with arthroscopy. Author(s): Tyrrell RL, Gluckert K, Pathria M, Modic MT. Source: Radiology. 1988 March; 166(3): 865-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3340786

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Fatal air embolism during arthroscopy. Author(s): Gruenwald JM. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1990 September; 72(5): 929. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2211791

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Fatal pulmonary embolism after knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Navarro-Sanz A, Fernandez-Ortega JF. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2004 March; 32(2): 525-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14977685

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Fatal pulmonary embolus after knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Rozencwaig R, Shilt JS, Ochsner JL Jr. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1996 April; 12(2): 240-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8777005

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Fat-suppressed three-dimensional spoiled gradient-echo MR imaging of hyaline cartilage defects in the knee: comparison with standard MR imaging and arthroscopy. Author(s): Disler DG, McCauley TR, Kelman CG, Fuchs MD, Ratner LM, Wirth CR, Hospodar PP. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1996 July; 167(1): 127-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8659356

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Fibrous scar in the infrapatellar fat pad after arthroscopy: MR imaging. Author(s): Tang G, Niitsu M, Ikeda K, Endo H, Itai Y. Source: Radiat Med. 2000 January-February; 18(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10852649

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Findings at arthroscopy and arthrography in knee injuries. Author(s): Gillquist J, Hagberg G. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1978 August; 49(4): 398-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=696282

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Fire during arthroscopy--an unusual complication. Author(s): Sadat-Ali M, Al-Habdan I, Marwah S. Source: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the Esska. 1995; 3(3): 178-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8821275

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First year's experience of day-case arthroscopy in diagnosis and management of disorders of the knee joint. Author(s): Older J, Cardoso T. Source: Lancet. 1983 July 30; 2(8344): 264-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6135087

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Fluid delivery systems for arthroscopy. Author(s): Morgan CD. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1987; 3(4): 288-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3318856

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Fluid pump systems for arthroscopy: a comparison of pressure control versus pressure and flow control. Author(s): Ogilvie-Harris DJ, Weisleder L. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1995 October; 11(5): 591-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8534302

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Fluorescein arthroscopy--an assessment of the technique. Author(s): Duguid KP, Dixey J, Brewerton DA. Source: The Journal of Audiovisual Media in Medicine. 1987 April; 10(2): 45-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3429771

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Foot injuries and arthroscopy in sport. Author(s): Jaivin JS. Source: Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 2000 January; 29(1): 65-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10688284

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Foreign body retrieval: a complication of TMJ arthroscopy. Report of a case. Author(s): McCain JP, de la Rua H. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1989 November; 47(11): 1221-5; Discussion 1228-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2809837

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Fracture of polyethylene of patellar component in total knee arthroplasty, diagnosed by arthroscopy. Author(s): Wasilewski SA, Frankl U. Source: The Journal of Arthroplasty. 1989; 4 Suppl: S19-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2584983

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Fracture of polyethylene tibial component in total knee arthroplasty diagnosed by arthroscopy. Author(s): Havel PE, Giddings JC. Source: Orthopedics. 1994 April; 17(4): 357-8; Discussion 358-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8015990

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Frozen shoulder: arthroscopy and manipulation under general anesthesia and early passive motion. Author(s): Andersen NH, Sojbjerg JO, Johannsen HV, Sneppen O. Source: Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery / American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons. [et Al.]. 1998 May-June; 7(3): 218-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9658345

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Glenohumeral chondrolysis after shoulder arthroscopy: case reports and review of the literature. Author(s): Petty DH, Jazrawi LM, Estrada LS, Andrews JR. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2004 March; 32(2): 509-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14977682

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Good and relative indications for elbow arthroscopy. A retrospective study on 103 patients. Author(s): Jerosch J, Schroder M, Schneider T. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 1998; 117(4-5): 246-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9581252

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Hip arthroscopy for osteochondral loose body removal after a posterior hip dislocation. Author(s): Svoboda SJ, Williams DM, Murphy KP. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2003 September; 19(7): 777-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12966387

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Hip arthroscopy in athletes. Author(s): Byrd JW. Source: Instr Course Lect. 2003; 52: 701-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12690895

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Hip arthroscopy in athletes. Author(s): Byrd JW, Jones KS. Source: Clinics in Sports Medicine. 2001 October; 20(4): 749-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11675884

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Hip arthroscopy in hereditary multiple exostoses: A new perspective of treatment. Author(s): Bonnomet F, Clavert P, Abidine FZ, Gicquel P, Clavert JM, Kempf JF. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2001 November-December; 17(9): E40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11694944

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Hip arthroscopy in osteoarthritis. A review of 68 patients. Author(s): Helenius I, Tanskanen P, Haapala J, Niskanen R, Remes V, Mokka R, Korkala O. Source: Ann Chir Gynaecol. 2001; 90(1): 28-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11336365

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Hip arthroscopy in staging avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Author(s): Sekiya JK, Ruch DS, Hunter DM, Pope TL Jr, Koman LA, Poehling GG, Russell GB. Source: J South Orthop Assoc. 2000 Winter; 9(4): 254-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12141188

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Hip arthroscopy in the adolescent and pediatric athlete. Author(s): Berend KR, Vail TP. Source: Clinics in Sports Medicine. 2001 October; 20(4): 763-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11675885

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Hip arthroscopy in the pediatric population. Author(s): DeAngelis NA, Busconi BD. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2003 January; (406): 60-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12579000

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Hip arthroscopy in the presence of dysplasia. Author(s): Byrd JW, Jones KS. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2003 December; 19(10): 1055-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14673446

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Hip arthroscopy without traction: In vivo anatomy of the peripheral hip joint cavity. Author(s): Dienst M, Godde S, Seil R, Hammer D, Kohn D. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2001 November-December; 17(9): 924-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11694923

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Hip arthroscopy. The lateral approach. Author(s): Glick JM. Source: Clinics in Sports Medicine. 2001 October; 20(4): 733-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11675883

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Hip arthroscopy. The supine position. Author(s): Byrd JW. Source: Clinics in Sports Medicine. 2001 October; 20(4): 703-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11675882

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Hip arthroscopy: a unique inferomedial approach to bullet removal. Author(s): Teloken MA, Schmietd I, Tomlinson DP. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2002 April; 18(4): E21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11951189

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Hip arthroscopy: complications in 1054 cases. Author(s): Clarke MT, Arora A, Villar RN. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2003 January; (406): 84-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12579004

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Hip arthroscopy: current indications, treatment options, and management issues. Author(s): Kelly BT, Williams RJ 3rd, Philippon MJ. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2003 November-December; 31(6): 1020-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14623676

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Hip arthroscopy: patient assessment and indications. Author(s): Byrd JW. Source: Instr Course Lect. 2003; 52: 711-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12690896

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Hip arthroscopy: surgical approach, positioning, and distraction. Author(s): Mason JB, McCarthy JC, O'Donnell J, Barsoum W, Mayor MB, Busconi BD, Krebs VE, Owens BD. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2003 January; (406): 29-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12578997

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Hip arthroscopy: the supine position. Author(s): Byrd JW. Source: Instr Course Lect. 2003; 52: 721-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12690897

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Hip arthroscopy: when it is and when it is not indicated. Author(s): McCarthy JC. Source: Instr Course Lect. 2004; 53: 615-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15116651

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History of arthroscopy. Author(s): Maric D, Garces G, Martinez A, Petkovic L. Source: Med Pregl. 2002 January-February; 55(1-2): 51-6. English, Croatian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12037940

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Identification of the saphenous nerve at arthroscopy. Author(s): Kelly M, Macnicol MF. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2003 May-June; 19(5): E46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12724670

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Immunohistological indication for arthroscopic synovectomy in rheumatoid knees: analysis of synovial samples obtained by needle arthroscopy. Author(s): Tanaka N, Sakahashi H, Sato E, Ishii S. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2002 February; 21(1): 46-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11954885

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In vivo physiological changes in the synovial membrane of the knee during reperfusion after arthroscopy. A study using the microdialysis technique. Author(s): Fellander-Tsai L, Hogberg E, Wredmark T, Arner P. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2002 November; 84(8): 1194-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12463670

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Incidence, natural history and risk factors of deep vein thrombosis in elective knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Delis KT, Hunt N, Strachan RK, Nicolaides AN. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2001 September; 86(3): 817-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11583313

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Indirect signs of anterior cruciate ligament injury on SPET: comparison with MRI and arthroscopy. Author(s): Chung HW, Kim YH, Hong SH, Kim SS, Chung JK, Seong SC, Kang HS. Source: Nuclear Medicine Communications. 2000 July; 21(7): 651-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10994669

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Infection following knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Wind WM, McGrath BE, Mindell ER. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2001 October; 17(8): 878-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11600988

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Inhalation anaesthesia is cost-effective for ambulatory surgery: a clinical comparison with propofol during elective knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Dolk A, Cannerfelt R, Anderson RE, Jakobsson J. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2002 February; 19(2): 88-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11999607

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Interobserver variations in intra-articular evaluation during arthroscopy of the knee. Author(s): Javed A, Siddique M, Vaghela M, Hui AC. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2002 January; 84(1): 48-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11838444

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Intra-articular foreign body after arthroscopy. Author(s): Oldenburg M, Mueller RT. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2003 November; 19(9): 1012-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14608323

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Intra-articular morphine and postoperative analgesia after knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Drosos GI, Vlachonikolis IG, Papoutsidakis AN, Gavalas NS, Anthopoulos G. Source: The Knee. 2002 December; 9(4): 335-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12424044

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Intra-articular morphine, ropivacaine, and morphine/ropivacaine for pain control after arthroscopy: preliminary observation. Author(s): Doss NW, Splain SH, Crimi T, Michael R, Abadir AR, Gintautas J. Source: Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 2001; 44: 195-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11793981

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Intra-articular ropivacaine injection does not alleviate pain after day-case knee arthroscopy performed under spinal anaesthesia. Author(s): Santanen U, Rautoma P, Luurila H, Erkola O. Source: Ann Chir Gynaecol. 2001; 90(1): 47-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11336370

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Intraarticular sufentanil administration facilitates recovery after day-case knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Vranken JH, Vissers KC, de Jongh R, Heylen R. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 March; 92(3): 625-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11226089

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Intraoperative small-dose ketamine enhances analgesia after outpatient knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Menigaux C, Guignard B, Fletcher D, Sessler DI, Dupont X, Chauvin M. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 September; 93(3): 606-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11524327

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Intra-synovial, compared to intra-articular morphine provides better pain relief following knee arthroscopy menisectomy. Author(s): Kligman M, Bruskin A, Sckliamser J, Vered R, Roffman M. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2002 April; 49(4): 380-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11927477

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Intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine 3 mg + fentanyl 10 microg for outpatient knee arthroscopy with tourniquet. Author(s): Korhonen AM, Valanne JV, Jokela RM, Ravaska P, Korttila K. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2003 March; 47(3): 342-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12648202

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Intrathecal ropivacaine and clonidine for ambulatory knee arthroscopy: a doseresponse study. Author(s): De Kock M, Gautier P, Fanard L, Hody JL, Lavand'homme P. Source: Anesthesiology. 2001 April; 94(4): 574-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11379675

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Is bilateral knee arthroscopy suitable as a day-case procedure? Author(s): Kulkarni A, Brooks S, Pynsent PB. Source: The Knee. 2003 September; 10(3): 287-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12893152

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Is diagnostic arthroscopy of the hip worthwhile? Author(s): Chell J, Flowers MJ. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2000 March; 82(2): 306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10755447

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Is tourniquet use necessary for knee arthroscopy? Author(s): Johnson DS, Stewart H, Hirst P, Harper NJ. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2000 September; 16(6): 648-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10976127

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Joint infection as a complication of temporomandibular joint arthroscopy: a case report. Author(s): McCain JP, Zabiegalski NA, Levine RL. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1993 December; 51(12): 1389-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8229421

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Knee arthroscopy after yttrium or osmic acid injection. Author(s): Guaydier-Souquieres C, Beguin J, Ollivier D, Loyau G. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1989; 5(1): 70-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2706055

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Knee arthroscopy and arthrotomy under local anesthesia. Author(s): Kirkeby OJ, Aase S. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1987 April; 58(2): 133-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3604628

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Knee arthroscopy and local anesthesia. Author(s): Farr J. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1991; 7(4): 416. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1755894

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Knee arthroscopy and venous blood flow in the lower leg. Author(s): Sperber A, Jogestrand T, Wredmark T. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1996 December; 67(6): 553-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9065065

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Knee arthroscopy for the non-orthopaedist. Author(s): Fullerton LR Jr. Source: J Med Assoc Ga. 1986 November; 75(11): 664-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3805921

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Knee arthroscopy in a case of ochronotic arthropathy. Author(s): Tudisco C, Mariani PP, D'Arrigo C. Source: Ital J Orthop Traumatol. 1992; 18(1): 107-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1399524

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Knee arthroscopy in children and adolescents. Author(s): Saciri V, Pavlovcic V, Zupanc O, Baebler B. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. Part B / European Paediatric Orthopaedic Society, Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America. 2001 October; 10(4): 311-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11727374

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Knee arthroscopy in Chinese children and adolescents: an eight-year prospective study. Author(s): Maffulli N, Chan KM, Bundoc RC, Cheng JC. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1997 February; 13(1): 18-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9043600

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Knee arthroscopy in local versus general anaesthesia. The incidence of rearthroscopy. Author(s): Forssblad M, Weidenhielm L. Source: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the Esska. 1999; 7(5): 323-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10525703

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Knee arthroscopy in the day surgery unit. Author(s): Hamilton MA, el-Behesey B. Source: Hosp Med. 2000 April; 61(4): 292. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10858817

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Knee arthroscopy in the office. Author(s): Michalska M. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1997 March 15; 32(3): 179-82, 184, 190. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9078979

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Knee arthroscopy under local anaesthesia: results and evaluation of patients' satisfaction. Author(s): Iossifidis A. Source: Injury. 1996 January; 27(1): 43-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8746316

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Knee arthroscopy using local anesthesia. Author(s): Hultin J, Hamberg P, Stenstrom A. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1992; 8(2): 239-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1637439

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Knee arthroscopy using local anesthetic. Author(s): Yoshiya S, Kurosaka M, Hirohata K, Andrish JT. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1988; 4(2): 86-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3395422

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Knee arthroscopy using regional nerve blockade. Author(s): Anapolle DM, Badach M, McInerney VK, Umanoff M, Ghobadi F. Source: Orthop Rev. 1994 May; 23(5): 449-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8041580

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Knee arthroscopy with the use of local anesthesia--an increased risk for repeat arthroscopy? A prospective, randomized study with a six-month follow-up. Author(s): Jacobson E, Forssblad M, Weidenhielm L, Renstrom P. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2002 January-February; 30(1): 61-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11798998

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Knee arthroscopy: a cost analysis of general and local anesthesia. Author(s): Trieshmann HW Jr. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1996 February; 12(1): 60-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8838730

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Knee joint arthroscopy in the morbidly obese. Author(s): Berg EE. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1998 April; 14(3): 321-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9586980

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Knee pain, swelling, and effusion after arthroscopy. Author(s): Bhagat B, Ahmed M, Lovelanet M, Berger B. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1996 January 15; 31(1): 48. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8595989

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Knee-joint arthroscopy--early complications. Author(s): Collins JJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1989 June 19; 150(12): 702-3, 706. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2733618

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Lack of efficacy of intra-articular opioids for analgesia after day-case arthroscopy. Author(s): Wrench IJ, Taylor P, Hobbs GJ. Source: Anaesthesia. 1996 October; 51(10): 920-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8984864

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Laser arthroscopy of the temporomandibular joint. Author(s): Gerard N, Hendler BH. Source: Compend Contin Educ Dent. 1995 April; 16(4): 350, 352-4; Quiz 356. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8935004

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Laser arthroscopy. Author(s): Sherk HH, Lane GJ, Black JD. Source: Orthop Rev. 1992 September; 21(9): 1077-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1437258

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Laser-assisted wrist arthroscopy. Author(s): Nagle DJ. Source: Hand Clin. 1999 August; 15(3): 495-9, Ix. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10451826

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Late follow-up results of operative ankle arthroscopy in patients under local anaesthesia. Author(s): Valentin A, Winge S, Stark A, Eriksson E. Source: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the Esska. 1994; 2(4): 250-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8536051

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Late rupture of extensor pollicis longus after wrist arthroscopy. Author(s): Fortems Y, Mawhinney I, Lawrence T, Trial IA, Stanley JK. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1995 June; 11(3): 322-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7632309

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Lateral traction during shoulder arthroscopy: its effect on tissue perfusion measured by pulse oximetry. Author(s): Hennrikus WL, Mapes RC, Bratton MW, Lapoint JM. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1995 July-August; 23(4): 444-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7573654

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Lesion of the common peroneal nerve during arthroscopy. Author(s): Krivic A, Stanec S, Zic R, Budi S, Milanovic R, Stanec Z. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2003 November; 19(9): 1015-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14608324

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Lessons learned after second-look arthroscopy in type III fractures of the tibial spine. Author(s): McLennan JG. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 1995 January-February; 15(1): 59-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7883929

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Life-threatening airway edema resulting from prolonged shoulder arthroscopy. Author(s): Orebaugh SL. Source: Anesthesiology. 2003 December; 99(6): 1456-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14639165

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Local anesthesia for knee arthroscopy. Efficacy and cost benefits. Author(s): Shapiro MS, Safran MR, Crockett H, Finerman GA. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1995 January-February; 23(1): 50-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7726350

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Local anesthesia in outpatient knee arthroscopy: a comparison of efficacy and cost. Author(s): Lintner S, Shawen S, Lohnes J, Levy A, Garrett W. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1996 August; 12(4): 482-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8864008

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Local or general anaesthetic in day case arthroscopy? Author(s): Fairclough JA, Graham GP, Pemberton D. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1990 March; 72(2): 104-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2334091

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Local subcutaneous atrophy following arthroscopy of the TMJ. Author(s): Goldberg JS, Julian JB, Dachille R. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1989 September; 47(9): 986-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2760733

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Long-term evaluation following temporomandibular joint arthroscopy with lysis and lavage. Author(s): Sorel B, Piecuch JF. Source: International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2000 August; 29(4): 25963. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11030395

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Long-term results of elbow arthroscopy in 67 patients. Author(s): Schneider T, Hoffstetter I, Fink B, Jerosch J. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 1994; 60(4): 378-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7847086

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Loose bodies in the temporomandibular joint. The advantages of arthroscopy. Author(s): Carls FR, von Hochstetter A, Engelke W, Sailer HF. Source: Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery : Official Publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. 1995 August; 23(4): 215-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7560106

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Low-dose intra-articular ketorolac for pain relief following arthroscopy of the knee joint. Author(s): Convery PN, Milligan KR, Quinn P, Scott K, Clarke RC. Source: Anaesthesia. 1998 November; 53(11): 1125-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10023285

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Low-dose intra-articular morphine analgesia in day case knee arthroscopy: a randomized double-blinded prospective study. Author(s): Dalsgaard J, Felsby S, Juelsgaard P, Froekjaer J. Source: Pain. 1994 February; 56(2): 151-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8008405

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Lymphocele of the thigh: a complication following tourniquet application in arthroscopy. Author(s): Owen TD, Ameen MI. Source: Injury. 1993 July; 24(6): 421-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8406752

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Magnetic resonance arthrography in recurrent anterior shoulder instability as compared to arthroscopy: a prospective comparative study. Author(s): Parmar H, Jhankaria B, Maheshwari M, Singrakhia M, Shanbag S, Chawla A, Deshpande S. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2002 October-December; 48(4): 270-3; Discussion 273-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12571381

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Magnetic resonance imaging as a screening procedure to avoid arthroscopy for meniscal tears. Author(s): Elvenes J, Jerome CP, Reikeras O, Johansen O. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2000; 120(1-2): 14-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10653097

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Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation after re-notchplasty at second-look arthroscopy. Author(s): Kanamiya T, Hara M, Naito M. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2002 July-August; 18(6): 584-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12098118

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Management of glenohumeral arthritis: a role for arthroscopy? Author(s): Bishop JY, Flatow EL. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 2003 October; 34(4): 559-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14984195

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Management of knee arthroscopy portals. Author(s): Hussein R, Southgate GW. Source: The Knee. 2001 December; 8(4): 329-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11706698

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Massive intraperitoneal and extraperitoneal accumulation of irrigation fluid as a complication during knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Romero J, Smit CM, Zanetti M. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1998 May-June; 14(4): 401-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9620652

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Meniscal allografts: evaluation with magnetic resonance imaging and correlation with arthroscopy. Author(s): van Arkel ER, Goei R, de Ploeg I, de Boer HH. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2000 July-August; 16(5): 517-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10882448

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Metacarpophalangeal arthroscopy. Author(s): Rozmaryn LM, Wei N. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1999 April; 15(3): 333-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10231117

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Microcirculation associated with degenerative rotator cuff lesions. In vivo assessment with orthogonal polarization spectral imaging during arthroscopy of the shoulder. Author(s): Biberthaler P, Wiedemann E, Nerlich A, Kettler M, Mussack T, Deckelmann S, Mutschler W. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2003 March; 85-A(3): 475-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12637434

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Morphology of the axillary nerve in an anteroinferior shoulder arthroscopy portal. Author(s): Nassar JA, Wirth MA, Burkhart SS, Schenck RC Jr. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1997 October; 13(5): 600-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9343649

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Mortality of untreated deep vein thrombosis following knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Egermayer P. Source: Chest. 1999 February; 115(2): 604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10027474

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MR imaging before arthroscopy in knee joint disorders? Author(s): Rappeport ED, Mehta S, Wieslander SB, Lausten GS, Thomsen HS. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 1996 September; 37(5): 602-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8915260

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MR imaging before arthroscopy in knee joint disorders? Author(s): Smith HJ. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 1996 September; 37(5): 601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8915259

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MR imaging of the articular cartilage of the knee with arthroscopy as gold standard: assessment of methodological quality of clinical studies. Author(s): Duchateau F, Vande Berg BC. Source: European Radiology. 2002 December; 12(12): 2977-81. Epub 2002 August 02. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12439579

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MRI can prevent unnecessary arthroscopy. Author(s): Williams P. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1998 March; 80(2): 371. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9546482

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MRI can prevent unnecessary arthroscopy. Author(s): Schwarz MH. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1998 March; 80(2): 371. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9546481

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MRI can prevent unnecessary arthroscopy. Author(s): Bruun JV. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1998 March; 80(2): 371. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9546480

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MRI can prevent unnecessary arthroscopy. Author(s): Carmichael IW, MacLeod AM, Travlos J. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1997 July; 79(4): 624-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9250751

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MRI preferable to diagnostic arthroscopy in knee joint injuries. A double-blind comparison of 47 patients. Author(s): Rappeport ED, Wieslander SB, Stephensen S, Lausten GS, Thomsen HS. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1997 June; 68(3): 277-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9246993

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MRI versus arthroscopy in the diagnosis of scapholunate ligament injury. Author(s): Schadel-Hopfner M, Iwinska-Zelder J, Braus T, Bohringer G, Klose KJ, Gotzen L. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2001 February; 26(1): 17-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11162008

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Needle arthroscopy of the knee with synovial biopsy sampling: technical experience in 150 patients. Author(s): Baeten D, Van den Bosch F, Elewaut D, Stuer A, Veys EM, De Keyser F. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1999; 18(6): 434-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10638766

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Needle arthroscopy. Author(s): Reece R, Emery P. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1995 December; 34(12): 1102-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8608348

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Needle arthroscopy: a new frontier in rheumatology. Author(s): Panchal P, Barr WG. Source: Compr Ther. 1996 January; 22(1): 44-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8654024

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Negative knee arthroscopy: Is it really negative? Author(s): Hossain S, Sundar MS. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2001 July; 17(6): 620-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11447550

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Negative-pressure pulmonary edema: a complication of shoulder arthroscopy. Author(s): Langan P, Michaels R. Source: Am J Orthop. 1999 January; 28(1): 56-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10048363

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Neuroanatomy in elbow arthroscopy. Author(s): Miller CD, Jobe CM, Wright MH. Source: Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery / American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons. [et Al.]. 1995 May-June; 4(3): 168-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7552673

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Neurological complications due to arthroscopy. Author(s): Rodeo SA, Forster RA, Weiland AJ. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1993 June; 75(6): 91726. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8314834

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Neurological complications of ankle arthroscopy. Author(s): Ferkel RD, Heath DD, Guhl JF. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1996 April; 12(2): 200-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8776998

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Neurovascular complications of knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Kim TK, Savino RM, McFarland EG, Cosgarea AJ. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2002 July-August; 30(4): 619-29. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12130419

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New concepts (distraction) in ankle arthroscopy. Author(s): Guhl JF. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1988; 4(3): 160-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3166653

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No additional analgesic effect of intra-articular morphine or bupivacaine compared with placebo after elective knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Aasbo V, Raeder JC, Grogaard B, Roise O. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1996 May; 40(5): 585-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8792889

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Noninvasive distraction for ankle arthroscopy. Author(s): Cameron SE. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1997 June; 13(3): 366-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9195036

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Office arthroscopy of the shoulder. A diagnostic alternative. Author(s): Halbrecht JL, Wolf EM. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 1993 January; 24(1): 193-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8421612

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Office operative arthroscopy of the knee: technical considerations and a preliminary analysis of the first 100 patients. Author(s): Small NC, Glogau AI, Berezin MA, Farless BL. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1994 October; 10(5): 534-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7999162

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Office-based ankle arthroscopy. Author(s): Patton GW, Zelichowski JE. Source: Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 1994 July; 11(3): 513-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7954215

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Operative arthroscopy into the next century. Author(s): Miller GK. Source: Compr Ther. 1998 August; 24(8): 383-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9740984

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Operative arthroscopy. Author(s): Guhl JF. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1979 November-December; 7(6): 32835. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=583097

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Operative hip arthroscopy. Author(s): Kim SJ, Choi NH, Kim HJ. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1998 August; (353): 156-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9728170

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Osteoarthritis, the hazard of living longer: arthroscopy vs. conservative treatment. Author(s): Israeli A, Liebergal M, Friedman JB, Segal D. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1996 February; 32(2): 121-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8631648

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Outcome from day-case knee arthroscopy in a major teaching hospital. Author(s): Cardosa M, Rudkin GE, Osborne GA. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1994 December; 10(6): 624-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7880353

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Outpatient arthroscopy under local anesthesia. Author(s): Klein W, Schulitz KP. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 1980; 96(2): 131-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7377933

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Out-patient arthroscopy. Author(s): Pellacci F, Beluzzi R, Martini A. Source: Chir Organi Mov. 1996 April-June; 81(2): 165-72. Review. English, Italian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8968119

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Peroneal padding: an alternative to a peroneal post in hip arthroscopy. Author(s): Kong KF, Chien P, Wong JW, Yip DK. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2003 November; 19(9): 1027-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14608327

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Peroral tramadol premedication increases postoperative nausea and delays homereadiness in day-case knee arthroscopy patients. Author(s): Liukkonen K, Santanen U, Pere P, Erkola O, Rautoma P. Source: Scand J Surg. 2002; 91(4): 365-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12558088

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Photography for arthroscopy documentation. Author(s): Goldberg MH. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 1995 June; 79(6): 666-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7621020

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Pitfalls in wrist arthroscopy. Author(s): De Smet L. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 2002 October; 68(4): 325-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12415932

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Placement of the posteromedial portal in posterior ankle arthroscopy. Author(s): Lee TH, Berlet GC. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2003 January; 85-A(1): 164; Author Reply 164-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12533588

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Poor accuracy and interobserver reliability of knee arthroscopy measurements are improved by the use of variable angle elongated probes. Author(s): Oakley SP, Portek I, Szomor Z, Turnbull A, Murrell GA, Kirkham BW, Lassere MN. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2002 June; 61(6): 540-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12006330

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Posterior ankle arthroscopy: an anatomic study. Author(s): Sitler DF, Amendola A, Bailey CS, Thain LM, Spouge A. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2002 May; 84-A(5): 763-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12004018

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Pseudoaneurysm complicating knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Aldrich D, Anschuetz R, LoPresti C, Fumich M, Pitluk H, O'Brien W. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1995 April; 11(2): 229-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7794439

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Pseudoaneurysm complicating knee arthroscopy. A case report. Author(s): Audenaert E, Vuylsteke M, Lissens P, Verhelst M, Verdonk R. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 2003 August; 69(4): 382-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14526648

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Publication rates of presentations made at annual meetings of the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine and the Arthroscopy Association of North America. Author(s): Yoo S, Oh G, Wang JC. Source: Am J Orthop. 2002 June; 31(6): 367-9; Discussion 369. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12083592

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Quantitative microscopic analysis of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis synovial membrane samples selected at arthroscopy compared with samples obtained blindly by needle biopsy. Author(s): Youssef PP, Kraan M, Breedveld F, Bresnihan B, Cassidy N, Cunnane G, Emery P, Fitzgerald O, Kane D, Lindblad S, Reece R, Veale D, Tak PP. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1998 April; 41(4): 663-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9550475

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Randomized comparison of remifentanil-propofol with a sciatic-femoral nerve block for out-patient knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Casati A, Cappelleri G, Berti M, Fanelli G, Di Benedetto P, Torri G. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2002 February; 19(2): 109-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11999592

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Recovery characteristics using single-breath 8% sevoflurane or propofol for induction of anaesthesia in day-case arthroscopy patients. Author(s): Dashfield AK, Birt DJ, Thurlow J, Kestin IG, Langton JA. Source: Anaesthesia. 1998 November; 53(11): 1062-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10023274

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Reflex sympathetic dystrophy after arthroscopy. Author(s): Leitha T, Staudenherz A, Fialka V. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2000 December; 25(12): 1028-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11129140

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Regarding the article by F. Alan Barber, M.D., "Flipped Patellar Tendon Autograft Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction" (Arthroscopy 2000;16:483-490). Author(s): Firer P. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2001 April; 17(4): 435-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11288022

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Regional anaesthesia for outpatient knee arthroscopy: a randomized clinical comparison of two different anaesthetic techniques. Author(s): Casati A, Cappelleri G, Fanelli G, Borghi B, Anelati D, Berti M, Torri G. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2000 May; 44(5): 543-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10786739

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Regional anesthesia techniques for outpatient shoulder arthroscopy. Author(s): Mulroy MF. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1998 January; 86(1): 217-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9428885

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Results of rasping of meniscal tears with and without anterior cruciate ligament injury as evaluated by second-look arthroscopy. Author(s): Uchio Y, Ochi M, Adachi N, Kawasaki K, Iwasa J. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2003 May-June; 19(5): 463-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12724674

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Retrieval of an intact, intraarticular bullet by hip arthroscopy using the lateral approach. Author(s): Meyer NJ, Thiel B, Ninomiya JT. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. 2002 January; 16(1): 51-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11782635

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Retrograde interlocking intramedullary nailing under arthroscopy for supracondylar femoral fracture. Author(s): Sun Y, Hou X, Wang Y, Li H, Yu C. Source: Chinese Journal of Traumatology = Chung-Hua Ch'uang Shang Tsa Chih / Chinese Medical Association. 2001 August; 4(3): 143-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11835718

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Rheumatological arthroscopy or research arthroscopy in rheumatology? Author(s): Ayral X, Dougados M. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1998 October; 37(10): 1039-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9825740

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Scaphotrapezial joint arthroscopy: a palmar portal. Author(s): Bare J, Graham AJ, Tham SK. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2003 July; 28(4): 605-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12877847

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Second look arthroscopy after meniscal repair. Factors affecting the healing rate. Author(s): Kimura M, Shirakura K, Hasegawa A, Kobuna Y, Niijima M. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1995 May; (314): 185-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7634633

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Second-look arthroscopy after meniscal repair. Review of 132 menisci repaired by an arthroscopic inside-out technique. Author(s): Horibe S, Shino K, Nakata K, Maeda A, Nakamura N, Matsumoto N. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1995 March; 77(2): 245-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7706339

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Shivering after outpatient arthroscopy. Author(s): Gupta A. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1995 February; 80(2): 431-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7818146

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Simultaneous live video presentation during knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Tanaka M, Takahashi T, Yamamoto H. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Science : Official Journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. 2003; 8(4): 518-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12898303

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Subacromial and intra-articular morphine versus bupivacaine after shoulder arthroscopy. Author(s): Scoggin JF 3rd, Mayfield G, Awaya DJ, Pi M, Prentiss J, Takahashi J. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2002 May-June; 18(5): 464-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11987055

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Suggested guidelines for the practice of arthroscopic surgery. Committee on Ethics and Standards and the Board of Directors of the Arthroscopy Association of North America. Author(s): Committee on Ethics and Standards and the Board of Directors of the Arthroscopy Association of North America. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2003 July-August; 19(6): A24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12861213

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Surgical site infections after arthroscopy: Outbreak investigation and case control study. Author(s): Babcock HM, Carroll C, Matava M, L'ecuyer P, Fraser V. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2003 February; 19(2): 172-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12579150

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Survey of arthroscopy performed by rheumatologists. Author(s): Kane D, Veale DJ, FitzGerald O, Reece R. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2002 February; 41(2): 210-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11886972

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Symptomatic ring-shaped lateral meniscus: magnetic resonance imaging and arthroscopy. Author(s): Atay OA, Aydingoz U, Doral MN, Tetik O, Leblebicioglu G. Source: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the Esska. 2002 September; 10(5): 280-3. Epub 2002 May 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12355301

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The posteromedial portal in knee arthroscopy: an analysis of diagnostic and surgical utility. Author(s): Gold DL, Schaner PJ, Sapega AA. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1995 April; 11(2): 139-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7794424

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The role of arthroscopy in arthritis. "Ectomy" procedures. Author(s): Bain GI, Roth JH. Source: Hand Clin. 1995 February; 11(1): 51-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7751331

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The role of arthroscopy in chronic anterior shoulder dislocation: technique and early results. Author(s): Yanmis I, Komurcu M, Oguz E, Basbozkurt M, Gur E. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2003 December; 19(10): 1129-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14673456

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The role of arthroscopy in the treatment of intra-articular wrist fractures. Author(s): Whipple TL. Source: Hand Clin. 1995 February; 11(1): 13-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7751326

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The role of arthroscopy in the treatment of lunatotriquetral ligament injuries. Author(s): Osterman AL, Seidman GD. Source: Hand Clin. 1995 February; 11(1): 41-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7751330

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The role of arthroscopy in the treatment of scapholunate instability. Author(s): Whipple TL. Source: Hand Clin. 1995 February; 11(1): 37-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7751329

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The role of hip arthroscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of hip disease. Author(s): McCarthy JC, Busconi B. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1995 February; 38 Suppl 1: S13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7874623

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The use of a volar ulnar portal in wrist arthroscopy. Author(s): Slutsky DJ. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2004 February; 20(2): 158-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14760348

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Thermal injury during temporomandibular joint arthroscopy: a case report. Author(s): Segami N, Yamada T, Nishimura M. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 2004 April; 62(4): 508-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15085523

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Training in tasks with different visual-spatial components does not improve virtual arthroscopy performance. Author(s): Strom P, Kjellin A, Hedman L, Wredmark T, Fellander-Tsai L. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2004 January; 18(1): 115-20. Epub 2003 November 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14625735

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Ultrasonographic and magnetic resonance images of rotator cuff lesions compared with arthroscopy or open surgery findings. Author(s): Martin-Hervas C, Romero J, Navas-Acien A, Reboiras JJ, Munuera L. Source: Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery / American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons. [et Al.]. 2001 September-October; 10(5): 410-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11641696

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Unilateral bupivacaine spinal anesthesia for outpatient knee arthroscopy. Italian Study Group on Unilateral Spinal Anesthesia. Author(s): Fanelli G, Borghi B, Casati A, Bertini L, Montebugnoli M, Torri G. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2000 August; 47(8): 746-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10958090

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Unilateral spinal anesthesia or combined sciatic-femoral nerve block for day-case knee arthroscopy. A prospective, randomized comparison. Author(s): Cappelleri G, Casati A, Fanelli G, Borghi B, Anelati D, Berti M, Albertin A. Source: Minerva Anestesiol. 2000 March; 66(3): 131-6; Discussion 137. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10817002

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Unilateral spinal block for outpatient knee arthroscopy: a dose-finding study. Author(s): Borghi B, Stagni F, Bugamelli S, Paini MB, Nepoti ML, Montebugnoli M, Casati A. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2003 August; 15(5): 351-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14507560

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Unusual anomaly of the scapula defined by arthroscopy and computerized tomographic arthrography. Report of a case. Author(s): Callaghan JJ, York JJ, McNiesh LM, Gillogly SD. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1988 March; 70(3): 452-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3346273

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Unusual complication during knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Tommaso OD, Nistico A, Vitullo A. Source: Anaesthesia. 2004 March; 59(3): 305-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14984540

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Unusual complications of shoulder arthroscopy. Author(s): Mohammed KD, Hayes MG, Saies AD. Source: Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery / American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons. [et Al.]. 2000 July-August; 9(4): 350-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10979536

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Upper airway compression after arthroscopy of the temporomandibular joint. Author(s): Goudot P, Jaquinet AR, Richter M. Source: International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 1999 December; 28(6): 419-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10609741

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Urinary bladder scanning after day-case arthroscopy under spinal anaesthesia: comparison between lidocaine, ropivacaine, and levobupivacaine. Author(s): Breebaart MB, Vercauteren MP, Hoffmann VL, Adriaensen HA. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003 March; 90(3): 309-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12594142

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Use of intra-articular morphine for postoperative analgesia following TMJ arthroscopy. Author(s): Bryant CJ, Harrison SD, Hopper C, Harris M. Source: The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 1999 October; 37(5): 391-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10577754

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Validation and reproducibility of ultrasonography in the detection of synovitis in the knee: a comparison with arthroscopy and clinical examination. Author(s): Karim Z, Wakefield RJ, Quinn M, Conaghan PG, Brown AK, Veale DJ, O'Connor P, Reece R, Emery P. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2004 February; 50(2): 387-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14872480

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Value and limits of arthrography in the study of pathological mediopatellar plicae of the knee; a comparison with arthroscopy. Author(s): Laissy JP, Schouman-Claeys E, Lacombe P, Dupont JY, Halimi P, Frija G. Source: European Journal of Radiology. 1990 September-October; 11(2): 93-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2253645

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Variant petrotympanic fissure as possible cause of an otologic complication during TMJ arthroscopy. A case report. Author(s): Schickinger B, Gstoettner W, Cerny C, Kornfehl J. Source: International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 1998 February; 27(1): 179. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9506293

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Venous pseudoaneurysm as a complication of shoulder arthroscopy. Author(s): Cameron SE. Source: Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery / American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons. [et Al.]. 1996 September-October; 5(5): 404-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8933464

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Virtual arthroscopy -- a personal view. Author(s): Shakespeare D. Source: The Knee. 2002 May; 9(2): 149-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11950580

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Virtual arthroscopy of the visible human female temporomandibular joint. Author(s): Ishimaru T, Lew D, Haller J, Vannier MW. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1999 July; 57(7): 807-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10416627

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Virtual arthroscopy training: do the "virtual skills" developed match the real skills required? Author(s): McCarthy A, Harley P, Smallwood R. Source: Stud Health Technol Inform. 1999; 62: 221-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10538361

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Virtual MR arthroscopy: new insights into joint morphology. Author(s): Weishaupt D, Wildermuth S, Schmid M, Hilfiker PR, Hodler J, Debatin JF. Source: Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging : Jmri. 1999 June; 9(6): 757-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10373022

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Virtual reality arthroscopy training simulator. Author(s): Ziegler R, Fischer G, Muller W, Gobel M. Source: Computers in Biology and Medicine. 1995 March; 25(2): 193-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7554837

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Virtual reality simulation of arthroscopy of the knee. Author(s): Mabrey JD, Gillogly SD, Kasser JR, Sweeney HJ, Zarins B, Mevis H, Garrett WE Jr, Poss R, Cannon WD. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2002 July-August; 18(6): E28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12098110

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Wrist arthrography versus arthroscopy: a comparative study of 150 cases. Author(s): Chung KC, Zimmerman NB, Travis MT. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1996 July; 21(4): 591-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8842948

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Wrist arthroscopy and dislocation of the radiocarpal joint without fracture. Author(s): Hardy P, Welby F, Stromboni M, Blin JL, Lortat-Jacob A, Benoit J. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1999 October; 15(7): 779-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10524830

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Wrist arthroscopy for the treatment of ligament and triangular fibrocartilage complex injuries. Author(s): Westkaemper JG, Mitsionis G, Giannakopoulos PN, Sotereanos DG. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1998 July-August; 14(5): 479-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9681539

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Wrist arthroscopy in distal radial fractures using a modified horizontal technique. Author(s): Lindau T. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2001 January; 17(1): E5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11154385

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Wrist arthroscopy through a volar radial portal. Author(s): Slutsky DJ. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2002 July-August; 18(6): 624-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12098124

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Wrist arthroscopy without distraction. A technique to visualise instability of the wrist after a ligamentous tear. Author(s): Huracek J, Troeger H. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2000 September; 82(7): 1011-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11041591

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Wrist arthroscopy. Author(s): Boden BP, Kozin SH, Berlet AC. Source: Am J Orthop. 1995 April; 24(4): 310-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7788310

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Wrist arthroscopy. Author(s): Van Heest AE. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 1995 February; 5(1): 2-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7882123

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Wrist arthroscopy: a prospective analysis of 53 post-traumatic carpal injuries. Author(s): Sennwald GR, Zdravkovic V. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery / Nordisk Plastikkirurgisk Forening [and] Nordisk Klubb for Handkirurgi. 1997 September; 31(3): 261-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9299688

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Wrist arthroscopy: principles and clinical applications. Author(s): Gupta R, Bozentka DJ, Osterman AL. Source: J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2001 May-June; 9(3): 200-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11421577

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ARTHROSCOPY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and arthroscopy.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Arthroscopy The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “arthroscopy” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “arthroscopy” (or a synonym): •

Effects of tourniquet time in knee arthroscopy patients receiving intraarticular morphine combined with bupivacaine. Source: Klinken, C CRNA. 1995 February; 6(1): 37-42 1048-2687

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Prospective comparison of arthroscopy and arthrocentesis for temporomandibular joint disorders. Author(s): Department of Hospital Dentistry, University of Iowa Hospitals, Iowa City, USA. Source: Fridrich, K L Wise, J M Zeitler, D L J-Oral-Maxillofac-Surg. 1996 July; 54(7): 81620; discussion 821 0278-2391

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Success of temporomandibular joint arthroscopy in disk displacement with and without reduction. Author(s): Department of General Practice, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio. Source: Montgomery, M T Van Sickels, J E Harms, S E Oral-Surg-Oral-Med-Oral-Pathol. 1991 June; 71(6): 651-9 0030-4220

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The efficacy of intra-articular morphine for postoperative knee arthroscopy analgesia. Author(s): Orthopaedic Department, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. Source: Richardson, M D Bjorksten, A R Hart, J A McCullough, K Arthroscopy. 1997 October; 13(5): 584-9 0749-8063

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Thromboembolic complications after arthroscopy of the knee. Author(s): Department of Orthopedics, Aalborg Hospital, Hobrovej, Denmark. Source: Poulsen, K A Borris, L C Lassen, M R Arthroscopy. 1993; 9(5): 570-3 0749-8063

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

Nutrition

•

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to arthroscopy; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Food and Diet Sprains and Strains Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ARTHROSCOPY Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to arthroscopy. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to arthroscopy and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “arthroscopy” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to arthroscopy: •

A 57-year-old man with osteoarthritis of the knee. Author(s): Lonner JH. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 February 26; 289(8): 1016-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12597755

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Arthroscopic knee surgery. Daddy will make it better, even if it's arthritis. Author(s): Gillett G. Source: The Hastings Center Report. 2002 September-October; 32(5): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12360776

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Back pain following epidural anesthesia with 2-chloroprocaine (EDTA-free) or lidocaine. Author(s): Drolet P, Veillette Y.

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Source: Reg Anesth. 1997 July-August; 22(4): 303-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9223193 •

Clinical management of a patient following temporomandibular joint arthroscopy. Author(s): Waide FL, Bade DM, Lovasko J, Montana J. Source: Physical Therapy. 1992 May; 72(5): 355-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1631204

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Comparison of the effects of exercise in water and on land on the rehabilitation of patients with intra-articular anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. Author(s): Tovin BJ, Wolf SL, Greenfield BH, Crouse J, Woodfin BA. Source: Physical Therapy. 1994 August; 74(8): 710-9. Erratum In: Phys Ther 1994 December; 74(12): 1165. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8047560

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Effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical neural stimulation in the treatment of pain. Recommendations for use in the treatment of sports injuries. Author(s): Jensen JE, Etheridge GL, Hazelrigg G. Source: Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 1986 March-April; 3(2): 79-88. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3008290

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Efficacy of arthroscopic surgery and midlaser treatments for chronic temporomandibular joint articular disc derangement following motor vehicle accident. Author(s): McNamara DC, Rosenberg I, Jackson PA, Hogben J. Source: Aust Dent J. 1996 December; 41(6): 377-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9008994

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EMG feedback-assisted postoperative rehabilitation of minor arthroscopic knee surgeries. Author(s): Levitt R, Deisinger JA, Remondet Wall J, Ford L, Cassisi JE. Source: The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 1995 September; 35(3): 21823. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8775650

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Endoscopic carpal tunnel release: a prospective analysis of factors associated with unsatisfactory results. Author(s): Straub TA. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1999 April; 15(3): 269-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10231104

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Frozen shoulder: a 12-month clinical outcome trial. Author(s): Watson L, Dalziel R, Story I. Source: Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery / American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons. [et Al.]. 2000 January-February; 9(1): 16-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10717857

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Glenohumeral joint translation after arthroscopic thermal capsuloplasty of the rotator interval. Author(s): Selecky MT, Tibone JE, Yang BY, McMahon PJ, Lee TQ. Source: Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery / American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons. [et Al.]. 2003 March-April; 12(2): 139-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12700565

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Glenohumeral translation after arthroscopic thermal capsuloplasty with a radiofrequency probe. Author(s): Tibone JE, Lee TQ, Black AD, Sandusky MD, McMahon PJ. Source: Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery / American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons. [et Al.]. 2000 November-December; 9(6): 514-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11155305

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Increased interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression is related to aseptic loosening of total hip replacement. Author(s): Lassus J, Waris V, Xu JW, Li TF, Hao J, Nietosvaara Y, Santavirta S, Konttinen YT. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2000; 120(5-6): 328-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10853906

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Intraoperative music therapy. Effects on anxiety, blood pressure. Author(s): Steelman VM. Source: Aorn Journal. 1990 November; 52(5): 1026-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2264730

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Managing temporomandibular joint syndrome. Author(s): Hodges JM. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1990 January; 100(1): 60-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2293702

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Methodological differences in clinical trials evaluating nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatments of hip and knee osteoarthritis. Author(s): Boutron I, Tubach F, Giraudeau B, Ravaud P.

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Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 August 27; 290(8): 1062-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12941679 •

Music and the surgical patient. The effect of music on anxiety. Author(s): Moss VA. Source: Aorn Journal. 1988 July; 48(1): 64-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3421678

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Physical therapy post-arthroscopic TMJ management (update). Author(s): Bertolucci LE. Source: Cranio. 1992 April; 10(2): 130-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1423670

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Pressure on acupoints decreases postoperative pain. Author(s): Felhendler D, Lisander B. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 1996 December; 12(4): 326-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8969878

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Processing familiar and unfamiliar auditory stimuli during general anesthesia. Author(s): Donker AG, Phaf RH, Porcelijn T, Bonke B. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1996 March; 82(3): 452-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8623941

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Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Author(s): Miller RL. Source: Orthopaedic Nursing / National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses. 2003 March-April; 22(2): 91-9; Quiz 100-1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12703392

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Sequential effects of increasing propofol sedation on frontal and temporal cortices as indexed by auditory event-related potentials. Author(s): Heinke W, Kenntner R, Gunter TC, Sammler D, Olthoff D, Koelsch S. Source: Anesthesiology. 2004 March; 100(3): 617-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15108977

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Temporomandibular joint arthroscopic findings in patients with cervical flexionextension injury (whiplash): a preliminary study of 30 patients. Author(s): Abd-Ul-Salam H, Kryshtalskyj B, Weinberg S. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 2002 December; 68(11): 693-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12513938

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The effect of pre-emptive acupuncture treatment on analgesic requirements after daycase knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Pelimon A. Source: Anaesthesia. 2000 June; 55(6): 603-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10866744

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The effect of pre-emptive acupuncture treatment on analgesic requirements after daycase knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Gupta S, Francis JD, Tillu AB, Sattirajah AI, Sizer J. Source: Anaesthesia. 1999 December; 54(12): 1204-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10594420

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The incidence of reoperation after temporomandibular joint arthroscopic surgery: a retrospective study of 450 consecutive joints. Author(s): Abd-Ul-Salam H, Weinberg S, Kryshtalskyj B. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 2002 April; 93(4): 408-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12029280

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The use of transcutaneous neural stimulation and isokinetic testing in arthroscopic knee surgery. Author(s): Jensen JE, Conn RR, Hazelrigg G, Hewett JE. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1985 January-February; 13(1): 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3872082

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Thermal chondroplasty with radiofrequency energy. An in vitro comparison of bipolar and monopolar radiofrequency devices. Author(s): Lu Y, Edwards RB 3rd, Cole BJ, Markel MD. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2001 January-February; 29(1): 42-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11206255

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Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) during distension shoulder arthrography: a controlled trial. Author(s): Morgan B, Jones AR, Mulcahy KA, Finlay DB, Collett B. Source: Pain. 1996 February; 64(2): 265-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8740603

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Use of tenoscopy for management of septic tenosynovitis caused by a penetrating porcupine quill in the synovial sheath surrounding the digital flexor tendons of a horse. Author(s): Magee AA, Ragle CA, Howlett MR.

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Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1997 June 15; 210(12): 1768-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9187727

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON ARTHROSCOPY Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “arthroscopy” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on arthroscopy, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Arthroscopy By performing a patent search focusing on arthroscopy, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 5Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on arthroscopy: •

Arm suspension mitt Inventor(s): Bornstein; Jerome L. (Suite 131, Encino, CA 91316) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,628,911 Date filed: April 17, 1985 Abstract: An arm suspension mitt immobilizes and positions a patient's arm for shoulder arthroscopy. The mitt includes outer and inner flexible portions which together define a package having an open end adapted to removably receive a hand inserted into a space radially inward of the inner flexible portion. An inflatable chamber is provided between the outer and inner portions. The inflatable chamber is sealed from the ambient atmosphere. A valve is provided in communication with the inflatable chamber for inflating same thus causing the inner flexible portion to collapse in a direction away from the outer flexible portion so as to conform the inner flexible portion around a hand within the space. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a device for immobilizing and suspending an arm during arthroscopy. Arthroscopy is a recently developed and widely used diagnostic and surgical procedure which allows a physician to see inside of joints such as the knee, shoulder and ankle. The procedure involves the use of an arthroscope, a long thin, illuminated viewing scope with optical fibers on its tip, which is inserted through a very small incision into the joint. With the arthroscope a physician can quickly and easily assess joint damage by direct viewing, plan an appropriate repair operation and trim away damaged tissue using tiny instruments inserted through the arthroscope. The development of arthroscopy has reduced the cost of rehabiliative surgery and further has vastly reduced the time it takes to recuperate from such surgery. When shoulder arthroscopy is performed it is necessary to immobilize and suspend the patient's arm. This is done by positioning the patient on his side with the shoulder to be examined uppermost. The arm should be at an angle of between 30.degree. to 45.degree. from the horizontal (abduction angle) and the shoulder itself should be bent to achieve about 15.degree. flexion. This positioning maximizes the physician's access to the shoulder so that the joint can be most effectively viewed and repaired. Further, this positioning avoids over stretching of the brachial plexus during arthroscopy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04628911__

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Arthroscopic shaver incorporating electrocautery Inventor(s): Rydell; Mark A. (Golden Valley, MN) Assignee(s): Enhanced Orthopaedic Technologies, Inc. (Plymouth, MN) Patent Number: 5,810,809 Date filed: January 13, 1997 Abstract: An arthroscopy instrument for debriding tissue also includes an electrocautery electrode for effecting hemostasis in the surgical site. The drive motor for the debriding instrument is placed remotely from the instrument's handle and provision is made for

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electrically insulating the handle from the drive motor and associated power supply even though the arthroscopic surgery is taking place under saline. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to electrosurgical instruments, and more particularly to an arthroscopy shaver incorporating an electrocautery electrode and constructed such that the hand-held portion of the instrument and the shaver blade drive motor are electrically isolated from the electrocautery voltage. Current arthroscopy shaver technology entails the application of a spinning tube-within-a-tube that concurrently resects tissue while aspirating debris and saline from within the operative site. One such arthroscopy system is the DYONICS.RTM. Model EP-1 available from Smith & Nephew Endoscopy, Inc., of Andover, Mass. The shaver instrument comprises a hollow metal handle containing a variable speed electric drive motor whose output shaft is adapted to be coupled to the proximal end of an elongated metal tube whose distal end is beveled and sharpened in the case of a cutter or knurled in the case of a bur. Surrounding the tubular blade is an outer tubular member having a hub at its proximal end adapted to mate with the handle and which remains stationary during use. Formed at the distal end of the outer tubular member is a window-like opening. Provision is made for suction to be applied through the tubular blade assembly to thereby draw tissue through the window-like opening in the outer tube where it is exposed to the cutting surfaces of the inner blade member that is being driven at a high speed by the motor. One significant problem associated with arthroscopy is the bleeding that occurs when tissue has been resected. Such bleeding is detrimental to the ability to clearly view the progress of the surgery endoscopically. Unless bleeding can be controlled, it is difficult for the orthopaedic surgeon to effectively operate currently, the means to control bleeding include the application of a tourniquet, pressurization of the joint with in-flow media, e.g., saline, inflowing with epinephrine along with saline, and using a separate electrocautery device. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05810809__ •

Arthroscopy drape and collection pouch Inventor(s): Taylor; Richard H. (Columbus, MS) Assignee(s): Microtek Medical, Inc. (Columbus, MS) Patent Number: 5,419,343 Date filed: November 15, 1993 Abstract: An arthroscopy drape is provided that has an open top collection pouch connected therewith. The pouch is connected adjacent to a fenestration or opening in the drape through which a patient's limb will extend for an arthroscopy procedure. Connection of the collection pouch to the drapery panel is provided over a relatively small area whereby articulation of the joint on which the procedure is being performed will have little if any effect on the position of the drapery panel relative to the patient and operating equipment covered thereby, thus maintaining the sterile condition of the operating room. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to surgical drapes. More particularly, but not by way of limitation, this invention relates to an improved arthroscopy drape that aids in maintaining sterile techniques in the operating room. In order to prevent infection in the operating room when performing arthroscopic surgical procedures, it is necessary to follow aseptic draping techniques to avoid the possibility of infecting the patient. More recently, and with the advent of HIV and other infectious viruses, it is also highly

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desirable to be able to protect the operating room personnel as much as possible from infection by contact with body fluids of infected patients. Accordingly, it is highly desirable to be able to avoid contact with and to collect all waste body fluids that result from an invasive procedure during an operation such as an arthroscopy. It has been common procedure in operating rooms for many years, to cover the patient with sterilized drapes in all areas except where the operation is being performed. Once the drapes have been placed in position, it is important to the maintenance of the aseptic condition of the operating room that the drapery not be moved from the patient or from covered equipment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05419343__ •

Arthroscopy hook-clippers Inventor(s): Falk; Ernst (Sternenfels-Diefenbach, DE) Assignee(s): Richard Wolf GmbH (DE) Patent Number: 4,994,024 Date filed: July 19, 1989 Abstract: Arthroscopy hook-clippers comprise a circular cross-section outer shaft having at a distal end thereof a fixed jaw and a movable jaw pivoted to the fixed jaw. Within the shaft are a thrust rod which is movable axially thereof to pivot the movable jaw with respect to the fixed jaw, and beside the thrust rod, a vacuum extraction channel. The extraction channel is of substantially circular cross-section excepting that it has a flat upper wall, which co-operates with the upper internal wall of the shaft to define a guideway for the thrust rod the cross-section of which is matched to that of the guideway. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to arthroscopy hook-clippers comprising a fixed clipper jaw formed by the distal end of a circular cross-section outer shaft and a movable hooked jaw which is pivotally displaceable with respect to the fixed jaw by means of a thrust rod which is in turn axially displaceable by means of a scissors type handle and extends through the outer shaft beside a flushing or vacuum extraction channel, in parallel relationship therewith. Such hook-clippers, which are described in DE-A-3526822, have the disadvantage that in use, the thrust rod comes into direct contact with clipped away pieces of tissue or bone which are to be extracted by suction or with soiled flushing or vacuum extraction fluid, so that the spread of bacteria as well as inhibition of the vacuum extraction operation can occur, with undesirable results. An object of the invention is to provide arthroscopy hook-clippers in which, such proliferation of bacteria is avoided, the vacuum removal operation is unobstructed and the diameter of the outer shaft is kept as small as possible, whilst the thrust rod is capable of transmitting considerable force to the movable jaw. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04994024__

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Arthroscopy organizer system Inventor(s): Kim; Andrew C. (30213 Del Rey Rd., Temecula, CA 92591) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,345,873 Date filed: December 22, 1999 Abstract: An arthroscopy organizing apparatus comprises a generally rectangular box like housing having a front and a back and an upper surface defining a planar support surface, a line holder mounted on the support surface at the back and comprising a resilient elastomeric panel member divided by a plurality of slots into a plurality of resilient holding members defining line receiving and holding areas between adjacent holding members. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an arthroscopy and pertains particularly to an arthroscopy organization system. Arthroscopic operations are carried out with several instruments or tools that are connected by lines and cord to light source, power source, suction source etc. Currently, because of operating room layout, these instruments are unwrapped from sterile wrapping and hooked up and tested after the patient is brought into the operating room. The connection of the instruments to power, water, vacuum and other such supply sources are in a non-sterile area of the operating room. The instruments themselves are placed on the only sterile area in the operating room, the patient or operating table. This preparation takes a great deal of time while the patient is in the operating room under anesthesia. This preparation is particularly time consuming when problems such as inoperable instruments are found. The instrument must be replaced, repaired or adjusted in preparation for the operation. The act of connecting the lines and cords to the light source, power source and the suction canister typically takes about four minutes if there are no problems. If there is any problem with the monitor, the pump or any other machine or instrument, much more time is wasted correcting the problem while the patient is under anesthesia. The cords and lines to the instruments are brought over the patient and are tied to drapes over the patients body. They are usually in a disarray and frequently tangled, resulting in time consuming delay in untangling cords and retrieving instrument. There have been cases of patients under anesthesia being burned by the hot instruments placed directly over the patient's abdomen. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06345873__

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Arthroscopy portal maker Inventor(s): Nallapareddy; Harinathareddy (3040 Lawrence Crescent, Flossmoor, IL 60422) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,120,318 Date filed: June 25, 1990 Abstract: An arthroscopy portal maker which facilitates substantially precise insertion and location of each of the surgical tools necessary to make a portal, within the area where further arthroscopic surgical procedures are to be performed. The device comprises a canulated shaft which has a cutting end and a gripping portion proximate the end opposite the cutting end. The internal channel of the canulated shaft facilitates

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slidable cooperation with a puncturing tool, and then a blunt wire rod, which is slidably interchanged with the puncturing tool. After the portal is made, the canulated shaft having a cutting end, is slidably removed over the blunt wire rod, and a conventional canula is then slidably inserted thereover, through the portal and to the location previously occupied by the canulated shaft having a cutting end. The blunt wire rod is then removed so as to enable further surgical procedures to be performed at substantially the precise location previously occupied by the puncturing tool and the blunt wire rod. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates in general to surgical devices, and, in particular to an arthroscopy portal maker, and a method for using same, for use in arthroscopic procedures. The present invention is constructed with a canulated shaft which has a cutting end and a gripping portion located near the end opposite the cutting end of the shaft. The shaft further comprises an internal channel which slidably cooperates over and around a puncturing tool, such as a conventional spinal needle, and then a blunt wire rod, among other things, which is slidably interchanged with the puncturing tool. Arthrocopic surgery is a procedure which enables surgery to be performed within the confines of an anatomical joint, such as the knee joint or shoulder joint, without the necessity of making large incisions, or the need to widely expose the area where the surgery is to be performed. Prior to actually performing the surgical procedures within the joint itself, a portal must be made which facilitates insertion of additional arthroscopic tools. Typically, such portals are made by first positioning a spinal needle at the point where the portal is to be made and then forcing the spinal needle toward the joint so as to puncture the skin. The surgeon then continues forcing the spinal needle through the tissue below the skin until the tip of the spinal needle is located where further arthroscopic surgical procedures are to be performed. After the spinal needle has been properly inserted, the surgeon then removes the needle from the joint, and replaces it with a canula/obturator or canula/trocar assembly. This canula/obturator or canula/trocar assembly is forced through the hole made by the spinal needle, under the theory that it will follow approximately the same path as that previously occupied by the spinal needle, until the end of the canula/obturator or canula/trocar assembly is substantially positoned within the joint area. Once inserted, the obturator or trocar is then slidably removed from the canula so as to enable additional surgical tools to be slidably inserted through the remaining canula so as to enable further surgical procedures to be performed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05120318__ •

Arthroscopy support stand Inventor(s): Schwartz; C. Bruce (6594 Mill Creek Rd., The Dalles, OR 97058) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,572,594 Date filed: February 8, 1984 Abstract: And arthroscopy support stand is disclosed which contains, in a single movable unit, all of the apparatus needed to perform arthroscopic surgery. The stand comprises a wheel-mounted steel cabinet with brakes at the back of the cabinet for immobilizing it. The cabinet has shelves, open at the front, for supporting various arthroscopic surgery appliances. Mounted at the back of the cabinet are two upright, vertically telescoping fluid bag standards which can be lowered separately to change fluid supplies without interrupting the flow of fluid under pressure to the surgical site.

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A vertical support column is mounted at the front of the cabinet on a pair of verticallyspaced parallel horizontal arms. The arms are pivotally mounted at the middle of the cabinet so that the support column can be shifted back and forth across the front of the cabinet. The support column has a telescoping upper portion supporting a boom from which a television camera is suspended by an extensible cable counterweighted in the support column. A pair of articulated support arms are mounted one above the other on a lower portion of the support column for vertical and rotational movement to support a television monitor on one arm and an instrument tray on the other. The support arms can be moved up and down on the support column. The television monitor support arm is suspended via pulleys extending into the lower portion of the support column alongside the counterweight to connect under tension to a vertically-extensible coil spring positioned concentrically around the counterweight. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to surgical operating room furniture and equipment and more particularly to apparatus for supporting arthroscopic surgery apparatus. Arthroscopic surgery requires several pieces of equipment not required for other forms of surgery, including a pressurized saline fluid source, a television camera, a television signal generator, a television monitor, and several other electrical applicances. Heretofore, this equipment has been provided and arranged in the operating room in a rather haphazard fashion. A substantial amount of time is required to set up and take the equipment down each time it is to be used in a different operating room or to allow use of the operating room for a different kind of surgery. Typically, the equipment is arranged on whatever operating room furniture is available without regard to the convenience of use. It is desirable to position the television monitor so that the surgeon can easily see it while working at the surgical site, but most common surgical furniture provides little flexibility in this regard. It is also desirable to be able to freely position the video camera for viewing the surgical site, but most available operating room equipment is ill-suited for this purpose. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04572594__ •

Bipolar coagulation apparatus and method for arthroscopy Inventor(s): Kirwan, Jr.; Lawrence T. (Penbroke, MA), Odell; Roger C. (Louisville, CO), Tippett; Joe W. (San Antonio, TX) Assignee(s): Electroscope, Inc. (Boulder, CO) Patent Number: 5,895,386 Date filed: December 20, 1996 Abstract: A bipolar blood coagulator probe has a coaxial or other bipolar arrangement for use submerged in a sterile fluid during arthroscopy of joints, with an elongated outer electrode positioned in juxtaposition to an elongated inner electrode and with an elongated electrical inner insulation layer positioned between the outer electrode and the inner electrode. The outer electrode, inner electric, and inner insulation can be concentric to each other or in other configurations, including sandwiched or laminated together. The bipolar probe also has an elongated outer electrical insulation sleeve over the outer electrode and a proximal end outer housing terminating in a plug with two prongs that are electrically connected in the housing to outer electrode and inner electrode. The prongs of the plug are adapted to plug into a suitable receptacle for connection to an RF generator. The distal ends of the outer electrode, inner insulation layer, and inner electrode of the bipolar probe extend longitudinally a distance beyond the distal end of the outer insulation sleeve to leave a length of exposed surface of the

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outer electrode. Positioning the surface of the exposed portion of the outer electrode in contact with the tissue near a bleeding blood vessel with the inner electrode a distance spaced away from the tissue in the sterile fluid and applying RF power results in initial coagulation of blood and denaturing of a small amount of surrounding tissue, which is a self-limiting process that prevents excessive necrosis. The probe can also be used with some or all of the distal ends of both of the electrodes or just one of the electrodes in contact with tissue that is submersed in the sterile fluid and is to be necrosed or with blood that is to be coagulated during arthroscopy. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to electrosurgical devices and more specifically to bipolar blood coagulation apparatus and method for arthroscopy. Arthroscopic surgery is used to treat: (i) torn menisci, anterior cruciate, posterior cruciate, patella malalignment, synovial diseases, loose bodies, osteal defects, osteophytes, and damaged articular cartilage (chondromalacia) of the knee; (ii) synovial disorders, labial tears, loose bodies, rotator cuff tears, anterior impingement and degenerative joint disease of the acromioclavicular joint and diseased articular cartilage of the shoulder joint; (iii) synovial disorders, loose bodies, osteophytes, and diseased articular cartilage of the elbow joint; (iv) synovial disorder, loose bodies, ligament tears and diseased articular cartilage of the wrist; (v) synovial disorders, loose bodies, labrum tears and diseased articular cartilage in the hip; and (vi) synovial disorders, loose bodies, osteophytes, fractures, and diseased articular cartilage in the ankle. When performing an arthroscopy of the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, or ankle involving connective tissue using a rotary shaver, the laceration of blood vessels, such as veins and venuals, arterials and arteries, and capillaries, produces bleeding. Very minor bleeding can be tolerated if the sterile fluid used in arthroscopy flushes the blood away and maintains visibility in the joint. However, if a damaged blood vessel bleeds enough to impair the surgeon's vision in the joint, the bleeding has to be stopped quickly and efficiently to avoid delays or possibly even having to abort the arthroscopic procedure. While it is not desirable, bleeding can be controlled in a knee joint by applying a tourniquet to the thigh above the knee. However, no tourniquet is possible to stop bleeding in the shoulder, and some surgeons would prefer not to use tourniquets in arthroscopy of other joints, such as elbows, wrists, hips, knees, and ankles, if bleeding can be controlled in other ways. Also, excessive bleeding can cause the surgeon to have to provide a temporary drain in the joint for post surgery draining of excessive blood accumulation in the joint. The most common method of controlling bleeding blood vessels, "bleeders," in arthroscopic procedures in shoulders and in other joints when tourniquets are not possible or desirable is to use a monopolar electrosurgical probe to coagulate or cauterize the bleeding blood vessel. A typical monopolar electrosurgical device utilizes a monopolar probe for one electric pole and a large area plate in contact with the patent's skin at a location remote from the arthroscopic surgery, such as the patient's back, for the other electric pole. Both the probe and the plate are connected electrically to a radio frequency (RF) generator. When the tip of the monopolar probe is positioned adjacent or touching the connective tissue and the RF electrical power is turned on, the person's body completes the electric circuit between the monopolar probe and the large area plate, and electric current flows through the patient's body between the monopolar probe and the plate. When enough current and voltage is applied, the tissue where the current is flowing will get hot and result in hemostasis (stopping the flow of blood) and necrosis (pathologic death of cells) of the surrounding tissue. Since the plate is in contact with a much larger surface area of the body than the monopolar probe, the density or concentration of the electric current flowing through the body tissue is greater at the probe than at the plate. Therefore, the tissue adjacent the monopolar probe becomes hotter than the tissue adjacent the plate, and the heat produced where the monopolar

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probe contacts the tissue where the bleeding occurs causes coagulation resulting in hemostasis (stemming flow of blood). In addition, normal tissue adjacent the probe contact point becomes denatured and damaged by the heat produced by electric current flowing through the tissue near the probe during this coagulation method. Therefore, when the monopolar probe is positioned on the tissue surrounding the bleeder, or on the bleeding blood vessel itself, the RF current will cause denaturing and necrosis at the target site as well as of the surrounding tissue. Since the electric current flows through the body tissue between the monopolar probe and the remotely located plate, the depth and volume of necrosis is indefinite and difficult to control, but can easily extend, for example, to over one centimeter wide and over one-half centimeter deep in a typical operation to stop a bleeder, but it will continue to extend even deeper as long as the monopolar probe is held in contact with the tissue while the power is turned on. While such monopolar coagulation is effective to stop the bleeding, it also denatures a considerable amount of surrounding tissue, thus necrosing more of the normal surrounding connective tissue in the joint than is strictly needed or desired. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05895386__ •

Disposable tubular film cover for arthroscopy cameras and method for covering arthroscopy cameras by means of such a disposable cover Inventor(s): Herzberg; Wolfgang (Wedel, DE) Assignee(s): Dunsch-Herzberg; Renate (Wedel, DE), Voss; Gudrun (Hamburg, DE) Patent Number: 5,078,483 Date filed: January 25, 1989 Abstract: A sterile disposable arthroscopy camera cover made from tubular film folded onto itself and forming a package including a plurality of folded layers of film. One end portion of the tubular film extends into and through the other end portion of the tubular film and in the direction of the other end so that the two tubular film ends are located at the same side of the film package. The folded layers which comprise the package may extend in the direction of the tubular film axis or transversely of the axis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a disposable cover fabricated from a tubular film for arthroscopic cameras and a method for covering arthroscopic cameras by means of such a disposable cover. Due to the introduction of video cameras into the technique of arthroscopy, the necessity has arisen for making a non-sterile camera fitted with cables available to the surgeon by means of a sterile film cover. In the first generation of such covers, simply folded tubular films of polyethylene were available which were pushed over the camera in a relatively laborious fashion. In the second generation, these covers were developed with a so-called "insertion folding", that is to say the tubular film was drawn in a telescopical manner and could thus be simply drawn over the camera. Both the "simply" folded as well as the "insertedly" folded tubular films require adhesive tapes for sealing the tube ends. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05078483__

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Drainage and instrument duct for the arthroscopy Inventor(s): Herzberg; Wolfgang (Wedel/Holstein, DE) Assignee(s): Gudrun Voss (Hamburg, DE), Renate Dunsch-Herzberg (Holstein, DE) Patent Number: 5,053,009 Date filed: April 5, 1990 Abstract: The luxation-proof drainage and instrument duct for the arthroscopy comprises a hollow cylinder (20) and a sleeve (30) longitudinally displaceable thereupon which are interconnected at the one end, while the sleeve (30), within the area of its connecting end, is constructed in such a way that, when the sleeve (30) is displaced towards the connection plane, a terminal area of the sleeve is outwardly expanded in a basket-like manner over the circumference of the sleeve, the basket-like expanded sleeve end being provided with a plurality of perforations (135') disposed so as to be distributed over the circumference and in side-by-side arrangement. The sleeve (30) is arrested on the hollow cylinder (20) in the expanded state of the terminal section of the sleeve (FIG. 1). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a drainage and instrument duct for the arthroscopy. If the sole aim is to convey tissue fragments out of the joint, then their collection in order to subject the tissue to a histological examination often remains unconsidered--the fragments are merely flushed out together with the liquid. Various obtuse inlet and outlet cannulae are known which are additionally provided with perforations and which, within the coupling area, are fitted with a stop cock. Said cannulas are in most cases too thin and too long so that, on the one hand, they will not allow thicker fragments to pass, thicker forceps being likewise unable to pass on account of their length and they are also impassable to slightly angled instruments. Furthermore, thin endless hosepipes are known which are provided with lateral perforations and which are drawn through the joint far from the location of the operation. Also known are the so-called ports which can serve as a guide duct for the optics and the instruments. The termination of the inserted instrument is produced with the aid of a rubber seal. Said ports are relatively long and possess no retaining mechanism which secures the position inside the joint. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05053009__

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Fluid management system for arthroscopic surgery Inventor(s): Cassaday; William (Show Low, AZ), Chandler; W. Jeffrey (Phoenix, AZ), Egan; Michael J. (Los Altos, CA), Etherington; Roger (Newport Beach, CA), Kane; John (Scottsdale, AZ), Phillips; Howard S. (Haverhill, MA), Roundy; James S. (Gilbert, AZ) Assignee(s): Aquarius Medical Corporation (Scottsdale, AZ) Patent Number: 5,800,383 Date filed: July 17, 1996 Abstract: An improved fluid management system for irrigation of a body cavity and in particular for use in arthroscopic surgery having a pressurized fluid circuit for supplying irrigation fluid and a vacuum fluid circuit for withdrawing waste fluid from the cavity. In a preferred embodiment there is an uninterrupted fluid supply comprised of a plurality of sterile solution saline bags with an automatic spiker to perforate the bags. The system is processor controlled with numerous safety and design features to

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automate arthroscopy to the highest degree possible. Some of the features include the monitoring and tracking of cavity pressure and flow rates to predetermined pressure and flow rates, tracking cavity to mean blood pressure, overpressure protection, a plurality of pressure and flow rate baseline settings, monitoring, setting and controlling saline supply, and specialized functions for providing pressure and flow rates for typical surgical procedures such as lavage, clear view, and burr/shaver. One or more vacuum discharge lines may be provided with an automatic self-cleaning feature. The system is compact and optionally employs a number of disposable components, including a novel fluid accumulator. Excerpt(s): This is an application based on provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/001,483, filed Jul. 18, 1995. The present invention generally relates to endoscopic procedures which require a fluid medium, and more particularly with arthroscopic surgery. (3) The fluid keeps the joint lubricated and replaces lost body fluids. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05800383__ •

Holding device for wrist/shoulder arthroscopy and surgery Inventor(s): Rios; Alberto Angel (Riobamba 510, S. 41, F.99 Buenos Aires C1025ABK, AR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,467,487 Date filed: May 14, 2001 Abstract: A device for holding and immobilizing the hand of a patient for wrist and shoulder arthroscopy and/or surgery, the device comprising a threaded upright tower bar for moving up and down in an operating room table, and an horizontal arm for moving back and forth in an upper end of the upright bar, the horizontal arm having a proximal end for operation of the horizontal arm and a distal end for connecting to the patient's fingers. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of the arthroscopy and surgery of the wrist or shoulder of a patient and, preferably, the invention concerns a device for retaining or holding, or applying traction to, the hand and/or the arm of a patient for subjecting the same to arthroscopy and/or open surgery without the need of moving the patient. While only mention to arthroscopy and/or surgery of the wrist and shoulder is made in the present application, it will be obvious to any person skilled in the art that the principles of the present invention are applicable to the operation or treatment of any other limb of a patient, such as a foot/leg, which limb must be held in an position extended from the patients body during the operation. It is well known that surgical operation imposes the surgeon and assistants to keep the patient stable and immobilized and this is of particular importance when a body member such a hand, foot, arm or leg is operated which operation requires precise and accurate operating movements in very small body rooms such as a wrist, shoulder, etc. For keeping the patient's member stable many devices, systems and structures are employed, all of them extremely cumbersome and bulky. A device available at the marked through the firm Innomed Instrument Division under the trademark Medscape comprises a structure designed to fit onto an operating room table, the structure comprising four uprights bars capable of being fitted onto the O.R. table by means of socket clamps. The device also includes a tight assembly, a stabilizing bar and a tightening mechanism all operable to keep the structure stable and, hence, the patient's limb immobilized and stable. The

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volume occupied by this system is excessive and many components must be manipulated until setting the system for operation and during the operation thereof as well. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06467487__ •

Irrigation system for use during arthroscopy Inventor(s): Olson; Daniel H. (Louisville, OH) Assignee(s): Snyder Laboratories, Inc. (Dover, OH) Patent Number: 4,940,457 Date filed: December 23, 1987 Abstract: An irrigation system for arthroscopy of a joint includes a high pressure bleed valve assembly and a monitor check valve assembly to control fluid communication to the joint via suitable tubing for the purposes of directing fluid inflow, joint fluid pressure monitoring, and to assist with connection of the tubing for an arthroscope and cannula inserted into the joint. The high pressure bleed valve assembly is pressure responsive to direct fluid to the joint via alternative paths. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an irrigation system for use during arthroscopy so that fluid is communicated to a joint to maintain a selected pressure level within the joint and to maintain a fluid flow as outflow is required. In arthroscopic surgery, an arthroscope is used to visually inspect a joint, such as a knee or shoulder joint. It is possible to conduct diagnostic testing by viewing tissue, cartilage, etc. within the joint. If surgery is necessary to remove damaged tissue, for example, the arthroscope is used to view the resection of such damaged tissue by a shaver or suction punch well known to those skilled in the art. To assist the arthroscopic surgeon, fluid is communicated to the joint to pressurize the joint and thereby extend or expand the joint to enhance visual inspection. With the joint extended the arthroscope can be more readily orientated within the extended joint to focus on the damaged tissue. A fluid circuit is used to communicate fluid from a reservoir to the joint via a control unit. The control unit includes a pump and a pressure transducer which is pressure responsive to control the operation of the pump. To prevent the introduction of air into the joint, the fluid circuit is initially a closed loop system such that operation of the pump purges all the air from the fluid circuit and primes the latter with fluid. Thereafter a portion of the fluid circuit is cut to provide two tubular openings, one for fluid inflow and the other for pressure monitoring, and these tubular openings are communicated with the joint. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04940457__

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Irrigation tubing set having compliant sections Inventor(s): Dunberger; Ulf B. (Portsmouth, NH), Egan; Thomas D. (Marblehead, MA), Kaur; Harpreet (Woodbury, MN) Assignee(s): Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (St. Paul, MN) Patent Number: 5,399,160 Date filed: April 26, 1994 Abstract: An irrigation system including a pump that regulates the supply of fluid to an endoscopic surgical site, and a tubing set for supplying the fluid. The tubing set

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comprises an inflow line for supplying fluid to the surgical site, and an outflow line for draining fluid from the surgical site. At least one of the inflow and outflow lines includes an expandable compliant tubing segment that expands to accommodate changes in the rate of fluid flow through the surgical site to reduce variations in fluid pressure in the surgical site. The fluid volume within the compliant tubing segment increases in response to increasing fluid pressure within the compliant tubing segment. The system is particularly designed for use in small joint arthroscopy (e.g., of the wrist) where the fluid volume in the surgical site is relatively small. Excerpt(s): The invention broadly relates to endoscopic surgical procedures, and more particularly to an irrigation system and tubing set for use in irrigating an endoscopic surgical site. A trend in modern medicine has been to treat the body without invasive procedures if at all possible, because invasive procedures inflict a certain trauma of their own on the patient, and because when the skin is broken the risk of infection of the patient, or others by the patient, increases substantially. When surgery must be performed, it is currently considered desirable to use "minimally invasive" procedures as much as possible. A specific known example of a class of such techniques is arthroscopic surgery, wherein joints (most commonly the knee) and their supporting structures are treated through small incisions using tools to visualize the interior of the body. (1) Inflation of the joint is desirable for better visualization and access achieved by an increased joint or tissue separation. This is accomplished by application of pressure through the medium of the irrigation fluid or gas. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05399160__ •

Main pump tubing for arthroscopy infusion pump Inventor(s): Donnermeyer; Dennis D. (Portsmouth, NH), O'Quinn; Philip S. (Naples, FL) Assignee(s): Arthrex, Inc. (Naples, FL) Patent Number: 5,520,638 Date filed: March 28, 1995 Abstract: An arthroscopy pump tubing set for delivering a sterile fluid under pressure to a patient undergoing arthroscopic surgery. The tubing set is installed on a peristaltic arthroscopy pump. Fluid is delivered under pressure from fluid bags to a patient, through supply tubing of the tubing set, to achieve better visualization of the operative site. A chamber with a fixed volume is attached to the fluid supply tubing, and a collapsible bladder is contained within the chamber. The collapsible bladder has an open end connected with tubing to a pressure transducer inside the arthroscopy pump. Once activated, the pump begins to introduce sterile fluid from the bags, through the tubing, and into the patient. As pressure builds within the operative site, fluid enters the chamber, and air in the chamber is compressed. The compressed air in the chamber compresses the bladder. Air pressure in the bladder is experienced by the pressure transducer inside the arthroscopy pump. The bladder transmits the pressure in the chamber to the transducer, and isolates the transducer from the sterile fluids and the patient. The transducer feeds pressure information back to the pump, the pump responding to the transducer feedback to control the fluid pressure in the operative site. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a system for delivering a fluid medium to an operative site, while also sensing the pressure of the delivered fluid. During arthroscopic surgery, it is necessary to have a clear field of vision, which requires reduction of blood flow into the operative site, quick removal of debris, and distension

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of joint spaces sufficient to maneuver surgical instruments. Fluids introduced under pressure into the operative site achieve these objectives. Prior art fluid-delivery systems typically utilize one tube to deliver fluid under pressure to the operative site, and a second tube to access and measure pressure within the operative site. These systems require: i) an additional incision to access the operative site; and/or ii) additional instruments to measure the pressure at the operative site. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05520638__ •

Model of the human knee suitable for teaching operative arthroscopy Inventor(s): Chandler; Eugene J. (5702 E. Camelback Rd., Phoenix, AZ 85018) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,331,428 Date filed: September 15, 1980 Abstract: A method of providing a human knee model suitable for teaching operative arthroscopy includes the steps of modifying a bovine knee to render its appearance more human-like and to facilitate access to the interior of the knee joint, and encasing the modified knee joint with a synthetic fluid-impervious cover to allow for continuous irrigation of the knee joint. Lesions are created in the menisci of the knee, and loose bodies are added to the knee joint to simulate various injuries. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to models of the human knee joint, and more particularly, to a method of providing a human knee model suitable for teaching arthroscopic surgical technique. Arthroscopy was initially developed in Japan approximately 40 years ago. However, only recently has arthroscopic surgery become widely recognized as being vastly superior to traditional methods of surgery involving joints of the human body, particularly the knee joint. Arthroscopic knee surgery is typically performed through three small one-quarter inch incisions while the patient is under general anesthesia. A fiber optic telescope or arthroscope, smaller than the size of a pencil, is inserted into the knee for allowing the surgeon to thoroughly examine all parts of the knee joint. A small television camera may be attached to the arthroscope, and the magnified image of the inside of the knee joint is displayed on a television screen. After the injury to the knee joint has been defined precisely, small delicate instruments are inserted through one of the other small incisions, and the damaged portion of the knee joint is repaired or corrected. The small incisions avoid the large scars of a conventional open surgical operation and shorten the patient's recovery time while reducing postoperative pain. Operative arthroscopy of the knee demands that the surgeon learn new psychomotor skills. The surgeon must be able to manipulate the arthroscope, inserted within a first small incision, for locating the area of the knee joint to be viewed while simultaneously manipulating a delicate instrument, inserted within a second small incision, in order to direct the tip of the instrument toward the highly magnified area of the knee viewed by the arthroscope. Thus, the surgeon must develop new eye-brain and eye-hand stereotaxis to successfully perform operative arthroscopy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04331428__

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Multi-mode distraction system for ankle arthroscopy Inventor(s): Guhl; James F. (13455 Elmhurst Dr. Pky., Elm Grove, WI 53122) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,063,918 Date filed: May 14, 1990 Abstract: A system and related method for ankle arthroscopy distraction includes both non-invasive external and invasive skeletal distractors which may be individually applied in a serial manner to provide ever increasing distraction forces as may be dictated by the required arthroscopic procedure. The angle of the distracted ankle may be selectively varied at anytime during any of the non-invasive or invasive distraction techniques without the need to halt the procedure, thereby obviating the need to reprep or to reposition or redrape the patient. The non-invasive distractor is of relatively simple and compact construction and is easily repositionable with changes in the angle of the ankle to allow ready and complete access for all surgical procedures. The skeletal distractors utilize all of the beneficial features of prior art devices and incorporate the additional beneficial feature of two types of pins of varying design and distraction load carrying capacity which may be applied in either a unilateral or bilateral manner to provide a wide range of distraction capability. An adjustable leg holder allows a wide range of angular positioning of the lower leg and ankle during application of any of the distraction techniques. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods and apparatus useful in the performance of ankle arthroscopy procedures and, more particularly, to a multifunctional system for providing ankle joint distraction in support of arthroscopic procedures. In order to provide sufficient space for the arthroscope and various types of surgical instruments used in ankle arthroscopy, it is usually necessary to provide some form of joint distraction. The degree of distraction will vary depending on the nature of the procedure and the type and size of surgical instruments required. Various methods of non-invasive and invasive (skeletal) distraction have been utilized. In general, noninvasive distraction methods are limited in the maximum amount of ankle joint distraction they can provide, but are basically less complex to utilize. Invasive distraction methods, on the other hand, can provide a much higher level of ankle joint distraction, but are inherently more complex to perform and, therefore, generally involve somewhat greater risk of complications. Nevertheless, invasive distraction may be the only appropriate means which can be utilized to accommodate the required arthroscopic procedure. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05063918__

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Non-invasive distraction system for ankle arthroscopy Inventor(s): Guhl; James F. (13455 Elmhurst Drive Pkwy., Elm Grove, WI 53122) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,290,220 Date filed: March 16, 1992 Abstract: An apparatus and method for non-invasive distraction of the ankle joint to accommodate arthroscopic procedures provides the ability to apply a wide range of distraction forces to the ankle joint, to hold the ankle in positions above the table in leg

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positions ranging from nearly horizontal to acutely flexed, and to even position the ankle below the level of the operating table to accommodate special needs and/or positions. A distractor with an axially adjustable length is attached at one end to the foot of the patient and at the other end to one end of a rotatable lever arm, the opposite end of which lever arm is rotatably attached to the operating table with an adjustable clamp. With the knee of the patient supported in a conventional leg holder, the distractor is initially secured in a position extending axially away from the end of the leg by rotating the lever arm in a direction to place the distractor and ankle joint in a position of initial distraction. Further fine adjustment of the length of the distractor establishes the final desired level of distraction. The lever arm may be positioned on a hinged operating table end, thereby allowing a substantially greater variation in the height and relative position of the ankle joint. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for use in the performance of ankle arthroscopy procedures and, more particularly, to an improved system for providing non-invasive ankle joint distraction in support of arthroscopic procedures. As described in my prior U.S. Pat. No. 5,063,918, it is usually necessary to provide some form of ankle joint distraction in order to create sufficient space in the joint for the arthroscope and various other surgical equipment and instruments used in ankle arthroscopy. Furthermore, the degree of distraction will vary depending on the nature of the procedure, the type and size of surgical instruments required, and the relative tightness or looseness of the joint in a particular patient. The method and apparatus in the above patent provides for the use of a basic non-invasive technique and, if the level of distraction it provides is insufficient, the ability to convert without interruption to an invasive distraction technique utilizing pinned connections between the bones of the lower leg and foot. Relatively recent improvements in the design and construction of arthroscopic instruments include smaller size instruments requiring less space within the joint for adequate performance. In turn, the amount of ankle joint distraction may also be reduced in many cases. As a result, the importance of noninvasive distraction techniques has recently taken on somewhat greater importance relative to invasive techniques. This is also significant because the disadvantages and potential complications of invasive techniques are well documented and these techniques are only utilized when adequate distraction by non-invasive means cannot be attained. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05290220__ •

Pressure measurement device for fluids flowing in lines Inventor(s): Fuchs; Hubert G. (Berlin, DE), Wiest; Peter P. (Hessenallee 8, D-1000 Berlin 19, DE) Assignee(s): Wiest; Peter P. (Berlin, DE) Patent Number: 5,044,203 Date filed: May 30, 1990 Abstract: The invention relates to a pressure measurement device (1) for fluids flowing in lines (5, 6), particularly for the flexible tubing lines of pressure-controlled roller pumps (22) for use in arthroscopy and urethroscopy. A membrane (8,8') is provided such that it is impacted on the inside by the fluid. A first pressure sensor (12) is connected to the outside of the membrane for measurement of fluid pressure. The first pressure sensor is connected to an evaluating electronic unit.A second pressure sensor (13) is connected to the evaluating electronic unit and is assigned to the outer side of

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membrane (8,8'), so that it is possible to effect a pressure monitoring based on the second pressure measurement, e.g., in the form of a measurement of pressure difference. Excerpt(s): The invention generally concerns a pressure measurement device for fluids flowing in lines and more particularly concerns a pressure measurement device for fluids flowing in flexible tubing lines of pressure-controlled roller pumps such as peristaltic pumps for use in arthroscopy and urethroscopy. A device of this type is known previously from DE 3,338,758. The pressure sensor used according to this reference can be a Stethem element, which is provided with a rigid pressure dome with two connections for a flexible tubing line and with a membrane sealing off the pressure dome. The rigid pressure dome with its membrane is pressed against a surface pressure sensor by means of a union nut. The pressure sensor is introduced on the pressure surface lying opposite the membrane. Semiconductor sensors or wire strain gauges may be used as pressure sensors. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05044203__ •

Pressure regulated irrigation system for arthroscopy Inventor(s): Santangelo; John A. (East Freetown, MA), Worrick, III; Charles B. (Hanson, MA) Assignee(s): Codman & Shurtleff, Inc. (Randolph, MA) Patent Number: 4,604,089 Date filed: August 15, 1983 Abstract: A pressure regulated system for an irrigation system including a reservoir of irrigation fluid, a pump, catheters for providing access to and egress from the irrigation site and a pressure regulation circuit, all connected in series with one another. The pressure regulation circuit includes a flow restriction branch having a normally-open valve and a variable orifice, diaphragm-operated, restrictor and a pressure accumulation branch, having a check valve, accumulator, and a normally-closed valve. A conduit running from the pressure accumulation branch to the diaphragm controls the pressure regulator. The operator may raise the pressure by closing the normally-open valve to direct pump flow to the pressure accumulation branch and thereby restrict the orifice of the pressure regulator until the desired pressure has been reached, and then releases the valve to maintain that pressure. To reduce the pressure, one opens the normally-closed valve to vent the pressure accumulation branch and reduce the pressure in the diaphragm of the pressure regulator. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an apparatus for controlling the pressure of an irrigation fluid introduced into an arthroscopy site from a traditional saline reservoir without raising or lowering the reservoir. When conducting arthroscopy surgery, for example in removing cartilage from a knee joint or other joint of the body, surgeons often introduce fluid under pressure into the joint to expand the joint so that it may be worked on more easily and to provide a fluid flow for flushing debris from the joint. This is usually done by elevating a bottle of saline solution on a well-known, vertically adjustable intravenous infusion stand and connecting a fluid line to a catheter inserted into the joint. The flow from the joint can be through an additional catheter attached to a collection bag. Pressure of the fluid introduced to the joint can be increased or decreased by raising or lowering the saline reservoir on the vertically adjustable intravenous stand. It would be desirable to have an apparatus which could be used to raise and lower the pressure of the fluid in the joint without having to go through the sometimes awkward

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procedure of raising and lowering the saline reservoir. It would also be desirable to have a pressure regulated system in which the irrigation fluid could be filtered, clarified, sterilized and recirculated through the irrigation site. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04604089__ •

Retrograde cutting hook punch Inventor(s): Dingler; Andreas (Birkenfeld, DE), Falk; Ernst (Sternenfels-Diefenbach, DE), Fischmeister; Martin F. (Linz, AT), Hiltebrandt; Siegfried (Knittlingen, DE) Assignee(s): Richard Wolf GmbH (Knittlingen, DE) Patent Number: 5,112,346 Date filed: April 16, 1990 Abstract: A retrograde cutting hook punch for arthroscopy is so designed that two ends of a fixed and a pivotable jaw member which are remote from the axis of pivot of the pivotable jaw member are laterally positioned at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the forceps, the pivotable jaw member, which is pivotable between limits set by two abutments, having an axially directed part which is guided to pivot in a longitudinal slot in the fixed jaw member, said axially directed part being provided with a downwardly open longitudinal slot to receive a traction and thrust rod for actuating the pivotable jaw member. Excerpt(s): The invention is based on a retrograde cutting hook punch in which one jaw member, which is operated by a traction and thrust rod, is mounted to be pivotably movable in a retrograde direction in the distal end of the other jaw member, which is rigidly fixed to the barrel, of the kind known from DE-GM 8 712 271 and GE-OS 35 23 022. These known instruments which operate in the retrograde direction are used to remove pieces of tissue or even to take away foreign bodies but they are of only limited suitability for arthroscopy because the space available in the knee-joint for inserting cutters through a trocar cannula is only very small and thus permits only a very limited amount of manipulation. Hence a number of different instruments are needed for operations in the knee-joint and it is generally also necessary for a number of incisions to be made. The main object of the present invention is to enable the major part of an operation in a knee-joint to be dealt with, and above all the critical region of the joint to be operated on all in one procedure, with a single retrograde cutting hook punch, and hence the need for a plurality of incisions in the knee-joint may be avoided. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05112346__

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Segmented joint distractor Inventor(s): Lakin; Ryan Cameron (Warsaw, IN), Stone; Kevin Thomas (Winona Lake, IN) Assignee(s): Biomet, Inc. (Warsaw, IN) Patent Number: 6,616,673 Date filed: April 19, 2001 Abstract: A joint distraction device for facilitating joint arthroscopy disclosed. In the first embodiment of the invention, the distractor disclosed is a series of fluidly fillable spheroid members to form a toroid. The joint distractor is placed between articular

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cartilage surfaces and filled to hold the joint surfaces apart. In a second embodiment of the invention, a string of spheroidal members is disclosed. The spheroidal members have varying diameters and are used to separate the articular surfaces of a joint. Excerpt(s): This invention generally relates to an orthopedic instrument used to distract a joint, and more particularly, to a segmented joint distractor which allows for access into a distracted joint. Joint arthroscopy is a relatively young treatment modality for treating painful joints. Its primary function is to diagnose joint pathology. Additionally, debridement, joint flushing and smoothing of the joint surfaces has led to reduced pain and a return to more normal activities. An important step in arthroscopy is to assure that not only are the bones of the joint properly aligned, but also that both joint surfaces are accessible. Failure of both joint surfaces being accessible can lead to significant trauma to the surrounding joint soft tissue, which leads to significant recovery time. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06616673__ •

Shaped needles for specialized surgical procedures Inventor(s): Shah; Mrugesh K. (4314 Montevideo, Pasadena, TX 77504) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,059,207 Date filed: August 27, 1990 Abstract: Surgical needles having a "U" or "V" shaped body useful for suturing small, deep wounds typical of surgical procedures such as arthroscopy and laparoscopy are disclosed. Additionally, a method for suturing a deep incision using the "U" or "V" shaped body surgical needle is disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to a shaped surgical needle and, more particularly, to a needle for use in specialized surgical procedures which require suturing of deep but narrow wounds, including procedures for arthroscopy and laparoscopy. Recent technological advances in the field of surgical needles have included improved materials, diameter, strength, and sharpness. However, few improvements, if any, have addressed needle shape. Typical surgical needles vary widely in size, depending upon the surgical application, however most surgical needles are curved, or semicircular in shape. The broad, curved design is particularly useful in suturing of single layer wounds, for example, skin wounds. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05059207__

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Sheath and retractable surgical tool combination Inventor(s): Aikins; Jerry L. (Warsaw, IN) Assignee(s): Zimmer, Inc. (Warsaw, IN) Patent Number: 4,491,132 Date filed: August 6, 1982 Abstract: A surgical instrument comprising a scalpel handle with a separate protective sheath for use in closed surgical procedures, such as arthroscopy. The protective sheath provides for atraumatic insertion of a scalpel blade into the body and to the actual operative site, minimizing the chance of accidental cutting of surrounding tissue. The

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handle portion is insertable into the tubular sheath from the distal tubular opening of the sheath. The sheath and handle combination may be engaged relative to each other in a plurality of functional positions. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to surgical instruments, and more particularly to surgical instruments used in arthroscopic surgery. Arthroscopic surgery is typically performed through very small incisions to enable a surgeon to examine a joint and perform certain surgical procedures on a joint through the small incisions. Arthroscopic surgery is typically performed through three small one-fourth inch incisions while the patient is under general anesthesia. A fiber optic telescope or arthroscope, smaller than the size of a pencil, is inserted into one of the incisions for allowing the surgeon to thoroughly examine all parts of the joint. A small television camera may be attached to the arthroscope and the magnified image of the inside of the joint is displayed on a television screen. Small delicate instruments are inserted through one of the other small incisions, and the damaged portion of the joint may be repaired or corrected. The small incisions avoid the large scars of a conventional open surgical operation and shorten the patient's recovery time while reducing postoperative pain. One such small instrument often used in arthroscopy is a cutting instrument. As is known in the art, the use of a protective sheath provides a means of atraumatic insertion of the cutting instrument into the body to the actual cutting site. This minimizes the chance of accidental cutting of surrounding tissue. The cutting blade is attached to a blade handle, and is maintained retracted within the sheath prior to use. After positioning of the distal end of the sheath near the cutting site, the blade and blade handle may be moved forward within the sheath to expose the cutting edge or blade from the distal end of the sheath. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04491132__ •

Shoulder arthoscopy attachment Inventor(s): Schaefer; James A. (Versailles, OH) Assignee(s): Midmark Corporation (Versailles, OH) Patent Number: 5,661,859 Date filed: October 20, 1995 Abstract: A shoulder arthroscopy attachment for use with a surgical table wherein the attachment may be attached to a seat section of the table in place of an articulated leg section. The attachment includes a lumbar support assembly for supporting the lumbar portion of a patient's back, and a headrest assembly including an upper back support and a headrest. The upper back support is adjustable in a lateral direction whereby either of a patient's shoulders may be exposed for an operation while supporting the opposite shoulder on the upper back support. The headrest is adjustable relative to a frame for the headrest assembly whereby the head of a patient may be accommodated at a variety of positions. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a surgical table attachment for performing shoulder arthroscopy operations, and more particularly, to a shoulder arthroscopy attachment which provides improved exposure of a patient's shoulder during an operation. In recent years, an increasing number of shoulder arthroscopy operations have been performed as a preferred alternative to open surgery procedures. However, conventionally available surgical tables generally do not provide satisfactory exposure to the surgery area while conveniently supporting surrounding areas of the patient. U.S.

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Pat. No. 5,275,176 discloses a proposed stabilization device for performing a shoulder arthroscopy operation. In this device, a surgical table is provided including a back support having right and left shoulder support cutout portions for selectively supporting the right and left shoulders of a patient. In order to perform a shoulder arthroscopy operation on one of the patient's shoulders, a shoulder cutout portion may be selectively removed from the bask support after the patient has been placed on the table in order to expose the shoulder for the operation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05661859__ •

Shoulder arthroscopy abduction apparatus Inventor(s): Scott; James W. (P.O. Box 7630, Tifton, GA 31794) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,941,464 Date filed: July 10, 1989 Abstract: A shoulder arthroscopy abduction apparatus for use during a diagnostic and/or surgical procedure including a generally rectangular, homogeneous forearm sleeve member having two apertures located at one end. The first aperture receives a patient's thumb and the second aperture receives a patient's little finger. The forearm sleeve member releasably attaches to a generally U-shaped gripping and support member, having a pair of lateral support arms. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a novel arm abduction apparatus for use during shoulder arthroscopy. More specifically, this invention relates to a shoulder flexure and abduction device for use during an arthroscopic diagnosis and/or surgical procedure. An arthroscope is an instrument that permits an orthopedist to visually examine the interior of a patient's joint. Initially arthroscopy was utilized by orthopedists as an examination tool to visually explore a potentially damaged knee joint. More recently the procedure has been extended to examination of other joints of the body and to use as a tool during surgery. As an example, arthroscopy has been used to diagnose and correct some of the most painful shoulder pathologies seen in orthopedic medicine. Patients experiencing chronic shoulder complaints of pain, catching, popping, clicking, crepitus or weakness may undergo diagnostic arthroscopic surgery when physical, radiographic and/or arthrographic findings are inconclusive. The most commonly seen pathologies in such patients include glenoid labrum tears, complete or incomplete rotator cuff tears, and complete or incomplete biceps tendon tears. Other problems which can be investigated with shoulder arthroscopy are loose bodies, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and tumoral conditions such as synovial osteoshondromatosis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04941464__

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Stabilization device and method for shoulder arthroscopy Inventor(s): Chandler; Eugene J. (5702 E. Camelback Rd., Phoenix, AZ 85018) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,275,176 Date filed: December 30, 1991

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Abstract: A surgical operating table particularly adapted for shoulder arthroscopy includes a central seat support, a leg support, and a back support modified to include detachable modular shoulder cutouts to gain access to the posterior aspect of the shoulder. The leg support and back support are hingedly connected to the seat support for positioning the patient in a sitting posture by operating mechanical crank arms. The patient is first supported in a supine position, anesthetized, secured to the table, and the table is thereafter configured to a sitting position. One of the modular shoulder cutouts is then removed to provide access to the shoulder upon which arthroscopy is to be performed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to apparatus and methods for performing arthroscopic shoulder surgery, and more particularly to a surgical operating table and method for performing shoulder arthroscopy with a patient in a sitting position. The use of shoulder arthroscopy as a therapeutic and diagnostic tool has dramatically increased over the past decade. Patient recovery time is much shorter when arthroscopy is used as compared with open surgery, and shoulder arthroscopy has become particularly popular for sports-related shoulder injuries. Unfortunately, progress in shoulder arthroscopy has been hampered because of difficulty in positioning and stabilizing the patient's shoulder, while still allowing full exposure to all aspects of the shoulder and free movement of the arm. Shoulder arthroscopy is usually performed with the patient under general anesthesia, lying in the lateral decubitus position, with the arm in traction to distend the shoulder joint. Such positioning and the application of such traction are generally shown in Pitman, et al., "The Use of Somatosensory Evoked Potentials for Detection of Neuropraxia During Shoulder Arthroscopy", Arthroscopy, Vol 4, No. 4, 1988, pages 250-255, and in Klein, et al., "Measurement of Brachial Plexus Strain in Arthroscopy of the Shoulder", Arthroscopy, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1987, pages 45-52. The lateral decubitus position requires that the operating table be essentially flat and horizontal. The patient is rolled on one side with the affected shoulder being uppermost, with the patient's back essentially perpendicular to the table, and with the lower leg flexed at the thigh and knee to stabilize the pelvis. Although the lateral decubitus position provides good access to the shoulder including the posterior aspect, the traction apparatus interferes with manipulation of the arm. The traction force causes distortion of the capsular anatomy, compromising arthroscopic visualization and impeding surgical technique, especially capsuloplasty. Also, the traction usually has to be adjusted intraoperatively to visualize the subacromial space, a cumbersome task. Finally, mechanical arm traction can cause neurological compromise and complications. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05275176__ •

Support for arthroscopy Inventor(s): Canterna; A. C. (380 W. Chestnut St., Washington, PA 15301) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,156,168 Date filed: March 4, 1991 Abstract: A glove-like support for maintaining and positioning an arm during arthroscopy, comprising: a hand portion including at least two spaced apart attachment devices for attaching the glove-like support to an external support, each attachment device positioned at substantially a distal end of the hand portion; a wrist portion associated with the hand portion, the wrist portion being of sufficient width so as to

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support the weight of the arm without disrupting the blood support to a hand connected to the arm; a locking device associated with the wrist portion to cause the wrist portion to be tightly associated with the wrist of the arm; and a load distributing device extending substantially from the attachment device into the wrist portion to evenly balance, distribute and transfer the forces necessary to position and maintain the arm during arthroscopy between the attachment device and the wrist portion when the glove-like support is attached to the external support. The glove-like support of the present invention may be either sterile and disposable or sterilizable and reusable. In another embodiment of the present invention, the glove-like support includes a second inner glove interposed between the hand and the glove-like support to provide additional sterilization within the operative field and padding for the patient's comfort. The second inner glove may be either sterile and disposable or sterilizable and reusable. Excerpt(s): The invention pertains in general to a device for maintaining and positioning limbs during surgical procedures and in particular to a device for maintaining and positioning an arm during arthroscopy. Arthroscopy is a surgical procedure which permits a physician to examine the inside of joints such as the knee, shoulder and ankle. During the arthroscopic procedure, a small incision is made near the joint to be examined, and an arthroscope, which is a thin illuminated viewing scope with optical fibres on its tip, is inserted through the incision and is threaded into the joint by the physician. With the arthroscope, the physician can directly view the interior portion of the joint to assess the extent of damage and develope a plan of treatment. During the threading process, the limb must often be rotated to permit the physician to thread the arthroscope to the joint to be examined. Furthermore, particularly with respect to shoulder arthroscopy, it is often necessary to position and maintain the patient's limb in a position above and away from the patient's body. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05156168__ •

Surgical leg clamp Inventor(s): Murphy; William J. (Saginaw, MI) Assignee(s): Saginaw Automation & Machine, Inc. (Saginaw, MI) Patent Number: 4,545,573 Date filed: March 3, 1983 Abstract: A surgical leg clamp assembly for securing the thigh of a patient to an operating table for arthroscopy of the knee and arthroscopic and/or knee surgery. The surgical leg clamp consists of an elongate main frame which is universally adjustably secured to the side of an operating table and which is provided with an easily adjustable thigh-encircling snap-belt clamp assembly which is adapted to incrementally apply selective continuous clamping pressure to the thigh without resultant discomfort or damage thereto. The surgical leg clamp assembly is also adapted for selected snaprelease and reapplication of the selected retentive pressure without the need for further readjustment of the surgical leg clamp assembly to reachieve the original clamping pressure. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a surgical leg clamp assembly for securing the thigh of a patient to an operating table for arthroscopy of the knee and arthroscopic and/or knee surgery. The surgical leg clamp consists of a frame which is universally adjustably secured to the side of an operating table and which is provided with an easily adjustable thigh-encircling snap-belt clamp assembly which is adapted to incrementally apply

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selective continuous clamping pressure to the thigh without resultant discomfort or damage thereto. The surgical leg clamp assembly is also adapted for selected snaprelease and reapplication of the selected retentive pressure without the need for further readjustment of the surgical leg clamp assembly to reachieve the original clamping pressure. A need has therefore existed for a surgical leg clamp provided with a clamping assembly which is easily installed so as to encircleably engage the thigh and which is easily adjustable to incrementally apply a constant encircling retentive predetermined pressure to the thigh without discomfort or damage thereto. A further need has existed for a surgical leg clamp which, after original selective clamped retentive engagement around a thigh, can be selectively snap released therefrom and snap reengaged therearound to automatically achieve the prior selected clamping pressure without the need to readjust the surgical leg clamp to achieve such original retentive clamping pressure. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04545573__ •

Video-graphic arthroscopy system Inventor(s): Blanco; Ernesto E. (Belmont, MA), Chesnais; Pascal R. (Allston, MA), Kristal; Phyllis K. (Glen Cove, NY), Lippman; Andrew B. (Salem, MA) Assignee(s): Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, MA) Patent Number: 5,005,559 Date filed: July 27, 1989 Abstract: A position sensing system which allows the arthroscopist to readily determine the location of an arthroscope's tip in relation to the point of entry has been developed. The position sensing apparatus can be employed in conjunction with a graphics module to display the location of the arthroscope in real time and provide perspective views of the instrument's location. Excerpt(s): The technical field of this invention is arthroscopy and, in particular, methods and apparatus for displaying the location of an arthroscope during use. Arthroscopy allows for direct examination of biological structures (most commonly, the knee joint, but also the hip, shoulder, elbow and hand, as well) utilizing tiny incisions through which the arthroscope is inserted. The arthroscope contains illuminating glass fibers and a series of magnifying optical lenses that project light into the joint and relay a magnified image back to the clinician. Conventional arthroscopes present a number of problems to the inexperienced user. Since the view from the probe is circular, it is difficult to determine the scope's orientation from the scene without actually moving the scope. Moreover, the arthroscope typically has an offset of 30.degree.; hence, the center of view is not in the direction of arthroscope motion into or out of the biological structure. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05005559__

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Patent Applications on Arthroscopy As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to arthroscopy: •

DIAGNOSTIC NEEDLE ARTHROSCOPY AND LAVAGE SYSTEM Inventor(s): Kadan, Jeffrey S.; (Redondo Beach, CA) Correspondence: David O'reilly; Suite 200; 1800 Bridgegate Street; Westlake Village; CA; 91361; US Patent Application Number: 20040082915 Date filed: February 21, 2003 Abstract: A system for performing diagnostic needle arthroscopy and lavage through a single port of entry into the joint compartment. The system is comprised of a handpiece having valves for irrigation and suctioning, a diagnostic cannula attached to the handpiece. The system includes a mobile cart, camera, a high-resolution monitor and an air compressor to power individually controlled irrigation pumps to deliver irrigation fluid to a handpiece and a vacuum suction console to collect fluid. The system also includes a biopsy cannula that can be exchanged for the diagnostic cannula using an exchange rod. The biopsy cannula is comprised of a pair of piggyback cannulas, one for visualization, diagnosis, irrigation and suction while the other is for insertion of a biopsy instrument or surgical devices. The biopsy instrument is comprised of a thin shaft connected to forceps at a distal end for performing surgical procedures. Excerpt(s): This application is a Continuation-In-Part of Application Ser. No. 10/165,691 filed Jun. 7, 2002 and a Continuation of application Ser. No. 09/570,324, filed May 12, 2000, and application Ser. No. 09/495,601 filed Feb. 1, 2000. This invention relates to systems to perform arthroscopies of joints such as the knee and more particularly relates to a diagnostic needle arthroscopy and lavage, (DNAL) system for performing arthroscopies through a single port. Arthroscopy is a surgical procedure in which an endoscope (arthroscope) is inserted into a joint. Fluid is then injected into the joint to slightly distend the joint and allow visualization of structures within the joint. Surgery is usually viewed on a monitor so that the whole operating team can visualize the surgical procedure that is being performed. The arthroscopy procedure falls into two types; operative and diagnostic. Operative arthroscopy is more interventional, utilizing larger devices and multiple ports to accomplish a variety of procedures designed to repair internal derangement or tears of intra-articular structures. Diagnostic arthroscopy is less invasive, requiring smaller devices and a single port of entry into the joint. Operative arthroscopes are typically four (4) mm in diameter. The operative arthroscopic procedure is often conducted under general anesthesia and is used to examine and treat the inside of the joint for damaged tissue. Most common types of surgery using operative arthroscopic procedures includes the removal or repair of torn meniscus (cartilage), ligament reconstruction, removal of loose debris and trimming or shaving damaged cartilage. Diagnostic arthroscopy is done under local anesthetic only and is most often accompanied by a thorough rinsing out of the joint (lavage). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

6

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Shoulder arthroscopy chair Inventor(s): Schuerch, Peter; (US) Correspondence: John M. Brandt; 60 Thayter ST.; Hingham; MA; 02043; US Patent Application Number: 20030172460 Date filed: March 14, 2002 Abstract: An adjustable position shoulder arthroscopy chair for surgical operating tables consisting of a back supporting platform pivotally attachable to the end of the table and an externally powered position actuator mounted at the base of the platform nearest the table and pivotally mounted to the platform at a location spaced apart from the base. The actuator is extendable and retractable and may be powered either electrically, hydraulically, or by compressed air. The extension and retraction of the actuator is controlled by a suitable device within the actuator or remote from it. Excerpt(s): The invention resides in the field of operating room appliances and more particularly relates to adjustable devices for placing a patient in a wide range of positions for surgical procedures. The invention disclosed herein is directed to a body positioner to be used in conjunction with an operating or surgical table to orient a patient in a convenient and accessible attitude for surgical procedures. The apparatus described is arranged to raise or lower the upper body of a patient lying on an operating table and consists of a platform rotatably hinged about the end of the table. The patient's back rests against the platform and, as it is rotated, moves the patient from a lying down to a sitting up position. The main purpose of the chair is to provide the ability to continuously orient the patient's shoulder and upper arm into a convenient position as the surgery progresses. To this end, means are provided to hold the chair or platform in a variety of positions. The prior art known to applicant utilizes a locking ratchet mechanism operated by the surgeon or an attendant to first physically move the chair to the desired angular orientation and then to engage, or disengage for repositioning, the locking mechanism. In prior art devices, the mechanisms utilize discrete angular positions of specified angles allowing no positions in between. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Use of a biological material containing three-dimensional scaffolds of hyaluronic acid derivatives for the preperation of implants in arthroscopy and kit for instruments for implanting said biological material by arthroscopy Inventor(s): Callegaro, Lanfranco; (Thiene, IT), Di Fede, Sergio; (Bologna, IT), Marcacci, Maurilio; (Bologna, IT) Correspondence: Clark & Elbing Llp; 101 Federal Street; Boston; MA; 02110; US Patent Application Number: 20040044416 Date filed: June 27, 2003 Abstract: Use of a biological material containing cells supported on three-dimensional scaffolds containing at least one hyaluronic acid derivative for the preparation of grafts suitable for application by arthroscopy, and a kit of surgical instruments for implanting said biological material by arthroscopy. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns the use of biological material containing cells supported on three-dimensional scaffolds which comprise at least one hyaluronic acid derivative for the preparation of grafts suitable for application by arthroscopy, and a kit

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for surgical instruments for implanting said biological material by arthroscopy. The aim of joint cartilage repair is to restore the integrity of the joint surface, reduce pain and prevent any further deterioration of the tissues. Joint cartilage is a tissue which allows virtually frictionless movement of the joint. Its particular biological characteristics enable the joint to absorb forces at least five times greater than the body's weight. The joint cartilage, or hyaline, has a very limited capacity for self-repair, so the type of cartilage that is spontaneously regenerated after damage does not possess the same characteristics as the original tissue. It is known as fibrocartilage and has no properties of lubrication or absorption of mechanical shock. The final phase of hyaline cartilage degeneration is accompanied by pain and limited mobility that may cause locking of the joint. In the long term, the degenerative process may even cause the onset of complications such as osteoarthritis. In the most severe cases, the joint, usually the knee, has to be replaced with a metal prosthesis. This is a costly procedure and is not even permanent because many prostheses have to be changed after about 10-15 years. For this reason, knee replacements are only performed as a last resort in patients of under 50 years old. Joint cartilage lesions are currently treated by arthroscopic surgical techniques chiefly aimed at reducing pain, slowing down the degeneration process and, whenever possible, repairing the damage. Many methods have been applied to date to treat cartilage defects, and each of them has certain disadvantages (T. Minas et al. "Current concepts in the treatment of articular cartilage defects", Orthopedics, June 1997, Vol. 20 No. 6). One such technique involves trimming the margins of the cartilage defect, in other words, dbridement of the edges of the lesion by removing any necrotic or diseased tissue. The technique of stimulating the marrow consists in reaching areas of the subchondral bone tissue by abrasion or perforation, thus stimulating the formation of a fibrin clot containing pluripotent stem cells. The clot then differentiates and takes form, giving rise to fibrocartilage repair tissue. The resulting tissue does not, however, have the mechanical properties or physiological or structural characteristics of healthy, lasting joint cartilage. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with arthroscopy, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “arthroscopy” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on arthroscopy. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning arthroscopy. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON ARTHROSCOPY Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to arthroscopy. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on arthroscopy include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “arthroscopy” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “arthroscopy” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “arthroscopy” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Advances in Diagnostic and Surgical Arthroscopy of the Temporomandibular Joint by Glenn T. Clark, et al; ISBN: 0721665918; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721665918/icongroupinterna

•

Diagnostic and Operative Arthroscopy of the Knee Joint by Werner Glinz; ISBN: 0920887341; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0920887341/icongroupinterna

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Diagnostic and Operative Arthroscopy of the Knee Joint; ISBN: 3456816669; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3456816669/icongroupinterna

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Diagnostic and Surgical Arthroscopy in the Horse by C. Wayne McIlwraith; ISBN: 0935078304; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0935078304/icongroupinterna

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•

Diagnostic and Surgical Arthroscopy of the Shoulder by Lanny L., MD Johnson; ISBN: 0801624002; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801624002/icongroupinterna

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Diagnostic and Surgical Arthroscopy of the Temporomandibular Joint by Bruce Sanders, et al; ISBN: 0721624537; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721624537/icongroupinterna

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Operative Hip Arthroscopy (Book ) with CDROM by Byrd; ISBN: 0865777535; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865777535/icongroupinterna

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Operative Hip Arthroscopy Combination by J. Byrd; ISBN: 0865777837; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865777837/icongroupinterna

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Surgery and Arthroscopy of the Knee: First European Congress of Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy, Berlin, 9.-14.4.1984 by E. Trickey; ISBN: 3540162747; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540162747/icongroupinterna

•

Surgery and Arthroscopy of the Knee: Second European Congress of Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy by We. Muller, W. Hackenbruch; ISBN: 0387179828; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387179828/icongroupinterna

•

Surgery and arthroscopy of the knee: Second European Congress of Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy, Basel, Switzerland, 29 Sept.-4 Oct. 1986; ISBN: 3540179828; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540179828/icongroupinterna

•

Symposium on Arthroscopy and Arthrography of the Knee: [papers]; ISBN: 0801600561; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801600561/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Arthroscopy In order to find chapters that specifically relate to arthroscopy, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and arthroscopy using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “arthroscopy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on arthroscopy: •

Surgical Management of TMJ Internal Derangement Source: in Zarb, G.A., et al. Temporomandibular Joint and Masticatory Muscle Disorders. Copenhagen, Denmark: Munksgaard. 1994. p. 549-560. Contact: Available from Munksgaard. 35 Norre Sogade, P.O. Box 2148, DK 1016 Copenhagen K, Denmark. Phone Number: 45 33 12 70 30; Fax: 45 33 12 93 87. PRICE: DDK1456.00. Contact publisher directly for current price in U.S. Dollars. ISBN: 8716106377. Summary: The introduction of arthroscopy revolutionized the surgical management of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD). This chapter describing the surgical management of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) internal derangement is from a comprehensive textbook that addresses temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) and masticatory muscle disorders. The authors discuss the indications, outcomes and

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complications associated with currently utilized surgical procedures for the treatment of TMJ internal derangement. While brief comments about surgical techniques are provided, the authors stress that it is beyond the scope of the chapter to discuss surgical techniques in detail. Topics include indications for surgery, patient selection, arthrotomy, arthroscopy, arthrocentesis with joint lavage and manipulation, and the modified condylotomy. The authors conclude that surgical treatment of TMJ internal derangement has proven effective for reducing pain and increasing range of motion in about 80 percent of the patients, regardless of the technique used. The authors stress that when reading reports of surgical results, readers must realize that the results are, in fact, the results of a comprehensive treatment plan of which surgery was only a part. 5 figures. 1 table. 50 references. (AA-M). •

Surgery of Rheumatic Disease in Adults Source: in Maddison, P.J.; et al., Eds. Oxford Textbook of Rheumatology. Volume 2. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. 1993. p. 1099-1115. Contact: Available from Oxford University Press, Inc., New York, NY. Summary: This chapter for health professionals describes the surgical procedures performed on patients with arthritis. These techniques include arthroscopy and arthroscopic debridement, osteotomy, and hemiarthroplasty. The indications for total joint replacement in the rheumatoid patient are identified. Nonsurgical management of painful joints is considered. Conditions that may occur in the inflammatory arthropathies that may require surgery are described. Preoperative, medical, anesthetic, and surgical considerations that surgeons must address with regard to patients with rheumatoid arthritis are highlighted. The outcome of total replacement and revision surgery for the hip and the knee is discussed, and complications that may occur following replacement and revision surgery are identified. Data on the outcome of total replacement of the shoulder, the elbow, and the ankle are provided. Radiographic evaluation of arthroplasty is described. Complications of total joint replacement are discussed, including infection, wound healing, wear, and heterotopic bone formation. In addition, the natural history, assessment, and surgical treatment of the rheumatoid cervical spine are examined. 91 references and 15 figures.

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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ARTHROSCOPY Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover arthroscopy.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on arthroscopy is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “arthroscopy” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to arthroscopy. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “arthroscopy” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for arthroscopy: •

Omeros arthroscopy drug clears phase II hurdle Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: February 27, 2002

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “arthroscopy” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “arthroscopy” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to arthroscopy, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “arthroscopy” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Arthroscopy Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to arthroscopy. In addition to

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these sources, you can search for articles covering arthroscopy that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

7

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

8 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “arthroscopy” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 9039 418 233 18 3 9711

HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “arthroscopy” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

10

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

11

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 12 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 13 14

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

15 Adapted 16

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on arthroscopy can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to arthroscopy. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to arthroscopy. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “arthroscopy”:

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Guides on arthroscopy Shoulder Arthroscopy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/shoulderarthroscopyloader.html

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Other guides Cartilage Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cartilagedisorders.html Knee Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kneeinjuriesanddisorders.html Osteoarthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/osteoarthritis.html Shoulder Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/shoulderinjuriesanddisorders.html Wrist and Arm Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/wristandarminjuriesanddisorders.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on arthroscopy. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Knee Arthroscopy: Diagnosing and Treating Your Problem Source: San Bruno, CA: The StayWell Company. 1999. 8 p. Contact: StayWell Company. 1100 Grundy Lane, San Bruno, CA 94066-3030. (800) 3333032. Website: www.krames.com. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This booklet discusses arthroscopic surgery for knee problems. Arthroscopy is a technique that allows surgeons to see inside the knee as well as make repairs using only small incisions. The arthroscope contains magnifying lenses and coated glass fibers that beam a light into the joint. A camera is attached to the arthroscope, allowing the surgeon to see inside the joint. Arthroscopy is used to treat common knee problems including meniscus cartilage tears, ligament tears, articular cartilage wear, and patellar problems. Arthroscopic knee surgery is often an outpatient procedure. Recovery is usually quicker and is accompanied by less scarring and pain than traditional surgery.

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The risks of athroscopic surgery are the same as other surgeries and include bleeding, infection, stiffness, and recurring knee problems. Guidelines for going home, using crutches, and once home, relieving pain, showering, exercising, and using physical therapy are provided. •

Knee Arthroscopy Source: Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 1995. 17 p. Contact: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 6300 North River Road, Rosemont, IL 60018. Summary: This brochure for individuals with knee disorders helps them understand more about the use of arthroscopy to treat these disorders. The mechanics of the normal knee are explained. Types of knee problems that can be diagnosed and treated through arthroscopy are outlined. The components of the orthopaedic knee evaluation are discussed. Guidelines are provided for preparing for surgery, undergoing surgery, and recovering from surgery. Warning signs of complications are identified. An exercise and activity guide is also included. 30 illustrations.

•

Arthroscopy Source: Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 1995. 8 p. Contact: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 6300 North River Road, Rosemont, IL 60018. Summary: This brochure for the general public or patients uses a question-and-answer format to discuss arthroscopy. Arthroscopy is defined. Conditions that may be detected during arthroscopic examination are described, including inflammation, injury, and loose bodies of bone or cartilage. The way in which arthroscopic surgery is performed is explained, and postoperative care is discussed. Disorders that can be treated with a combination of arthroscopic and standard surgery are identified. Possible complications that may occur during or following arthroscopic surgery are highlighted, and the advantages of arthroscopic surgery are noted. 2 illustrations.

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Wrist Arthroscopy Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. December 2001. 3 p. Contact: Available online from American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Website: www.aaos.org. Summary: This fact sheet discusses the use of arthroscopic surgery to diagnose and treat conditions of the wrist. Diagnostic arthroscopy may be used if the cause of wrist pain cannot be identified or if wrist pain continues after non-surgical treatment. Before the procedure, the doctor will perform a physical examination, provocative tests, and imaging studies of the hand and wrist. The procedure is performed by making small incisions into the back of the wrist in which to insert the arthroscope and other instruments. Arthroscopic surgery is also used to treat conditions of the wrist including chronic wrist pain, wrist fractures, ganglion cysts, and tears in the ligaments or triangular fibrocartilage. This surgery may also be used to smooth bone surfaces and remove inflamed tissue. Complications of surgery are unusual but may include infection, nerve damage, excessive swelling or bleeding, scarring, or tendon tearing.

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After Knee Arthroscopy: Regaining Full Knee Health Source: San Bruno, CA: StayWell Company. 2000. 16 p. Contact: Available from StayWell Company. 1100 Grundy Lane, San Bruno, CA 940663030. (800) 333-3032. Website: www.staywell.com. PRICE: Call or write for current pricing on single and bulk orders. Summary: This illustrated booklet provides people who have knee arthroscopy with information on recovering from this surgical procedure. The booklet describes the anatomy of a healthy knee and discusses meniscus, ligament, and wear and tear injuries in terms of diagnosis, treatment, and recovery. The booklet explains how arthroscopy works and outlines the information a patient should have before going home after surgery. This is followed by guidelines on recovering at home, focusing on elevating the leg, icing the knee, eating light foods, taking medication, doing circulation exercises, using crutches, caring for a bandage, bathing, and returning to work. The booklet then presents exercises that people can do to strengthen muscles, including walking, heel slides, toe raises, quad sets, and straight leg raises. The booklet also addresses the issue of working with a physical therapist, identifies types of physical therapy, and offers tips on doing stretching and aerobic exercises. Numerous figures.

•

Knee Arthroscopy: Treating Your Knee Problem Source: San Bruno, CA: StayWell Company. 2000. 8 p. Contact: Available from StayWell Company. 1100 Grundy Lane, San Bruno, CA 940663030. (800) 333-3032. Website: www.staywell.com. PRICE: Call or write for current pricing on single and bulk orders. Summary: This illustrated booklet, which is available in both English and Spanish, provides people who have a knee problem with information on arthroscopy. This procedure gives a surgeon access to the knee joint using only small incisions. The booklet describes the anatomy of the knee and explains the orthopedic evaluation for a knee problem, focusing on the medical history, the physical examination, and diagnostic tests. This is followed by a discussion of the role of arthroscopy in diagnosing and treating a knee problem. The booklet then identifies common knee problems such as meniscus tears, anterior cruciate ligament tears, cartilage wear, and patella problems and presents common options for treating them. In addition, the booklet explains postoperative care in both the hospital and at home and offers tips on relieving pain, showering, and exercising. Numerous figures.

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Arthroscopy of the Foot and Ankle Source: Park Ridge, IL: American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 1998. 6 p. Contact: Available from American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 515 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068. (800) 421-2237 or (847) 292-2237. Fax (800) 382-8270 or (847) 292-2022. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.acfas.org. PRICE: Package of 50 for members, $18.50 plus shipping; for non-members, $27.50 plus shipping. Summary: This illustrated brochure provides people who have foot and ankle problems with information on the use of arthroscopy to diagnose and treat these problems. Arthroscopy uses small openings to examine the joint. Delicate instruments and miniature video cameras are used to perform arthroscopy. The arthroscope can be used for the following conditions: chronic ankle pain, arthritis, loose bodies, ankle instability, cartilage fractures, and meniscoid body. An advantage of arthroscopic surgery is

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reduced trauma. Postoperative care involves the RICE method of rest, ice, compression, and elevation. 1 figure. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to arthroscopy. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to arthroscopy. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with arthroscopy. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about arthroscopy. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.

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Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “arthroscopy” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “arthroscopy”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “arthroscopy” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “arthroscopy” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

18

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

19

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on arthroscopy: •

Basic Guidelines for Arthroscopy Arthroscopy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003418.htm

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Signs & Symptoms for Arthroscopy Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Joint pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm Muscle Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm Swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm

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Diagnostics and Tests for Arthroscopy Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm

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Background Topics for Arthroscopy Adolescent test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002054.htm Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm Bone fragments Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000001.htm Broken bone Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000001.htm Dislocation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000014.htm Infant test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002055.htm Noninvasive Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002269.htm Preschooler test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002057.htm Schoolage test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002058.htm Toddler test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002056.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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ARTHROSCOPY DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abduction: Forcible pulling of a limb away from its natural position, a risk in road accidents and disasters; move outwards away from middle line. [NIH] Abrasion: 1. The wearing away of a substance or structure (such as the skin or the teeth) through some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. 2. An area of body surface denuded of skin or mucous membrane by some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. [EU] Acromioclavicular Joint: The gliding joint formed by the outer extremity of the clavicle and the inner margin of the acromion process of the scapula. [NIH] Acromion: The lateral extension of the spine of the scapula and the highest point of the shoulder. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Adjunctive Therapy: Another treatment used together with the primary treatment. Its purpose is to assist the primary treatment. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Exercise: A type of physical activity that includes walking, jogging, running, and dancing. Aerobic training improves the efficiency of the aerobic energy-producing systems that can improve cardiorespiratory endurance. [NIH] Air Embolism: Occurs when the lungs over expand to the point that air bubbles are forced through the air sacs of the lungs into the circulatory system. [NIH] Air Sacs: Thin-walled sacs or spaces which function as a part of the respiratory system in birds, fishes, insects, and mammals. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH]

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Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allografts: A graft of tissue obtained from the body of another animal of the same species but with genotype differing from that of the recipient; tissue graft from a donor of one genotype to a host of another genotype with host and donor being members of the same species. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anaesthetic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing anaesthesia. 2. A drug or agent that is used to abolish the sensation of pain. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Anisotropy: A physical property showing different values in relation to the direction in or along which the measurement is made. The physical property may be with regard to thermal or electric conductivity or light refraction. In crystallography, it describes crystals whose index of refraction varies with the direction of the incident light. It is also called acolotropy and colotropy. The opposite of anisotropy is isotropy wherein the same values characterize the object when measured along axes in all directions. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH]

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Ankle Joint: The joint that is formed by the inferior articular and malleolar articular surfaces of the tibia, the malleolar articular surface of the fibula, and the medial malleolar, lateral malleolar, and superior surfaces of the talus. [NIH] Ankylosis: Fixation and immobility of a joint. [NIH] Anterior Cruciate Ligament: A strong ligament of the knee that originates from the posteromedial portion of the lateral condyle of the femur, passes anteriorly and inferiorly between the condyles, and attaches to the depression in front of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia. [NIH] Anti-Anxiety Agents: Agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and neurotic symptoms, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. Some are also effective as anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, or anesthesia adjuvants. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here. [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aponeurosis: Tendinous expansion consisting of a fibrous or membranous sheath which serves as a fascia to enclose or bind a group of muscles. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthralgia: Pain in the joint. [NIH] Arthrography: Roentgenography of a joint, usually after injection of either positive or negative contrast medium. [NIH] Arthropathy: Any joint disease. [EU] Arthroplasty: Surgical reconstruction of a joint to relieve pain or restore motion. [NIH] Arthroscopes: Endoscopes for visualizing the interior of a joint. [NIH]

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Arthroscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy and surgery of the joint. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Articulation: The relationship of two bodies by means of a moveable joint. [NIH] Artifacts: Any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not by the entity being analyzed. Common examples include histological structures introduced by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Axilla: The underarm or armpit. [NIH] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]

Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Beta-Thromboglobulin: A platelet-specific protein which is released when platelets aggregate. Elevated plasma levels have been reported after deep venous thrombosis, preeclampsia, myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis, and myeloproliferative disorders. Measurement of beta-thromboglobulin in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay is used for the diagnosis and assessment of progress of thromboembolic disorders. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning

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technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Coagulation Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Plexus: The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa, occasionally accompanied by a calcific deposit in the underlying supraspinatus tendon; the most common site is the subdeltoid bursa. [EU] Cannula: A tube for insertion into a duct or cavity; during insertion its lumen is usually occupied by a trocar. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual

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patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clavicle: A long bone of the shoulder girdle. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH]

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Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such

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as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compress: A plug used to occludate an orifice in the control of bleeding, or to mop up secretions; an absorbent pad. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Concentric: Having a common center of curvature or symmetry. [NIH] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Convalescence: The period of recovery following an illness. [NIH] Cortices: The outer layer of an organ; used especially of the cerebrum and cerebellum. [NIH] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Credentialing: The recognition of professional or technical competence through registration, certification, licensure, admission to association membership, the award of a diploma or

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degree, etc. [NIH] Cryotherapy: Any method that uses cold temperature to treat disease. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diastolic pressure: The lowest pressure to which blood pressure falls between contractions of the ventricles. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Dislocation: The displacement of any part, more especially of a bone. Called also luxation. [EU]

Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH]

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Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elbow Joint: A hinge joint connecting the forearm to the arm. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electric Conductivity: The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of electrons. [NIH] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences,

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or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymes: Biological molecules that possess catalytic activity. They may occur naturally or be synthetically created. Enzymes are usually proteins, however catalytic RNA and catalytic DNA molecules have also been identified. [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exostoses: Benign hypertrophy that projects outward from the surface of bone, often containing a cartilaginous component. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

External radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external-beam radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Nerve: A nerve originating in the lumbar spinal cord (usually L2 to L4) and traveling through the lumbar plexus to provide motor innervation to extensors of the thigh and sensory innervation to parts of the thigh, lower leg, and foot, and to the hip and knee joints. [NIH] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fentanyl: A narcotic opioid drug that is used in the treatment of pain. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-

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identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibula: The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its length, it is the most slender of the long bones. [NIH] Fine-needle aspiration: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called needle biopsy. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flexion: In gynaecology, a displacement of the uterus in which the organ is bent so far forward or backward that an acute angle forms between the fundus and the cervix. [EU] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Flushing: A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fundus: The larger part of a hollow organ that is farthest away from the organ's opening. The bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, eye, and cavity of the middle ear all have a fundus. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a

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aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Hemodynamics: The movements of the blood and the forces involved in systemic or regional blood circulation. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Herniated: Protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disc into the intervertebral foramen compressing the nerve root. [NIH]

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Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called

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intravenous infusion. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inoperable: Not suitable to be operated upon. [EU] Interleukin-8: A cytokine that activates neutrophils and attracts neutrophils and Tlymphocytes. It is released by several cell types including monocytes, macrophages, Tlymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes by an inflammatory stimulus. IL-8 is a member of the beta-thromboglobulin superfamily and structurally related to platelet factor 4. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraperitoneal: IP. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs). [NIH] Intrathecal: Describes the fluid-filled space between the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord. Drugs can be injected into the fluid or a sample of the fluid can be removed for testing. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Joint Capsule: The sac enclosing a joint. It is composed of an outer fibrous articular capsule and an inner synovial membrane. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (receptors, NMethyl-D-Aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors. [NIH] Ketorolac: A drug that belongs to a family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Knee Injuries: Injuries to the knee or the knee joint. [NIH] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU]

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Laparoscopy: Examination, therapy or surgery of the abdomen's interior by means of a laparoscope. [NIH] Lenses: Pieces of glass or other transparent materials used for magnification or increased visual acuity. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lubrication: The application of a substance to diminish friction between two surfaces. It may refer to oils, greases, and similar substances for the lubrication of medical equipment but it can be used for the application of substances to tissue to reduce friction, such as lotions for skin and vaginal lubricants. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Luxation: The displacement of the particular surface of a bone from its normal joint, without fracture. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Masticatory: 1. subserving or pertaining to mastication; affecting the muscles of mastication. 2. a remedy to be chewed but not swallowed. [EU] Mean blood pressure: The average blood pressure, taking account of the rise and fall that occurs with each heartbeat. It is often estimated by multiplying the diastolic pressure by two, adding the systolic pressure, and then dividing this sum by three. [NIH]

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Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Musculoskeletal System: Themuscles, bones, and cartilage of the body. [NIH] Music Therapy: The use of music as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of neurological, mental, or behavioral disorders. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense

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pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Needle biopsy: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called fine-needle aspiration. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Operating Rooms: Facilities equipped for performing surgery. [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Orthopaedic: Pertaining to the correction of deformities of the musculoskeletal system; pertaining to orthopaedics. [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteochondritis Dissecans: A type of osteochondritis in which articular cartilage and associated bone becomes partially or totally detached to form joint loose bodies. Affects mainly the knee, ankle, and elbow joints. [NIH] Osteonecrosis: Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH]

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Osteotomy: The surgical cutting of a bone. [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Oximetry: The determination of oxygen-hemoglobin saturation of blood either by withdrawing a sample and passing it through a classical photoelectric oximeter or by electrodes attached to some translucent part of the body like finger, earlobe, or skin fold. It includes non-invasive oxygen monitoring by pulse oximetry. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Patella: The flat, triangular bone situated at the anterior part of the knee. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Patient Selection: Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols. [NIH] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peroneal Nerve: The lateral of the two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve. The peroneal (or fibular) nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to parts of the leg and foot. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have

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grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physical Fitness: A state of well-being in which performance is optimal, often as a result of physical conditioning which may be prescribed for disease therapy. [NIH] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH]

Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]

Piroxicam: 4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-N-2-pyridyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide 1,1dioxide. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent that is well established in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Its usefulness has also been demonstrated in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and postoperative pain. Its long half-life enables it to be administered once daily. The drug has also been shown to be effective if administered rectally. Gastrointestinal complaints are the most frequently reported side effects. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelet Factor 4: A high-molecular-weight proteoglycan-platelet factor complex which is released from blood platelets by thrombin. It acts as a mediator in the heparin-neutralizing capacity of the blood and plays a role in platelet aggregation. At high ionic strength (I=0.75), the complex dissociates into the active component (molecular weight 29,000) and the proteoglycan carrier (chondroitin 4-sulfate, molecular weight 350,000). The molecule exists in the form of a dimer consisting of 8 moles of platelet factor 4 and 2 moles of proteoglycan. [NIH]

Plexus: A network or tangle; a general term for a network of lymphatic vessels, nerves, or veins. [EU] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Port: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port-a-cath. [NIH] Port-a-cath: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU]

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Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Premedication: Preliminary administration of a drug preceding a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure. The commonest types of premedication are antibiotics (antibiotic prophylaxis) and anti-anxiety agents. It does not include preanesthetic medication. [NIH] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Propofol: A widely used anesthetic. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs,

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may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until the organism responds. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Reoperation: A repeat operation for the same condition in the same patient. It includes reoperation for reexamination, reoperation for disease progression or recurrence, or reoperation following operative failure. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Resected: Surgical removal of part of an organ. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary,

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4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retraction: 1. The act of drawing back; the condition of being drawn back. 2. Distal movement of teeth, usually accomplished with an orthodontic appliance. [EU] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rheumatology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of inflammatory or degenerative processes and metabolic derangement of connective tissue structures which pertain to a variety of musculoskeletal disorders, such as arthritis. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rotator: A muscle by which a part can be turned circularly. [NIH] Rotator Cuff: The musculotendinous sheath formed by the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor muscles. These help stabilize the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa and allow for rotation of the shoulder joint about its longitudinal axis. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH] Scalpel: A small pointed knife with a convex edge. [NIH] Sciatic Nerve: A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the tibial nerve and the peroneal nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH]

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Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Sharpness: The apparent blurring of the border between two adjacent areas of a radiograph having different optical densities. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Sports Medicine: The field of medicine concerned with physical fitness and the diagnosis and treatment of injuries sustained in sports activities. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH]

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Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stereotaxis: Use of a computer and scanning devices to create three-dimensional pictures. This method can be used to direct a biopsy, external radiation, or the insertion of radiation implants. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subcutaneous Emphysema: Presence of air or gas in the subcutaneous tissues of the body. [NIH]

Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent. [NIH] Supine: Having the front portion of the body upwards. [NIH] Supine Position: The posture of an individual lying face up. [NIH] Surgical Equipment: Nonexpendable apparatus used during surgical procedures. They are differentiated from surgical instruments, usually hand-held and used in the immediate operative field. [NIH] Surgical Instruments: Hand-held tools or implements used by health professionals for the performance of surgical tasks. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU]

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Syndesmosis: A fibrous joint. [NIH] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Fluid: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the synovial membrane. It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts and serves to lubricate joints. [NIH] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Synovitis: Inflammation of a synovial membrane. It is usually painful, particularly on motion, and is characterized by a fluctuating swelling due to effusion within a synovial sac. Synovitis is qualified as fibrinous, gonorrhoeal, hyperplastic, lipomatous, metritic, puerperal, rheumatic, scarlatinal, syphilitic, tuberculous, urethral, etc. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Systolic pressure: The highest pressure to which blood pressure rises with the contraction of the ventricles. [NIH] Talus: The second largest of the tarsal bones and occupies the middle and upper part of the tarsus. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Tenosynovitis: Inflammation of a tendon sheath. [EU] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tibia: The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the fibula laterally, the talus distally, and the femur proximally. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tourniquet: A device, band or elastic tube applied temporarily to press upon an artery to stop bleeding; a device to compress a blood vessel in order to stop bleeding. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test

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substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating. [NIH] Transcutaneous: Transdermal. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives

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oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viruses: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells. [NIH] Visual Acuity: Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdomen, 67, 123, 138, 141, 147 Abdominal, 123, 131, 137, 141 Abduction, 64, 83, 123 Abrasion, 89, 123 Acromioclavicular Joint, 70, 123 Acromion, 123 Acrylonitrile, 123, 145 Adjunctive Therapy, 123, 139 Adjustment, 78, 123 Adrenal Cortex, 123, 130 Adrenal Medulla, 123, 133 Adrenergic, 123, 125, 133, 147 Adverse Effect, 123, 146 Aerobic, 110, 123 Aerobic Exercise, 110, 123 Air Embolism, 21, 123 Air Sacs, 123 Airway, 33, 49, 123 Algorithms, 124, 127 Alkaloid, 124, 139 Allografts, 36, 124 Alternative medicine, 96, 124 Aluminum, 124, 150 Amino Acids, 124, 145, 149 Ampulla, 124, 132 Anaesthesia, 9, 15, 17, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 43, 44, 48, 49, 61, 124, 136 Anaesthetic, 34, 44, 124 Anal, 124, 134 Analgesic, 40, 61, 124, 139, 140, 147, 149 Anatomical, 68, 124 Anemia, 124, 129 Anesthetics, 124, 133 Anisotropy, 6, 124 Ankle, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 33, 39, 40, 42, 64, 70, 77, 78, 85, 93, 110, 124, 125, 140 Ankle Joint, 77, 78, 125 Ankylosis, 3, 125 Anterior Cruciate Ligament, 17, 27, 43, 44, 58, 110, 125 Anti-Anxiety Agents, 125, 143 Antibiotic, 125, 143 Antibiotic Prophylaxis, 125, 143 Antibody, 125, 129, 136 Antigen, 125, 129, 136 Anti-inflammatory, 125, 135, 137, 142 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 125, 137

Anxiety, 59, 60, 125 Aponeurosis, 125, 135 Aqueous, 125, 126, 132 Arteries, 70, 125, 127 Arterioles, 125, 127 Artery, 125, 132, 144, 148 Arthralgia, 3, 125 Arthrography, 4, 16, 21, 35, 48, 49, 51, 61, 92, 125 Arthropathy, 30, 125 Arthroplasty, 19, 23, 93, 125 Arthroscopes, 86, 87, 125 Articulation, 65, 126 Artifacts, 19, 126 Aseptic, 59, 65, 126 Atmospheric Pressure, 126, 136 Atrophy, 34, 126 Auditory, 60, 126 Axilla, 126, 127 Axillary, 37, 126 B Bacteria, 66, 125, 126, 132, 149 Basal Ganglia, 126, 134 Base, 88, 126, 137, 148 Basement Membrane, 126, 133 Benign, 126, 133, 134 Beta-Thromboglobulin, 126, 137 Bilateral, 29, 77, 126 Biochemical, 126, 140 Biopsy, 38, 87, 120, 126, 141, 147 Biotechnology, 7, 96, 103, 126 Biotransformation, 127 Bladder, 49, 75, 127, 134, 149 Blood Coagulation, 70, 127 Blood Coagulation Factors, 127 Blood pressure, 59, 127, 131, 138, 139, 148 Blood vessel, 70, 127, 128, 132, 137, 141, 146, 148, 149 Body Fluids, 66, 73, 127, 131 Bone Marrow, 4, 127, 138, 139 Brachial, 12, 64, 84, 127 Brachial Plexus, 12, 64, 84, 127 Bronchi, 127, 133 Bupivacaine, 8, 9, 11, 12, 18, 28, 40, 45, 48, 54, 127, 138 Bursitis, 4, 127 C Cannula, 74, 80, 87, 127

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Carbon Dioxide, 127, 134, 135, 144, 149 Carcinogens, 127, 128 Cardiac, 12, 127, 132, 133, 138, 147 Cardiorespiratory, 123, 127 Case report, 12, 20, 23, 29, 42, 47, 49, 127, 128 Case series, 128 Catheter, 79, 128 Caudal, 128, 142 Cell, 126, 128, 129, 131, 132, 133, 134, 137, 140, 141, 142, 145 Cell Division, 126, 128, 142 Central Nervous System, 128, 134, 139 Cerebellum, 128, 130 Cerebral, 126, 128, 133, 134 Cerebral Cortex, 128, 134 Cerebrum, 128, 130 Cervical, 60, 93, 127, 128 Cervix, 128, 134 Character, 128, 131 Chromium, 15, 128 Chronic, 12, 46, 58, 83, 109, 110, 128, 131, 136, 147 Circulatory system, 123, 128 Clamp, 78, 85, 128 Clavicle, 123, 128 Clinical study, 18, 128 Clinical trial, 5, 59, 103, 128, 129, 130, 131, 139, 141, 143, 144 Cloning, 126, 129 Coagulation, 69, 70, 71, 127, 129, 135 Cobalt, 15, 129 Collapse, 64, 129 Complement, 129 Complementary and alternative medicine, 57, 62, 129 Complementary medicine, 57, 129 Compress, 130, 148 Computational Biology, 103, 130 Computed tomography, 4, 130 Computerized axial tomography, 130 Computerized tomography, 130 Concentric, 69, 130 Conduction, 7, 130 Connective Tissue, 70, 127, 130, 138, 145, 148 Connective Tissue Cells, 130 Consciousness, 124, 125, 130 Contraindications, ii, 130 Contrast medium, 14, 125, 130 Control group, 7, 130 Convalescence, 12, 130

Cortices, 60, 130 Corticosteroids, 130, 135 Cortisol, 19, 130 Credentialing, 6, 130 Cryotherapy, 14, 17, 131 Curative, 131, 148 Cytokine, 131, 137 D Decubitus, 9, 84, 131 Degenerative, 15, 36, 70, 89, 131, 140, 145 Diagnostic procedure, 63, 96, 131 Diaphragm, 79, 131 Diastolic, 131, 138 Diastolic pressure, 131, 138 Diffusion, 131, 136 Direct, iii, 64, 66, 74, 76, 79, 86, 131, 144, 147 Discrete, 88, 131, 148 Disease Progression, 7, 20, 131, 144 Dislocation, 23, 46, 51, 120, 131 Distal, 51, 65, 66, 69, 73, 80, 82, 84, 87, 131, 132, 143, 145 Dorsal, 131, 142 Dorsum, 131, 135 Double-blind, 8, 18, 35, 38, 131 Double-blinded, 8, 35, 131 Drive, ii, vi, 6, 53, 64, 65, 77, 131 Drug Interactions, 131 Duct, 72, 124, 127, 131 Duodenum, 132, 147 Dysmenorrhea, 132, 142 Dysplasia, 25, 132 Dystrophy, 43, 60, 132 E Edema, 4, 33, 132 Efficacy, 6, 12, 32, 34, 54, 58, 132 Effusion, 32, 132, 148 Elastic, 132, 146, 148 Elbow Joint, 70, 132, 140 Elective, 27, 40, 132 Electric Conductivity, 124, 132 Electrocoagulation, 129, 132 Electrode, 64, 65, 69, 132 Electrons, 126, 132, 137, 144 Embolus, 21, 132, 136 Embryo, 132, 136 Emulsion, 132, 134 Endoscope, 87, 132 Endoscopic, 17, 58, 73, 74, 75, 126, 132 Endothelial cell, 132, 137 Environmental Health, 102, 104, 132 Enzymes, 133, 134, 140

153

Epidural, 11, 57, 133 Epinephrine, 18, 65, 123, 133 Erythrocytes, 124, 127, 133 Exogenous, 127, 133 Exostoses, 24, 133 Extensor, 33, 133 External radiation, 133, 147 Extracellular, 6, 130, 133, 134, 139 Extracellular Matrix, 6, 130, 133, 134 Extracellular Space, 133, 139 Extraction, 66, 133 Extremity, 123, 127, 133, 145 F Family Planning, 103, 133 Fat, 21, 127, 132, 133, 146, 148 Femoral, 24, 43, 44, 48, 133 Femoral Nerve, 43, 48, 133 Femur, 125, 133, 148 Fentanyl, 18, 28, 133 Fibrin, 89, 127, 133, 148 Fibrinogen, 133, 148 Fibroblasts, 130, 134, 137 Fibula, 125, 134, 148 Fine-needle aspiration, 134, 140 Fissure, 49, 134 Fixation, 10, 125, 134 Flatus, 134, 135 Flexion, 60, 64, 134 Flexor, 61, 133, 134 Flushing, 66, 79, 81, 134 Fold, 134, 141 Foramen, 134, 135, 141 Forearm, 83, 127, 132, 134 Fossa, 128, 134, 145 Fovea, 134 Friction, 134, 138 Fundus, 134 G Ganglion, 109, 134 Gas, 17, 75, 127, 131, 134, 135, 136, 140, 147, 149 Gas exchange, 135, 149 Gastrointestinal, 133, 135, 142 Gene, 127, 135 Generator, 69, 70, 135 Genotype, 124, 135 Glucocorticoid, 12, 135 Glucose, 128, 135 Governing Board, 135, 143 Graft, 124, 135 H Half-Life, 135, 142

Heartbeat, 135, 138 Hemodynamics, 18, 135 Hemoglobin, 124, 133, 135, 141 Hemostasis, 64, 70, 135 Hereditary, 24, 135 Herniated, 14, 135 Homogeneous, 83, 136 Hormonal, 126, 136 Hormone, 130, 133, 136, 145 Hydrogen, 126, 136, 139 Hyperbaric, 28, 136 Hyperbaric oxygen, 136 Hypersensitivity, 136, 145 Hypertrophy, 133, 136 I Immunosuppressive, 135, 136 In vitro, 61, 136 In vivo, 25, 27, 36, 136, 139 Incision, 64, 76, 81, 85, 136, 137 Induction, 43, 136, 137 Infarction, 126, 136, 144 Infection, 27, 29, 65, 75, 93, 109, 126, 136, 138, 145, 147 Infiltration, 9, 136, 143 Inflammation, 7, 43, 109, 125, 127, 136, 142, 148 Infusion, 75, 79, 136 Innervation, 127, 133, 137, 141, 145 Inoperable, 67, 137 Interleukin-8, 59, 137 Internal Medicine, 6, 137, 145 Intervertebral, 135, 137 Intracellular, 136, 137 Intraperitoneal, 36, 137 Intrathecal, 18, 28, 29, 137 Intravenous, 79, 137 Invasive, 66, 75, 77, 78, 87, 137, 138, 141 Ions, 126, 136, 137 Irrigation, 19, 36, 72, 74, 75, 76, 79, 87, 137 Ischemia, 126, 137, 144 J Joint Capsule, 137, 148 K Kb, 102, 137 Keratinocytes, 137 Ketamine, 28, 137 Ketorolac, 35, 137 Kinetic, 137 Knee Injuries, 21, 108, 137 L Laceration, 70, 137 Laparoscopy, 81, 138

154

Arthroscopy

Lenses, 86, 108, 138, 144 Lesion, 33, 89, 138 Lidocaine, 18, 49, 57, 138 Ligament, 38, 47, 51, 70, 87, 108, 110, 125, 138 Localized, 134, 136, 138, 142 Loop, 74, 138 Lubricants, 138 Lubrication, 89, 138 Lumbar, 82, 133, 138, 145 Luxation, 72, 131, 138 Lymph, 126, 128, 132, 138 Lymph node, 126, 128, 138 Lymphatic, 136, 138, 142 Lymphocytes, 125, 137, 138 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 4, 6, 14, 16, 36, 46, 50, 138 Malnutrition, 126, 138 Mastication, 138 Masticatory, 92, 138 Mean blood pressure, 73, 138 Medial, 125, 139, 148 Medical Records, 139, 145 Medical Staff, 131, 139 MEDLINE, 103, 139 Membrane, 78, 79, 123, 129, 139, 141, 145, 148 Mental, iv, 5, 102, 104, 128, 139, 143 Microdialysis, 27, 139 Mitochondrial Swelling, 139, 140 Mobility, 89, 139 Molecular, 103, 105, 126, 130, 134, 139, 142, 145 Molecule, 125, 126, 129, 139, 142 Monitor, 6, 7, 67, 69, 74, 87, 139, 140 Monocytes, 137, 139 Morphine, 8, 12, 13, 18, 28, 35, 40, 45, 49, 54, 139, 140 Morphology, 37, 50, 139 Motion Sickness, 139 Mucinous, 135, 139 Multicenter study, 3, 139 Musculoskeletal System, 139, 140 Music Therapy, 59, 139 N Narcotic, 133, 139, 149 Nausea, 41, 139 Necrosis, 24, 70, 136, 140, 144 Needle biopsy, 43, 134, 140 Nerve Fibers, 127, 140 Nervous System, 128, 140, 147

Neural, 58, 61, 140 Neutrophils, 137, 140 Nitrogen, 124, 134, 140 Nuclear, 4, 27, 43, 126, 129, 132, 134, 140 Nuclei, 132, 138, 140 O Occult, 5, 140 Operating Rooms, 66, 140 Ophthalmology, 134, 140 Opiate, 139, 140 Opium, 139, 140 Orthopaedic, 9, 11, 12, 23, 30, 35, 41, 43, 44, 45, 54, 59, 60, 64, 65, 109, 140 Osteoarthritis, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 14, 20, 24, 41, 57, 59, 83, 89, 108, 140, 142 Osteochondritis Dissecans, 19, 140 Osteonecrosis, 4, 140 Osteoporosis, 4, 140 Osteotomy, 93, 141 Outpatient, 8, 9, 11, 18, 28, 34, 41, 44, 45, 48, 108, 141 Oximetry, 33, 141 P Palliative, 141, 148 Patella, 70, 110, 141 Pathologic, 70, 126, 136, 141, 149 Pathologies, 83, 141 Patient Education, 108, 114, 116, 120, 141 Patient Selection, 93, 141 Pelvis, 84, 123, 138, 141, 149 Percutaneous, 10, 141 Perforation, 89, 134, 141 Perfusion, 33, 141 Peritoneal, 137, 141 Peritoneal Cavity, 137, 141 Peroneal Nerve, 33, 141, 145 Phallic, 134, 141 Pharmacokinetic, 141 Pharmacologic, 124, 135, 141, 149 Phospholipids, 133, 141 Photocoagulation, 129, 141 Physical Examination, 16, 109, 110, 142 Physical Fitness, 58, 142, 146 Physical Therapy, 58, 109, 110, 142 Pigments, 129, 142 Piroxicam, 9, 142 Plants, 124, 127, 135, 139, 142, 149 Plasma, 126, 133, 135, 142 Platelet Factor 4, 137, 142 Plexus, 127, 133, 142, 145 Pneumonia, 130, 142 Poisoning, 140, 142

155

Polyethylene, 23, 71, 142 Port, 87, 142 Port-a-cath, 142 Posterior, 12, 23, 42, 70, 84, 124, 128, 131, 142 Postmenopausal, 140, 143 Postnatal, 143, 147 Postoperative, 12, 28, 41, 49, 54, 58, 60, 76, 82, 109, 110, 111, 142, 143 Post-traumatic, 52, 143 Practice Guidelines, 104, 143 Premedication, 17, 41, 143 Preoperative, 4, 93, 143 Probe, 59, 69, 70, 86, 139, 143 Procaine, 138, 143 Progression, 7, 10, 143 Progressive, 140, 143, 149 Propofol, 27, 43, 60, 143 Prospective study, 4, 30, 35, 143 Prosthesis, 89, 143 Protein S, 127, 143, 145 Protocol, 5, 143 Proximal, 65, 69, 73, 131, 143 Psychiatry, 134, 143 Public Policy, 103, 143 Pulmonary, 21, 39, 127, 143, 144, 150 Pulmonary Artery, 127, 143, 144, 150 Pulmonary Edema, 39, 143 Pulmonary Embolism, 21, 144 Pulse, 33, 139, 141, 144 R Radiation, 133, 136, 144, 147, 150 Radioactive, 135, 136, 140, 144 Radiography, 4, 144 Radiological, 141, 144 Radiopharmaceutical, 135, 144 Randomized, 7, 8, 18, 31, 35, 43, 44, 48, 132, 144 Reaction Time, 17, 144 Rectum, 134, 135, 144 Recurrence, 144 Refer, 1, 129, 134, 138, 144 Refraction, 124, 144 Regimen, 132, 144 Reliability, 6, 42, 144 Reoperation, 61, 144 Reperfusion, 27, 144 Reperfusion Injury, 144 Resected, 65, 144 Resection, 74, 144 Respiration, 127, 139, 144 Retina, 145

Retraction, 88, 145 Retrograde, 44, 80, 145 Retrospective, 3, 23, 61, 145 Retrospective study, 23, 61, 145 Rheumatoid, 26, 43, 83, 93, 142, 145 Rheumatoid arthritis, 43, 83, 93, 142, 145 Rheumatology, 7, 14, 26, 38, 44, 46, 93, 145 Ribosome, 145, 149 Risk factor, 27, 143, 145 Rod, 66, 68, 80, 87, 128, 145 Rotator, 36, 48, 59, 70, 83, 145 Rotator Cuff, 36, 48, 70, 83, 145 Rubber, 72, 123, 145 S Saline, 18, 65, 69, 72, 79, 145 Saphenous, 26, 145 Scalpel, 81, 145 Sciatic Nerve, 141, 145 Screening, 35, 129, 145 Senile, 140, 145 Sensibility, 124, 146 Sensor, 78, 79, 146 Septic, 4, 61, 126, 146 Sharpness, 81, 146, 150 Shock, 89, 146, 149 Side effect, 123, 142, 146, 148 Skeletal, 77, 128, 146 Skeleton, 133, 146, 148 Skull, 11, 146, 148 Smooth muscle, 130, 139, 146 Soft tissue, 81, 127, 146 Sound wave, 130, 146 Specialist, 111, 146 Species, 124, 133, 146 Spinal cord, 127, 128, 133, 134, 137, 140, 145, 146 Sports Medicine, 4, 7, 8, 11, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 31, 33, 34, 39, 40, 43, 58, 61, 114, 146 Stabilization, 83, 146 Staging, 24, 146 Steel, 68, 128, 146 Stem Cells, 89, 147 Stereotaxis, 76, 147 Sterile, 65, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 75, 85, 126, 147 Sterilization, 85, 147 Steroid, 130, 147 Stimulus, 131, 132, 137, 144, 147 Stomach, 123, 134, 135, 136, 139, 141, 147 Stress, 4, 93, 130, 134, 139, 145, 147 Styrene, 145, 147

156

Arthroscopy

Subacute, 136, 147 Subclinical, 136, 147 Subcutaneous, 20, 34, 132, 147 Subcutaneous Emphysema, 20, 147 Suction, 65, 66, 67, 74, 87, 147 Sufentanil, 28, 147 Supine, 5, 25, 26, 84, 147 Supine Position, 5, 25, 26, 84, 147 Surgical Equipment, 78, 147 Surgical Instruments, 76, 77, 78, 82, 88, 89, 147 Sympathomimetic, 133, 147 Syndesmosis, 15, 148 Synovial, 7, 8, 14, 26, 27, 28, 38, 43, 61, 70, 83, 137, 148 Synovial Fluid, 148 Synovial Membrane, 27, 43, 137, 148 Synovitis, 20, 49, 148 Systemic, 127, 133, 135, 136, 148 Systolic, 138, 148 Systolic pressure, 138, 148 T Talus, 125, 148 Temporal, 60, 148 Tendon, 4, 43, 83, 109, 127, 135, 148 Tenosynovitis, 61, 148 Therapeutics, 148 Thermal, 5, 47, 59, 61, 124, 148 Thigh, 19, 35, 70, 84, 85, 133, 148 Thoracic, 127, 131, 148 Thrombin, 133, 142, 148 Thrombosis, 27, 37, 126, 143, 148 Tibia, 125, 134, 148 Tomography, 148 Tourniquet, 28, 29, 35, 54, 65, 70, 148 Toxic, iv, 147, 148, 149 Toxicity, 131, 148 Toxicokinetics, 148

Toxicology, 104, 149 Toxins, 125, 136, 149 Trace element, 128, 129, 149 Traction, 25, 33, 73, 80, 84, 128, 149 Tramadol, 41, 149 Transcutaneous, 58, 61, 149 Transfection, 126, 149 Translation, 59, 149 Trauma, 4, 12, 19, 23, 35, 41, 44, 59, 75, 81, 111, 140, 149 Trees, 145, 149 Tumour, 134, 149 U Ultrasonography, 49, 149 Urine, 127, 149 Uterus, 128, 134, 149 V Vaccine, 143, 149 Vaginal, 138, 149 Valves, 87, 149 Vascular, 136, 149 Vasoconstriction, 133, 149 Vein, 27, 37, 137, 140, 145, 149 Venous, 30, 50, 126, 143, 149 Venous blood, 30, 149 Ventricle, 143, 144, 148, 149 Venules, 127, 150 Veterinary Medicine, 103, 150 Viruses, 65, 149, 150 Visual Acuity, 138, 150 Vitro, 150 Vivo, 150 W Wound Healing, 93, 150 X X-ray, 130, 140, 150 Y Yttrium, 29, 150

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