Arteriovenous Malformation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FER...

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ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Arteriovenous Malformation: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00090-3 1. Arteriovenous Malformation-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on arteriovenous malformation. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION ......................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Arteriovenous Malformation ........................................................ 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION ............................................... 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Finding Nutrition Studies on Arteriovenous Malformation ....................................................... 53 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 55 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION ......................... 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 57 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 61 General References ....................................................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION.......................................................... 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Chapters on Arteriovenous Malformation ................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION ............................ 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 65 Academic Periodicals covering Arteriovenous Malformation...................................................... 67 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 71 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 73 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 75 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 77 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 79 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 81 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 81 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 81 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 87 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 89 ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION DICTIONARY ........................................................ 91 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 127

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with arteriovenous malformation is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about arteriovenous malformation, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to arteriovenous malformation, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on arteriovenous malformation. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-ofcharge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to arteriovenous malformation, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on arteriovenous malformation. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. MALFORMATION

STUDIES

ON

ARTERIOVENOUS

Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on arteriovenous malformation.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and arteriovenous malformation, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “arteriovenous malformation” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Renal Arteriovenous Malformations and Fistulas Source: Journal of Urology. 150(5: part 1 of 2): 1355-1359. November 1993. Summary: An arteriovenous fistula is any anomalous connection between the arterial and venous systems, and it can be acquired or idiopathic. The term arteriovenous malformation is usually reserved for congenital arteriovenous fistulas characterized by multiple communications between the main or segmental renal arteries and veins. This review article covers recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of renal arteriovenous malformations and fistulas. Topics include anatomy, etiology and

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incidence, clinical presentation, imaging studies, and treatment, including surgery and embolization treatments. 2 figures. 1 table. 58 references. •

Arteriovenous Malformation of the Mandible: Life-Threatening Complications During Tooth Extraction Source: Journal of the American Dental Association. JADA. 126(2): 237-242. February 1995. Summary: This article presents a case of an arteriovenous malformation of the mandible that was discovered during a routine dental extraction. The authors note that vascular malformations of the maxillofacial region are well-documented in the literature, but rarely encountered in clinical practice. This case illustrates how a vascular malformation can turn an ordinary tooth extraction into an emergency situation. Arteriovenous malformations are rare and difficult to detect on radiographs. The authors discuss early warning signs and the surgical treatment of this particular case. 8 figures. 1 table. 29 references. (AA-M).

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Sudden Deafness As a Manifestation of the Rupture of a Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation Source: Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 128(4): 592-4. April, 2003. Contact: Available from American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. One Prince St., Alexandria, VA 22314-3357. (703) 836-4444. TTY: (703) 519-1585. Web site: www.entnet.org/. Summary: This study presents the case of a patient with sudden deafness due to an exceptional and serious cause-the rupture of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM). The author's conclusion emphasizes that in cases of sudden deafness accompanied by some other atypical sign or symptom (especially neurologic), a central cause should be evaluated as a first etiologic possibility.

Federally Funded Research on Arteriovenous Malformation The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to arteriovenous malformation. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to arteriovenous malformation. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore arteriovenous malformation. The following is

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

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typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for arteriovenous malformation: •

Project Title: ENDOGLIN FUNCTION IN ANGIOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Vary, Calvin P.; Maine Medical Center 22 Bramhall St Portland, Me 04102 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Endoglin is a transmembrane glycoprotein, found is association with members of the TGF-beta superfamily receptors, that is implicated in angiogenesis, vessel wall homeostasis and pathobiology. Mutations in the endoglin gene result in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1 (HHT1), a vascular disorder characterized by multi-systemic vascular dysplasia, arteriovenous malformations, and focal dilation of post- capillary venules. Endoglin is expressed at high levels response to vessel injury. Endoglin null mice appear to have normal vasculogenesis, however, loss of endoglin results in defective angiogenesis and altered vascular smooth muscle development. We provide preliminary data showing that endoglin expression is altered in the response to vascular injury in vivo, both in endothelial cells and VSMC. We also provide data that suggest that endoglin expression in VSMCs has functional consequences in vitro. An important question, therefore, is whether VSMCs, or an indirect effect of neighboring endothelial cells that lack endoglin. The central hypothesis we wish to test is that endoglin expression in both ECs and VSMCs is required for normal angiogenesis and vessel wall integrity. We propose to employ EC- and VSMC-specific Cre recombinase control of endoglin expression to address clinical sequelae seen in heterozygous endoglin null adult mice, is due to the absence (or reduction) of endoglin expression in VSMCs, ECs, or both. Though endoglin associates with members of the TGF-beta superfamily receptors, the mechanism of endoglin function remains elusive. The second aim of this proposal seeks to determine the biological significance of a novel protein zyxin, may interact with the endoglin-L isoform cytosolic domain (CD). Therefore, we wish to examine the hypothesis that the endoglin-L CD plays a role in the mechanism of endoglin function. This proposal seeks, therefore, to determine the relevance of endoglin-protein interactions to the mechanism of endoglin function. We suggest that the application of conditional expression techniques to the study of endoglin function in vivo and in vitro may provide a unique opportunity to gain insight into the mechanism of angiogenesis, and the processes underlying vessel remodeling, and the pathobiology of HHT1 and arteriovenous malformation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: INTEGRATIVE STUDY OF BRAIN VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Young, William L.; Associate Professor; Anesthesia & Perioperative Care; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Vascular malformations of the brain account for roughly 10% of stroke syndromes. Clinically, an important subtype is brain arteriovenous malformation (BAVM). What is lacking in current research and the unifying theme of this proposal is a vertically integrated program that can relate clinical characteristics, notably risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), with various aspects of the underlying genetic and cell-to cell signaling abnormalities. Project I (Young WL) will address BAVM clinical course in a cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort design to

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Arteriovenous Malformation

study various genotypes that can predict risk of spontaneous ICH. Project 2 (Hashimoto T) addresses cellular signaling in human surgical tissue specimens and relates patterns to Project I clinical variables determined. Project 3 (Boudreau N) examines the role of homeobox genes as master regulatory mechanisms in the regulation of extracellular matrix and angiogenesis. Project 4 (Nishimura S) investigates the role of astrocyteendothelial cell interaction in a key signaling pathway for vascular homeostasis in the brain - integrin-mediated control of TGF-fl. The Data Management Core (McCulloch CE) organizes data input and analyses. The Laboratory Core (Yang GY) furnishes a murine model of brain angiogenesis for use in Projects 3 and 4, and some laboratory assays for Projects 1 and 4. The PPG is based on a three-pronged approach: first, the clinical behavior of the disease must be studied to identify natural tendencies likely to have biologic underpinning. These clinical behaviors can be associated with genotypic alterations. Second, biologic characteristics of diseased tissue need to be studied to confirm or rule out likely pathways relevant to the human disease. Such pathways need correlation to the clinical behavior of the disease to generate plausible hypotheses. Third, plausible hypotheses must be tested in animal models or cell culture systems to investigate and identify mechanistic components of relevance to the disease. Once such mechanistic components are identified, strategies to develop therapeutic approaches can be more rationally formulated. In such a triangulation of approaches, there is real promise for translational progress in the innovative therapy of brain vascular malformations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: RADIATION ARTERIOPATHY IN A TRANSGENIC AV FISTULA MODEL Principal Investigator & Institution: Lawton, Michael T.; Neurological Surgery; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (Adapted From The Applicant's Abstract): A cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is an abnormal tangle of arteries connected directly to veins that shunts blood flow under high pressure and has a propensity to hemorrhage in otherwise healthy young adults. Small AVMs are treated with surgical resection or stereotactic radiation, but neither therapy is both safe and effective for large AVMs. A better understanding of vascular radiobiology may lead to new therapies for these lesions. AVM obliteration after radiation occurs as a result of progressive endothelial depletion and smooth muscle cell proliferation. The endothelial cells appear to be responsible for its radiosensitivity, and the smooth muscle cells appear to be responsible for its occlusion. The mechanism of radiation-induced AVM or arterial occlusion is some combination of smooth muscle cell proliferation, elaboration of secretory protein, and contraction that concentrically narrows the lumen and progressively occludes it. Specific genes and molecular factors that regulate smooth muscle cells have been implicated in this process, namely nitric oxide (NO) and transforming growth factor-beta I (TGF-beta I). TGF01 is a potent stimulator of smooth muscle cell proliferation, and NO is a potent inhibitor. If involved, deletion of these genes from arteries would modulate their response to radiation. Hypothetically, artery without the TGF-beta I gene would have a decreased occlusive response to radiation, whereas artery without the NO synthase gene would have an increased occlusive response. It is hypothesized that NO and TGF-betaI participate in radiationinduced arterial narrowing in a fistula model for AVMs, and that this response can be enhanced by decreasing the inhibitory influence of NO or by increasing the stimulatory influence of TGF-beta I on smooth muscle cells. This research

Studies

7

aims to develop the transgenic arteriovenous fistula model, which is an animal model that replicates the angio-architecture and hemodynamics of a simple AVM, and that enables transgenic mouse artery to be inserted at the fistulous site and remain viable over time. The radiation dose and time required to induce occlusive arteriopathy will be established for this model. Finally, the model will be used to examine relative differences in radiation-induced arteriopathy in NOS knock-out, TGF-01 knock-out, and wild-type artery under conditions of fistulous blood flow. This research will determine whether modulating smooth muscle cell proliferation affects radiation-induced arterial occlusion and has therapeutic potential for AVMs. If NO and TGF-01 are involved in the radiation arteriopathy of AVMs, they might be used to enhance the efficacy of conventional stereotactic radiosurgery as part of a gene therapy for high-grade cerebral AVMs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MODELS

RADIOSURGERY

OF

ARTERIOVENOUS

MALFORMATION

Principal Investigator & Institution: Jahan, Reza; Radiology; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-MAY-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: Despite an expanding role of stereotactic radiosurgery, a number of key questions remain unanswered regarding the fundamental radiobiological and histopathological mechanisms contributing to radiosurgical obliteration of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Radiosurgical dose selection remains largely empirical, and AVM characteristics (volume, hemodynamics, vessel caliber) that may dictate dose dependent radiosurgical occlusion have not been studied adequately. The long-term objective of this project is to improve the overall clinical management of patients harboring brain AVMs by increasing the efficacy and safety of stereotactic radiosurgery. This may be achieved by a more thorough understanding of the underlying radiobiological principles, obtained through investigations in an appropriate experimental model. The immediate objective of this project is to use a reliable in vivo model of experimental AVM developed in our laboratories for radiosurgical research: 1) To study characteristics of AVM that may affect its response to radiosurgey. In particular we will investigate the role of AVM hemodynamics as a variable in altering the response of the lesion to radiosurgery. 2) To perform detailed histopathological studies of radiosurgical effects and investigate how this leads to vessel occlusion. 3) To elucidate the molecular factors responsible for the morphological changes observed in an AVM following radiosurgery. In particular immunohistochemical analysis of irradiated tissue will be performed looking for the presence of cytokines that may have a role in this process. Through these efforts, we hope to enhance the success and safety of stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with brain AVMs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TRANSGENIC MALFORMATION

MURINE

MODEL

OF

BRAIN

VASCULAR

Principal Investigator & Institution: Yang, Guo-Yuan; Anesthesia & Perioperative Care; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term objectives of this proposal are to explore the roles of angiogenesis in the brain, especially the role of brain arteriovenous

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malformations (BAVMs). We have intensively studied BAVM tissue removed during surgery. We will continue this study and develop an in vivo animal model of non-tumor angiogenesis relevant to cerebrovascular diseases including BAVMs. In vivo gene transfer into the brain with adenoviral vectors provides a useful tool inducing focal, non-tumor angiogenesis in the adult rodent brain. The PI has used this technique to induce stable overexpression of a variety of genes in the mouse brain. We hypothesize that adenoviral-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene transduction into the mouse brain induces VEGF overexpression. VEGF signaling, combined with VEGF-induced upregulation of the angiopoietin/Tie-2 signaling pathway, stimulates focal vascular network formation. Furthermore, transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-b1) activates TGF-b1, ALK-5, and Smad 2/3 signal pathways, promoting regional angiogenesis formation in the brain tissue. The specific aims of this proposal are to determine: 1) whether VEGF protein production will be increased following adenoviralVEGF (AdVEGF) gene transfer in the adult mouse brain, and whether overexpression of VEGF will induce focal clusters of microvasculature formation; 2) whether TbR-ll, ALK5, and Smad 2/3 will be upregulated in the TGF-bl transgenic mouse brain following AdVEGF gene transduction. Furthermore, to quantify whether endothelial cell proliferation and support cell differentiation will be increased, and finally, to identify how mature these neo-microvasculature are in the mouse brain with both TGFb1 and VEGF overexpression. The experimental components include: 1) highly reproducible adenoviral vector gene transfer in mice; 2) specific VEGF and TGF-b1 pathway detection; and 3) using unique TGF-b transgenic mice. Combining these genetic techniques may lead to the development of a novel, reproducible, and useful animal model. This non-tumor angiogenesis rodent preparation will serve as a model of disordered human cerebral angiogenesis, leading relatively quickly to the ability to test new therapeutic approaches for cerebrovascular disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with arteriovenous malformation, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “arteriovenous malformation” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for arteriovenous malformation (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):

3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

Studies

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A case of ruptured aneurysm associated with spinal arteriovenous malformation presenting with hematomyelia: case report. Author(s): Sakamoto M, Watanabe T, Okamoto H. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2002 June; 57(6): 438-42; Discussion 442. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12176214

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A juvenile case of cerebellar arteriovenous malformation (AVM) with gradual onset of headache and ataxia. Author(s): Sugita K, Suga S, Tanaka Y. Source: Bull Tokyo Dent Coll. 2003 February; 44(1): 17-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12772582

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A life-threatening event: uterine cervical arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Lowenstein L, Solt I, Deutsch M, Kerner H, Amit A. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2004 May; 103(5 Pt 2): 1073-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15121612

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A population-based study of brain arteriovenous malformation: long-term treatment outcomes. Author(s): ApSimon HT, Reef H, Phadke RV, Popovic EA. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2002 December; 33(12): 2794-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12468772

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Acquired arteriovenous malformation induced by pressure: a case report. Author(s): Mekkes JR, Pasch MC, Meijs M, Smitt JH. Source: Vascular Medicine (London, England). 2003; 8(3): 201-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14989562

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Acquired digital arteriovenous malformation: a report of three cases and study with epiluminescence microscopy. Author(s): Yang CH, Ohara K. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 November; 147(5): 1007-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12410716

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Acquired systemic-to-pulmonary arteriovenous malformation secondary to Mycobacterium tuberculosis empyema. Author(s): Denlinger CE, Egan TM, Jones DR. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2002 October; 74(4): 1229-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12400775

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Arteriovenous Malformation

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Analysis of factors predictive of success or complications in arteriovenous malformation radiosurgery. Author(s): Friedman WA, Bova FJ, Bollampally S, Bradshaw P. Source: Neurosurgery. 2003 February; 52(2): 296-307; Discussion 307-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12535357

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Angiographic selective methylene blue staining of an occult small-bowel arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Schechter S, Deorchis D, Bass J, Marcoux DA. Source: The American Surgeon. 2002 January; 68(1): 15-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12467310

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Anomalous communication of external carotid and vertebral arteries with associated intracranial parenchymal arteriovenous malformation: magnetic resonance angiography and angiographic findings. Author(s): Berman IG, Stuckey SL. Source: Australasian Radiology. 2003 December; 47(4): 472-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14641208

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Arteriovenous malformation in the temporalis muscle. Author(s): Suarez-Cunqueiro MM, Gutwald R, Klisch J, Kersten A, Cufi D, Schmelzeisen R. Source: The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 2003 August; 41(4): 277-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12946677

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Arteriovenous malformation in the trigeminal nerve. Case report. Author(s): Maher CO, Atkinson JL, Lane JI. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 April; 98(4): 908-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12691421

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Arteriovenous malformation involving the thumb and hand: radical excision and reconstruction of multiple components. Author(s): Lu LI, Chen DJ, Chen HC, Coessens B. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2002 October; 49(4): 414-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12370649

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Arteriovenous malformation mimicking a renal-cell carcinoma. Author(s): Wong C, Leveillee RJ, Yrizarry JM, Kirby K. Source: Journal of Endourology / Endourological Society. 2002 November; 16(9): 685-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12490024

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Arteriovenous malformation of the genu of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Bendavid OJ, Khoshyomn S, Wilson JT. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2004 January-February; 40(1): 49-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15007233

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Arteriovenous malformation of the maxillary sinus and mandible: a case report. Author(s): Cansiz H, Yener M, Kalekoglu N, Dalkilic O. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2003 August; 82(8): 608-10, 612, 614. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14503098

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Arteriovenous malformation of the ring finger. Pre- and postoperative evaluation using three-dimensional computed tomography angiography. Author(s): Sunagawa T, Ikuta Y, Ishida O, Ishiburo M, Yasunaga Y, Ochi M. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2003 September-October; 27(5): 8203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14501377

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Arteriovenous malformation of the uterus associated with secondary postpartum hemorrhage. Author(s): Kelly SM, Belli AM, Campbell S. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 June; 21(6): 602-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12808679

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Arteriovenous malformation radiosurgery grading. Author(s): Agrawal D. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 September; 97(3): 740; Author Reply 740-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12296670

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Arteriovenous malformation surrounding the trigeminal nerve--case report. Author(s): Krischek B, Yamaguchi S, Sure U, Benes L, Bien S, Bertalanffy H. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2004 February; 44(2): 68-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15018326

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Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous embolization of a pelvic arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Mitsuzaki K, Yamashita Y, Utsunomiya D, Sumi S, Ogata I, Takahashi M, Kawakami S, Ueda S. Source: Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. 1999 November-December; 22(6): 518-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10556414

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Arteriovenous Malformation

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Basal ganglia arteriovenous malformation presenting as "writer's cramp". Author(s): Kurita H, Sasaki T, Suzuki I, Kirino T. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 1998 June; 14(6): 285-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9694342

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Behcet's disease with sinus thrombosis and arteriovenous malformation in brain. Author(s): Imaizumi M, Nukada T, Yoneda S, Abe H. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1980 January; 222(3): 215-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6153709

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Benign intracranial hypertension associated with arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Vorstman EB, Niemann DB, Molyneux AJ, Pike MG. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2002 February; 44(2): 133-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11852926

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Benign intracranial hypertension vs. intracranial arteriovenous malformation: a possible CT dilemma. Author(s): Spallone A. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1981; 58(1-2): 75-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7282463

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Bilateral arteriovenous malformation of the mandible. Author(s): Sofferman RA, Summers GW. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1991 September; 100(9 Pt 1): 759-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1952671

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Bilateral optic disk edema with macular exudates as the manifesting sign of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Verm A, Lee AG. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1997 March; 123(3): 422-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9063265

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Bilateral proptosis, dilatation of conjunctival veins, and papilloedema: a neuroophthalmological syndrome caused by arteriovenous malformation of the torcular herophili. Author(s): Buchanan TA, Harper DG, Hoyt WF. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1982 March; 66(3): 186-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7066271

Studies

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Bilateral sixth-nerve palsy associated with dural arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Tan FU, Sener HO, Bilgic S, Atilla H, Yucemen N. Source: Acta Neurol Belg. 2001 June; 101(2): 110-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11486556

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Bleeding esophageal varices associated with pancreatic arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Katoh H, Kojima T, Okushiba S, Shimozawa E, Tanabe T. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 1991 January-February; 15(1): 57-60; Discussion 60-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1994606

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Bone erosions associated with intracranial arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Azar-Kia B, Palacios E, Danley R. Source: Imj Ill Med J. 1977 August; 152(2): 116-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=19392

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Bragg peak proton beam therapy for arteriovenous malformation of the brain. Author(s): Kjellberg RN, Davis KR, Lyons S, Butler W, Adams RD. Source: Clin Neurosurg. 1983; 31: 248-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6094074

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Brain scintigraphy in arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Zwas ST, Braunstein P. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1979 September; 4(9): 379-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=477166

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Brain stem haemorrhage during transsphenoidal surgery. Possible risk of the manoeuvre of increasing the endexpiratory pressure in a case of pituitary adenoma associated with dural arteriovenous malformation. Case report. Author(s): Furuya K, Segawa H, Shiokawa Y, Ide K, Sano K. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1993; 125(1-4): 188-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8122549

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Brain tissue gases and pH during arteriovenous malformation resection. Author(s): Hoffman WE, Charbel FT, Edelman G, Ausman JI. Source: Neurosurgery. 1997 February; 40(2): 294-300; Discussion 300-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9007861

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Brain tissue response to CO2 in patients with arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Hoffman WE, Charbel FT, Edelman G, Abood C. Source: Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism : Official Journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 1996 November; 16(6): 1383-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8898716

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Brainstem arteriovenous malformation with a pedicle aneurysm treated by endovascular surgery and proton-beam radiosurgery--case report. Author(s): Matsumaru Y, Hyodo A, Tsuboi K, Yoshii Y, Nose T, Anno I, Okumura T, Tsujii H. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1996 October; 36(10): 716-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8937093

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Bronchial arteriovenous malformation in a child with hemoptysis. A case report. Author(s): Sharifi M, Messersmith R, Newman B, Chung Y, Lakier JB. Source: Angiology. 1996 February; 47(2): 203-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8595017

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Bronchospasm precipitated by ethanol injection in arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Stefanutto TB, Halbach V. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2003 November-December; 24(10): 2050-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14625231

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Case of the month. Renal arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Smith CL. Source: Critical Reviews in Computed Tomography. 2003; 44(3): 129-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12877437

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Cerebellar arteriovenous malformation with facial paralysis, hearing loss, and tinnitus: a case report. Author(s): Kikuchi M, Funabiki K, Hasebe S, Takahashi H. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2002 September; 23(5): 723-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12218626

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Cerebral arteriovenous malformation mimicking acute coronary syndrome. Author(s): Noordally O, Mircev D, Luabeya MK. Source: Acta Neurol Belg. 2002 March; 102(1): 36-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12094561

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Cerebral blood flow imaging in arteriovenous malformation complicated by normal perfusion pressure breakthrough. Author(s): Ogasawara K, Yoshida K, Otawara Y, Kobayashi M, Yasuda S, Doi M, Ogawa A. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2001 December; 56(6): 380-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11755971

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Chest x-ray findings in arteriovenous malformation of the great vein of Galen. Author(s): Carey BE. Source: Neonatal Netw. 2000 April; 19(3): 71-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11949068

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Choroid plexus arteriovenous malformation presenting with intraventricular hemorrhage. Author(s): Heck DV, Gailloud P, Cohen HL, Clatterbuck RE, Tamargo R, Avellino AM, Murphy KP. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2002 November; 141(5): 710-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12410203

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Ciliary body arteriovenous malformation? Author(s): Lee KY, Gazzard G, Tan DT. Source: Eye (London, England). 2003 July; 17(5): 658-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12855981

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Clinical significance of 3D reconstruction of arteriovenous malformation using digital subtraction angiography and its modification with CT information in stereotactic radiosurgery. Author(s): Zhang XQ, Shirato H, Aoyama H, Ushikoshi S, Nishioka T, Zhang DZ, Miyasaka K. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2003 December 1; 57(5): 1392-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14630278

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Coil embolization of a neonatal pulmonary arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Bennhagen RG, Holje G, Laurin S, Pesonen E. Source: Pediatric Cardiology. 2002 March-April; 23(2): 235-8. Epub 2002 February 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11889545

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Coil embolization of a pulmonary arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Axelrod DJ, Pukin L, Lookstein R, Goldman J, Mitty HA. Source: Vascular Medicine (London, England). 2003; 8(3): 221-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14989567

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Coil migration during endovascular treatment in a patient with Galenic arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Hyodo A, Yanaka K, Kato N, Nose T. Source: Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia. 2002 September; 9(5): 584-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12383422

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Colonic arteriovenous malformation in a child misinterpreted as an idiopathic colonic varicosis on angiography: remarks on current classification of childhood intestinal vascular malformations. Author(s): Defreyne L, Meersschaut V, van Damme S, Berrevoet F, Robberecht E, Praet M. Source: European Radiology. 2003 December; 13 Suppl 4: L138-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15018179

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Combined embolization and microsurgery for cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Kinouchi H, Mizoi K, Takahashi A, Ezura M, Yoshimoto T. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2002 September; 42(9): 372-8; Discussion 379. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12371592

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Combined transvenous and transarterial embolization of a tentorial-incisural dural arteriovenous malformation followed by primary stent placement in the associated stenotic straight sinus. Case report. Author(s): Troffkin NA, Graham CB 3rd, Berkmen T, Wakhloo AK. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 September; 99(3): 579-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12964556

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Compartments in arteriovenous malformation nidi demonstrated with rotational three-dimensional digital subtraction angiography by using selective microcatheterization. Report of three cases. Author(s): Kakizawa Y, Nagashima H, Oya F, Ito K, Tanaka Y, Hongo K, Kobayashi S. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 April; 96(4): 770-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11990820

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Congenital multiple cavernous angiomas associated with thrombosed arteriovenous malformation of the brain--case report. Author(s): Hayashi Y, Tohma Y, Mouri M, Yamashima T, Yamashita J. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2002 February; 42(2): 67-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11944592

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Congenital pelvic arteriovenous malformation in male patients: a rare cause of urological symptoms and role of embolization. Author(s): Game X, Berlizot P, Hassan T, Joffre F, Chokairi S, Houlgatte A, Rischmann P. Source: European Urology. 2002 October; 42(4): 407-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12361908

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Congenital pelvic arteriovenous malformation: two cases and MR findings. Author(s): Wei CJ, Tseng HS, Wu MH, Tiu CM, Yang MJ, Chang CY. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2003 June 10; 108(2): 226-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12781417

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Congenital renal arteriovenous malformation presenting as severe hypertension. Author(s): Tarif N, Mitwalli AH, Al Samayer SA, Abu-Aisha H, Memon NA, Sulaimani F, Alam A, Al Wakeel JS. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2002 February; 17(2): 291-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11812884

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Contrast transesophageal echocardiographic detection of a pulmonary arteriovenous malformation draining into left lower pulmonary vein. Author(s): Ahmed S, Nanda NC, Nekkanti R, Yousif AM. Source: Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.). 2003 May; 20(4): 391-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12848887

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Daily migraine with visual aura associated with an occipital arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Spierings EL. Source: Headache. 2001 February; 41(2): 193-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11251705

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De novo cerebral arteriovenous malformation: case report. Author(s): Bulsara KR, Alexander MJ, Villavicencio AT, Graffagnino C. Source: Neurosurgery. 2002 May; 50(5): 1137-40; Discussion 1140-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11950419

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Delayed angiography alone is not enough to discard arteriovenous malformation after haemorrhagic stroke. Author(s): Modrego PJ, Pina MA, Eiras J. Source: Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2003 February; 23(6): 329-31; Discussion 330-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12647762

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Delayed hemorrhage following resection of an arteriovenous malformation in the brain. Author(s): Morgan MK, Winder M, Little NS, Finfer S, Ritson E. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 December; 99(6): 967-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14705722

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Demographic, morphological, and clinical characteristics of 1289 patients with brain arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Hofmeister C, Stapf C, Hartmann A, Sciacca RR, Mansmann U, terBrugge K, Lasjaunias P, Mohr JP, Mast H, Meisel J. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2000 June; 31(6): 1307-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10835449

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Determinants of neurological outcome after surgery for brain arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Hartmann A, Stapf C, Hofmeister C, Mohr JP, Sciacca RR, Stein BM, Faulstich A, Mast H. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2000 October; 31(10): 2361-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11022064

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Determination of blood flow velocity and transit time in cerebral arteriovenous malformation using microdroplet angiography. Author(s): Divani AA, Lieber BB, Wakhloo AK, Gounis MJ, Hopkins LN. Source: Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 2001 February; 29(2): 135-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11284668

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Development of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation documented in an adult by serial angiography. Case report. Author(s): Friedman JA, Pollock BE, Nichols DA. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2000 December; 93(6): 1058-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11117850

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Development of a model to predict permanent symptomatic postradiosurgery injury for arteriovenous malformation patients. Arteriovenous Malformation Radiosurgery Study Group. Author(s): Flickinger JC, Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD, Kassam A, Phuong LK, Liscak R, Pollock B. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2000 March 15; 46(5): 1143-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10725624

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Diagnosis of an intracranial arteriovenous malformation using extracranial carotid Doppler sonography. Author(s): Anbarasu A, Gould DA. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 2002 May; 30(4): 249-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11981937

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Diagnosis, management, and pathophysiology of post-Fontan hypoxaemia secondary to Glenn shunt related pulmonary arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Premsekar R, Monro JL, Salmon AP. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 1999 October; 82(4): 528-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10490576

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Digital arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Loo WJ, Dawber RP. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 August; 143(2): 462. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10951174

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Diminutive but dangerous: a case of a polypoid rectal arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): McKevitt EC, Attwell AJ, Davis JE, Yoshida EM. Source: Endoscopy. 2002 May; 34(5): 429. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11972282

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Direct-puncture embolization of intraosseous arteriovenous malformation of jaws. Author(s): Fan X, Zhang Z, Zhang C, Tang Y, Hu Y, Mao Q, Qiu W. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 2002 August; 60(8): 890-6; Discussion 896-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12149733

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Disappearance of an intracerebral arteriovenous malformation in an HIV-infected patient after initiation of HAART. Author(s): Wolf K, Kirsch EC, Sponagel L, Rufenacht DA, Battegay M. Source: Infection. 2002 April; 30(2): 101-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12018466

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Distal anterior choroidal artery aneurysm associated with an arteriovenous malformation. Intraoperative localization and treatment. Author(s): Yanaka K, Tsuboi K, Fujita K, Aoki K, Takeuchi S, Anno I, Nose T. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2000 June; 53(6): 546-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10940421

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Duodenal ulcer and pancreatitis associated with pancreatic arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Aida K, Nakamura H, Kihara Y, Abe S, Okamoto K, Otsuki M. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2002 May; 14(5): 551-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11984154

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Dural arteriovenous malformation in the petrosal sinus presenting as acute visual loss and total ophthalmoplegia. Author(s): Tsai CC, Lin YC, Kau HC, Kao SC, Hsu WM, Teng MM. Source: Eye (London, England). 2003 July; 17(5): 648-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12855976

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Dural arteriovenous malformation occurring after craniotomy for pial arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Ahn JY, Kim OJ, Joo YJ, Joo JY. Source: Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia. 2003 January; 10(1): 134-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12464548

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Dural arteriovenous malformation: a rare cause of epilepsy in childhood. Author(s): Caksen H, Unal O, Tombul T, Cesur Y, Abuhandan M. Source: Neurology India. 2001 September; 49(3): 308-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11593253

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Early cerebral infarction after embolotherapy of a pulmonary arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Mager HJ, Overtoom TT, Mauser HW, Westermann KJ. Source: Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology : Jvir. 2001 January; 12(1): 1223. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11200347

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Effect of a single high-dose gamma irradiation on cultured cells in human cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Major O, Szeifert GT, Fazekas I, Vitanovics D, Csonka E, Kocsis B, Bori Z, Kemeny AA, Nagy Z. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 December; 97(5 Suppl): 459-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12507076

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Effect of age on clinical and morphological characteristics in patients with brain arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Stapf C, Khaw AV, Sciacca RR, Hofmeister C, Schumacher HC, Pile-Spellman J, Mast H, Mohr JP, Hartmann A. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2003 November; 34(11): 2664-9. Epub 2003 October 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14576378

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Ejaculatory pain associated with a pelvic arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Angunawela RM, Shepherd DF, Hayward MJ, De Silva AH. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2001 October; 77(5): 385. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11588288

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Embolic stroke in the territory of a cerebellar arteriovenous malformation--case report. Author(s): Komiyama M, Nakajima H, Nishikawa M, Yasui T. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1998 July; 38(7): 417-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9745248

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Embolisation of renal arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in pregnancy. Author(s): Macdonald S, Edwards RD. Source: Scott Med J. 2001 April; 46(2): 52-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11394340

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Embolization of a duodenal arteriovenous malformation in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Inouye P, Marcon N, Pugash RA, Hyland RH, Faughnan ME. Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology = Journal Canadien De Gastroenterologie. 2003 November; 17(11): 661-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14631462

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Embolization of a dural arteriovenous malformation using Gianturco coils. Author(s): Han SS, Parry CE, Simeone FA. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1982 May-June; 3(3): 341-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6805283

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Embolization of a spinal arteriovenous malformation: correlation between motor evoked potentials and angiographic findings: technical case report. Author(s): Sala F, Niimi Y, Krzan MJ, Berenstein A, Deletis V. Source: Neurosurgery. 1999 October; 45(4): 932-7; Discussion 937-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10515493

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Embolization of a uterine arteriovenous malformation followed by a twin pregnancy. Author(s): Gopal M, Goldberg J, Klein TA, Fossum GT. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 October; 102(4): 696-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14550998

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Endovascular management of a bleeding mandibular arteriovenous malformation by transfemoral venous embolization with NBCA. Author(s): Benndorf G, Campi A, Hell B, Holzle F, Lund J, Bier J. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2001 February; 22(2): 359-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11156783

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Endovascular treatment of a cervical paraspinal arteriovenous malformation via arterial and venous approaches. Author(s): Szajner M, Weill A, Piotin M, Moret J. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1999 June-July; 20(6): 1097-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10445449

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Endovascular treatment of hemifacial spasm associated with a cerebral arteriovenous malformation using transvenous embolization: case report. Author(s): Konan AV, Roy D, Raymond J. Source: Neurosurgery. 1999 March; 44(3): 663-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10069606

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Engorged and tortuous intradural filum terminale vein as a sign of a sacral dural arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Chen CJ, Hsu HL. Source: European Journal of Radiology. 2002 November; 44(2): 152-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12413684

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Excision of arteriovenous malformation in sensorimotor and language-related neocortex using stimulation mapping and corticography under local anesthesia. Author(s): Gorecki JP, Smith RR, Wee AS. Source: Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. 1992; 58(1-4): 89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1439356

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Exclusively extradural arteriovenous malformation with neurogenic claudication. Case illustration. Author(s): Niizuma K, Fujimura M, Takahashi T, Takahashi A, Watanabe M, Tominaga T. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2004 April; 100(4 Suppl): 397. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15070153

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Extracranial arteriovenous malformation diagnosed on color Doppler imaging. Author(s): Wulff C, Lorentzen T. Source: European Journal of Ultrasound : Official Journal of the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. 1998 August; 7(3): 205-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9700217

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Extracranial arteriovenous malformation presenting as objective tinnitus. Author(s): Vallis RC, Martin FW. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1984 November; 98(11): 1139-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6491506

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Extradural thoracic arteriovenous malformation in a patient with Klippel-TrenaunayWeber syndrome: case report. Author(s): Alexander MJ, Grossi PM, Spetzler RF, McDougall CG. Source: Neurosurgery. 2002 November; 51(5): 1275-8; Discussion 1278-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12383373

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Extrauterine pelvic arteriovenous malformation mimicking the clinical presentation of structural heart disease. Author(s): Chen SC, Lin JL, Hwang JJ, Tsang YM, Lien WP. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1999 June 1; 69(3): 305-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10402114

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Facial arteriovenous malformation associated with consumption coagulopathy treated by embolization: report of case. Author(s): Akimura T, Katoh S, Nomura S, Yamashita T. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1994 December; 52(12): 1318-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7965337

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Facial arteriovenous malformation managed with ablative surgery and dual rotational flap reconstruction. Author(s): Thomas WO. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1994 November; 87(11): 1178-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7973912

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Factors associated with intracranial hemorrhage in cases of cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Mansmann U, Meisel J, Brock M, Rodesch G, Alvarez H, Lasjaunias P. Source: Neurosurgery. 2000 February; 46(2): 272-9; Discussion 279-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10690716

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Factors associated with successful arteriovenous malformation radiosurgery. Author(s): Pollock BE, Flickinger JC, Lunsford LD, Maitz A, Kondziolka D. Source: Neurosurgery. 1998 June; 42(6): 1239-44; Discussion 1244-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9632181

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False aneurysm associated with rupture of an arteriovenous malformation-implication for treatment: case report. Author(s): Rodesch G, Garcia-Monaco R, Lasjaunias P. Source: Neurosurgery. 1994 April; 34(4): 769. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8008183

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False aneurysm associated with rupture of an arteriovenous malformation-implications for treatment: case report. Author(s): Khayata MH, Zabramski JM, Johnson PC, Flom R. Source: Neurosurgery. 1993 October; 33(4): 753-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8053999

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Familial arteriovenous malformation of the brain. Author(s): Aberfeld DC, Rao KR. Source: Neurology. 1981 February; 31(2): 184-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7193302

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Familial arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Snead OC 3rd, Acker JD, Morawetz R. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1979 June; 5(6): 585-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=475353

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Familial juvenile type III spinal cord arteriovenous malformation: urodynamic findings. Author(s): Rudy DC, Woodside JR. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1983 November; 130(5): 946-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6632106

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Familial occurrence of arteriovenous malformation of the brain. Author(s): Yokoyama K, Asano Y, Murakawa T, Takada M, Ando T, Sakai N, Yamada H, Iwata H. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1991 April; 74(4): 585-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2002372

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Familial occurrence of cerebral arteriovenous malformation in sisters: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Herzig R, Burval S, Vladyka V, Janouskova L, Krivanek P, Krupka B, Vlachova I, Urbanek K. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2000 January; 7(1): 95-100. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10809922

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Fatal rebleeding from a dural arteriovenous malformation of the posterior fossa: case report with pathological examination. Author(s): Findlay JM, Mielke BW. Source: The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques. 1994 February; 21(1): 67-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8180910

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Feeding artery pedicle aneurysms: association with parenchymal hemorrhage and arteriovenous malformation in the brain. Author(s): Perata HJ, Tomsick TA, Tew JM Jr. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1994 April; 80(4): 631-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8151340

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Fibromuscular hyperplasia of the carotid artery; in a case associated with an arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Kaufman HH. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1970 April; 22(4): 299-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5417638

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Follow-up of treatment of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation with acetazolamide and positron emission tomography. Author(s): Argenyi EE, Ponto LL, Hichwa RD, Watkins GL, Kirchner PT, Ryals TJ. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1995 July; 20(7): 639-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7554674

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Foot ulcer due to arteriovenous malformation: report of a case. Author(s): Lee SG, Ohtoshi E, Matsuyoshi N, Ohta K, Horiguchi Y, Imamura S. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1997 April; 24(4): 255-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9164068

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Forceps delivery after molar malignancy in a woman with arteriovenous malformation. A case report. Author(s): Kelly FW. Source: J Reprod Med. 2001 November; 46(11): 1013-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11762145

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Four-layer bandaging: an effective treatment for lower limb ulceration associated with arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): McDonagh AJ, Wright AL, Messenger AG. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1991 February; 127(2): 274-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1991006

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Frontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity (FIRDA) in pial-dural arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Nazarian SM, Potts RE, Chesser MZ, Janati A. Source: Clin Electroencephalogr. 1987 October; 18(4): 227-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3665110

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Gadolinium-DTPA enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of dural sinus occlusion in dural arteriovenous malformation: a case report. Author(s): Wang PY, Shen WC. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 1993 December; 52(6): 403-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8299043

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Galenic arteriovenous malformation with precocious puberty. Author(s): Ventureyra EC, Badejo A. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1984 January; 21(1): 45-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6689808

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Gastric arteriovenous malformation: Doppler EUS-guided diagnosis and therapy. Author(s): Pedersen FM, Vilmann P, Bytzer P. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2002 April; 55(4): 597-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11923784

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Gastric hemorrhage due to ruptured arteriovenous malformation (Dieulafoy's disease). Author(s): Mower GA, Whitehead R. Source: Pathology. 1986 January; 18(1): 54-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3487766

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Giant arteriovenous malformation of the vein of Galen in an adult. Author(s): Black KL, Farhat SM. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1984 October; 22(4): 382-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6474343

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Giant arteriovenous malformation of the vein of Galen: total surgical removal. Author(s): Smith DR, Donat JF. Source: Neurosurgery. 1981 March; 8(3): 378-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7242886

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Giant cerebral arteriovenous malformation producing a noncommunicating hydrocephalus. Author(s): Esparza J, Lobato RD, Munoz MJ, Chillon D, Portillo JM, Lamas E. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1981 January; 15(1): 76-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7256530

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Giant chest wall arteriovenous malformation with spinal cord compression. Author(s): Urschel JD, Broad RW. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1995 April; 71(834): 252. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7784298

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Giant dural supratentorial arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Gordon IJ, Shah BL, Hardman DR, Chameides L. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1977 October; 129(4): 734-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=409254

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Giant pulmonary arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Sihoe AD, Cheung CS, Wong RH, Yim AP. Source: European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2004 April; 25(4): 648-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15037289

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Giant thrombosed aneurysm associated with an arteriovenous malformation. Case report. Author(s): Aarabi B, Chambers J. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1978 August; 49(2): 278-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=671081

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Giant thrombosed aneurysm associated with an arteriovenous malformation: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Bapuraj JR, Chandra NE, Suri S. Source: Australasian Radiology. 1997 May; 41(2): 176-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9153818

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Giant venous aneurysm associated with hypogastric arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Valdes F, Kramer A, Fava M, Cruz F, Croxatto H. Source: Annals of Vascular Surgery. 1986 May; 1(1): 143-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3504682

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Glossopharyngeal neuralgia from a posterior fossa arteriovenous malformation: resolution following embolization. Author(s): Galetta SL, Raps EC, Hurst RW, Flamm ES. Source: Neurology. 1993 September; 43(9): 1854-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8414049

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Growing intracranial arteriovenous malformation in a newborn. Author(s): Haase J, Hobolth N, Ringsted J. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 1986; 2(5): 270-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3791288

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Growth of multiple peripheral high flow aneurysms of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery associated with a cerebellar arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Azzam CJ. Source: Neurosurgery. 1987 December; 21(6): 934-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3437965

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Growth of occult arteriovenous malformation after cerebral hemorrhage demonstrated by serial magnetic resonance imaging--case report. Author(s): Fuse T, Niwa Y, Umezu M, Yamada K. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2001 February; 41(2): 83-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11255632

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Growth on an arteriovenous malformation: a case report. Author(s): Minor DR, Gandy T. Source: Yale J Biol Med. 1977 November-December; 50(6): 661-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=610058

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Headaches and papilledema secondary to dural arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Adelman JU. Source: Headache. 1998 September; 38(8): 621-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11398307

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Heart failure in infancy due to arteriovenous malformation of the vein of Galen. Report of a case. Author(s): Lehman JS Jr, Chynn KY, Hagstrom JW, Steinberg I. Source: Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1966 November; 98(3): 653-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5921682

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Hematoma from arteriovenous malformation producing hydrocephalus and simulating a thalamic tumor. Report of two cases. Author(s): Ng LK, Schwarz G, Mishkin MM. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1971 February; 34(2 Pt 1): 229-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14768692

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Hemifacial spasm due to tumor, aneurysm, or arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Nagata S, Matsushima T, Fujii K, Fukui M, Kuromatsu C. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1992 September; 38(3): 204-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1440205

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Hemi-parkinsonism due to a midbrain arteriovenous malformation: dopamine transporter imaging. Author(s): Goldstein S, Friedman JH, Innis R, Seibyl J, Marek K. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2001 March; 16(2): 350-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11295793

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Hemodynamic changes around cerebral arteriovenous malformation before and after embolization measured with PET. Author(s): Kaminaga T, Hayashida K, Iwama T, Nishimura T. Source: Journal of Neuroradiology. Journal De Neuroradiologie. 1999 December; 26(4): 236-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10783551

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Hemodynamics of the central nervous system arteriovenous malformation nidus during particulate embolization. A computer model. Author(s): Hecht ST, Horton JA, Kerber CW. Source: Neuroradiology. 1991; 33(1): 62-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2027448

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Hemoptysis from an unusual pulmonary arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Thung KH, Sihoe AD, Wan IY, Lee TW, Wong R, Yim AP. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2003 November; 76(5): 1730-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14602328

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Hemorrhagic venous infarction after excision of an arteriovenous malformation: case report. Author(s): Miyasaka Y, Yada K, Ohwada T, Kurata A, Tokiwa K, Suwa T, Yamada M, Oka H. Source: Neurosurgery. 1991 August; 29(2): 265-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1886668

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Hereditary benign telangiectasia: image analysis of hitherto unknown association with arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Onishi Y, Ohara K, Shikada Y, Satomi H. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 October; 145(4): 641-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11703294

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Hidden compartments in intracranial arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Rossitti S, Raininko R. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 1997 September; 38(5): 922-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9332257

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High-flow arteriovenous malformation of the lower extremity: ethanolamine oleate sclerotherapy. Author(s): Hyodoh H, Fujita A, Hyodoh K, Furuse M, Kamisawa O, Hareyama M. Source: Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. 2001 September-October; 24(5): 348-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11815844

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High-flow arteriovenous malformation of the mandible: treatment and 7-year followup. Author(s): Yoshiga K, Tanimoto K, Okui T, Kobayashi M. Source: The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 2003 October; 41(5): 348-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14581033

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Histopathological structure of the pial arteriovenous malformation in adults: observation by reconstruction of serial sections of four surgical specimens. Author(s): Meng JS, Okeda R. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 2001 July; 102(1): 63-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11547952

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How I do it. Arteriovenous malformation management. Author(s): Yakes WF, Rossi P, Odink H. Source: Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. 1996 March-April; 19(2): 65-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8729181

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Huge renal arteriovenous malformation mimicking a simple para-pelvic cyst. Author(s): Mishal J, Leibovici O, Bregman L, London D, Yoffe B, Sherer Y. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2001; 66(1): 49-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11150955

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Huge renal arteriovenous malformation mimicking simple parapelvic cyst. Author(s): Mishal J, Lebovici O, Bregman L, London D, Yoffe B, Sherer Y. Source: Clinical Imaging. 2000 May-June; 24(3): 166-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11150686

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Hydronephrosis secondary to congenital pelvic arteriovenous malformation: a case report. Author(s): Chung BH, Chung KH, Lee JH, Kim JH, Choi JY. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1992 December; 148(6): 1877-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1433627

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Hyperpathia and sensory level due to parietal lobe arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Breuer AC, Cuervo H, Selkoe DJ. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1981 November; 38(11): 722-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7305704

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Hypothermia and cardiopulmonary bypass during resection of extensive arteriovenous malformation followed by microvascular reconstruction. Author(s): Polsen C, Anous M, Netscher D, Shenaq S, Safi HJ. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1995 June; 34(6): 642-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7661544

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Ileal stenosis due to arteriovenous malformation in a newborn infant. Author(s): Graivier L. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1982 February; 17(1): 78-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7077484

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Images in clinical medicine. Hemispheric arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Vermillion JM, Harris FS. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2004 April 22; 350(17): E15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15103014

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Immunohistochemical analysis of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation obliterated by radiosurgery and presenting with re-bleeding. Case report. Author(s): Szeifert GT, Salmon I, Baleriaux D, Brotchi J, Levivier M. Source: Neurological Research. 2003 October; 25(7): 718-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14579789

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Incidence of adult brain arteriovenous malformation hemorrhage in a prospective population-based stroke survey. Author(s): Stapf C, Labovitz DL, Sciacca RR, Mast H, Mohr JP, Sacco RL. Source: Cerebrovascular Diseases (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 13(1): 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11810010

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Increased brain tissue oxygenation during arteriovenous malformation resection. Author(s): Charbel FT, Hoffman WE, Misra M, Ausman JI. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1998; 38 Suppl: 171-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10235002

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Increased cerebral blood flow after brain arteriovenous malformation resection is substantially independent of changes in cardiac output. Author(s): Hashimoto T, Young WL, Prohovnik I, Gupta DK, Ostapkovich ND, Ornstein E, Halim AX, Quick CM. Source: Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology. 2002 July; 14(3): 204-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12172292

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Index of suspicion. Case 1. Diagnosis: arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Carter B. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 2000 February; 21(2): 67-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10660633

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Inferior division third nerve paresis from an orbital dural arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Gray LG, Galetta SL, Hershey B, Winkelman AC, Wulc A. Source: Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology : the Official Journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. 1999 March; 19(1): 46-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10098548

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Infratentorial arteriovenous malformation associated with persistent primitive trigeminal artery--case report. Author(s): Nakai Y, Yasuda S, Hyodo A, Yanaka K, Nose T. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2000 November; 40(11): 572-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11109794

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Interhemispheric transfer of language in patients with left frontal cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Lazar RM, Marshall RS, Pile-Spellman J, Duong HC, Mohr JP, Young WL, Solomon RL, Perera GM, DeLaPaz RL. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2000; 38(10): 1325-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10869575

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Interventional occlusion of a large pulmonary arteriovenous malformation with an Amplatzer septal occluder. Author(s): Gamillscheg A, Schuchlenz H, Stein JI, Beitzke A. Source: Journal of Interventional Cardiology. 2003 August; 16(4): 335-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14562674

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Intra-arterial CT-angiography for cerebral arteriovenous malformation--initial experiences for treatment planning of radiosurgery. Author(s): Kunieda E, Kawaguchi O, Onozuka S, Momoshima S, Takeda A, Shigematsu N, Hashimoto S, Ohira T, Kubo A. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2002 November 15; 54(4): 1121-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12419439

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Intractable epilepsy following radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Husain AM, Mendez M, Friedman AH. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2001 November; 95(5): 888-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11702882

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Intrahepatic bilomas associated with hepatic arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Chen CH, Yang PM, Sheu JC, Huang GT, Tsang YM, Lee PH, Chen DS. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 1999 January-February; 46(25): 443-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10228838

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Intraparenchymal brain hemorrhage and remote soft tissue arteriovenous malformation in a newborn infant. Author(s): Jee SH, Grow JL, Faix RG. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 2002 December; 22(8): 664-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12478451

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Intratesticular arteriovenous malformation: color Doppler sonographic findings. Author(s): Kutlu R, Alkan A, Soylu A, Sigirci A, Dusak A. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2003 March; 22(3): 295-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12636330

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Arteriovenous Malformation

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Intraventricular contrast medium leakage during ethanol embolization of an arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Phatouros CC, Halbach VV, Malek AM, Meyers PM, Dowd CF, Higashida RT. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1999 August; 20(7): 1329-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10472994

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Intraventricular hemorrhage as a false localizing sign of a thoracolumbar arteriovenous malformation: case report. Author(s): Barzo P, Voros E, Bodosi M. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1999 April; 51(4): 430-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10199298

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Intraventricular hemorrhage due to left frontal lobe arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Spaargaren L, Ozsarlak O, Van Goethem JW, Parizel PM. Source: Jbr-Btr. 2003 May-June; 86(3): 170-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12880169

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Isolated cardiomegaly in the second trimester as an early sign of fetal hydrops due to intracranial arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Henrich W, Fuchs I, Buhrer C, van Landeghem FK, Albig M, Stoever B, Dudenhausen JW. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 2003 October; 31(8): 445-9. Erratum In: J Clin Ultrasound. 2004 January; 32(1): 50-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14528445

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Jejunal arteriovenous malformation, diagnosed by angiography and treated by embolization and catheter-guided surgery: case report and review of literature. Author(s): Defreyne L, Verstraeten V, De Potter C, Pattyn P, De Vos M, Kunnen M. Source: Abdominal Imaging. 1998 March-April; 23(2): 127-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9516497

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Jejunoileal arteriovenous malformation: localization for resection by segmental bowel staining techniques. Author(s): Crawford ES, Roehm JO Jr, McGavran MH. Source: Annals of Surgery. 1980 April; 191(4): 404-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7369806

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Jugular venous bulb oxygen saturation monitoring in arteriovenous malformation surgery. Author(s): Wilder-Smith OH, Fransen P, de Tribolet N, Tassonyi E. Source: Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology. 1997 April; 9(2): 162-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9100188

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Kaposiform acro-angiodermatitis with arteriovenous malformation (Stewart-Bluefarb syndrome). Author(s): Konig A, Brungger A, Schnyder UW. Source: Dermatologica. 1990; 181(3): 254-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2269392

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Kaposi-like arteriovenous malformation and angiodermatitis (pseudo-Kaposi). Author(s): Brenner S, Ophir J, Krakowski A, Weinraub Z. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1982 August; 30(2): 240-2, 247, 255-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7128205

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Kaposi's sarcoma in the hand seen as an arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Witt JD, Jupiter JB. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1991 July; 16(4): 607-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1880357

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Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome with spinal arteriovenous malformation--case report. Author(s): Kojima Y, Kuwana N, Sato M, Ikeda Y. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1989 March; 29(3): 235-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2477729

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Language mapping in pretreatment planning of patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformation: a PET study. Author(s): Tatlidil R, Xiong J, New P, West A, Fox P. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2000 August; 25(8): 591-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10944012

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Large arteriovenous malformation associated with persistent primitive hypoglossal artery--case report. Author(s): Shibata Y, Hyodo A, Saito A, Yoshii Y, Nose T. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1991 December; 31(12): 804-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1726232

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Large cerebral arteriovenous malformation presenting with venous ischemia in the contralateral hemisphere. Case report. Author(s): Kurozumi K, Onoda K, Tsuchimoto S. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 October; 97(4): 995-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12405394

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Large diffuse arteriovenous malformation affecting the right cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres: case report. Author(s): Sagoh M, Kodaki K, Ichikizaki K, Izumi C, Satoh T, Shiga H. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1996 August; 46(2): 122-7; Discussion 127-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8685819

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Large intracranial arteriovenous malformation confined solely to the dura. Author(s): Boedecker RA, Sty JR, Babbitt DP. Source: Wis Med J. 1979 February; 78(2): 29-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=425551

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Large intraosseous arteriovenous malformation of the maxilla - a case report with review of literature. Author(s): Kacker A, Heier L, Jones J. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2000 January 30; 52(1): 89-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10699245

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Large renal arteriovenous malformation: scintigraphic evaluation and therapeutic embolization. Author(s): Lette J, Tardif L, Beaudry C, Lassonde J. Source: Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal = Journal L'association Canadienne Des Radiologistes. 1992 October; 43(5): 381-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1393706

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Late onset of a large cavernous aneurysm after spontaneous disappearance of cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Case report. Author(s): Salpietro FM, Cipri S, Tomasello F, Conforti P. Source: Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences. 1989 April-June; 33(2): 211-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2795195

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Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy with intracranial arteriovenous malformation: a case report. Author(s): Fujitake J, Mizuta H, Fujii H, Ishikawa Y, Sasamoto K, Goto Y, Nonaka I, Tatsuoka Y. Source: Acta Neurol Belg. 2002 June; 102(2): 82-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12161905

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Left and right coronary artery-pulmonary artery fistula. Unusual arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Huang MT, Goodman MA, Delaney TB. Source: N Y State J Med. 1979 October; 79(11): 1774-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=290879

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Lethal progression of a fetal intracranial arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Kush ML, Weiner CP, Harman CR, Baschat AA. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2003 June; 22(6): 645-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12795562

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Ligation of an arteriovenous malformation with the Heifetz clamp. Case report. Author(s): Gross ND, Hornblass A. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1989 February; 107(2): 171. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2916968

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Liver transplantation for hepatic arteriovenous malformation in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia. Author(s): Bauer T, Britton P, Lomas D, Wight DG, Friend PJ, Alexander GJ. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 1995 May; 22(5): 586-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7650340

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Liver transplantation for hepatic arteriovenous malformation with high-output cardiac failure in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: hemodynamic study. Author(s): Le Corre F, Golkar B, Tessier C, Kavafyan J, Marty J. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2000 June; 12(4): 339-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10960210

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Localized arteriovenous malformation of the jejunum. Author(s): Eastman J, Nazek M, Mangels D. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1994 February; 118(2): 181-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8311661

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Location of intracranial aneurysms associated with cerebral arteriovenous malformation: statistical analysis. Author(s): Okamoto S, Handa H, Hashimoto N. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1984 October; 22(4): 335-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6474335

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Long-term results of radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformation: neurodiagnostic imaging and histological studies of angiographically confirmed nidus obliteration. Author(s): Yamamoto M, Jimbo M, Kobayashi M, Toyoda C, Ide M, Tanaka N, Lindquist C, Steiner L. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1992 March; 37(3): 219-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1536028

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Low flow (cryptic) arteriovenous malformation and spontaneous haematoma. Author(s): Prakash B, Beohar PC, Misra RC. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1983; 69(1-2): 61-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6624557

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Lumbar arteriovenous malformation presenting as an acute disc syndrome: CT findings. Author(s): Lusins JO, Danielski EJ Jr. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1984 October; 8(5): 1028-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6470243

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Lumbosacral extradural spinal arteriovenous malformation with blood supply from branches of internal iliac arteries. Author(s): Matsumura A, Tsuboi K, Hyodo A, Yoshizawa K, Nose T. Source: Neurochirurgia (Stuttg). 1986 November; 29(6): 235-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3808161

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Major complex pelvic arteriovenous malformation in a patient with Down syndrome. Author(s): Kassardjian Z, Lebret T, Mellot F, Herve JM, Barre P, Lugagne PM, Scherrer A, Botto H. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2002; 69(2): 145-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12187047

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Management of an arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Lam SM, Dahiya R, Williams EF 3rd. Source: Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery : Official Publication for the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc. and the International Federation of Facial Plastic Surgery Societies. 2003 July-August; 5(4): 334-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12873872

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Management of pancreatic arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Nishiyama R, Kawanishi Y, Mitsuhashi H, Kanai T, Ohba K, Mori T, Hamabe N, Watahiki Y, Nakamura S. Source: Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery. 2000; 7(4): 438-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11180867

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Management of residual dysplastic vessels after cerebral arteriovenous malformation resection: implications for postoperative angiography. Author(s): Solomon RA, Connolly ES Jr, Prestigiacomo CJ, Khandji AG, Pile-Spellman J. Source: Neurosurgery. 2000 May; 46(5): 1052-60; Discussion 1060-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10807236

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Mandibular arteriovenous malformation treated by transvenous coil embolization: a long-term follow-up with special reference to bone regeneration. Author(s): Kawano K, Mizuki H, Mori H, Yanagisawa S. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 2001 March; 59(3): 326-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11243618

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Massive bleeding from an arteriovenous malformation in the gastric fundus following gastric biopsy treated by embolisation. Author(s): Ibrahim AS, Allangawi MH, al-Muzrakchi AM. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2003 May; 57(4): 354-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12800475

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Massive congenital coronary arteriovenous malformation presenting with exertional dyspnea and desaturation in an adult: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Burns KE, Ferguson KA, Spouge A, Brown JE. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2001 January; 17(1): 85-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11173319

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Massive GI bleeding due to a duodenal arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Poon RT, Poon J. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2000 July; 52(1): 101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10882974

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Maxillofacial rehabilitation of a large facial defect resulting from an arteriovenous malformation utilizing a two-piece prosthesis. Author(s): Hecker DM. Source: The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2003 February; 89(2): 109-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12616227

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MRI of intraosseous dural arteriovenous malformation: findings in two cases. Author(s): Chen CJ, Wai YY, Wang LJ, Wong YC. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2001 January-February; 25(1): 133-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11176309

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Mutation analysis of a family with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia associated with hepatic arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Lin WD, Wu JY, Hsu HB, Tsai FJ, Lee CC, Tsai CH. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 2001 December; 100(12): 817-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11802521

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Neonatal congestive heart failure as the presenting symptom of cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Carroll CP, Jakoby RK. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1966 August; 25(2): 159-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4223629

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Neonatal galenic arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Chiang V, Awad I, Berenstein A, Scott M, Spetzler R, Alexander MJ. Source: Neurosurgery. 1999 April; 44(4): 847-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10201310

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Neonatal intracranial hemorrhage due to rupture of arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Ozek E, Ozek M, Bilgen H, Kilic T, Pamir N. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 1996 July; 15(1): 53-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8858701

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Neonatal pulmonary arteriovenous malformation in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia. Author(s): Koppen S, Korver CR, Dalinghaus M, Westermann CJ. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2002 November; 87(3): F226-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12391000

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Neonatal pulmonary arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Trivedi K, Sreeram N. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 1996 January; 74(1): F80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8653445

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Neuromagnetic assessment of epileptogenicity in cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Morioka T, Nishio S, Hisada K, Shigeto H, Yamamoto T, Fujii K, Fukui M. Source: Neurosurgical Review. 2000 December; 23(4): 206-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11153549

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Neuropsychological features of dementia due to dural arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Jaillard AS, Peres B, Hommel M. Source: Cerebrovascular Diseases (Basel, Switzerland). 1999 March-April; 9(2): 91-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9973651

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Neuroradiology case of the day. Multiple cerebral abscesses associated with isolated pulmonary arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Lanzieri CF, Bangert BA, Tarr RW, Shah RW, Shah RS, Lewin JS, Gilkeson RC. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1997 July; 169(1): 296, 299-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9207557

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New embolization method using estrogen for dural arteriovenous malformation and meningioma. Author(s): Suzuki J, Komatsu S. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1981 December; 16(6): 438-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6277025

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New-onset tic disorder following acute hemorrhage of an arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Yochelson MR, David RG. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2000 November; 15(11): 769-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11108516

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Obliteration of spinal-cord arteriovenous malformation by percutaneous embolisation. Author(s): Doppman JL, Di Chiro G, Ommaya A. Source: Lancet. 1968 March 2; 1(7540): 477. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4170644

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Occult arteriovenous malformation of the brainstem simulating multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Britt RH, Connor WS, Enzmann DR. Source: Neurology. 1981 July; 31(7): 901-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7195517

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Ophthalmic arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Levy JV, Zemek L. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1966 November; 62(5): 971-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5928849

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Optic nerve arteriovenous malformation causing optic apoplexy: case report. Author(s): Muragaki Y, Ujiie H, Ohno M, Kubo O, Hori T. Source: Neurosurgery. 2002 October; 51(4): 1075-8; Discussion 1078. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12234420

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Oral and maxillofacial pathology case of the month. Arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Kessler HP. Source: Tex Dent J. 2003 September; 120(9): 901, 912-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14560466

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Orbital arteriovenous malformation mimicking cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Huna-Baron R, Setton A, Kupersmith MJ, Berenstein A. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2000 July; 84(7): 771-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10873992

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Orbital lymphangioma with non-contiguous cerebral arteriovenous malformation, manifesting with thrombocytopenia (Kasabach-Merritt syndrome) and intracerebral hemorrhage. Author(s): Vachharajani A, Paes B. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2002; 91(1): 98-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11883828

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Orthotopic renal transplantation in a patient with a massive pelvic arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Ferri M, Russell JD, Whelan JP. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2000 March; 163(3): 899. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10688004

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Osseous regeneration after embolization of mandibular arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Chhoeurn V, de Villa GH, Lo LJ. Source: Chang Gung Med J. 2003 December; 26(12): 937-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15008331

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Outcome from treatment for spinal arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Morgan MK. Source: Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1999 January; 10(1): 113-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9855653

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Pancreatic arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Rezende MB, Bramhall S, Hayes T, Olliff S, Buckels JA, Candinas D, Mirza DF. Source: Digestive Surgery. 2003; 20(1): 65-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12637811

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Patient outcomes after arteriovenous malformation radiosurgical management: results based on a 5- to 14-year follow-up study. Author(s): Pollock BE, Gorman DA, Coffey RJ. Source: Neurosurgery. 2003 June; 52(6): 1291-6; Discussion 1296-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12762874

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Pediatric congenital vertebral artery arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Shownkeen H, Bova D, Chenelle AG, Origitano TC. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 2003 May; 33(5): 354-6. Epub 2003 February 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12695869

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Pictorial CME. A racemose arteriovenous malformation characterized by dilatation and tortuosity of retinal vessels. Author(s): Ganesh N, Rajan PS, Muthiah M, Byju P, Ganesan K. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 November; 50: 1404. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12583471

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Pre- and postoperative changes of regional cortical cerebral blood flow in patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Shi G, Zhao J, Wang S, Wang Y, Lu Z. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 2003 August; 116(8): 1273-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12935428

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Pregnancy following embolisation of uterine arteriovenous malformation--a case report. Author(s): Chia YN, Yap C, Tan BS. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2003 September; 32(5): 658-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14626797

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Progressive neurological decline after partial spontaneous thrombosis of a SpetzlerMartin Grade 5 arteriovenous malformation in a patient with Leiden factor V mutation: management and outcome. Author(s): Link MJ, Schermerhorn TC, Fulgham JR, Nichols DA. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2004 May; 100(5): 940-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15137613

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Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation treated by lobectomy. Author(s): Georghiou GP, Berman M, Vidne BA, Saute M. Source: European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2003 August; 24(2): 328-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12895639

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Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation treated with embolotherapy. Author(s): Saxena S, Gothi D, Joshi JM. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2003 April; 51: 398-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12723658

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Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation: a rare, treatable cause of stroke in young adults. Author(s): Retnakaran RR, Faughnan ME, Chan RP, Pugash RA, O'Connor PW, Chow CM. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2003 October; 57(8): 731-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14627188

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Quality of life, anxiety, and depression in patients with an untreated intracranial aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): van der Schaaf IC, Brilstra EH, Rinkel GJ, Bossuyt PM, van Gijn J. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2002 February; 33(2): 440-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11823649

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Quantification of intracerebral steal in patients with arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Homan RW, Devous MD Sr, Stokely EM, Bonte FJ. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1986 August; 43(8): 779-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3488052

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Quiz case of the month. Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Geyskens W, Dymarkowski S, Budts W, Bogaert J. Source: European Radiology. 2000; 10(12): 1997-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11305587

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Radiation therapy for a massive arteriovenous malformation of the pancreas. Author(s): Sato M, Kishi K, Shirai S, Suwa K, Kimura M, Kawai N, Tanihata H, Yamada K, Terada M, Yamaue H. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2003 December; 181(6): 1627-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14627586

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Radiosurgical treatment of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation in a patient with moyamoya disease: case report. Author(s): Seol HJ, Kim DG, Oh CW, Han DH. Source: Neurosurgery. 2002 August; 51(2): 478-81; Discussion 481-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12182787

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Rapid development of an intranidal aneurysm with perifocal brain edema in an unruptured cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Case report. Author(s): Akabane A, Jokura H, Ogasawara K, Takahashi K, Sugai K, Ogawa A, Yoshimoto T. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 December; 97(6): 1436-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12507145

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Re: congenital arteriovenous malformation in the neck successfully treated by direct puncture and embolization with n-butyl cyanoacrylate and a microcoil. Author(s): Yamagami T, Morishita H, Kikkawa M, Nakamura T, Nishimura T. Source: Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. 2002 May-June; 25(3): 228-30. Epub 2002 February 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12058224

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Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in the treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage secondary to periventricular arteriovenous malformation before surgery: case report. Author(s): Kumar K, Demeria DD, Verma A. Source: Neurosurgery. 2003 April; 52(4): 964-8; Discussion 968-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12657195

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Recurrent scrotal arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Bandi G, Bianco FJ, Dhabuwala CB. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2004 April; 171(4): 1628. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15017239

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Relationship of nidal vessel radius and wall thickness to brain arteriovenous malformation hemorrhage. Author(s): Quick CM, James DJ, Ning K, Joshi S, Halim AX, Hashimoto T, Young WL. Source: Neurological Research. 2002 July; 24(5): 495-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12117322

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Reply to:K. Wolf et al. Disappearance of an intracerebral arteriovenous malformation in an HIV-1-infected patient after initiation of HAART. Infection 2002;30:101-103. Author(s): Levy R. Source: Infection. 2003 June; 31(3): 197; Author Reply 198. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12836635

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Retained products of conception masquerading as acquired arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Kido A, Togashi K, Koyama T, Ito H, Tatsumi K, Fujii S, Konishi J. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2003 January-February; 27(1): 88-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12544249

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Role of venous drainage in cerebral arteriovenous malformation surgery, as related to the development of postoperative hyperperfusion injury. Author(s): Schaller C, Urbach H, Schramm J, Meyer B. Source: Neurosurgery. 2002 October; 51(4): 921-7; Discussion 927-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12234398

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Scalp arteriovenous malformation draining into the superior sagittal sinus associated with an intracranial arteriovenous malformation: just a coincidence? Case report. Author(s): Lanzino G, Passacantilli E, Lemole GM Jr, McDougall C, Spetzler RF. Source: Neurosurgery. 2003 February; 52(2): 440-3; Discussion 443. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12535376

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Slowly progressive retinal arteriovenous malformation and relative amblyopia. Author(s): Ehrt O. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2004 March; 122(3): 408-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15006865

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Spinal arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Drislane FW, Matheson JK, Dubuisson D. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2003 January; 60(1): 125. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12533099

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Spinal intramedullary arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Alessi G, Fransen H, Lemmerling M, De Waele LF. Source: Jbr-Btr. 2002 December; 85(6): 311. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12553662

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Spontaneous disappearance of a renal arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Kubota H, Sakagami H, Kubota Y, Sasaki S, Umemoto Y, Kohri K. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 2003 October; 10(10): 547-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14516403

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Successful medical treatment with danazol after failed embolization of uterine arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Takeuchi K, Yamada T, Iwasa M, Maruo T. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 October; 102(4): 843-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14551016

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Successful pregnancy following two uterine artery embolisation procedures for arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Amagada JO, Karanjgaokar V, Wood A, Wiener JJ. Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : the Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2004 January; 24(1): 86-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14675992

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Successful term pregnancy after selective arterial embolization of symptomatic arteriovenous malformation in the setting of gestational trophoblastic tumor. Author(s): Garner EI, Meyerovitz M, Goldstein DP, Berkowitz RS. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2003 January; 88(1): 69-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12504631

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Sudden deafness as a manifestation of the rupture of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Fernandez CA, Carceller MA, Garcia JR, Garcia CG, Alegria JB. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2003 April; 128(4): 592-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12707669

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Symptomatic de novo arteriovenous malformation appearing 17 years after the resection of two other arteriovenous malformations in childhood: case report. Author(s): Akimoto H, Komatsu K, Kubota Y. Source: Neurosurgery. 2003 January; 52(1): 228-31; Discussion 231-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12493123

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Telangiectatic pulmonary arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Jeong WK, Jeon SC, Choi YW, Park CK, Hong EK, Yoon HJ, Chung WS. Source: Journal of Thoracic Imaging. 2003 April; 18(2): 113-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12700489

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The guidance of intraoperative ultrasonography in the surgical treatment of arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Cokluk C, Iyigun O, Senel A, Celik F, Rakunt C. Source: Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery : Min. 2003 June; 46(3): 169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12872195

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Three-dimensional volumetric visualization of arteriovenous malformation of the maxilla. Author(s): Wakoh M, Harada T, Yamamoto K, Hashimoto S, Noma H, Kaneko Y. Source: Dento Maxillo Facial Radiology. 2003 January; 32(1): 63-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12820856

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Thrombosis of a spinal arteriovenous malformation after hemorrhage: case report. Author(s): Chun JY, Gulati M, Halbach V, Lawton MT. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2004 January; 61(1): 92-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14706393

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Transcatheter embolisation of a large unilateral pulmonary arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Joseph G, Pati PK. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2003 July; 89(7): 737. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12807844

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Transient aphasia as late-onset seizure after embolization for dural arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Okuyama C, Ushijima Y, Suzuki K, Kin Y, Tokuhiro M, Nakano Y, Nishimura T. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2003 August; 28(8): 685-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12897662

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Transient third nerve palsy in a young patient with intracranial arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Wu G, Agrawal A, Ghanchi FD. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 2003 April; 13(3): 324-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12747657

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Traumatic pulmonary arteriovenous malformation presenting with massive hemoptysis 30 years after penetrating chest injury. Author(s): Manganas C, Iliopoulos J, Pang L, Grant PW. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2003 September; 76(3): 942-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12963241

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Treating a recurrent uterine arteriovenous malformation with uterine artery embolization. A case report. Author(s): Chan CC, Chu F, Pun TC. Source: J Reprod Med. 2003 November; 48(11): 905-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14686027

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Trigeminal neuralgia associated with contralateral cerebellar arteriovenous malformation. Case illustration. Author(s): Sato K, Jokura H, Shirane R, Akabane T, Karibe H, Yoshimoto T. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 June; 98(6): 1318. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12816281

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Ultrasound diagnosis of cerebral arteriovenous malformation in the newborn. Author(s): Jones RW, Allan LD, Tynan MJ, Joseph MC. Source: Lancet. 1982 January 9; 1(8263): 102-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6119464

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Uncontrolled glaucoma secondary to an arteriovenous malformation in a WeillMarchesani patient. Author(s): Derose CJ, Jeffrey A. Source: Optometry. 2001 October; 72(10): 641-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11712631

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Unilateral proptosis and chemosis caused by dural arteriovenous malformation of the superior sagittal sinus. Author(s): Kurosu A, Iizuka Y, Sato K. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 1998 April; 12(2): 176-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11013676

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University of Toronto Neurosurgical Rounds No. 4. Global arteriovenous malformation of the cervical region. Author(s): Holgate RC, Lougheed WM. Source: The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques. 1981 February; 8(1): 41-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7225956

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Unusual presentation of cerebral arteriovenous malformation: report of a case with visual failure. Author(s): Chakrabarti A, Rawson MD. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1982 August; 45(8): 754-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7131004

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Unusual venous drainage of an arteriovenous malformation. Case illustration. Author(s): Quinones-Hinojosa A, Auguste K, Lawton MT. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 March; 98(3): 642. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12650442

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Use of a regulating flap in the treatment of a large arteriovenous malformation of the scalp. Author(s): Dompmartin A, Labbe D, Barrellier MT, Theron J. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1998 October; 51(7): 561-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9924413

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•

Uterine arteriovenous malformation: a rare cause of uterine bleeding. Diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Clarke MJ, Mitchell PJ. Source: Australasian Radiology. 2003 September; 47(3): 302-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12890254

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Uterine arteriovenous malformation: ultrasonographic, magnetic resonance and radiological findings. Author(s): Nasu K, Fujisawa K, Yoshimatsu J, Miyakawa I. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2002; 53(3): 191-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12053106

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Uterine hemorrhage in a menopausal female associated with an arteriovenous malformation and myometritis. Author(s): Busmanis I, Ong CL, Tan AC. Source: Pathology. 2000 August; 32(3): 220-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10968401

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Vaginal arteriovenous malformation: MR imaging. Author(s): Matsumoto K, Kurachi H, Murakami T, Narumi Y, Tsuda K, Yoshino K, Nakamura H, Miyake A. Source: Abdominal Imaging. 1996 November-December; 21(6): 554-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8875884

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Variable filling of an arteriovenous malformation during carotid angiography. A case report. Author(s): Porras M, Servo A, Jaaskinen J. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1984; 70(1-2): 81-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6741632

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Vascular orientation by intra-arterial dye injection during spinal arteriovenous malformation surgery. Author(s): Tani S, Ikeuchi S, Hata Y, Abe T. Source: Neurosurgery. 2001 January; 48(1): 240-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11152357

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Venous ischemia caused by dural arteriovenous malformation. Case report. Author(s): Kurata A, Miyasaka Y, Yoshida T, Kunii M, Yada K, Kan S. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1994 March; 80(3): 552-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8113870

Studies

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•

Venous malformation serving as the draining vein of an adjoining arteriovenous malformation. Case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Yanaka K, Hyodo A, Nose T. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2001 September; 56(3): 170-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11597644

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Venous sac embolization of pulmonary arteriovenous malformation: preliminary experience using interlocking detachable coils. Author(s): Takahashi K, Tanimura K, Honda M, Kikuno M, Toei H, Hyodoh H, Furuse M, Yamada T, Aburano T. Source: Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. 1999 May-June; 22(3): 210-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10382051

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Venous sinus occlusion with a dural arteriovenous malformation of the posterior fossa. Author(s): Handa J, Yoneda S, Handa H. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1975 November; 4(5): 433-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1188578

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Visual loss from arterial steal in patients with maxillofacial arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Andracchi S, Kupersmith MJ, Nelson PK, Slakter JS, Setton A, Berenstein A. Source: Ophthalmology. 2000 April; 107(4): 730-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10768336

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Visualization of pulmonary arteriovenous malformation by three dimensional computed tomography: a case report. Author(s): Kinoshita T, Gohara R, Koga T, Sueyasu Y, Terasaki H, Rikimaru T, Aizawa H. Source: Kurume Med J. 2003; 50(3-4): 161-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14768481

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What factors are related to impairment of cerebrovascular reserve before and after arteriovenous malformation resection? A cerebral blood flow study using xenonenhanced computed tomography. Author(s): Van Roost D, Schramm J. Source: Neurosurgery. 2001 April; 48(4): 709-16; Discussion 716-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11322430

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What is a "cryptic" arteriovenous malformation? Author(s): Rajshekhar V, Chandy MJ. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1988 November; 51(11): 1459. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3236026

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Women's health case of the day. Uterine arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): Meilstrup JW, Fisher ME. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1994 June; 162(6): 1457-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8192024

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Worsening of hypertension in a pregnant woman with renal arteriovenous malformation: a successful superselective embolization after delivery. Author(s): Allione A, Pomero F, Valpreda S, Porta M, Mallone R, Rabbia C, Cavallo Perin P. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 2003 September; 60(3): 211-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14524586

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION MALFORMATION

AND

ARTERIOVENOUS

Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and arteriovenous malformation.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Arteriovenous Malformation The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “arteriovenous malformation” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “arteriovenous malformation” (or a synonym): •

A multi-institutional analysis of complication outcomes after arteriovenous malformation radiosurgery. Author(s): University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Source: Flickinger, J C Kondziolka, D Lunsford, L D Pollock, B E Yamamoto, M Gorman, D A Schomberg, P J Sneed, P Larson, D Smith, V McDermott, M W Miyawaki, L Chilton, J Morantz, R A Young, B Jokura, H Liscak, R Int-J-Radiat-Oncol-Biol-Phys. 1999 April 1; 44(1): 67-74 0360-3016

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Cerebral arteriovenous malformation and cluster-like headache. Author(s): Department of Neurology, Malmo General Hospital, Sweden. Source: Hindfelt, B Olivecrona, H Headache. 1991 September; 31(8): 514-7 0017-8748

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Clinical study of embolization of arteriovenous malformation in the oral and maxillofacial region. Author(s): Department of Oral Radiology, Stomatological School, Beijing Medical University (BMU), No. 38, Baishiqiao Road, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China. Source: Liu, D Ma, X C Chin-J-Dent-Res. 2000 November; 3(3): 63-70 1462-6446

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In vivo assessment of calcium alginate gel for endovascular embolization of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation model using the Swine rete mirabile. Author(s): Bioengineering Department, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA. [email protected] Source: Becker, T A Kipke, D R Preul, M C Bichard, W D McDougall, C G Neurosurgery. 2002 August; 51(2): 453-8; discussion 458-9 0148-396X

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Prenatal diagnosis of vein of Galen arteriovenous malformation by duplex sonography. Author(s): Department of Radiology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel. Source: Strauss, S Weinraub, Z Goldberg, M J-Perinat-Med. 1991; 19(3): 227-30 0300-5577

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Response to prostaglandin E1 in neonates with intracranial arteriovenous malformation treated for suspected congenital heart disease. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Wyler Children's Hospital, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637. Source: Covert, R F Pediatr-Cardiol. 1994 Mar-April; 15(2): 81-4 0172-0643

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Spinal cord arteriovenous malformation with an associated lymphatic anomaly. Case report. Author(s): Department of Surgery, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri. Source: Kraus, G E Bucholz, R D Weber, T R J-Neurosurg. 1990 November; 73(5): 768-73 0022-3085

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Successful treatment of an arteriovenous malformation by chemical embolization with estrogen followed by conventional radiotherapy. Author(s): Department of Neurosurgery, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan. Source: Ezura, M Takahashi, A Yoshimoto, T Neurosurgery. 1992 December; 31(6): 11057; discussion 1107 0148-396X

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The use of intraarterial papaverine in the management of vasospasm complicating arteriovenous malformation resection. Report of two cases. Author(s): Department of Neurosurgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, Australia. Source: Morgan, M K Day, M J Little, N Grinnell, V Sorby, W J-Neurosurg. 1995 February; 82(2): 296-9 0022-3085

Nutrition

55

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION

MEDICINE

AND

Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to arteriovenous malformation. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to arteriovenous malformation and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “arteriovenous malformation” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to arteriovenous malformation: •

Acute intracranial hemorrhage caused by acupuncture. Author(s): Choo DC, Yue G. Source: Headache. 2000 May; 40(5): 397-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10849036

•

Adjuvant use of epsilon-aminocaproic acid (Amicar) in the endovascular treatment of cranial arteriovenous fistulae. Author(s): Kallmes DF, Marx WF, Jensen ME, Cloft HJ, Do HM, Lanzino G, West K, Dion JE. Source: Neuroradiology. 2000 April; 42(4): 302-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10872177

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•

Ancient remedies revisited: does Allium sativum (garlic) palliate the hepatopulmonary syndrome? Author(s): Caldwell SH, Jeffers LJ, Narula OS, Lang EA, Reddy KR, Schiff ER. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1992 October; 15(3): 248-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1479173

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Arteriovenous malformations of the dental arcades. The place of endovascular therapy: results in 12 cases are presented. Author(s): Rodesch G, Soupre V, Vazquez MP, Alvarez H, Lasjaunias P. Source: Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery : Official Publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. 1998 October; 26(5): 306-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9819681

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Blood flow changes in arteriovenous malformation during behavioral activation. Author(s): Deutsch G. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1983 January; 13(1): 38-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6830163

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Brainstem auditory evoked potentials and blink reflexes in patients with pontocerebellar angle tumors. Author(s): Nurlu G, Bavbek M, Colak A, Sarjbas O, Ozgen T. Source: Neurosurgical Review. 1994; 17(4): 253-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7753412

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Endothelial cell culture from human cerebral cavernous malformations. Author(s): Baev NI, Awad IA. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 1998 November; 29(11): 2426-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9804658

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Epidemiology and costs of venous diseases in central Italy. The San Valentino Venous Disease Project. Author(s): Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN, Laurora G, De Sanctis MT, Incandela L, Barsotti A. Source: Angiology. 1997 July; 48(7): 583-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9242156

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Fistula between aneurysm of aorta and left renal vein. Report of a case. Author(s): Yashar JJ, Hallman GL, Cooley DA. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1969 October; 99(4): 546-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5808286

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God and man in the neurovascular ICU. Author(s): Crippen D.

Alternative Medicine 59

Source: Medgenmed [electronic Resource] : Medscape General Medicine. 2003 April 17; 5(2): 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14603126 •

Headache. Author(s): Abbas A. Source: The Practitioner. 1989 August 8; 233(1473): 1081-2, 1084. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2602335

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Hemangiomas and vascular malformations: unapproved treatments. Author(s): Zvulunov A, Metzker A. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2002 November-December; 20(6): 660-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12490360

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Isodense cerebellar hematoma. Author(s): Jacome DE. Source: Neurology. 1983 September; 33(9): 1201-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6684255

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Lymphomatoid granulomatosis associated with a carotid sinus fistula: response to cytotoxic therapy. Author(s): Rosenthal AK, Rowe JM. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 August; 83(2): 381-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3618648

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Paroxysmal choreoathetosis precipitated by movement, sound and photic stimulation in a case of arterio-venous malformation in the parietal lobe. Author(s): Shintani S, Shiozawa Z, Tsunoda S, Shiigai T. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 1991; 93(3): 237-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1660380

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Possible renal complications of acupuncture. Author(s): Keller WJ, Parker SG, Garvin JP. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1972 December 18; 222(12): 1559. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4678434

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Prenatal diagnosis of vein of Galen arteriovenous malformation by duplex sonography. Author(s): Strauss S, Weinraub Z, Goldberg M.

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Source: Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 1991; 19(3): 227-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1748946 •

Quality of life of stroke in younger individuals. Utility assessment in patients with arteriovenous malformations. Author(s): Shin AY, Porter PJ, Wallace MC, Naglie G. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 1997 December; 28(12): 2395-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9412620

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Radio-frequency thrombosis of vascular malformations with a transvascular magnetic catheter. Author(s): Taren JA, Gabrielsen TO. Source: Science. 1970 April 3; 168(927): 138-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5417057

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Renal arteriovenous fistula following puncture biopsy. A hemodynamic and functional study in four cases. Author(s): Lingardh G, Lindqvist B, Lundstrom B. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 1971; 5(2): 181-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4999174

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Spontaneous disappearance of arteriovenous fistula between the vertebral artery and deep cervical vein--case report. Author(s): Kubota M, Watanabe O, Takase M, Hashimoto T. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1992 February; 32(2): 84-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1376865

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Spontaneous vertebral arteriovenous fistula--case report. Author(s): Yoshida S, Nakazawa K, Oda Y. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2000 April; 40(4): 211-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10853320

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Stroke in children. Author(s): Pavlakis SG, Gould RJ, Zito JL. Source: Adv Pediatr. 1991; 38: 151-79. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1927699

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The associated targets methodology and the multi-isocenters radiosurgery treatment planning system Artemis-3D. Author(s): Lefkopoulos D, Schlienger M, Merienne L, Levrier M, Touboul E.

Alternative Medicine 61

Source: Bulletin Du Cancer. Radiotherapie : Journal De La Societe Francaise Du Cancer : Organe De La Societe Francaise De Radiotherapie Oncologique. 1994; 81(2): 111-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7702892 •

The representation of the horizontal meridian in the primary visual cortex. Author(s): Galetta SL, Grossman RI. Source: Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology : the Official Journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. 2000 June; 20(2): 89-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10870919

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to arteriovenous malformation; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Stroke Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to arteriovenous malformation. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on arteriovenous malformation include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Chapters on Arteriovenous Malformation In order to find chapters that specifically relate to arteriovenous malformation, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and arteriovenous malformation using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “arteriovenous malformation” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on arteriovenous malformation: •

Acute Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Bleeding Source: in Snape, W.J., ed. Consultations in Gastroenterology. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1996. p. 139-144. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. PRICE: $125.00. ISBN: 0721646700. Summary: This chapter from a gastroenterology textbook covers acute lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract bleeding. The authors stress that the management of these patients remains a clinical challenge. The initial approach depends on the degree of bleeding and should be directed toward resuscitation and stabilization of the patient. A multispecialty approach involving gastroenterology, surgery, nuclear medicine, and radiology should be available to localize and treat bleeding. With judicious and timely

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use of nuclear scintigraphy, selective angiography, and colonoscopy, precise localization and determination of the cause of bleeding may facilitate treatment. Treatment options may employ angiographic vasopressin infusion, endoscopic therapy, or segmental surgical resection. Topics include occult bleeding; the symptoms of acute GI tract bleeding; the causes of acute lower GI tract bleeding, including angiodysplasia, arteriovenous malformation, angiomata, and diverticular disease; the diagnostic evaluation and management of acute bleeding; and therapeutic options. The authors note that the mortality in severe bleeding is as high as 15 percent and reflects the advanced age and comorbid conditions in these patients. A recommended patient care algorithm is presented. 2 figures. 2 tables. 21 references. (AA-M).

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CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION

NEWS

ON

Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover arteriovenous malformation.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on arteriovenous malformation is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “arteriovenous malformation” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to arteriovenous malformation. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “arteriovenous malformation” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for arteriovenous malformation: •

Morbidity low from cerebral arteriovenous malformation bleeding Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 21, 1998

66

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Arteriovenous Malformation

Morbidity low from cerebral arteriovenous malformation with hemorrhage Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 08, 1998 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “arteriovenous malformation” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “arteriovenous malformation” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to arteriovenous malformation, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “arteriovenous malformation” (or synonyms).

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67

Academic Periodicals covering Arteriovenous Malformation Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to arteriovenous malformation. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering arteriovenous malformation that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

71

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute5: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

5

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.6 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:7 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

6 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 7 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway8 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.9 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “arteriovenous malformation” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 17591 57 822 3 22 18495

HSTAT10 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.11 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.12 Simply search by “arteriovenous malformation” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

8

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

9

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 10 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 11 12

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists13 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.14 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.15 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

13 Adapted 14

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 15 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on arteriovenous malformation can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to arteriovenous malformation. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to arteriovenous malformation. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “arteriovenous malformation”:

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Birth Defects http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/birthdefects.html Circulatory Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/circulatorydisorders.html Fistulas http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fistulas.html Head and Brain Malformations http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headandbrainmalformations.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on arteriovenous malformation. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Screening for Families with HHT Source: New Haven, CT: HHT (Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia) Foundation International, Inc. 1995. 2 p. Contact: Available from HHT (Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia) Foundation International, Inc. P.O. Box 8087, New Haven, CT 06530. (800) HHT-NETW; Fax (313) 561-4585 or (604) 596-0138. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure presents screening recommendations for families with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). The brochure first discusses screening for the brain, including for arteriovenous malformation, aneurysms, stroke, and brain abscess, utilizing the techniques of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of the brain. The second section discusses screening for pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMS), covering the use of chest X-rays, arterial blood gases (ABG), the echo bubble test, outpatient pulmonary angiography, and high resolution computed tomography. In the final section on other considerations, the author discusses dental visits and dental prophylaxis; pregnancy; and cost considerations.

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The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to arteriovenous malformation. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to arteriovenous malformation. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with arteriovenous malformation. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about arteriovenous malformation. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at

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http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “arteriovenous malformation” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “arteriovenous malformation”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “arteriovenous malformation” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “arteriovenous malformation” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.16

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

16

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)17: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

17

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

83

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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85

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on arteriovenous malformation: •

Basic Guidelines for Arteriovenous Malformation Arteriovenous malformation - cerebral Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000779.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Arteriovenous Malformation Blurred vision Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003029.htm Confused Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003205.htm Consciousness - decreased Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003202.htm Decreased sensation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htm

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Decreased vision Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003029.htm Dizziness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003093.htm Double vision Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003029.htm Ear noise/buzzing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003043.htm Eyelid drooping Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003035.htm Facial paralysis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003028.htm Fainting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003092.htm Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Headaches Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Lethargic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Mental status change Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003205.htm Movement - dysfunctional Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003203.htm Muscle weakness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003174.htm Numbness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htm Seizures Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Sleepy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003208.htm Smell - impaired Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003052.htm

Online Glossaries 89

Speech impairment Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003204.htm Stiff neck Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm Stress Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Stuporous Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003202.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Arteriovenous Malformation Cerebral Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003799.htm Cranial MRI Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003791.htm EEG Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003931.htm Electroencephalogram Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003931.htm Head CT scan Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003786.htm

•

Background Topics for Arteriovenous Malformation Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm Clot Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001124.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

91

ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amblyopia: A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivationinduced amblopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. Strabismus and refractive errors may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the optic nerve which is associated with alcoholism, tobacco smoking, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications. [NIH]

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Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]

Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgenic: Producing masculine characteristics. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angiodysplasia: Degenerative, acquired lesions consisting of distorted, dilated, thin-walled vessels lined by vascular endothelium. This pathological state is seen especially in the gastrointestinal tract and is frequently a cause of upper and lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the elderly. [NIH] Angiography: Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Angiopathy: Disease of the blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) that occurs when someone has diabetes for a long time. There are two types of angiopathy: macroangiopathy and microangiopathy. In macroangiopathy, fat and blood clots build up in the large blood vessels, stick to the vessel walls, and block the flow of blood. In microangiopathy, the walls of the smaller blood vessels become so thick and weak that they bleed, leak protein, and slow the flow of blood through the body. Then the cells, for example, the ones in the center of the eye, do not get enough blood and may be damaged. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anterior Cerebral Artery: Artery formed by the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. Branches of the anterior cerebral artery supply the caudate nucleus, internal capsule, putamen, septal nuclei, gyrus cinguli, and surfaces of the frontal lobe and parietal lobe. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH]

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Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aphasia: A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arterial embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot of foreign material. This can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriosus: Circle composed of anastomosing arteries derived from two long posterior ciliary and seven anterior ciliary arteries, located in the ciliary body about the root of the iris. [NIH]

Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Arteriovenous Fistula: An abnormal communication between an artery and a vein. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH]

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Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Flow Velocity: A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH]

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Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Regeneration: Renewal or repair of lost bone tissue. It excludes bony callus formed after bone fracture but not yet replaced by hard bone. [NIH] Bony Callus: The bony deposit formed between and around the broken ends of a fractured bone during normal healing. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Ischemia: Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obtruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjuction with brain hypoxia. Prolonged ischemia is associated with brain infarction. [NIH] Brain Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Channels: Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH]

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Cardiac Output: The volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat). [NIH] Cardiomegaly: Hypertrophy or enlargement of the heart. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Diversion of the flow of blood from the entrance of the right atrium directly to the aorta (or femoral artery) via an oxygenator thus bypassing both the heart and lungs. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotid Sinus: The dilated portion of the common carotid artery at its bifurcation into external and internal carotids. It contains baroreceptors which, when stimulated, cause slowing of the heart, vasodilatation, and a fall in blood pressure. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cavernous Sinus: An irregularly shaped venous space in the dura mater at either side of the sphenoid bone. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Central retinal vein: The blood vessel that carries blood from the retina. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU]

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Cerebral Angiography: Radiography of the vascular system of the brain after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebral Hemorrhage: Bleeding into a cerebral hemisphere of the brain, including lobar, subcortical white matter, and basal ganglia hemorrhages. Commonly associated conditions include hypertension; intracranial arteriosclerosis; intracranial aneurysm; craniocerebral trauma; intracranial arteriovenous malformations; cerebral amyloid angiopathy; and cerebral infarction. [NIH] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]

Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrovascular Disorders: A broad category of disorders characterized by impairment of blood flow in the arteries and veins which supply the brain. These include cerebral infarction; brain ischemia; hypoxia, brain; intracranial embolism and thrombosis; intracranial arteriovenous malformations; and vasculitis, central nervous system. In common usage, the term cerebrovascular disorders is not limited to conditions that affect the cerebrum, but refers to vascular disorders of the entire brain including the diencephalon; brain stem; and cerebellum. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chemosis: Severe edema of the conjunctiva, least marked in the tarsal region. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Choriocarcinoma: A malignant tumor of trophoblastic epithelium characterized by secretion of large amounts of chorionic gonadotropin. It usually originates from chorionic products of conception (i.e., hydatidiform mole, normal pregnancy, or following abortion), but can originate in a teratoma of the testis, mediastinum, or pineal gland. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of

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certain fractures. [NIH] Claudication: Limping or lameness. [EU] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colonoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the colon. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy,

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spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body. [NIH] Contrast Media: Substances used in radiography that allow visualization of certain tissues. [NIH]

Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Conus: A large, circular, white patch around the optic disk due to the exposing of the sclera

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as a result of degenerative change or congenital abnormality in the choroid and retina. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Callosum: Broad plate of dense myelinated fibers that reciprocally interconnect regions of the cortex in all lobes with corresponding regions of the opposite hemisphere. The corpus callosum is located deep in the longitudinal fissure. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Craniotomy: An operation in which an opening is made in the skull. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyanide: An extremely toxic class of compounds that can be lethal on inhaling of ingesting in minute quantities. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders. [NIH] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dental Polishing: Creation of a smooth and glossy surface finish on a denture or amalgam.

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[NIH]

Dental Prophylaxis: Treatment for the prevention of periodontal diseases or other dental diseases by the cleaning of the teeth in the dental office using the procedures of dental scaling and dental polishing. The treatment may include plaque detection, removal of supraand subgingival plaque and calculus, application of caries-preventing agents, checking of restorations and prostheses and correcting overhanging margins and proximal contours of restorations, and checking for signs of food impaction. [NIH] Dental Scaling: Removal of dental plaque and dental calculus from the surface of a tooth, from the surface of a tooth apical to the gingival margin accumulated in periodontal pockets, or from the surface coronal to the gingival margin. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Diverticulosis: A condition marked by small sacs or pouches (diverticula) in the walls of an organ such as the stomach or colon. These sacs can become inflamed and cause a condition called diverticulitis, which may be a risk factor for certain types of cancer. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH]

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Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Empyema: Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue more or less perfectly resembling the uterine mucous membrane (the endometrium) and containing typical endometrial granular and stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various locations in the pelvic cavity. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH]

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Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophageal Varices: Stretched veins in the esophagus that occur when the liver is not working properly. If the veins burst, the bleeding can cause death. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethanolamine: A viscous, hygroscopic amino alcohol with an ammoniacal odor. It is widely distributed in biological tissue and is a component of lecithin. It is used as a surfactant, fluorimetric reagent, and to remove CO2 and H2S from natural gas and other gases. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exophthalmos: Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Paralysis: Severe or complete loss of facial muscle motor function. This condition may result from central or peripheral lesions. Damage to CNS motor pathways from the cerebral cortex to the facial nuclei in the pons leads to facial weakness that generally spares the forehead muscles. Facial nerve diseases generally results in generalized hemifacial weakness. Neuromuscular junction diseases and muscular diseases may also cause facial paralysis or paresis. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH]

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Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Artery: The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Fundus: The larger part of a hollow organ that is farthest away from the organ's opening. The bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, eye, and cavity of the middle ear all have a fundus. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma irradiation: A type of radiation therapy that uses gamma radiation. Gamma radiation is a type of high-energy radiation that is different from x-rays. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Fundus: The superior portion of the body of the stomach above the level of the cardiac notch. [NIH] Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

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Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genetic Techniques: Chromosomal, biochemical, intracellular, and other methods used in the study of genetics. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gestational trophoblastic disease: A rare cancer in women of child-bearing age in which cancer cells grow in the tissues that are formed in the uterus after conception. Also called gestational trophoblastic tumor, gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, molar pregnancy, or choriocarcinoma. [NIH] Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: A rare cancer in women of child-bearing age in which cancer cells grow in the tissues that are formed in the uterus after conception. Also called gestational trophoblastic disease, gestational trophoblastic tumor, molar pregnancy, or choriocarcinoma. [NIH] Gestational trophoblastic tumor: A rare cancer in women of child-bearing age in which cancer cells grow in the tissues that are formed in the uterus after conception. Also called gestational trophoblastic disease, gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, molar pregnancy, or choriocarcinoma. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Grading: A system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when examined under a microscope. The objective of a grading system is to provide information about the probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. The systems used to grade tumors vary with each type of cancer. Grading plays a role in treatment decisions. [NIH]

Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU]

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Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Hemodynamics: The movements of the blood and the forces involved in systemic or regional blood circulation. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemoptysis: Bronchial hemorrhage manifested with spitting of blood. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemorrhoid: An enlarged or swollen blood vessel, usually located near the anus or the rectum. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatopulmonary Syndrome: A syndrome consisting of the triad of liver dysfunction, pulmonary vascular dilatation, and abnormal arterial oxygenation in the absence of detectable intrinsic disease of the lung and heart. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Homeobox: Distinctive sequence of DNA bases. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homodimer: Protein-binding "activation domains" always combine with identical proteins. [NIH]

Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain

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neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypokinesia: Slow or diminished movement of body musculature. It may be associated with basal ganglia diseases; mental disorders; prolonged inactivity due to illness; experimental protocols used to evaluate the physiologic effects of immobility; and other conditions. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Impaction: The trapping of an object in a body passage. Examples are stones in the bile duct or hardened stool in the colon. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

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Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Aneurysm: A saclike dilatation of the walls of a blood vessel, usually an artery. [NIH]

Intracranial Arteriosclerosis: Vascular diseases characterized by thickening, hardening, and remodeling of the walls of intracranial arteries. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis, marked by fatty depositions in the innermost layer of the arterial walls, (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis, which features calcium deposition in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis, which refers to sclerosis of small caliber arteries. Clinically, this process may be associated with transient ischemic attack, brain infarction, intracranial embolism and thrombosis, or intracranial aneurysm. [NIH] Intracranial Embolism: The sudden obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus. [NIH] Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis: Embolism or thrombosis involving blood vessels which supply intracranial structures. Emboli may originate from extracranial or intracranial sources. Thrombosis may occur in arterial or venous structures. [NIH] Intracranial Hemorrhages: Bleeding within the intracranial cavity, including hemorrhages in the brain and within the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH]

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Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Jejunum: That portion of the small intestine which extends from the duodenum to the ileum; called also intestinum jejunum. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Light microscope: A microscope (device to magnify small objects) in which objects are lit directly by white light. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Lobectomy: The removal of a lobe. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Angiography: Non-invasive method of vascular imaging and

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determination of internal anatomy without injection of contrast media or radiation exposure. The technique is used especially in cerebral angiography as well as for studies of other vascular structures. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]

defect

resulting

from

an

intrinsically

abnormal

Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Maxillary Nerve: The intermediate sensory division of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The maxillary nerve carries general afferents from the intermediate region of the face including the lower eyelid, nose and upper lip, the maxillary teeth, and parts of the dura. [NIH]

Maxillary Sinus: One of the paired paranasal sinuses, located in the body of the maxilla, communicating with the middle meatus of the nasal cavity. [NIH] Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningioma: A type of tumor that occurs in the meninges, the membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. Meningiomas usually grow slowly. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits Guanylate cyclase, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of methemoglobin. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH]

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Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microsurgery: Surgical procedures on the cellular level; a light microscope and miniaturized instruments are used. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscular Diseases: Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neocortex: The largest portion of the cerebral cortex. It is composed of neurons arranged in six layers. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH]

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Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurosyphilis: A late form of syphilis that affects the brain and may lead to dementia and death. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear Medicine: A specialty field of radiology concerned with diagnostic, therapeutic, and investigative use of radioactive compounds in a pharmaceutical form. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occipital Lobe: Posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Occult Bleeding: Blood in stool that is not visible to the naked eye. May be a sign of disease such as diverticulosis or colorectal cancer. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmoplegia: Paralysis of one or more of the ocular muscles due to disorders of the eye

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muscles, neuromuscular junction, supporting soft tissue, tendons, or innervation to the muscles. [NIH] Ophthalmoscope: A lighted instrument used to examine the inside of the eye, including the retina and the optic nerve. [NIH] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic cup: The white, cup-like area in the center of the optic disc. [NIH] Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve. [NIH]

Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Oxygenator: An apparatus by which oxygen is introduced into the blood during circulation outside the body, as during open heart surgery. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit

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phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papilledema: Swelling around the optic disk. [NIH] Papilloedema: Choked disk, edema of the optic disk (papilla), most commonly due to increased intracranial pressure, malignant hypertension, or thrombosis of the central retinal vein : called also choke disk. [EU] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]

Paraparesis: Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; muscular diseases; intracranial hypertension; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions. [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parietal Lobe: Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pedicle: Embryonic link between the optic vesicle or optic cup and the forebrain or diencephalon, which becomes the optic nerve. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: An ulceration of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum, caused by the action of the acid gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage: Bleeding from a peptic ulcer. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums

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and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]

Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Plexus: A network or tangle; a general term for a network of lymphatic vessels, nerves, or veins. [EU] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postpartum Hemorrhage: The presence of abnormal uterine bleeding immediately after labor or childbirth. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on

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the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Proptosis: Forward projection or displacement especially of the eyeball : exophthalmos. [EU] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH]

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Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pseudotumor Cerebri: A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by headaches; nausea; papilledema, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile tinnitus. Obesity is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic papilledema may lead to optic nerve injury (optic nerve diseases) and visual loss (blindness). [NIH] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Racemose: Pertaining to a raceme; growing in the form of a bunch of grapes. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiobiology: That part of biology which deals with the effects of radiation on living organisms. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH]

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Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refractive Errors: Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus. [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. [EU] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic

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nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Vessels: The vessels which supply and drain the retina. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Sagittal: The line of direction passing through the body from back to front, or any vertical plane parallel to the medial plane of the body and inclusive of that plane; often restricted to the medial plane, the plane of the sagittal suture. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Sclerotherapy: Treatment of varicose veins, hemorrhoids, gastric and esophageal varices, and peptic ulcer hemorrhage by injection or infusion of chemical agents which cause localized thrombosis and eventual fibrosis and obliteration of the vessels. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the nerves are not carried properly. [NIH]

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Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shunt: A surgically created diversion of fluid (e.g., blood or cerebrospinal fluid) from one area of the body to another area of the body. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Sphenoid: An unpaired cranial bone with a body containing the sphenoid sinus and forming the posterior part of the medial walls of the orbits. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Compression: Acute and chronic conditions characterized by external mechanical compression of the spinal cord due to extramedullary neoplasm; epidural abscess; spinal fractures; bony deformities of the vertebral bodies; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations vary with the anatomic site of the lesion and may include localized pain, weakness, sensory loss, incontinence, and impotence. [NIH] Spinal Fractures: Broken bones in the vertebral column. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes,

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filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Stent: A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to provide support and keep the structure open. [NIH] Stereotactic: Radiotherapy that treats brain tumors by using a special frame affixed directly to the patient's cranium. By aiming the X-ray source with respect to the rigid frame, technicians can position the beam extremely precisely during each treatment. [NIH] Stereotactic radiosurgery: A radiation therapy technique involving a rigid head frame that is attached to the skull; high-dose radiation is administered through openings in the head frame to the tumor while decreasing the amount of radiation given to normal brain tissue. This procedure does not involve surgery. Also called stereotaxic radiosurgery and stereotactic radiation therapy. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroke Volume: The amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat not to be confused with cardiac output (volume/time). [NIH] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclavian: The direct continuation of the axillary vein at the lateral border of the first rib. It passes medially to join the internal jugular vein and form the brachiocephalic vein on each side. [NIH] Subclavian Artery: Artery arising from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right side and from the arch of the aorta on the left side. It distributes to the neck, thoracic wall, spinal cord, brain, meninges, and upper limb. [NIH] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Supratentorial: Located in the upper part of the brain. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue.

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[NIH]

Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombosed: A localized clot that either forms in the vein of a hemorrhoid or arises from a ruptured hemorrhoidal blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Tic: An involuntary compulsive, repetitive, stereotyped movement, resembling a purposeful movement because it is coordinated and involves muscles in their normal synergistic relationships; tics usually involve the face and shoulders. [EU] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Plasminogen Activator: A proteolytic enzyme in the serine protease family found in many tissues which converts plasminogen to plasmin. It has fibrin-binding activity and is immunologically different from urinary plasminogen activator. The primary sequence,

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composed of 527 amino acids, is identical in both the naturally occurring and synthetic proteases. EC 3.4.21.68. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGFbeta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins. [NIH]

Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]

Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH]

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Triad: Trivalent. [NIH] Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Trigeminal Nerve: The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the trigeminal ganglion and project to the trigeminal nucleus of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urodynamic: Measures of the bladder's ability to hold and release urine. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Varicose vein: An abnormal swelling and tortuosity especially of the superficial veins of the legs. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilatation: A state of increased calibre of the blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH]

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Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vertebral Artery: The first branch of the subclavian artery with distribution to muscles of the neck, vertebrae, spinal cord, cerebellum and interior of the cerebrum. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visual Cortex: Area of the occipital lobe concerned with vision. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH]

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Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdomen, 91, 95, 97, 102, 108, 109, 114, 121 Abdominal, 34, 50, 91, 113 Abscess, 78, 91, 120 Acetylcholine, 91, 112 Adenoma, 13, 91 Adrenergic, 91, 101, 103, 122 Adverse Effect, 91, 120 Agonist, 91, 101 Algorithms, 91, 94 Alkaline, 91, 95 Alkaloid, 91, 113 Alpha Particles, 91, 117 Alternative medicine, 66, 91 Amblyopia, 46, 91 Amino Acids, 92, 116, 120, 123, 124 Ampulla, 92, 102 Amygdala, 92, 94, 122 Amyloid, 92, 97 Anatomical, 92, 93, 107, 119 Androgenic, 92, 100 Anesthesia, 5, 7, 22, 37, 92 Aneurysm, 9, 14, 20, 24, 27, 28, 29, 36, 45, 58, 92, 124 Angiodysplasia, 64, 92 Angiography, 11, 15, 16, 18, 33, 34, 38, 50, 64, 78, 92 Angiopathy, 92, 97 Animal model, 6, 7, 8, 92 Anterior Cerebral Artery, 92, 97 Antibody, 92, 98, 100, 106, 107, 109, 117, 118 Anus, 92, 98, 106, 118 Anxiety, 44, 92 Aorta, 58, 93, 96, 121, 125 Aphasia, 48, 93 Arachidonic Acid, 93, 116 Arginine, 93, 112 Arterial, 3, 6, 22, 33, 47, 50, 51, 78, 93, 95, 97, 106, 107, 108, 116, 122 Arterial embolization, 47, 93 Arteries, 3, 6, 10, 38, 92, 93, 94, 97, 100, 108 Arterioles, 93, 94, 95 Arteriosus, 93, 117 Arteriovenous Fistula, 3, 7, 57, 60, 93 Artery, 6, 20, 25, 28, 32, 35, 36, 47, 48, 92, 93, 96, 102, 104, 108, 110, 121

Asymptomatic, 93, 113 Ataxia, 9, 93, 106, 122 Atrium, 93, 96, 125 Atypical, 4, 93 Auditory, 58, 93, 110 Autodigestion, 93, 113 Autoimmune disease, 93, 111 Axons, 93, 113 B Bacteria, 93, 94, 102, 110, 111, 123 Bactericidal, 94, 103 Basal Ganglia, 93, 94, 95, 97, 104, 107 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 93, 94, 107 Base, 94, 109, 124 Basement Membrane, 94, 103 Benign, 12, 30, 91, 94, 95, 100, 104, 106, 111, 118 Biliary, 38, 94, 113 Biliary Tract, 94, 113 Biochemical, 94, 105 Biopsy, 39, 60, 94, 114 Biotechnology, 8, 66, 73, 94 Bladder, 94, 104, 107, 111, 124 Blastocyst, 94, 99 Blood Coagulation, 94, 95 Blood Flow Velocity, 18, 94 Blood Platelets, 94, 122 Blood pressure, 94, 96, 107, 111 Blood vessel, 92, 94, 96, 97, 102, 105, 106, 108, 109, 114, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125 Bone Marrow, 95, 105, 109 Bone Regeneration, 39, 95 Bony Callus, 95 Bowel, 10, 34, 95, 101, 108, 121 Bradykinin, 95, 112 Brain Ischemia, 95, 97 Brain Neoplasms, 95, 107, 122 Brain Stem, 95, 96, 97, 124 C Calcium, 54, 95, 98, 108, 114 Calcium Channels, 95, 114 Capillary, 5, 95, 125 Carcinogenic, 95, 108, 121 Carcinoma, 10, 95 Cardiac, 19, 32, 37, 48, 95, 96, 103, 104, 118, 121 Cardiac Output, 32, 96, 121 Cardiomegaly, 34, 96

128

Arteriovenous Malformation

Cardiopulmonary, 31, 96 Cardiopulmonary Bypass, 31, 96 Carotene, 96, 119 Carotid Sinus, 59, 96 Case report, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 54, 60, 96 Catecholamine, 96, 101 Catheter, 34, 60, 96 Caudal, 96, 115 Cavernous Sinus, 42, 96 Cell Differentiation, 8, 96 Cell Division, 93, 96 Cell proliferation, 6, 96 Central Nervous System, 29, 91, 95, 96, 97, 104, 106, 111, 113, 115 Central Nervous System Infections, 96, 106 Central retinal vein, 96, 114 Cerebellar, 9, 14, 21, 28, 36, 48, 59, 93, 96, 118, 123 Cerebellum, 95, 96, 97, 115, 118, 125 Cerebral Angiography, 97, 110 Cerebral Cortex, 93, 97, 103, 104, 111 Cerebral Hemorrhage, 28, 97 Cerebral Infarction, 20, 97, 107 Cerebrospinal, 97, 106, 120 Cerebrospinal fluid, 97, 106, 120 Cerebrovascular, 8, 32, 40, 51, 94, 97, 122 Cerebrovascular Disorders, 8, 97, 122 Cerebrum, 96, 97, 125 Cervical, 9, 22, 49, 60, 97 Cervix, 97 Chemosis, 49, 97 Chest wall, 27, 97 Choriocarcinoma, 97, 105 Chronic, 97, 107, 113, 117, 120, 124 CIS, 97, 119 Clamp, 37, 97 Claudication, 23, 98 Clinical Medicine, 31, 98, 116 Clinical trial, 4, 73, 98, 118 Cloning, 94, 98 Cochlear, 98, 122, 125 Cochlear Diseases, 98, 122 Colon, 98, 101, 107, 109 Colonoscopy, 64, 98 Colorectal, 98, 112 Colorectal Cancer, 98, 112 Complement, 98, 99

Complementary and alternative medicine, 57, 62, 98 Complementary medicine, 57, 99 Computational Biology, 73, 99 Computed tomography, 11, 51, 78, 99 Computerized axial tomography, 99 Computerized tomography, 99 Conception, 45, 97, 99, 104, 105 Cones, 99, 119 Congestive heart failure, 40, 99 Conjunctiva, 97, 99, 124 Connective Tissue, 95, 99, 104, 109, 119 Consciousness, 87, 99, 100, 118 Constriction, 99, 109, 117 Contraindications, ii, 99 Contralateral, 35, 48, 99, 118 Contrast Media, 99, 110 Contrast medium, 34, 92, 97, 99 Conus, 99, 117 Coordination, 96, 100, 111 Coronary, 14, 36, 39, 100 Corpus, 11, 100 Corpus Callosum, 11, 100 Cortex, 91, 100, 118 Cortical, 43, 91, 100, 122 Cranial, 57, 89, 96, 100, 106, 108, 110, 111, 113, 114, 115, 120, 124, 125 Craniocerebral Trauma, 94, 97, 100, 106, 107, 122 Craniotomy, 20, 100 Cultured cells, 21, 100 Curative, 100, 122 Cyanide, 100, 110 Cyclic, 100, 105, 112, 116 Cyst, 31, 100 Cytokines, 7, 100 Cytotoxic, 59, 100, 117, 118 D Danazol, 46, 100 De novo, 17, 47, 100 Deletion, 6, 100 Dementia, 40, 100, 112 Dental Polishing, 100, 101 Dental Prophylaxis, 78, 101 Dental Scaling, 101 Deprivation, 91, 101 Diagnostic procedure, 66, 101 Diastolic, 101, 107 Digestion, 95, 101, 108, 109, 114, 121 Digestive system, 101, 104 Dilation, 5, 95, 101, 106, 124 Direct, iii, 19, 45, 98, 101, 113, 118, 121

129

Disinfectant, 101, 103 Diverticulosis, 101, 112 Dopamine, 29, 101, 112 Dorsal, 101, 115 Drug Interactions, 101 Duct, 92, 101, 103, 107, 121 Duodenum, 101, 102, 109, 114, 121 Dura mater, 96, 101 Dysplasia, 5, 101 Dyspnea, 39, 101 E Edema, 12, 45, 97, 102, 108, 114, 124 Efficacy, 7, 102, 123 Electrons, 94, 102, 109, 117, 118 Embolus, 102, 107, 108 Embryo, 94, 96, 102 Empirical, 7, 102 Empyema, 9, 102 Endogenous, 101, 102 Endometriosis, 100, 102 Endoscope, 102 Endoscopic, 64, 98, 102 Endothelial cell, 5, 6, 8, 58, 102 Endothelium, 92, 102, 112 Endothelium-derived, 102, 112 Environmental Health, 72, 74, 102 Enzymatic, 95, 96, 98, 102, 119 Enzyme, 102, 105, 115, 116, 117, 122, 125 Epidural, 102, 108, 120 Epigastric, 102, 113 Epinephrine, 91, 101, 103, 112, 124 Epithelial, 91, 103 Esophageal, 13, 103, 119 Esophageal Varices, 13, 103, 119 Esophagus, 101, 103, 104, 114, 121 Estrogen, 41, 54, 103 Ethanol, 14, 34, 103 Ethanolamine, 30, 103 Exocrine, 103, 113 Exophthalmos, 103, 116 Extracellular, 6, 92, 99, 103 Extracellular Matrix, 6, 99, 103 Extracellular Space, 103 Extraction, 4, 103 Extrapyramidal, 101, 103 Extravasation, 103, 106 Extremity, 30, 103, 114 F Facial, 14, 23, 38, 39, 47, 58, 88, 103, 110 Facial Paralysis, 14, 103 Family Planning, 73, 103

Fat, 92, 93, 95, 96, 102, 103, 109, 111, 120, 121 Fatty acids, 104, 116 Femoral, 96, 104 Femoral Artery, 96, 104 Fetus, 104, 124 Fibrin, 94, 104, 115, 122 Fibrosis, 104, 119 Fissure, 100, 104 Fistula, 6, 36, 58, 59, 104 Fossa, 25, 28, 51, 96, 104 Frontal Lobe, 34, 92, 97, 104 Fundus, 104, 113 G Gallbladder, 91, 94, 101, 104 Gamma irradiation, 21, 104 Gamma Rays, 104, 117, 118 Ganglia, 12, 91, 94, 104, 111, 115 Ganglion, 104, 113, 124, 125 Gas, 103, 104, 112, 125, 126 Gastric, 26, 39, 93, 104, 114, 119 Gastric Fundus, 39, 104 Gastroenterology, 20, 21, 58, 63, 104 Gastrointestinal, 26, 39, 63, 92, 95, 103, 104, 121 Gastrointestinal tract, 92, 103, 104, 121 Gene, 5, 6, 8, 94, 104, 105, 123 Gene Expression, 105 Gene Therapy, 7, 105 Genetic Techniques, 8, 105 Genetics, 105 Gestational, 47, 105 Gestational trophoblastic disease, 105 Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, 105 Gestational trophoblastic tumor, 47, 105 Gland, 97, 103, 105, 109, 113, 119, 121 Glycoprotein, 5, 105 Governing Board, 105, 116 Grade, 7, 43, 105 Grading, 11, 105 Guanylate Cyclase, 105, 112 H Haematoma, 38, 105, 106 Haemorrhage, 13, 106 Headache, 9, 17, 29, 54, 57, 59, 88, 106 Headache Disorders, 106 Heart failure, 29, 106 Hematoma, 29, 59, 106 Hemodynamics, 7, 29, 106 Hemoglobinopathies, 105, 106 Hemoptysis, 14, 30, 48, 106 Hemorrhoid, 106, 122

130

Arteriovenous Malformation

Hepatic, 33, 37, 39, 106 Hepatopulmonary Syndrome, 58, 106 Hereditary, 5, 21, 30, 36, 37, 39, 40, 78, 106 Heredity, 104, 105, 106 Homeobox, 6, 106 Homeostasis, 5, 6, 106 Homodimer, 106, 123 Homologous, 105, 106 Hormone, 103, 106, 123 Hydrocephalus, 27, 29, 106, 108 Hyperplasia, 25, 107 Hypertension, 17, 52, 97, 107, 108, 114, 124 Hypertrophy, 96, 107 Hypokinesia, 107, 114 Hypoxia, 95, 97, 107, 122 I Idiopathic, 3, 16, 107 Ileum, 107, 109 Immunologic, 107, 118 Impaction, 101, 107 Impairment, 51, 89, 93, 97, 107 Implantation, 99, 107 Impotence, 107, 113, 120 In vitro, 5, 105, 107 In vivo, 5, 7, 8, 54, 105, 107 Incontinence, 106, 107, 120 Infancy, 29, 107 Infarction, 30, 95, 97, 107, 108 Infection, 19, 45, 107, 109, 112 Inflammation, 104, 108, 113, 115, 124 Infusion, 64, 108, 119 Initiation, 19, 45, 108 Innervation, 108, 113 Inotropic, 101, 108 Insight, 5, 108 Insulator, 108, 111 Intermittent, 26, 108 Internal Medicine, 104, 108 Intestinal, 16, 96, 108 Intestine, 95, 98, 108, 109 Intracellular, 105, 107, 108, 112, 116 Intracranial Aneurysm, 37, 44, 97, 108 Intracranial Arteriosclerosis, 97, 108 Intracranial Embolism, 97, 108 Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis, 97, 108 Intracranial Hemorrhages, 106, 108, 122 Intracranial Hypertension, 12, 106, 108, 114, 122 Intravenous, 108 Intrinsic, 94, 106, 108 Invasive, 47, 108, 109, 110

Involuntary, 94, 108, 120, 122 Ionizing, 91, 109, 118 Irradiation, 109 Ischemia, 35, 50, 95, 109 J Jejunum, 37, 109 K Kb, 72, 109 L Large Intestine, 98, 101, 108, 109, 118, 120 Lesion, 7, 109, 120, 124 Lethargy, 106, 109 Leukemia, 105, 109 Ligaments, 100, 109 Light microscope, 109, 111 Lipid, 109, 111 Liver, 37, 91, 93, 94, 101, 103, 104, 106, 109 Lobe, 92, 97, 109 Lobectomy, 43, 109 Localization, 20, 34, 64, 109 Localized, 37, 91, 95, 105, 106, 107, 109, 115, 119, 120, 122, 124 Lymph, 97, 102, 109 Lymph node, 97, 109 Lymphatic, 54, 102, 107, 109, 115, 120, 122 M Magnetic Resonance Angiography, 10, 78, 109 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 26, 28, 78, 110 Malignancy, 26, 103, 110 Malignant, 95, 97, 110, 111, 114, 118, 119 Mandible, 4, 11, 12, 30, 110, 118 Mastication, 110, 124 Maxillary, 11, 110, 114, 124 Maxillary Nerve, 110, 124 Maxillary Sinus, 11, 110 Meatus, 110 Medial, 110, 119, 120 Mediate, 101, 110 MEDLINE, 73, 110 Membrane, 95, 98, 99, 102, 110, 114, 118, 123 Memory, 100, 110 Meninges, 96, 100, 101, 110, 121 Meningioma, 41, 110 Mental, iv, 4, 72, 74, 88, 97, 100, 107, 110, 124 Methylene Blue, 10, 110 Microbiology, 93, 110 Microorganism, 111, 125 Microscopy, 9, 94, 111

131

Microsurgery, 16, 111 Migration, 16, 111 Modification, 15, 111 Molecular, 6, 7, 73, 75, 94, 99, 111, 115 Molecule, 94, 98, 102, 106, 111, 118, 125 Monitor, 111, 112 Morphological, 7, 18, 21, 102, 111 Multiple sclerosis, 41, 111 Muscular Diseases, 103, 111, 114 Mydriatic, 101, 111 Myelin, 111, 119 N Necrosis, 97, 107, 111 Neocortex, 22, 111 Neonatal, 15, 40, 111 Neoplasm, 111, 119, 120 Nervous System, 12, 28, 96, 111, 112, 115, 122 Neuralgia, 28, 48, 111 Neurogenic, 23, 111 Neurologic, 4, 106, 111 Neuromuscular, 91, 103, 111, 113, 124 Neuromuscular Junction, 91, 111, 113 Neurons, 104, 111, 112, 125 Neuropathy, 36, 112 Neurosyphilis, 112, 114 Neurotransmitter, 91, 95, 101, 112 Neutrons, 91, 109, 112, 117 Nitric Oxide, 6, 112 Norepinephrine, 91, 101, 112 Nuclear, 13, 25, 35, 48, 63, 94, 102, 104, 111, 112 Nuclear Medicine, 13, 25, 35, 48, 63, 112 Nuclei, 91, 92, 102, 103, 105, 110, 112, 113, 117, 125 Nucleus, 92, 94, 100, 104, 112, 117, 122, 124, 125 O Occipital Lobe, 112, 125 Occult, 10, 28, 41, 64, 112 Occult Bleeding, 64, 112 Ocular, 112 Ophthalmic, 41, 112, 124 Ophthalmoplegia, 20, 112 Ophthalmoscope, 113 Opium, 113 Opsin, 113, 119 Optic cup, 113, 114 Optic Disk, 12, 99, 113, 114 Optic Nerve, 91, 113, 114, 117, 119 Orbit, 113 Orbital, 32, 42, 113

Outpatient, 78, 113 Oxygenation, 32, 106, 113 Oxygenator, 96, 113 P Palliative, 113, 122 Palsy, 13, 48, 113 Pancreas, 44, 91, 101, 104, 113 Pancreatic, 13, 20, 38, 42, 113 Pancreatitis, 20, 113 Papaverine, 54, 113 Papilla, 114 Papilledema, 29, 114, 117 Papilloedema, 12, 114 Paralysis, 88, 103, 112, 114 Paranasal Sinuses, 110, 114 Paraparesis, 114 Paresis, 32, 103, 114 Parietal, 31, 59, 92, 114 Parietal Lobe, 31, 59, 92, 114 Parkinsonism, 29, 114 Particle, 114, 123 Pathologic, 94, 100, 114, 118, 124 Pathophysiology, 19, 114 Patient Education, 78, 82, 84, 90, 114 Pedicle, 14, 25, 114 Pelvic, 11, 17, 21, 23, 31, 38, 42, 102, 114 Pelvis, 91, 114, 124 Peptic, 114, 119 Peptic Ulcer, 114, 119 Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage, 114, 119 Percutaneous, 41, 114 Perfusion, 15, 107, 114 Periodontal disease, 101, 114, 115 Peripheral Nervous System, 112, 113, 114, 115 Petechiae, 106, 115 Pharmacologic, 92, 115, 123 Phosphorus, 95, 115 Physiologic, 91, 107, 115, 116, 118, 123 Physiology, 104, 115 Pigments, 96, 115, 119 Plaque, 101, 115 Plasmin, 115, 122 Platelet Aggregation, 112, 115 Platelets, 112, 115 Plexus, 15, 115 Pneumonia, 99, 115 Poisoning, 110, 115 Pons, 95, 103, 115 Posterior, 25, 28, 51, 93, 96, 101, 112, 113, 115, 120 Postoperative, 11, 38, 43, 46, 115

132

Arteriovenous Malformation

Postpartum Hemorrhage, 11, 115 Practicability, 115, 123 Practice Guidelines, 74, 116 Precursor, 93, 101, 102, 112, 116, 123, 124 Progression, 37, 92, 116 Progressive, 6, 43, 46, 96, 100, 111, 116 Projection, 112, 113, 116, 118 Proptosis, 12, 49, 116 Prostaglandin, 54, 116 Prostaglandins A, 116 Prosthesis, 39, 116 Protease, 116, 122 Protein S, 94, 116 Proteins, 92, 98, 100, 106, 111, 116, 117, 123 Proteolytic, 98, 115, 117, 122 Protons, 91, 109, 117 Proximal, 101, 117, 120 Pseudotumor Cerebri, 108, 117 Puberty, 26, 117 Public Policy, 73, 117 Pulmonary, 9, 15, 17, 19, 20, 27, 30, 33, 36, 40, 41, 43, 44, 47, 48, 51, 78, 94, 106, 117, 121, 125 Pulmonary Artery, 36, 94, 117, 125 Pupil, 101, 111, 117 Purpura, 106, 117 R Race, 111, 117 Racemose, 43, 117 Radiation, 6, 15, 19, 33, 44, 104, 109, 110, 117, 118, 121, 126 Radiation therapy, 44, 104, 109, 117, 121 Radioactive, 107, 109, 112, 117 Radiobiology, 6, 117 Radioimmunotherapy, 117, 118 Radiological, 50, 114, 118 Radiology, 7, 10, 11, 16, 20, 22, 28, 30, 31, 43, 44, 45, 47, 50, 51, 54, 63, 112, 118 Radiotherapy, 54, 109, 117, 118, 121 Randomized, 102, 118 Reagent, 103, 118 Receptor, 101, 118 Recombinant, 45, 118, 125 Recombination, 105, 118 Rectal, 19, 118 Rectum, 92, 98, 101, 104, 106, 107, 109, 118 Red Nucleus, 93, 118 Refer, 1, 98, 109, 112, 117, 118 Refractive Errors, 91, 118 Regeneration, 42, 118 Regimen, 102, 118 Relaxant, 113, 118

Resection, 6, 13, 18, 31, 32, 34, 38, 47, 51, 54, 64, 118 Resorption, 107, 118 Respiration, 111, 118 Resuscitation, 63, 118 Retina, 96, 99, 100, 113, 118, 119 Retinal, 43, 46, 113, 119 Retinal Vessels, 43, 119 Retinol, 119 Retrograde, 11, 119 Retroviral vector, 105, 119 Rhodopsin, 113, 119 Rigidity, 114, 119 Rod, 97, 119 S Sagittal, 46, 49, 119 Sarcoma, 35, 119 Sclerosis, 108, 111, 119 Sclerotherapy, 30, 119 Screening, 78, 98, 119 Secretion, 97, 119, 123 Secretory, 6, 119 Segmental, 3, 34, 64, 119 Segmentation, 119 Sensory loss, 119, 120, 122 Septal, 33, 92, 120 Serine, 120, 122 Sex Characteristics, 117, 120 Shunt, 19, 120 Side effect, 91, 120, 123 Skeletal, 97, 111, 120 Skeleton, 116, 120 Skull, 100, 113, 120, 121 Small intestine, 101, 106, 107, 108, 109, 120, 125 Smooth muscle, 5, 6, 111, 113, 120 Soft tissue, 33, 95, 113, 120 Solvent, 103, 120 Spasm, 22, 29, 120 Specialist, 79, 101, 120 Species, 103, 111, 117, 120, 123, 124, 125 Sphenoid, 96, 114, 120 Spinal cord, 24, 27, 54, 95, 96, 97, 101, 102, 104, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 120, 121, 125 Spinal Cord Compression, 27, 120 Spinal Fractures, 120 Spleen, 109, 120 Stabilization, 63, 121 Steel, 97, 121 Stenosis, 31, 121 Stent, 16, 121 Stereotactic, 6, 7, 15, 22, 121

133

Stereotactic radiosurgery, 7, 15, 121 Steroid, 100, 121 Stimulus, 91, 108, 121, 122 Stomach, 91, 93, 101, 103, 104, 106, 114, 120, 121 Stool, 98, 107, 109, 112, 121 Stress, 63, 89, 96, 121 Stricture, 121 Stroke, 5, 9, 18, 21, 32, 44, 58, 60, 61, 72, 78, 96, 121 Stroke Volume, 96, 121 Subarachnoid, 106, 108, 121 Subclavian, 121, 125 Subclavian Artery, 121, 125 Subcutaneous, 102, 121 Supratentorial, 27, 121 Surfactant, 103, 121 Sympathomimetic, 101, 103, 112, 122 Symptomatic, 19, 47, 113, 122 Synergistic, 122 Systemic, 5, 9, 93, 94, 95, 103, 106, 107, 108, 109, 117, 122 Systolic, 107, 122 T Telangiectasia, 5, 21, 30, 37, 39, 40, 78, 122 Thalamic, 29, 93, 122 Thalamic Diseases, 93, 122 Therapeutics, 122 Thoracic, 9, 23, 27, 30, 43, 47, 48, 121, 122 Threshold, 107, 122 Thrombocytopenia, 42, 122 Thrombosed, 16, 27, 28, 122 Thrombosis, 12, 43, 48, 60, 108, 114, 116, 119, 121, 122 Thymus, 109, 122 Tic, 41, 122 Tinnitus, 14, 23, 117, 122, 125 Tissue Plasminogen Activator, 45, 122 Tomography, 11, 14, 25, 38, 39, 45, 123 Topical, 103, 123 Torsion, 107, 123 Toxic, iv, 91, 100, 112, 123 Toxicity, 101, 123 Toxicology, 74, 123 Toxins, 91, 95, 107, 117, 123 Traction, 97, 123 Transduction, 8, 123 Transfection, 94, 105, 123 Transforming Growth Factor beta, 8, 123 Translational, 6, 123 Transmitter, 91, 101, 112, 123 Transplantation, 17, 37, 42, 123

Trauma, 111, 113, 123 Treatment Outcome, 9, 123 Tremor, 114, 123 Triad, 106, 124 Trigeminal, 10, 11, 32, 48, 110, 124 Trigeminal Nerve, 10, 11, 124 Tuberculosis, 9, 124 Tyrosine, 101, 124 U Ulcer, 20, 25, 114, 124 Ulceration, 26, 114, 124 Ultrasonography, 47, 124 Uraemia, 113, 124 Urinary, 106, 107, 122, 124 Urine, 94, 107, 124 Urodynamic, 24, 124 Uterus, 11, 97, 100, 104, 105, 124 V Varicose, 119, 124 Varicose vein, 119, 124 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 8, 124 Vasculitis, 97, 113, 124 Vasodilatation, 96, 124 Vasodilation, 113, 124 Vasodilator, 95, 101, 113, 125 Vector, 8, 123, 125 Vein, 15, 17, 22, 27, 29, 51, 54, 58, 59, 60, 92, 93, 108, 112, 121, 122, 125 Venous, 3, 22, 28, 30, 34, 35, 46, 49, 50, 51, 58, 59, 93, 96, 97, 108, 116, 125 Venous blood, 97, 125 Ventricle, 92, 117, 122, 125 Ventricular, 107, 125 Venules, 5, 94, 95, 125 Vertebrae, 120, 125 Vertebral, 10, 43, 60, 120, 125 Vertebral Artery, 43, 60, 125 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 122, 125 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 122, 125 Veterinary Medicine, 73, 125 Villi, 107, 125 Viral, 123, 125 Virus, 96, 115, 119, 123, 125 Visual Cortex, 61, 91, 125 Vitro, 5, 125 Vivo, 5, 8, 125 W Womb, 124, 125 X Xenograft, 92, 125 Xenon, 51, 126

134

Arteriovenous Malformation

X-ray, 15, 78, 99, 104, 109, 112, 117, 118, 121, 126

Z Zygote, 99, 126

135

136

Arteriovenous Malformation

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