ANXIETY A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
ii
ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Anxiety: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83562-4 1. Anxiety-Popular works. I. Title.
iii
Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail:
[email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.
v
Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on anxiety. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
vi
About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
vii
About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
ix
Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ANXIETY ................................................................................................... 3 Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 3 The Combined Health Information Database ................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Anxiety ......................................................................................... 8 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 75 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed................................................................................ 78 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ANXIETY ....................................................................................... 299 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 299 Finding Nutrition Studies on Anxiety...................................................................................... 299 Federal Resources on Nutrition................................................................................................. 302 Additional Web Resources......................................................................................................... 303 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ANXIETY ................................................................. 307 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 307 The Combined Health Information Database ............................................................................ 307 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine ............................................... 309 Additional Web Resources......................................................................................................... 323 General References..................................................................................................................... 345 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ANXIETY ................................................................................... 347 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 347 Dissertations on Anxiety........................................................................................................... 347 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 391 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND ANXIETY.............................................................................. 393 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 393 Recent Trials on Anxiety........................................................................................................... 393 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 413 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON ANXIETY .............................................................................................. 415 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 415 Patents on Anxiety .................................................................................................................... 415 Patent Applications on Anxiety ................................................................................................ 461 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 476 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON ANXIETY ................................................................................................. 477 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 477 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies ........................................................................................... 477 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers ........................................................................................ 478 The National Library of Medicine Book Index........................................................................... 503 Chapters on Anxiety.................................................................................................................. 505 Directories ................................................................................................................................. 507 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON ANXIETY....................................................................................... 509 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 509 Video Recordings....................................................................................................................... 509 Bibliography: Multimedia on Anxiety....................................................................................... 514 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ANXIETY.................................................................... 517 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 517 News Services and Press Releases ............................................................................................. 517 Newsletters on Anxiety ............................................................................................................. 520 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 520 Academic Periodicals covering Anxiety .................................................................................... 529 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 533 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 533 NIH Guidelines ......................................................................................................................... 533
x
Contents NIH Databases ...........................................................................................................................535 Other Commercial Databases .....................................................................................................541 The Genome Project and Anxiety...............................................................................................541 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ...............................................................................................545 Overview ....................................................................................................................................545 Patient Guideline Sources ..........................................................................................................545 Associations and Anxiety...........................................................................................................553 Finding Associations ..................................................................................................................557 APPENDIX C. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................559 Overview ....................................................................................................................................559 U.S. Pharmacopeia .....................................................................................................................559 Commercial Databases ...............................................................................................................562 APPENDIX D. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................563 Overview ....................................................................................................................................563 Preparation.................................................................................................................................563 Finding a Local Medical Library ................................................................................................563 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada .................................................................................563
ONLINE GLOSSARIES ................................................................................................................569 Online Dictionary Directories ...................................................................................................573 ANXIETY DICTIONARY .............................................................................................................575 INDEX...............................................................................................................................................663
1
FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with anxiety is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about anxiety, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to anxiety, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on anxiety. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to anxiety, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on anxiety. The Editors
1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
3
CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ANXIETY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on anxiety.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and anxiety, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “anxiety” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Anxiety in the Elderly: Anxiety and Its Treatment in the Elderly Source: International Psychogeriatrics. 11(1): 25-45. March 1999. Summary: This journal article reviews published research and clinical experience on treating phobic disorders, generalized anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, mixed anxiety-depression, and mixed anxiety-dementia in the elderly. The authors discuss factors which may account for the fact that anxiety appears to be rare in established dementia; the relationships between agitation and anxiety and pain and anxiety; and whether treating anxiety could result in improved cognition. They present information on the few controlled studies available on interventions for anxiety in dementia, and suggest the possibility of using psychosocial therapies to treat anxiety, although limited data exist to support this option. The authors conclude that the
4
Anxiety
profusion of clinical recommendations on treating anxiety disorders contrasts with the lack of controlled clinical trials. Numerous references. •
Anxiety in Alzheimer's Disease: Prevalence and Comorbidity Source: Journal of Gerontology. 54A(7): M348-M352. 1999. Summary: This journal article describes a study investigating the prevalence and comorbidity of anxiety symptoms in 523 community-dwelling patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) through interviews with caregivers and direct physical examination. Prevalence and association of anxiety to depression, other behavioral problems, level of cognitive and functional impairment, patient gender, and age were investigated. Anxiety symptoms occurred in 70 percent of subjects. They correlated with impairment of activities of daily living and other behavioral disturbances. Men were more likely to be angry and agitated; women were more likely to have symptoms of anxiety, fearfulness, or apprehension. Over 50 percent of the sample had both anxiety and symptoms of depression. The authors recommend more research into assessment and treatment of anxiety in patients with AD. 4 tables, 23 references. (AA-M).
•
Treatment of Anxiety in the Cognitively Impaired Elderly: Can Cognitive-Behavior Therapy Help? Source: International Psychogeriatrics. 10(2): 173-182. June 1998. Summary: This article presents an overview of cognitive-behavioral techniques used to treat anxiety in people with dementia. Anxiety, often results in a further decline in functioning. The authors review the literature on this subject and describe two cases focusing on anxiety management techniques modified to suit cognitively impaired older patients. Modifications include simplifying material, using more structured techniques, and recognizing the critical role of the patient's caregiver in therapy. The authors conclude that cognitive-behavior therapy can help reduce anxiety in patients with dementia. They suggest that neuropsychological evaluations should include management recommendations when anxiety is part of the clinical presentation. Addressing anxiety in patients with progressive brain damage may decrease the psychological impact of cognitive impairment and delay the loss of control over their lives. Potential benefits of this therapy include preventing hospitalization and increasing patients' self-esteem and independence. 2 tables, 32 references. (AA-M).
•
Depression, Anxiety, and Sleep Disturbances Source: International Psychogeriatrics. 8(Supplement 3): 415-418. 1996. Summary: This journal article discusses issues in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances in patients with dementia. The author reviews evidence suggesting that both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies are effective for the treatment of depression, and that treatment for depression in dementia should focus not only on symptomatic relief but also on functional improvement. He notes that little attention has been given to the treatment of anxiety in patients with dementia, and advises that benzodiazepines should be used with caution in such patients because of the risk of worsening their cognitive function. He also discusses considerations in the effective management of sleep disturbance in patients with dementia, including the use of nonpharmacologic approaches such as activity programs, environmental interventions, and educational interventions.
Studies
•
5
Concurrent Validity of Measures of Anxiety, Depression, and Somatization in Elderly, Demented, Male Patients Source: Clinical Gerontologist. 15(1): 3-13. 1994. Summary: This study examined the correspondence of several measures of depression, anxiety, and somatic preoccupation in older medical patients with dementia. The Geriatric Depression Scale, the state anxiety portion of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Wahler Physical Symptoms Inventory, and a short form of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory were read to 40 older males with dementia, who responded orally in a true-false format. Researchers also interviewed the patients and rated them on the Brief Outpatient Psychopathology Scale. The self-report measures of depression, anxiety, and somatization were found to be adequately related to corresponding interview ratings irrespective of the severity of cognitive deficits. These findings demonstrate that self-report tests may be used effectively with patients who would normally be excluded because of illiteracy, cognitive deficits, or sensory impairments. 3 tables, 36 references. (AA-M).
•
Historical Changes in the Subjective Experience of Alzheimer's Disease: The Role of Anxiety Source: American Journal of Alzheimer's Care and Related Disorders and Research. 6(3): 35-39. May-June 1991. Contact: Available from Prime National Publishing Corp. 470 Boston Post Road, Weston, MA 02193. (617) 899-2702. PRICE: Single issue $8.00. Call for information. Summary: This journal article describes the results of an historical study patients' subjective experience of Alzheimer's disease. In its investigation, the study used doctor's accounts of the psychological symptoms of patients with dementia, chosen in a representative manner from the medical literature in the years after 1870. The results suggest that an increase in levels of anxiety is the principal change that dementiaAlzheimer's patients seem to have experienced historically. It is suggested that this increase in anxiety about the disease may be dated back several decades. It is argued that possible causes for such increased anxiety might be the greater tendency to institutionalize Alzheimer's disease patients and a higher societal valuation placed on intellectual performance. It is concluded that, while contemporary psychological studies of anxiety in dementia are not numerous, more overt anxiety has been observed in the early confusional phase of Alzheimer's disease patients, and that the very prospect of institutionalization provokes anxiety. 29 references. (AA-M).
•
Response to Memory Training and Individual Differences in Verbal Intelligence and State Anxiety Source: American Journal of Psychiatry. 145(5): 636-639. May 1988. Summary: Researchers report on within-group analyses of two successful memorytraining treatments for older people and suggest attributes of people most likely to benefit from each type of training. A total of 40 older volunteers (average age 67 years), divided equally in 2 groups, participated in a name-face-recall study. According to the authors, participants' performance on the WAIS vocabulary subscale correlated with response to a treatment that combined mnemonics and verbal elaboration techniques, and scores on the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory correlated with response to a treatment that combined mnemonics and relaxation techniques. The authors claim these results support the hypothesis that subjects scoring relatively high on a measure of
6
Anxiety
verbal intelligence would do relatively well in training to increase verbal elaboration, while those scoring relatively high on a measure of anxiety would do relatively well in training to reduce performance anxiety. 1 table, 31 references. (AA-M). •
Relieving the Anxiety and Fear of Dementia Source: Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 11(5): 8-11, 14-15. May 1985. Summary: Persons suffering from dementia present a variety of serious management problems in long-term care settings. In an attempt to deal with daily nursing problems more effectively and improve the function of patients with dementia, a special program was designed called SERVE. The program consists of music, exercise, touch, and relaxation, administered in a group setting for an hour three times a week. One of the concepts underlying this approach is a belief that many of the behavioral symptoms of dementia evolve from patients' responses to the environment and their personal awareness of cognitive deficits. The object of a session is to create an atmosphere of safety, predictability, and acceptance which will foster the release of patients' fear and anxiety. If participants can experience some degree of confidence and success, even a few hours a week, it will affect their sense of well-being and functioning outside the session. 34 references.
•
Anxiety and Depression in Patients With Primary Sjogren's Syndrome Source: Journal of Rheumatology. 27(1): 165-169. January 2000. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on a study that examined the degree of anxiety and depression in patients who have Sjogren's syndrome (SS) and assessed their well being and general symptoms. A standardized questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, was used to examine the degree of anxiety and depression in 62 patients with primary SS and in age matched healthy female controls. The Gothenburg quality of life instrument was used to assess well being and general symptoms. A total of 38 patients who had rheumatoid arthritis were used as patient controls. The study found that the patients who had primary SS had significantly higher scores for possible clinical anxiety and for possible clinical depression than reference groups. The physical and mental well being of the patients with primary SS was significantly reduced compared with controls. Furthermore, patients with primary SS complained more commonly of low mood, irritability, headache, gastrointestinal symptoms, and impaired concentration and memory than patients with RA. Sicca symptoms in the patients who had RA had no influence on their psychiatric symptoms. The article concludes that the results indicate that patients with primary SS often have psychiatric symptoms and diminished well being, which may affect their quality of life. 1 figure, 3 tables, and 38 references. (AA-M).
•
Mammography-related Anxiety: Effect of Preprocedural Patient Education Source: Women's Health Issues. 11(2):110-115, March-April 2001. Summary: Researchers conducted a survey of 613 women undergoing mammography regarding anxiety about the procedure and the expected results to determine the effect of preprocedural education on mammography-related anxiety. The group included 424 screening patients and 185 diagnostic patients. Among the 424 screening patients, 44 were having their first mammogram. The age distribution included 48 younger than age 40 years, 236 between age 40 and 50 years, 172 age 50 to 60 years, 102 between age 60 and 70 years, and 54 over the age of 70 years. The study population was 85.1 percent white, non-Hispanic; 6.4 percent Hispanic; 6.5 percent black, non-Hispanic; 1.5 percent
Studies
7
Native American, 0.8 percent Asian, and 0.7 percent other. Half the study population watched an educational videotape and half watched an entertaining movie in the waiting room. Anxiety levels about results were significantly higher than anxiety levels about the procedure. Women having their first mammography were significantly more anxious about the results than about the procedure. There was no difference in procedural or cancer anxiety levels among women shown the educational tape and those shown the entertaining movie. However, women watching the educational tape were more likely to say that they enjoyed the program than women watching the entertaining movie. The researchers conclude that the fear of discovering breast cancer generates most of mammography-related anxiety, and that preprocedural education did not affect procedural or cancer-related anxiety. 2 tables, 13 references. •
Anxiety and Compliance Among Women at High Risk for Breast Cancer Source: Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 23(4):298-303, Fall 2001. Summary: Researchers examined the relationship between (1) symptoms of depression and general anxiety, (2) women's feelings of vulnerability to cancer, (3) anxiety related to various cancer screening procedures, and (4) compliance with such procedures among women who had a familial risk for breast cancer. Data came from 430 consecutive women from the High Risk Clinic at the UCLA Revlon Breast Center. Participants completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and responded to questions about their (1) perceived vulnerability; (2) anxiety experienced when undergoing mammograms, breast self-examinations (BSE's), and Papanicolaou (Pap) smear tests; and (3) compliance with cancer screening procedures. Data analysis indicated that women who attended programs targeting people at familial risk of breast cancer had significant symptoms of depression and general anxiety, and they vastly overestimated their risk for developing breast cancer. Their general anxiety related to anxiety about specific screening practices but not to their perceived vulnerability to cancer. Overall, neither general nor screening-specific anxiety related to women's compliance with screening, although there were significant associations between women's feelings of anxiety regarding BSE's and their actual performance of BSE. Participants reported high levels of compliance with Pap smears and mammograms. BSE appeared to be the only procedure for which compliance negatively related to procedure-specific anxiety. 4 tables, 23 references.
•
Effects of a Single Music Therapy Intervention on Anxiety, Discomfort, Satisfaction, and Compliance With Screening Guidelines in Outpatients Undergoing Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Source: Gastroenterology Nursing. 23(4):148-156, July-August 2000. Summary: Researchers evaluated the impact of a single music therapy intervention on anxiety, discomfort, satisfaction, and perceived compliance with colorectal cancer (CRC) screening guidelines among outpatients undergoing flexible sigmoidoscopy (SIG). They enrolled 64 persons, mean age 54.6 years, scheduled for a SIG examination as outpatients at a Midwestern tertiary care center in the study. The SIG examination was performed by a nurse endoscopist. The patients were randomized to receive music therapy or usual procedural care (control condition). Music therapy involved having the patient select a cassette of music to listen to while undergoing the procedure. The patients rated their anxiety before and after the SIG examination using the Strait Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) in a pretest/posttest design. The patients also rated their perceived discomfort, satisfaction, and willingness to comply with SIG screening guidelines (a SIG examination repeated at 3 to 5-year intervals) after the procedure. No
8
Anxiety
significant differences in the STAI scores were seen between patients assigned to the music therapy and control groups before SIG. Patients in the music therapy group reported significantly less anxiety and discomfort after SIG than those in the control group. No significant differences in perceived satisfaction or willingness to comply with SG screening guidelines were seen between the two groups. Researchers conclude that patient-selected music listening was effective in reducing anxiety associated with the examination, as well as reducing the reported levels of discomfort during SIG. 3 figures, 4 tables, 43 references.
Federally Funded Research on Anxiety The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to anxiety. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to anxiety. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore anxiety. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for anxiety: •
Project Title: A LONGITUDINAL FOLLOW UP OF CHILDREN AT RISK FOR ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Rosenbaum, Jerrold F. Associate Professor; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-MAY-1993; Project End 1-JAN-2004 Summary: In the proposed study, we seek to address a basic scientific question: Is it possible to predict the development of anxiety disorders among young children whose parents have panic disorder (PD)? This question is straightforward, yet the answer has broad implications. Although it is well established that children of parents with PD are at high risk for anxiety disorders, only some of these children will develop psychopathology. The identification of a predictor would facilitate primary prevention by delineating a group of young children at very high risk for anxiety disorders among those already at risk by having a PD parent. During the prior funding period we have completed a cross-sectional study of over 200 children at risk for PD and comparison offspring of normal control parents. Our sample is unique in that the children have been identified and characterized extensively before they entered the age of risk for childhood anxiety disorders. These youngsters have already been assessed for behavioral inhibition, psychophysiological markers, and early signs of anxiety as well as for markers of psychosocial adversity. A subsample who have grown old enough to be
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
Studies
9
reliably assessed for DSM-IV diagnoses, have already been assessed for psychopathology using structured clinical interviews. Therefore this valuable sample affords us the unique opportunity to track the development of dysfunction and psychopathology in prospectively followed children at risk for psychopathology. To our knowledge, this would represent the largest such sample followed longitudinally. As we describe in the Progress Report, our work suggests that multiple domains of measurement will be useful predictors of psychopathology in high risk children. These domains are: parental disorders, child temperament (as indexed by "behavioral inhibition to the unfamiliar" [BI]), psychophysiologic abnormalities, and psychosocial adversity. The proposed work seeks to validate these measures as predictors of subsequent psychopathology and dysfunction by following up the sample five years after their baseline evaluation. The main aims of this project were determined by our past 12 years of work studying BI and anxiety disorders among young children. Our three main aims are: l) to characterize the psychopathologic and functional outcomes of children at risk for panic disorder; 2) to determine predictors of adverse outcomes among children at risk for anxiety disorders; and 3) to characterize the developmental sequence of anxiety disorders in these children. Moreover, under separate funding, we are collecting DNA samples from this cohort of families. Thus, by assuring that DNA samples will be available in the future, we leave open the possibility that our sample will be useful for prospectively predicting psychiatric disorders and disability from putative anxiety genes. Given that we are also assessing adverse features of the environment, we will also be able to determine if gene-environment interactions play a role in the genesis of anxiety disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: AMYGDALAR NEUROPEPTIDES AND ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Wilson, Marlene A. Associate Professor; Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience; University of South Carolina at Columbia Byrnes Bldg., Room 501 Columbia, Sc 29208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 5-SEP-2002; Project End 1-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The amygdala is a brain structure that plays a crucial role in fear and anxiety, and the actions of anxiety-reducing compounds. The opioid peptide has also been shown to modulate anxiety-related responses within the amygdala. Using herpes virus-mediated gene transfer, we have demonstrated that overexpression of enkephalin in the amygdala enhances the anxiety-reducing influences of the benzodiazepine diazepam (Valium) in rats. These initial results demonstrate that herpes virus-mediated gene transfer can transiently alter expression of neuropeptides in confined brain sites of adult rats, and that these changes can modify behavioral responses. The present studies continue to utilize this powerful technique to examine the role of amygdalar enkephalin in regulating anxiety-related behaviors and the actions of anxiolytic drugs. Both decreases and cell-targeted increases in peptide expression will be examined in several animal models of anxiety. Aim 1 will verify the ability of virusmediated gene transfer to decrease and cell-specifically increase expression of enkephalin in select areas of amygdala. Anatomical and quantitative methods will assess changes in mRNA expression, while peptide changes will be assessed with immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay. AIM 2 examines if altered enkephalin expression in central amygdala modifies anxiety-related behaviors in additional animal tests of anxiety behaviors and/or the effectiveness of other anxiolytics in these tests. These studies 1) compare decreases with cell-specific increases in enkephalin expression, 2) test the activity of other anxiolytics (alcohol, the serotonergic compound buspirone),
10 Anxiety
and 3) tests effects in several models of anxiety. AIM 3 assesses the effects of pharmacological modulation of enkephalin activity in amygdala. Using more traditional techniques selective opioid receptor (mu, delta) agonists and antagonists will be locally applied in amygdala, and the effect of these compounds on responses to anxiolytic drugs will be tested. These studies will lead to a better understanding of the role of amygdala and enkephalin in anxiety and anxiolytic responses, as well as elucidate the differences between animal models of anxiety. This understanding may also suggest novel, avenues for development of treatments for anxiety or affective disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANIMAL MODELS OF FEAR AND ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Davis, Michael;; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-AUG-2003; Project End 0-JUN-2008 Summary: Five compounds (the CRH1 receptor antagonist SB723620, the NK1 antagonist G597599, the SSRI/5HT2A agonist Vilazodone, the antidepressant 8hydroxy-bupropion, and the type 4 phosphodiesterase inhbitor SB207499), provided by GlaxoSmithKline as part of The Emory-GSK-NIMH Collaborative Mood Disorders Initiative, will be evaluated for anti-fear and anxiolytic activity using fear-potentiated, light-enhanced, and CRH-enhanced startle paradigms (increased startle in the presence of cues that predict shock, during sustained illumination, or following i.c.v. corticotropin-releasing hormone infusions, respectively). Whereas light- and CRHenhanced startle (which are more akin to anxiety than to fear) are mediated by circuitry that includes the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) but not the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), fear-potentiated startle is mediated by circuitry that includes the CeA but not the BNST. A central goal of the proposed studies will be to identify differing pharmacological vulnerabilities associated with BNST (anxiety) versus CeA (fear) dependent behaviors. In humans, anxiety disorders are more prevalent in women than in men and, in rats, light-enhanced startle is more robust in females than in males. Interestingly, the BNST is sexually dimorphic in both species. Thus, a second goal will be to compare the influence of gender on BNST- versus CeA-dependent responses, and to evaluate gender influences on drug responses in each model. These same compounds will be evaluated in other laboratories (separate applications) using different behavioral models and non-behavioral assays. It is hoped that this integrated effort will foster new approaches for the rapid evaluation of novel compounds with potential clinical utility. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: ANXIETY & VAGAL CONTROL OF THE HEART IN CORONARY DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Watkins, Lana L. Psychiatry; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-JUN-1999; Project End 1-MAY-2003 Summary: Coronary heart disease continues to be the leading cause of death in the United States, despite risk factor reduction and technological advances in treatment options. Prospective studies implicate chronic anxiety as an independent risk factor for fatal coronary heart disease. In particular, anxiety increases the risk of sudden cardiac death substantially. The primary objective of the proposed research is to examine the role of reduced vagal control of heart rate in the increased risk of cardiac mortality associated with anxiety in a population with established coronary artery disease (CAD).
Studies 11
A second objective is to determine whether the effects of anxiety are independent of the effects of depression. Nine hundred and fifty CAD patients will be recruited for this study from patients hospitalized for elective cardiac catheterization. Anxiety will be measured by the Hospital Anxiety Scale, the Spielberger Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Crown-Crisp Phobic Anxiety Scale. Symptoms of depression will be measured by the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, the Hospital Depression Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory. Vagal control of heart rate will be determined using power spectral analysis to measure two indices of vagal control: baroreceptor-mediated vagal reflex cardiac control, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Patients will be followed at 6 months, l year, 2 years, and 3 years postcatheterization, and cardiac mortality data will be obtained, including non-sudden and sudden cardiac death. The data generated by this study will be used to examine the involvement of impaired vagal cardiac control in the risk of fatal coronary heart disease and sudden cardiac death associated with anxiety. Specifically, the proposed study will examine: (1) the relationship between anxiety and cardiac mortality; (2) the relationship between anxiety and vagal control; (3) the role played by reduced vagal control in mediating anxiety-related risk; and (4) the relationship between depression, vagal control and cardiac risk. Findings of a relationship between anxiety, reduced vagal control and sudden cardiac death would suggest the potential importance of early intervention in cardiac patients with anxiety disorders and would underscore the benefit of aggressive monitoring of arrhythmias in this population, which may ultimately translate to reduced mortality rates. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANXIETY AND PSYCHOLOGICAL VULNERABILITY IN CHEST PAIN Principal Investigator & Institution: White, Kamila S. Psychology; Boston University Charles River Campus 881 Commonwealth Avenue Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 4-MAY-2001; Project End 0-APR-2006 Summary: APPLICANT'S This application is a request for a Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development Award (K23) from the NIMH to enable Dr. Kamila White to develop expertise in studying psychological factors in patients with noncardiac chest pain (NCCP). This applicant will work closely with her mentor, Dr. David Barlow, and co-mentors Drs. Ernest Gervino, Nicholas Covino (at Beth Israel Medical Center), Tim Brown, and Richard Mayou at Oxford University. Dr. White's short-term goals are to strengthen her theoretical, methodological, and statistical skills in clinical trials and in the study of NCCP. Her long-term goals are to develop an independent lab funded by external sources and to develop a network of research scientists central and peripheral to Boston University devoted to advancing the understanding of anxiety in noncardiac chest pain. The above goals will be accomplished through didactic training and formal investigation of anxiety and psychological vulnerability in patients with noncardiac chest pain who present to an urban, university-affiliated cardiology clinic. The majority of patients with chest pain and normal coronary angiograms complain of continuing chest pain, fear, and preoccupation with heart functioning. Recurrent chest pain and continued anxiety about heart functioning not only cause much personal discomfort but may also lead to significant disability. To date, research on NCCP has been largely descriptive and has been limited by lack of an empirically supported theoretical model. Longitudinal studies examining the causal role of anxiety and psychological risk factors have not been examined in NCCP, but represent an important approach to understanding the development and maintenance of pain in this population. The goals of the proposed research program are 1) to prospectively evaluate a theoretical model of
12 Anxiety
NCCP, 2) to examine the causal role of anxiety and psychological vulnerability factors in predicting long-term disability, and 3) to identify potential protective factors that may be important in intervening with this population. Data from this research program will allow Dr. White to establish an empirical foundation from which to apply these data to the development of novel interventions for patients with NCCP. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANXIETY DISORDERS AND MARITAL FUNCTIONING Principal Investigator & Institution: Zaider, Talia I. Psychology; Temple University 406 Usb, 083-45 Philadelphia, Pa 19122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 0-JUL-2003; Project End 9-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of the proposed study is to better understand the relationship between anxiety disorders and marital functioning. Although studies have shown that individuals with anxiety disorders experience their marriages as troubled, the immediate mechanisms by which anxiety disorders affect each partner remain poorly understood. The proposed study will address this issue by monitoring the daily experiences of 60 married couples in which one partner suffers from an anxiety disorder. Each partner will be asked to complete a brief structured questionnaire (diary) each day, on 14 consecutive days. This daily diary will inquire about levels of distress experienced by each partner, as well as perceptions of the quality of marital interactions on the day of reporting. Analyses will examine whether daily fluctuations in the anxiety levels experienced by patients with an anxiety disorder are related to changes in the levels of distress experienced by their spouses. The proposed study will further examine factors associated with changes in patient and spouse distress. Findings from this study will be used to inform existing theories on the interpersonal life of individuals with anxiety disorders, and to explore possible refinements in existing interventions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: ANXIETY IN A MOUSE MODEL OF RETT SYNDROME Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcgill, Bryan E. Pediatrics; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-SEP-2003; Project End 1-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Rett syndrome (RTT) is a childhood neurobehavioral disorder caused by mutations in the methyI-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene, which encodes a transcriptional repressor. RTT is characterized by mental retardation, seizures, stereotypic movements, breathing dysfunction and anxiety. MECP2 mutations also have been linked to juvenile onset schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Our lab generated a model of RTT (the Mecp2308/Y mouse) that recapitulates features of RTT including anxiety. The overall hypothesis is that MECP2 mutation causes the misregulation of stress-response genes, leading to anxiety in RTT and Mecp2308/Y mice. To test this hypothesis, the anxiety phenotype of Mecp2308/Y mice will be characterized in detail using behavioral and physiologic tests. The molecular basis of their behavior will be investigated using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and autoradiography to examine serotonin (5-HT) and 5-HT receptors, respectively, in the Mecp2308/Y mouse brain. Finally, pharmacologic manipulation of 5-HT receptors will be performed in an attempt to alleviate anxiety in these mice. These studies will aid in understanding the basis of anxiety in Mecp2308/Y mice and may lead to the appropriate treatment of this aspect of RTT.
Studies 13
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANXIETY IN AFRICAN AMERICAN YOUTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Robin, Joanna A. Psychology; Temple University 406 Usb, 083-45 Philadelphia, Pa 19122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 5-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The primary goal of the proposed study is to better understand the relationship between race and parenting and child anxiety. Although there have been numerous studies conducted on the relationship between parenting and child anxiety symptoms in primarily Caucasian samples, there is a paucity of research on the role of race in this relationship. Furthermore, studies that have investigated this relationship have failed to pay attention to role of socioeconomic status (SES). The proposed study will test whether race is a moderator in the relationship between parenting and child anxiety symptoms and whether SES moderates the relationship between parenting and child anxiety in African American Youth. Secondary goals will address the relationship between SES in the rates of anxiety in African American youth and the relationship between stressful life events and anxiety in African American Youth. Data from 128 African American youth and their maternal caregivers with low to medium SES will be collected. Furthermore, data already being collected from 64 Caucasian children and their maternal caregivers will be used. Findings from the proposed study will provide knowledge on the role of race and SES in the relationship between parenting and anxiety in youth. This knowledge will be beneficial for clinicians who work with minority populations and families of all classes of SES. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: ANXIETY, DISINHIBITION, AND RISK FOR DRUG ABUSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Yonkers, Kimberly A. Associate Professor; Psychiatry; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 5-SEP-1999; Project End 1-JUL-2004 Summary: This application requests funding for a four-year study to investigate psychophysiological markers for substance abuse in children ages 13-17 who are at high risk for substance abuse by virtue of their parental history for this condition. The rationale for the present proposal is to search for psychophysiological abnormalities associated with the two main dimensions of personality linked to substance abuse, that is, negative affectivity/anxiety and disinhibited/antisocial behaviors. Theorists have proposed a biobehavioral model based on responses to aversive and appetitive stimuli to explain the neurophysiological basis of motivational behaviors and to account for childhood mental disorders. The model posits that motivational behaviors is influenced by an arousal system, and by a behavioral inhibition system (BIS), which processes signals related to aversive stimuli, and a behavioral activation system (BAS), which processes signal related to rewards. Psychopathology is assumed to result from an imbalance within these systems. The major hypothesis for which we have preliminary support is that distinct deficits in arousal and/or affective responses underlie the relationship between substance abuse and both anxiety and disinhibited/antisocial personality. Specifically we will examine the following in children of parents with 1) substance abuse only, 2) substance abuse and comorbid anxiety disorder, 3) substance abuse and antisocial personality disorder, and 3) no psychiatric disorders: 1. startle potentiation and autonomic nervous system (ANS) measures of arousal to threat of aversive stimuli; 2. ANS responses to reward and to the removal of reward; 3.
14 Anxiety
Asymmetry of resting EEG; 4. the association between psychophysiological measures of BAS and BIS activity and temperamental characteristics associated with anxiety and disinhibited/antisocial behavior; 5. the effects of the gender of the offspring in the relationship between parental history and the offspring's psychophysiological, temperamental, and clinical characteristics; 6. phenotypic indices of vulnerability using combinations of clinical and psychophysiological measures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANXIETY, PAIN, AND SELF-EFFICACY IN CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Jacob, Margaret C. History; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-DEC-2002; Project End 0-NOV-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed study will use both qualitative and quantitative methodologies to evaluate a multidisciplinary Pain Clinic at UCLA for the treatment of chronic pain in children, a problem which affects some 10-20% of children under 17, is often co-morbid with anxiety and depression disorders, and may establish behaviors which increase the risk of chronic pain syndrome and pain-associated disability in adulthood. The UCLA Pediatric Pain Clinic uses a biopsychosocial model to treat chronic pain in children and to promote behavioral and therapeutic change through enhancement of the child's sense of self-efficacy. The study will use oral history master narratives; validated quantitative measures of patient self-efficacy, selfmanagement (an indicator of function); validated quantitative measures of pain level, co-morbid anxiety and depression; and conversation analysis of physician-patient interactions to study the trajectory of change in the Pain Clinic patients and in patients with the same diagnosis drawn from two pediatric subspecialty clinics. Narratives of change drawn from the oral histories will be co-analyzed with scores on the pre and post-treatment quantitative measures and with observations of practitioner strategy and behavior in patient interactions. Our specific aims are: 1) to make a quantitative and qualitative comparison of the PPC treatment model with that used to treat persistent pain in two pediatric subspecialty clinics, comparing changes in patient pain level, anxiety, depression, self-efficacy and functioning; 2) to examine in depth the children's cognitive beliefs and affective reactions to pain, the sources of these beliefs and reactions, and the process of changes in cognition, anxiety and depression, and behavior during Clinic treatment; and 3) to use the quantitative and qualitative data gathered to identify specific factors within the PPC treatment model which may be further evaluated in the next phase, a controlled clinical trial of this model for the treatment of pain and co-morbid anxiety and depression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: AROUSAL AND ANXIETY IN DYSFUNCTIONAL MEN AND WOMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Barlow, David H. Director; Psychology; Boston University Charles River Campus 881 Commonwealth Avenue Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-SEP-1979; Project End 8-FEB-2002 Summary: Prior research on this project has produced a model of psychogenic sexual dysfunction integrating cognitive and affective processes. This model, which has most recently been expanded into a general theory of anxiety (Barlow, 1988), suggests that perception of a sexual context elicits negative affective responding in sexually dysfunctional patients, characterized by a preparatory coping set reflected in autonomic
Studies 15
arousal and the sense of a lack of control. An interaction of cognitive and affective processes is then associated with differential allocation of attention to a self-evaluative mode (self-focused attention). At interaction of cognitive and affective processes is then associated with differential allocation of attention to a self-evaluative mode (selffocused attention). At the extreme, this interferes with performance, several sets of recent data emanating from our laboratory seem to support this model. 1) differential levels of shock threat produce increases in erectile response in functionals (to a point) and a decrease in "nervousness". This contrasts to a decrease in erectile response and an increase in "nervousness" for dysfunctionals. 2) Neutral distraction produces decreased erectile responding in functionals but no change or even a slight increase in erectile responding in dysfunctionals. This directly parallels findings from a growing literature on depression (Musson & Alloy, 1988) in which depressed patients also perform better when they are distracted. Nevertheless, other data from an interesting new paradigm where subjects directly view their genital response via video monitor suggests that dysfunctionals are not necessarily turning their attention inward. This is supported by a new experiment using a misattribution paradigm where functional and dysfunctional subjects were given placebo pills with suggestions that one pill would increase erections while a second would decrease erections, etc. But, these and all prior experiments can only infer cognitive processes. Recent advances in cognitive psychology makes possible a series of studies examining more precisely attentional, allocations and biases, and the identification of mental representations or schema that differentiate functional and dysfunctional subjects. Adopting a model suggested by Mathews et al. (1989), it may be that dysfunctional subjects are initially vigilant (attentive) for threat- related sexual cues but will then avoid these cues in every manner possible when they become salient and under conditions of increased negative affect. The purpose of this series of studies is to explore more precisely the role of cognitive and attentional processes specified in our model of sexual dysfunction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BOTANICAL TREATMENTS IN SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Connor, Kathryn M. Assistant Professor; Psychiatry; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-JUL-2001; Project End 0-JUN-2006 Summary: (Provided by applicant): Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use has grown dramatically over the last decade, particularly of botanical treatments, which are often used for anxiety and depression. While some herbs possess neurochemical activity similar to that demonstrated by conventional psychotropic medications, little rigorous clinical scientific data support their effectiveness and safety. Through the proposed Research Career Development Award (RCDA), I hope to obtain the training and experience which will enable me explore these and other related research questions in the years to come. Short term goals and training activities during the 5-year RCDA period are as follows: (1) to receive advanced training in methodological and quantitative principles of clinical research leading to a master's degree in Health Science; (2) to learn about botanical medicine from the perspectives of pharmacognosy and as applied to general clinical practice, through guided readings, tutorials, and direct observation under the supervision of experts in these interdisciplinary fields; (3) to further understand pharmacologic principles as applied to phytomedicines, through directed readings and assessment of plasma levels of specific herbal constituents; (4) to develop a greater understanding of the regulatory environment for herbs and other dietary supplements, through supervised directed
16 Anxiety
readings and discussions; (5) to develop basic proficiency in reading German to enable me to read and understand published scientific literature; and (6) to determine the effectiveness and safety of phytomedicines in treating social anxiety disorder (SAD), a common, chronic and disabling condition with two subtypes (generalized (GSAD) and nongeneralized SAD, or performance anxiety). The research plan to address this final goal is as follows. In the first study, 56 GSAD subjects will be randomly assigned to double-blind treatment with either Hypericum perforatum (HYP) or placebo (PBO), up to 1800 mg/day, for 10 weeks. Response will be assessed with psychometrically valid scales. Plasma samples will be obtained and tested for the presence of individual HYP constituents. In the second study, 48 subjects with performance anxiety related to public speaking will randomly receive a one-time does of either Kava (KAV) or PBO, followed in one hour by participation in a role play test. Anxiety will be assessed at the following points: pretreatment baseline; posttreatment, pre-role play (e.g., anticipatory level); and posttreatment, post-role play (performance anxiety) to determine the effectiveness and safety of KAV relative to PBO. I hope that the skills developed during the award period will provide a cohesive framework for achieving my long term goal of becoming a clinician-researcher, investigating questions at the interface between psychiatry and botanical medicine. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CARDIOVASCULAR AUTONOMIC CONTROL IN STRESS AND ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Sloan, Richard P. Professor; Psychiatry; Columbia University Health Sciences Ogc New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-APR-1998; Project End 1-JAN-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): This is an application for an Independent Scientist Award (K02) to study cardiovascular autonomic control in stress and anxiety. It is based on a research program whose focus is to explore the relationships among psychological/behavioral characteristics such as anxiety, hostility, depression, and physical conditioning, the central and autonomic nervous system, and the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. The application proposes a series of experiments deriving from a model which identifies blood pressure variability (BPV) as a potential mechanism by which psychological/psychiatric factors and health behaviors confer increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) and catastrophic cardiac events. While evidence suggests that psychological factors such as anxiety, depression, and hostility are associated with increased risk of CAD, the mechanisms by which these factors exert their pathogenic effects are only poorly understood. Our model holds that autonomic control of the heart serves a buffering or inhibitory function over oscillations in blood pressure, which recent research in vascular biology and dynamics suggests may have pathogenic effects on the endothelium, in the case of atherogenesis, and on plaque stability, in the case of catastrophic cardiac events. We recently have shown that under conditions of psychological stress, the magnitude of these blood pressure oscillations is inversely related to the degree of autonomic control of the heart, as measured by heart period variability (HPV). Thus, in subjects with high levels of cardiac autonomic control, blood pressure oscillations are minimal whereas in subjects with low levels of control, they are increased considerably. Since psychological/behavioral characteristics such as anxiety, depression, and hostility have been shown to be associated with lower levels of HPV, these characteristics may be associated with disinhibition of blood pressure oscillations, either at rest, or more likely, in response to psychological stress. Together, these findings suggest that the mechanism by which
Studies 17
psychological characteristics such as hostility have their pathogenic effect is through reduced inhibition of BPV responses to challenge, which in turn promotes atherogenesis and plaque rupture. In this application, 5 experimental tests of this model are proposed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CBT AUGMENTATION OF PAROXETINE FOR SOCIAL ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Heimberg, Richard G. Psychology; Temple University 406 Usb, 083-45 Philadelphia, Pa 19122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 5-AUG-2003; Project End 1-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Social anxiety disorder is a prevalent, chronic and disabling condition. Paroxetine has received FDA approval on the basis of its acute efficacy for this disorder, but much about longer-term management remains uncertain. There are virtually no data regarding next steps in treatment despite evidence that most patients who receive acute paroxetine therapy still exhibit significant residual symptoms. Furthermore, there are also no data regarding methods for minimizing relapse when medication is discontinued despite evidence that relapse rates in such circumstances are high. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a good candidate for augmenting paroxetine response and reducing relapse after medication discontinuation as it has been shown to be an effective treatment in its own right and often associated with lesser relapse than medication alone. Although CBT has been found to be useful in these circumstances for depression and panic disorder, there have been no similar studies in social anxiety disorder. This application will examine the ability of CBT to augment acute paroxetine response and reduce relapse following paroxetine discontinuation in social anxiety disorder. It will also examine the degree of residual symptoms and disability as well as rates of remission and improvements in quality of life in response to paroxetine alone or with the addition of CBT. Predictors of acute response and relapse after treatment is discontinued will also be explored. To achieve these ends, two hundred fifty patients will receive 12 weeks of open treatment with paroxetine. Patients showing at least some benefit will be randomized to continued paroxetine with or without CBT for 16 additional weeks. All treatment will then be tapered and patients will be followed for 24 additional weeks. Overall, this study should provide important information about the augmentation of paroxetine treatment for patients with social anxiety disorder, effective methods for reducing relapse, and who may benefit from paroxetine treatment or relapse when medication is withdrawn. It will also increase understanding of the interplay of psychosocial and pharmacological treatment methods and psychological and biological factors in patients' total response to treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: CBT AUGMENTATION OF PAROXETINE FOR SOCIAL ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Liebowitz, Michael R.; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 5-AUG-2003; Project End 1-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Social anxiety disorder is a prevalent, chronic and disabling condition. Paroxetine has received FDA approval on the basis of its acute efficacy for this disorder, but much about longer-term management remains uncertain. There are virtually no data regarding next steps in treatment despite evidence that most patients who receive acute paroxetine therapy still exhibit significant residual symptoms. Furthermore, there are also no data regarding methods for minimizing
18 Anxiety
relapse when medication is discontinued despite evidence that relapse rates in such circumstances are high. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a good candidate for augmenting paroxetine response and reducing relapse after medication discontinuation as it has been shown to be an effective treatment in its own right and often associated with lesser relapse than medication alone. Although CBT has been found to be useful in these circumstances for depression and panic disorder, there have been no similar studies in social anxiety disorder. This application will examine the ability of CBT to augment acute paroxetine response and reduce relapse following paroxetine discontinuation in social anxiety disorder. It will also examine the degree of residual symptoms and disability as well as rates of remission and improvements in quality of life in response to paroxetine alone or with the addition of CBT. Predictors of acute response and relapse after treatment is discontinued will also be explored. To achieve these ends, two hundred fifty patients will receive 12 weeks of open treatment with paroxetine. Patients showing at least some benefit will be randomized to continued paroxetine with or without CBT for 16 additional weeks. All treatment will then be tapered and patients will be followed for 24 additional weeks. Overall, this study should provide important information about the augmentation of paroxetine treatment for patients with social anxiety disorder, effective methods for reducing relapse, and who may benefit from paroxetine treatment or relapse when medication is withdrawn. It will also increase understanding of the interplay of psychosocial and pharmacological treatment methods and psychological and biological factors in patients' total response to treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CD-ROM CHILD ANXIETY TREATMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Harris, M S.; Workbook Publishing, Inc. 208 Llanfair Rd Ardmore, Pa 19003 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 4-MAR-2003; Project End 9-FEB-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): This study will examine the feasibility and initial efficacy of a CD-ROM version of a cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety disorders in youth. Anxiety disorders (Generalized Anxiety Disorder; Social Phobia; Separation Anxiety Disorder) are among the most prevalent psychopathological problems in youth and, if untreated, are said to be chronic in nature and to cause significant social and educational impairment. Recent empirical work based on randomized clinical trials suggests that various forms of CBT (e.g., individual, family, group) can be effective in reducing the presence of these very same anxiety disorders. Although studies have found a person-to-person therapeutic approach to be effective, anxious youth often do not seek help. The very nature of anxiety in youth includes a worrisome and perfectionist style and a self presentation that there isn't a problem. Therefore, many anxious youth do not seek or receive needed intervention. The use of a CD-ROM version of the CBT could increase, by significant magnitude, the number of anxious youth for whom a CBT treatment would become available. Further, for the more than 40 million Americans who have no health insurance, or inadequate insurance, a more accessible and affordable treatment modality is needed. Researchers agree that an examination of the viability of cost-effective therapy approaches is critical. The primary goal of this Phase I project is to develop a 14-session CD-ROM version of the CBT and to examine its efficacy by comparing pre-post treatment to pre-post waitlist. A final total of 12 participants, ages 8-13 years, will have been assessed via a structured diagnostic interview (by a reliable independent evaluator) and self-report measures to determine the presence of an anxiety disorder and to evaluate changes
Studies 19
before and after waitlist and before and after treatment (and at a 3-month follow-up after treatment completion). Successful completion of this Phase I project will enable a Phase II randomized clinical trial to evaluate the CD-ROM treatment versus the application of CBT in the customary one-to-one context. The long-term goals are to develop an effective and affordable CD-ROM version of CBT for anxious youth for use on PC-based (and Mac) systems that are available to a wide range of youth, educators, and therapists. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHILD /ADOLESCENT ANXIETY MULTIMODAL TREATMENT STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Walkup, John T. Associate Professor; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-SEP-2002; Project End 1-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): With point prevalence estimates ranging from 12 percent to 20 percent, anxiety disorders are among the most common conditions affecting children and adolescents. The three most commonly impairing childhoodonset anxiety disorders are separation anxiety disorder, social phobia and generalized anxiety disorder. As a group, these disorders routinely co-occur and cause clinically significant distress and impairment affecting school, social, and family functioning. Left untreated, these disorders leave children at risk for anxiety disorders, major depression and, in some cases, substance abuse extending into late adolescence and adulthood. Hence, effective treatments for childhood-onset anxiety disorders promise to alleviate and perhaps to prevent long-term morbidity and even mortality. In randomized controlled trials, we have shown that two monotherapies, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), fluvoxamine (FLV), are effective treatments for separation anxiety, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Even though the monotherapies are effective a substantial number of patients remain symptomatic following treatment and, might have benefited from combined treatment. There are as yet no systematic, controlled studies comparing CBT and an SSRI, alone or in combination, against a control condition in the same patient population. This revised application proposes a four-year, six site, randomized controlled efficacy trial comparing cognitive-behavioral (CBT) and pharmacological treatment for youth ages 7 to 16 years with anxiety disorders. Phase I is a 12-week, random assignment acute efficacy study comparing CBT, FLV, their combination (n=90, each condition), and pill placebo control (n=48) in 318 (53/site) youth with DSM-IV primary diagnoses of separation anxiety, social phobia, and/or generalized anxiety disorder. Phase II involves a 6-month treatment maintenance period for Phase I responders. All subjects regardless of response status will be evaluated at all scheduled assessment points. In addition to comprehensive parent, child, clinician, and teacher reports, the primary outcome variables will be assessed by blind independent evaluators. Manualized intervention and assessment protocols plus state-of-the-art quality assurance and adverse event monitoring procedures insure uniform cross-site administration of the study protocol. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
20 Anxiety
•
Project Title: CHILDREN'S COMMUNICATION
ANXIETY
REGULATION
AND
MATERNAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Sigman, Marian D. Professor; Mental Retardation Res Center; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 4-SEP-2001; Project End 1-AUG-2003 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract): Does parental communication style affect emotion regulation among children who initially demonstrate high levels of fear and anxiety? Although recent correlational research has demonstrated a linkage between parental communication behaviors, such as excessive catastrophizing, and children's manifestations of fear and anxiety, it is not clear if parental communication behaviors directly influence children's ability to regulate these emotions. Alternatively, these parental communication behaviors may be elicited by children who express fears and anxieties more frequently than non-anxious children do. Experimental research designs would offer a more definitive test of these competing explanations of the extant correlational findings. Intervention studies, in particular, can test whether experimentally manipulating current family interaction patterns affects children's ability to regulate emotion. The proposed research will provide a preliminary experimental test of the relationship between parental communication behavior and children's regulation of fear and anxiety. Some 40 clinically anxious youth, aged 7-13, will be randomly assigned to a family intervention program for childhood anxiety problems, which includes extensive parent communication training, or-a child intervention program without parent training. By comparing these two interventions we will test if it is possible to improve parental communication behaviors-such as catastrophizing-through intensive parent training, above and beyond the effects of involving children in a child intervention program. We will then test the impact of this change in parental communication behaviors on children's ability to regulate fear and anxiety. Observational measures of parental communication behavior, children's emotion regulation strategies, and children's manifestations of fear and anxiety, as well as a measure of physiological arousal, will serve as the primary outcome measures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CLINICAL STUDIES OF HUMAN ANXIETY DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Weissman, Myrna M. Professor; Columbia Univ New York Morningside 1210 Amsterdam Ave, Mc 2205 New York, Ny 10027 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-JAN-2003; Project End 1-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall aim of the Program Project Grant (PPG) is to understand the genetic basis for fear, anxiety and anxiety disorders in humans by identifying variant forms of genes that may contribute to pathological anxiety states. The underlying idea is that both learned and innate fear are tractable targets for genetic analyses in mice and humans. To accomplish this portion of the PPG dealing with human anxiety disorders Project 4 will provide well-characterized clinical samples and DNA from subjects with selected anxiety disorders (panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and controls). Dimensional assessments of anxiety related temperaments, which cut across all clinical groups will provide another method for sample stratification. The clinical disorders have been selected where there is indication of heritability from family and/or twin studies; the clinical phenotypes are well defined and there is suggestive evidence for a relationship with fear conditioning and/or its neurobiological substrate and where hypotheses about candidate genes based on
Studies 21
marker, treatment or pathophysiologic studies can be developed. To maximize the likelihood that we are selecting cases with genetic etiology, we will select cases from families with multiple affected individuals. The dimensional assessments have been selected because of prior promising associations with specific polymorphisms related to anxiety and evidence for heritability. Since issues of design and control groups have not been resolved, we will use both family based "triads" (probands and two biological parents) and population controls (matched for ethnicity). The central hypothesis is that there are similarities in fear conditioning circuitry between animal models and human and that genes involved in the pathways associated with fear conditioning or innate fear may be involved in the development of human anxiety disorders, particularly panic disorder, social anxiety disorder (social phobias), and/or neuroticism or anxiety sensitivity. The specific aims of this project are: identification, clinical characterization and DNA extraction of subjects with panic disorder (N= 150); social anxiety disorder (social phobia) (N=150); selected to be at high genetic risk for anxiety disorders; non ill matched controls also assessed on quantitative trait dimension (N=150). We will also collect bloods from the biological parents of the panic and social anxiety disorder probands. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CLINICAL STUDIES OF HUMAN FEAR AND ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Fyer, Abby J. Professor; Columbia Univ New York Morningside 1210 Amsterdam Ave, Mc 2205 New York, Ny 10027 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-JAN-2003; Project End 1-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall goal of this Program Project is to identify trait alleles that contribute to variation in human fear and anxiety. Project 3 will provide a large community based human sample evaluated for cued fear conditioning and two heritable, clinically relevant dimensional anxiety measures (NEO Personality Inventory, Anxiety Sensitivity Index). Individuals will also provide a blood sample for DNA. The combined work of the neurobiology (Drs. Kandel and Hen, Projects 1A, 1B) and molecular genetics (Dr. Gilliam, Project 2) components of the program project will identify human candidate genes derived from knowledge of the molecular biology and neurocircuitry of fear conditioning and selected aspects of innate fear in animal models. These candidates will be scanned for allelic variance in the entire Project 3 sample to search for trait alleles for fear conditioning, the two dimensional assessments (NEO, ASI) and composite phenotypes derived from these measures. Data will be analyzed using both methods that regress continuous phenotypes to allelic variance across the whole sample and by comparison of phenotypic extremes. Trait alleles identified for any of these phenotypes will be evaluated as susceptibility loci for human anxiety disorders (Project 4, Dr. Weissman). The dimensional measures (NEO, ASI) will also be used as a "bridge" to further refine the selection of candidates and target sub-populations in the anxiety disorder subjects. As described in Project 2, the combined data from Projects 2, 3, 4 will be used to begin to explore multivariate models of anxiety that encompass the several phenotypes assessed in this grant. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: COGNITIVE TRAINING FOR SOCIAL ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Huppert, Jonathan D. Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-JUN-2003; Project End 1-MAY-2007
22 Anxiety
Summary: (provided by applicant): This application proposes Jonathan D. Huppert, Ph.D. for a K23 Mentored Patient Oriented Research Career Development Award at the University of Pennsylvania. The overarching goal of this award is for the applicant to acquire expertise in information processing/cognitive science of anxiety disorders and to translate this knowledge to the treatment of anxiety disorders through an independent program of research funded by NIH. The four-year program discussed in this proposal is designed to accomplish this goal by through five aims: 1) to solidify his foundation in cognitive science and advanced research methods; 2) to establish a research program on cognitive training of social anxiety that will integrate cognitive science and clinical outcome research; 3) to write and publish empirical and theoretical papers about such an integration; 4) to create collaborative relationships with clinical and cognitive science faculty at the University of Pennsylvania as well as other experts in the field; and 5) to prepare for further funding for this programmatic line of research. These aims will be accomplished through a structured four-part plan: 1) to receive further formal instruction in cognitive science, advanced research design, and bioethics; 2) to obtain training and mentoring by a senior scientist experienced in this area (Edna B. Foa, Ph.D.) as well by a collaborator (Andrew M. Mathews, Ph.D.) and consultants (Colin M. MacLeod, Ph.D., Richard G. Heimberg, Ph.D., David M. Clark, Ph.D., and Xin Tu, Ph.D.); 3) to coordinate ongoing clinical research trials at the Center for the Treatment and Study of Anxiety; 4) to design and execute an original program of research. A series of studies examining the factors involved in the modification of interpretation and attentional biases in social anxiety will be conducted. The goal of these investigations is to create a cognitive training program that directly addresses the core biases involved in causing and maintaining social anxiety. First, a new measure of interpretation bias will be developed using contextual priming in order to have a measure that is less likely to be confounded by repeated administration. Simultaneously, the nature of attentional bias in social anxiety will be clarified in order to bring some resolution to conflicting findings in the literature. Then, potential for modifying interpretation bias will be examined. In parallel, parameters related to modifying attentional bias in social anxiety will be examined. In addition, the relationship between cognitive biases and cognitive-behavioral therapy outcome in patients diagnosed with social phobia will be evaluated. Based on these findings, a cognitive training program for social phobia will be developed and will be further evaluated in future research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: COMMUNITY CLINIC TEST OF YOUTH ANXIETY TREATMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Weisz, John R. Psychology; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-SEP-1997; Project End 0-APR-2003 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Structured, manualized treatments have been developed for numerous mental health problems and disorders among children and adolescents, and a number of these have shown strong beneficial effects in clinical trials. Such findings have led to proposals that the empirically supported treatments be used to improve outcomes of conventional clinic treatment, which some research suggests may not be very effective. But can these lab-tested treatments actually work in service-oriented clinics with referred youth? Available evidence cannot tell us, because the therapists, conditions, and clientele in the laboratory efficacy tests tend to differ so markedly from those of clinical practice. To assess the clinical potential of efficacy-tested treatments, we need effectiveness research that tests these treatments in the crucible of
Studies 23
clinical practice. To help begin this process, the proposed research focuses on a specific treatment program for a specific cluster of disorders: Kendall's (1994) cognitivebehavioral "Coping Cat" program for child and adolescent anxiety disorders. The program has shown unusually positive effects across a series of clinical trials in the U.S. and Australia, but it has never been tested in real-world clinical conditions. The proposed study will test the effectiveness of the treatment with clinic-referred youth, treated in community clinics, with the treatment carried out by clinic staff therapists. Some 128 youth, aged 9-14, referred for anxiety and diagnosed with anxiety disorders, will be randomly assigned to receive either the usual treatment in the clinic, or the Kendall program, carried out by clinic staff who have been trained to proficiency. Therapists for the two treatment conditions will also be chosen randomly, from a pool of volunteers. Outcome assessment at immediate post-treatment, 1-year, and 2-year follow-ups, will test effects across four domains of the Hoagwood, Jensen, Petti, and Burns (1996) services outcome model: (1) symptoms and diagnosis, (2) functioning, (3) consumer perspectives, and (4) systems (i.e., degree to which treatment reduces further service use). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: COMMUNITY SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT, DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Muntaner, Carles; Professor; None; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 2-MAR-2002; Project End 8-FEB-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Socioeconomic position is a key determinant of individual mental health, including depression and anxiety disorders. Depression and anxiety disorders inflict major social and economic burden on families and communities. Recent studies suggest that the community socioeconomic context, in particular its degree of income inequality, contribute to a person's morbidity and mortality, even after individual socioeconomic position has been taken into account; a disturbing finding as income inequality has grown in the US during the last three decades. The proposed analyses will expand this research program on socioeconomic context to include psychiatric disorders. We will examine the relationship between socioeconomic residential context and the prevalence of major depression and anxiety disorders in Baltimore neighborhoods using the Epidemiologic Catchment Area- Follow Up survey sample, and in US counties, using the National Comorbidity Survey sample. In addition to income inequality, we will examine the relationship between alternative contextual socioeconomic indicators at the county and neighborhood levels (i.e., absolute income, poverty and social capital) and major depression and anxiety disorders. This will be the first population-based analysis to examine the association between residential socioeconomic context in relation to the prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders in the US. Our analysis will also make important methodological contributions to the field of psychiatric epidemiology. Socioeconomic context will be measured at the individual, neighborhood (FCA-F) and county (NCS) levels, and we will apply innovative statistical methods that are appropriate for the simultaneous analysis of two levels of data and interactions between contextual and individual-level variables. Testing hypothetical mechanisms that may relate contextual and individual socioeconomic attributes (e.g., age, gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic position) will be an area of concentration of this analysis, as it has been overlooked in most multilevel studies to date. The results of these analyses will have implications for local health
24 Anxiety
policy in urban neighborhoods and counties across the US that have the potential to reduce the social costs associated with depression and anxiety disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: COMMUNITY VIOLENCE & YOUTH: PREVENTING ANXIETY DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Cooley-Quille, Michele R. Assistant Professor; Mental Hygiene; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-DEC-2001; Project End 0-NOV-2004 Summary: Community violence is a major public health problem most visible in lowincome, inner-city, predominantly ethnic minority communities. The public mental health impact of living in violent communities is significant, particularly for children. Most of the extant treatment and preventive interventions focus on the perpetrators of the violence, not on the youth who are its direct or indirect victims. Among the psychological correlates of community violence exposure are anxiety symptoms (e.g., fears, social withdrawal, intrusive thoughts, poor concentration, worry) and disorders (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder, separation anxiety disorder). This is a request for a NIMH Pilot Effectiveness Trial for Mental Disorders Grant (R21) to support a 3- year pilot study of a school-based prevention and early intervention program with inner-city, primarily African American children at risk for anxiety disorders. This cognitivebehavioral intervention is based on the FRIENDS Anxiety Prevention Program that has demonstrated efficacy in reducing the rate of anxiety disorders and preventing the onset of new disorders in school samples of Australian children. Maintaining therapeutic integrity, the proposed project will broaden the FRIENDS target population by modifying the intervention to be culturally and contextually appropriate for inner-city ethnic minority youth exposed to community violence. Four-hundred 3rd-5th graders will be screened to identify those at risk for anxiety symptoms and disorders. 180 elementary school students from low-SES, high crime communities will be randomly assigned to either an anxiety prevention and early intervention group or a nonintervention comparison group. Child, parent and teacher assessments will be made at pre- and post- intervention, and 6-month follow-up. This project will contribute to the applicant's goal of studying and preventing the mental health effects of community violence by achieving the following aims: 1) To broaden the target population of an existing efficacious preventive and early intervention program from Australian children to inner-city, low-SES primarily African American children; and 2) To maintain the therapeutic integrity of the modified FRIENDS preventive and early intervention program among children from schools located in inner- city, high crime, low-SES communities. The results of this R21 project will facilitate the design and later implementation of a full-scale NIMH R01 preventive intervention effectiveness trial. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: COMORBID CHILDHOOD ANXIETY AND ASTHMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Goodwin, Renee D. Epidemiology; Columbia University Health Sciences Ogc New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-APR-2002; Project End 1-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by investigator): The applicant is requesting five years of funding through the Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development Award (K23) program to enhance her technical and methodological skills in the investigation of the co-occurrence of anxiety disorders and asthma/allergy in youth. The ultimate goal is to
Studies 25
gain expertise in the relationship between the co-occurrence of anxiety disorders and asthma/allergy and the risk of severe psychopathology among youth, using longitudinal, epidemiologic research methodology and ultimately to identify preventive interventions. The applicant's strong academic background in human development, clinical psychology, and psychiatric epidemiology, and her research experience using a developmental paradigm to study risk for severe psychopathology among individuals with early-onset anxiety disorders provide an excellent foundation for this work. The proposed training goals include (1) further training to increase the applicant's knowledge of the relationship between respiratory pathophysiology and anxiety disorders; (2) advanced statistical training and experience with longitudinal data analysis and survey methods, and; (3) investigation of potential interventions that integrate research on anxiety disorders and asthma/allergy. These goals will all facilitate the applicant's pursuit of innovative, comprehensive, technologically efficient approaches to study these comorbidities in youth. The research plan for this Award is divided into four investigations which complement the proposed sequence of training activities and offer the applicant the opportunity to explore important cross-sectional and longitudinal data from epidemiologic clinical and community samples, as well as hands-on experience, in the first two studies, the applicant will analyze previously collected data (MECA & SED and Dunedin). In the third study, the applicant will collect her own asthma data prospectively (Network study), in an ongoing longitudinal epidemiologic clinical (psychiatric) investigation, while learning how to conduct a study. The fourth investigation will involve developing measures and collecting pilot data on asthma and anxiety in a clinical (medical) sample. The applicant's resulting ROl will address the developmental paradigm described above, which will be further tested and will include early intervention strategies to facilitate the identification and treatment of children who are at risk for severe psychopathology. That study will involve a longitudinal epidemiologic preventive intervention study aimed at reducing the risk of anxiety disorders among pediatric asthma/allergy patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: COMPUTER BASED EXPOSURE THERAPY FOR SOCIAL ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Anderson, Page L. Phd; Virtually Better, Inc. 2450 Lawrenceville Hwy, Ste 101 Decatur, Ga 30033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 0-MAR-2002; Project End 1-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant) This study will develop and test the feasibility of using virtual reality technology as a part of a computer-based exposure (CBE) self-help program to address public speaking fears. Public speaking anxiety is the most common fear among individuals, affecting up to 57 percent of the general population. Although cognitive-behavioral therapy is an effective treatment for social anxiety, many individuals do not seek treatment. Self-help programs are one popular alternative to psychiatric treatment. Primary goals of Phase I include are to develop a virtual environment for public speaking anxiety that can be used as a part of a CBE self-help program and to determine the effectiveness of CBE as compared to pre-treatment baseline. Ten participants who meet criteria for social phobia with a prominent fear of public speaking will be assessed using standardized measures prior to and following CBE and again at three-month follow-up. Phase II will test the relative efficacy of CBE and a cognitive-behavioral self-help manual for social anxiety versus a waitlist. The long-term objectives include the development of an effective and affordable self-help program utilizing virtual reality, leading to direct commercial access for anxiety sufferers to help them help themselves. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION:
26 Anxiety
The commercial applications include: (1) the sale of PC-based self-help program to individuals suffering with social anxiety, (2) the utilization of the program by therapists as an adjunct to treatment, (3) the training of researchers and therapists in using this technology in therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CONTEXTUAL LEARNING, OPIATE TOLERENCE /ANXIETY PROCESSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Fanselow, Michael S. Professor; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-AUG-2002; Project End 1-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Pavlovian context conditioning plays a central role in fear and anxiety, stress-induced analgesia and opioid tolerance. Context-drug associations contribute to drug tolerance, drug-seeking and drug reinforcement. Stressinduced opioid analgesia typically occurs because the stressor has become associated with its context. Finally, the acquisition of context fear is regulated by opioids. Most of the knowledge about the mechanisms and processes of context conditioning come from the area of Pavlovian conditioned context fear. Component VI uses these advances to analyze context-dependent opioid tolerance. We will examine the hippocampal dependence of context-opioid associations in analgesic tolerance using both anatomical and genetic lesions. Additionally, we will determine if already acquired tolerance can be eliminated by manipulations that weaken established memories. Finally, a clear understanding of how specific endogenous opioid receptor types participate in the regulation of fear conditioning can be obtained by using knockout mice. Together, the aims of this section dissect the interactions between opioid systems, anxiety and contextual learning. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: CRF-TYPE-2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS FOR ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Gogas, Kathleen R. Principle Scientist; Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. 10555 Science Center Dr San Diego, Ca 92121 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 4-JAN-2002; Project End 3-JUL-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): Since the CRF2 receptor was cloned in 1995, relatively little has been learned about its functional biology due primarily to the lack of pharmacological tools. Anatomical distribution data had suggested that the CRF2 receptor could be involved in feeding behaviors, which led to the idea that an antagonist to this receptor could have utility in treating eating disorders like anorexia nervosa. Recently, however, a selective peptide antagonist (antisauvagine-30) and agonist (urocortin II) have become available. Preliminary data obtained with antisauvagine-30 and urocortin II verified the importance of the CRF2 receptor in anorectic behavior, but the antisauvagine-30 (ASV-30) data also suggested that the CRF2 receptor may be involved in emotional behavior and anxiety. Thus, the potential therapeutic market for a CRF2 receptor antagonist could include a much broader spectrum of emotional disorders than anorexia nervosa. Therefore, we have proposed to investigate the possibility that the CRF2 receptor plays a role in anxious behavior, using ASV-30 and urocortin II as pharmacological tools. In anticipation of a positive finding, we have also proposed to begin the process of identifying a selective, high affinity, orally available CRF2 antagonist that could be used not only for the treatment of anorexia nervosa, but also for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Therefore, Phase I is focused: 1) on biological
Studies 27
proof of principle for the role of CRF2 receptors in anxiety, and 2) on the initial identification of a high affinity CRF2 antagonist. Phase II would follow up with the actual development of such an antagonist, fine-tuning for selectivity, oral bioavailability and safety. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: A small molecule CRF2 receptor antagonist could represent an anti?anxiety therapeutic with a novel mechanism of action and the potential to provide an improved efficacy and side effect profile in comparison to available therapeutics. Anxiety disorders are the most common form of mental illness in the United States, with an estimated one year prevalence of 16.4%, and an estimated cost of $993/year/person (USDHHS, et al., 1999). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY AS NEURAL CONTROL PROCESSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Tucker, Don M. Ceo/Chief Scientist; Electrical Geodesics, Inc. 1850 Millrace Dr, Ste 3 Eugene, or 97403 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-SEP-1989; Project End 1-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Clinically significant states of depression and anxiety may be associated with negative biases in cognition and judgment. Previous studies have suggested that normal mood states may also produce mood-congruent cognitive biases. We theorize that the mood states of depression and anxiety are mechanisms through which the brain regulates its arousal, hedonic expectancy, and attention. By examining dense array event-related brain potential (ERP) measures as subjects evaluate daily life events, we observed evidence that mood-congruent expectancies can be observed as early as 300 ms into the evaluation process. Additional research has shown that, in addition to the widespread ERP effects of language manipulations, there are focal electrical changes over medial frontal cortex reflecting general attentional mechanisms, such as when subjects orient to a novel event or detect they have made an error. Because these medial frontal effects appear to reflect activity in the limbic cortex at the base of frontal motor pathways, a reasonable hypothesis is that emotionally significant evaluative decisions will also engage medial frontal activity. Recordings as subjects rated themselves with trait adjectives confirmed that the initial discrimination between good and bad traits was observed in medial frontal cortex, substantially before more widespread (P300/N400) effects were seen. These findings suggest that systematic experiments may clarify the self-regulatory functions of the limbic regions of the frontal lobe. These frontolimbic networks are implicated in depression and anxiety by both lesion and neuroimaging evidence. For the next project period, we propose a research program that will integrate the findings on moodcongruent cognitive biases with the findings on frontal lobe mechanisms of selfmonitoring. By coupling advanced measures of brain electrical responses with systematic psychological experiments, we may be able to clarify the normal mechanisms of affective self-regulation that may become exaggerated in mood disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: TREATMENTS
DEPRESSION
AND
ANXIETY--REFINING
EFFICACIOUS
Principal Investigator & Institution: Moras, Karla K. Assistant Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 5-JUL-1997; Project End 0-JUN-2002 Summary: An Independent Scientist Award is sought to enable the applicant to devote major effort to mental health treatment research, specifically to the identification,
28 Anxiety
development, and refinement of efficacious and efficient treatments for the most common presenting problems of adult outpatients (e.g, depression, comorbid anxiety and depression, interpersonal problems). The award also is sought to augment the applicant's expertise in treatment research with training in mental health services research, cost-effectiveness evaluation, and advanced statistical techniques. The specific research aim f the award is to conduct two treatment development projects, each on a patient group that is poorly or incompletely responsive to existing treatments that have been found to be efficacious for patients with similar disorders and symptoms. One group is referred to as having "drug resistant depression" (DRD), the other group has a specific pattern of DSM-IV Anxiety and Mood Disorder comorbidity. The ultimate aim of the DRD work is to develop an effective combined cognitive therapy (CT) + drug treatment for DRD. Three immediate aims are to: (1) Extend CT to the treatment of DRD by integrating three existing forms of CT: CT for depression, CT for personality disorders, and CT for anxiety disorders; (2) develop a treatment manual for conducting CT + drug treatment that will optimize the efficacy of combined treatment for DRD, and (3) obtain outpatient pilot outcome data on the combined CT + drug treatment to determine if it merits further investigation in a controlled clinical trial. The second project extends the applicant's prior developmental research on a psychotherapy that integrates cognitive-behavioral anxiety control techniques (ACT) with Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depression (IPT) for patients with DSM-IV Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and an independent Major Depressive Episode (MDE). Two central aims are to: (1) Evaluate the effects of two alternative strategies for sequencing the components of ACT + IPT on symptoms of anxiety and depression, and (2) obtain pilot data on ACT + IPT to compare with outcomes of diagnostically and symptomatically matched patients who receive CT at the University of Pennsylvania Center for Cognitive Therapy to evaluate the treatment's potential to have enhanced benefit for GAD + MDE, compared to existing standard treatments. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF A DISORDER-INDEPENDANT ANXIETY TREATMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Norton, Peter J. Psychology; University of Nebraska Lincoln 14Th and R Sts Lincoln, Ne 68588 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 7-SEP-2001 Summary: (provided by applicant): This project will involve the development and preliminary empirical evaluation of a highly efficient cognitive-behavioral group treatment to address the core common features of anxiety-related disorders (Anxiety Treatment Protocol or ATP). Nearly one in four Americans experience an anxiety disorder during their lifetime with an annual cost of $42 billion per year in the U.S. Fortunately, effective treatments are available and a substantial proportion of the economic impact of anxiety disorders is avoidable through proper diagnosis and treatment. Although numerous empirically supported psychosocial and pharmacological approaches exist for the treatment of anxiety disorders, many individuals do not receive these treatments. A primary barrier to receiving the best psychosocial treatments is the lack of availability. This project will decrease the time and costs to learn new interventions, and is one strategy that is likely to overcome mental health providers? resistance to the adoption of empirically supported treatments. Recent reconceptualizations of anxiety-related disorders emphasize the shared commonalities among the anxiety disorders, rather than emphasizing the differences between the disorders. This theoretical work and a review of the empirically supported disorder-
Studies 29
specific interventions will guide the development of a broad-spectrum group intervention in which individuals with a variety of anxiety disorders will be treated together. The project has two phases - (1) development of the treatment protocol, and (2) initial open trial with pretreatment/posttreatment assessment followed by protocol revisions. The development of a broad-spectrum intervention has several advantages including: (1) improved dissemination as this intervention will be more cost-effective than learning separate treatment protocols for each anxiety disorder; (2) reduced costs to consumers by using a group modality; (3) matching an intervention strategy to the most recent theoretical work in anxiety; and (4) simplifying treatment for individuals with multiple anxiety disorders (up to 60 percent of cases). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DEVELOPMENTAL PRESCHOOLERS
EPIDEMIOLOGY
OF
ANXIETY
IN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Egger, Helen L. Psychiatry; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 6-JAN-2001; Project End 1-DEC-2005 Summary: The purpose of this Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development Award (K23) is to enable the candidate, a child psychiatrist, to became an independent research investigating the development pathways and causes of anxiety disorders in preschool children. The research goal is to place preschoolers' anxiety symptoms and disorders within the framework of developmental epidemiology by focusing on two questions: 1. What are the age-specific presentations of anxiety disorders in children ages 2 to 5 years old? (Nosology) 2. What are the relative contributions of genes and environment and their interaction in the early development of anxiety disorders? (etiology). This application details a program of training in infant/young child psychiatry, in behavioral and statistical genetics with an introduction to molecular genetics and genomics, and advanced training in pediatric anxiety disorders. The candidate is based in the Center for Developmental Epidemiology, Duke University Medical Center. Sponsors are child psychiatrists Adrian Angold MRCPsych (developmental psychopathology and measure development), Robert Emde MD, and Charles Zeanah MH (infant/young child psychiatry and assessment of young children), and John March MD (anxiety disorders). Lindon Eaves PhD, a leading behavioral geneticist, will provide mentoring in this area. The research plan includes: 1. A detailed review of current instrumentation for assessing preschool anxiety. 2. A pilot study of 60 children aged 36-72 months, using a multi-informant assessment protocol. DSM-IV and DC:0-3 diagnoses and symptoms will be assessed using the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA), a structured parent interview developed by the candidate. 3. Analysis of data on 15,500 2-5 year-old twin pairs to examine the contributions of genes and shared and non-shared environmental factors to young children's anxiety symptoms. 4. Submission of an R01 application for a longitudinal, genetically-informed study of the development of anxiety disorders in preschool children. This work will make important contributions to the development of prevention and treatment interventions for young children and will contribute to our understanding of the etiology of childhood psychopathology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL PATHWAYS OF CHILDHOOD ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Warren, Susan L. Assistant Professor; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; George Washington University 2121 I St Nw Washington, Dc 20052
30 Anxiety
Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-JUL-1998; Project End 0-JUN-2003 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): The long-term aim of this Mentored Clinical Scientist Award is to train the candidate to become an independent investigator, conducting studies in the development of anxiety disorders in children and adolescence. The candidate will obtain didactic training in developmental physiology and neurobiology, statistics, and research design at the University of Minnesota. Mentors include L. Alan Sroufe, Ph.D. (primary mentor), Jerome Kagan, Ph.D. (temperament), Megan Gunnar, Ph.D. (physiology), Charles Nelson, Ph.D. (neurobiology), Gail Bernstien, M.D. (childhood anxiety disorders), M. Katherine Shear, M.D. (adult anxiety disorders) and Robert Cudek, Ph.D. (statistics). The premise of the research is that anxiety disorders develop as the result of genetic influences, infant reactivity or temperament and physiology, in combination with particular interpersonal relationship experiences. A "developmental pathways" research strategy will be used with the examination of intermediate outcome markers or precursors to anxiety disorders (behavioral inhibition and anxious/resistant attachment). Because children of mothers with panic disorder and agoraphobia (PDAG) are more likely to develop anxiety disorders than children of mothers without psychopathology, infants of mothers with PDAG and controls will be studied to increment the likelihood of anxiety disorder precursors. Sixty-five women with PDAG and sixty-five women without any psychopathology will be recruited during their third trimester of pregnancy. Infant reactivity, temperament, physiology and mother-infant relationships will be studied longitudinally from birth to 14 months of age to determine the relative importance and interaction of these factors. Because intervention efforts can most easily be focused on parent-child relationships, this research will also seek to clarify which types of parentchild interactions promote behavioral inhibition and ultimately childhood anxiety disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECTS OF ANXIETY ON INTERHEMISPHERIC PROCESSING Principal Investigator & Institution: Compton, Rebecca J. Psychology; Haverford College Haverford, Pa 19041 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-SEP-2001; Project End 1-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by investigator): Individuals with high levels of anxiety are known to exhibit cognitive processing abnormalities, such as heightened attention to potentially threatening information. Such processing abnormalities contribute to the pernicious thought patterns that can prolong clinical disorders. Yet, despite recent research describing attentional deficits in anxiety, little is currently known about the neural mechanisms contributing to these deficits. The present investigation examines the effects of anxiety on interhemispheric processing, a paradigmatic brain system for investigating selective attention. Prior research has demonstrated that interhemispheric processing, the division of relevant perceptual information between the left and right hemispheres, increases the cognitive capacity available for task performance and can aid in filtering out distracting, irrelevant information. Though many studies have investigated the interhemispheric processing of cognitive and perceptual information, virtually none have investigated the interhemispheric processing of emotional information. The present study is designed to meet three specific objectives: (1) the development of a measure of the interhemispheric transfer of emotional information; (2) examination of the effects of trait anxiety on interhemispheric transfer of emotional information; and (3) examination of the effects of evaluation stress on interhemispheric transfer of emotional information. The hypotheses to be tested are first, that trait-
Studies 31
anxious individuals are deficient overall in their utilization of interhemispheric resources; and second, that failure to suppress task-irrelevant threatening information from being communicated between the hemispheres is a characteristic of both trait anxiety and evaluation stress. Together, the three stages of the project integrate cognitive and neuropsychological approaches to emotion to advance knowledge regarding the effects of anxiety on processing of emotional information in the brain. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECTS OF HYDROTHERAPY ON ANXIETY AND PAIN IN LABOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Benfield, Rebecca D. Parent-Child Nursing; East Carolina University 1000 E 5Th St Greenville, Nc 27858 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-AUG-2003; Project End 1-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The candidate's long-term goals include: 1) testing and refining two theoretical models to explain the psychophysiological effects of anxiety and pain in labor and the effectiveness of hydrotherapy, and 2) gaining consultation and collaboration with other researchers and students using physiological measurement techniques in the laboratory and clinical settings. Immediate goals are to increase knowledge and skill in: (1) physiology, including general, neural/hormonal, and immersion; (2) physiological instrumentation, including radioimmunoassay (RIA), immunoenzymatic assay (EIA), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electromyography (EMG); (3) statistics, both general and repeated measures; and (4) professional growth, including preparation of manuscripts and grants, with the goal of becoming an independent scientist. The effects of intervention with hydrotherapy in labor are poorly understood though use has escalated. The proposed study will focus on the psychophysiological effects of hydrotherapy during labor and the physiological indicators of sympathetic nervous system and adrenocortical inhibition associated with immersion and the relaxation response. Using a repeated measures correlational design, data will be gathered from 15 healthy patients, immersed to the xiphoid in 37 degrees C water for 1 hour. Data will be collected prior to and at 15 and 45 minutes of hydrotherapy. Visual analogue scales (VAS) will measure anxiety and pain; physiological measures will include plasma catecholamines, cortisol, beta endorphin, oxytocin, plasma volume shift, and uterine contractility, and will be analyzed using HPLC, EIA, RIA, hemoglobin (HGB) and hematocrit (HCT), and abdominal EMG respectively. Statistical analyses will include a one-way within-subjects analysis of variance and Pearson r technique. While these physiological measures, excluding plasma volume shift, have not been previously used to study hydrotherapy in labor, it is anticipated that post intervention measures will reflect a decrease in parturient anxiety and pain, as will subjective measures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: EFFECTS OF PARENTAL BEHAVIOR ON CHILD ANXIETY REGULATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Wood, Jeffrey J. Psychology; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 4-SEP-2001 Summary: (provided by applicant): Does parental communication style affect emotion regulation among children who initially exhibit high levels of fear and anxiety? Although recent correlational research has demonstrated a linkage between parental communication behaviors, such as excessive catastrophizing, and children?s
32 Anxiety
manifestations of fear and anxiety, it is not clear if parental communication behaviors directly influence children?s ability to regulate these emotions. Intervention studies can test whether experimentally manipulating current family interaction patterns affects children?s ability to regulate fear and anxiety. The proposed research will provide a preliminary experimental test of the relationship between parental communication behavior and children?s regulation of anxiety. Some 40 clinically anxious youth, aged 713, will be randomly assigned to a family intervention program for childhood anxiety problems, which includes extensive parent communication training, or a child intervention program without parent-training. The relative impact of the family intervention program versus the child intervention program for improving parental communication behaviors -- such as catastrophizing -- will be evaluated. Then, the impact of changes in parental communication behaviors on children?s ability to regulate fear and anxiety will be tested. Observed parenting and child anxiety as well as physiological arousal will serve as primary outcome measures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EMOTIONAL SUPPRESSION AND ANXIETY SENSITIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Feldner, Matthew T. Psychology; University of Vermont & St Agric College 340 Waterman Building Burlington, Vt 05405 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 6-AUG-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): A 2 [group: high Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI), low ASI] X 2 (condition: inhibition, experimental control) mixed model research design will be employed with one, prolonged administration of 10% CO2. Participants will be non-clinical persons selected on the basis of their ASI scores with half scoring one standard deviation above and half below the mean of the standardization sample. Dependent measures will include self-rated anxiety and bodily distress, interpretative biases for threat information, and physiological indices of autonomic arousal. It is expected individuals high in Anxiety Sensitivity (AS) will experience greater negative emotional consequences in the inhibition condition relative to low AS individuals. We also expect response inhibition to increase interpretative biases for threat-related information, particularly within the group high in AS. The proposed study represents the first experimental test of the emotional and cognitive consequences of response inhibition in a panic-relevant paradigm, which holds direct implications for understanding the role of emotion regulation processes in the onset and maintenance of anxious and fearful responding to bodily perturbation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: ESTROGEN EFFECTS ON ANXIETY RELATED NEURAL SYSTEMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Altemus, Margaret; Associate Professor; Psychiatry; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-SEP-2000; Project End 1-JUL-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) This Mentored Clinical Scientist Development Award, a program of research and career development, is proposed to establish a foundation for future independent research in behavioral neuroscience, with a focus on reproductive hormones and emotional regulation. The research component of the proposal is a series of studies investigating the hypothesis that estrogen restrains fear associated behaviors. Clinical data indicates that reproductive hormones fluxes have profound effects on the course of anxiety disorders and depression, but the neurobiological determinants of these clinical observations are not well understood. The
Studies 33
specific aims of the research plan are to: 1) study the effects of estrogen on a battery of behavioral tests of anxiety; 2) examine the effects of estrogen on glucocorticoid and stress induced enhancement of fear behaviors; 3) examine the effects of estrogen on extrahypothalamic CRH and glucocorticoid receptors, a neuroendocrine system known to modulate fear and anxiety and 4) define the anatomic sites of estrogen action on fear behaviors. Fear associated neural circuits involving the amygsala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and medial prefrontal cortex will be studied using local administration of estrogen and estrogen antagonists. The training portion of this proposal consists of basic neuroscience coursework and seminars as well as hands-on instruction in behavioral analysis and functional neuroanatomic techniques. Studies of the effects of estrogen on anxiety related neural systems provides an opportunity for the investigator to expand her area of expertise from clinical neuroendocrinology and clinical psychiatry to behavioral neuroscience where the effects of hormones on brain function can be studied more directly. This field of investigation is likely to improve understanding and treatment of anxiety and affective disorders, both of which are widely prevalent, chronic public health problems. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ETHANOL & ANXIETY: FEARFUL ADAPTATIONS IN THE AMYGDALA Principal Investigator & Institution: Mccool, Brian A. Medical Pharmacology & Toxicology; Texas A&M University Health Science Ctr College Station, Tx 77843 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-JUN-2001; Project End 1-MAY-2004 Summary: APPLICANT'S ABSTRACT: Ethanol's modulation of anxiety is a significant contributing factor to the abuse of this drug. For example, the punishment of withdrawal following chronic ethanol ingestion may help perpetuate abuse by the alcoholic individual. This intimate association between ethanol and anxiety is found in several species; and, the neural circuitry regulating fear and anxiety behaviors is also well conserved. Classic fear-conditional approaches have implicated the amygdala, a limbic forebrain area, as playing a pivotal role in the acquisition and expression of fear/anxiety behaviors. The amygdala is therefore a likely target for anxiety-related neuro-adaptive processes elicited by chronic ethanol abuse. Importantly, preliminary data suggests that chronic ethanol exposure causes facilitation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor function in dissociated amygdala neurons. Because amygdala NMDA receptors play an important role in fear-conditioned learning, we hypothesize that ethanol-induced adaptation in NMDA receptor function may result in an ethanoldependent, 'chemical' conditioning of this brain region. This hypothesis will be tested by two specific aims. Specific Aim #1 will characterize the effects of chronic ethanol exposure on NMDA receptors in dissociated amygdala neurons using whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology combined with single-cell reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction. These studies will provide cellular and molecular insight into the mechanism of chronic ethanol-induced alterations in NMDA receptor physiology. Specific Aim #2 will determine the neurophysiologic consequences of increased NMDAdependent synaptic plasticity within the amygdala to directly address chemical conditioning by chronic ethanol. This proposal provides a unique opportunity to examine the influences of chronic ethanol exposure on the molecular, cellular, and physiologic characteristics within the amygdala's fear/anxiety circuit. The proposed studies will also advance our knowledge of the fundamental neural mechanisms regulating ethanol abuse. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
34 Anxiety
•
Project Title: ETIOLOGIC CONNECTIONS OF AFFECTIVE AND ANXIETY DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mackinnon, Dean F. Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 7-AUG-2002; Project End 1-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Affective disorder are common, severe, recurrent, heterogeneous psycniatric diseases with an elusive pathophysiology. Their clinical and etiological complexity may obscure efforts to uncover mechanisms and tc discover therapeutic agents against those mechanisms. One common clinical feature that heightens complexity is comorbid anxiety. Combined anxiety and affective disorder syndromes exacerbate functional morbidity and suffering of patients, but may also present an opportunity to discover shared etiologic factors The candidate for this career development award is an academic psychiatrist at a teaching hospital with a strong historical commitment to medical research. The candidate has already established a reputation as a clinical specialist in affective disorders and has a research background in the genetics of affective disorder; by the end of the award period he plans to have established firmly a clinical and research direction aimed a comorbid anxiety and affective disorders, with fluency in psychophysiological methods. The award will facilitate this process by providing the time and resources to pursue further training in psychophysiology, neuroscience, and genetics. The starting points for the proposed research are 1) epidemiological findings that bipolar and panic disorders commonly occur together (comorbid risk), 2) symptom provocation studies ir panic disorder that reveal latent panic vulnerability in relatives of panic disorder patients (familial risk), and 3 family study results that show both familial and comorbid risk for panic disorder. The research program proposed here will address further questions about the relationship of panic and bipolar disorders by the use of carbon dioxide inhalation to provoke panic symptoms in study subjects ascertained for genetic linkage study of bipolar disorder. Risk of panic response to carbon dioxide in subjects without prior panic disorder will be analyzed as a function of familial and comorbid risk (as compared to the risk in positive and negative control subjects). If there is a specific genetic risk factor for both bipolar and panic disorder in a subset of families, then familial and comorbid risk will interact to produce higher risk of provoked panic than will either risk factor alone. Results of this work will then be applied to ongoing genetic studies of bipolar disorder, and will inform the candidate's further research into affective and anxiety disorder etiology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: FAMILY BASED PREVENTION FOR CHILDHOOD ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Ginsburg, Golda S. Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 5-MAR-2002; Project End 8-FEB-2007 Summary: The candidate proposes to use a mentored support period of five years for developing an expertise in child prevention intervention research. The grant will support training, course work, mentored relationships, empirical research, and other career development activities. The majority of this training will occur at JHU Schools of Medicine and Public Health. The following objectives will be achieved: 1) develop a theoretical, conceptual, and methodological understanding of child mental health preventive interventions; 2) learn biostatistical skills needed to analyze and interpret data from longitudinal prevention studies, 3) analyze an epidemiological longitudinal
Studies 35
data set, 4) design, implement, and evaluate a family-based prevention intervention for child anxiety, and 5) disseminate findings from above research and develop an intervention grant proposal. The primary research vehicle for achieving these objectives involve two related prevention studies. The specific aim of Study 1 is to examine the concurrent and long term impact of parental anxiety on children's development and functioning using an existing seven year longitudinal data set from an epidemiological sample of youth. The specific aim of Study 2 is to conduct a controlled pilot evaluation of a family-based prevention intervention for reducing current levels of anxiety and preventing the onset of anxiety disorders in the offspring of anxious parents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FAMILY INTERACTION AND SOCIAL ANXIETY IN CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Morris, Tracy L. Associate Professor; Psychology; West Virginia University P. O. Box 6845 Morgantown, Wv 265066845 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 3-AUG-2001; Project End 1-JUL-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Understanding of the clinical manifestations of social anxiety in adult populations has increased dramatically in recent years. However, empirical data on the etiology and course of social anxiety in children is quite limited. Empirical investigation of potential pathways leading to the development of social anxiety will assist in the identification of children at risk for social phobia and may enhance efforts toward the development of early intervention or prevention programs. The primary aim of the study is the identification of differential styles of parent-child interaction associated with social anxiety, generalized anxiety, and depression. Participants will be recruited from siblings of participants in an ongoing longitudinal investigation being conducted by the principal investigator. Ninety-six children (aged 912) and their parents will serve as the sample for the proposed investigation. Participants will complete questionnaire symptom report measures, a diagnostic interview, and will participate in a series of laboratory tasks. The first task is actually an unstructured observation in which family members are left alone in a room for 5 minutes. Behavior will be videotaped and later coded for frequency of anxious verbalizations (e.g., comments about being observed, worry about performance). For the second task, families will discuss three hypothetical social scenarios (e.g., try-outs for the school play coming up next week)). Responses to scenarios will be coded for interpretation (threat v. no threat); proposed action of child (prosocial, avoidant, aggressive) and parents' support of child's proposed action. For the final task, children and their parents will work together to create two origami figures. Interactions will be videotaped for later coding. Coded interaction behaviors include such actions as praise, criticism, physical takeover, etc. Behaviors will be coded in 10-second intervals. Data will be analyzed primarily through a series of multiple regression procedures. Higher rates of anxious verbalizations during the unstructured observation are expected to be associated with higher levels of self-reported social anxiety. With respect to questionnaire data, parental encouragement of isolation is expected to emerge as the primary predictor of social anxiety, but not a significant predictor of general anxiety or depression. For the scenario discussion data, interpretation of threat is expected to be the primary predictor of child social anxiety, moderated by parental support. The origami interaction task data, will be analyzed with respect to whether aversive parenting strategies have any unique association with specific child symptoms or are merely associated with general negative outcome. For all analyses, potential interactions between parent- and child-gender will be explored. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
36 Anxiety
•
Project Title: FEAR AND THE ANXIETY DISORDERS: BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Lang, Peter J. Graduate Research Professor; Clinical & Health Psychology; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-JUL-1982; Project End 0-APR-2003 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract): The plan of experiments emphasizes basic research on emotion as a framework for comparative clinical studies of phobic and anxious patients. The guiding theory of emotion is derived from animal research on functional brain activity in states of appetitive and defensive motivation. Work by Davis, LeDoux, Fanselow and others has defined a subcortical fear circuit, including the sensory thalamus, amygdala, and periaqueductal central gray. The startle reflex, and autonomic reactivity, are augmented in fearful animals, and this effect depends on an intact fear circuit (e.g., lesions of the amygdala eliminate potentiation). Research conducted on this project has demonstrated a parallel startle potentiation and autonomic change in human beings in fear conditioning, fear imagery, and while attending to unpleasant pictures and auditory stimulation. Exaggerated startle reactions also characterized specific anxiety diagnoses, and may vary with generality of psychopathology. The new basic research examines conical and subcortical reactivity (including brain sites of the animal model) in humans, using both scalp and subdural electrophysiological recording and functional magnetic resonance imaging to determine if fearful and aversive stimuli occasion hypothesized regional patterns of brain activity. Standardized picture stimuli (IAPS) and text evoked imagery, shown to reliably produce emotion related ANS and reflex responses, are presented to subjects in the magnet to determine if there are regional blood oxygen level differences between neutral, pleasant, and aversive stimuli, and how these effects are modulated by arousal. A parallel set of experiments will utilize the EEG to examine cortical responses (ERP and slow-wave) to these same stimuli. Subsequent EEG and fMRI studies will examine phobic subjects (volunteers selected from the normal population) while they view pictures of and/or mentally image, phobic and non-phobic objects. The new clinical research effort includes major anxiety patient assessment studies, using mental imagery and picture paradigms, and multi-measure psychophysiological recording. Comparative analyses are made among anxiety disorders. The sample includes simple and social phobia, panic, post-traumatic stress, obsessive- compulsive, and generalized anxiety disorders. It is planned that the new neural imaging techniques will be added to this clinical protocol, as procedures develop in the basic studies. Goals of the project are to sharpen psychophysiological distinctions between fear (as in phobia), a phasic defensive reaction to a specific stimulus, and anxiety (as in GAD), a more persistent tonic defensive set with components of inhibition and depression. and furthermore, to evaluate memorial, cognitive style, and temperament differences among anxiety disorders, to sharpen differential diagnosis and assess the significance of depressive co-morbidity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: FLUVOXAMINE IN CHILDREN & ADOLESCENTS WITH ANXIETY DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Scahill, Lawrence D. Associate Professor; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-JUL-2002; Project End 0-JUN-2007 Summary: The long-term goal of this project is to develop new and better treatments for children and adolescents with autism and related disorders. To this end, we plan to evaluate both pharmacological and psychosocial interventions to reduce target
Studies 37
behavioral problems and/or core symptoms of autism. Another long-term goal is identify biological predictors (e.g., specific genotypes) of treatment outcome. The third long-term goal is to develop better outcome measures in order to improve the precision of assessing treatment effects. The first aim of the current project is to compare low dose fluvoxamine to placebo in children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) accompanied by prominent anxiety symptoms. This drug was recently shown to be effective in the treatment of typically developing children with anxiety, but has not been well studied in children with PDD. Exploratory aims include: to examine the effect of fluvoxamine on social functioning in children and adolescents with PDD and anxiety symptoms; to examine the relationships between fluvoxamine level, extent of transporter blockade and clinical response (therapeutic effects and adverse effects such as behavioral activation); to examine the relationship between serotonin transporter genotypes and treatment response; to examine the distribution of anxiety symptoms in a large sample of children and adolescents with higher functioning forms of PDD and compare to normative data in typically developing children. Sixty subjects with PDD and an anxiety disorder will be recruited (30 per group) over a 4 1/2 year period (approximately 1 per month) and randomly assigned to low dose fluvoxamine or placebo for 8 weeks. Placebo non-responders will be offered open-label treatment after the double-blind phase. The primary outcome measure will be the Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale scored by a blinded clinician. All subjects will be genotyped in order to evaluate the association between the serotonin transporter and clinical response. To address Aim # 5, we will survey 100-200 children between the ages of 10 and 18 years with higher functioning forms of PDD with 2 commonly used childhood anxiety questionnaires. These subjects will be ascertained from other projects in this Center and from ongoing projects here at Yale. Aims #1-4 will be accomplished by a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of parallel groups. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FLUVOXAMINE TREATMENT OF ANXIETY DISORDERS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Riddle, Mark A. Professor and Director; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Although anxiety disorders are relatively common in children & adolescents, there are no controlled studies that have demonstrated efficacy of any treatment, either pharmacologic or psychosocial, for children & adolescents with anxiety disorders. Fluvoxamine is an SSRI that is marketed in the US for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) in adults. Fluvoxamine has been used extensively throughout the world to treat a variety of anxiety & mood disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING IN ANXIETY AND FEAR Principal Investigator & Institution: Nitschke, Jack B. Psychology; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 3-SEP-2002; Project End 1-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) With a background in electrophysiological and neuropsychological measures for the study of anxiety, fear, and depression, the candidate is now actively moving into functional neuroimaging of these affective phenomena. Thus, the training plan focuses on functional neuroanatomy and fMRI
38 Anxiety
methodology. The immediate objective of neurobiologically distinguishing anticipatory and reactivity processes in anxiety put forward in this proposal is in direct service of his long-term goals of using neuroscience research to inform the conceptualization of anxiety, fear, and depression pathology and to contribute to the mitigation of the suffering and social liability associated with such psychopathology. A continuing dilemma in the field is the ambiguous use of constructs such as anxiety and fear. Anxiety is often employed as a unitary construct encompassing a variety of affective phenomena, including worry, fear, phobias, obsessions, and post-traumatic stress. Rather than to defend a particular definition on logical grounds, this proposal attempts to isolate anticipatory and reactivity processes as constituent subcomponents of anxiety that are firmly rooted in experimental operationalization. The 4 proposed fMRT Experiments are designed to interrogate the neural circuitry governing the anticipation of and reactivity to aversive and phobic pictures, including 4 target structures: ventral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), orbital frontal cortex (OFC), medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), and insula. The ventral ACC is hypothesized to be relatively specific to anticipation of negative future outcomes, due to its involvement in response conflict. Based on their respective roles in the regulation, evaluation, and autonomic control of emotion, different areas of the medial PFC, OFC, and insula are hypothesized to be activated during anticipation of and reactivity to aversive/phobic stimuli. Replication of amygdala activation to the pictures is also expected, but the focus here is on the 4 less studied structures of this circuitry. In particular, the proposed research will attempt to fill in two gaps in existing knowledge: 1) the circuitry governing anticipation of aversive pictures and 2) the impact of anxiety disorders on brain structures mediating the anticipation of aversive and phobic stimuli. The research facilities available in this laboratory and the stimulation provided by faculty, scientists, postdoctoral fellows, students, and staff are ideally suited for the proposed studies and the candidate?s development. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENETIC STUDIES OF CHILDREN/ADOLESCENTS WITH ANXIETY DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Labellarte, Michael;; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Anxiety disorders are relatively frequent in the pediatric population and are responsible for significant morbidity. We are currently conducting a clinical trial of fluvoxamine treatment of childhood and adolescent-onset anxiety disorders, specifically separation anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and social phobia. This study is an opportunity to utilize a molecular genetic research design to study the genetics of anxiety in a pediatric population. This proposed study will examine three primary associations: 1) the presence of childhood-onset anxiety disorders and serotonin (5HT) related candidate genes, 2) temperament and 5HT related genes, and 3) response of childhood anxiety to treatment with fluvoxamine and 5HT related genes. Identification of specific genetic factors may lead to advanced prevantative and treatment strategies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: GENETICS OF FEAR AND ANXIETY DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hettema, John M. Assistant Professor of Psychiatry; Psychiatry; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Va 232980568
Studies 39
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 7-AUG-2002; Project End 1-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This K08 Mentored Clinical Scientist Development Award proposes to provide advanced research training in the genetics of fear and anxiety disorders for Dr. John M. Hettema, M.D., Ph.D. Dr. Kenneth S. Kendler, M.D., a world renowned researcher in psychiatric genetics, will serve as Dr. Hettema's primary sponsor. The training will take place at the Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics of Virginia Commonwealth University, which provides a rich, stimulating environment for the conduct of training and research. Dr. Hettema proposes to receive training in epidemiology, statistical and molecular genetics, and experimental methods for measuring anxiety-related traits, including psychophysiology and neuroimaging. Specific research objectives include i) examining the stability, reliability, and heritability of self-report measures in anxiety disorders using a longitudinal design; ii) determine the extent to which the high comorbidity observed between the anxiety disorders is determined by genetic and environmental factors shared between them, including specific individual risk factors such as gender, early enviroment, stressful life events, etc. iii) determine the genetic correlations between neuroticism and the anxiety disorders and the causal relations between them; iv) elucidate the genetic and environmental factors underlying the increased risk for major depression caused by preexisting anxiety disorders and what effects gender has on this relationship; v) understand the genetic structure of fear conditioning in humans and to what extent this is shared with phobias. In addition, Dr. Hettema intends to apply knowledge gained in training to design pilot studies that incorporate experimentally derived anxiety-related measures from a genetically informative sample of twins from the Virginia Twin Registry, combining this data with the existing database of self-report anxiety measures. This research training plan will allow Dr. Hettema to emerge at the end of the proposal period as an independent researcher in the genetics of anxiety disorders, seeking to extend this work further by combining self-report and experimentally derived anxietyrelated measures with linkage and association studies to identify genetic loci and brain mechanisms involved in the anxiety disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GUT TO BRAIN PATHWAYS FOR INFECTION-INDUCED ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Lyte, Mark; Professor; Minneapolis Medical Research Fdn, Inc. 600 Hfa Bldg Minneapolis, Mn 55404 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-APR-1994; Project End 0-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The experiments proposed in this application examine the effects of infectious microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract on affect and behavior, effects posited to be mediated by stimulation of a visceral sensory pathway to the central nervous system (CNS). This proposal is based on the demonstration that a low-dose ("subclinical") infection with the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni induces anxiety-like behavior in orally challenged mice. As such, it differs from the current understanding of the mechanisms that govern the ability of infection to influence behavior since these infection-induced behavioral alterations occur in absence of obvious physical sickness symptoms that usually accompany infectioninduced behavioral alterations. Further, new data demonstrate that such subclinical infection results in the specific activation of regions within the brain associated with anxiety and that interruption of gut-brain pathways inhibits C. jejuni infection-induced brain activation. Thus, our Specific Aims are: 1) To determine the peripheral concomitants involved at the gut level that may be responsible for the ability of subclinical C. jejuni infection to induce anxiety-like behavior in mice. The degree of
40 Anxiety
behavioral alterations induced in response to oral challenge with C. jejuni will be assessed in conjunction with histochemical and immune analysis of infected animals to extend previous work. We will also examine whether a localized immune activation occurs in the absence of a systemic response; 2) To identify the specific visceral sensory pathways leading from the gut to the CNS that are activated following oral bacterial challenge. We will assess the expression of the activation marker c-fos in enteric and vagal sensory neurons as well as sensory neurons in the spinal chord, and determine the impact of selective hepatic and celiac vagotomy; and 3) To determine connectivity and neurochemical identities of neurons driven by C. jejuni infection that form a specific neurocircuitry leading to infection-induced alterations of behavior. Collectively, the above aims will seek to establish that certain behaviors may be modulated, in part, by infectious microorganisms within the gut through the "gut-to-brain" axis involving visceral sensory input. A link between the common occurrence of gastrointestinal infections, especially those which do not produce overt clinical symptoms indicative of infection, with anxiety may therefore identify a previously unidentified circumstance which may play a contributing role in regulating behavior. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HARVARD BROWN ANXIETY RESEARCH PROJECT Principal Investigator & Institution: Keller, Martin B. Associate Professor; Psychiatry and Human Behavior; Brown University Providence, Ri 02912 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-APR-1995; Project End 0-JUN-2003 Summary: We propose to continue the Harvard/Brown Anxiety Research Program (HARP), a unique, naturalistic, prospective, multicenter study of 478 currently active subjects with anxiety disorders, for an additional 4 years of follow-up. This will enable us to create a complete master file with a minimum of 11 years of follow-up data on all active subjects and to incorporate new assessments and data analysis methods in order to address important unanswered questions and develop a comprehensive picture of the longitudinal course and outcome of 3 common anxiety disorders: panic disorder with and without a agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, and social phobia. Our specific aims are to 1) comprehensively map patterns of course for the 3 anxiety disorders; 2) examine predictors/mediating variables, such as stressful life events, depression, substance abuse, and personality disorders, associated with the course of anxiety disorders; describe medication received and investigate the mediating effect of medication on course; 4) assess the relationship between psychosocial functioning and anxiety; symptom severity; and 5) examine the utility of a dimensional approach (i.e., anxiety - and mood-related traits) in characterizing the nature and course of the anxiety disorders and comorbid depressive disorders. Subjects will be evaluated at 6 month intervals with instruments that obtain detailed information on symptom status and severity, diagnostic status, treatment received, psychosocial functioning, and other domains. Since our earlier submission we have added new assessments that measure stressful life events, underlying mood- and anxiety-related traits, and symptom severity independent of diagnosis and functioning; we have also incorporated new data analysis methods in order to answer important questions about the anxiety disorders. To have sufficient statistical power to test our hypotheses, 4 more years of prospective observation are needed. The HARP data set is unique in its large number of subjects, comprehensiveness of assessment, and length of prospective follow-up. This proposal will allow us to more completely investigate the aims and hypotheses of the previously funded grant and to add new, previously unexplored aims and hypotheses generated by findings from HARP and other investigators during the past 4 years. Continuation of
Studies 41
HARP is expected to shed new light on clinically and theoretically important, innovative questions about a group of common and impairing disorders which have not been adequately addressed by previous research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HPA AXIS IN DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Young, Elizabeth Ann. Professor; Psychiatry; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-MAY-2001; Project End 0-APR-2006 Summary: (Applicant's abstract) This is a Research Scientist Award Application. I have received 15 years of salary support through the RSDA program and have become a leader in the area of HPA axis regulation in depression. Future studies proposed in this application will continue to explore hormonal abnormalities in depression and also in related anxiety disorders, panic disorder and PTSD. Current research indicates that depression is accompanied by abnormalities of the HPA axis, while anxiety disorders, particularly Panic Disorder, is accompanied by abnormalities of the central noradrenergic system, as reflected by a blunted growth hormone response to clonidine. Specific research aims in this proposal are I) to determine if abnormalities of central noradrenergic system are present in both pure depression, pure panic disorder and depression plus panic disorder. We will study a group of well characterized pure depressed, pure panic and mixed panic and depressed patients with the clonidine/growth hormone challenge to determine if all depressed patients manifest abnormalities in clonidine stimulated growth hormone release or if only those with comorbid panic symptoms manifest this abnormality. 2) To determine if abnormal activation of HPA axis secretion occurs in Panic Disorder patients. We will examine 24 hr urinary cortisol excretion, collected in 8 hrs segments in pure depressed, pure panic and and mixed panic and depressed patients. 3) To evaluate noradrenergic and HPA axis 'reactivity' to two simple challenges in pure depression, depression plus anxiety, panic disorder patients and normal controls. These challenges include orthostatic challenge and the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). We hypothesize that panic disorder patients and depressed patients with co-morbid anxiety will demonstrate exaggerated catecholamine response to orthostatic challenge i.e increased reactivity. We hypothesize that depressed patients will have altered HPA axis responses to stress response while Panic Disorder patients will have normal HPA axis response to the TSST. 4 ) To determine if the abnormalities in basal HPA axis dysregulation, exaggerated responses to stress and blunted response to clonidine-growth hormone challenge studies occur in the same individuals and if the results of these biological studies support the nosological distinction between Panic Disorder, pure Major Depression and Major Depression with co-morbid Panic Disorder. Finally we will examine whether HPA axis and noradrenergic dysfunction reflect a common factor, degree of impairment, more than a specific mood and anxiety disorder. With regards to PTSD, we will explore whether decreases in urinary free cortisol and increases in urinary catecholamines are present in epidemiological sample of subjects exposed to trauma both with and without PTSD and normal subjects not exposed to trauma who are free of Psychiatric disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: IMPROVING PATIENT OUTCOMES IN ANXIETY DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Stein, Murray B. Professor; Psychiatry; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093
42 Anxiety
Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 7-JUL-2001; Project End 0-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This is a request for an NIMH Midcareer PatientOriented Investigator Award (K24). The purpose of the award is to enable Dr. Stein, an experienced and productive researcher in adult anxiety disorders clinical trials and epidemiology, to 1) enhance his knowledge of health services research theory and methods, and 2) to enhance his experience in developing and testing interventions for children and adolescents. The purpose of acquiring this additional expertise is to enable the candidate and his trainees to move more rapidly and successfully into effectiveness research, and to include children and adolescents in their studies. The research program builds upon an R01 held by the applicant as well as other ongoing studies aimed at improving care for patients with anxiety disorders in medical systems. Anxiety disorders, among the most common of all mental disorders, are associated with tremendous functional disability and reduced health-related quality of life. The working model for the applicant's research is that the primary care setting is the venue where anxiety disorders can and should be most successfully treated. Treatment, however, must be provided in a form that suits the context of the primary care healthcare delivery system. At the present time, this means that interventions must be relatively brief, they must be fairly easy to administer (i.e., extensive training of specialized mental health therapists is rarely feasible), and they must be generalizable to a wide array of patients and practice settings. Because anxiety disorders so often begin early in life, strategies to detect and treat anxiety disorders in pediatric healthcare settings are needed. The applicants work is geared toward the development, implementation, and testing of methods for detecting and treating anxiety and related disorders in medical (adult and pediatric) settings. The primary career goals that will be met by this award are: 1) To provide the applicant with protected time to continue his extensive mentorship of junior investigators in the conduct of outcome studies in anxiety disorders; 2) To provide the applicant with the opportunity to upgrade his research skills in several specific areas requisite to his transition into effectiveness research in adults and youth. These goals will be met through continued and expanded research activities, collaboration and individual consultation with senior scientists (in effectiveness research, and in treatment of behavioral disorders in children and adolescents) both locally and nationally, and graduate level course work in epidemiology, health services, biostatistics, and health economics at the San Diego State University School of Public Health. A K24 Award at this stage of the applicant's career will provide the time and resources needed to achieve these goals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IMPROVING QUALITY OF PRIMARY CARE FOR ANXIETY DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Rollman, Bruce L. Associate Professor of Medicine; Medicine; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-1999; Project End 1-MAY-2003 Summary: Panic and generalized anxiety disorders (PD/GAD) are prevalent in primary care practice; responsible for significant morbidity; inadequately recognized and treated; and associated with excessive health services utilization. Given the availability of efficacious treatments for PD/GAD, this effectiveness study hypothesizes that enabling patients to participate in their care while simultaneously disseminating guideline-based treatments to their primary care physicians (PCP) via electronic medical record (EMR) will produce superior clinical outcomes to those achieved by simply
Studies 43
notifying the physician and patient of the diagnosis alone. Our patient intervention will be based on public-domain and commercially available information/self-management materials modified for local use. PCPs will receive treatment advice based on the American Psychiatric Association's anxiety guideline and other evidence-based treatment algorithms presented to them via EMR. Approximately 20 board-certified PCPs at two study sites will be randomized to either our intervention or control ( usual care ) group. Research assistants using a validated rapid screening and interview procedure will identify 247 patients experiencing PD/GAD upon presentation for primary care over an 18-month period. All study patients and PCPs will receive notification of the anxiety diagnosis from the investigators. Afterwards, according to PCP assignment: (1) patients may receive additional information on anxiety disorders and a structured anxiety self-management program administered over the telephone by a trained facilitator; and (2) PCPs may be exposed to guideline advice presented via EMR at the time of the clinical encounter. A research assistant blinded to the PCPs randomization status will conduct standardized telephone assessments with each study patient at 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 months. The primary outcome criterion, a 50 percent reduction in subjects' levels of anxiety symptomatology at 4 months, will be assessed using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety. Secondary outcome criteria, such as functional status and health services utilization, will be assessed using parallel analyses at 12 months. This study will enhance our understanding of new methods to implement guideline-based care and the magnitude of benefits that can be expected. Study findings can: identify process factors that contribute to appropriate and effective care; stimulate the development of other patient self-management strategies; and distinguish patient subgroups most likely to respond to a collaborative-management approach for treatment of a debilitating chronic mental disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN ANXIETY: NEUROPEPTIDE-Y Principal Investigator & Institution: Primeaux, Stefany D. None; Lsu Pennington Biomedical Research Ctr 6400 Perkins Rd Baton Rouge, La 70808 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 7-AUG-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed experiments will investigate individual differences in anxiety and the role of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in these differences. In addition, the relationship of NPY to anxiety and the anxiolytic and sedative effects of ethanol. In the proposed experiments, individual differences in anxiety levels will be determined by % time spent on the open arms of the elevated plus maze, and differences in NPY mRNA levels and NPY receptor densities will be assessed 'anxious' and 'non-anxious' rats. AIM 2 will investigate the effects of herpes virus mediated overexpression and underexpression of amygdalar NPY on anxiety-related behaviors in the elevated plus maze test. A time course of herpes virus mediated increases and decreases in NPY gene expression and NPY like immunoreactivity will be assessed using in situ hybridization and radioimmunoassays. Overexpression of amygdalar NPY is expected to reduce anxiety in this test. AIM 3 will investigate the effects of herpes virus mediated overexpression and underexpression of NPY on the anxiolytic and sedative effects of ethanol preference. Increased amygdalar NPY gene expression is expected to potentiate the anxiolytic and sedative effects of ethanol. Decreased amygdalar NPY gene expression is expected to attenuate the anxiolytic and sedative effects of ethanol. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
44 Anxiety
•
Project Title: INTERVENTION FOR CHILDREN AT RISK FOR ANXIETY DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hirshfeld-Becker, Dina R.; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-MAR-1998; Project End 8-FEB-2003 Summary: This is an application for a Mentored Clinical Scientist Development Award with a focus on developing expertise in designing and evaluating early interventions for childhood anxiety disorders. The candidate proposes to build upon her experience studying behavioral inhibition as a risk factor for anxiety disorders by learning to apply this knowledge to benefit children at risk. Anxiety disorders represent the most prevalent category of childhood mental disorder. They have been shown to run in families, with children of parents with anxiety disorders at high risk to develop these disorders themselves. Studies by the candidate and her sponsors have identified behavioral inhibition as a temperamental risk factor for the development of childhood anxiety disorders. Children whose behavioral inhibition remains stable throughout early childhood and whose parents have multiple anxiety disorders appear at greatest risk. The ability to identify young children at high risk affords the opportunity for early intervention. Research Plan: The candidate proposes to refine and test an intervention for behaviorally-inhibited 4.0-5.9-year-old children of parents with panic disorder with agoraphobia to facilitate the children's learning strategies for reducing inhibition and managing anxiety. The twelve- week intervention includes parent-skills training and child anxiety management. It will be tested in a randomized controlled trial with proximal (three-month) and long-term (two-year) follow-up assessment for child behavioral inhibition and psychopathology. Environment: The proposed study will be based at the Massachusetts General Hospital and will complement a program of training and supervised research under the mentorship of Joseph Biederman, MD and co-sponsored by Jerrold F. Rosenbaum, MD, with consultation from experts in the areas of behavioral inhibition, childhood anxiety disorders and intervention research. Career development plan: Training will emphasize skills necessary for designing and evaluating interventions for anxious children and assessing psychological and familial vulnerability factors including child temperament, psychopathology, cognitive risk factors and family interactions. Coursework at the Harvard School of Public Health and tutorials in intervention research design, statistical methods, and methodology for longitudinal follow-up will complement supervision by the consultants. In this manner, the candidate will develop a critical fund of knowledge in childhood anxiety disorders, developmental psychopathology, intervention research, and statistical methodology which will lay the foundation for future independent investigation of intervention strategies for high risk children. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: KAVA KAVA IN GENERALIZED ANXIETY: A DOUBLE-BLIND TRIAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Davidson, Jonathan R. Professor; Psychiatry; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-JUL-2000; Project End 8-FEB-2003 Summary: Kava Kava (KAV) is a plant-derived treatment which is widely used in Europe to treat anxiety states. Three double-blind trial in anxiety disorders have shown greater efficacy for KAV than placebo (PBO), and two have reported efficacy equal to benzodiazepines. However, a number of problems exist in respect to the design of these
Studies 45
trials, which restricts their generalizability. Nonetheless, evidence from both basic science and clinical studies support the likelihood of an anxiolytic effect of kava. With public interest in phytotherapy for depression and anxiety now on the rise in the US, we propose to evaluate KAV in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), relative both to PBO and an active drug, venelafaxine-XR, known to be effective in GAD. We will enroll 124 patients into the study to obtain 93 completers (n = 31 KAV, n = 31 PBO, n = 31 VEN). After 8 weeks of treatment, subjects will undergo a one-week taper, followed by an additional week's observation. Doses of up to 280 mg/day standardized active kavalactone extract and 225 mg/day VEN, or matching PBO, will be used. The primary efficacy measure will be the HAM-A. Secondary measures will comprise the Clinical Global Impressions Improvement Scale (CGI-I), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Penn State Worry Inventory (PSWI), Montgomery-Asberg Depression Scale (MADRS), Clinical Global Impressions Severity Scale (CGI-S), Short Form-36 (SF-36), Work and Social Disability Scale (WSDS), Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS), and Work Productivity and Impairment Questionnaire (WPAI). Side-effects, vital signs, and laboratory measures will be monitored. Treatment will be monitored for treatment integrity and an independent rater will be used for key outcome assessments. The potential benefit of this study might be the identification of an effective herbal medical treatment for GAD which is safe and well tolerated. It will also contribute towards providing an answer to what is rapidly becoming a major public health question, namely what can we reasonably expect herbal treatments to offer? Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LATENT APPLICATION
STRUCTURE
OF
ANXIETY--EVALUATION
AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Ruscio, Ayelet M. Psychology; Pennsylvania State University-Univ Park 201 Old Main University Park, Pa 16802 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-APR-2001 Summary: The proposed research program aims to begin to test whether anxiety is categorical or dimensional in nature. In years 1 and 2 of the research program, a series of investigations will empirically evaluate the structural nature of three anxiety disorders: generalized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and social phobia. Each disorder will he examined in large clinical and analogue samples using sophisticated taxometric procedures designed to test latent structures. Follow-up analyses will inspect the overlap between the three disorders to increase understanding of their frequent comorbidity. In years 3 and 4, a therapy outcome investigation will assess the efficacy of a classification scheme (either categorical or dimensional) derived from taxometric analysis of generalized anxiety disorder. The investigation will compare this classification scheme to traditional DSM-IV diagnosis on the relative ability to predict prognosis, treatment response, and functional outcome following a brief clinical intervention for chronic worry. Results of the proposed research are expected to enhance scientific understanding of the nature of anxiety, with important implications for the conceptualization, assessment, investigation, and treatment of the anxiety disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LONG-TERM OUTCOME OF ANXIETY DISORDERS IN YOUTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Saavedra, Lissette M. Psychology; Florida International University Division of Sponsored Research and Training Miami, Fl 33199
46 Anxiety
Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-MAY-2003; Project End 0-APR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Recent epidemiological studies have indicated that phobic and anxiety disorders are some of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with prevalence rates ranging from 8 to 18%. There also now exists considerable evidence from both retrospective and prospective studies that anxiety disorders in children do not dissipate over time but are generally chronic. The childhood anxiety disorders treatment literature now contains a number of wellconceived and well-executed randomized controlled clinical trials that provide strong evidence for the efficacy of exposure-based psychosocial interventions using cognitive and behavioral procedures. To date, only two studies have conducted follow-up evaluations more than one year since post treatment in terms of evaluating presence/absence of the targeted disorder and levels of specific symptoms on questionnaires. Although important initial steps, there are several limitations of these studies that warrant attention. The purpose of the proposed study is to address these limitations in a more ethnically diverse sample of anxious children. Participants will consist of 100 youth and their parents who had participated in one of the two published randomized clinical trials on phobic and anxiety disorders in youth. A comparison group of 20 youth and their parents previously referred for anxiety and phobic disorder but who did not receive treatment will serve as a comparison. Long-term follow-up effects will be examined in terms of presence/absence of targeted anxiety disorder, the development of new disorders at multi-faceted symptom levels using interview schedules and questionnaires. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MAPPING THE NEURAL SUBSTRATE OF ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Luscher, Bernhard; Biology; Pennsylvania State University-Univ Park 201 Old Main University Park, Pa 16802 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-MAY-2001; Project End 0-APR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant) The objective of this proposal is to identify the neural substrates underlying trait anxiety. We have found that heterozygosity of the GABAA receptor y2 subunit gene leads to a subtle impairment of postsynaptic GABAA receptor function and trait anxiety in mice. The selective behavioral and cognitive deficits of y20/~ mice, together with established knowledge on the neural circuitry of conditioned fear and the regional distribution of the GABAA receptor deficit in =y2 0/+ mice, allow predictions as to which brain regions mediate trait anxiety. We hypothesize that GABAA receptor deficits in the cerebral cortex and/or hippocampus of y2 0/ mice lead to trait anxiety and that a GABAA receptor deficit that is confmed to these brain regions will result in trait anxiety-like behavior similar to the phenotype of =y2 0/+ mice. In order to map the brain regions that mediate trait anxiety, we have generated a mouse line that allows spatiotemporally restricted inactivation of the y2 subunit gene by means of the Cre/loxP system. Upon Cre induced inactivation of the y2 subunit gene, GABAA receptor function will be impaired in selective brain regions defined by the Cre expression pattern of tissue-specific Cre-transgenes or by stereotaxically applied Creencoding virus. Subsequently, stereotaxic injection of Cre-recombinant virus will be used to further characterize trait anxiety. These experiments will include determination of the critical stage during development during which GABAergic deficits lead to trait anxiety. In addition, we will determine whether the cognitive deficits associated with trait anxiety reflect alteration of the acquisition or expression of conditioned fear. The neural circuits that are implicated in the anxiolytic action of the benzodiazepines have considerable anatomical overlap with the proposed neural circuits of trait anxiety and
Studies 47
are of therapeutic interest. To test this hypothesis, Cre-induced inactivation of the y2 subunit gene, which is essential for benzodizepine action, will be used to map the brain regions mediating the anxiolytic effect of benzodiazepines. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MARKERS OF RISK FOR ANXIETY DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Craske, Michelle G. Professor; Psychology; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 3-AUG-2002; Project End 1-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goals of this project are to evaluate risk factors for anxiety disorders. This proposal is a cross-sectional high-risk (HR) design, comparing children with anxiety disorders (AD) to non-disordered children who are at high-risk (HR) based on parental anxiety disorders and non-disordered children at low risk (LR) for anxiety disorders based on the absence of parental psychopathology. Markers of risk for anxiety disorders are hypothesized to include evaluated sympathetic state, lowered vagal tone, selectivity of attention, evaluated reactivity to aversive stimuli, and stronger learning and retention of aversive associations. Thus, the three groups of participants (N=80), aged 7-12 years (pre-pubertal) and matched on gender, will be evaluated in terms of resting sympathetic state and vagal tone, attention to negative facial expressions, startle blink and cardiac reactivity to high decibel tones, with potentiation by "lights off", and rates of acquiring aversive conditioned responses to novel geometric figures paired with airpuffs. In addition, replication of startle and selective attention to facial expressions as well as measurement of recovery of aversive associations will be assessed one week later. Conditioning will be measured in terms of autonomic responses as well as eye gaze movement, and selectivity of attention will be measured using eye gaze. Measurement of eye gaze in youths to gauge ongoing conditioning and attentional processes represents a new methodology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: MECHANISM OF INCREASED ANXIETY IN 5-HT1AR KNOCKOUT MICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Gross, Cornelius T. Ctr for Neurobiology Behavior; Columbia University Health Sciences Ogc New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-MAY-2002; Project End 0-APR-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): This award is designed to establish the candidate as a competitive researcher with expertise in both the behavioral as well as molecular analysis of anxiety-like behavior in mice. Following a three year period of postdoctoral research training in the analysis of anxiety-like behavior in mice, the candidate is seeking further training in the construction and molecular analysis of transgenic and knockout mice. Educational Plan: Specifically, the award will facilitate the acquisition of (1) knockout and transgenic technology for the tissue-specific and conditional expression of genes in mice, (2) gene expression profiling, or "genomics," techniques, (3) histochemical methods needed to identify and quantitate molecular and morphological changes in mice, (4) general knowledge in developmental neurobiology and anatomy via coursework, and (5) experience in effective laboratory mentoring and the responsible conduct of research. The first, second, and fifth areas of training will be provided by Dr. Rene Hen, while the third will be overseen by Dr. Bruce McEwen, both well known leaders in their fields. Research Plan: Anxiety disorders affect more than 12
48 Anxiety
percent of the population during their lifetime. Knockout mice lacking the serotonin 1A receptor (5-HT1AR knockout) show increased anxiety-like behavior and represent a valuable genetic model of anxiety disorders. We present preliminary evidence showing that, contrary to the commonly held notion in the field, the 5-HT1AR is not required in the adult for normal anxiety-like behavior, and that, instead, it is likely to play a critical role during development. The first part of the proposed research will use tissue-specific and conditional transgenic animals to define the critical tissue and time period for 5HTIA receptor function. The second part proposes to isolate and characterize critical genes involved in the anxiety-like behavior modulation by this receptor. Part of this approach will rely on an unbiased search for genes downstream of the 5-HT 1AR using gene expression profiling techniques. The identification of critical molecules in this circuit will be important for two reasons. First, they will offer new targets for developing more effective and specific anxiolytic drugs, and second, mutations in these genes may be important factors in the inheritance of vulnerability to anxiety. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MODEL OF SOCIAL ANXIETY AND COLLEGE STUDENT DRINKING Principal Investigator & Institution: Ham, Lindsay S. Psychology; University of Nebraska Lincoln 14Th and R Sts Lincoln, Ne 68588 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 5-FEB-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): This study will involve the development and testing of a model examining the role of social anxiety in drinking levels and alcohol-related problems in referred and non-referred college students. College students may be at risk for developing alcohol use disorders. Young adults aged 18-24 show the highest rates of alcohol use and have the greatest percentage of problem drinkers. Problematic alcohol use in college students is a significant public health concern. Further, previous research has found a relationship between social anxiety disorder and problematic alcohol use. It may be that college students with symptoms of social anxiety may be particularly vulnerable to developing alcohol problems. However, inconsistencies in the alcohol, social anxiety, and alcohol expectancies relationships warrant further study including positive and negative expectancies and valuations of expectancies. The model will include alcohol expectancies and valuations, living environment, peer influence, academic and religious involvement, and gender as these are variables that have been correlated to alcohol use in past research and seem to be interrelated. There is a lack of comprehensive models of college student problematic alcohol use and social anxiety, and thus this research would close a gap in existing alcohol literature. The model will be based on clinical data from college students who participate in a motivational interviewing intervention called Alcohol Skills Training Program and a non-referral group of college students who have not participated in ASTP. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: MOLECULAR GENETIC STUDY OF FEAR AND ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Gilliam, T Conrad. Borne Professor of Genetics and Developm; Columbia Univ New York Morningside 1210 Amsterdam Ave, Mc 2205 New York, Ny 10027 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-JAN-2003; Project End 1-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): In this program project we present a novel strategy for the identification of genes important for psychiatric disorders. The studies are aimed
Studies 49
at normal and pathological expressions of anxiety in humans, and focus specifically on learned and innate fear in mice. Because fear is a universal affect conserved throughout phylogeny, it is possible to model fear in mice - an organism that is suitable for both physiological and genetic analysis. Fear conditioning is a measure of an organism's basic ability to learn about new dangerous or threatening stimuli or environments, and to respond appropriately. The study of fear conditioning offers two very significant advantages for molecular genetic analysis: the behavioral paradigms can be closely mimicked in human subjects, and the neurocircuitry, and associated information processing systems that underlie these behaviors, are relatively well understood, and highly conserved among vertebrates. Since, in their most general sense, anxiety disorders represent a malfunction in the neural mechanisms that detect danger and mobilize adaptive responses to that danger, we propose that a subset of genes that harbor genetic determinants for learned or innate forms of fear will also harbor susceptibility alleles for human anxiety disorders. Thus, we propose a translational study of fear and anxiety that combines direct molecular genetic study of learned and innate forms of fear in mice with genetic analysis of anxiety related behaviors, traits, and disorders in humans. The Program Project consists of five independent Projects and a Training Component. 1. Genetic and Behavioral Models of Fear States in Mice- 1A. Learned Fear (Kandel) 2A. Innate Fear (Hen). 2.Translation from Mouse to Human Fear and Anxiety: Genetic and Genomic Approaches (Gilliam). 3. Clinical Studies of Human Fear and Anxiety (Fyer). 4. Clinical Studies of Human Anxiety Disorders (Weissman). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOTHERS, DISSOCIATIVE STATES, & ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Hall, Howard R.; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Cocaine is one of the most powerful addictive drugs of abuse, uses of which peaked around 1985 especially by women. The use of this drug has been associated with significant symptoms of anxiety. Dissociation is a defense mechanism used to cope with high levels of anxiety. The purpose of this study is to determine if cocaine using mothers show a greater tendency to employ dissociation as a means of coping with anxiety compared to non-cocaine using mothers. It has been suggested that failure to recognize dissociative states among clinical populations may account for poor therapeutic outcomes, particularly for dissociative-based conditions, such as for some eating disorders. If dissociation is observed within a cocaine using population, this finding would suggest the utility of specific therapeutic interventions such as hypnotherapy. Other therapy implications include focusing on teaching the individual to recognize her ability to dissociate. Such interventions might also have a positive impact on the development of their drug exposed infants. The following specific aims will be addressed: 1) To examine the level, extent and nature of anxiety symptoms reported by cocaine using versus non-cocaine using mothers. 2) To assess for tendencies toward dissociation as a coping mechanism for anxiety symptoms in cocaine using versus noncocaine using mothers. The following research hypotheses are being addressed: 1) Cocaine using mothers will demonstrate higher levels of anxiety than non using mothers. 2) Cocaine using mothers will demonstrate higher levels of three dimensions of dissociation than non using mothers as measured by a dissociation scale, a measure of absorption, and an assessment of hypnotizability. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
50 Anxiety
•
Project Title: NEUROBIOLOGY OF ANXIETY IN 5-HT1A RECEPTOR KNOCKOUT MICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Kirby, Lynn G.; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 34Th St and Civic Ctr Blvd Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-JAN-2002; Project End 1-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Dysfunction of the serotonin (5-HT) and gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA) systems have been implicated in anxiety since most clinically useful anxiolytic compounds act by stimulating either 5-HT-1a or benzodiazepine receptors that modulate GABA neurotransmission. The specific brain regions involved and the particular interactions between 5-HT and GABA neurotransmitter systems during anxiety and its therapeutic treatment are not well understood. The long-term goal of this proposal is to understand the cellular and molecular substrates of anxiety as well as the specific neural circuits that may be affected in this disorder in order to identify novel targets for anxiolytic treatment. The objective of this application is to examine the particular fear and anxiety states resulting from alterations in the 5-HT and GABA systems in different brain regions using behavioral, electrophysiological and molecular techniques in an animal model of anxiety: the 5-HT-1a knockout (1AKO) mouse. In AIM 1 I will compare the behavior of 1aKOs and wild-type controls (WTs) to dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) system-dependent vs. median raphe nucleus (MRN) system-dependent models of fear and anxiety. These studies will indicate the particular fear/anxiety states demonstrated by 1aKO mice as well as the particular circuits disrupted by the genetic deletion. I will then use electrophysiological and molecular techniques in AIMS 2 and 3 to test the specific alterations of 5-HT and GABA neurotransmission in different neural circuits in 1aKOs. In AIM 2 I will measure membrane characteristics, 5-HT-1a and GABAA receptor-mediated responses in DRN and MRN of 1aKOs and WTs using brain slice electrophysiological recording techniques. In AIM 3 I will measure 5-HT-1a and GABAA receptor-mediated responses in amygdala or hippocampal slices from 1aKOs and WTs. I will compare the measured electrophysiological response of the cell with its GABAA receptor subunit expression. My hypothesis is that deletion of the 5-HT-1a receptor disrupts 5-HT neurotransmission in specific cell bodies and their projections, altering GABA neurotransmission and ultimately producing the anxious phenotype. The experiments described in this proposal will elucidate neural circuits and altered neurotransmission that may underlie the particular anxiety states expressed by this animal model of anxiety. These experiments will lead to a better understanding of the interactions between the 5-HT and GABA systems during the expression of chronic anxiety and may identify potential targets for novel pharmacological treatments of anxiety disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: NEUROBIOLOGY OF ANXIETY IN MICE LACKING 5HT 1A RECEPTOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Toth, Miklos; Associate Professor; Pharmacology; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 3-SEP-2000; Project End 1-AUG-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) Functional abnormalities in the serotonin (5-HT) receptors have been consistently associated with anxiety. We have shown that inactivation of the 5-HTA receptor (5-HTAR) results in anxiety in mice. Surprisingly, we found that these mutant mice are insensitive to the anxiolytic effect of diazepam, a classical benzodiazepine (BZ). The importance of this finding is that a
Studies 51
significant proportion of patients suffering from generalized anxiety do not respond to BZs. Also, BZs are not particularly effective in other forms of anxiety such as panic attacks and phobias. Since BZs bind and facilitate the function of the BZ sensitive gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABAAR) receptors, abnormalities in these receptors could underlie the BZ-resistant anxiety and the anxiety-like behavior of the 5HTAR mutant mice. Indeed, we found abnormalities in the subunit composition of GABAARs in mutant mice. Our data show that the 5-HT and GABA systems, two important neurotransmitter systems implicated in anxiety disorders, are mechanistically linked. The objective of this application is to elucidate key features of the 5-HTARmediated regulation of GABAAR subunits that have a relevance to the KO phenotype and that could be applied to the understanding of anxiety. We ask the following questions: 1) Is the expression of the GABAAR subunits sensitive to the dosage of the 5HTA receptor? Anxiety in heterozygote KO mice suggests that GABAAR subunit expression is sensitive to 5-HTAR dosage. This would imply a pathogenic role for 5HTAR hypofunction described in panic anxiety. 2) Are the abnormal GABAAR subunit levels in 5-HTAR KO mice caused by a developmental arrest in subunit expression? Dysregulation of GABAAR subunits may occur during development because 5-HTAR represents a developmental signal in brain. 3) Are particular regions within amygdala and hippocampus of 5-HTAR KO mice specifically associated with altered GABAAR subunit expression? 4) Is GABA and glutamate release altered in the amygdala and hippocampus of 5-HTAR KO mice? These changes may occur to compensate GABAAR subunit abnormalities. 5) Can 5-HTA receptor agonists alter the expression of GABAAR subunits? Increasing signaling through the 5-HTAR by agonists may elicit GABAAR subunit changes that are beneficial in anxiety. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEUROBIOLOGY OF REPEATED WITHDRAWAL INDUCED ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Breese, George R. Professor; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 7-DEC-2002; Project End 0-NOV-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The anxiety of withdrawal from chronic ethanol exposure has been implicated in sustaining alcohol abuse. Work in our laboratory during the previous granting period demonstrated that repeated withdrawal from chronic ethanol exposure led to a sensitization of anxiety that accompanied withdrawal. Serotonin.a major neurotransmitter in brain.and the 5-HT2C and 5-HT1A receptor subtypes were implicated in this sensitization process associated with repeated withdrawals. The purpose of the present series of nvestigations is to extend these data to test specific hypotheses that define specific brain regions where the 5-HT2C and 5-HT1A receptors contribute to the sensitization of anxiety and that account for the neurobiological basis of the sensitization of the anxiety. Specific Aim 1 will test the hypothesis that release of serotonin in the amygdala is responsible for the sensitization of anxiety induced by multiple withdrawals from chronic ethanol exposures. This work will include microinjection studies to establish the importance of 5-HT2C receptors at this site in the withdrawal-induced anxiety. Additionally, studies will explore whether the raphe has a role in the release of serotonin during withdrawal from the multiple ethanol exposures that results in a sensitization of anxiety. Specific Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that 5-HT2C and 5-HT1A receptor number or sensitivity will be enhanced in selected brain regions by repeated withdrawals as contributing factors in the sensitization of anxiety following repeated withdrawals. Specific Aim 3 of this proposal
52 Anxiety
will test the hypothesis that specific proteins in the second messenger cascade downstream from the 5-HT2C and 5-HT1A receptors are persistently altered and are critical for sustaining the persistent anxiety induced by repeated withdrawals. Emphasis will be on the G-protein coupled pathways linked to PLC and adenylyl cyclase. Complementing these biochemical measures will be the use of "knock outs" of specific genes associated with proteins in the 5-HT2C and 5-HT1A receptor second messenger cascades to test in vivo the importance of specific messenger proteins in the pathways in sustaining the sensitization of anxiety observed with repeated withdrawals from chronic ethanol. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEW INTERVENTION FOR GERIATRIC ANXIETY IN PRIMARY CARE Principal Investigator & Institution: Wetherell, Julie L. Psychiatry; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-MAR-2003; Project End 9-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by candidate): The overall goal of this five-year training award is to develop Julie Wetherell, Ph.D.'s expertise in the creation and adaptation of effective psychological interventions for older adults in the primary care setting. The career development plan builds on Dr. Wetherell's research training and background in clinical geropsychology. Dr. Wetherell is currently a postdoctoral fellow in Geriatric Psychiatry at UCSD, and she plans to take a faculty position in UCSD's Department of Psychiatry starting October, 2002. She has 13 articles and chapters published or in press, has made 15 presentations at regional and national scientific meetings, and received an individual NRSA grant from NIMH to fund her predoctoral research and training. The goals of the proposed training plan are as follows: 1) to develop Dr. Wetherell's expertise in research methodology, ethics, design, and statistical analysis of treatment outcome studies with older adults; 2) to increase her understanding of anxiety in late life in order to develop optimally effective interventions for these disorders; 3) to establish partnerships with primary care physicians and other health care personnel in order to !earn more about relevant issues in this setting and to develop collaborative projects; 4) to learn strategies for improving recruitment and retention of diverse older participants in clinical research; 5) to become proficient in functional assessment with older adults; 6) to become familiar with techniques for measuring the cost-effectiveness of mental health services; and 7) to build general skills necessary to develop an academic career, including teaching, supervising, and mentoring, presenting and publishing, writing grants, and developing collaborative networks. The plan includes structured coursework and consultation with experts in the fields of geriatric mental health interventions, anxiety disorders, psychological services in primary care, functional assessment, and evaluation of cost-effectiveness. Dr. Wetherell's firsthand research training will involve the development and randomized trial of a new intervention for geriatric anxiety in primary care. The proposed intervention, containing the elements of relaxation training, problem-solving, stimulus control, and life review, will be compared to a treatment as usual condition among a group of 52 primary care patients over the age of 60 with generalized anxiety disorder or clinically significant anxiety symptoms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
Studies 53
•
Project Title: PAROXETINE ALCOHOLISM
FOR
SOCIAL
ANXIETY
DISORDER
AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Randall, Carrie L. Professor; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; Medical University of South Carolina 171 Ashley Ave Charleston, Sc 29425 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-MAR-2002; Project End 8-FEB-2006 Summary: Social anxiety disorder (also known as social phobia) is an Axis I anxiety disorder characterized by intense fear and avoidance of social or performance situations in which one might be scrutinized. Its onset is typically in the early teen years. It is the third most common mental disorder in the United States, exceeded in prevalence only by depression and alcoholism. Approximately 20 percent of the individuals with social anxiety disorder have alcohol problems. Anecdotal and empirical evidence suggests that alcohol is used by some socially anxious individuals to self-medicate anxiety symptoms, a practice that could lead to alcohol abuse and/or dependence. The proposed project further explores the self-medication hypothesis through the use of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Paroxetine (a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) is the drug to be used in the study; it is the only medication with FDAapproval for the treatment of social anxiety disorder. Seventy individuals (n=35/group) who drink alcohol to cope with social anxiety symptoms and who meet DSM-IV criteria for the dual-diagnoses of social anxiety disorder and alcohol use disorders will be enrolled in the trial. All individuals will be seeking treatment for social anxiety disorder. The treatment phase will last 16 weeks. Dosing will start at 20 mg/day (paroxetine or placebo) and will increase gradually to a maximum dose of 60 mg/day. Each week during treatment and at the end of the trial, assessments will be made with standard instruments to determine the effect of paroxetine (versus placebo) on social anxiety severity, alcohol use, and more specifically, the intentional use of alcohol to cope with social anxiety symptoms. The overarching hypothesis is that because paroxetine will improve social anxiety severity, alcohol use and/or alcohol use for coping will also be reduced in the paroxetine-treated group. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PEDIATRIC ANXIETY DISORDERS IN PRIMARY CARE Principal Investigator & Institution: Wren, Frances J. Psychiatry and Behavioral Sci; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-SEP-2001; Project End 1-AUG-2005 Summary: (Applicant's abstract): This proposal for a Mentored Clinical Scientist Career Development Award will prepare the candidate to independently design and conduct intervention studies for pediatric internalizing disorders in the primary care setting. Anxiety Disorders are the most common pediatric internalizing disorders. They are prevalent, impairing, often persistent, may be associated with increased health service use and are eminently treatable. Yet they are amongst the mental health disorders least likely to be recognized in primary care and, when recognized, are typically not optimally treated. Existing studies of community prevalence rates of Anxiety Disorders have not been linked to prognosis, functional impairment and treatment needs, with resultant difficulties in setting intervention thresholds for primary care. Over three and a half years, the proposed research study will recruit and follow for six months 200 school age children with anxiety disorder, identified by screening in a primary care practice. A detailed baseline evaluation will be obtained in order to study predictors of persistent anxiety disorder and of health service use and health care costs. A control
54 Anxiety
group will also be recruited and followed in order to estimate group differences in health care costs between anxious children and non-anxious children: The study is the first to focus specifically on childhood Anxiety Disorders in primary care, the first to study predictors of the six month course of childhood Anxiety Disorders and the first to explore associated health service use and costs. The data generated will yield clinical profiles of children in primary care whose anxiety is likely to be persistent or costly. This is a necessary step towards the long-term goal of designing intervention protocols to improve outcomes for anxious children in primary care and of evaluating costeffectiveness and cost offsets. The candidate is a board certified Child and Adolescent psychiatrist with ten years of post-residency experience, currently Medical Director for Clinical Program Development in Primary Care in the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh. Dr. David Brent will serve as preceptor. The consultant panel includes experienced investigators both in the phenomenology and treatment of pediatric Mood and Anxiety Disorders, and in mental health intervention in adult primary care. Course work and guided readings in epidemiology; biostatistics; research design, methods, and ethics; health services research concepts and procedures; health economics and policy; and relevant applications of information technology will complement the research plan. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PERSONALITY, ANXIETY, AND DEPRESSION IN COMMUNITY ADULTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bienvenu, Oscar J. Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 2-SEP-2003; Project End 1-AUG-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This is a revised K23 application, the purpose of which is to prepare the Candidate for an independent career in the genetic epidemiology of personality and anxiety and depressive disorders. The overall focus of the research project is to determine how personality traits and anxiety and depressive disorders relate. There is currently little empirical data regarding such relationships in the general population, especially with a longitudinal perspective, multiple methods of assessment, and genetic informativeness. The proposed study provides a unique opportunity to investigate these issues, using data from the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment (ECA) Study, The Virginia Twin Study (VTS), and The Virginia Twin-Family Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development (v-rSABD). The specific aims of this proposal are: 1) To determine longitudinal relationships between normal personality traits and anxiety and depressive disorders, using data from the Baltimore ECA, V'I'S, and VTSABD cohorts; 2) To determine longitudinal relationships between personality disorder traits and anxiety and depressive disorders in adults, using data from the Baltimore ECA cohort; 3) To determine associations between personality traits and treatment seeking, using data from the Baltimore ECA cohort; and 4) To determine to what extent associations between neuroticism and extraversion and anxiety and depressive disorders reflect common genetic or environmental determinants, using data from the V'I'S and VTSABD cohorts. The products will include an enhanced understanding of the influence of personality traits on risk for and persistence of anxiety and depressive disorders, new information on the risk of development of personality disorder traits in adulthood as a complication of anxiety and depressive disorders, new knowledge regarding the influence of personality traits on treatment seeking, and a more detailed understanding of etiologic relationships between normal personality traits and anxiety and depressive disorders. The results will have implications for
Studies 55
prevention and other public health efforts. The Principal Investigator's research career development will be enhanced substantially through protected time for mentored analyses of longitudinal and twin data, and for relevant coursework. He will be guided by exceptionally talented mentors, including Drs. Gerald Nestadt, Kenneth Kendler, William Eaton, Kung-Yee Liang, Paul Costa, Murray Stein, Patrick Sullivan, and Lindon Eaves. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PHENOTYPICAL EXPRESSION OF ANXIETY AND SLEEP Principal Investigator & Institution: Sanford, Larry D. Associate Professor; Pathology and Anatomy; Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk, Va 23507 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-1999; Project End 1-MAY-2003 Summary: (adapted from the applicants' abstract) The long-term goal of this project is to further the understanding of how emotional factors influence sleep. Emotional state has a strong influence on sleep quality and amount. This statement can be attested to by almost everyone, and it is factually supported by the observed role of emotional factors in human sleep medicine, particularly sleep disorders related to a psychiatric condition. However, the role of emotion has virtually been ignored in basic sleep research, possibly because of the lack of a clear anatomical focus, or perhaps because of a lack of established models. It is now becoming increasingly apparent that the amygdala, the limbic center of emotion, has a strong modulatory role in the control of sleep. Inbred mouse strains are being examined in order to find models of anxiety and mood disorders. The investigators plan to study sleep in inbred mouse strains with differences in emotional reactivity in order to begin to understand how genetics and the environment interact in producing the effects of emotion on sleep. The investigators' strategy is to : 1) establish protocols for studying how emotion affects sleep in inbred mouse strains, 2) identify the anatomical regions that could account for strain differences in emotional reactivity as it affects sleep, and 3) determine the functional significance of these regions in the control of emotion and sleep. To accomplish these goals, the investigators will examine the effect of fear conditioning on sleep, identify the activated brain areas that affect sleep and examine the function of these regions by selectively preventing their activation in response to fear conditioning. These studies will help elucidate into how stress, emotion and environmental factors influence sleep. This work will advance the understanding of how stress and anxiety affect sleep and may give insight into sleep disorders such as insomnia and into mental disorders in which sleep is affected. The investigators findings may be especially relevant to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is typically characterized by a prominent sleep disturbance in the aftermath of exposure to a psychologically traumatic stressor. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: PSYCHOBIOLOGY OF ANXIETY DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gorman, Jack M. Professor; Psychiatry; Columbia University Health Sciences Ogc New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-SEP-1987; Project End 1-AUG-2002 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): A competing continuation of a Senior Scientist Award (formerly Research Scientist Award) is requested. The main focus is the study of the neurobiology and treatment of anxiety disorders, particularly panic. The candidate has held three successive five-year "K" award grants from NIMH. Four main areas of research are proposed: 1) studies of respiratory physiology in PD; 2) the
56 Anxiety
relationships among respiratory, noradrenergic, and serotonergic function in PD; 3) developmental aspects of anxiety disorder including a preclinical model of anxiety, studies of anxious children, and development of a geriatric anxiety program; and 4) the role of CNS innervation in the cardiovascular response to acute and chronic stress. A hypothetical model is presented that will guide the candidate in studies attempting to elucidated biological aspects of PD and their relationship to cognitive and behavioral aspects. This includes placing respiratory abnormalities in panic in their proper perspective, testing relationships among several brain systems in the pathogenesis of panic, and studying the effects of early life traumatic stress on the biological and behavioral predisposition to anxiety disorder. Work on the "heart-brain" interaction includes studying heart transplant patients as a model of cardiac denervation in order to isolate the precise mechanisms by which the CNS controls cardiovascular function. In this proposed continuation period, particular attention will be placed on training in several neuroimaging techniques. Pilot single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) studies are described and plans for the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging to study carbon dioxide (C02) responsive zones of brain are also planned. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PSYCHOBIOLOGY OF CHILDHOOD ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Ryan, Neal D. Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-JUL-1986; Project End 3-SEP-2002 Summary: This is a competing project renewal focusing on clinical depressive and anxiety disorders in children. These disorders are frequent, chronic, recurrent, and associated with significant morbidity, functional impairment, and mortality. Three interrelated domains which are crucial furthering our understanding of this disorder will be studied: (1) the longitudinal episodic and chronic course of these disorders and their interrelationship within the developing child. (2) the role of early adversity and stressful life events in initiation and maintenance of depressive and anxiety disorders in this population and the potentialameliorative role of social supports. (3) The developing biological organism with specific measurable systems which appear strongly related to these disorders in children including: (a) frontal brain circuitry involved in withdrawalrelated negative affect, (b) the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, (c) sleep, (d) serotonergic systems, and (e) growth hormone control. A new sample of children with clinical anxiety disorders, children with clinical depression disorders and normal control children will be studied in three projects examining course, life events, and psychobiology. Those children along with depressed, "high risk" and normal children ascertained and studied psychobiologically in years 01-10 will be followed longitudinally with measures of life events and course. A separate "high risk"cohort of children followed prospectively since age 1 will be studied with sleep and cortisol measures in the home in order to export our work in the lab to a larger, more diverse population and to better understand the effects of very early development. Finally, a juvenile primate model will be used to elucidate the role of anxiety and stress in GH dysregulation and to identify the underlying neural circuity controlling this well replicated finding in these disorders in humans throughout the life span. This program project may lead to better prediction of risk and course and better prevention, treatment, and prophylaxis strategies for depressive and anxiety disorders in children. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
Studies 57
•
Project Title: RESPIRATORY PSYCHONEUROBIOLOGY OF ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Papp, Laszlo A. Assoc. Prof. of Clinical Psychiatry; Psychiatry; Columbia University Health Sciences Ogc New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 6-MAR-1998; Project End 8-FEB-2003 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): An Independent Scientist Award is requested from NIMH for Dr. Laszlo Papp who completed a SDAC in 1996. During the term of the SDAC the candidate made significant progress in establishing the respiratory psychoneurobiology of anxiety and late-life anxiety disorders as his independent areas of research. His publication record is extensive and includes highly influential original and theoretical papers. He is in charge of two research units, and is the recipient of substantial independent research support including an R01. The proposal for the next five years is a logical continuation and expansion of his work and will critically examine the evidence for respiratory abnormalities being central to panic disorder. First, respiratory challenges will be conducted in the laboratory with sophisticated monitoring and analysis of respiratory parameters in varying cognitive behavioral environments; differences in dynamic and static lung functions between patients and controls will be assessed; and the findings will be correlated with ambulatory in vivo observations of respiration. Second, in order to establish specificity, these experiments will be expanded to include patients with special characteristics with regard to psychiatric and medical diagnoses and gender. Substance specificity will be examined by comparing the effects of different concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) inhalation and by optimizing ratings of response. Third, particular attention will be devoted to the effects of aging on the course of anxiety and on the manifestations of respiratory abnormalities through the life-span. Fourth, treatment studies will be conducted in order to assess the correlation of symptomatic improvement and respiration and to compare the effects of cognitive/behavioral and medication treatments on respiration. A comprehensive plan for professional growth focusing on respiratory physiology and geriatrics is also included. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: RODENT MODELS OF ANXIETY DISORDER TREATMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Barad, Mark G. None; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 9-SEP-2002; Project End 1-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Pavlovian fear conditioning is an important model both of human anxiety disorders and of learning. Extinction, the gradual reversal of fear conditioning, is similarly the explicit model for behavior therapy, one of the most effective treatments in psychiatry. Extinction of fear is also an important paradigm of active inhibitory learning that appears to depend on NMDA receptors in the amygdala. Despite its importance, the molecular and cellular substrates of extinction remain largely unstudied. The goal of this grant is to explore the molecular and physiological bases of the extinction of fear conditioning. I hypothesize that extinction may share many mechanisms with other forms of long-lasting learning and NMDA-receptor dependent synaptic plasticity. However, differences from other forms of learning will be especially informative, since they may suggest mechanisms specific to extinction. My preliminary studies have identified two such differences. First, massed training is more effective in generating extinction than is temporally distributed training. Our data suggest that extinction results from two opposing behavioral processes, a sensitizing effect of reminders, and a weakening effect of longer exposures to the conditional
58 Anxiety
stimulus. We have also found that extinction, but not acquisition or expression, of conditional fear depends on L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (LVGCC). I now propose 1) To optimize protocols in mice to maximally isolate the weakening (extinction) or sensitization of fear conditioning following presentations of unreinforced conditioned stimuli; 2) To dissect these two processes using systemic and intracerebral drug administration; 3) To explore protocols that generate LVGCC-dependent synaptic changes in amygdala; and 4) To use drugs to correlate such LVGCC-LTP with behavioral extinction. In particular, the project will explore the roles of neurotransmitters and second messengers that have already been implicated in the generation extinction, including adrenergic and dopaminergic, cholinergic and GABAergic systems, and MAP kinase. My goal is an academic career in fundamental neuroscience research with potential for rapid translational application to psychiatric treatment. I plan to pursue this goal focusing on the study of extinction of fear conditioning as an important homologous model of psychiatric treatment, and to develop the pharmacological and physiological skills to maximize my ability to perform a molecular and cellular dissection of this phenomenon. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ROLE OF AMYGDALA IN ETHANOL REINFORCEMENT AND ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Roberts, Amanda J. Assistant Professor; Scripps Research Institute 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd San Diego, Ca 92037 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 7-SEP-2001; Project End 1-AUG-2006 Summary: One of the primary goals of this 1NIA is to identify behavioral neuroadaptations that occur in the brain reward circuits associated with the extended amygdala and its connections that result in excessive ethanol consumption. In these proposed experiments, a model of excessive ethanol self-administration will be applied to several mouse lines/strains that have unique genotypes hypothesized to be related to the link between ethanol self-administration and extended amygdala function (anxietylike behaviors and reward function following dependence). Mice will be trained to selfadminister ethanol in an operant paradigm, made dependent using an ethanolcontaining liquid diet and then exposed to operant ethanol self-administration during repeated bouts of withdrawal. It is predicted that the development of an association between ethanol self-administration and the attenuation of affective withdrawal symptoms will result in excessive ethanol consumption. It is hypothesized that withdrawal is associated with increased I anxiety-like behavior and increased responsiveness to stressor exposure and that both contribute to increasing ethanol consumption in dependent animals. In addition, neurochemistry within the extended amygdala (central and medial nuclei of the amygdala and the BNST) will be manipulated in order to more directly characterize the role of this circuitry in excessive ethanol consumption. It is hypothesized that the corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and opioid systems in the amygdala are involved in excessive ethanol selfadministration and anxiety-like behavior in dependent mice. The implication from these findings is that the control of anxiety in alcoholics is extremely important in reducing relapse. The investigation of neuronal systems that mediate anxiety with regard to their contribution to alcohol self- administration may ultimately lead to more effective treatment approaches to the chronically relapsing disease of alcoholism. This INIA makes use of several Genetic Animal Models Core Components, relates well to other INIA UOls, and also will provide input to the Gene Expression, Imaging and the Bioinformatics Cores.
Studies 59
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ROLE OF AMYGDALAR CRF RECEPTORS IN REGULATING ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Sajdyk, Tammy J. Psychiatry; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 5-AUG-2001; Project End 1-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The following application is a request for a Mentored Research Scientist Development Award (K0l). The results of this proposal should lead not only to a broader knowledge of anxiety disorders, but also to the intellectual, analytical and technical skills needed to develop into a independent researcher within my chosen career field. The overall objective of the current proposal is to determine the role of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and CRF-like peptides in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) as they relate to anxiety-like behavior. The specific hypotheses to be tested are (1) Acute stimulation of CRF receptors in the BLA by administration of CRF and Urocortin (Ucn) will produce a normal anxiety-like response in rats, (2) Repeated administration of Ucn into the BLA will induce a pathological state of anxiety-like behavior in rats, (3) Repeated administration of Ucn into the BLA of rats will induce intracellular changes similar to that described in calcium calmodulin kinase II-dependent (CaMKII) long-term potentiation (LTP) resulting in a pathological anxiety response, and (4) Repeated activation of CRF receptors in the BLA of rats will produce a long-term facilitation of the anxiety responses resembling a subtype of pathological anxiety, panic disorder. The behavioral paradigms utilized to measure anxiety for each set of experiments will be the social interaction (SI) test, elevated plus maze, and startle response. Microinjections of both agonists and antagonists of CRF receptors will be given into the BLA. The second hypothesis will be addressed by administering repeated injections of sub-threshold doses of a CRF agonist into the BLA. Both Ucn and CRF are able to 'prime' anxiety. Since Ucn has a higher affinity for CRF receptors, it was chosen as the peptide to conduct all the priming studies. To test the third hypothesis, I will administer the NMDA antagonist, AP5, or the non-NMDA antagonist, CNQX, along with Ucn to assess the development of an LTPlike phenomenon. KN-62 or AIP, CaMKII inhibitors, will be administered into the BLA to determine the role of CaMKII in the development of pathological anxiety. In addition, changes in CaMKII phosphorylation states within the BLA will be determined using western blots. Hypothesis four will be tested by determining whether the long term anxiety response seen in Ucn primed rats can be reversed with known anti-panic agents. Since some of my preliminary work has shown that the sodium lactate sensitivity seen in BMI primed animals is mediated via the subfornical organ (SFO, a circumventricular organ)-BLA connection, and it is known that individuals with panic disorder show a sensitivity to sodium lactate, we will examine this pathway in Ucn primed rats. Thus, a group of Ucn primed and sham primed rats will be administered sodium lactate infusions; then, using immunohistochemical staining for the immediate early gene product cfos, the brain areas involved in this abnormal response will be determined. Thus, the study will provide a greater understanding of the underlying neurobiology of pathological anxiety, in particular panic disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: SEROTONERGIC MECHANISMS IN STRESS AND ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Gingrich, Jay A. Psychiatry; Columbia University Health Sciences Ogc New York, Ny 10032
60 Anxiety
Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-JUL-1999; Project End 0-JUN-2004 Summary: (from applicant's abstract): The 5-HT2A receptor mediates some of the key effects of serotonin in the central nervous system. In this Mentored Clinical Scientist Development Award, a program of research is outlined that will investigate the role of the 5-HT2A receptor in modulating stress and anxiety responses. Alterations in serotonergic transmission via the 5-HT2A receptor have been implicated in human disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, and anxiety. In animal models the 5-HT2A receptor exhibits opposite effects on anxiety and stress at different times during development. In adults, stimulation of the 5-HT2A receptor appears to increase stress hormone release, increase analgesia and temperature, and increase anxiety-driven behaviors, while blockade of the 5-HT2A receptor acts to reduce these responses. In contrast, during critical periods of early postnatal development, activation of the 5HT2A receptor reduces stress and anxiety responses in adults via increased negative feedback of the HPA axis at the level of the hippocampus. As these mechanisms may play an important role in the development and expression of human stress and anxiety disorders, we propose to study this question with a genetic mouse model of 5-HT2A receptor dysfunction. This 5-HT2A receptor knockout mouse strain will be a useful tool to address the role of this receptor in the development, modulation, and integration of stress and anxiety responses. We propose a series of experiments that will examine the phenomenology and mechanisms of the behavioral and physiologic responses of 2A knockout mice during different stress paradigms. The career development of the candidate during this award will be provided by three outstanding mentors: Rene Hen (for transgenic expertise), Myron Hofer (for behavioral and phsyiological expertise), and Jack Gorman (to provide the candidate with clinical perspectives of anxiety and stress disorders). In addition, collaborative relationships with several experts has also been arranged with members of Dr. Hofer's Division and with Eric Kandel and Michael Meaney outside the Division. From the conduct of this research under their supervision, the candidate will expand his capabilities with advanced methods of transgenic technology, acquire new skills in behavioral and physiological analysis, and maintain an ongoing connection to reciprocal hypotheses that influence thinking in basic and clinical aspects of mental processes. The goal of this award is to generate new insights into the role of the 5-HT2A receptor in processes of stress and anxiety as well as provide the candidate with the continuity of support necessary to develop a program of funded research into basic genetic, neural, and behavioral mechanisms that are relevant for psychiatric disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SEROTONIN 1A RECEPTORS DURING DEVELOPMENT AND ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Hen, Rene; Associate Professor; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-JUL-2002; Project End 0-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Mice lacking the serotonin 1A receptor (5-HT1A receptor knockout) display increased anxiety-like behavior in the open field, elevatedplus maze, and novelty-suppressed feeding tests, and serve as a genetic model of anxiety disorders. In order to determine in which brain region this receptor functions to modulate anxiety-like behavior, we have used gene targeting technology to create mice with conditional expression of the 5-HT1A receptor restricted to the forebrain. These forebrain "rescue" mice behave like wild-type mice in the open field, elevated-plus maze, and novelty-suppressed feeding tests, suggesting that receptor in this region is
Studies 61
sufficient to restore anxiety-like behavior. Turning off expression of the 5-HT1A receptor in these mice would be expected to revert their anxiety-like behavior to that found in knockout animals. Instead, 5-HT1A receptor inducible rescue mice, in which 5HT1A receptor expression was completely turned off during adulthood, continue to behave like wild-type mice suggesting that receptor expression to the adult is not required for normal anxiety-like behavior. This result can be explained if the 5HT1A receptor functions during a critical time period in development to establish normal anxiety-like behavior in the adult. This hypothesis is a radical departure from previous notions of the role of the 5-HT1A receptor in fear behavior, and is the starting point for the proposed investigations. First, the 5-HT1A receptor is hypothesized to be required during the first and second postnatal week (PO-P14) to establish normal anxiety-like behaviors in the adult. The 5-HT1A receptor forebrain rescue mice will be used to define more precisely the critical time period for 5-HT1A receptor function. Second, novel transgenic strategies will be applied to define more specifically the critical tissue mediating the expression of anxiety behavior. Either the cortex, hippocampus, or amygdala are hypothesized to be the critical structures because these regions show receptor expression in the 5-HT1A rescue mice and because of their known involvement in anxiety and depression in rodents and humans. Third, changes in anxiety-like behavior in the knockout and transgenic mice will be associated with changes in the expression of specific genes which mediate the function of the 5-HT1A receptor. An unbiased search for such candidate genes will be performed using gene expression profiling techniques. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SEROTONIN AND CRF PATHWAYS IN ANXIETY & HPA REGULATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Shekhar, Anantha; Professor; Psychiatry; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-DEC-2002; Project End 0-NOV-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): In this application, we propose to investigate the specific neural systems underlying the mechanisms that may lead to long-term sensitization of one of the 'anxiety regulating networks'. The overall hypothesis for the current proposal is that the state of 'anxiety' (measured by behavioral an physiological responses) in an animal is dependent upon sensitization of a distributed forebrain neural network (that includes the basolateral and central nuclei of the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and others) and a topographically organized serotonergic system in the caudal dorsal raph_ nucleus. The experiments described below have been designed to test this hypothesis under four Specific Aims: 1) To demonstrate that the critical components of the proposed neuronal network, specifically, the corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) containing neurons of BLA, CeA, BNST, and the serotonergic neurons of the dorsal raph_nucleus (DRN), are activated (as measured by c-fos activation) in a variety of 'anxiety' states. 2) To determine that repeated stimulation of CRF receptors, either CRF type 1 or 2 receptors (CRFR1 and CRFR2, respectively) within the above network results in 'priming' of chronic anxiety/stress states. 3) To characterize, using combined anatomical and electrophysiological techniques, the effects of stimulating the CRF receptors on the 5-HT neurons of the caudal DRN in control versus chronically anxious (such as those after repeated CRF stimulation) rate. 4) To determine the effects of early life events such as neonatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stress on the BLA, CeA, BNST and DRN network functions. All these studies will be utilizing
62 Anxiety
the following methods: a) whole animal behavioral and physiological responses; b) microinjection and immunohistochemical studies to elucidate pathways; c) patch-clamp studies to determine electrophysiological changes at the neuronal level; as well as d) pharmacological and molecular methods to understand regulation of messenger RNA levels that may contribute to long-term changes in cellular function. This proposal is a direct result of a NIMH research network development grant, HPA Regulation: CrossDisciplinary Research Networks (RO3 MH 60825) and has provided us with an opportunity to demonstrate the feasibility of this proposed international collaboration. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SMOKING AND ANXIETY IN POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Beckham, Jean C. Associate Professor; Psychiatry; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-1998; Project End 1-JUL-2003 Summary: The relationship between anxiety and smoking in high-risk subgroups, such as patients with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), has received little empirical attention. Preliminary research indicates that 60% of PTSD combat veterans smoke, and that during a laboratory stressor, PTSD patients report greater smoking withdrawal symptoms in response to trauma- related Stroop cards. These results suggest that trauma-related material may serve as a cue for smoking in PTSD combat veterans. The first purpose of this proposal is to determine whether increased craving for cigarettes after Vietnam words occurs in veterans with PTSD as compared to veterans without PTSD or GAD patients, and whether PTSD patient groups experience greater relief from their symptoms, including PTSD reexperiencing and hyper-arousal symptoms after smoking. A well-established script-driven imagery procedure will be utilized to examine the effect of different scripts (disorder-related, general stress, neutral) across study groups, and the effect of nicotine on symptom reduction. The second purpose of this proposal is to explore the link between anxiety and smoking in the natural environment by comparing study groups. Subjects will monitor their smoking using an ambulatory heart rate monitor and diary. Besides potentially confirming parallel laboratory and real-world data on a relationship between anxiety and smoking, a naturalistic observation study will allow examination of whether the association between smoking and anxiety is due to other circumstances which co-occur with both anxiety and smoking. The ultimate goal of this research is to identify risk factors in subgroups of smokers who are at risk for increased smoking and difficulty in smoking cessation that could lead to important prevention and intervention efforts. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: SOCIAL ADOLESCENCE
ANXIETY
AND
ALCOHOL
INVOLVEMENT
IN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Tomlinson, Kristin L. Psychology; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 0-SEP-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): There is mixed evidence regarding the relationship between social anxiety and alcohol use in adolescence, with some studies showing elevated risk and other studies indicating that social anxiety may protect against alcohol use. The proposed project intends to test whether there is a curvilinear relationship between social anxiety and alcohol use in early adolescence. In this model, moderate
Studies 63
levels of social anxiety are hypothesized to be positively correlated, and high levels negatively correlated with alcohol use. Motivation to affiliate with peers and "social behavior change" alcohol expectancies are hypothesized to moderate the relationship between social anxiety and alcohol use in early adolescence. Data from seventh and eighth grade students will be collected to examine these hypotheses during a period when social anxiety peaks for youth. Quadratic regression analyses will be used to examine the relationship between social anxiety and alcohol use. Hierarchical regression analyses run separately for males and females will be used to determine moderator impact. This research has potential to provide critical information for understanding how social anxiety is involved in the development of alcohol involvement in adolescence, and can help to interpret inconsistencies in the extant literature. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SOCIAL ANXIETY AND THE DIRECTION OF ATTENTIONAL FOCUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kashdan, Todd B. Psychology; State University of New York at Buffalo 402 Crofts Hall Buffalo, Ny 14260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-2001 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed research plan seeks to investigate the effects of social anxiety and attentional focus on positive affect (PA), curiosity, interpersonal closeness, and negative affect (NA) via experimental designs and treatment outcome studies. Socially anxious (SA) individuals tend to be preoccupied with negative thoughts, including expectations of being rejected, potentially interfering with their ability to be attentive and responsive during social interactions. In social interactions, listening and responding are important ingredients that lead to reciprocal self-disclosure and intimacy. Excessive self-focused attention may prevent attention from being allocated outward, toward other people, potentially impairing the quality and enjoyment of social interactions. The primary experimental study will test the hypotheses that: (1) self-focused attention will amplify the relationship between high-SA and low levels of PA, curiosity, poor social performance, and high NA during social interactions, (2) self-focused attention will amplify differences between high and low-SA groups for ratings of affect, self-disclosure, and social skills as measured by confederates and independent raters, (3) immediately following and the day after interactions, highSA individuals will demonstrate greater ruminative post-event cognitive processing and recall biases to negative stimuli relative to low-SA individuals. To test these hypotheses, an interpersonal closeness-generating experimental task, previously validated in a pilot study, will be employed. High and low-SA students will interact with same-sex confederates trained in standardized scripted roles. All participants will take part in both a self and external-focus experimental manipulation. In the self-focus condition, participants will answer questions while a camera is directed at them. In the externalfocus condition, participants will ask questions with the camera focused on the confederate. A secondary study is planned to test the potential moderating role of selffocused attention on symptom reduction and affectivity during the course of a cognitive-behavioral group treatment for depression. Comparisons will be made between individuals with depression vs. comorbid depression and social anxiety disorder. The overarching goal of this research is to identify the potential contributing role of attentional focus to the affect, motivation, and interpersonal behavior of SA individuals. A better understanding of these mechanisms could ultimately lead to the development of treatment modules designed to re-train attention from a self-orientation to a better balance of positively-valenced self and other orientation.
64 Anxiety
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SOCIAL ANXIETY IN NATIVE AMERICAN ADOLESCENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: West, Amy E. None; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 7-SEP-2001 Summary: The primary goal of this study is to complete an analysis of the experience of social anxiety in a sample of rural Native American adolescents. Central to this proposal is the idea that individual and contextual factors interact to determine the risk for psychopathology in development. Individual factors, such as behaviorally inhibited temperament -- an early appearing, and stable tendency towards being shy, fearful, and easily upset in unfamiliar environments -- have been found to relate to the development of social anxiety in. adolescence (Mick & Telch,.1.998;.Hayward,.Killen,.Kraemer & Taylor, 1998). The nature of this association, however, and its contribution within an ecological context that also includes familial, peer, and community factors, has not been established. This project proposes multivariate analyses of the individual personality and familial, social, and cultural/community contexts in their contribution to the development of social anxiety in young adolescents. A community-based sample of rural Native American adolescents will allow for the particularly unique analysis of how culture and ethnic identity may play a role in the risk for social anxiety. Results from this study may allow for the specifications of multiple models of risk in this population, including differentiation between types of social anxiety and their specific characteristics, and nature of the associations among relevant individual and contextual factors in the prediction and experience of adolescent social anxiety. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: SPACIAL AND TEMPORAL ROLE OF THE 5-HT1AR IN ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Dulawa, Stephanie C. Ctr for Neurobiology Behavior; Columbia University Health Sciences Ogc New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 3-MAR-2003; Project End 0-NOV-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal aims to examine the role of 5-HT1A receptor in modulating anxiety. We aim to determine the brain region and developmental time point during which 5-HT1A receptors establish normal or "wildtype" (WT) anxiety levels for the lifetime of the animal. The proposed studies stem from our findings using inducible 5-HTIA rescue (1AR) mice, which conditionally express 5HTIA receptors only in certain postsynaptic sites. Our findings suggest that the expression of postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors is required sometime between postnatal days 5 and 21 for mice to exhibit WT rather than 5-HT1A knockout (1AKO) (increased) anxiety levels in adulthood. We will use a combination of molecular biological and behavioral tools to test our hypotheses. We propose to further behaviorally characterize the existing 1AR mice to more narrowly define the critical time for the 5-HT1A receptor to establish WT anxiety levels. We also propose to generate multiple novel 1AR lines using the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) strategy to dissect more precisely where and when the lasting effect on anxiety levels, established by the 5-HTIA receptor, takes place. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
Studies 65
•
Project Title: STRESS AND 5-HT1B AUTORECEPTORS IN MODELS OF ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Clark, Michael S. Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-JUL-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): Serotonin (5-HT)1B autoreceptors are localized in the axon terminals of serotonergic neurons and provide feedback inhibition of serotonin synthesis and release. However, 5-HT1B receptors are expressed in many neuron types, making pharmacological analysis nearly unable to discern which populations produce a particular behavioral or physiological effect. This has led to confusion about their role in depressive and anxiety symptoms associated with impaired serotonergic neurotransmission. Most 5-HT fibers projecting to regions involved in these functions arise from the dorsal (DRN) or median (MRN) raphe nuclei, but there is considerable uncertainty as to how 5-HT release from these nuclei is controlled in disease states. We have been using viral gene transfer to examine the effects of DRN 5-HT1B overexpression on stress-sensitivity in two anxiety-related behaviors - open field test (OFT) and elevated-plus maze (EPM). In agreement with previous results showing increased DRN 5-HT1B expression in learned helpless rats, we found 5-HT1B overexpression in DRM increases anxiety behaviors. I propose to extend these studies to examine effects of 5-HT1B overexpression in the MRN, where I anticipate increased magnitude of EPM effects due to the involvement of MRN in benzodiazepine actions in this assay. To further establish the role of increased 5-HT1B autoreceptor expression in these effects, I will determine if SB-224289, a 5-HT1B antagonist reverses them. Finally. I will examine the effects of a key modulator of stress, corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), on 5-HT1B expression in the DRN. Since DRN and amygdala are reciprocally connected via 5-HT and CRF, investigating the functional relationship between CRF and 5-HT1B autoreceptors may help explain the interactions that these brain regions have in fear and anxiety behaviors. CRF has complex effects on 5-HT release from DRN projections, perhaps because both CRF receptors (R1 and R2) are expressed in DRN. CRF-R1 appears to inhibit 5-HT release, while CRF-R2 is excitatory. We propose to investigate the effect of subchronic infusion of selective CRF agonists into DRN on 5-HT1B mRNA regulation and anxiety behaviors. Chronic R1 activation should accordingly decrease 5-HT1B expression in DRN while increasing anxiety related behavior, while chronic R2 activation should produce the opposite effects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: STRESSOR CONTROLLABILITY: ANXIETY AND SEROTONIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Maier, Steven F. Professor; Psychology; University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder, Co 80309 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-APR-1993; Project End 1-MAR-2002 Summary: The degree of behavioral control which an organism has over a stressor (ability to alter the onset, termination, duration, intensity, or temporal pattern of the event) is an important determinant of the behavioral and physiological impact of the stressor. Numerous behavioral, neurochemical, hormonal, and immunological changes follow exposure to a stressor if it is uncontrollable, but not if the identical stressor is controllable. Effects such as these which depend on the uncontrollability of a stressor have been called "learned helplessness effects." They have played an important role in psychological theory, in understanding the physiology of stress, in understanding the environmental regulation of endogenous pain modulation mechanisms and immune function, and have been proposed to be involved in the etiology of numerous human
66 Anxiety
disorders. Depression, anxiety disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder are but examples. Despite the seeming importance of stressor controllability and the considerable amount of research that has ben directed at explaining its operation, there is still no adequate general explanation at either the behavioral or physiological level. The present proposal is designed to directly test an integrated behavioral and physiological explanation of learned helplessness effects that has emerged during the previous grant period. This hypothesis includes both a description of the immediate neurochemical effects of uncontrollable stressors as well as a putative set of mechanisms for how the behavioral sequalae of such stressors are produced. At a behavioral level the critical argument is that uncontrollable stressors produce intense "anxiety" that dissipates over a 3-5 day period, and that many of the behavioral consequences of these stressors reflect this state of anxiety. At a physiological level it is argued that this state of anxiety involves a temporarily hyper-responsive serotonergic (5-HT) system originating from the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and that the diverse behavioral outcomes of exposure to uncontrollable stressors are produced by excessive 5-HT released in projections of the DRN. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RESPONSES
TACHYKININ
REGULATION
OF
ANXIETY
AND
STRESS
Principal Investigator & Institution: Heath, Mark J. Anesthesiology; Columbia University Health Sciences Ogc New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-SEP-2002; Project End 1-AUG-2007 Summary: A major goal of surgical and anesthetic care is to control the physical and emotional stresses that occur before, during, and after surgery. The human body uses systems of hormones and neurotransmitters to mediate stress responses; by identifying and characterizing these systems it may be possible safely and effectively to reduce the stress of surgery and improve clinical outcomes. We previously generated a line of mice that are lacking the gene for the neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, a protein that belongs to a family called the tachykinin receptors. Mice that lack the NK1 receptor display greatly decreased anxiety in a series of behavioral tests. We have recently developed evidence suggesting that two brain nuclei, the locus coeruleus and the dorsal raphe nucleus, may be the sites at which NK1 receptors mediate anxiety and stress responses. These nuclei provide projections throughout the brain and release the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin. Additional evidence suggests that another tachykinin receptor, the neurokinin 2 (NK2) receptor, may also regulate anxiety in these nuclei. This proposal aims to test the hypothesis that NK1 and NK2 receptors located in the locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe nucleus regulate anxiety and stress responses by influencing the activities of these nuclei. The neuropeptides that bind to NK1 and NK2 receptors, substance P and neurokinin A, are present in the locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe nucleus, but the locations of the neurons that produce these transmitters are not known. Another goal of this proposal is to define the circuitry that underlies the anxiolytic effects of tachykinins in these nuclei. This research will provide a better understanding of the neural and endocrine systems that contribute to the stress of surgery, which may in turn contribute to the development of therapeutic interventions that improve surgical and anesthetic outcomes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
Studies 67
•
Project Title: THE ANTECEDENTS AND IMPLICATIONS OF INTERGROUP ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Plant, E A. Psychology; Florida State University 118 North Woodward Avenue Tallahassee, Fl 323064166 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-JUN-2002; Project End 1-MAY-2003 Summary: The proposed work examines the factors that influence the course of interracial interactions. Research on intergroup relations has highlighted the importance of intergroup anxiety in determining people's responses toward outgroup members. Drawing upon previous theorizing from both the prejudice and social anxiety literatures, the proposed work offers a model of the antecedents and implications of anxiety in interracial interactions. Specifically, it is argued that intergroup anxiety results from a lack of positive previous experiences with outgroup members, negative expectation about the corse of interracial interactions, and a lack of personal motivation to respond without bias toward outgroup members. Further, this anxiety is posited to result in heightened hostility toward outgroup members and a desire to avoid interacting with outgroup members, particularly among people who are not personally motivated to respond without prejudice. Intergroup anxiety creates stress in people live's and can result in avoidant coping styles both of which have negative implications of people's psychological well-being. Avoidance of outgroup members can lead to feelings of social isolations among those people who are avoided, which has negative psychological and health-related implications. In addition, if anxiety results in hostility toward outgroup members, this hostility could be stressful for outgroup members and threaten their self-esteem. The proposed work tests the casual relationships in the model using a longitudinal survey approach and a laboratory experiment to examine by developing strategies and interventions to reduce anxiety and the concomitant avoidance, and hostility in interracial interactions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: THE CLASSIFICATION OF ANXIETY DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Brown, Timothy A. Research Associate Professor; Psychology; Boston University Charles River Campus 881 Commonwealth Avenue Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-APR-1984; Project End 0-NOV-2006 Summary: Most empirical evaluation of diagnostic systems of emotional disorders (e.g., DSM-IV) has occurred at the categorical/descriptive level (e.g., diagnostic reliability and comorbidity) or has examined categories in isolation of related disorders. These findings provide little information on the validity of our nosology and the validity of conceptual models of the etiology, nature, and course of emotional disorders. Expanding on our recent work, research in the next project phase will test hypotheses pertaining to structural models of anxiety and mood disorders and trait variables implicated in the etiology, comorbidity, expression, and course of these disorders. Over 1,750 patients will be assessed using the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule: Lifetime version and associated instruments of key features of anxiety and mood disorders and measures of core temperament and personality (e.g., negative affect, behavioral inhibition). Dimensional measures of DSM-IV disorder features and personality, collected crosssectionally and longitudinally, will be submitted to structural equation modeling to test competing models of the latent structure of DSM-IV emotional disorders, trait personality constructs, and their interrelationships. These studies will provide the first large- scale comparative evaluations of models of trait vulnerability and the influence of
68 Anxiety
such constructs on the course of emotional disorders. Further analyses will evaluate the generalizability of the DSM-IV structure and its relationships with higher-order personality dimensions across races, sexes, and ages. Longitudinal analyses will examine the covariation of disorder and personality constructs as a function of psychosocial treatment and across two-year follow-up. Collectively, findings will indicate: (a) the shared, and specific dimensions of anxiety and mood disorders; (b) the possible treatment resiliency of higher-order personality dimensions influencing the course of disorders; (c) important reconceptualizations of personality models of emotional disorders; (d) refinements to the diagnostic definitions of emotional disorders and their cross-cultural aspects in DSM-V. This work will enhance and complement biological approaches to these issues by suggesting a more valid and robust set of disorder and personality constructs on which to base investigations such as familial, genetic, and etiologic studies-these data will foster a fuller integration of biological and psychological approaches to the structure and pathogenesis of emotional disorders. Taxometric studies will be conducted on selected DSM-IV disorders and personality constructs to examine whether these phenomena operate on a continuum or as taxa. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DISORDERS
THE
GENETIC
EPIDEMIOLOGY
OF
JUVENILE
ANXIETY
Principal Investigator & Institution: Foley, Debra L. Assistant Professor; Human Genetics; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Va 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-JUL-2000; Project End 0-JUN-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Childhood psychiatric disorders demonstrate a discernable developmental chronology; certain juvenile anxiety disorders typically onset earlier than behavioral disorders, which typically onset earlier than affective disorders. Childhood anxiety disorders therefore represent one of the earliest expressions of psychopathologic risk. The relevance of early onset anxiety disorders for consequent juvenile and adult mental health is, however, poorly understood. Developmental genetic epidemiology provides a framework for identifying the continuities and discontinuities in genetic and environmental risk factor effects on the chronology of comorbidity by exploiting the information contained in the pattern of disorder overlap within and across time, within individuals and between relatives of different ages. We plan to analyze longitudinal data already collected at personal interview with a large population-based sample of juvenile twins and their parents to develop a detailed understanding of the developmental genetic epidemiology of the more common juvenile anxiety disorders (separation anxiety, overanxious disorder, phobias). Analyses of multi-wave data collected from an epidemiologic sample of twinfamilies will permit identification of (1) the genetic, familial environmental and individual-specific environmental influences on transient versus persistent disorder, (2) the continuity or discontinuity of these risk factors with those for contemporaneous and consequent risk for other anxiety, behavioral and affective disorders, and (3) the maternal and paternal psychiatric disorders associated with the familial transmission of risk. Identification of the genetic and environmental risk factors that underlie developmental trajectories and endpoints of early juvenile psychopathology will guide intervention and prevention efforts designed to minimize the progression and chronicity of mental disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
Studies 69
•
Project Title: TREATING ANXIETY IN PUBLIC SECTOR MEDICAL SETTINGS Principal Investigator & Institution: Roy-Byrne, Peter P. Professor; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-DEC-2002; Project End 0-NOV-2007 Summary: (provided by candidate): This is a mid-career investigator award in patientoriented research that is designed to strengthen my research and further the development and growth of young investigators in the application of evidence based treatments, especially for anxiety disorders, in public sector medical settings. Poor and medically disadvantaged populations are clearly underrepresented in research studies, especially in treatment studies. We clearly need more clinical investigators to work in these settings and with these populations. There also is a need for public sector research infrastructures that will support state-of-the-art research. Finally, given the deficiencies in quality of care for anxiety disorders in most medical settings, but especially the public sector, we need to know how to best tailor and deliver evidence-based treatments. My three goals for this Mid-Career Investigator Award in Patient-Oriented Research (K24) are therefore (1) to crystallize a new career research focus in translational research that would increase the relevance, speed the development, and facilitate the utilization of research-focused treatments and services interventions for anxiety disorders in the public sector medical setting; (2) to create a practice infrastructure that supports state-ofthe-art research on the application of evidence based treatments in public sector medical settings; (3) to mentor junior investigators interested in research on the application of evidence-based treatments in the public sector. My broad background in clinical research will allow me to relate to the developing clinician-scientist across multiple levels of research interest and to steer them toward the field of services research. As my skills in this latter area evolve over the course of this award, I hope to be able to mentor them even more effectively in this specific area as well. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: TREATMENT EFFECTIVENESS FOR ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Lang, Ariel J. Psychiatry; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-FEB-2002; Project End 1-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development Award will support the career development of the candidate in the area of mental health service research under the primary mentorship of Dr. Robert Kaplan at the University of California San Diego. This area is new to the candidate, and this award will provide training and mentorship necessary for her to develop into an independent mental health services researcher. The training plan includes (1) coursework in epidemiological methods, issues in health services, advanced statistical techniques and responsible conduct of research, (2) weekly seminars in services research, (3) regular consultation and directed readings with experienced researchers in this area, and (4) supervised experience in carrying out services research. The proposed research is intended to both build on the candidate's past experience and integrate new knowledge. The research will be to study the effectiveness of mental health intervention in the primary care setting in two phases. In the first phase, the outcomes of a brief cognitivebehavioral intervention for co-occurring symptoms of anxiety and depression will be compared to outcomes from the care that is normally received in primary care. Measured outcomes will include psychiatric symptoms, health and functional status, quality of life, patient satisfaction, and cost. The second phase of research will involve
70 Anxiety
pilot studies and preparation of a research project grant (RO1) application to test the generalizability of this intervention to community settings with administration by nonexpert clinicians. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TREATMENT OF CHILD ANXIETY IN NONPSYCHIATRIC SETTINGS Principal Investigator & Institution: Masia, Carrie L. Psychiatry; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-MAY-2002; Project End 0-APR-2007 Summary: Description (provided by applicant): Anxiety disorders in youth are highly prevalent and associated with long-term negative consequences (e.g., depression, substance use). Yet, these disorders often go unidentified and untreated. The purpose of this application is to address this problem by developing skills to implement and evaluate early detection and intervention programs for child anxiety disorders in nonpsychiatric settings, including schools and pediatric medical settings. To accomplish these goals, a career development plan has been designed to: (1) obtain training in efficacy and effectiveness research methods, (2) adapt empirically-supported assessments and treatments for school and medical settings, (3) learn about the barriers to screening and intervention for anxiety disorders in these environments, and (4) receive training in statistical methods applied to naturalistic assessment, longitudinal data, and evaluation of clinical trials. Training will be provided via formal coursework, supervision and consultation with a panel of experts, and a research plan that complements the career development activities outlined in this application. The proposed research project will evaluate the relative efficacy of a manualized schoolbased cognitive-behavioral intervention to an attention control condition for adolescents with social anxiety disorder in a 2 (intervention condition) by 3 (pre-intervention, postintervention, follow-up) mixed model factorial design with random assignment to condition and repeated measures on the second factor. It is expected that school-based cognitive-behavioral intervention will lead to significantly greater reduction of social phobia symptoms and greater improvement in general functioning than a non-specific intervention, and that these relative advantages will persist over time. Findings from this study will be used to inform the Candidate's application for an RO1 to conduct a full-scale study, and to guide the development of intervention programs in pediatric clinics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: TREATMENT CHILDHOOD
OF
SEPARATION
ANXIETY
DISORDER
IN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Pincus, Donna B. Psychologist; Psychology; Boston University Charles River Campus 881 Commonwealth Avenue Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 7-AUG-2002; Project End 1-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application is a request for a Mentored PatientOriented Research Career Development Award (K23) from the NIMH to foster the academic career development of the applicant, Donna B. Pincus, Ph.D. The applicant will work closely with her primary mentor, Dr. David Barlow, and co-mentors, Dr. Sheila Eyberg, Dr. Thomas Ollendick, Dr. Anne Marie Albano, and Dr. Simon Budman, to develop expertise in conducting clinical research to establish innovative and efficacious interventions for young children with anxiety disorders. In a career
Studies 71
development plan spanning five years, the applicant has delineated specific short-term and long-term goals to prepare her for a patient-oriented research career. Short term goals include obtaining additional didactic training and mentoring in several "core" areas that have been chosen to deepen her existing skills as well as expand her skills into new areas. The applicant's long term goals are to develop a programmatic line of research that is focused on developing efficacious, innovative treatments for childhood anxiety disorders, and to launch a highly productive research career as a clinical scientist. A formal research plan is proposed to investigate the most prevalent, yet most under-researched anxiety disorder in childhood: Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD). Despite growing evidence that SAD is prevalent in young children and linked to later psychopathology, there have been few treatment studies investigating the efficacy of interventions for SAD; those that do exist typically have not included young children. Recent experimental evidence highlights the potential clinical utility of incorporating parents more centrally in the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders. The primary goal of the proposed research plan is to apply an existing, empirically supported parent training intervention (Parent-Child Interaction Therapy; PCIT) to the treatment of children ages 4-8 with SAD. Although originally designed as a treatment of oppositional children, PCIT incorporates each of the skills anxiety researchers have indicated as essential training components for reducing child anxiety, and thus, is expected to be effective in reducing children's separation fearful behaviors and in promoting improved parent-child interactions. The specific goals of this project are: (1) to evaluate the efficacy of PCIT for reducing separation anxious behaviors in young children (2) to assess long term maintenance of change at 3, 6, and 12 months following treatment (3) to investigate potential mechanisms of improvement. This research project will be the first controlled clinical trial that has been conducted with very young children with separation anxiety, and thus, will begin to fill in a significant gap in our knowledge of this at-risk population. This project will provide the applicant with a solid foundation of skills for the continued development of innovative, empirically validated interventions for children with anxiety disorders and their families. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TREATMENT OUTCOMES FOR CHILDREN WITH ANXIETY DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Rynn, Moira A. Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 2-AUG-2000; Project End 1-JUL-2005 Summary: This application proposes Moira A. Rynn, M.D. for a Mentored PatientOriented Research Career Development Award at the University of Pennsylvania. The aims of this program include: 1) to support my development into an independent research scientist; 2) to support and enhance my development as an investigator in anxiety disorders in children and adolescents; 3) to develop my ability to use my clinical experience to design and execute a protocol that will answer a proposed research question; and 4) to provide the groundwork for the preparation of an RO1 grant application based on the research performed during the award period. These aims will be accomplished through a structured four-part plan: 1) to complete a Master's of Science of Clinical Epidemiology, a program of formal academic courses and tutorials to enhance my research skills, under the supervision of Dr. Brian Strom; 2) to obtain research training and mentoring by a senior scientist who will serve as my sponsor (Karl Rickels, M.D.) as well as by a co-sponsor (Edna Foa, Ph.D) and collaborators (Elizabeth Weller, M.D., Irwin Lucki, Ph.D., John March, M.D., M.P.H., Brian Strom, M.D., M.P.H.,
72 Anxiety
and Philip C. Kendall, Ph.D., ABPP); 3) to participate in several ongoing psychopharmacological trials for anxiety and depression in both children and adults in the Mood and Anxiety Disorders Section; and 4) to design and execute an original clinical research treatment protocol. Children aged 8 to 12 years and 11 months who meet the diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, or anxiety disorder nos will enter a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of 50 mg sertraline per day (Pt N = 60). I also will evaluate the moderating effect the presence of parental psychopathology has on the child's level of impairment, onset of disorder and response to medication treatment. Families will be followed for one year to collect for further research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TWIN COMORBIDITY
STUDY
OF
SEPARATION
ANXIETY
DISORDER
Principal Investigator & Institution: Cronk, Nikole J. Psychological Sciences; University of Missouri Columbia 310 Jesse Hall Columbia, Mo 65211 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-JUN-2003; Project End 1-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Comorbidity among anxiety and depressive disorders has been well documented, yet the etiological pathways contributing to this comorbidity are not clearly understood. Most of the research regarding the genetic and environmental sources of comorbidity among these disorders has been conducted using adult samples and suggests that genetic and nonshared environmental sources of covariation are important. Relatively little is known about the behavioral genetic aspects of comorbidity among anxiety and depressive disorders in children and adolescents. In an effort to extend the current knowledge regarding the comorbidity of internalizing disorders to younger populations, the proposed research will employ data from a large population-based sample of female twins to explore the comorbidity among Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD), Depression (DEP) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and parse the sources of comorbidity into latent genetic and environmental factors using multivariate genetic analyses. In addition, the proposed research seeks to further clarify the nature of comorbidity of SAD with DEP and GAD by including measured personality (introversion and neuroticism) and environmental characteristics (socioeconomic disadvantage and paternal absence) in multivariate genetic analyses. Advances have been made in the study of comorbidity as well as personality and environmental characteristics as risk factors for internalizing disorders among youth; yet, these areas of study remain largely independent of one another. The proposed project seeks to integrate these areas of investigation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: USING AL TO ENHANCE VR ANXIETY DISORDER TREATMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Santos, Eugene;; Argus Vr International 270 Farmington Ave, Ste 202 Farmington, Ct 06032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 7-SEP-2002; Project End 6-MAR-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant) This project will develop an artificial intelligence to provide the core functionality for virtual reality and computer based treatments for anxiety disorders. The use of artificial intelligence offers a number of advantages over existing treatments: (1) artificial intelligence provides personalized treatment - using multiple real time physiologic and subjective anxiety feedback loops, it adjusts exposure stimuli "on the fly" to maximize outcome, (2) as an autonomous system, it has the
Studies 73
potential to be used safely in a wide range of applications from therapist guided interventions to minimal therapist contact interventions to self guided treatment, (3) it is adaptive and flexible, continuously learning what works and doesn't work, applying those changes in real time, and storing them for later use, (4) it can monitor levels of presence and adjust patient/exposure variables to ensure the depth of presence necessary to benefit from virtual reality treatments, and (5) it has the potential to increase retention in treatment by monitoring factors that predict drop out and adjusting exposure to minimize their effect. During Phase I eighty phobic and nonphobic participants will be used to build, assess, and validate the artificial intelligence. This is the first application of artificial intelligence to virtual reality treatments for anxiety disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: VASOPRESSIN RECEPTORS, SOCIAL BEHAVIORS, & ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Bielsky, Isadora F. Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 6-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Vasopressin (AVP) is a peptide produced in the brain and released both centrally and peripherally. The central actions of AVP include effects on both social and non-social behaviors. Two main subtypes of AVP receptors exist in the brain, namely V1alpha and V1beta. It is unclear via which receptor subtype AVP acts to affect these behaviors. Understanding the mechanisms behind AVP's effects on anxiety and social recognition is particularly important given the relationship between these behaviors and human disorders such as anxiety disorder and autism. The aims of this proposal are to use mice with a null mutation in the V1alpha receptor (V1aRKO) to better understand how AVP affects anxiety and social behavior. In the first aim, the V1aRKO mice will be behaviorally and neurochemically phenotyped to assess the effects of a null mutation in the V1aR. In the second aim, differences in c-fos-IR between the V1aRKOs and WT animals will be used to determine neuroanatomical regions involved in anxiety and social behavior. In the third aim, a V1aR viral vector will be used to re-express the V1aR in specific neuroanatomical regions, in an attempt to alter the anxiety and social behavior of the KO mice. These experiments will further our understanding of the mechanisms involved in AVP mediated anxiety and social behavior. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: VENTILATORY PHYSIOLOGY IN CHILDREN AT RISK FOR ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Klein, Rachel G. Professor; Psychiatry; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 8-SEP-1999; Project End 1-MAY-2003 Summary: The proposed investigation addresses the biology of risk for anxiety disorders. It derives from important parallel scientific concerns regarding the association between adult and child anxiety disorders, coupled with concerns regarding the mechanisms which underlie this association. The study specifically evolves from findings that link childhood separation anxiety disorder (SAD) and adult panic disorder (PD). These findings include: family studies noting elevated rates of SAD in offspring of adults with PD; longitudinal studies linking childhood SAD to adult PD; and biological studies finding CO2-hypersensitivity in children with SAD. CO2-hypersensitivity is also
74 Anxiety
found in both adults with PD and non-ill adult relatives of patients with PD. Taken together, these findings point to the existence of a latent vulnerability to PD reflected in the respiratory system. We propose to examine respiratory function in children at high risk for panic disorder. Major hypotheses are that at risk children, compared to controls, exhibit more variable respiration and hypersensitivity to CO2 exposure as manifested by greater symptomatic and physiologic responses to the inhalation of 5 percent of CO2. We hypothesize that such abnormalities will occur among offspring even in the absence of an anxiety disorder. Aims are addressed through the study of ventilatory measures in offspring, ages nine-to-17, of adults with PD, as compared to offspring of adults with a) social phobia but not panic disorder, b) major depression but neither panic disorder nor social phobia, and c) no mental disorder. A total of nearly 350 children and their parents have been systematically assessed in an ongoing diagnostic study of children at highrisk for anxiety. In the proposed work, diagnosis will be updated with separate interviewers for each family member. Children will undergo a CO2 inhalation procedure in their home with a validated apparatus. Outcome measures consist of: i) pre-experimental respiratory variability, as well as ii) the symptomatic, and iii) physiological response to CO2. A series of studies conducted by the investigative team finds that these factors distinguish adults with PD and children with SAD from relevant contrast groups. Respiratory variables will be rated blind to parental and child diagnosis. The inclusion of offspring from pathological comparison groups, together with offspring of normals, provides a rigorous test of hypothesized diagnostic specificity in the relationship between respiratory factors and anxiety in both children and adults. The proposed study follows naturally from the investigative team's prior work and capitalizes on the availability of a well-characterized sample. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: VIDEO FEEDBACK/COGNITIVE PREPARATION FOR SPEECH ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Rodebaugh, Thomas L. Psychology; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 5-SEP-2001 Summary: Models of social phobia suggest that unrealistically negative self- perceptions of performance are a significant factor in the maintenance of chronic social anxiety. Recent evidence has suggested that videotape feedback of speeches can create positive change in the self-perception of anxious public speakers. Furthermore, video feedback has appeared most effective when (1) participants show particularly distorted negative self-perceptions and (2) the intervention is preceded by a cognitive preparation, during which participants are encouraged to form a vivid image of what they expect to see on the videotape. The proposed research is designed to more stringently evaluate the above conclusions, with additional tests of participant personality variables that, given current theories of social anxiety, should interfere with the effects of video feedback. A test of whether the effects of these personality variables are moderated by the use of cognitive preparation will also be included. Finally, the role of self-efficacy, a construct that has been shown to be related to change in phobic behavior, will be evaluated in regard to the video feedback paradigm. In order to address the above questions, approximately 120 speech-anxious undergraduate students will receive two sessions of video feedback either (a) with cognitive preparation or (b) with a placebo preparation. Analyses will include ANOVA, regression analyses, and a form of structural equation modeling. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
Studies 75
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “anxiety” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for anxiety in the PubMed Central database: •
Altered anxiety and weight gain in corticotropin-releasing hormone-binding proteindeficient mice. by Karolyi IJ, Burrows HL, Ramesh TM, Nakajima M, Lesh JS, Seong E, Camper SA, Seasholtz AF. 1999 Sep 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=18079
•
Association between maternal anxiety in pregnancy and increased uterine artery resistance index: cohort based study. by Teixeira JM, Fisk NM, Glover V. 1999 Jan 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27690
•
Boundary anxiety. by Shanner L. 2002 Nov 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=134143
•
Bullying in schools: self reported anxiety, depression, and self esteem in secondary school children. by Salmon G, James A, Smith DM. 1998 Oct 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28678
•
Changes in physicians' computer anxiety and attitudes related to clinical information system use.. by Brown SH, Coney RD. 1994 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=116220
•
Cholecystokinin receptor subtypes: role in the modulation of anxiety-related and reward-related behaviours in animal models. by Rotzinger S, Vaccarino FJ. 2003 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=161741
•
Cross sectional study of symptom attribution and recognition of depression and anxiety in primary care. by Kessler D, Lloyd K, Lewis G, Gray DP. 1999 Feb 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27737
•
Decreased anxiety-like behavior, reduced stress hormones, and neurosteroid supersensitivity in mice lacking protein kinase C[epsilon]. by Hodge CW, Raber J, McMahon T, Walter H, Sanchez-Perez AM, Olive MF, Mehmert K, Morrow AL, Messing RO. 2002 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151152
•
Detection of depression and anxiety in primary care: follow up study. by Kessler D, Bennewith O, Lewis G, Sharp D. 2002 Nov 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=131021
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html. With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 3 4
76 Anxiety
•
Elevated anxiety and antidepressant-like responses in serotonin 5-HT1A receptor mutant mice. by Heisler LK, Chu HM, Brennan TJ, Danao JA, Bajwa P, Parsons LH, Tecott LH. 1998 Dec 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24573
•
Emotion-induced changes in human medial prefrontal cortex: II. During anticipatory anxiety. by Simpson JR Jr, Drevets WC, Snyder AZ, Gusnard DA, Raichle ME. 2001 Jan 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=14649
•
Evidence for an Involvement of the Brain Cholecystokinin B Receptor in Anxiety. by Singh L, Lewis AS, Field MJ, Hughes J, Woodruff GN. 1991 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=50970
•
Genetic and pharmacological disruption of neurokinin 1 receptor function decreases anxiety-related behaviors and increases serotonergic function. by Santarelli L, Gobbi G, Debs PC, Sibille EL, Blier P, Hen R, Heath MJ. 2001 Feb 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=29356
•
Hepatitis associated with Kava, a herbal remedy for anxiety. by Escher M, Desmeules J, Giostra E, Mentha G. 2001 Jan 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26591
•
Hyperalgesia, anxiety, and decreased hypoxic neuroprotection in mice lacking the adenosine A1 receptor. by Johansson B, Halldner L, Dunwiddie TV, Masino SA, Poelchen W, Gimenez-Llort L, Escorihuela RM, Fernandez-Teruel A, Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z, Xu XJ, Hardemark A, Betsholtz C, Herlenius E, Fredholm BB. 2001 Jul 31; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=55434
•
Increased anxiety and altered responses to anxiolytics in mice deficient in the 65-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase. by Kash SF, Tecott LH, Hodge C, Baekkeskov S. 1999 Feb 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=15565
•
Increased anxiety and synaptic plasticity in estrogen receptor [beta]-deficient mice. by Krezel W, Dupont S, Krust A, Chambon P, Chapman PF. 2001 Oct 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59805
•
Increased anxiety of mice lacking the serotonin1A receptor. by Parks CL, Robinson PS, Sibille E, Shenk T, Toth M. 1998 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27964
•
Influence of symptoms of anxiety on treatment of depression in later life in primary care: questionnaire survey. by Kirby M, Denihan A, Bruce I, Radic A, Coakley D, Lawlor BA. 1999 Feb 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27763
•
Neuroactive steroids and anxiety disorders. by Melledo JM, Baker GB. 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=161645
•
Orphan anxiety. by Walker JR, Koob GF. 1997 Dec 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33793
Studies 77
•
Pentagastrin-induced release of free fatty acids in healthy volunteers and patients with panic disorder: effect of pretreatment with ethinyl estradiol. by Morrow JD, McManus K, Tait GR, Bellavance F, Chrapko W, Lara N, Le Melledo JM. 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=161733
•
Persistent Elevations of Cerebrospinal Fluid Concentrations of CorticotropinReleasing Factor in Adult Nonhuman Primates Exposed to Early-Life Stressors: Implications for the Pathophysiology of Mood and Anxiety Disorders. by Coplan JD, Andrews MW, Rosenblum LA, Owens MJ, Friedman S, Gorman JM, Nemeroff CB. 1996 Feb 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=39991
•
Phantom pain, anxiety, depression, and their relation in consecutive patients with amputated limbs: case reports. by Fisher K, Hanspal RS. 1998 Mar 21; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28494
•
Point mutant mice with hypersensitive [alpha]4 nicotinic receptors show dopaminergic deficits and increased anxiety. by Labarca C, Schwarz J, Deshpande P, Schwarz S, Nowak MW, Fonck C, Nashmi R, Kofuji P, Dang H, Shi W, Fidan M, Khakh BS, Chen Z, Bowers BJ, Boulter J, Wehner JM, Lester HA. 2001 Feb 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=30217
•
Prevalence of anxiety and depressive illness and help seeking behaviour in African Caribbeans and white Europeans: two phase general population survey. by Shaw CM, Creed F, Tomenson B, Riste L, Cruickshank JK. 1999 Jan 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27715
•
Rapid resolution of social anxiety disorder, selective mutism, and separation anxiety with paroxetine in an 8-year-old girl. by Lehman RB. 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=161642
•
Regulation of T cell activation, anxiety, and male aggression by RGS2. by Oliveirados-Santos AJ, Matsumoto G, Snow BE, Bai D, Houston FP, Whishaw IQ, Mariathasan S, Sasaki T, Wakeham A, Ohashi PS, Roder JC, Barnes CA, Siderovski DP, Penninger JM. 2000 Oct 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=17331
•
Routinely administered questionnaires for depression and anxiety: systematic review. by Gilbody SM, House AO, Sheldon TA. 2001 Feb 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26571
•
Self-hypnosis for anxiety associated with severe asthma: a case report. by Anbar RD. 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=169186
•
Serotonin receptor 1A knockout: An animal model of anxiety-related disorder. by Ramboz S, Oosting R, Amara DA, Kung HF, Blier P, Mendelsohn M, Mann JJ, Brunner D, Hen R. 1998 Nov 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24398
•
Stillbirth as risk factor for depression and anxiety in the subsequent pregnancy: cohort study. by Hughes PM, Turton P, Evans CD. 1999 Jun 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=31099
78 Anxiety
•
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS): translation and validation study of the Iranian version. by Montazeri A, Vahdaninia M, Ebrahimi M, Jarvandi S. 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=161819
•
The Hospital Anxiety And Depression Scale. by Snaith RP. 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=183845
•
Urocortin-Deficient Mice Display Normal Stress-Induced Anxiety Behavior and Autonomic Control but an Impaired Acoustic Startle Response. by Wang X, Su H, Copenhagen LD, Vaishnav S, Pieri F, Do Shope C, Brownell WE, De Biasi M, Paylor R, Bradley A. 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=135620
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with anxiety, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “anxiety” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for anxiety (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
“Danger is lurking everywhere”. the relation between anxiety and threat perception abnormalities in normal children. Author(s): Muris P, Luermans J, Merckelbach H, Mayer B. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 2000 June; 31(2): 12336. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11132116&dopt=Abstract
•
“PSA-itis”: knowledge of serum prostate specific antigen and other causes of anxiety in men with metaststic prostate cancer. Author(s): Lofters A, Juffs HG, Pond GR, Tannock IF. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 December; 168(6): 2516-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12441952&dopt=Abstract
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
6
Studies 79
•
A 3-year comparison of dental anxiety treatment outcomes: hypnosis, group therapy and individual desensitization vs. no specialist treatment. Author(s): Moore R, Brodsgaard I, Abrahamsen R. Source: European Journal of Oral Sciences. 2002 August; 110(4): 287-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12206590&dopt=Abstract
•
A 46-year-old man with anxiety and nightmares after a motor vehicle collision. Author(s): Stein MB. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002 September 25; 288(12): 1513-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12243639&dopt=Abstract
•
A call to action: overcoming anxiety through active coping. Author(s): LeDoux JE, Gorman JM. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 December; 158(12): 1953-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11729007&dopt=Abstract
•
A clinical taxonomy of dizziness and anxiety in the otoneurological setting. Author(s): Furman JM, Jacob RG. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2001 January-April; 15(1-2): 9-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11388360&dopt=Abstract
•
A cognitive therapy model of social anxiety problems: potential limits on its effectiveness? Author(s): Hughes I. Source: Psychology and Psychotherapy. 2002 December; 75(Pt 4): 411-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12626132&dopt=Abstract
•
A comparison of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-Auto) with clinical assessment in diagnosing mood and anxiety disorders. Author(s): Komiti AA, Jackson HJ, Judd FK, Cockram AM, Kyrios M, Yeatman R, Murray G, Hordern C, Wainwright K, Allen N, Singh B. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 April; 35(2): 22430. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11284905&dopt=Abstract
80 Anxiety
•
A comparison of two self-report measures of children's social anxiety in clinic and community samples. Author(s): Epkins CC. Source: Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology : the Official Journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53. 2002 March; 31(1): 69-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11845653&dopt=Abstract
•
A component analysis of cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder and the role of interpersonal problems. Author(s): Borkovec TD, Newman MG, Pincus AL, Lytle R. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2002 April; 70(2): 288-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11952187&dopt=Abstract
•
A conceptual model of cultural predictors of anxiety among Japanese American and part-Japanese American adolescents. Author(s): Williams JK, Goebert D, Hishinuma E, Miyamoto R, Anzai N, Izutsu S, Yanagida E, Nishimura S, Andrade N, Baker FM. Source: Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology. 2002 November; 8(4): 320-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12416318&dopt=Abstract
•
A confirmatory factor analysis of a self-report version of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Author(s): Oakman J, Van Ameringen M, Mancini C, Farvolden P. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2003 January; 59(1): 149-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12508338&dopt=Abstract
•
A contemporary protocol to assist primary care physicians in the treatment of panic and generalized anxiety disorders. Author(s): Rollman BL, Herbeck Belnap B, Reynolds CF, Schulberg HC, Shear MK. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 2003 March-April; 25(2): 74-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12676419&dopt=Abstract
•
A controlled trial of music and pre-operative anxiety in Chinese men undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate. Author(s): Yung PM, Chui-Kam S, French P, Chan TM. Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2002 August; 39(4): 352-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12139647&dopt=Abstract
Studies 81
•
A follow-up study of DSM-III-R generalized anxiety disorder with syndromal and subsyndromal major depression. Author(s): Barbee JG, Billings CK, Bologna NB, Townsend MH. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2003 February; 73(3): 229-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12547291&dopt=Abstract
•
A follow-up study of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression in Australian victims of domestic violence. Author(s): Mertin P, Mohr PB. Source: Violence Vict. 2001 December; 16(6): 645-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11863063&dopt=Abstract
•
A general anxiety-prone cognitive style in anxiety disorders. Author(s): Uhlenhuth EH, Starcevic V, Warner TD, Matuzas W, McCarty T, Roberts B, Jenkusky S. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002 August; 70(3): 241-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12128236&dopt=Abstract
•
A longitudinal analysis of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Author(s): Wetherell JL, Gatz M, Pedersen NL. Source: Psychology and Aging. 2001 June; 16(2): 187-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11405307&dopt=Abstract
•
A longitudinal investigation of anxiety sensitivity in adolescence. Author(s): Weems CF, Hayward C, Killen J, Taylor CB. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2002 August; 111(3): 471-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12150423&dopt=Abstract
•
A longitudinal study of the etiology of separation anxiety. Author(s): Poulton R, Milne BJ, Craske MG, Menzies RG. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2001 December; 39(12): 1395-410. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11758698&dopt=Abstract
•
A multidimensional meta-analysis of treatments for depression, panic, and generalized anxiety disorder: an empirical examination of the status of empirically supported therapies. Author(s): Westen D, Morrison K. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2001 December; 69(6): 875-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11777114&dopt=Abstract
82 Anxiety
•
A piece of my mind. A mutual anxiety. Author(s): Wellbery C. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 July 16; 290(3): 305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12865356&dopt=Abstract
•
A pilot study addressing the effect of aromatherapy massage on mood, anxiety and relaxation in adult mental health. Author(s): Edge J. Source: Complementary Therapies in Nursing & Midwifery. 2003 May; 9(2): 90-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12697161&dopt=Abstract
•
A placebo-controlled study of Kava kava in generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Connor KM, Davidson JR. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2002 July; 17(4): 185-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12131602&dopt=Abstract
•
A population study of anxiety and depression among persons who report whiplash traumas. Author(s): Wenzel HG, Haug TT, Mykletun A, Dahl AA. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2002 September; 53(3): 831-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12217459&dopt=Abstract
•
A population-based twin study of generalized anxiety disorder in men and women. Author(s): Hettema JM, Prescott CA, Kendler KS. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2001 July; 189(7): 413-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11504317&dopt=Abstract
•
A preliminary study of achievement, attitudes toward success in mathematics, and mathematics anxiety with technology-based instruction in brief calculus. Author(s): Alkhateeb HM. Source: Psychological Reports. 2002 February; 90(1): 47-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11899011&dopt=Abstract
•
A priori expectancy bias and its relation to shock experience and anxiety: a naturalistic study in patients with an automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Author(s): Pauli P, Wiedemann G, Dengler W, Kuhlkamp V. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 2001 September; 32(3): 159-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11934128&dopt=Abstract
Studies 83
•
A prospective study of 86 new patients with social anxiety disorder. Author(s): Allgulander C, Nilsson B. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2001 June; 103(6): 447-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11401659&dopt=Abstract
•
A qualitative investigation of the temporal patterning of the precompetitive anxiety response. Author(s): Hanton S, Mellalieu SD, Young SG. Source: Journal of Sports Sciences. 2002 November; 20(11): 911-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12430992&dopt=Abstract
•
A qualitative study of patients' views on anxiety and depression. Author(s): Kadam UT, Croft P, McLeod J, Hutchinson M. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 2001 May; 51(466): 375-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11360702&dopt=Abstract
•
A questionnaire to measure general practitioners' attitudes to their role in the management of patients with depression and anxiety. Author(s): McCall L, Clarke DM, Rowley G. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2002 March; 31(3): 299-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11926164&dopt=Abstract
•
A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, comparative study of topical skin analgesics and the anxiety and discomfort associated with venous cannulation. Author(s): Speirs AF, Taylor KH, Joanes DN, Girdler NM. Source: British Dental Journal. 2001 April 28; 190(8): 444-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11352393&dopt=Abstract
•
A randomized controlled trial of the effect of psychotherapy on anxiety and depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): de Godoy DV, de Godoy RF. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2003 August; 84(8): 1154-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12917854&dopt=Abstract
•
A randomized trial of aromatherapy to reduce anxiety before abortion. Author(s): Wiebe E. Source: Effective Clinical Practice : Ecp. 2000 July-August; 3(4): 166-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11183431&dopt=Abstract
84 Anxiety
•
A randomized trial of the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and supportive counseling for anxiety symptoms in older adults. Author(s): Barrowclough C, King P, Colville J, Russell E, Burns A, Tarrier N. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2001 October; 69(5): 756-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11680552&dopt=Abstract
•
A randomized, double-blind, fixed-dose comparison of paroxetine and placebo in the treatment of generalized social anxiety disorder. Author(s): Liebowitz MR, Stein MB, Tancer M, Carpenter D, Oakes R, Pitts CD. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 January; 63(1): 66-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11838629&dopt=Abstract
•
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of classical homeopathy in generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Bonne O, Shemer Y, Gorali Y, Katz M, Shalev AY. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 March; 64(3): 282-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12716269&dopt=Abstract
•
A relaxation training program to increase self-efficacy for anxiety control in Alzheimer family caregivers. Author(s): Fisher PA, Laschinger HS. Source: Holistic Nursing Practice. 2001 January; 15(2): 47-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12119919&dopt=Abstract
•
A review and meta-analysis of the genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders. Author(s): Hettema JM, Neale MC, Kendler KS. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 October; 158(10): 1568-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11578982&dopt=Abstract
•
A review of 19 double-blind placebo-controlled studies in social anxiety disorder (social phobia). Author(s): Versiani M. Source: World J Biol Psychiatry. 2000 January; 1(1): 27-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12607230&dopt=Abstract
•
A review of the literature: interventions to maximize capacity to consent and reduce anxiety of women with learning disabilities preparing for a cervical smear test. Author(s): Broughton S. Source: Health Services Management Research : an Official Journal of the Association of University Programs in Health Administration / Hsmc, Aupha. 2002 August; 15(3): 17385. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12184837&dopt=Abstract
Studies 85
•
A self-report questionnaire for measuring separation anxiety in adulthood. Author(s): Manicavasagar V, Silove D, Wagner R, Drobny J. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2003 March-April; 44(2): 146-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12658624&dopt=Abstract
•
A systematic review and economic evaluation of computerised cognitive behaviour therapy for depression and anxiety. Author(s): Kaltenthaler E, Shackley P, Stevens K, Beverley C, Parry G, Chilcott J. Source: Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England). 2002; 6(22): 1-89. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12433315&dopt=Abstract
•
A systematic review of the behavioral effects of levetiracetam in adults with epilepsy, cognitive disorders, or an anxiety disorder during clinical trials. Author(s): Cramer JA, De Rue K, Devinsky O, Edrich P, Trimble MR. Source: Epilepsy & Behavior : E&B. 2003 April; 4(2): 124-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12697136&dopt=Abstract
•
A systematic review of the safety of kava extract in the treatment of anxiety. Author(s): Stevinson C, Huntley A, Ernst E. Source: Drug Safety : an International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Drug Experience. 2002; 25(4): 251-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11994028&dopt=Abstract
•
A therapeutic approach to children and adolescents with anxiety disorders and associated comorbid conditions. Author(s): Manassis K, Monga S. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001 January; 40(1): 115-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11195553&dopt=Abstract
•
A treatment plan for HIPAA anxiety disorder. Author(s): Tomes JP. Source: Behav Healthc Tomorrow. 2001 June; 10(3): Sr21-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11419266&dopt=Abstract
•
A twin study of generalized anxiety disorder symptoms, panic disorder symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder in men. Author(s): Chantarujikapong SI, Scherrer JF, Xian H, Eisen SA, Lyons MJ, Goldberg J, Tsuang M, True WR. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2001 September 20; 103(2-3): 133-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11549402&dopt=Abstract
86 Anxiety
•
Absorption kinetics of paracetamol are not influenced by high anxiety levels in preoperative patients. Author(s): Schwarz N, Banditt P, Gerlach KL, Meyer FP. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002 September; 40(9): 419-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12358158&dopt=Abstract
•
Accuracy of general practitioner's prognosis of the 1-year course of depression and generalised anxiety. Author(s): Brink RH, Ormel J, Tiemens BG, Os TW, Smit A, Jenner JA, Meer KV. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2001 January; 178(1): 18-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11136205&dopt=Abstract
•
Achieving remission with venlafaxine and fluoxetine in major depression: its relationship to anxiety symptoms. Author(s): Davidson JR, Meoni P, Haudiquet V, Cantillon M, Hackett D. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2002; 16(1): 4-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12203668&dopt=Abstract
•
Activation of the arousal response and impairment of performance increase with anxiety and stressor intensity. Author(s): Noteboom JT, Barnholt KR, Enoka RM. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 2001 November; 91(5): 2093-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11641349&dopt=Abstract
•
Acupuncture treatment for 157 cases of anxiety neurosis. Author(s): Zhang H, Zeng Z, Deng H. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2003 March; 23(1): 55-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12747204&dopt=Abstract
•
Adaptation as a sensorial profile in trait anxiety: a study with virtual reality. Author(s): Viaud-Delmon I, Ivanenko YP, Berthoz A, Jouvent R. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2000 November-December; 14(6): 583-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11918093&dopt=Abstract
•
Adult oncology and chronically ill patients: comparison of depression, anxiety and caregivers' quality of life. Author(s): Sherif T, Jehani T, Saadani M, Andejani AW. Source: East Mediterr Health J. 2001 May; 7(3): 502-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12690772&dopt=Abstract
Studies 87
•
Adult separation anxiety: psychometric properties of a new structured clinical interview. Author(s): Cyranowski JM, Shear MK, Rucci P, Fagiolini A, Frank E, Grochocinski VJ, Kupfer DJ, Banti S, Armani A, Cassano G. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2002 March-April; 36(2): 77-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11777496&dopt=Abstract
•
Adverse effects of maternal antenatal anxiety on children: causal effect or developmental continuum? Author(s): Oates MR. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2002 June; 180: 478-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042222&dopt=Abstract
•
Aetiology of dental anxiety in children: a review of the literature. Author(s): Folayan MO, Klingberg G, Aghanwa A, Idehen E. Source: Niger J Med. 2001 July-September; 10(3): 106-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11806007&dopt=Abstract
•
Affective information processing and the assessment of anxiety. Author(s): Lang PJ, Cuthbert BN. Source: J Behav Assess. 1984 December; 6(4): 369-95. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11540862&dopt=Abstract
•
Affective neuroscience and the development of social anxiety disorder. Author(s): Pine DS. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 December; 24(4): 689-705. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11723628&dopt=Abstract
•
Affective style among smokers: understanding anxiety sensitivity, emotional reactivity, and distress tolerance using biological challenge. Author(s): Zvolensky MJ, Feldner MT, Eifert GH, Brown RA. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 2001 November-December; 26(6): 901-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11768551&dopt=Abstract
•
Age and sex differences for anxiety in relation to family size, birth order, and religiosity among Kuwaiti adolescents. Author(s): Abdel-Khalek AM. Source: Psychological Reports. 2002 June; 90(3 Pt 1): 1031-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12090494&dopt=Abstract
88 Anxiety
•
Age differences in symptoms of depression and anxiety: examining behavioral medicine outpatients. Author(s): Goldberg JH, Breckenridge JN, Sheikh JI. Source: Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2003 April; 26(2): 119-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12776382&dopt=Abstract
•
Age, debt and anxiety. Author(s): Drentea P. Source: Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2000 December; 41(4): 437-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11198567&dopt=Abstract
•
Age-specific norms and determinants of anxiety and depression in 731 women with breast cancer recruited through a population-based cancer registry. Author(s): Osborne RH, Elsworth GR, Hopper JL. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 2003 April; 39(6): 755-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12651200&dopt=Abstract
•
Agreement in symptoms of anxiety and depression between patients and GPs: the influence of ethnicity. Author(s): Comino EJ, Silove D, Manicavasagar V, Harris E, Harris MF. Source: Family Practice. 2001 February; 18(1): 71-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11145632&dopt=Abstract
•
AIDS anxieties of adolescents: determinants of “state” and “trait” anxiety dimensions in a linear structural model. Author(s): Strehlow U, Kampmann G. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1993 September; 14(6): 475-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8241206&dopt=Abstract
•
Alcohol use disorders and anxiety disorders: relation to the P300 event-related potential. Author(s): Enoch MA, White KV, Harris CR, Rohrbaugh JW, Goldman D. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2001 September; 25(9): 1293300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11584148&dopt=Abstract
•
Alcohol use disorders comorbid with anxiety, depression and drug use disorders. Findings from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well Being. Author(s): Burns L, Teesson M. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2002 December 1; 68(3): 299-307. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12393224&dopt=Abstract
Studies 89
•
Alcohol, cannabis and tobacco use among Australians: a comparison of their associations with other drug use and use disorders, affective and anxiety disorders, and psychosis. Author(s): Degenhardt L, Hall W, Lynskey M. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2001 November; 96(11): 1603-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11784457&dopt=Abstract
•
Alcoholism, anxiety, and opioid-dopaminergic interactions. Author(s): Sher L. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2003 January; 165(2): 202-3. Epub 2002 November 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12428151&dopt=Abstract
•
'All his anxiety resolved itself into a sigh and dissolved into apathy and drowsiness.' Ivan Goncharov, Russian novelist, Obolomov (1859). Author(s): Dalgleish DJ. Source: Anaesthesia. 2001 April; 56(4): 376. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11284835&dopt=Abstract
•
Alternative and complementary modalities for managing stress and anxiety. Author(s): Keegan L. Source: Critical Care Nurse. 2000 June; 20(3): 93-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11876219&dopt=Abstract
•
Alternative psychotherapy approaches for social anxiety disorder. Author(s): Lipsitz JD, Marshall RD. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 December; 24(4): 817-29. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11723635&dopt=Abstract
•
Ambient odor of orange in a dental office reduces anxiety and improves mood in female patients. Author(s): Lehrner J, Eckersberger C, Walla P, Potsch G, Deecke L. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 2000 October 1-15; 71(1-2): 83-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11134689&dopt=Abstract
•
Amygdaloid regional cerebral blood flow and subjective fear during symptom provocation in anxiety disorders. Author(s): Fredrikson M, Furmark T. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003 April; 985: 341-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12724169&dopt=Abstract
90 Anxiety
•
An analysis of the validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale as a screening tool in patients with advanced metastatic cancer. Author(s): Lloyd-Williams M, Friedman T, Rudd N. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2001 December; 22(6): 990-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11738161&dopt=Abstract
•
An anxiety, personality and altitude symptomatology study during a 31-day period of hypoxia in a hypobaric chamber (experiment 'Everest-Comex 1997'). Author(s): Nicolas M, Thullier-Lestienne F, Bouquet C, Gardette B, Gortan C, Joulia F, Bonnon M, Richalet JP, Therme P, Abraini JH. Source: Journal of Environmental Psychology. 1999 December; 19(4): 407-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11543191&dopt=Abstract
•
An association between depression, anxiety and thyroid function--a clinical fact or an artefact? Author(s): Engum A, Bjoro T, Mykletun A, Dahl AA. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2002 July; 106(1): 27-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12100345&dopt=Abstract
•
An elderly woman with severe anxiety associated with anticipated use of an interpreter. Author(s): Parnes BL, Westfall JM. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 2003 May-June; 16(3): 255-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12755255&dopt=Abstract
•
An examination of the tripartite model of anxiety and depression and its application to youth. Author(s): Laurent J, Ettelson R. Source: Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. 2001 September; 4(3): 209-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11783739&dopt=Abstract
•
An expanded childhood anxiety sensitivity index: its factor structure, reliability, and validity in a non-clinical adolescent sample. Author(s): Muris P. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2002 March; 40(3): 299-311. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11863240&dopt=Abstract
Studies 91
•
An experimental investigation of thought suppression and anxiety in children. Author(s): Gaskell SL, Wells A, Calam R. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 2001 March; 40(Pt 1): 45-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11317948&dopt=Abstract
•
An investigation into the relationship between salivary cortisol, stress, anxiety and depression. Author(s): Vedhara K, Miles J, Bennett P, Plummer S, Tallon D, Brooks E, Gale L, Munnoch K, Schreiber-Kounine C, Fowler C, Lightman S, Sammon A, Rayter Z, Farndon J. Source: Biological Psychology. 2003 February; 62(2): 89-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12581685&dopt=Abstract
•
An obese man with anxiety, sweating, and headache. Author(s): McCormick JD, Diguilio D, Adelman HM. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 2001 September 15; 36(9): 21-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11565739&dopt=Abstract
•
Anatomical MRI findings in mood and anxiety disorders. Author(s): Brambilla P, Barale F, Caverzasi E, Soares JC. Source: Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc. 2002 April-June; 11(2): 88-99. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12212470&dopt=Abstract
•
Animal models of anxiety and depression: how are females different? Author(s): Palanza P. Source: Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2001 May; 25(3): 219-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11378178&dopt=Abstract
•
Antenatal anxiety predicts child behavioral/emotional problems independently of postnatal depression. Author(s): O'Connor TG, Heron J, Glover V; Alspac Study Team. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002 December; 41(12): 1470-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12447034&dopt=Abstract
•
Antenatal anxiety, parenting and behavioural/emotional problems in children. Author(s): Barlow J. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2002 November; 181: 440-1; Author Reply 441. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12411273&dopt=Abstract
92 Anxiety
•
Anthrax and anthrax anxiety: Sverdlovsk revisited. Author(s): Sepkowitz KA. Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases : Ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2001; 5(4): 178-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11962347&dopt=Abstract
•
Anthropometric profiles and social physique anxiety of physical education professionals from India. Author(s): Mookerjee S, Singh J, Cashi T. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2002 February; 94(1): 47-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11883588&dopt=Abstract
•
Anticipatory anxiety in moderately to highly-anxious oral surgery patients as a screening model for anxiolytics: evaluation of alprazolam. Author(s): Wolf DL, Desjardins PJ, Black PM, Francom SR, Mohanlal RW, Fleishaker JC. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2003 February; 23(1): 51-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544376&dopt=Abstract
•
Anticipatory autonomic response to a public speaking task in women: the role of trait anxiety. Author(s): Gonzalez-Bono E, Moya-Albiol L, Salvador A, Carrillo E, Ricarte J, GomezAmor J. Source: Biological Psychology. 2002; 60(1): 37-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12100844&dopt=Abstract
•
Anticipatory caregiving anxiety among older women and men. Author(s): Laditka SB, Pappas-Rogich M. Source: J Women Aging. 2001; 13(1): 3-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11217184&dopt=Abstract
•
Antidepressants for generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Kapczinski F, Lima MS, Souza JS, Schmitt R. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (2): Cd003592. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12804478&dopt=Abstract
•
Antidepressants in social anxiety disorder. Author(s): Nardi AE. Source: Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria. 2001 September; 59(3-A): 637-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11588653&dopt=Abstract
Studies 93
•
Anxiety across the life span: epidemiological evidence and treatment data. Author(s): Balon R. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2001; 13(4): 184-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11413565&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety affects the postural sway of the antero-posterior axis in college students. Author(s): Wada M, Sunaga N, Nagai M. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2001 April 20; 302(2-3): 157-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11290411&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety after severe pediatric closed head injury. Author(s): Vasa RA, Gerring JP, Grados M, Slomine B, Christensen JR, Rising W, Denckla MB, Riddle MA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002 February; 41(2): 148-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11837404&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety among clients for plastic surgery. Author(s): Valente SM. Source: Plastic Surgical Nursing : Official Journal of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgical Nurses. 2002 Summer; 22(2): 55-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12244761&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety among university students in South Africa. Author(s): Pillay AL, Edwards SD, Sargent C, Dhlomo RM. Source: Psychological Reports. 2001 June; 88(3 Pt 2): 1182-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11597073&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety among women who have undergone fertility therapy and who are considering multifetal pregnancy reduction: trends and implications. Author(s): Britt DW, Risinger ST, Mans M, Evans MI. Source: J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2003 April;13(4):271-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12854930&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and affective style: role of prefrontal cortex and amygdala. Author(s): Davidson RJ. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2002 January 1; 51(1): 68-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11801232&dopt=Abstract
94 Anxiety
•
Anxiety and Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Ferretti L, McCurry SM, Logsdon R, Gibbons L, Teri L. Source: Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology. 2001 Spring; 14(1): 52-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11281317&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and anger among family practice residents: a South Carolina family practice research consortium study. Author(s): Michels PJ, Probst JC, Godenick MT, Palesch Y. Source: Academic Medicine : Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges. 2003 January; 78(1): 69-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12525412&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and anxiety disorders. Author(s): Karasic D. Source: Focus. 1996 November; 11(12): 5-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12206111&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and arousal: physiological changes and their perception. Author(s): Hoehn-Saric R, McLeod DR. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000 December; 61(3): 217-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11163423&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and attention to threatening pictures. Author(s): Yiend J, Mathews A. Source: The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. A, Human Experimental Psychology. 2001 August; 54(3): 665-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11548029&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and compliance among women at high risk for breast cancer. Author(s): Lindberg NM, Wellisch D. Source: Annals of Behavioral Medicine : a Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine. 2001 Fall; 23(4): 298-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11761347&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and depression are related to autonomic nervous system function in women with irritable bowel syndrome. Author(s): Jarrett ME, Burr RL, Cain KC, Hertig V, Weisman P, Heitkemper MM. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2003 February; 48(2): 386-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12643620&dopt=Abstract
Studies 95
•
Anxiety and depression are related to the outcome of emergency treatment in patients with obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Dahlen I, Janson C. Source: Chest. 2002 November; 122(5): 1633-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12426264&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and depression as correlates of self-reported behavioural inhibition in normal adolescents. Author(s): Muris P, Merckelbach H, Schmidt H, Gadet BB, Bogie N. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2001 September; 39(9): 1051-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11520011&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and depression as risk factors for oral lichen planus. Author(s): Vallejo MJ, Huerta G, Cerero R, Seoane JM. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2001; 203(4): 303-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11752817&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and depression before and after the menopause. Author(s): Sagsoz N, Oguzturk O, Bayram M, Kamaci M. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2001 January; 264(4): 199-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11205708&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and depression in an internal medicine resident continuity clinic: difficult diagnoses. Author(s): Didden DG, Philbrick JT, Schorling JB. Source: International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 2001; 31(2): 155-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11760860&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and depression in an older research population and their impact on clinical outcomes in a randomised controlled trial. Author(s): Allsup SJ, Gosney MA. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2002 November; 78(925): 674-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12496325&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and depression in breast cancer patients before and after participation in a cancer support group. Author(s): Montazeri A, Jarvandi S, Haghighat S, Vahdani M, Sajadian A, Ebrahimi M, Haji-Mahmoodi M. Source: Patient Education and Counseling. 2001 December 1; 45(3): 195-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11722855&dopt=Abstract
96 Anxiety
•
Anxiety and depression in children: a test of the positive-negative affect model. Author(s): Lee LC, Rebok GW. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002 April; 41(4): 419-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11931598&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and depression in hospitalized patients in resistant organism isolation. Author(s): Catalano G, Houston SH, Catalano MC, Butera AS, Jennings SM, Hakala SM, Burrows SL, Hickey MG, Duss CV, Skelton DN, Laliotis GJ. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2003 February; 96(2): 141-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12630637&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and depression in Iranian breast cancer patients before and after diagnosis. Author(s): Montazeri A, Harirchi I, Vahdani M, Khaleghi F, Jarvandi S, Ebrahimi M, Haji-Mahmoodi M. Source: European Journal of Cancer Care. 2000 September; 9(3): 151-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11881724&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and depression in mothers of children undergoing bone marrow transplant: symptom prevalence and use of the Beck depression and Beck anxiety inventories as screening instruments. Author(s): Manne S, Nereo N, DuHamel K, Ostroff J, Parsons S, Martini R, Williams S, Mee L, Sexson S, Lewis J, Vickberg SJ, Redd WH. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2001 December; 69(6): 1037-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11777107&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and depression in the first year of medical residency training. Author(s): Peterlini M, Tiberio IF, Saadeh A, Pereira JC, Martins MA. Source: Medical Education. 2002 January; 36(1): 66-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11849526&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and depression in twin and sib pairs extremely discordant and concordant for neuroticism: prodromus to a linkage study. Author(s): Kirk KM, Birley AJ, Statham DJ, Haddon B, Lake RI, Andrews JG, Martin NG. Source: Twin Research : the Official Journal of the International Society for Twin Studies. 2000 December; 3(4): 299-309. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11463151&dopt=Abstract
Studies 97
•
Anxiety and depression symptoms and response to methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and tic disorder. Author(s): Gadow KD, Nolan EE, Sverd J, Sprafkin J, Schwartz J. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2002 June; 22(3): 267-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12006897&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and depression. Natural mood remedies. Author(s): Miller MC. Source: Newsweek. 2002 December 2; 140(23): 70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501517&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and depression: incidence and patterns in patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Author(s): McCrone S, Lenz E, Tarzian A, Perkins S. Source: Applied Nursing Research : Anr. 2001 August; 14(3): 155-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11481594&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and depression: the impact of shared characteristics on diagnosis and treatment. Introduction. Author(s): Kessler RC, Wittchen HU. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 2000; (406): 5-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11131469&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and depressive states in multiple chemical sensitivity. Author(s): Tonori H, Aizawa Y, Ojima M, Miyata M, Ishikawa S, Sakabe K. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2001 February; 193(2): 115-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11318027&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and explicit alcohol-related memory in problem drinkers. Author(s): Zack M, Toneatto T, MacLeod CM. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 2002 May-June; 27(3): 331-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12118624&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and fear. Discriminant validity in the child and adolescent practitioner's perspective. Author(s): Pavuluri MN, Henry D, Allen K. Source: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002 December; 11(6): 273-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12541006&dopt=Abstract
98 Anxiety
•
Anxiety and feelings of medical students conducting their first gynecological examination. Author(s): Abraham S, Chapman M, Taylor A, McBride A, Boyd C. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2003 March; 24(1): 39-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12685338&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and functional status after childbirth. Author(s): McVeigh CA. Source: Aust Coll Midwives Inc J. 2000 March; 13(1): 14-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11107372&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and functional status in older primary care patients. Author(s): Upadhyaya AK, Lyness JM, Cox C, Seidlitz L, Caine ED. Source: International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 2000; 30(3): 221-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11209990&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and genetically engineered mice. Author(s): Diller LH, Carey WB. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 November 14; 347(20): 1626; Author Reply 1626. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12432058&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and HIV infection. Author(s): Elliott A. Source: Step Perspect. 1998 Winter; 98(1): 11-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11365209&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and pain suppress the natural killer cell activity in oral surgery outpatients. Author(s): Koga C, Itoh K, Aoki M, Suefuji Y, Yoshida M, Asosina S, Esaki K, Kameyama T. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 2001 June; 91(6): 654-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11402277&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and poor glycemic control: a meta-analytic review of the literature. Author(s): Anderson RJ, Grigsby AB, Freedland KE, de Groot M, McGill JB, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ. Source: International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 2002; 32(3): 235-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12489699&dopt=Abstract
Studies 99
•
Anxiety and position-dependent neurologic findings due to autonomic dysreflexia. Author(s): Freudenreich O, Murray GB. Source: Psychosomatics. 2001 January-February; 42(1): 81-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11161127&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and postoperative pain in children who undergo major orthopedic surgery. Author(s): Lamontagne LL, Hepworth JT, Salisbury MH. Source: Applied Nursing Research : Anr. 2001 August; 14(3): 119-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11481590&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and pulmonary embolism. Author(s): Egermayer P. Source: N Z Med J. 2001 February 9; 114(1125): 49. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11277480&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and repression in attention and retention. Author(s): Terry WS, Burns JS. Source: The Journal of General Psychology. 2001 October; 128(4): 422-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11892889&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and substance use comorbidity among inpatients with schizophrenia. Author(s): Goodwin RD, Amador XF, Malaspina D, Yale SA, Goetz RR, Gorman JM. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 2003 May 1; 61(1): 89-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12648739&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and surgical recovery. Reinterpreting the literature. Author(s): Munafo MR, Stevenson J. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2001 October; 51(4): 589-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11595247&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and the prediction of task duration: a preliminary analysis. Author(s): Kelly WE. Source: The Journal of Psychology. 2002 January; 136(1): 53-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12022778&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and the schizophrenic process: clinical and epidemiological evidence. Author(s): Turnbull G, Bebbington P. Source: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2001 May; 36(5): 235-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11515701&dopt=Abstract
100 Anxiety
•
Anxiety and trail making test scores in a sample of cocaine abusers. Author(s): Roberts C, Horton AM Jr. Source: The International Journal of Neuroscience. 2003 May; 113(5): 747-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12745631&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and uncertainty in informed decision making. Author(s): Goodman A, Houck K. Source: Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine. 2001 March; 10(2): 93-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11268292&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety as a barrier to risk management. Author(s): Firth-Cozens J. Source: Quality & Safety in Health Care. 2002 June; 11(2): 115. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12448797&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety as a differential factor in epileptic versus psychogenic pseudoepileptic seizures. Author(s): Owczarek K. Source: Epilepsy Research. 2003 January; 52(3): 227-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12536055&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety as a predictor of relapse in detoxified alcohol-dependent patients. Author(s): Willinger U, Lenzinger E, Hornik K, Fischer G, Schonbeck G, Aschauer HN, Meszaros K; European fluvoxamine in alcoholism study group. Source: Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). 2002 November-December; 37(6): 609-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12414556&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety associated with comorbid depression. Author(s): Moller HJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002; 63 Suppl 14: 22-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562115&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety at a time of crisis. Author(s): Stonebridge L. Source: Hist Workshop J. 1998 Spring; (45): 171-82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11620088&dopt=Abstract
Studies 101
•
Anxiety at the frontier of molecular medicine. Author(s): Weinberger DR. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001 April 19; 344(16): 1247-9. Review. Erratum In: N Engl J Med 2001 July 26; 345(4): 304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11309643&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety but not depression decreases in coeliac patients after one-year gluten-free diet: a longitudinal study. Author(s): Addolorato G, Capristo E, Ghittoni G, Valeri C, Masciana R, Ancona C, Gasbarrini G. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 May; 36(5): 502-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11346203&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety but not depression determines health care-seeking behaviour in Chinese patients with dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome: a population-based study. Author(s): Hu WH, Wong WM, Lam CL, Lam KF, Hui WM, Lai KC, Xia HX, Lam SK, Wong BC. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 December; 16(12): 2081-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452941&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety comorbidity in referred children and adolescents with dysthymic disorder. Author(s): Masi G, Mucci M, Favilla L, Millepiedi S. Source: Psychopathology. 2001 September-October; 34(5): 253-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11799320&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety disorder after laparoscopic refundoplication as a cause of dysphagia. Author(s): Kamolz T, Bammer T, Pointner R. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2002 February; 16(2): 360-1. Epub 2001 November 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11967703&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety disorders and disability secondary to urinary incontinence among adults over age 50. Author(s): Bogner HR, Gallo JJ, Swartz KL, Ford DE. Source: International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 2002; 32(2): 141-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12269595&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety disorders and major depression, together or apart. Author(s): Levine J, Cole DP, Chengappa KN, Gershon S. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2001; 14(2): 94-104. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11668662&dopt=Abstract
102 Anxiety
•
Anxiety disorders and the emergence of sex differences in major depression. Author(s): Breslau N, Chilcoat H, Schultz LR. Source: J Gend Specif Med. 1998 December; 1(3): 33-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11279862&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety disorders and the onset of depression among adults in the community. Author(s): Goodwin RD. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2002 August; 32(6): 1121-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12214791&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety disorders associated with traumatic brain injuries. Author(s): Hiott DW, Labbate L. Source: Neurorehabilitation. 2002; 17(4): 345-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12547982&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety disorders comorbidity in bipolar I, bipolar II and unipolar major depression: results from a population-based study in Hungary. Author(s): Rihmer Z, Szadoczky E, Furedi J, Kiss K, Papp Z. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 December; 67(1-3): 175-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11869765&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety disorders comorbidity in mood disorder subgroups: data from a mood disorders clinic. Author(s): Yerevanian BI, Koek RJ, Ramdev S. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 December; 67(1-3): 167-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11869764&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety disorders following miscarriage. Author(s): Geller PA, Klier CM, Neugebauer R. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 June; 62(6): 432-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11465520&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety disorders in 318 bipolar patients: prevalence and impact on illness severity and response to mood stabilizer. Author(s): Henry C, Van den Bulke D, Bellivier F, Etain B, Rouillon F, Leboyer M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 March; 64(3): 331-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12716276&dopt=Abstract
Studies 103
•
Anxiety disorders in cancer patients: their nature, associations, and relation to quality of life. Author(s): Stark D, Kiely M, Smith A, Velikova G, House A, Selby P. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2002 July 15; 20(14): 3137-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12118028&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder: a neglected comorbidity. Author(s): Masi G, Toni C, Perugi G, Mucci M, Millepiedi S, Akiskal HS. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2001 November; 46(9): 797-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11761630&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety disorders in children: intervention strategies for the primary care setting. Author(s): Clift G. Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 2002 September-October; 16(5): 253-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12226594&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety disorders in subjects seeking treatment for eating disorders: a DSM-IV controlled study. Author(s): Godart NT, Flament MF, Curt F, Perdereau F, Lang F, Venisse JL, Halfon O, Bizouard P, Loas G, Corcos M, Jeammet P, Fermanian J. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2003 March 25; 117(3): 245-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12686367&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety disorders in the elderly. Author(s): Carmin CN, Wiegartz PS, Scher C. Source: Current Psychiatry Reports. 2000 February; 2(1): 13-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11122926&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety disorders. Author(s): Chen JP, Reich L, Chung H. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 2002 September; 176(4): 249-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12208831&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety disorders. Helping patients regain stability and calm. Author(s): Dugue M, Neugroschl J. Source: Geriatrics. 2002 August; 57(8): 27-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12201227&dopt=Abstract
104 Anxiety
•
Anxiety disorders. How to recognize and treat the medical symptoms of emotional illness. Author(s): Lang AJ, Stein MB. Source: Geriatrics. 2001 May; 56(5): 24-7, 31-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11373949&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety disorders: treatment considerations. Author(s): Antai-Otong D. Source: Nurs Clin North Am. 2003 March; 38(1): 35-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12712667&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety in a cohort of Swiss women participating in a mammographic screening programme. Author(s): Meystre-Agustoni G, Paccaud F, Jeannin A, Dubois-Arber F. Source: Journal of Medical Screening. 2001; 8(4): 213-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11743038&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety in cataract surgery: pilot study. Author(s): Foggitt PS. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2001 October; 27(10): 1651-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11687366&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety in epilepsy--based on two case reports. Author(s): Baran B, Farkas M, Rajna P. Source: Ideggyogy Sz. 2002 September 20; 55(9-10): 303-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503244&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety in health care workers after exposure to potentially HIV-contaminated blood or body fluids. Author(s): Meienberg F, Bucher HC, Sponagel L, Zinkernagel C, Gyr N, Battegay M. Source: Swiss Medical Weekly : Official Journal of the Swiss Society of Infectious Diseases, the Swiss Society of Internal Medicine, the Swiss Society of Pneumology. 2002 June 15; 132(23-24): 321-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12362283&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety in high-functioning children with autism. Author(s): Gillott A, Furniss F, Walter A. Source: Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice. 2001 September; 5(3): 277-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11708587&dopt=Abstract
Studies 105
•
Anxiety in Japanese women after elective abortion. Author(s): Kishida Y. Source: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing : Jognn / Naacog. 2001 September-October; 30(5): 490-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11572529&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety in major depression. Author(s): Grucza RA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 September; 158(9): 1535-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11532763&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety in medical patients. Author(s): House A, Stark D. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 July 27; 325(7357): 207-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12142312&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety in older adults. Assessment and management of three common presentations. Author(s): Sheikh JI. Source: Geriatrics. 2003 May; 58(5): 44-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12756681&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety in pregnancy bad for women, bad for babies. Author(s): Rosser J. Source: Pract Midwife. 1999 May; 2(5): 4-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12024613&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety in the first attack of vertigo. Author(s): Pollak L, Klein C, Rafael S, Vera K, Rabey JM. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2003 June; 128(6): 829-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12825034&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety is a good indicator for somatic symptom reduction through behavioral medicine intervention in a mind/body medicine clinic. Author(s): Nakao M, Fricchione G, Myers P, Zuttermeister PC, Baim M, Mandle CL, Medich C, Wells-Federman CL, Martin Arcari P, Ennis M, Barsky AJ, Benson H. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2001 January-February; 70(1): 50-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11150939&dopt=Abstract
106 Anxiety
•
Anxiety level and severity of skin condition predicts outcome of psychotherapy in atopic dermatitis patients. Author(s): Linnet J, Jemec GB. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2001 October; 40(10): 632-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11737422&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety levels in women attending colposcopy clinics for treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a randomised trial of written and video information. Author(s): Freeman-Wang T, Walker P, Linehan J, Coffey C, Glasser B, Sherr L. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2001 May; 108(5): 482-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11368133&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety management. Author(s): Horseman RE. Source: J Calif Dent Assoc. 2003 April; 31(4): 362, 361. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12793509&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety measures and their relationship to adolescent suicidal ideation and behavior. Author(s): Valentiner DP, Gutierrez PM, Blacker D. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2002; 16(1): 11-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12171211&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety mediates the association between anxiety sensitivity and coping-related drinking motives in alcoholism treatment patients. Author(s): Kushner MG, Thuras P, Abrams K, Brekke M, Stritar L. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 2001 November-December; 26(6): 869-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11768549&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety medications in palliative care. Author(s): Caldwell PK. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 2003 May; 103(5): 15; Author Reply 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12759597&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety reaction in children during removal of their plaster cast with a saw. Author(s): Katz K, Fogelman R, Attias J, Baron E, Soudry M. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2001 April; 83(3): 388-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11341425&dopt=Abstract
Studies 107
•
Anxiety scores before and after prenatal testing for congenital anomalies. Author(s): Kowalcek I, Huber G, Lammers C, Brunk J, Bieniakiewicz I, Gembruch U. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003 January; 267(3): 126-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12552321&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety sensitivity among children of parents with anxiety disorders: a controlled high-risk study. Author(s): Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Moulton JL, Scarfone N, Malloy P, Vosburg SK, Klein DF. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2002; 16(2): 135-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12194540&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety sensitivity and depression in multiple chemical sensitivities and asthma. Author(s): Caccappolo-van Vliet E, Kelly-McNeil K, Natelson B, Kipen H, Fiedler N. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2002 October; 44(10): 890-901. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12391767&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety sensitivity and drug or alcohol use in individuals with anxiety and substance use disorders. Author(s): DeHaas RA, Calamari JE, Bair JP, Martin ED. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 2001 November-December; 26(6): 787-801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11768545&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety sensitivity and fear of pain in children. Author(s): Muris P, Vlaeyen JW, Meesters C, Vertongen S. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2001 April; 92(2): 456-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11361307&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety sensitivity and major depression: examination of affective state dependence. Author(s): Cox BJ, Enns MW, Freeman P, Walker JR. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2001 November; 39(11): 1349-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11686269&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety sensitivity and other emotionality traits in predicting headache medication use in patients with recurring headaches: implications for abuse and dependency. Author(s): Asmundson GJ, Wright KD, Norton PJ, Veloso F. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 2001 November-December; 26(6): 827-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11768547&dopt=Abstract
108 Anxiety
•
Anxiety sensitivity and panic attack symptomatology among low-income AfricanAmerican adolescents. Author(s): Ginsbur GS, Drake KL. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2002; 16(1): 83-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12171215&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety sensitivity and panic disorder. Author(s): McNally RJ. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2002 November 15; 52(10): 938-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12437935&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety sensitivity and PTSD among female victims of intimate partner violence. Author(s): Lang AJ, Kennedy CM, Stein MB. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2002; 16(2): 77-83. Erratum In: Depress Anxiety. 2003; 17(1): 49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12219339&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety sensitivity as a predictor of the development of panic symptoms, panic attacks, and panic disorder: a prospective study. Author(s): Plehn K, Peterson RA. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2002; 16(4): 455-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12213039&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety sensitivity as a specific and unique marker of anxious symptoms in youth psychiatric inpatients. Author(s): Joiner TE Jr, Schmidt NB, Schmidt KL, Laurent J, Catanzaro SJ, Perez M, Pettit JW. Source: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 2002 April; 30(2): 167-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12008656&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety sensitivity does not predict fearful responding to 35% carbon dioxide in patients with panic disorder. Author(s): Koszycki D, Bradwejn J. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2001 March 25; 101(2): 137-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11286817&dopt=Abstract
Studies 109
•
Anxiety sensitivity in adolescents at risk for psychopathology. Author(s): Pollock RA, Carter AS, Avenevoli S, Dierker LC, Chazan-Cohen R, Merikangas KR. Source: Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology : the Official Journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53. 2002 September; 31(3): 343-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12149972&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety sensitivity in adolescents: factor structure and relationships to trait anxiety and symptoms of anxiety disorders and depression. Author(s): Muris P, Schmidt H, Merckelbach H, Schouten E. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2001 January; 39(1): 89-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11125726&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety sensitivity in social phobia: comparison between social phobics with and without panic attacks. Author(s): Scott EL, Heimberg RG, Jack MS. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2000; 12(4): 189-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11195754&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety sensitivity in the prediction of pain-related fear and anxiety in a heterogeneous chronic pain population. Author(s): Zvolensky MJ, Goodie JL, McNeil DW, Sperry JA, Sorrell JT. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2001 June; 39(6): 683-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11400712&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety sensitivity index: normative data and its differentiation from trait anxiety. Author(s): Sandin B, Chorot P, McNally RJ. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2001 February; 39(2): 213-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11153974&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety, and depression in older patients and their relation to hypochondriacal concerns and medical illnesses. Author(s): Bravo IM, Silverman WK. Source: Aging & Mental Health. 2001 November; 5(4): 349-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11767983&dopt=Abstract
110 Anxiety
•
Anxiety sensitivity, controllability, and experiential avoidance and their relation to drug of choice and addiction severity in a residential sample of substance-abusing veterans. Author(s): Forsyth JP, Parker JD, Finlay CG. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 2003 July; 28(5): 851-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12788261&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety sensitivity, panic, and depressed mood: a reanalysis teasing apart the contributions of the two levels in the hierarchial structure of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index. Author(s): Zinbarg RE, Brown TA, Barlow DH, Rapee RM. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2001 August; 110(3): 372-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11502080&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety sensitivity, self-reported motives for alcohol and nicotine use, and level of consumption. Author(s): Novak A, Burgess ES, Clark M, Zvolensky MJ, Brown RA. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2003; 17(2): 165-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12614660&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety sensitivity: predictor of sleep-related impairment and medication use in chronic insomnia. Author(s): Vincent N, Walker J. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2001; 14(4): 238-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11754132&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety sensitivity: relations to psychopathy, DSM-IV personality disorder features, and personality traits. Author(s): Lilienfeld SO, Penna S. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2001 September-October; 15(5): 367-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11583071&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety sensitivity: relationship to negative affect smoking and smoking cessation in smokers with past major depressive disorder. Author(s): Brown RA, Kahler CW, Zvolensky MJ, Lejuez CW, Ramsey SE. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 2001 November-December; 26(6): 887-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11768550&dopt=Abstract
Studies 111
•
Anxiety symptoms in elderly patients with depression: what is the best approach to treatment? Author(s): Lenze EJ, Mulsant BH, Shear MK, Houck P, Reynolds III CF. Source: Drugs & Aging. 2002; 19(10): 753-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12390052&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety with panic disorder linked to chromosome 9q in Iceland. Author(s): Thorgeirsson TE, Oskarsson H, Desnica N, Kostic JP, Stefansson JG, Kolbeinsson H, Lindal E, Gagunashvili N, Frigge ML, Kong A, Stefansson K, Gulcher JR. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003 May; 72(5): 1221-30. Epub 2003 April 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12679899&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety, affect, and activity in teenagers: monitoring daily life with electronic diaries. Author(s): Henker B, Whalen CK, Jamner LD, Delfino RJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002 June; 41(6): 660-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12049440&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety, arousal and visual attention: a mechanistic account of performance variability. Author(s): Janelle CM. Source: Journal of Sports Sciences. 2002 March; 20(3): 237-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11999479&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety, attitudes, and sex roles of male college students in a “Buddy Program” for persons with disabilities. Author(s): Gaje GD Jr, Saylor C, DeRoma V. Source: Psychological Reports. 2002 June; 90(3 Pt 2): 1211-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12150409&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety, cognitive performance, and cognitive decline in normal aging. Author(s): Wetherell JL, Reynolds CA, Gatz M, Pedersen NL. Source: The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 2002 May; 57(3): P246-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11983736&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety, coping strategies, and coping behaviors in patients undergoing head and neck cancer surgery. Author(s): Dropkin MJ. Source: Cancer Nursing. 2001 April; 24(2): 143-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11318262&dopt=Abstract
112 Anxiety
•
Anxiety, delirium, and pain in the intensive care unit. Author(s): Szokol JW, Vender JS. Source: Critical Care Clinics. 2001 October; 17(4): 821-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11762263&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety, depression and anger suppression in infertile couples: a controlled study. Author(s): Fassino S, Piero A, Boggio S, Piccioni V, Garzaro L. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2002 November; 17(11): 2986-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12407062&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety, depression and functional capacity in older women with mitral valve stenosis. Author(s): Shuldham C, Goodman H, Fleming S, Tattersall K, Pryse-Hawkins H. Source: International Journal of Nursing Practice. 2001 October; 7(5): 322-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11811430&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety, depression and informed consent in patients referred to a radiotherapy department. Author(s): Cazzaniga LF, Maroni D, Bianchi E, Bossi A, Cagna E, Cosentino D, Palmieri L, Scandolaro L, Valli MC. Source: Tumori. 2003 March-April; 89(2): 176-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12841667&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety, depression and stressful life events among medical students: a prospective study in Antalya, Turkey. Author(s): Aktekin M, Karaman T, Senol YY, Erdem S, Erengin H, Akaydin M. Source: Medical Education. 2001 January; 35(1): 12-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11123589&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Author(s): Larzelere MM, Wiseman P. Source: Primary Care. 2002 June; 29(2): 339-60, Vii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12391715&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety, depression, and the content of worries. Author(s): Diefenbach GJ, McCarthy-Larzelere ME, Williamson DA, Mathews A, Manguno-Mire GM, Bentz BG. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2001; 14(4): 247-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11754134&dopt=Abstract
Studies 113
•
Anxiety, depression, hunger and body composition: III. Their relationships in obese patients. Author(s): Cugini P, Cilli M, Salandri A, Ceccotti P, Di Marzo A, Rodio A, Fontana S, Pellegrino AM, De Francesco GP, Coda S, De Vito F, Colosi L, Petrangeli CM, Giovannini C. Source: Eat Weight Disord. 1999 September; 4(3): 115-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11234239&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety, fears, and phobias in persons with Williams syndrome. Author(s): Dykens EM. Source: Developmental Neuropsychology. 2003; 23(1-2): 291-316. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12730029&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety, stress and coping strategies among University of South Pacific students. Author(s): Fuatai L, Soon-Schuster F. Source: Pac Health Dialog. 2001 March; 8(1): 83-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12017843&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety/aggression--driven depression. A paradigm of functionalization and verticalization of psychiatric diagnosis. Author(s): Van Praag HM. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2001 May; 25(4): 893-924. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11383984&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety/uncertainty reduction as a motivation for interest in prophylactic oophorectomy in women with a family history of ovarian cancer. Author(s): Hurley KE, Miller SM, Costalas JW, Gillespie D, Daly MB. Source: Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine. 2001 March; 10(2): 18999. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11268302&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety-related attentional biases and their regulation by attentional control. Author(s): Derryberry D, Reed MA. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2002 May; 111(2): 225-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12003445&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiolytic action on the behavioural inhibition system implies multiple types of arousal contribute to anxiety. Author(s): McNaughton N, Gray JA. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000 December; 61(3): 161-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11163419&dopt=Abstract
114 Anxiety
•
Anxiolytic premedication reduces preoperative anxiety and pain during oocyte retrieval. A randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Ng EH, Miao B, Ho PC. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2002 May; 17(5): 1233-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11980744&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxious genes, emerging themes. Commentary on Belzung “The genetic basis of the pharmacological effects of anxiolytics” and Olivier et al. “The 5-HT(1A) receptor knockout mouse and anxiety”. Author(s): Rodgers RJ. Source: Behavioural Pharmacology. 2001 November; 12(6-7): 471-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11742141&dopt=Abstract
•
Application of Ledoux's neurobiological findings in treating anxiety disorders. Author(s): Goldman DS. Source: The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis. 2000 Winter; 28(4): 701-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11317514&dopt=Abstract
•
Are anxiety and depression related to gastrointestinal symptoms in the general population? Author(s): Haug TT, Mykletun A, Dahl AA. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002 March; 37(3): 294-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11916191&dopt=Abstract
•
Are impaired childhood motor skills a risk factor for adolescent anxiety? Results from the 1958 U.K. birth cohort and the National Child Development Study. Author(s): Sigurdsson E, Van Os J, Fombonne E. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 June; 159(6): 1044-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042195&dopt=Abstract
•
Asian American-white American differences in expressions of social anxiety: a replication and extension. Author(s): Okazaki S, Liu JF, Longworth SL, Minn JY. Source: Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology. 2002 August; 8(3): 234-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12143101&dopt=Abstract
•
As-needed use of benzodiazepines in managing clinical anxiety: incidence and implications. Author(s): Westra HA, Stewart SH. Source: Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2002; 8(1): 59-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11812250&dopt=Abstract
Studies 115
•
Assessing behavioral health using OASIS: part 2: cognitive impairment, problematic behaviors, and anxiety. Author(s): Raue PJ, Brown EL, Murphy CF, Bruce ML. Source: Home Healthcare Nurse. 2002 April; 20(4): 230-5; Quiz 236. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11984191&dopt=Abstract
•
Assessing older adults with generalized anxiety: a replication and extension. Author(s): Stanley MA, Novy DM, Bourland SL, Beck JG, Averill PM. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2001 February; 39(2): 221-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11153975&dopt=Abstract
•
Assessing the perceived predictability of anxiety-related events: a report on the perceived predictability index. Author(s): Zvolensky MJ, Eifert GH, Lejuez CW, Hopko DR, Forsyth JP. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 2000 SeptemberDecember; 31(3-4): 201-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11494957&dopt=Abstract
•
Assessing the risks and benefits of benzodiazepines for anxiety disorders in patients with a history of substance abuse or dependence. Author(s): Posternak MA, Mueller TI. Source: The American Journal on Addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions. 2001 Winter; 10(1): 48-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11268828&dopt=Abstract
•
Assessment of anxiety and depression in adolescents with mental retardation. Author(s): Masi G, Brovedani P, Mucci M, Favilla L. Source: Child Psychiatry and Human Development. 2002 Spring; 32(3): 227-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11893172&dopt=Abstract
•
Assessment of anxiety in young children. Author(s): Warren SL, Dadson N. Source: Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2001 December; 13(6): 580-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11753111&dopt=Abstract
•
Assessment of anxiety sensitivity in young American Indians and Alaska Natives. Author(s): Zvolensky MJ, McNeil DW, Porter CA, Stewart SH. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2001 April; 39(4): 477-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11280345&dopt=Abstract
116 Anxiety
•
Assessment of pain, depression, and anxiety by visual analogue scale in Japanese women with rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Tamiya N, Araki S, Ohi G, Inagaki K, Urano N, Hirano W, Daltroy LH. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. 2002 June; 16(2): 137-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12000666&dopt=Abstract
•
Assessment of state and trait anxiety in subjects with anxiety and depressive disorders. Author(s): Kennedy BL, Schwab JJ, Morris RL, Beldia G. Source: The Psychiatric Quarterly. 2001 Fall; 72(3): 263-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11467160&dopt=Abstract
•
Association between allergy and anxiety disorders in youth. Author(s): Kovalenko PA, Hoven CW, Wu P, Wicks J, Mandell DJ, Tiet Q. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 December; 35(6): 815-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11990892&dopt=Abstract
•
Association of anxiety with reduced baroreflex cardiac control in patients after acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Watkins LL, Blumenthal JA, Carney RM. Source: American Heart Journal. 2002 March; 143(3): 460-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11868052&dopt=Abstract
•
Association of fear auras with mood and anxiety disorders after temporal lobectomy. Author(s): Kohler CG, Carran MA, Bilker W, O'Connor MJ, Sperling MR. Source: Epilepsia. 2001 May; 42(5): 674-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11380577&dopt=Abstract
•
Association of polymorphisms of the estrogen receptor gene with anxiety-related traits in children and adolescents: a longitudinal study. Author(s): Prichard Z, Jorm AF, Prior M, Sanson A, Smart D, Zhang Y, Huttley G, Easteal S. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 March 8; 114(2): 169-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11857578&dopt=Abstract
•
Associations between anxiety and marital adjustment. Author(s): Dehle C, Weiss RL. Source: The Journal of Psychology. 2002 May; 136(3): 328-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12206281&dopt=Abstract
Studies 117
•
Associations between juvenile and adult forms of separation anxiety disorder: a study of adult volunteers with histories of school refusal. Author(s): Silove D, Manicavasagar V, Drobny J. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2002 June; 190(6): 413-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12080215&dopt=Abstract
•
Associations of blood glucose control with self-efficacy and rated anxiety/depression in type II diabetes mellitus patients. Author(s): Ikeda K, Aoki H, Saito K, Muramatsu Y, Suzuki T. Source: Psychological Reports. 2003 April; 92(2): 540-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12785638&dopt=Abstract
•
Associative learning deficits increase symptoms of anxiety in humans. Author(s): Grillon C. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2002 June 1; 51(11): 851-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12022957&dopt=Abstract
•
Attachment behaviors, depression, and anxiety in nonoffending mothers of child sexual abuse victims. Author(s): Lewin L, Bergin C. Source: Child Maltreatment. 2001 November; 6(4): 365-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11675819&dopt=Abstract
•
Attachment-related dynamics: what can we learn from self-reports of avoidance and anxiety? Author(s): Feeney JA. Source: Attachment & Human Development. 2002 September; 4(2): 193-200. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12467512&dopt=Abstract
•
Attaining remission in generalized anxiety disorder: venlafaxine extended release comparative data. Author(s): Sheehan DV. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 19: 26-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11577788&dopt=Abstract
•
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, combined type (ADHD-CT): differences in blood pressure (BP) due to posture and the child report of anxiety. Author(s): Vance AL, Costin J, Maruff P. Source: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002 February; 11(1): 24-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11942425&dopt=Abstract
118 Anxiety
•
Attention, arousal and expectancies in anxiety and sexual disorders. Author(s): van den Hout M, Barlow D. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000 December; 61(3): 241-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11163425&dopt=Abstract
•
Attentional and physiological characteristics of patients with dental anxiety. Author(s): Johnsen BH, Thayer JF, Laberg JC, Wormnes B, Raadal M, Skaret E, Kvale G, Berg E. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2003; 17(1): 75-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12464290&dopt=Abstract
•
Auditory event-related potentials in panic and generalised anxiety disorders. Author(s): Turan T, Esel E, Karaaslan F, Basturk M, Oguz A, Yabanoglu I. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2002 January; 26(1): 123-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11853102&dopt=Abstract
•
Auricular acupressure as a treatment for anxiety in prehospital transport settings. Author(s): Kober A, Scheck T, Schubert B, Strasser H, Gustorff B, Bertalanffy P, Wang SM, Kain ZN, Hoerauf K. Source: Anesthesiology. 2003 June; 98(6): 1328-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12766639&dopt=Abstract
•
Auricular acupuncture: a potential treatment for anxiety. Author(s): Wang SM, Kain ZN. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 February; 92(2): 548-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11159266&dopt=Abstract
•
Avoidance of dental visits: the predictive validity of three dental anxiety scales. Author(s): Haugejorden O, Klock KS. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2000 December; 58(6): 255-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11196400&dopt=Abstract
•
Baccalaureate nursing students' experiences of anxiety producing situations in the clinical setting. Author(s): Kim KH. Source: Contemp Nurse. 2003 April; 14(2): 145-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12785605&dopt=Abstract
Studies 119
•
Background and history of the interface between anxiety and vertigo. Author(s): Balaban CD, Jacob RG. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2001 January-April; 15(1-2): 27-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11388357&dopt=Abstract
•
Back-neck pain and symptoms of anxiety and depression: a population-based twin study. Author(s): Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Stoltenberg C, Tambs K, Roysamb E, Kringlen E, Torgersen S, Harris JR. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2002 August; 32(6): 1009-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12214782&dopt=Abstract
•
Behavior Evaluation Scale: validity in studies on social anxiety. Author(s): Akillas E. Source: Psychological Reports. 2002 December; 91(3 Pt 1): 979-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12530753&dopt=Abstract
•
Behavioral assessment of social anxiety in females with Turner or fragile X syndrome. Author(s): Lesniak-Karpiak K, Mazzocco MM, Ross JL. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2003 February; 33(1): 55-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12708580&dopt=Abstract
•
Behavioral characteristics related to substance abuse and risk-taking, sensationseeking, anxiety sensitivity, and self-reinforcement. Author(s): Wagner MK. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 2001 January-February; 26(1): 115-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11196285&dopt=Abstract
•
Behavioral genetics as a tool for developmental psychology: anxiety and depression in children and adolescents. Author(s): Eley TC. Source: Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. 1999 March; 2(1): 21-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11324094&dopt=Abstract
•
Behavioral genetics: anxiety under interrogation. Author(s): Toye AA, Cox R. Source: Current Biology : Cb. 2001 June 26; 11(12): R473-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11448789&dopt=Abstract
120 Anxiety
•
Behavioural inhibition and symptoms of anxiety and depression: is there a specific relationship with social phobia? Author(s): Neal JA, Edelmann RJ, Glachan M. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 2002 November; 41(Pt 4): 361-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12437791&dopt=Abstract
•
Benzodiazepine discontinuation in generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Gupta R, Gupta N, Avasthi A. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 February; 159(2): 321-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11823290&dopt=Abstract
•
Benzodiazepine treatment of anxiety or insomnia in substance abuse patients. Author(s): Ciraulo DA, Nace EP. Source: The American Journal on Addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions. 2000 Fall; 9(4): 276-9; Discussion 280-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11155783&dopt=Abstract
•
Benzodiazepines and anticonvulsants for social phobia (social anxiety disorder). Author(s): Jefferson JW. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 1: 50-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11206035&dopt=Abstract
•
Biased attentional behavior in childhood anxiety. A review of theory and current empirical investigation. Author(s): Ehrenreich JT, Gross AM. Source: Clinical Psychology Review. 2002 September; 22(7): 991-1008. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12238250&dopt=Abstract
•
Biases in eye movements to threatening facial expressions in generalized anxiety disorder and depressive disorder. Author(s): Mogg K, Millar N, Bradley BP. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2000 November; 109(4): 695-704. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11195993&dopt=Abstract
•
Biochemical markers of anxiety and depression. Author(s): Rafter D. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2001 August 5; 103(1): 93-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11472794&dopt=Abstract
Studies 121
•
Biochemical relapse in prostate cancer: is PSA promoting stress and anxiety? Author(s): Slovin S. Source: Medgenmed [electronic Resource] : Medscape General Medicine. 2002 August 28; 4(3): 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12466754&dopt=Abstract
•
Biological differences in depression and anxiety across races and ethnic groups. Author(s): Lin KM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 13: 13-9; Discussion 20-1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11434414&dopt=Abstract
•
Blood pressure and symptoms of depression and anxiety: a prospective study. Author(s): Shinn EH, Poston WS, Kimball KT, St Jeor ST, Foreyt JP. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2001 July; 14(7 Pt 1): 660-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11482304&dopt=Abstract
•
Botanical medicines for anxiety: do they have a place? Author(s): Davidson J. Source: Current Psychiatry Reports. 2002 August; 4(4): 245-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12126591&dopt=Abstract
•
Brain chemistry reflects dual states of pain and anxiety in chronic low back pain. Author(s): Grachev ID, Fredrickson BE, Apkarian AV. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 2002 October; 109(10): 1309-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12373563&dopt=Abstract
•
Brain electrical tomography in depression: the importance of symptom severity, anxiety, and melancholic features. Author(s): Pizzagalli DA, Nitschke JB, Oakes TR, Hendrick AM, Horras KA, Larson CL, Abercrombie HC, Schaefer SM, Koger JV, Benca RM, Pascual-Marqui RD, Davidson RJ. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2002 July 15; 52(2): 73-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12113998&dopt=Abstract
•
Brain function in social anxiety disorder. Author(s): Argyropoulos SV, Bell CJ, Nutt DJ. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 December; 24(4): 707-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11723629&dopt=Abstract
122 Anxiety
•
Brain imaging studies in mood and anxiety disorders: special emphasis on the amygdala. Author(s): Anand A, Shekhar A. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003 April; 985: 370-88. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12724172&dopt=Abstract
•
Brain wave synchronizers: a potential tool for reducing dental stress and anxiety. Author(s): Morse DR. Source: Dent Today. 2000 October; 19(10): 118-20, 122-5. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12524816&dopt=Abstract
•
Brief report: citalopram in child and adolescent depression with anxiety. Author(s): Schaller JL, Behar D. Source: Medgenmed [electronic Resource] : Medscape General Medicine. 2001 October 31; 3(5): 1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11698908&dopt=Abstract
•
Brief virtual reality therapy for public speaking anxiety. Author(s): Harris SR, Kemmerling RL, North MM. Source: Cyberpsychology & Behavior : the Impact of the Internet, Multimedia and Virtual Reality on Behavior and Society. 2002 December; 5(6): 543-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12556117&dopt=Abstract
•
Burn patients' pain and anxiety experiences. Author(s): Byers JF, Bridges S, Kijek J, LaBorde P. Source: The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation. 2001 March-April; 22(2): 144-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11302603&dopt=Abstract
•
By the way, doctor. Your article about anxiety in the March 2002 issue neglected to mention the herb kava as a treatment for anxiety. I've been using it, and I thought its effectiveness for anxiety was widely accepted. Why did you omit it? Author(s): Robb-Nicholson C. Source: Harvard Women's Health Watch. 2002 April; 9(8): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11959540&dopt=Abstract
•
Can pre-colposcopy sessions reduce anxiety at the time of colposcopy? A prospective randomised study. Author(s): Byrom J, Clarke T, Neale J, Dunn PD, Hughes GM, Redman CW, Pitts M. Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : the Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 July; 22(4): 415-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12521468&dopt=Abstract
Studies 123
•
Can we use anxiolytics during pregnancy without anxiety? Author(s): Addis A, Dolovich LR, Einarson TR, Koren G. Source: Can Fam Physician. 2000 March; 46: 549-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10751993&dopt=Abstract
•
Cancer patients' anxiety. Author(s): Sundar S, Symonds P. Source: Lancet. 2003 May 17; 361(9370): 1746-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12767769&dopt=Abstract
•
Capsulotomy for refractory anxiety disorders: long-term follow-up of 26 patients. Author(s): Ruck C, Andreewitch S, Flyckt K, Edman G, Nyman H, Meyerson BA, Lippitz BE, Hindmarsh T, Svanborg P, Mindus P, Asberg M. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 March; 160(3): 513-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12611833&dopt=Abstract
•
Cardiac anxiety in patients self-referred for electron beam tomography. Author(s): Carmin CN, Wiegartz PS, Hoff JA, Kondos GT. Source: Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2003 February; 26(1): 67-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12690947&dopt=Abstract
•
Cardiac deceleration in elite golfers as modified by noise and anxiety during putting. Author(s): Hassmen P, Koivula N. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2001 June; 92(3 Pt 2): 947-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11565938&dopt=Abstract
•
Career group counseling in undecided college female seniors' state anxiety and career indecision. Author(s): Peng H. Source: Psychological Reports. 2001 June; 88(3 Pt 2): 996-1004. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11597093&dopt=Abstract
•
Case of a 73-year-old man with dementia and a likely pheochromocytoma mistaken for an anxiety disorder. Author(s): Prokhorova M, Fritz S. Source: Psychosomatics. 2002 January-February; 43(1): 82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11927767&dopt=Abstract
124 Anxiety
•
Casting anxiety in small group facilitation: faculty development via role play. Author(s): Kim S, Stevens NG, Pinsky L. Source: Medical Education. 2003 May; 37(5): 489. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12709215&dopt=Abstract
•
Castration anxiety and phobias. Author(s): Cogan R, Larrabee LK, Wyatt IM, Ontiberoz A, Waters SK, Werner ML, Miller AL, Lovelady AC, Hurt TJ, Hardin ED 3rd, Gonzalez PM. Source: Psychological Reports. 2002 December; 91(3 Pt 2): 1244-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12585544&dopt=Abstract
•
Causal modeling of relations among learning history, anxiety sensitivity, and panic attacks. Author(s): Stewart SH, Taylor S, Jang KL, Cox BJ, Watt MC, Fedoroff IC, Borger SC. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2001 April; 39(4): 443-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11280342&dopt=Abstract
•
Center-based prevalence of anxiety and depression in women of the northern areas of Pakistan. Author(s): Dodani S, Zuberi RW. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 2000 May; 50(5): 138-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11242710&dopt=Abstract
•
Cerebral blood flow and anxiety in older men: an analysis of resting anterior asymmetry and prefrontal regions. Author(s): Tankard CF, Waldstein SR, Siegel EL, Holder LE, Lefkowitz D, Anstett F, Katzel LI. Source: Brain and Cognition. 2003 June; 52(1): 70-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12812806&dopt=Abstract
•
CF carrier testing in a high risk population: anxiety, risk perceptions, and reproductive plans of carrier by “non-carrier” couples. Author(s): Callanan NP, Cheuvront BJ, Sorenson JR. Source: Genetics in Medicine : Official Journal of the American College of Medical Genetics. 1999 November-December; 1(7): 323-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11263543&dopt=Abstract
•
Challenges and early experiences in the development of an anxiety clinic in the public health sector. Author(s): Wagner R, Manicavasagar V, Silove D. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 2002 November-December; 24(6): 406-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490342&dopt=Abstract
Studies 125
•
Characteristics of parent- and child-reported anxiety in psychostimulant medication naive, clinically referred children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, combined type (ADHD-CT). Author(s): Vance A, Costin J, Barnett R, Luk E, Maruff P, Tonge B. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 April; 36(2): 234-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11982546&dopt=Abstract
•
Characteristics of patients with social phobia and their treatment in specialized clinics for anxiety disorders in the Netherlands. Author(s): Dingemans AE, van Vliet IM, Couvee J, Westenberg HG. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 July; 65(2): 123-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11356235&dopt=Abstract
•
Characterization of the longitudinal course of improvement in generalized anxiety disorder during long-term treatment with venlafaxine XR. Author(s): Montgomery SA, Sheehan DV, Meoni P, Haudiquet V, Hackett D. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2002 July-August; 36(4): 209-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12191625&dopt=Abstract
•
Chemical mapping of anxiety in the brain of healthy humans: an in vivo 1H-MRS study on the effects of sex, age, and brain region. Author(s): Grachev ID, Apkarian AV. Source: Human Brain Mapping. 2000 December; 11(4): 261-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11144755&dopt=Abstract
•
Childhood adversities associated with major depression and/or anxiety disorders in a community sample of Ontario: issues of co-morbidity and specificity. Author(s): Levitan RD, Rector NA, Sheldon T, Goering P. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2003; 17(1): 34-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12577276&dopt=Abstract
•
Childhood adversity and anxiety versus dysthymia co-morbidity in major depression. Author(s): Harkness KL, Wildes JE. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2002 October; 32(7): 1239-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12420893&dopt=Abstract
•
Childhood and early-onset anxiety: treatment and biomarker studies. Author(s): McCracken JT, Walkup JT, Koplewicz HS. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002; 63 Suppl 6: 8-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027119&dopt=Abstract
126 Anxiety
•
Childhood history of anxiety disorders among adults with social phobia: rates, correlates, and comparisons with patients with panic disorder. Author(s): Otto MW, Pollack MH, Maki KM, Gould RA, Worthington JJ 3rd, Smoller JW, Rosenbaum JF. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2001; 14(4): 209-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11754127&dopt=Abstract
•
Children choosing between general anaesthesia or inhalation sedation for dental extractions: the effect on dental anxiety. Author(s): Arch LM, Humphris GM, Lee GT. Source: International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry / the British Paedodontic Society [and] the International Association of Dentistry for Children. 2001 January; 11(1): 41-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11309872&dopt=Abstract
•
Children with prepubertal-onset major depressive disorder and anxiety grown up. Author(s): Weissman MM, Wolk S, Wickramaratne P, Goldstein RB, Adams P, Greenwald S, Ryan ND, Dahl RE, Steinberg D. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1999 September; 56(9): 794-801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12884885&dopt=Abstract
•
Children's art as a helpful index of anxiety and self-esteem with plastic surgery. Author(s): Lukash FN. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2002 May; 109(6): 1777-86; Discussion 17878. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11994573&dopt=Abstract
•
Children's knowledge, anticipatory anxiety, procedural distress, and recall of esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Author(s): Lewis Claar R, Walker LS, Barnard JA. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2002 January; 34(1): 68-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11753168&dopt=Abstract
•
Chronic fatigue and anxiety/depression: a twin study. Author(s): Roy-Byrne P, Afari N, Ashton S, Fischer M, Goldberg J, Buchwald D. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2002 January; 180: 29-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11772848&dopt=Abstract
Studies 127
•
Cigarette smoking and anxiety disorders. Author(s): Beerachee Y, Coulson EJ, Kay NL, McKinnon IG, Sarkar L. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 February 14; 285(6): 732; Author Reply 732-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11176898&dopt=Abstract
•
Cigarette smoking and anxiety disorders. Author(s): MacCorquodale DW. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 February 14; 285(6): 732; Author Reply 732-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11176897&dopt=Abstract
•
Citalopram in children and adolescents with depression or anxiety. Author(s): Baumgartner JL, Emslie GJ, Crismon ML. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2002 November; 36(11): 1692-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12398561&dopt=Abstract
•
Clinical significance and comorbidity of subthreshold depression and anxiety in the community. Author(s): Preisig M, Merikangas KR, Angst J. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2001 August; 104(2): 96-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11473502&dopt=Abstract
•
Clinical validation of an anxiety and depression screening test for intensive inhospital rehabilitation. Author(s): Vedana L, Baiardi P, Sommaruga M, Galli M, Neri M, Pedretti RF, Tramarin R, Bertolotti G. Source: Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2002 September; 58(2): 101-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12418422&dopt=Abstract
•
Clonazepam treatment of lysergic acid diethylamide-induced hallucinogen persisting perception disorder with anxiety features. Author(s): Lerner AG, Gelkopf M, Skladman I, Rudinski D, Nachshon H, Bleich A. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2003 March; 18(2): 101-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12598822&dopt=Abstract
•
Coffee increases state anxiety in males but not in females. Author(s): Botella P, Parra A. Source: Human Psychopharmacology. 2003 March; 18(2): 141-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12590408&dopt=Abstract
128 Anxiety
•
Cognition in childhood anxiety: conceptual, methodological, and developmental issues. Author(s): Alfano CA, Beidel DC, Turner SM. Source: Clinical Psychology Review. 2002 November; 22(8): 1209-38. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12436811&dopt=Abstract
•
Cognitive biases in anxiety disorders and their effect on cognitive-behavioral treatment. Author(s): Craske MG, Pontillo DC. Source: Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 2001 Winter; 65(1): 58-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11280959&dopt=Abstract
•
Cognitive change and enhanced coping: missing mediational links in cognitive behavior therapy with anxiety-disordered children. Author(s): Prins PJ, Ollendick TH. Source: Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. 2003 June; 6(2): 87-105. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12836579&dopt=Abstract
•
Cognitive coping and anxiety symptoms among people who seek help for fear of flying. Author(s): Kraaij V, Garnefski N, Van Gerwen L. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2003 March; 74(3): 273-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12650276&dopt=Abstract
•
Cognitive coping strategies and symptoms of depression and anxiety: a comparison between adolescents and adults. Author(s): Garnefski N, Legerstee J, Kraaij VV, Van Den Kommer T, Teerds J. Source: Journal of Adolescence. 2002 December; 25(6): 603-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490178&dopt=Abstract
•
Cognitive ERPs in depressive and anxiety disorders during tonal and phonetic oddball tasks. Author(s): Bruder GE, Kayser J, Tenke CE, Leite P, Schneier FR, Stewart JW, Quitkin FM. Source: Clin Electroencephalogr. 2002 July; 33(3): 119-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12192661&dopt=Abstract
•
Cognitive functioning in chronic fatigue syndrome and the role of depression, anxiety, and fatigue. Author(s): Short K, McCabe M, Tooley G. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2002 June; 52(6): 475-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12069872&dopt=Abstract
Studies 129
•
Cognitive orientation, precompetition, and actual competition anxiety in collegiate softball players. Author(s): Wilson GS, Steinke JS. Source: Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 2002 September; 73(3): 335-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230341&dopt=Abstract
•
Cognitive theories of generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Aikins DE, Craske MG. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 March; 24(1): 57-74, Vi. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11225509&dopt=Abstract
•
Cognitive, affective, and physiological expressions of anxiety symptomatology among Mexican migrant farmworkers: predictors and generational differences. Author(s): Hovey JD, Magana CG. Source: Community Mental Health Journal. 2002 June; 38(3): 223-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12046676&dopt=Abstract
•
Cognitive-behavior therapy for late-life generalized anxiety disorder in primary care: preliminary findings. Author(s): Stanley MA, Hopko DR, Diefenbach GJ, Bourland SL, Rodriguez H, Wagener P. Source: The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. 2003 January-February; 11(1): 92-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12527544&dopt=Abstract
•
Cognitive-behavioral intervention effects on adolescents' anxiety and pain following spinal fusion surgery. Author(s): LaMontagne LL, Hepworth JT, Cohen F, Salisbury MH. Source: Nursing Research. 2003 May-June; 52(3): 183-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12792259&dopt=Abstract
•
Cognitive-behavioral models of social anxiety disorder. Author(s): Roth DA, Heimberg RG. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 December; 24(4): 753-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11723631&dopt=Abstract
•
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder with integrations from interpersonal and experiential therapies. Author(s): Borkovec TD, Newman MG, Castonguay LG. Source: Cns Spectr. 2003 May; 8(5): 382-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12766694&dopt=Abstract
130 Anxiety
•
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder. Author(s): Radomsky AS, Otto MW. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 December; 24(4): 805-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11723634&dopt=Abstract
•
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder: current status and future directions. Author(s): Heimberg RG. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2002 January 1; 51(1): 101-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11801235&dopt=Abstract
•
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder: supporting evidence and future directions. Author(s): Hambrick JP, Weeks JW, Harb GC, Heimberg RG. Source: Cns Spectr. 2003 May; 8(5): 373-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12766693&dopt=Abstract
•
Cognitive-behavioral therapy with a six-year-old boy with separation anxiety disorder: a case study. Author(s): Dia DA. Source: Health & Social Work. 2001 May; 26(2): 125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11378998&dopt=Abstract
•
Cognitive-behavioral treatment of anxiety disorders in children: long-term (6-year) follow-up. Author(s): Barrett PM, Duffy AL, Dadds MR, Rapee RM. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2001 February; 69(1): 135-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11302272&dopt=Abstract
•
Cognitive-behavioral treatment of generalized anxiety disorder among adolescents: a case series. Author(s): Leger E, Ladouceur R, Dugas MJ, Freeston MH. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003 March; 42(3): 327-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12595786&dopt=Abstract
•
Cognitive-behavioral treatment of late-life generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Stanley MA, Beck JG, Novy DM, Averill PM, Swann AC, Diefenbach GJ, Hopko DR. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2003 April; 71(2): 309-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699025&dopt=Abstract
Studies 131
•
Combined psychoeducation and treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for youth with generalized social anxiety disorder. Author(s): Chavira DA, Stein MB. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2002 Spring; 12(1): 47-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12014595&dopt=Abstract
•
Comment on “Convergent validity of the Collett-Lester Fear of Death and Templer Death Anxiety Scales in Egyptian male college students”. Author(s): Lester D. Source: Psychological Reports. 2002 December; 91(3 Pt 1): 940. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12530748&dopt=Abstract
•
Commentary: Anxiety, sensitivity and the pain experience. Author(s): Asmundson GJ. Source: European Journal of Pain (London, England). 2001; 5(1): 23-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11394919&dopt=Abstract
•
Comorbid anxiety and affective disorder in alcohol-dependent patients seeking treatment: the first Multicentre Study in Germany. Author(s): Schneider U, Altmann A, Baumann M, Bernzen J, Bertz B, Bimber U, Broese T, Broocks A, Burtscheidt W, Cimander KF, Degkwitz P, Driessen M, Ehrenreich H, Fischbach E, Folkerts H, Frank H, Gurth D, Havemann-Reinecke U, Heber W, Heuer J, Hingsammer A, Jacobs S, Krampe H, Lange W, Lay T, Leimbach M, Lemke MR, Leweke M, Mangholz A, Massing W, Meyenberg R, Porzig J, Quattert T, Redner C, Ritzel G, Rollnik JD, Sauvageoll R, Schlafke D, Schmid G, Schroder H, Schwichtenberg U, Schwoon D, Seifert J, Sickelmann I, Sieveking CF, Spiess C, Stiegemann HH, Stracke R, Straetgen HD, Subkowski P, Thomasius R, Tretzel H, Verner LJ, Vitens J, Wagner T, Weirich S, Weiss I, Wendorff T, Wetterling T, Wiese B, Wittfoot J. Source: Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). 2001 May-June; 36(3): 219-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11373258&dopt=Abstract
•
Comorbid anxiety and mood disorders among persons with social anxiety disorder. Author(s): Erwin BA, Heimberg RG, Juster H, Mindlin M. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2002 January; 40(1): 19-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11762424&dopt=Abstract
•
Comorbid anxiety disorders in civilians seeking treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Zayfert C, Becker CB, Unger DL, Shearer DK. Source: Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2002 February; 15(1): 31-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936720&dopt=Abstract
132 Anxiety
•
Comorbidity between eating disorders and anxiety disorders: a review. Author(s): Godart NT, Flament MF, Perdereau F, Jeammet P. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2002 November; 32(3): 253-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12210640&dopt=Abstract
•
Comorbidity fails to account for the relationship of expressed emotion and perceived criticism to treatment outcome in patients with anxiety disorders. Author(s): Renshaw KD, Chambless D, Steketee G. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 2001 September; 32(3): 145-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11934127&dopt=Abstract
•
Comorbidity in childhood anxiety disorders and treatment outcome. Author(s): Kendall PC, Brady EU, Verduin TL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001 July; 40(7): 787-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11437017&dopt=Abstract
•
Comorbidity in generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Noyes R Jr. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 March; 24(1): 41-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11225508&dopt=Abstract
•
Comorbidity in generalized anxiety disorder: impact and implications. Author(s): Stein DJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 11: 29-34; Discussion 35-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11414548&dopt=Abstract
•
Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: an integrative review. Author(s): Seligman LD, Ollendick TH. Source: Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. 1998 June; 1(2): 125-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11324302&dopt=Abstract
•
Comorbidity of anxiety disorder among patients with bipolar I disorder in remission. Author(s): Tamam L, Ozpoyraz N. Source: Psychopathology. 2002 July-August; 35(4): 203-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12239436&dopt=Abstract
Studies 133
•
Comorbidity of dependent personality disorder and separation anxiety disorder in addictive disorders and in healthy subjects. Author(s): Loas G, Atger F, Perdereau F, Verrier A, Guelfi JD, Halfon O, Lang F, Bizouard P, Venisse JL, Perez-Diaz F, Corcos M, Flament M, Jeammet P; Reseau Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) No. 494013. Source: Psychopathology. 2002 July-August; 35(4): 249-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12239442&dopt=Abstract
•
Comorbidity of depression and anxiety disorders in later life. Author(s): Lenze EJ, Mulsant BH, Shear MK, Alexopoulos GS, Frank E, Reynolds CF 3rd. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2001; 14(2): 86-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11668661&dopt=Abstract
•
Comorbidity of depressive and anxiety disorders in chronic daily headache and its subtypes. Author(s): Juang KD, Wang SJ, Fuh JL, Lu SR, Su TP. Source: Headache. 2000 November-December; 40(10): 818-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11135026&dopt=Abstract
•
Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders: the rule, not the exception? Author(s): Nemeroff CB. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 January; 159(1): 3-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11772680&dopt=Abstract
•
Comorbidity, neurobiology, and pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder. Author(s): Pollack MH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 12: 24-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11430615&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparative levels of psychological distress, stress symptoms, depression and anxiety after childbirth--a prospective population-based study of mothers and fathers. Author(s): Skari H, Skreden M, Malt UF, Dalholt M, Ostensen AB, Egeland T, Emblem R. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 October; 109(10): 1154-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12387470&dopt=Abstract
134 Anxiety
•
Comparative study of anxiety, depression, somatization, functional disability, and illness attribution in adolescents with chronic fatigue or migraine. Author(s): Smith MS, Martin-Herz SP, Womack WM, Marsigan JL. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 April; 111(4 Pt 1): E376-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12671155&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparing anxiety disorders and anxiety-related traits in bipolar disorder and unipolar depression. Author(s): Simon NM, Smoller JW, Fava M, Sachs G, Racette SR, Perlis R, Sonawalla S, Rosenbaum JF. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2003 May-June; 37(3): 187-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12650739&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison between two models of experimental anxiety in healthy volunteers and panic disorder patients. Author(s): Graeff FG, Silva M, Del Ben CM, Zuardi AW, Hetem LA, Guimaraes FS. Source: Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2001 December; 25(7-8): 753-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11801299&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison of anxiety assessments between clinicians and patients with acute myocardial infarction in cardiac critical care units. Author(s): O'Brien JL, Moser DK, Riegel B, Frazier SK, Garvin BJ, Kim KA. Source: American Journal of Critical Care : an Official Publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. 2001 March; 10(2): 97-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11244678&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison of anxiety response levels in patients who are HIV-positive and patients who are not. Author(s): Weiner AA, Zemnick C, Ganda K. Source: J Mass Dent Soc. 2002 Fall; 51(3): 12-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12380033&dopt=Abstract
•
Compulsive checking behaviors in generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Schut AJ, Castonguay LG, Borkovec TD. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2001 June; 57(6): 705-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11344459&dopt=Abstract
Studies 135
•
Computerized, interactive, multimedia cognitive-behavioural program for anxiety and depression in general practice. Author(s): Proudfoot J, Goldberg D, Mann A, Everitt B, Marks I, Gray JA. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2003 February; 33(2): 217-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12622301&dopt=Abstract
•
Computer-related anxiety: examining the impact of technology-specific affect on the performance of a computerized neuropsychological assessment measure. Author(s): Browndyke JN, Albert AL, Malone W, Schatz P, Paul RH, Cohen RA, Tucker KA, Gouvier WD. Source: Applied Neuropsychology. 2002; 9(4): 210-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12584075&dopt=Abstract
•
Concurrent alcoholism and social anxiety disorder: a first step toward developing effective treatments. Author(s): Randall CL, Thomas S, Thevos AK. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2001 February; 25(2): 210-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11236835&dopt=Abstract
•
Concurrent validity of the anxiety disorders section of the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV: child and parent versions. Author(s): Wood JJ, Piacentini JC, Bergman RL, McCracken J, Barrios V. Source: Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology : the Official Journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53. 2002 September; 31(3): 335-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12149971&dopt=Abstract
•
Confirmation of an association between fibromyalgia and serotonin transporter promoter region (5- HTTLPR) polymorphism, and relationship to anxiety-related personality traits. Author(s): Cohen H, Buskila D, Neumann L, Ebstein RP. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002 March; 46(3): 845-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11920428&dopt=Abstract
•
Conquering dysfunctional anxiety: what you say to yourself matters! Author(s): Lyon BL. Source: Reflect Nurs Leadersh. 2000; 26(4): 33-5, 45. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11987388&dopt=Abstract
136 Anxiety
•
Consensus statement on depression, anxiety, and cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Ballenger JC, Davidson JR, Lecrubier Y, Nutt DJ, Roose SP, Sheps DS; International Consensus Group on Depression and Anxiety. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 8: 24-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12108818&dopt=Abstract
•
Consensus statement on depression, anxiety, and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Author(s): Ballenger JC, Davidson JR, Lecrubier Y, Nutt DJ, Lydiard RB, Mayer EA; International Consensus Group on Depression and Anxiety. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 8: 48-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12108822&dopt=Abstract
•
Consensus statement on depression, anxiety, and oncology. Author(s): Ballenger JC, Davidson JR, Lecrubier Y, Nutt DJ, Jones RD, Berard RM; International Consensus Group on Depression and Anxiety. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 8: 64-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12108825&dopt=Abstract
•
Consensus statement on generalized anxiety disorder from the International Consensus Group on Depression and Anxiety. Author(s): Ballenger JC, Davidson JR, Lecrubier Y, Nutt DJ, Borkovec TD, Rickels K, Stein DJ, Wittchen HU. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 11: 53-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11414552&dopt=Abstract
•
Consensus statement on transcultural issues in depression and anxiety from the International Consensus Group on Depression and Anxiety. Author(s): Ballenger JC, Davidson JR, Lecrubier Y, Nutt DJ, Kirmayer LJ, Lepine JP, Lin KM, Tajima O, Ono Y. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 13: 47-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11434419&dopt=Abstract
•
Considerations in the management of the patient with comorbid depression and anxiety. Author(s): Sekula LK, DeSantis J, Gianetti V. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 2003 January; 15(1): 23-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12613410&dopt=Abstract
Studies 137
•
Considerations in the treatment of anxiety disorders: a pharmacoeconomic review. Author(s): Grudzinski AN. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2001 October; 2(10): 1557-69. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11825299&dopt=Abstract
•
Considering the clinical utility of performance-based measures of childhood anxiety. Author(s): Vasey MW, Lonigan CJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 2000 December; 29(4): 493-508. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11126629&dopt=Abstract
•
Construct validity of the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale for clients with anxiety disorder. Author(s): Schwartz RC, Del Prete-Brown T. Source: Psychological Reports. 2003 April; 92(2): 548-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12785640&dopt=Abstract
•
Consumers who call the Anxiety Disorders Association of America: characteristics and satisfaction. Author(s): Kramer ML, Ross J, Davidson JR. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2001 May; 189(5): 328-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11379978&dopt=Abstract
•
Contemporary management of comorbid anxiety and depression in geriatric patients. Author(s): Doraiswamy PM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 12: 30-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11430616&dopt=Abstract
•
Contingency-competence-control-related beliefs and symptoms of anxiety and depression in a young adolescent sample. Author(s): Muris P, Schouten E, Meesters C, Gijsbers H. Source: Child Psychiatry and Human Development. 2003 Summer; 33(4): 325-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12723904&dopt=Abstract
•
Contrasting two accounts of anxiety-linked attentional bias: selective attention to varying levels of stimulus threat intensity. Author(s): Wilson E, MacLeod C. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2003 May; 112(2): 212-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12784830&dopt=Abstract
138 Anxiety
•
Convergent validity of the Collett-Lester Fear of Death and Templer Death Anxiety Scales in Egyptian male college students. Author(s): Abdel-Khalek AM. Source: Psychological Reports. 2002 June; 90(3 Pt 1): 849-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12090517&dopt=Abstract
•
Coping effectiveness training reduces depression and anxiety following traumatic spinal cord injuries. Author(s): Kennedy P, Duff J, Evans M, Beedie A. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 2003 March; 42(Pt 1): 41-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12675978&dopt=Abstract
•
Coping measurement and the state effect of depression and anxiety in psychiatric outpatients. Author(s): Uehara T, Sakado K, Sato T, Takizawa R. Source: Psychopathology. 2002 January-February; 35(1): 48-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12006748&dopt=Abstract
•
Coping style of substance-abuse patients: effects of anxiety and mood disorders on coping change. Author(s): Franken IH, Hendriks VM, Haffmans PM, van der Meer CW. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2001 March; 57(3): 299-306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11241361&dopt=Abstract
•
Coping with anxiety in later life. Author(s): Frazier LD, Waid LD, Fincke C. Source: Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 2002 December; 28(12): 40-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12567825&dopt=Abstract
•
Coping with anxiety. Author(s): Kalb C. Source: Newsweek. 2003 February 24; 141(8): 50-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12800598&dopt=Abstract
•
Correlates of anxiety, hostility, depression, and psychosocial adjustment in parents of NICU infants. Author(s): Doering LV, Moser DK, Dracup K. Source: Neonatal Netw. 2000 August; 19(5): 15-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11949109&dopt=Abstract
Studies 139
•
Correlates of autobiographical memory specificity: the role of depression, anxiety and childhood trauma. Author(s): Wessel I, Meeren M, Peeters F, Arntz A, Merckelbach H. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2001 April; 39(4): 409-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11280340&dopt=Abstract
•
Correlates of death anxiety in Pakistan. Author(s): Suhail K, Akram S. Source: Death Studies. 2002 January; 26(1): 39-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11865882&dopt=Abstract
•
Correlation between anxiety and oppositionality in a children's mood and anxiety disorder clinic. Author(s): Garland EJ, Garland OM. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2001 December; 46(10): 953-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11816317&dopt=Abstract
•
Corticosteroids in relation to fear, anxiety and psychopathology. Author(s): Korte SM. Source: Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2001 March; 25(2): 117-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11323078&dopt=Abstract
•
Corticotropin releasing factor antagonists--the new anti-anxiety magic bullets? Author(s): Blessing WW. Source: Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2001 April; 2(4): 537-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11566013&dopt=Abstract
•
Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors 1 and 2 in anxiety and depression. Author(s): Reul JM, Holsboer F. Source: Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 2002 February; 2(1): 23-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11786305&dopt=Abstract
•
Corticotropin-releasing hormone and animal models of anxiety: gene-environment interactions. Author(s): Bakshi VP, Kalin NH. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2000 December 15; 48(12): 1175-98. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11137059&dopt=Abstract
140 Anxiety
•
Course and outcome of anxiety disorders in adolescents. Author(s): Essau CA, Conradt J, Petermann F. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2002; 16(1): 67-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12171214&dopt=Abstract
•
Covert fears and anxiety in asthma and congenital heart disease. Author(s): Gupta S, Mitchell I, Giuffre RM, Crawford S. Source: Child: Care, Health and Development. 2001 July; 27(4): 335-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11437837&dopt=Abstract
•
Critical care nurses' assessment of patients' anxiety: reliance on physiological and behavioral parameters. Author(s): Frazier SK, Moser DK, Riegel B, McKinley S, Blakely W, Kim KA, Garvin BJ. Source: American Journal of Critical Care : an Official Publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. 2002 January; 11(1): 57-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11789483&dopt=Abstract
•
Critical care nurses' beliefs about and reported management of anxiety. Author(s): Frazier SK, Moser DK, Daley LK, McKinley S, Riegel B, Garvin BJ, An K. Source: American Journal of Critical Care : an Official Publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. 2003 January; 12(1): 19-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12526233&dopt=Abstract
•
Cross validation of the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents in a high school sample. Author(s): Myers MG, Stein MB, Aarons GA. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2002; 16(2): 221-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12194546&dopt=Abstract
•
Cross-cultural aspects of social anxiety disorder. Author(s): Stein DJ, Matsunaga H. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 December; 24(4): 773-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11723632&dopt=Abstract
•
Cultural dimensions of anxiety and truth telling. Author(s): Faysman K. Source: Oncology Nursing Forum. 2002 June; 29(5): 757-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12064323&dopt=Abstract
Studies 141
•
Cultural variations in the clinical presentation of depression and anxiety: implications for diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Kirmayer LJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 13: 22-8; Discussion 29-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11434415&dopt=Abstract
•
Curbing test anxiety. Author(s): Fitzgerald MA. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2002 July; 10(7): 18. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12420544&dopt=Abstract
•
Current and lifetime comorbidity of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders in a large clinical sample. Author(s): Brown TA, Campbell LA, Lehman CL, Grisham JR, Mancill RB. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2001 November; 110(4): 585-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11727948&dopt=Abstract
•
Current perspectives on the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety disorders. Author(s): Krystal JH, D'Souza DC, Sanacora G, Goddard AW, Charney DS. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 2001 May; 85(3): 559-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11349473&dopt=Abstract
•
Day surgery preoperative anxiety reduction and coping strategies. Author(s): Grieve RJ. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 2002 May 23-June 12; 11(10): 670-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12048453&dopt=Abstract
•
Day-to-day relationships between self-awareness, daily events, and anxiety. Author(s): Nezlek JB. Source: Journal of Personality. 2002 April; 70(2): 249-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11908847&dopt=Abstract
•
Death anxiety among Chinese elderly people in Hong Kong. Author(s): Wu AM, Tang CS, Kwok TC. Source: Journal of Aging and Health. 2002 February; 14(1): 42-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11892760&dopt=Abstract
142 Anxiety
•
Death anxiety and attitudes toward the elderly among older adults: the role of gender and ethnicity. Author(s): Depaola SJ, Griffin M, Young JR, Neimeyer RA. Source: Death Studies. 2003 May; 27(4): 335-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12749378&dopt=Abstract
•
Death anxiety and HIV disease. Author(s): Templer DI, Greer RC. Source: Focus. 1996 November; 11(12): 1-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12206109&dopt=Abstract
•
Death anxiety and religiosity among Lithuanian health and social service professionals. Author(s): Roff LL, Butkeviciene R, Klemmack DL. Source: Death Studies. 2002 November; 26(9): 731-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12385343&dopt=Abstract
•
Death anxiety in brain tumour patients and their spouses. Author(s): Adelbratt S, Strang P. Source: Palliative Medicine. 2000 November; 14(6): 499-507. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11219880&dopt=Abstract
•
Death beliefs, superstitious beliefs and health anxiety. Author(s): James A, Wells A. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 2002 March; 41(Pt 1): 43-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11931677&dopt=Abstract
•
Death obsession in Egyptian samples: differences among people with anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, addictions, and normals. Author(s): Abdel-Khalek AM. Source: Death Studies. 2002 June; 26(5): 413-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12046617&dopt=Abstract
•
Debilitative and facilitative perceptions of trait anxiety among students in a college golf class. Author(s): Cunningham GB, Ashley FB. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2002 June; 94(3 Pt 1): 739-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12081275&dopt=Abstract
Studies 143
•
Defense mechanisms in Chinese patients with comorbid anxiety and depression. Author(s): Yuan Y, Zhang XB, Wu AQ. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2002 April; 190(4): 265-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11960090&dopt=Abstract
•
Defense styles and Personality dimensions of research subjects with anxiety and depressive disorders. Author(s): Kennedy BL, Schwab JJ, Hyde JA. Source: The Psychiatric Quarterly. 2001 Fall; 72(3): 251-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11467159&dopt=Abstract
•
Dehydroepiandrosterone augmentation in the management of negative, depressive, and anxiety symptoms in schizophrenia. Author(s): Strous RD, Maayan R, Lapidus R, Stryjer R, Lustig M, Kotler M, Weizman A. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2003 February; 60(2): 133-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12578430&dopt=Abstract
•
Delayed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and predictors of first onset of PTSD in patients with anxiety disorders. Author(s): Zlotnick C, Bruce SE, Shea MT, Keller MB. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2001 June; 189(6): 404-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11434644&dopt=Abstract
•
Delimiting the boundaries of generalized anxiety disorder: differentiating high worriers with and without GAD. Author(s): Ruscio AM. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2002; 16(4): 377-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12213034&dopt=Abstract
•
Dental anxiety among Israeli dental students: a 4-year longitudinal study. Author(s): Peretz B, Mann J. Source: European Journal of Dental Education : Official Journal of the Association for Dental Education in Europe. 2000 August; 4(3): 133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11168477&dopt=Abstract
•
Dental anxiety among young adolescent patients in Israel. Author(s): Peretz B, Efrat J. Source: International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry / the British Paedodontic Society [and] the International Association of Dentistry for Children. 2000 June; 10(2): 126-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11310097&dopt=Abstract
144 Anxiety
•
Dental anxiety and regularity of dental attendance in younger adults. Author(s): Quteish Taani DS. Source: Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 2002 June; 29(6): 604-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12071931&dopt=Abstract
•
Dental anxiety in patients seeking care at the University Dental Hospital in Sri Lanka. Author(s): Ekanayake L, Dharmawardena D. Source: Community Dent Health. 2003 June; 20(2): 112-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12828272&dopt=Abstract
•
Dental anxiety in relation to mental health and personality factors. A longitudinal study of middle-aged and elderly women. Author(s): Hagglin C, Hakeberg M, Hallstrom T, Berggren U, Larsson L, Waern M, Palsson S, Skoog I. Source: European Journal of Oral Sciences. 2001 February; 109(1): 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11330931&dopt=Abstract
•
Dental anxiety reduction and dental attendance after treatment in a dental fear clinic: a follow-up study. Author(s): Aartman IH, de Jongh A, Makkes PC, Hoogstraten J. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 2000 December; 28(6): 435-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11106016&dopt=Abstract
•
Dental attendance and anxiety among public and private school children in Jordan. Author(s): Taani DQ. Source: Int Dent J. 2002 February; 52(1): 25-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11931218&dopt=Abstract
•
Dental caries, age and anxiety: factors influencing sedation choice for children attending for emergency dental care. Author(s): Carson P, Freeman R. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 2001 February; 29(1): 30-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11153561&dopt=Abstract
•
Dental phobic patients' view of dental anxiety and experiences in dental care: a qualitative study. Author(s): Abrahamsson KH, Berggren U, Hallberg L, Carlsson SG. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. 2002 June; 16(2): 188-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12000673&dopt=Abstract
Studies 145
•
Depression and anxiety among partners of European-American and Latino patients with type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Fisher L, Chesla CA, Skaff MM, Mullan JT, Kanter RA. Source: Diabetes Care. 2002 September; 25(9): 1564-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12196428&dopt=Abstract
•
Depression and anxiety and outcomes of coronary artery bypass surgery. Author(s): Pignay-Demaria V, Lesperance F, Demaria RG, Frasure-Smith N, Perrault LP. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2003 January; 75(1): 314-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12537248&dopt=Abstract
•
Depression and anxiety disorders among Jews from the former Soviet Union five years after their immigration to Israel. Author(s): Zilber N, Lerner Y, Eidelman R, Kertes J. Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2001 October; 16(10): 993-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11607945&dopt=Abstract
•
Depression and anxiety disorders associated with headache frequency. The NordTrondelag Health Study. Author(s): Zwart JA, Dyb G, Hagen K, Odegard KJ, Dahl AA, Bovim G, Stovner LJ. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2003 March; 10(2): 147-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12603289&dopt=Abstract
•
Depression and anxiety disorders. Author(s): Brown CS. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2001 June; 28(2): 241-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11430175&dopt=Abstract
•
Depression and anxiety impair health-related quality of life and are associated with increased costs in general medical inpatients. Author(s): Creed F, Morgan R, Fiddler M, Marshall S, Guthrie E, House A. Source: Psychosomatics. 2002 July-August; 43(4): 302-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12189256&dopt=Abstract
•
Depression and anxiety in adults with congenital heart disease: a pilot study. Author(s): Bromberg JI, Beasley PJ, D'Angelo EJ, Landzberg M, DeMaso DR. Source: Heart & Lung : the Journal of Critical Care. 2003 March-April; 32(2): 105-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12734533&dopt=Abstract
146 Anxiety
•
Depression and anxiety in chronic hepatitis B: effect of hepatitis B virus infection on psychological state in childhood. Author(s): Arslan N, Buyukgebiz B, Ozturk Y, Akay AP. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 2003 January-March; 45(1): 26-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12718367&dopt=Abstract
•
Depression and anxiety in elderly outpatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: prevalence, and validation of the BASDEC screening questionnaire. Author(s): Yohannes AM, Baldwin RC, Connolly MJ. Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2000 December; 15(12): 1090-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11180464&dopt=Abstract
•
Depression and anxiety in hyperthyroidism. Author(s): Demet MM, Ozmen B, Deveci A, Boyvada S, Adiguzel H, Aydemir O. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2002 November-December; 33(6): 552-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12505101&dopt=Abstract
•
Depression and anxiety in memory clinic attenders and their carers: implications for evaluating the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation interventions. Author(s): Clare L, Wilson BA, Carter G, Breen K, Berrios GE, Hodges JR. Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2002 October; 17(10): 962-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12325058&dopt=Abstract
•
Depression and anxiety in multiple sclerosis. A clinical and MRI study in 95 subjects. Author(s): Zorzon M, de Masi R, Nasuelli D, Ukmar M, Mucelli RP, Cazzato G, Bratina A, Zivadinov R. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2001 May; 248(5): 416-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11437165&dopt=Abstract
•
Depression and anxiety in older women. Author(s): Goldstein MZ. Source: Primary Care. 2002 March; 29(1): 69-80, Vi. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11856659&dopt=Abstract
•
Depression and anxiety in oncology: the oncologist's perspective. Author(s): Jones RD. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 8: 52-5; Discussion 56-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12108823&dopt=Abstract
Studies 147
•
Depression and anxiety in oncology: the psychiatrist's perspective. Author(s): Berard RM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 8: 58-61; Discussion 62-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12108824&dopt=Abstract
•
Depression and anxiety in patients with epilepsy. Author(s): Piazzini A, Canger R. Source: Epilepsia. 2001; 42 Suppl 1: 29-31; Discussion 35-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11422352&dopt=Abstract
•
Depression and anxiety in people with inflammatory bowel disease. Author(s): Kurina LM, Goldacre MJ, Yeates D, Gill LE. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2001 October; 55(10): 716-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553654&dopt=Abstract
•
Depression and anxiety symptoms in relation to anthropometry and metabolism in men. Author(s): Ahlberg AC, Ljung T, Rosmond R, McEwen B, Holm G, Akesson HO, Bjorntorp P. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2002 October 10; 112(2): 101-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12429356&dopt=Abstract
•
Depression and anxiety--separate or continuum? Author(s): Kasper S. Source: World J Biol Psychiatry. 2001 October; 2(4): 162-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12587144&dopt=Abstract
•
Depression but not anxiety influences the autonomic control of heart rate after myocardial infarction. Author(s): Pitzalis MV, Iacoviello M, Todarello O, Fioretti A, Guida P, Massari F, Mastropasqua F, Russo GD, Rizzon P. Source: American Heart Journal. 2001 May; 141(5): 765-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11320364&dopt=Abstract
•
Depression, anxiety and adjustment in renal replacement therapy: a quality of life assessment. Author(s): Zimmermann PR, de Figueiredo CE, Fonseca NA. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 2001 November; 56(5): 387-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11758010&dopt=Abstract
148 Anxiety
•
Depression, anxiety and quality of life among scheduled cosmetic surgery patients: multicentre prospective study. Author(s): Meningaud JP, Benadiba L, Servant JM, Herve C, Bertrand JC, Pelicie Y. Source: Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery : Official Publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. 2001 June; 29(3): 177-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11465258&dopt=Abstract
•
Depression, anxiety and quality of life: outcome 9 months after facial cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Meningaud JP, Benadiba L, Servant JM, Herve C, Bertrand JC, Pelicier Y. Source: Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery : Official Publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. 2003 February; 31(1): 46-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12553927&dopt=Abstract
•
Depression, anxiety comorbidity, and disability in tuberculosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: applicability of GHQ-12. Author(s): Aydin IO, Ulusahin A. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 2001 March-April; 23(2): 77-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11313075&dopt=Abstract
•
Depression, anxiety levels and general psychological profile in Behcet's disease. Author(s): Calikoglu E, Onder M, Cosar B, Candansayar S. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2001; 203(3): 238-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11701978&dopt=Abstract
•
Depression, anxiety, and associated health status in low-income Chinese patients. Author(s): Lubetkin EI, Jia H, Gold MR. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2003 May; 24(4): 354-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12726874&dopt=Abstract
•
Depression, anxiety, and asthenia in advanced illness. Author(s): Hinshaw DB, Carnahan JM, Johnson DL. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2002 August; 195(2): 271-7; Discussion 277-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12168975&dopt=Abstract
•
Depression, anxiety, and hopelessness in sexually abused adolescent girls. Author(s): Pillay AL, Schoubben-Hesk S. Source: Psychological Reports. 2001 June; 88(3 Pt 1): 727-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11508011&dopt=Abstract
Studies 149
•
Depression, anxiety, and relevant cognitions in persons with mental retardation. Author(s): Glenn E, Bihm EM, Lammers WJ. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2003 February; 33(1): 69-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12708581&dopt=Abstract
•
Depression, anxiety, and the cardiovascular system: the cardiologist's perspective. Author(s): Sheps DS, Sheffield D. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 8: 12-6; Discussion 17-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12108816&dopt=Abstract
•
Depression, anxiety, and the cardiovascular system: the psychiatrist's perspective. Author(s): Roose SP. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 8: 19-22; Discussion 23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12108817&dopt=Abstract
•
Depression, anxiety, and the gastrointestinal system. Author(s): Mayer EA, Craske M, Naliboff BD. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 8: 28-36; Discussion 37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12108819&dopt=Abstract
•
Depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, and alcohol-related problems among veterans with chronic hepatitis C. Author(s): Lehman CL, Cheung RC. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002 October; 97(10): 2640-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12385453&dopt=Abstract
•
Depressive and anxiety disorders in women with HIV infection. Author(s): Morrison MF, Petitto JM, Ten Have T, Gettes DR, Chiappini MS, Weber AL, Brinker-Spence P, Bauer RM, Douglas SD, Evans DL. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 May; 159(5): 789-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11986133&dopt=Abstract
•
Depressive and anxiety symptoms in the early puerperium are related to increased degradation of tryptophan into kynurenine, a phenomenon which is related to immune activation. Author(s): Maes M, Verkerk R, Bonaccorso S, Ombelet W, Bosmans E, Scharpe S. Source: Life Sciences. 2002 September 6; 71(16): 1837-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12175700&dopt=Abstract
150 Anxiety
•
Despite the remarkable advances in oral health care, pain and anxiety continue to be significant deterrents for seeking dental services. Author(s): Morse Z. Source: J Dent Educ. 2002 June; 66(6): 689. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12117088&dopt=Abstract
•
Detection of depression and anxiety in primary care: follow up study. Author(s): Kessler D, Bennewith O, Lewis G, Sharp D. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 November 2; 325(7371): 1016-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12411363&dopt=Abstract
•
Determinants of consultation rate in patients with anxiety and depressive disorders in primary care. Author(s): Ronalds C, Kapur N, Stone K, Webb S, Tomenson B, Creed F. Source: Family Practice. 2002 February; 19(1): 23-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11818346&dopt=Abstract
•
Development and testing of a Faces Scale for the assessment of anxiety in critically ill patients. Author(s): McKinley S, Coote K, Stein-Parbury J. Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2003 January; 41(1): 73-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519290&dopt=Abstract
•
Development of a short form of the Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI). Author(s): Taylor J, Deane FP. Source: The Journal of General Psychology. 2002 April; 129(2): 127-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12153130&dopt=Abstract
•
Diagnosis at the first episode to differentiate antidepressant treatment responses in patients with mood and anxiety disorders. Author(s): de Kemp EC, Moleman P, Hoogduin CA, Broekman TG, Goedhart A, Schaap CP, van den Berg PC. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2002 February; 160(1): 67-73. Epub 2001 November 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11862375&dopt=Abstract
•
Diagnostic efficiency of symptoms in the diagnosis of DSM-IV: generalized anxiety disorder in youth. Author(s): Pina AA, Silverman WK, Alfano CA, Saavedra LM. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2002 October; 43(7): 959-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12405483&dopt=Abstract
Studies 151
•
Diagnostic efficiency of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in women with early stage breast cancer. Author(s): Love AW, Kissane DW, Bloch S, Clarke D. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 April; 36(2): 24650. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11982548&dopt=Abstract
•
Differences in anxiety and role experiences between three age groups of women with heart disease. Author(s): Plach SK, Napholz L, Kelber ST. Source: Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 2001 August; 15(4): 195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11498813&dopt=Abstract
•
Differential metabolization of the impact of life events on subjects hospitalized for depressive and anxiety disorders: case-control study. Author(s): Amiel-Lebigre F, Chevalier A. Source: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2002 February; 37(2): 74-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11931091&dopt=Abstract
•
Differential occurrence of comorbidity within childhood anxiety disorders. Author(s): Verduin TL, Kendall PC. Source: Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology : the Official Journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53. 2003 June; 32(2): 290-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12679288&dopt=Abstract
•
Differential relationships between anxiety and treatment-associated pain reduction among male and female chronic pain patients. Author(s): Edwards R, Augustson E, Fillingim R. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2003 July-August; 19(4): 208-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12840614&dopt=Abstract
•
Differentiating anxiety and depression in older adults with generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Beck JG, Novy DM, Diefenbach GJ, Stanley MA, Averill PM, Swann AC. Source: Psychological Assessment. 2003 June; 15(2): 184-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12847778&dopt=Abstract
•
Directionality of affective priming: effects of trait anxiety and activation level. Author(s): Maier MA, Berner MP, Pekrun R. Source: Experimental Psychology. 2003; 50(2): 116-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12693196&dopt=Abstract
152 Anxiety
•
Disabilities and quality of life in pure and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and major depression in a national survey. Author(s): Wittchen HU, Carter RM, Pfister H, Montgomery SA, Kessler RC. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 November; 15(6): 319-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11110007&dopt=Abstract
•
Disability measurement in the anxiety disorders: comparison of three brief measures. Author(s): Sanderson K, Andrews G, Jelsma W. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2001 July-August; 15(4): 333-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11474818&dopt=Abstract
•
Discrepancies between attainment and importance of life values and anxiety and depression in gastrointestinal cancer patients and their spouses. Author(s): Nordin K, Wasteson E, Hoffman K, Glimelius B, Sjoden PO. Source: Psycho-Oncology. 2001 November-December; 10(6): 479-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11747060&dopt=Abstract
•
Discriminative stimulus effects of m-chlorophenylpiperazine as a model of the role of serotonin receptors in anxiety. Author(s): Gatch MB. Source: Life Sciences. 2003 August 1; 73(11): 1347-67. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12850497&dopt=Abstract
•
Dissecting GABAergic and serotonergic involvement in anxiety. Commentary on Belzung “The genetic basis of the pharmacological effects of anxiolytics” and Olivier et al. “The 5-HT(1A) receptor knockout mouse and anxiety”. Author(s): Finn DA. Source: Behavioural Pharmacology. 2001 November; 12(6-7): 467-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11742140&dopt=Abstract
•
Dissociating anxiety from pain: mapping the neuronal marker N-acetyl aspartate to perception distinguishes closely interrelated characteristics of chronic pain. Author(s): Grachev ID, Fredickson BE, Apkarian AV. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2001 May; 6(3): 256-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11326290&dopt=Abstract
•
Dissolving the burden of generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Ninan PT. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 19: 5-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11577790&dopt=Abstract
Studies 153
•
Distinguishing generalized anxiety disorder from major depression: prevalence and impairment from current pure and comorbid disorders in the US and Ontario. Author(s): Kessler RC, Berglund PA, Dewit DJ, Ustun TB, Wang PS, Wittchen HU. Source: Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2002; 11(3): 99-111. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12459823&dopt=Abstract
•
Do animal models of anxiety predict anxiolytic-like effects of antidepressants? Author(s): Borsini F, Podhorna J, Marazziti D. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2002 September; 163(2): 121-41. Epub 2002 August 08. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12202959&dopt=Abstract
•
Do anxiety and depression have a common pathophysiological mechanism? Author(s): Boyer P. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 2000; (406): 24-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11131467&dopt=Abstract
•
Do bupropion SR and sertraline differ in their effects on anxiety in depressed patients? Author(s): Trivedi MH, Rush AJ, Carmody TJ, Donahue RM, Bolden-Watson C, Houser TL, Metz A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 October; 62(10): 776-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11816866&dopt=Abstract
•
Do panic patients process unconditioned fear vs. conditioned anxiety differently than normal subjects? Author(s): Del-Ben CM, Vilela JA, Hetem LA, Guimaraes FS, Graeff FG, Zuardi AW. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2001 November 30; 104(3): 227-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11728612&dopt=Abstract
•
Do patient information booklets increase perioperative anxiety? Author(s): Gillies MA, Baldwin FJ. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2001 September; 18(9): 620-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553258&dopt=Abstract
•
Do preoperative anxiety and depression affect quality of recovery and length of stay after hip or knee arthroplasty? Author(s): Brull R, McCartney CJ, Chan VW. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2002 January; 49(1): 109. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11782344&dopt=Abstract
154 Anxiety
•
Do threatening stimuli draw or hold visual attention in subclinical anxiety? Author(s): Fox E, Russo R, Bowles R, Dutton K. Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology. General. 2001 December; 130(4): 681-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11757875&dopt=Abstract
•
Does a preexisting anxiety disorder predict response to paroxetine in irritable bowel syndrome? Author(s): Masand PS, Gupta S, Schwartz TL, Kaplan D, Virk S, Hameed A, Lockwood K. Source: Psychosomatics. 2002 November-December; 43(6): 451-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12444227&dopt=Abstract
•
Does cognitive-behavioural therapy influence the long-term outcome of generalized anxiety disorder? An 8-14 year follow-up of two clinical trials. Author(s): Durham RC, Chambers JA, MacDonald RR, Power KG, Major K. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2003 April; 33(3): 499-509. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12701670&dopt=Abstract
•
Does light pressure effleurage reduce pain and anxiety associated with genetic amniocentesis? A randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Fischer RL, Bianculli KW, Sehdev H, Hediger ML. Source: The Journal of Maternal-Fetal Medicine. 2000 September-October; 9(5): 294-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11132586&dopt=Abstract
•
Does pretreatment anxiety predict response to either bupropion SR or sertraline? Author(s): Rush AJ, Batey SR, Donahue RM, Ascher JA, Carmody TJ, Metz A. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 April; 64(1): 81-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11292522&dopt=Abstract
•
Does religious psychotherapy improve anxiety and depression in religious adults? A review of randomized controlled studies. Author(s): Berry D. Source: Int J Psychiatr Nurs Res. 2002 October; 8(1): 875-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12448875&dopt=Abstract
•
Does sexual violence contribute to elevated rates of anxiety and depression in females? Author(s): Fergusson DM, Swain-Campbell NR, Horwood LJ. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2002 August; 32(6): 991-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12214797&dopt=Abstract
Studies 155
•
Does the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale measure anxiety? Author(s): Brouwers EP, van Baar AL, Pop VJ. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2001 November; 51(5): 659-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11728506&dopt=Abstract
•
Does the presence of anxiety affect the validity of a screening test for depression in the elderly? Author(s): Sinoff G, Ore L, Zlotogorsky D, Tamir A. Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2002 April; 17(4): 309-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11994883&dopt=Abstract
•
Does the severity of mood and anxiety symptoms predict health care utilization? Author(s): Nease DE Jr, Volk RJ, Cass AR. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1999 October; 48(10): 769-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12224674&dopt=Abstract
•
Does timely assessment affect the anxiety associated with an abnormal mammogram result? Author(s): Haas J, Kaplan C, McMillan A, Esserman LJ. Source: Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine. 2001 July-August; 10(6): 599-605. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11559457&dopt=Abstract
•
Don't ask, don't tell, but benzodiazepines are still the leading treatments for anxiety disorder. Author(s): Stahl SM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 September; 63(9): 756-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12363113&dopt=Abstract
•
Drug mechanisms in anxiety. Author(s): Bourin M, Hascoet M. Source: Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2001 February; 2(2): 259-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11816841&dopt=Abstract
•
Drug treatment of anxiety disorders in children. Author(s): Coyle JT. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001 April 26; 344(17): 1326-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11320394&dopt=Abstract
156 Anxiety
•
DSM-IV and ICD-10 generalized anxiety disorder: discrepant diagnoses and associated disability. Author(s): Slade T, Andrews G. Source: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2001 January; 36(1): 45-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11320807&dopt=Abstract
•
DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder in the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. Author(s): Hunt C, Issakidis C, Andrews G. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2002 May; 32(4): 649-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12102379&dopt=Abstract
•
DSM-IV-defined anxiety disorder symptoms in South African children. Author(s): Muris P, Schmidt H, Engelbrecht P, Perold M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002 November; 41(11): 1360-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410079&dopt=Abstract
•
Dynamics of acoustical evoked potentials on a background of habituation to verbal stimulus in persons with different individual anxiety levels. Author(s): Savostyanov AN, Illjutchenok RJ, Savostyanova DA. Source: Acta Biol Hung. 2002; 53(4): 575-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501939&dopt=Abstract
•
Dyspnea, anxiety, body consciousness, and quality of life in patients with lung cancer. Author(s): Smith EL, Hann DM, Ahles TA, Furstenberg CT, Mitchell TA, Meyer L, Maurer LH, Rigas J, Hammond S. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2001 April; 21(4): 323-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11312047&dopt=Abstract
•
Early discharge of preterm infants followed by domiciliary nursing care: parents' anxiety, assessment of infant health and breastfeeding. Author(s): Ortenstrand A, Winbladh B, Nordstrom G, Waldenstrom U. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2001 October; 90(10): 1190-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11697434&dopt=Abstract
•
Eating disorders: relations with inconsistent discipline, anxiety, and drinking among college women. Author(s): Ross LT, Gill JL. Source: Psychological Reports. 2002 August; 91(1): 289-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12353794&dopt=Abstract
Studies 157
•
Editorial: imagining anxiety. Author(s): Marks R. Source: Focus. 1996 November; 11(12): 2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12206110&dopt=Abstract
•
Educating patients about symptoms of anxiety in the wake of neurological illness. Author(s): Dattilio FM. Source: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2002 Summer; 14(3): 354-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12154162&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of acute tryptophan depletion on CO2-induced anxiety in patients with panic disorder and normal volunteers. Author(s): Miller HE, Deakin JF, Anderson IM. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2000 February; 176: 182-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10755058&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of anxiety on the experience of pain in implant insertion. Author(s): Eli I, Schwartz-Arad D, Baht R, Ben-Tuvim H. Source: Clinical Oral Implants Research. 2003 February; 14(1): 115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562373&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of concurrent anxiety on response to sertraline and imipramine in patients with chronic depression. Author(s): Russell JM, Koran LM, Rush J, Hirschfeld RM, Harrison W, Friedman ES, Davis S, Keller M. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2001; 13(1): 18-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11233456&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of kava extract on vagal cardiac control in generalized anxiety disorder: preliminary findings. Author(s): Watkins LL, Connor KM, Davidson JR. Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 2001 December; 15(4): 283-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11769822&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of music on anxiety of women awaiting breast biopsy. Author(s): Haun M, Mainous RO, Looney SW. Source: Behavioral Medicine (Washington, D.C.). 2001 Fall; 27(3): 127-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11985186&dopt=Abstract
158 Anxiety
•
Effect of negative air ions on computer operation, anxiety and salivary chromogranin A-like immunoreactivity. Author(s): Nakane H, Asami O, Yamada Y, Ohira H. Source: International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology. 2002 October; 46(1): 85-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12374649&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of nicotine and nicotinic receptors on anxiety and depression. Author(s): Picciotto MR, Brunzell DH, Caldarone BJ. Source: Neuroreport. 2002 July 2; 13(9): 1097-106. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12151749&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of posterior temporal-parietal hematoma on orbital frontal chemistry in relation to a cognitive and anxiety state: a combined 1H-MRS and neuropsychological study of an unusual case as compared with 16 healthy subjects. Author(s): Grachev ID, Kumar R, Swarnkar A, Chang JK, Ramachandran TS. Source: Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy. 2002 March; 23(3): 223-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11861128&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of pre-instruction on anxiety levels of patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging examination. Author(s): Selim MA. Source: East Mediterr Health J. 2001 May; 7(3): 519-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12690774&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of structured preoperative teaching on anxiety levels of patients scheduled for cataract surgery. Author(s): Morrell G. Source: Insight (American Society of Ophthalmic Registered Nurses). 2001 January; 26(1): 4-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11246179&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of task-relevant cues and state anxiety on motor performance. Author(s): Hardy L, Mullen R, Martin N. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2001 June; 92(3 Pt 1): 943-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11453229&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of valepotriates (valerian extract) in generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study. Author(s): Andreatini R, Sartori VA, Seabra ML, Leite JR. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 November; 16(7): 650-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410546&dopt=Abstract
Studies 159
•
Effectiveness of venlafaxine, extended release formulation, in the short-term and long-term treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: results of a survival analysis. Author(s): Montgomery SA, Mahe V, Haudiquet V, Hackett D. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2002 December; 22(6): 561-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12454555&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of a single music therapy intervention on anxiety, discomfort, satisfaction, and compliance with screening guidelines in outpatients undergoing flexible sigmoidoscopy. Author(s): Chlan L, Evans D, Greenleaf M, Walker J. Source: Gastroenterology Nursing : the Official Journal of the Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates. 2000 July-August; 23(4): 148-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11310081&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of a traditional herbal supplement on anxiety in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Mills PJ, Farag NH, Newton RP, Parry BL. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2002 August; 22(4): 443-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12172353&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of acute exercise on state anxiety in breast cancer survivors. Author(s): Blanchard CM, Courneya KS, Laing D. Source: Oncology Nursing Forum. 2001 November-December; 28(10): 1617-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11759309&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of alcoholism, anxiety and depression on P300 in women: a pilot study. Author(s): Bauer LO, Costa L, Hesselbrock VM. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 2001 September; 62(5): 571-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11702796&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of an educational intervention on the anxiety of women awaiting mastectomies. Author(s): Belleau FP, Hagan L, Masse B. Source: Can Oncol Nurs J. 2001 Fall; 11(4): 172-80. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11842449&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of animal-assisted therapy on patients' anxiety, fear, and depression before ECT. Author(s): Barker SB, Pandurangi AK, Best AM. Source: The Journal of Ect. 2003 March; 19(1): 38-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12621276&dopt=Abstract
160 Anxiety
•
Effects of antalarmin, a CRF type 1 receptor antagonist, on anxiety-like behavior and motor activation in the rat. Author(s): Zorrilla EP, Valdez GR, Nozulak J, Koob GF, Markou A. Source: Brain Research. 2002 October 18; 952(2): 188-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12376179&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of antenatal stress and anxiety: Implications for development and psychiatry. Author(s): Glover V, O'Connor TG. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2002 May; 180: 389-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11983632&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of coping style and BRCA1 and BRCA2 test results on anxiety among women participating in genetic counseling and testing for breast and ovarian cancer risk. Author(s): Tercyak KP, Lerman C, Peshkin BN, Hughes C, Main D, Isaacs C, Schwartz MD. Source: Health Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association. 2001 May; 20(3): 217-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11403219&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of depression and anxiety on mortality and quality-of-life 4 months after myocardial infarction. Author(s): Lane D, Carroll D, Ring C, Beevers DG, Lip GY. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2000 October; 49(4): 229-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11119779&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of hand massage on anxiety in cataract surgery using local anesthesia. Author(s): Kim MS, Cho KS, Woo H, Kim JH. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2001 June; 27(6): 884-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11408136&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of massage on pain and anxiety during labour: a randomized controlled trial in Taiwan. Author(s): Chang MY, Wang SY, Chen CH. Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2002 April; 38(1): 68-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11895532&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of music on patient anxiety. Author(s): Mok E, Wong KY. Source: Aorn Journal. 2003 February; 77(2): 396-7, 401-6, 409-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12619853&dopt=Abstract
Studies 161
•
Effects of music therapy on anxiety in ventilator-dependent patients. Author(s): Wong HL, Lopez-Nahas V, Molassiotis A. Source: Heart & Lung : the Journal of Critical Care. 2001 September-October; 30(5): 37687. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11604980&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of negative and positive mood phrases on priming of alcohol words in young drinkers with high and low anxiety sensitivity. Author(s): Zack M, Poulos CX, Fragopoulos F, MacLeod CM. Source: Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2003 May; 11(2): 176-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12755462&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of patient-controlled music therapy during coronary angiography on procedural pain and anxiety distress syndrome. Author(s): Bally K, Campbell D, Chesnick K, Tranmer JE. Source: Critical Care Nurse. 2003 April; 23(2): 50-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12725195&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of phase I cardiac rehabilitation on anxiety of patients hospitalized for coronary artery bypass graft in Taiwan. Author(s): Ku SL, Ku CH, Ma FC. Source: Heart & Lung : the Journal of Critical Care. 2002 March-April; 31(2): 133-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11910388&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of physical exercise on anxiety, depression, and sensitivity to stress: a unifying theory. Author(s): Salmon P. Source: Clinical Psychology Review. 2001 February; 21(1): 33-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11148895&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of pregnancy and delivery on the availability of plasma tryptophan to the brain: relationships to delivery-induced immune activation and early post-partum anxiety and depression. Author(s): Maes M, Ombelet W, Verkerk R, Bosmans E, Scharpe S. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2001 July; 31(5): 847-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11459382&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of reboxetine on anxiety, agitation, and insomnia: results of a pooled evaluation of randomized clinical trials. Author(s): Stahl SM, Mendels J, Schwartz GE. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2002 August; 22(4): 388-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12172338&dopt=Abstract
162 Anxiety
•
Effects of regular exercise on anxiety, depression, and quality of life in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Author(s): Suh MR, Jung HH, Kim SB, Park JS, Yang WS. Source: Renal Failure. 2002 May; 24(3): 337-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12166700&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of varying levels of anxiety within social situations: relationship to memory perspective and attributions in social phobia. Author(s): Coles ME, Turk CL, Heimberg RG, Fresco DM. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2001 June; 39(6): 651-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11400710&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of video information on pre-colonoscopy anxiety and knowledge: a randomized trial. Author(s): Jabbar A, Wright R. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2001 January; 53(1): 140-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11203714&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of video information on preoperative anxiety level and tolerability of joint lavage in knee osteoarthritis. Author(s): Ayral X, Gicquere C, Duhalde A, Boucheny D, Dougados M. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002 Aug15; 47(4): 380-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12209483&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of women's stress-elicited physiological activity and chronic anxiety on fetal heart rate. Author(s): Monk C, Myers MM, Sloan RP, Ellman LM, Fifer WP. Source: Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics : Jdbp. 2003 February; 24(1): 32-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12584483&dopt=Abstract
•
Efficacy and safety of hydroxyzine in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a 3-month double-blind study. Author(s): Llorca PM, Spadone C, Sol O, Danniau A, Bougerol T, Corruble E, Faruch M, Macher JP, Sermet E, Servant D. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 November; 63(11): 1020-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12444816&dopt=Abstract
Studies 163
•
Efficacy and safety of nitrous oxide in alleviating pain and anxiety during painful procedures. Author(s): Kanagasundaram SA, Lane LJ, Cavalletto BP, Keneally JP, Cooper MG. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2001 June; 84(6): 492-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11369566&dopt=Abstract
•
Efficacy and tolerability of Paroxetine 20 mg daily in the treatment of depression and depression associated anxiety. Author(s): Chaudhry HR, Qureshi Z, Tareen IA, Yazdani I. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 2002 November; 52(11): 518-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12585372&dopt=Abstract
•
Efficacy and tolerability of paroxetine for the long-term treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Stocchi F, Nordera G, Jokinen RH, Lepola UM, Hewett K, Bryson H, Iyengar MK; Paroxetine Generalized Anxiety Disorder Study Team. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 March; 64(3): 250-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12716265&dopt=Abstract
•
Efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: evaluation in a controlled clinical trial. Author(s): Ladouceur R, Dugas MJ, Freeston MH, Leger E, Gagnon F, Thibodeau N. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2000 December; 68(6): 957-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11142548&dopt=Abstract
•
Efficacy of Bach-flower remedies in test anxiety: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial with partial crossover. Author(s): Walach H, Rilling C, Engelke U. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2001 July-August; 15(4): 359-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11474820&dopt=Abstract
•
Efficacy of kava-kava in the treatment of non-psychotic anxiety, following pretreatment with benzodiazepines. Author(s): Malsch U, Kieser M. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2001 September; 157(3): 277-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11605083&dopt=Abstract
•
Efficacy of olanzapine in social anxiety disorder: a pilot study. Author(s): Barnett SD, Kramer ML, Casat CD, Connor KM, Davidson JR. Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 2002 December; 16(4): 365-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503837&dopt=Abstract
164 Anxiety
•
Efficacy of paroxetine for relapse prevention in social anxiety disorder: a 24-week study. Author(s): Stein DJ, Versiani M, Hair T, Kumar R. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2002 December; 59(12): 1111-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12470127&dopt=Abstract
•
Efficacy of venlafaxine extended release in patients with major depressive disorder and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Silverstone PH, Salinas E. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 July; 62(7): 523-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11488362&dopt=Abstract
•
Electrodermal hyporeactivity and antisocial behavior: does anxiety mediate the relationship? Author(s): Fowles DC. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000 December; 61(3): 177-89. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11163420&dopt=Abstract
•
Electroencephalographic asymmetries in adolescents with major depression: influence of comorbidity with anxiety disorders. Author(s): Kentgen LM, Tenke CE, Pine DS, Fong R, Klein RG, Bruder GE. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2000 November; 109(4): 797-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11196007&dopt=Abstract
•
Emotion-induced changes in human medial prefrontal cortex: II. During anticipatory anxiety. Author(s): Simpson JR Jr, Drevets WC, Snyder AZ, Gusnard DA, Raichle ME. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2001 January 16; 98(2): 688-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11209066&dopt=Abstract
•
Enhanced stress reactivity in paediatric anxiety disorders: implications for future cardiovascular health. Author(s): Monk C, Kovelenko P, Ellman LM, Sloan RP, Bagiella E, Gorman JM, Pine DS. Source: The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology / Official Scientific Journal of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum (Cinp). 2001 June; 4(2): 199-206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11468091&dopt=Abstract
Studies 165
•
Epidemiology, burden, and disability in depression and anxiety. Author(s): Lepine JP. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 13: 4-10; Discussion 11-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11434418&dopt=Abstract
•
Escitalopram : a review of its use in the management of major depressive and anxiety disorders. Author(s): Waugh J, Goa KL. Source: Cns Drugs. 2003; 17(5): 343-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12665392&dopt=Abstract
•
Ethnic influences on body awareness, trait anxiety, perceived risk, and breast and gynecologic cancer screening practices. Author(s): Foxall MJ, Barron CR, Houfek JF. Source: Oncology Nursing Forum. 2001 May; 28(4): 727-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11383186&dopt=Abstract
•
Etiology and pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. Author(s): Sher L. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2001 July; 57(1): 101-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11421635&dopt=Abstract
•
Etizolam, an anti-anxiety agent, attenuates recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma-evaluation by computed tomography. Author(s): Hirashima Y, Kuwayama N, Hamada H, Hayashi N, Endo S. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2002 February; 42(2): 53-5; Discussion 56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11944589&dopt=Abstract
•
Evaluating and treating anxiety disorders in medical settings. Author(s): Ball S, Goddard A, Shekhar A. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2002 October-December; 48(4): 317-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12571395&dopt=Abstract
•
Evaluation of combining kava extract with hormone replacement therapy in the treatment of postmenopausal anxiety. Author(s): De Leo V, la Marca A, Morgante G, Lanzetta D, Florio P, Petraglia F. Source: Maturitas. 2001 August 25; 39(2): 185-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11514117&dopt=Abstract
166 Anxiety
•
Evaluation of the psychometric characteristics of the Spanish version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Author(s): Quintana JM, Padierna A, Esteban C, Arostegui I, Bilbao A, Ruiz I. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2003 March; 107(3): 216-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12580829&dopt=Abstract
•
Evidence for disturbed cortical signal processing and altered serotonergic neurotransmission in generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Senkowski D, Linden M, Zubragel D, Bar T, Gallinat J. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2003 February 15; 53(4): 304-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12586449&dopt=Abstract
•
Evolution and social anxiety. The role of attraction, social competition, and social hierarchies. Author(s): Gilbert P. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 December; 24(4): 723-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11723630&dopt=Abstract
•
Exacerbation of pain by anxiety is associated with activity in a hippocampal network. Author(s): Ploghaus A, Narain C, Beckmann CF, Clare S, Bantick S, Wise R, Matthews PM, Rawlins JN, Tracey I. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2001 December 15; 21(24): 9896-903. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11739597&dopt=Abstract
•
Examining outcome variability: correlates of treatment response in a child and adolescent anxiety clinic. Author(s): Southam-Gerow MA, Kendall PC, Weersing VR. Source: Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 2001 September; 30(3): 422-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11501258&dopt=Abstract
•
Exercise dependence, social physique anxiety, and social support in experienced and inexperienced bodybuilders and weightlifters. Author(s): Hurst R, Hale B, Smith D, Collins D. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2000 December; 34(6): 431-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11131230&dopt=Abstract
Studies 167
•
Explaining retrospective reports of symptoms in patients undergoing chemotherapy: anxiety, initial symptom experience, and posttreatment symptoms. Author(s): Rabin C, Ward S, Leventhal H, Schmitz M. Source: Health Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association. 2001 March; 20(2): 91-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11315733&dopt=Abstract
•
Facial expression recognition in adolescents with mood and anxiety disorders. Author(s): McClure EB, Pope K, Hoberman AJ, Pine DS, Leibenluft E. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 June; 160(6): 1172-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12777278&dopt=Abstract
•
Fact or artifact--a comment on “Subpopulations of early separation anxiety: relevance to risk of adult anxiety disorders”. Author(s): Stravynski A, Amado D. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 October; 66(2-3): 281. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11578683&dopt=Abstract
•
Factor analysis of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale from a large cancer population. Author(s): Smith AB, Selby PJ, Velikova G, Stark D, Wright EP, Gould A, Cull A. Source: Psychology and Psychotherapy. 2002 June; 75(Pt 2): 165-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396762&dopt=Abstract
•
Factor structure of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale. Author(s): Friedman S, Even C, Samuelian JC, Guelfi JD. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2002 August; 181: 165-6; Author Reply 166. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12151294&dopt=Abstract
•
Factor structure of the hospital anxiety and depression scale in older patients with major depression. Author(s): Flint AJ, Rifat SL. Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2002 February; 17(2): 117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11813272&dopt=Abstract
•
Factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Beck Anxiety Inventory in adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Author(s): Osman A, Hoffman J, Barrios FX, Kopper BA, Breitenstein JL, Hahn SK. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2002 April; 58(4): 443-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11920696&dopt=Abstract
168 Anxiety
•
Factorial structure of the revised mathematics anxiety rating scale for undergraduate education majors. Author(s): Bowd AD, Brady PH. Source: Psychological Reports. 2002 August; 91(1): 199-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12353782&dopt=Abstract
•
Factors affecting dental attendance following treatment for dental anxiety in primary dental care. Author(s): Dailey YM, Crawford AN, Humphris G, Lennon MA. Source: Prim Dent Care. 2001 April; 8(2): 51-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11405047&dopt=Abstract
•
Factors affecting depression and anxiety in female Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Takeda T, Morimoto N, Kinukawa N, Nagamine R, Shutou T, Tashiro N. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000 November-December; 18(6): 735-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11138338&dopt=Abstract
•
Factors associated with anxiety, depression and suicide ideation in female outpatients with SLE in Japan. Author(s): Ishikura R, Morimoto N, Tanaka K, Kinukawa N, Yoshizawa S, Horiuchi T, Nakashima H, Otsuka T. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2001; 20(6): 394-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11771521&dopt=Abstract
•
Factors associated with dental anxiety among older people in Britain. Author(s): Bedi R, McGrath C. Source: Gerodontology. 2000 December; 17(2): 97-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11813685&dopt=Abstract
•
Factors associated with dental anxiety and attendance in middle-aged and elderly women. Author(s): Hagglin C, Hakeberg M, Ahlqwist M, Sullivan M, Berggren U. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 2000 December; 28(6): 451-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11106018&dopt=Abstract
•
Factors underlying anxiety in HIV testing: risk perceptions, stigma, and the patientprovider power dynamic. Author(s): Worthington C, Myers T. Source: Qualitative Health Research. 2003 May; 13(5): 636-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12756685&dopt=Abstract
Studies 169
•
Failure to find DUP25 in patients with anxiety disorders, in control individuals, or in previously reported positive control cell lines. Author(s): Tabiner M, Youings S, Dennis N, Baldwin D, Buis C, Mayers A, Jacobs PA, Crolla JA. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003 March; 72(3): 535-8. Epub 2003 January 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12548501&dopt=Abstract
•
Familial aggregation of anxiety-related quantitative traits in generalized social phobia: clues to understanding “disorder” heritability? Author(s): Stein MB, Chartier MJ, Lizak MV, Jang KL. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 January 8; 105(1): 79-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11425006&dopt=Abstract
•
Familial and personal handedness in phobic anxiety disorder. Author(s): Chemtob CM, Curtis GC, Van Houten W, Guss J. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2002 April; 190(4): 267-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11960091&dopt=Abstract
•
Familial correlates of social anxiety in children and adolescents. Author(s): Bogels SM, van Oosten A, Muris P, Smulders D. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2001 March; 39(3): 273-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11227809&dopt=Abstract
•
Familial predictors of treatment outcome in childhood anxiety disorders. Author(s): Crawford AM, Manassis K. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001 October; 40(10): 1182-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11589531&dopt=Abstract
•
Familial psychiatric illness and posttraumatic stress disorder: findings from a family study of substance abuse and anxiety disorders. Author(s): Dierker LC, Merikangas KR. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 September; 62(9): 715-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11681768&dopt=Abstract
•
Families of children with cancer: the impact on anxiety experienced by fathers. Author(s): Mu PF, Ma FC, Hwang B, Chao YM. Source: Cancer Nursing. 2002 February; 25(1): 66-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11838722&dopt=Abstract
170 Anxiety
•
Families of Chinese children with malignancy: the factors impact on mother's anxiety. Author(s): Mu PF, Ma FC, Ku SM, Shu HQ, Hwang B, Kuo BI. Source: Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2001 August; 16(4): 287-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11498824&dopt=Abstract
•
Fatigue and patterns of pain in fibromyalgia: correlations with anxiety, depression and co-morbidity in a female county sample. Author(s): Kurtze N, Svebak S. Source: The British Journal of Medical Psychology. 2001 December; 74(Pt 4): 523-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11780799&dopt=Abstract
•
Fatigue, anxiety, and depression in long-term survivors of testicular cancer. Author(s): Fossa SD, Dahl AA, Loge JH. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 April 1; 21(7): 1249-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663711&dopt=Abstract
•
Fear and anxiety in patients at different time-points in the coronary artery bypass process. Author(s): Koivula M, Tarkka MT, Tarkka M, Laippala P, Paunonen-Ilmonen M. Source: International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2002 November; 39(8): 811-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12379299&dopt=Abstract
•
Fear and anxiety in patients awaiting coronary artery bypass grafting. Author(s): Koivula M, Paunonen-Ilmonen M, Tarkka MT, Tarkka M, Laippala P. Source: Heart & Lung : the Journal of Critical Care. 2001 July-August; 30(4): 302-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11449217&dopt=Abstract
•
Fear and anxiety: animal models and human cognitive psychophysiology. Author(s): Lang PJ, Davis M, Ohman A. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000 December; 61(3): 137-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11163418&dopt=Abstract
•
Fear of being overwhelmed and psychoanalytic theories of anxiety. Author(s): Hurvich M. Source: Psychoanalytic Review. 2000 October; 87(5): 615-49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11242776&dopt=Abstract
Studies 171
•
Febrile seizures and parental anxiety: does information help? Author(s): Flury T, Aebi C, Donati F. Source: Swiss Medical Weekly : Official Journal of the Swiss Society of Infectious Diseases, the Swiss Society of Internal Medicine, the Swiss Society of Pneumology. 2001 September 22; 131(37-38): 556-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11759176&dopt=Abstract
•
Fever education: does it reduce parent fever anxiety? Author(s): O'Neill-Murphy K, Liebman M, Barnsteiner JH. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 2001 February; 17(1): 47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11265909&dopt=Abstract
•
Finding a home for post-traumatic stress disorder in biological psychiatry. Is it a disorder of anxiety, mood, stress, or memory? Author(s): Sullivan GM, Gorman JM. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2002 June; 25(2): 463-8, Ix. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12136510&dopt=Abstract
•
First-time hospitalisation for depressive and/or anxiety disorders and severe life events. Author(s): Amiel-Lebigre F, Lacalmontie E, Menard F. Source: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2002 December; 37(12): 586-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12545236&dopt=Abstract
•
FISH, flexible joints and panic: are anxiety disorders really expressions of instability in the human genome? Author(s): Collier DA. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2002 December; 181: 457-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12456511&dopt=Abstract
•
Five-year incidence of dental anxiety in an adult population. Author(s): Maggirias J, Locker D. Source: Community Dent Health. 2002 September; 19(3): 173-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12269464&dopt=Abstract
•
Fluoxetine for the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders. Author(s): Birmaher B, Axelson DA, Monk K, Kalas C, Clark DB, Ehmann M, Bridge J, Heo J, Brent DA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003 April; 42(4): 415-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12649628&dopt=Abstract
172 Anxiety
•
Fluoxetine treatment of depressed patients with comorbid anxiety disorders. Author(s): Sonawalla SB, Farabaugh A, Johnson MW, Morray M, Delgado ML, Pingol MG, Rosenbaum JF, Fava M. Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 2002 September; 16(3): 2159. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12236627&dopt=Abstract
•
Fluvoxamine for the treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Author(s): Isaacs E. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001 August 9; 345(6): 466-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11496864&dopt=Abstract
•
Fluvoxamine pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders in later life: preliminary opentrial data. Author(s): Wylie ME, Miller MD, Shear MK, Little JT, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG, Reynolds CF 3rd. Source: Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology. 2000 Spring; 13(1): 43-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10753007&dopt=Abstract
•
Fluvoxamine treatment of mixed anxiety and depression: evidence for serotonergically mediated anxiolysis. Author(s): Rausch JL, Hobby HM, Shendarkar N, Johnson ME, Li J. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 April; 21(2): 139-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11270909&dopt=Abstract
•
Fluvoxamine: a review of its therapeutic potential in the management of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Author(s): Cheer SM, Figgitt DP. Source: Paediatric Drugs. 2001; 3(10): 763-81. Review. Erratum In: Paediatr Drugs 2001; 3(11): 801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11706925&dopt=Abstract
•
Folate, vitamin B12, homocysteine, and the MTHFR 677C->T polymorphism in anxiety and depression: the Hordaland Homocysteine Study. Author(s): Bjelland I, Tell GS, Vollset SE, Refsum H, Ueland PM. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2003 June; 60(6): 618-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12796225&dopt=Abstract
Studies 173
•
Frequency and characteristics of anxiety among patients with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Author(s): Porter VR, Buxton WG, Fairbanks LA, Strickland T, O'Connor SM, Rosenberg-Thompson S, Cummings JL. Source: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2003 Spring; 15(2): 180-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12724459&dopt=Abstract
•
From adaptive emotion to dysfunction: an attachment perspective on social anxiety disorder. Author(s): Vertue FM. Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review : an Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc. 2003; 7(2): 170-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12676646&dopt=Abstract
•
Frontal brain hypoactivity as a biological substrate of anxiety in patients with panic disorders. Author(s): Akiyoshi J, Hieda K, Aoki Y, Nagayama H. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2003; 47(3): 165-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12759561&dopt=Abstract
•
Functional impairment in COPD patients: the impact of anxiety and depression. Author(s): Kim HF, Kunik ME, Molinari VA, Hillman SL, Lalani S, Orengo CA, Petersen NJ, Nahas Z, Goodnight-White S. Source: Psychosomatics. 2000 November-December; 41(6): 465-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11110109&dopt=Abstract
•
Further defining anxiety and depressive disorders. Introduction. Author(s): Kennedy BL, Schwab JJ. Source: The Psychiatric Quarterly. 2001 Fall; 72(3): 249-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11467158&dopt=Abstract
•
Further evidence for the reliability and validity of the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale. Author(s): Humphris GM, Freeman R, Campbell J, Tuutti H, D'Souza V. Source: Int Dent J. 2000 December; 50(6): 367-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11197195&dopt=Abstract
174 Anxiety
•
Further evidence of association between behavioral inhibition and social anxiety in children. Author(s): Biederman J, Hirshfeld-Becker DR, Rosenbaum JF, Herot C, Friedman D, Snidman N, Kagan J, Faraone SV. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 October; 158(10): 1673-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11579001&dopt=Abstract
•
Gender differences in cardiovascular and electrodermal responses to public speaking task: the role of anxiety and mood states. Author(s): Carrillo E, Moya-Albiol L, Gonzalez-Bono E, Salvador A, Ricarte J, GomezAmor J. Source: International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology. 2001 November; 42(3): 253-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11812392&dopt=Abstract
•
Gender differences in the etiology of anxiety sensitivity: a twin study. Author(s): Jang KL, Stein MB, Taylor S, Livesley WJ. Source: J Gend Specif Med. 1999 March-April; 2(2): 39-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11252860&dopt=Abstract
•
Gender, anxiety, and experimental pain sensitivity: an overview. Author(s): Jones A, Zachariae R. Source: J Am Med Womens Assoc. 2002 Spring; 57(2): 91-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11991428&dopt=Abstract
•
Gender, ethnicity, and physician-patient communication about depression and anxiety in primary care. Author(s): Sleath B, Rubin RH. Source: Patient Education and Counseling. 2002 December; 48(3): 243-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12477609&dopt=Abstract
•
Generalised anxiety disorder. Author(s): Gale C, Oakley-Browne M. Source: Clin Evid. 2002 June; (7): 883-95. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230712&dopt=Abstract
•
Generalised anxiety disorder: treatment options. Author(s): Sramek JJ, Zarotsky V, Cutler NR. Source: Drugs. 2002; 62(11): 1635-48. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12109925&dopt=Abstract
Studies 175
•
Generalization of social anxiety to sporting and athletic situations: gender, sports involvement, and parental pressure. Author(s): Norton PJ, Burns JA, Hope DA, Bauer BK. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2000; 12(4): 193-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11195755&dopt=Abstract
•
Generalized anxiety and depression in primary care: prevalence, recognition, and management. Author(s): Wittchen HU, Kessler RC, Beesdo K, Krause P, Hofler M, Hoyer J. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002; 63 Suppl 8: 24-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12044105&dopt=Abstract
•
Generalized anxiety and panic disorder. Author(s): Rabatin J, Keltz LB. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 2002 May; 176(3): 164-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12016238&dopt=Abstract
•
Generalized anxiety disorder and clinical worry episodes in young women. Author(s): Hoyer J, Becker ES, Margraf J. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2002 October; 32(7): 1227-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12420892&dopt=Abstract
•
Generalized anxiety disorder and peptic ulcer disease among adults in the United States. Author(s): Goodwin RD, Stein MB. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 2002 November-December; 64(6): 862-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12461190&dopt=Abstract
•
Generalized anxiety disorder in children and adolescents. Author(s): Wagner KD. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 March; 24(1): 139-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11225504&dopt=Abstract
•
Generalized anxiety disorder in older adults: examining the relation between clinician severity ratings and patient self-report measures. Author(s): Hopko DR, Bourland SL, Stanley MA, Beck JG, Novy DM, Averill PM, Swann AC. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2000; 12(4): 217-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11195758&dopt=Abstract
176 Anxiety
•
Generalized anxiety disorder in patients with major depression: is DSM-IV's hierarchy correct? Author(s): Zimmerman M, Chelminski I. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 March; 160(3): 504-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12611832&dopt=Abstract
•
Generalized anxiety disorder in primary care: emerging issues in management and treatment. Author(s): Culpepper L. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002; 63 Suppl 8: 35-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12044106&dopt=Abstract
•
Generalized anxiety disorder in the elderly. Author(s): Dada F, Sethi S, Grossberg GT. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 March; 24(1): 155-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11225505&dopt=Abstract
•
Generalized anxiety disorder in women. Author(s): Howell HB, Brawman-Mintzer O, Monnier J, Yonkers KA. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 March; 24(1): 165-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11225506&dopt=Abstract
•
Generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Gale CK, Oakley-Browne M. Source: American Family Physician. 2003 January 1; 67(1): 135-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12537176&dopt=Abstract
•
Generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Gorman JM. Source: Clinical Cornerstone. 2001; 3(3): 37-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11351785&dopt=Abstract
•
Generalized anxiety disorder. An important clinical concern. Author(s): Hidalgo RB, Davidson JR. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 2001 May; 85(3): 691-710. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11349480&dopt=Abstract
•
Generalized anxiety disorder: diagnosis, neurobiology, and treatment. Author(s): Ninan PT. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 2001 Winter; 35(1): 65-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12397871&dopt=Abstract
Studies 177
•
Generalized anxiety disorder: nature and course. Author(s): Wittchen HU, Hoyer J. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 11: 15-9; Discussion 20-1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11414546&dopt=Abstract
•
Generalized anxiety disorder: prevalence, burden, and cost to society. Author(s): Wittchen HU. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2002; 16(4): 162-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12497648&dopt=Abstract
•
GENESiS: creating a composite index of the vulnerability to anxiety and depression in a community-based sample of siblings. Author(s): Sham PC, Sterne A, Purcell S, Cherny S, Webster M, Rijsdijk F, Asherson P, Ball D, Craig I, Eley T, Goldberg D, Gray J, Mann A, Owen M, Plomin R. Source: Twin Research : the Official Journal of the International Society for Twin Studies. 2000 December; 3(4): 316-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11463153&dopt=Abstract
•
Genetic and environmental influences on separation anxiety disorder symptoms and their moderation by age and sex. Author(s): Feigon SA, Waldman ID, Levy F, Hay DA. Source: Behavior Genetics. 2001 September; 31(5): 403-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11777169&dopt=Abstract
•
Genetic and environmental influences on the temporal association between earlier anxiety and later depression in girls. Author(s): Silberg JL, Rutter M, Eaves L. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2001 June 15; 49(12): 1040-9. Erratum In: Biol Psychiatry 2001 September 1; 50(5): 393. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11430845&dopt=Abstract
•
Genetic animal models of anxiety. Author(s): Finn DA, Rutledge-Gorman MT, Crabbe JC. Source: Neurogenetics. 2003 April; 4(3): 109-35. Epub 2003 March 29. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12687420&dopt=Abstract
•
Genetic basis of anxiety-like behaviour: a critical review. Author(s): Clement Y, Calatayud F, Belzung C. Source: Brain Research Bulletin. 2002 January 1; 57(1): 57-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11827738&dopt=Abstract
178 Anxiety
•
Genetic moderation of environmental risk for depression and anxiety in adolescent girls. Author(s): Silberg J, Rutter M, Neale M, Eaves L. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2001 August; 179: 116-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11483472&dopt=Abstract
•
Genetics and brain function: implications for the treatment of anxiety. Author(s): Uhde TW. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2000 December 15; 48(12): 1142-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11137054&dopt=Abstract
•
Gestational diabetes mellitus: is a diagnosis associated with an increase in maternal anxiety and stress in the short and intermediate term? Author(s): Daniells S, Grenyer BF, Davis WS, Coleman KJ, Burgess JA, Moses RG. Source: Diabetes Care. 2003 February; 26(2): 385-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12547867&dopt=Abstract
•
Glasgow Anxiety Scale for people with an Intellectual Disability (GAS-ID): development and psychometric properties of a new measure for use with people with mild intellectual disability. Author(s): Mindham J, Espie CA. Source: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research : Jidr. 2003 January; 47(Pt 1): 22-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12558692&dopt=Abstract
•
Group and individual cognitive-behavioral therapy for childhood anxiety disorders: a randomized trial. Author(s): Manassis K, Mendlowitz SL, Scapillato D, Avery D, Fiksenbaum L, Freire M, Monga S, Owens M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002 December; 41(12): 1423-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12447028&dopt=Abstract
•
Have drug companies hyped social anxiety disorder to increase sales. No: Efforts to relieve human suffering deserve rewards. Author(s): Sheehan DV. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 2001 December; 175(6): 365. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11733416&dopt=Abstract
Studies 179
•
Have drug companies hyped social anxiety disorder to increase sales. Yes: marketing hinders discovery of long-term solutions. Author(s): Healy D. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 2001 December; 175(6): 364. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11733415&dopt=Abstract
•
Health functioning impairments associated with posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, and depression. Author(s): Zayfert C, Dums AR, Ferguson RJ, Hegel MT. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2002 April; 190(4): 233-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11960084&dopt=Abstract
•
Health perception, pain, and disability as correlates of anxiety and depression symptoms in primary care patients. Author(s): Wu LR, Parkerson GR Jr, Doraiswamy PM. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 2002 May-June; 15(3): 183-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12038724&dopt=Abstract
•
Healthcare expenditure in patients treated with venlafaxine or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for depression and anxiety. Author(s): Wan GJ, Crown WH, Berndt ER, Finkelstein SN, Ling D. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2002 July-August; 56(6): 434-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12166541&dopt=Abstract
•
Health-related anxiety and the effect of open-access endoscopy in US patients with dyspepsia. Author(s): Quadri A, Vakil N. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 March 15; 17(6): 835-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12641506&dopt=Abstract
•
Health-related quality of life, anxiety and depression in patients with midgut carcinoid tumours. Author(s): Larsson G, Sjoden PO, Oberg K, Eriksson B, von Essen L. Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2001; 40(7): 825-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11859981&dopt=Abstract
180 Anxiety
•
Healthy sibling donor anxiety and pain during bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell harvesting for allogeneic transplantation: results of a randomised study. Author(s): Fortanier C, Kuentz M, Sutton L, Milpied N, Michalet M, Macquart-Moulin G, Faucher C, Le Corroller AG, Moatti JP, Blaise D. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 2002 January; 29(2): 145-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11850709&dopt=Abstract
•
Heart rate and QT variability in children with anxiety disorders: a preliminary report. Author(s): Yeragani VK, Rao KA, Pohl R, Jampala VC, Balon R. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2001; 13(2): 72-7. Erratum In: Depress Anxiety 2001; 13(4): 198. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11301923&dopt=Abstract
•
Heartbeat awareness and heart rate reactivity in anxiety sensitivity: a further investigation. Author(s): Stewart SH, Buffett-Jerrott SE, Kokaram R. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2001 November-December; 15(6): 535-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11764311&dopt=Abstract
•
Heavy drinking among college students is influenced by anxiety sensitivity, gender, and contexts for alcohol use. Author(s): Lawyer SR, Karg RS, Murphy JG, McGlynn FD. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2002; 16(2): 165-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12194542&dopt=Abstract
•
Helpless attributions and depression in adolescents: the roles of anxiety, event valence, and demographics. Author(s): Waschbusch DA, Sellers DP, LeBlanc M, Kelley ML. Source: Journal of Adolescence. 2003 April; 26(2): 169-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12581725&dopt=Abstract
•
Hepatitis associated with Kava, a herbal remedy for anxiety. Author(s): Escher M, Desmeules J, Giostra E, Mentha G. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 January 20; 322(7279): 139. Erratum In: Bmj 2001 May 5; 322(7294): 1097. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11159570&dopt=Abstract
•
Heritability of social anxiety-related concerns and personality characteristics: a twin study. Author(s): Stein MB, Jang KL, Livesley WJ. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2002 April; 190(4): 219-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11960082&dopt=Abstract
Studies 181
•
High altitudes, anxiety, and panic attacks: is there a relationship? Author(s): Roth WT, Gomolla A, Meuret AE, Alpers GW, Handke EM, Wilhelm FH. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2002; 16(2): 51-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12219335&dopt=Abstract
•
High prevalence of anxiety symptoms in hospitalized geriatric patients. Author(s): Kvaal K, Macijauskiene J, Engedal K, Laake K. Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2001 July; 16(7): 690-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11466747&dopt=Abstract
•
Hippocampal morphometry in depressed patients and control subjects: relations to anxiety symptoms. Author(s): Rusch BD, Abercrombie HC, Oakes TR, Schaefer SM, Davidson RJ. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2001 December 15; 50(12): 960-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11750892&dopt=Abstract
•
Historical overview of the relationship between anxiety disorders and affective disorders. Author(s): Himmelhoch J, Levine J, Gershon S. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2001; 14(2): 53-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11668658&dopt=Abstract
•
History of anxiety disorders is associated with a decreased likelihood of angiographic coronary artery disease in women with chest pain: the WISE study. Author(s): Rutledge T, Reis SE, Olson M, Owens J, Kelsey SF, Pepine CJ, Reichek N, Rogers WJ, Merz CN, Sopko G, Cornell CE, Sharaf B, Matthews KA; Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE). Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2001 March 1; 37(3): 780-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11693752&dopt=Abstract
•
History of childhood abuse in panic disorder, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Safren SA, Gershuny BS, Marzol P, Otto MW, Pollack MH. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2002 July; 190(7): 453-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12142846&dopt=Abstract
•
Home oxygen therapy in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: assessment of parental anxiety. Author(s): Zanardo V, Freato F. Source: Early Human Development. 2001 October; 65(1): 39-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11520627&dopt=Abstract
182 Anxiety
•
Hopkins Symptoms Checklist 25(HSCL-25) Urdu translation: an instrument for detecting anxiety and depression in torture and trauma victims. Author(s): Halepota AA, Wasif SA. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 2001 July; 51(7): 255-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11558218&dopt=Abstract
•
Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale: factor structure, item analyses and internal consistency in a large population. Author(s): Mykletun A, Stordal E, Dahl AA. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2001 December; 179: 540-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11731359&dopt=Abstract
•
How does one manage a patient with an anxiety disorder who has been selfmedicating with psychotropic drugs? Author(s): Wilson A. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 1999 November; 24(5): 483. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11499430&dopt=Abstract
•
How to deal with anxiety. Author(s): Lemonick M. Source: Time. 2001 October 29; 158(19): 91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11699136&dopt=Abstract
•
How to ease a patient's anxiety. Author(s): Ater J. Source: Nursing. 2003 June; 33(6): 86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12807125&dopt=Abstract
•
Human defensive behaviors to threat scenarios show parallels to fear- and anxietyrelated defense patterns of non-human mammals. Author(s): Caroline Blanchard D, Hynd AL, Minke KA, Minemoto T, Blanchard RJ. Source: Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2001 December; 25(7-8): 761-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11801300&dopt=Abstract
•
Hydroxyzine for generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Sagduyu K. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 March; 64(3): 343. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12716285&dopt=Abstract
Studies 183
•
Hyperhidrosis in social anxiety disorder. Author(s): Davidson JR, Foa EB, Connor KM, Churchill LE. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2002 December; 26(7-8): 1327-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12502021&dopt=Abstract
•
Hyperventilation, anxiety sensitivity, and the expectations for alcohol use: subjective and physiological reactivity to alcohol cues. Author(s): Mulligan ME, McKay D. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 2001 May-June; 26(3): 375-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11436929&dopt=Abstract
•
Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in anxiety disorders revisited: new data and literature review. Author(s): Simon NM, Blacker D, Korbly NB, Sharma SG, Worthington JJ, Otto MW, Pollack MH. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002 May; 69(1-3): 209-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12103468&dopt=Abstract
•
Iatrogenic anxiety disorder related to failure of implantable defibrillator. Author(s): Hundertmark JD. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 2001 May-June; 23(3): 166-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11447986&dopt=Abstract
•
Illness experience, depression, and anxiety in chronic fatigue syndrome. Author(s): Lehman AM, Lehman DR, Hemphill KJ, Mandel DR, Cooper LM. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2002 June; 52(6): 461-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12069870&dopt=Abstract
•
Immunotherapy with interferon-alpha in patients affected by chronic hepatitis C induces an intercorrelated stimulation of the cytokine network and an increase in depressive and anxiety symptoms. Author(s): Bonaccorso S, Puzella A, Marino V, Pasquini M, Biondi M, Artini M, Almerighi C, Levrero M, Egyed B, Bosmans E, Meltzer HY, Maes M. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2001 December 15; 105(1-2): 45-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11740974&dopt=Abstract
•
Impact of alcohol detoxification on anxiety and depressive symptoms. Author(s): Liappas J, Paparrigopoulos T, Tzavellas E, Christodoulou G. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2002 October 1; 68(2): 215-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12234651&dopt=Abstract
184 Anxiety
•
Impact of generalized social anxiety disorder in managed care. Author(s): Katzelnick DJ, Kobak KA, DeLeire T, Henk HJ, Greist JH, Davidson JR, Schneier FR, Stein MB, Helstad CP. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 December; 158(12): 1999-2007. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11729016&dopt=Abstract
•
Implicit memory bias and trait anxiety: a psychophysiological analysis. Author(s): Harrison LK, Turpin G. Source: Biological Psychology. 2003 February; 62(2): 97-114. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12581686&dopt=Abstract
•
Implicit self-esteem and social anxiety: differential self-favouring effects in high and low anxious individuals. Author(s): de Jong PJ. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2002 May; 40(5): 501-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12038643&dopt=Abstract
•
Improvement of agitation and anxiety in demented patients after psychoeducative group intervention with their caregivers. Author(s): Haupt M, Karger A, Janner M. Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2000 December; 15(12): 1125-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11180469&dopt=Abstract
•
Improving access for rural Australians to treatment for anxiety and depression: The University of Melbourne Depression and Anxiety Research and Treatment GroupBendigo Health Care Group initiative. Author(s): Judd FK, Jackson H, Davis J, Cockram A, Komiti A, Allen N, Murray G, Kyrios M, Hodgins G. Source: The Australian Journal of Rural Health. 2001 April; 9(2): 91-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11259963&dopt=Abstract
•
Improving homework compliance in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Leahy RL. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2002 May; 58(5): 499-511. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11967876&dopt=Abstract
•
In defense of Promethean anxieties. The Promethean hazard of creativity compared to nonfruitful endemic anxiety. Author(s): Barach AL. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1967 December; 15(12): 1096-113. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6058479&dopt=Abstract
Studies 185
•
Increased amygdala: hippocampal volume ratios associated with severity of anxiety in pediatric major depression. Author(s): MacMillan S, Szeszko PR, Moore GJ, Madden R, Lorch E, Ivey J, Banerjee SP, Rosenberg DR. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2003 Spring; 13(1): 65-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12804127&dopt=Abstract
•
Increased incidence of affective disorders, anxiety disorders, and non-natural mortality in women after breast cancer diagnosis: a nation-wide cohort study in Denmark. Author(s): Hjerl K, Andersen EW, Keiding N, Mortensen PB, Jorgensen T. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2002 April; 105(4): 258-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11942929&dopt=Abstract
•
Increased incidence of anxiety and depression during bone marrow transplantation. Author(s): Illescas-Rico R, Amaya-Ayala F, Jimenez-Lopez JL, Caballero-Mendez ME, Gonzalez-Llaven J. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2002 March-April; 33(2): 144-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11886712&dopt=Abstract
•
Increased incidence of anxiety and depressive disorders in persons with organic solvent exposure. Author(s): Morrow LA, Gibson C, Bagovich GR, Stein L, Condray R, Scott A. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 2000 November-December; 62(6): 746-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11138992&dopt=Abstract
•
Independent actions on fear circuits may lead to therapeutic synergy for anxiety when combining serotonergic and GABAergic agents. Author(s): Stahl SM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 October; 63(10): 854-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12416593&dopt=Abstract
•
Induced emotional interpretation bias and anxiety. Author(s): Mathews A, Mackintosh B. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2000 November; 109(4): 602-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11195984&dopt=Abstract
186 Anxiety
•
Indwelling catheters used from the onset of diabetes decrease injection pain and preinjection anxiety. Author(s): Hanas R, Adolfsson P, Elfvin-Akesson K, Hammaren L, Ilvered R, Jansson I, Johansson C, Kroon M, Lindgren J, Lindh A, Ludvigsson J, Sigstrom L, Wiik A, Aman J, Jansson I, Wilk A. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2002 March; 140(3): 315-20. Erratum In: J Pediatr 2002 August; 141(2): 298. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11953729&dopt=Abstract
•
Influence of age, the autonomic nervous system and anxiety on QT-interval variability. Author(s): Piccirillo G, Cacciafesta M, Lionetti M, Nocco M, Di Giuseppe V, Moise A, Naso C, Marigliano V. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 2001 October; 101(4): 429-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11566081&dopt=Abstract
•
Influence of test anxiety on measurement of intelligence. Author(s): Oostdam R, Meijer J. Source: Psychological Reports. 2003 February; 92(1): 3-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12674250&dopt=Abstract
•
Injectable medication for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: the influence of selfefficacy expectations and injection anxiety on adherence and ability to self-inject. Author(s): Mohr DC, Boudewyn AC, Likosky W, Levine E, Goodkin DE. Source: Annals of Behavioral Medicine : a Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine. 2001 Spring; 23(2): 125-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11394554&dopt=Abstract
•
Insomnia, fatigue, anxiety, depression, and quality of life of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Author(s): Redeker NS, Lev EL, Ruggiero J. Source: Sch Inq Nurs Pract. 2000 Winter; 14(4): 275-90; Discussion 291-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11372188&dopt=Abstract
•
Insufficient sleep, cognitive anxiety and health transition in men with coronary artery disease: a self-report and polysomnographic study. Author(s): Edell-Gustaffson UM. Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2002 March; 37(5): 414-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11843979&dopt=Abstract
Studies 187
•
Interaction analysis of physician-patient communication: the influence of trait anxiety on communication and outcome. Author(s): Graugaard PK, Eide H, Finset A. Source: Patient Education and Counseling. 2003 February; 49(2): 149-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566209&dopt=Abstract
•
Interaction between cognitive style and school environment: consequences on selfevaluated anxiety and depression. Author(s): Russo P, Persegani C, Carucci C, Vallini I, Papeschi LL, Trimarchi M. Source: The International Journal of Neuroscience. 2001 September; 110(1-2): 79-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11697213&dopt=Abstract
•
Interaction between mother's and father's affection as a risk factor for anxiety and depression symptoms--evidence for increased risk in adults who rate their father as having been more affectionate than their mother. Author(s): Jorm AF, Dear KB, Rodgers B, Christensen H. Source: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2003 April; 38(4): 173-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12664227&dopt=Abstract
•
Intercultural communication between patients and health care providers: an exploration of intercultural communication effectiveness, cultural sensitivity, stress, and anxiety. Author(s): Ulrey KL, Amason P. Source: Health Communication. 2001; 13(4): 449-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11771806&dopt=Abstract
•
Interface between vestibular dysfunction and anxiety: more than just psychogenicity. Author(s): Furman JM, Balaban CD, Jacob RG. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2001 May; 22(3): 426-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11347651&dopt=Abstract
•
Internal validity of an anxiety disorder screening instrument across five ethnic groups. Author(s): Ritsher JB, Struening EL, Hellman F, Guardino M. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2002 August 30; 111(2-3): 199-213. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12374637&dopt=Abstract
188 Anxiety
•
Internal versus external attention in social anxiety: an investigation using a novel paradigm. Author(s): Mansell W, Clark DM, Ehlers A. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2003 May; 41(5): 555-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12711264&dopt=Abstract
•
Interpretations for anxiety symptoms in social phobia. Author(s): Roth D, Antony MM, Swinson RP. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2001 February; 39(2): 129-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11153968&dopt=Abstract
•
Interrelationships between anxiety, lifestyle self-reports and fitness in a sample of Hong Kong University students. Author(s): Jones AY, Dean E, Lo SK. Source: Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2002 February; 5(1): 65-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12171769&dopt=Abstract
•
Interventions to decrease family anxiety. Author(s): Leske JS. Source: Critical Care Nurse. 2002 December; 22(6): 61-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12518569&dopt=Abstract
•
Intrinsic religiosity and social anxiety of intercollegiate athletes. Author(s): Storch EA, Storch JB, Adams BG. Source: Psychological Reports. 2002 August; 91(1): 186. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12353778&dopt=Abstract
•
Introduction to the Special Issue on “Anxiety Sensitivity and Addictive Behaviors”. Author(s): Stewart SH, Kushner MG. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 2001 November-December; 26(6): 775-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11768544&dopt=Abstract
•
Introduction to the special issue: the role of disgust in anxiety disorders. Author(s): McKay D. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2002; 16(5): 475-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396206&dopt=Abstract
Studies 189
•
Inverse agonist binding of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors in anxiety disorder. Author(s): Chiu S, Singh AN, Chiu P, Mishra RK. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2001 June; 251(3): 136-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11697575&dopt=Abstract
•
Investigating the effects of anxiety sensitivity and coping on the perception of cold pressor pain in healthy women. Author(s): Keogh E, Mansoor L. Source: European Journal of Pain (London, England). 2001; 5(1): 11-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11394918&dopt=Abstract
•
Irritable bowel syndrome, anxiety, and depression: what are the links? Author(s): Lydiard RB. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 8: 38-45; Discussion 46-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12108820&dopt=Abstract
•
Is “shy bladder syndrome” a subtype of social anxiety disorder? A survey of people with paruresis. Author(s): Vythilingum B, Stein DJ, Soifer S. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2002; 16(2): 84-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12219340&dopt=Abstract
•
Is anxiety a more common disorder than depression in rheumatoid arthritis? Author(s): el-Miedany YM, el-Rasheed AH. Source: Joint, Bone, Spine : Revue Du Rhumatisme. 2002 May; 69(3): 300-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12102277&dopt=Abstract
•
Is any female preponderance in depression secondary to a primary female preponderance in anxiety disorders? Author(s): Parker G, Hadzi-Pavlovic D. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2001 April; 103(4): 252-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11328237&dopt=Abstract
•
Is fluvoxamine safe and effective for treating anxiety disorders in children? Author(s): Burke JM, Baker RC. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2001 August; 50(8): 719. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11509170&dopt=Abstract
190 Anxiety
•
Is kava extract effective for treating anxiety? Author(s): Abadi S, Papoushek C, Evans MF. Source: Can Fam Physician. 2001 September; 47: 1745-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11570299&dopt=Abstract
•
Is patient anxiety about osteoporosis sufficient indication for measuring bone mineral density? Author(s): Mulherin DM, Smith JA, Price T. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000 November-December; 18(6): 789. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11138355&dopt=Abstract
•
Is the attentional dysfunction in schizotypy related to anxiety? Author(s): Braunstein-Bercovitz H. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 2000 December 15; 46(2-3): 255-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11120437&dopt=Abstract
•
Is the breadth of individualized ranges of optimal anxiety (IZOF) equal for all athletes? A graphical method for establishing IZOF. Author(s): Pons D, Balaguer I, Garcia-Merita ML. Source: Span J Psychol. 2001 May; 4(1): 3-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11705340&dopt=Abstract
•
Is there a negative association between anxiety sensitivity and arousal-increasing substances and activities? Author(s): McWilliams LA, Asmundson GJ. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2001 May-June; 15(3): 161-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11442136&dopt=Abstract
•
Is withdrawal-induced anxiety in alcoholism based on beta-endorphin deficiency? Author(s): Kiefer F, Horntrich M, Jahn H, Wiedemann K. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2002 August; 162(4): 433-7. Epub 2002 June 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12172698&dopt=Abstract
•
I've been worrying so much lately that I sometimes have trouble sleeping at night. Could I have an anxiety disorder? Author(s): Barlow DH. Source: Health News. 2003 July; 9(7): 12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12838929&dopt=Abstract
Studies 191
•
Joint factor analysis of the Children's Depression Inventory and the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale. Author(s): Stark KD, Laurent J. Source: Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 2001 December; 30(4): 552-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11708242&dopt=Abstract
•
Kava extract for treating anxiety. Author(s): Pittler MH, Ernst E. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (1): Cd003383. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12535473&dopt=Abstract
•
Kava extract for treating anxiety. Author(s): Pittler MH, Ernst E. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (2): Cd003383. Review. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12076477&dopt=Abstract
•
Kava extract for treating anxiety. Author(s): Pittler MH, Edzard E. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001; (4): Cd003383. Review. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11687196&dopt=Abstract
•
Kava kava in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder, simple phobia and specific social phobia. Author(s): Boerner RJ. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2001 November; 15(7): 646-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11746854&dopt=Abstract
•
Kava-Kava administration reduces anxiety in perimenopausal women. Author(s): Cagnacci A, Arangino S, Renzi A, Zanni AL, Malmusi S, Volpe A. Source: Maturitas. 2003 February 25; 44(2): 103-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12590005&dopt=Abstract
•
Kava-kava and anxiety: growing knowledge about the efficacy and safety. Author(s): Bilia AR, Gallon S, Vincieri FF. Source: Life Sciences. 2002 April 19; 70(22): 2581-97. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12269386&dopt=Abstract
192 Anxiety
•
Kava-Kava extract LI 150 is as effective as Opipramol and Buspirone in Generalised Anxiety Disorder--an 8-week randomized, double-blind multi-centre clinical trial in 129 out-patients. Author(s): Boerner RJ, Sommer H, Berger W, Kuhn U, Schmidt U, Mannel M. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2003; 10 Suppl 4: 38-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12807341&dopt=Abstract
•
Kindling of withdrawal: a study of craving and anxiety after multiple detoxifications in alcoholic inpatients. Author(s): Duka T, Townshend JM, Collier K, Stephens DN. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2002 June; 26(6): 785-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12068246&dopt=Abstract
•
Lack of association of a single-nucleotide polymorphism of the mu-opioid receptor gene with anxiety-related traits: results from a cross-sectional study of adults and a longitudinal study of children. Author(s): Jorm AF, Prior M, Sanson A, Smart D, Zhang Y, Tan S, Easteal S. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 August 8; 114(6): 659-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12210283&dopt=Abstract
•
Laparoscopic antireflux surgery in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease patients with concomitant anxiety disorders. Author(s): Kamolz T, Bammer T, Granderath FA, Pointner R. Source: Dig Liver Dis. 2001 November; 33(8): 659-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11785710&dopt=Abstract
•
Latent class analysis of child behavior checklist anxiety/depression in children and adolescents. Author(s): Wadsworth ME, Hudziak JJ, Heath AC, Achenbach TM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001 January; 40(1): 106-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11195551&dopt=Abstract
•
Latent inhibition deficits in high-schizotypal normals: symptom-specific or anxietyrelated? Author(s): Braunstein-Bercovitz H, Rammsayer T, Gibbons H, Lubow RE. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 2002 January 1; 53(1-2): 109-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11728844&dopt=Abstract
Studies 193
•
Laterality of lesions and trait-anxiety on working memory performance. Author(s): Killgore WD. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2002 April; 94(2): 551-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027352&dopt=Abstract
•
Levels of anxiety and hostility in South African Navy divers. Author(s): van Wijk CH. Source: Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine : Journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc. 2002 Winter; 29(4): 271-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12797668&dopt=Abstract
•
Life course outcomes of young people with anxiety disorders in adolescence. Author(s): Woodward LJ, Fergusson DM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001 September; 40(9): 1086-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11556633&dopt=Abstract
•
Life event dimensions of loss, humiliation, entrapment, and danger in the prediction of onsets of major depression and generalized anxiety. Author(s): Kendler KS, Hettema JM, Butera F, Gardner CO, Prescott CA. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2003 August; 60(8): 789-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12912762&dopt=Abstract
•
Lifetime comorbidity of antisocial personality disorder and anxiety disorders among adults in the community. Author(s): Goodwin RD, Hamilton SP. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2003 February 15; 117(2): 159-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12606017&dopt=Abstract
•
Linking temperamental fearfulness and anxiety symptoms: a behavior-genetic perspective. Author(s): Goldsmith HH, Lemery KS. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2000 December 15; 48(12): 1199-209. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11137060&dopt=Abstract
•
Links between body mass index, total body fat, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and insulin sensitivity in patients with obesity related to depression, anger, and anxiety. Author(s): Laederach-Hofmann K, Kupferschmid S, Mussgay L. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2002 July; 32(1): 58-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12183947&dopt=Abstract
194 Anxiety
•
Longitudinal analysis of subjective quality of life in schizophrenia: anxiety as the best symptom predictor. Author(s): Huppert JD, Smith TE. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2001 October; 189(10): 669-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11708667&dopt=Abstract
•
Long-term partial 5-HT depletion: interference of anxiety and impulsivity? Author(s): Harro J. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2002 December; 164(4): 433-4. Epub 2002 October 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12457276&dopt=Abstract
•
Longterm predictors of anxiety and depressed mood in early rheumatoid arthritis: a 3 and 5 year followup. Author(s): Evers AW, Kraaimaat FW, Geenen R, Jacobs JW, Bijlsma JW. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2002 November; 29(11): 2327-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12415588&dopt=Abstract
•
Low intensity pain reported during elicitation of the H-reflex: no effects of trait anxiety and high intensity cycling exercise. Author(s): Motl RW, O'Connor PJ, Boyd CM, Dishman RK. Source: Brain Research. 2002 September 27; 951(1): 53-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12231456&dopt=Abstract
•
Make them laugh. Therapeutic humor for patients with grief-related stress or anxiety. Author(s): Moore DB. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2000 August; 8(8): 34-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11761520&dopt=Abstract
•
Mammography-related anxiety: effect of preprocedural patient education. Author(s): Mainiero MB, Schepps B, Clements NC, Bird CE. Source: Women's Health Issues : Official Publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health. 2001 March-April; 11(2): 110-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11275514&dopt=Abstract
•
Management of acute pain and anxiety in children undergoing procedures in the emergency department. Author(s): Krauss B. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 2001 April; 17(2): 115-22; Quiz 123-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11334092&dopt=Abstract
Studies 195
•
Management of anxiety after acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Frazier SK, Moser DK, O'Brien JL, Garvin BJ, An K, Macko M. Source: Heart & Lung : the Journal of Critical Care. 2002 November-December; 31(6): 411-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12434142&dopt=Abstract
•
Management of anxiety and depression in HIV-infected patients. Author(s): Cabaj RP. Source: J Int Assoc Physicians Aids Care. 1996 June; 2(6): 11-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11363692&dopt=Abstract
•
Management of anxiety disorders: the added challenge of comorbidity. Author(s): Dunner DL. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2001; 13(2): 57-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11301922&dopt=Abstract
•
Management of anxiety in primary care. Author(s): Dearman SP, Nathoo V. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 2002 November; 52(484): 943-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12434974&dopt=Abstract
•
Management of anxiety in the refractive surgery patient. Author(s): Katzen J. Source: Insight (American Society of Ophthalmic Registered Nurses). 2002 OctoberDecember; 27(4): 103-7; Quiz 108-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12520985&dopt=Abstract
•
Management of background pain and anxiety in critically burned children requiring protracted mechanical ventilation. Author(s): Sheridan R, Stoddard F, Querzoli E. Source: The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation. 2001 March-April; 22(2): 150-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11302604&dopt=Abstract
•
Managing acute pain and anxiety in children undergoing procedures in the emergency department. Author(s): Krauss B. Source: Emergency Medicine (Fremantle, W.A.). 2001 September; 13(3): 293-304. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11554860&dopt=Abstract
196 Anxiety
•
Managing depression and anxiety in the elderly patient. Author(s): Katona C. Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000 December; 10 Suppl 4: S427-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11114487&dopt=Abstract
•
Managing the endodontic patient with disabling anxiety or phobia. Author(s): Saxen MA, Newton CW. Source: J Indiana Dent Assoc. 1999-00 Winter; 78(4): 21-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10863457&dopt=Abstract
•
Mania or anxiety disorders linked to panic disorder. Author(s): Parvin MM, Swartz CM. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 December; 159(12): 2115-6; Author Reply 2116. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12450975&dopt=Abstract
•
Manifest Anxiety Scale for evaluation of effects of granisetron in chemotherapy with CDDP and 5FU for head and neck cancer. Author(s): Fujii M, Ohno Y, Tokumaru Y, Imanishi Y, Kanke M, Tomita T, Kanzaki J. Source: Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer. 2001 July; 9(5): 366-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11497391&dopt=Abstract
•
Maternal antenatal anxiety and children's behavioural/emotional problems at 4 years. Report from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Author(s): O'Connor TG, Heron J, Golding J, Beveridge M, Glover V. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2002 June; 180: 502-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042228&dopt=Abstract
•
Maternal anxiety and depression, poverty and marital relationship factors during early childhood as predictors of anxiety and depressive symptoms in adolescence. Author(s): Spence SH, Najman JM, Bor W, O'Callaghan MJ, Williams GM. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2002 May; 43(4): 457-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12030592&dopt=Abstract
•
Maternal anxiety in late pregnancy: effect on fetal movements and fetal heart rate. Author(s): Sjostrom K, Valentin L, Thelin T, Marsal K. Source: Early Human Development. 2002 April; 67(1-2): 87-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11893440&dopt=Abstract
Studies 197
•
Maternal assignment of fetal personhood to a previous pregnancy loss: relationship to anxiety in the current pregnancy. Author(s): Cjte-Arsenault D, Dombeck MT. Source: Health Care for Women International. 2001 October-November; 22(7): 649-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12141842&dopt=Abstract
•
Maternal pain and anxiety in genetic amniocentesis: expectation versus reality. Author(s): Ferber A, Onyeije CI, Zelop CM, O'Reilly-Green C, Divon MY. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 January; 19(1): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11851963&dopt=Abstract
•
Maternal stress or anxiety during pregnancy and the development of the baby. Author(s): Glover V. Source: Pract Midwife. 1999 May; 2(5): 20-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12024606&dopt=Abstract
•
Mathematics anxiety among eighth-grade students of the United Arab Emirates. Author(s): Abed AS, Alkhateeb HM. Source: Psychological Reports. 2001 August; 89(1): 65-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11729553&dopt=Abstract
•
Mathematics self-concept and mathematics anxiety of undergraduate majors in education. Author(s): Alkhateeb HM, Taha N. Source: Psychological Reports. 2002 December; 91(3 Pt 2): 1273-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12585549&dopt=Abstract
•
Measurement issues in postpartum depression part 1: anxiety as a feature of postpartum depression. Author(s): Ross LE, Gilbert Evans SE, Sellers EM, Romach MK. Source: Archives of Women's Mental Health. 2003 February; 6(1): 51-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12715264&dopt=Abstract
•
Measures of self-efficacy and optimism in older adults with generalized anxiety. Author(s): Stanley MA, Novy DM, Hopko DR, Beck JG, Averill PM, Swann AC. Source: Assessment. 2002 March; 9(1): 70-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11911237&dopt=Abstract
198 Anxiety
•
Measuring anxiety in animal models: an introduction to the symposium. Author(s): Kavaliers M, Ossenkopp KP. Source: Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2001 May; 25(3): 203-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11378176&dopt=Abstract
•
Measuring anxiety: parent-child reporting differences in clinical samples. Author(s): Barbosa J, Tannock R, Manassis K. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2002; 15(2): 61-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11891994&dopt=Abstract
•
Measuring normal and pathological anxiety-like behaviour in mice: a review. Author(s): Belzung C, Griebel G. Source: Behavioural Brain Research. 2001 November 1; 125(1-2): 141-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11682105&dopt=Abstract
•
Measuring outcomes in patients with depression or anxiety: an essential part of clinical practice. Author(s): Andersen-Dalheim H. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2003 March 17; 178(6): 302-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12776735&dopt=Abstract
•
Measuring outcomes in patients with depression or anxiety: an essential part of clinical practice. Author(s): Boettcher BM. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2003 March 17; 178(6): 302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12633494&dopt=Abstract
•
Measuring outcomes in patients with depression or anxiety: an essential part of clinical practice. Author(s): Dinnen A. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2003 January 6; 178(1): 48; Author Reply 48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12492398&dopt=Abstract
•
Measuring outcomes in patients with depression or anxiety: an essential part of clinical practice. Author(s): Hickie IB, Andrews G, Davenport TA. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2002 August 19; 177(4): 205-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12175326&dopt=Abstract
Studies 199
•
Measuring social anxiety and obsessive-compulsive spectra: comparison of interviews and self-report instruments. Author(s): Dell'Osso L, Rucci P, Cassano GB, Maser JD, Endicott J, Shear MK, Sarno N, Saettoni M, Grochocinski VJ, Frank E. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2002 March-April; 43(2): 81-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11893984&dopt=Abstract
•
Mechanisms of action in the treatment of anxiety. Author(s): Shelton RC, Brown LL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 12: 10-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11430613&dopt=Abstract
•
Mediating functions of maternal anxiety and participation in care on young children's posthospital adjustment. Author(s): Melnyk BM, Feinstein NF. Source: Research in Nursing & Health. 2001 February; 24(1): 18-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11260582&dopt=Abstract
•
Medication for the management of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Author(s): Williams T, Hodgman C. Source: Pediatric Annals. 2001 March; 30(3): 146-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11257944&dopt=Abstract
•
Memory biases in the anxiety disorders: current status. Author(s): Coles ME, Heimberg RG. Source: Clinical Psychology Review. 2002 May; 22(4): 587-627. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12094512&dopt=Abstract
•
Mental health care in Japan: recognition and treatment of depression and anxiety disorders. Author(s): Tajima O. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 13: 39-44; Discussion 45-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11434417&dopt=Abstract
•
Methodological and conceptual issues in the use of the elevated plus-maze as a psychological measurement instrument of animal anxiety-like behavior. Author(s): Wall PM, Messier C. Source: Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2001 May; 25(3): 275-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11378181&dopt=Abstract
200 Anxiety
•
Methods for managing pelvic examination anxiety: individual differences and relaxation techniques. Author(s): Hennigen L, Kollar LM, Rosenthal SL. Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 2000 January-February; 14(1): 9-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11141829&dopt=Abstract
•
Mice with targeted mutations of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors: models for depression and anxiety? Author(s): Gass P, Reichardt HM, Strekalova T, Henn F, Tronche F. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 2001 August; 73(5): 811-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11566214&dopt=Abstract
•
Mindfulness meditation, anxiety reduction, and heart disease: a pilot study. Author(s): Tacon AM, McComb J, Caldera Y, Randolph P. Source: Family & Community Health. 2003 January-March; 26(1): 25-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12802125&dopt=Abstract
•
Mindsets in social anxiety: a new look at selective information processing. Author(s): Hiemisch A, Ehlers A, Westermann R. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 2002 June; 33(2): 10314. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12472174&dopt=Abstract
•
Mini-SPIN: A brief screening assessment for generalized social anxiety disorder. Author(s): Connor KM, Kobak KA, Churchill LE, Katzelnick D, Davidson JR. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2001; 14(2): 137-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11668666&dopt=Abstract
•
Mirtazapine in social anxiety disorder: a pilot study. Author(s): Van Veen JF, Van Vliet IM, Westenberg HG. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2002 November; 17(6): 315-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12409686&dopt=Abstract
•
Moclobemide is effective and well tolerated in the long-term pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder with or without comorbid anxiety disorder. Author(s): Stein DJ, Cameron A, Amrein R, Montgomery SA; Moclobemide Social Phobia Clinical Study Group. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2002 July; 17(4): 161-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12131599&dopt=Abstract
Studies 201
•
Modulation of anxiety through blockade of anandamide hydrolysis. Author(s): Kathuria S, Gaetani S, Fegley D, Valino F, Duranti A, Tontini A, Mor M, Tarzia G, La Rana G, Calignano A, Giustino A, Tattoli M, Palmery M, Cuomo V, Piomelli D. Source: Nature Medicine. 2003 January; 9(1): 76-81. Epub 2002 December 02. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12461523&dopt=Abstract
•
Molecular foundation of anxiety disorders. Author(s): Lesch KP. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 2001; 108(6): 717-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11478423&dopt=Abstract
•
Molecular pathways of anxiety revealed by knockout mice. Author(s): Wood SJ, Toth M. Source: Molecular Neurobiology. 2001 April-June; 23(2-3): 101-19. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11817214&dopt=Abstract
•
Molecular targets in the treatment of anxiety. Author(s): Kent JM, Mathew SJ, Gorman JM. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2002 November 15; 52(10): 1008-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12437941&dopt=Abstract
•
Mood and anxiety disorders following pediatric traumatic brain injury: a prospective study. Author(s): Luis CA, Mittenberg W. Source: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2002 May; 24(3): 270-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11992209&dopt=Abstract
•
Mood and anxiety symptoms among 140 children from alcoholic and control families. Author(s): Preuss UW, Schuckit MA, Smith TL, Barnow S, Danko GP. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2002 August 1; 67(3): 235-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12127194&dopt=Abstract
•
Mood states and anxiety influence abilities to maintain balance control in healthy human subjects. Author(s): Bolmont B, Gangloff P, Vouriot A, Perrin PP. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2002 August 23; 329(1): 96-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12161271&dopt=Abstract
202 Anxiety
•
Moral panic versus the risk society: the implications of the changing sites of social anxiety. Author(s): Ungar S. Source: The British Journal of Sociology. 2001 June; 52(2): 271-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11440057&dopt=Abstract
•
Mortality and quality of life 12 months after myocardial infarction: effects of depression and anxiety. Author(s): Lane D, Carroll D, Ring C, Beevers DG, Lip GY. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 2001 March-April; 63(2): 221-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11292269&dopt=Abstract
•
Motor cortex excitability correlates with an anxiety-related personality trait. Author(s): Wassermann EM, Greenberg BD, Nguyen MB, Murphy DL. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2001 September 1; 50(5): 377-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11543742&dopt=Abstract
•
Multidisciplinary management of fetal surgical anomalies: the impact on maternal anxiety. Author(s): Aite L, Trucchi A, Nahom A, Spina V, Bilancioni E, Bagolan P. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery. [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 2002 April; 12(2): 90-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12015651&dopt=Abstract
•
Multimethod assessment of treatment process in chronic low back pain: comparison of reported pain-related anxiety with directly measured physical capacity. Author(s): McCracken LM, Gross RT, Eccleston C. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2002 May; 40(5): 585-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12038650&dopt=Abstract
•
Multiple informant agreement and the anxiety disorders interview schedule for parents and children. Author(s): Grills AE, Ollendick TH. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003 January; 42(1): 30-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12500074&dopt=Abstract
Studies 203
•
Multisensory integration for spatial orientation in trait anxiety subjects: absence of visual dependence. Author(s): Viaud-Delmon I, Berthoz A, Jouvent R. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2002 July; 17(4): 194-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12231264&dopt=Abstract
•
Music and preoperative anxiety: a randomized, controlled study. Author(s): Wang SM, Kulkarni L, Dolev J, Kain ZN. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 June; 94(6): 1489-94, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12032013&dopt=Abstract
•
Music as a therapeutic intervention for anxiety in patients receiving radiation therapy. Author(s): Smith M, Casey L, Johnson D, Gwede C, Riggin OZ. Source: Oncology Nursing Forum. 2001 June; 28(5): 855-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11421145&dopt=Abstract
•
Music decreases anxiety and provides sedation in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Author(s): Yilmaz E, Ozcan S, Basar M, Basar H, Batislam E, Ferhat M. Source: Urology. 2003 February; 61(2): 282-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12597931&dopt=Abstract
•
Music therapy for assistance with pain and anxiety management in burn treatment. Author(s): Prensner JD, Yowler CJ, Smith LF, Steele AL, Fratianne RB. Source: The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation. 2001 January-February; 22(1): 83-8; Discussion 82-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11227691&dopt=Abstract
•
Music versus distraction for procedural pain and anxiety in patients with cancer. Author(s): Kwekkeboom KL. Source: Oncology Nursing Forum. 2003 May-June; 30(3): 433-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12719743&dopt=Abstract
•
Needs and feelings of anxiety of relatives of patients hospitalized in intensive care units: implications for social work. Author(s): Delva D, Vanoost S, Bijttebier P, Lauwers P, Wilmer A. Source: Soc Work Health Care. 2002; 35(4): 21-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12425448&dopt=Abstract
204 Anxiety
•
Nefazodone decreases anxiety during marijuana withdrawal in humans. Author(s): Haney M, Hart CL, Ward AS, Foltin RW. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2003 January; 165(2): 157-65. Epub 2002 November 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12439626&dopt=Abstract
•
Nefazodone may increase anxiety in panic disorder. Author(s): Strohle A, Ehrenthal HD. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2002 February; 22(1): 95-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11799352&dopt=Abstract
•
Negative life events of anxiety disordered children: bad fortune, vulnerability, or reporter bias? Author(s): Boer F, Markus MT, Maingay R, Lindhout IE, Borst SR, Hoogendijk TH. Source: Child Psychiatry and Human Development. 2002 Spring; 32(3): 187-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11894841&dopt=Abstract
•
Neural correlates of anxiety associated with obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions in normal volunteers. Author(s): Mataix-Cols D, Cullen S, Lange K, Zelaya F, Andrew C, Amaro E, Brammer MJ, Williams SC, Speckens A, Phillips ML. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2003 March 15; 53(6): 482-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12644353&dopt=Abstract
•
Neural substrates linking balance control and anxiety. Author(s): Balaban CD. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 2002 December; 77(4-5): 469-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12526985&dopt=Abstract
•
Neuroactive steroid levels in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Semeniuk T, Jhangri GS, Le Melledo JM. Source: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2001 Summer; 13(3): 396-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11514647&dopt=Abstract
•
Neuroactive steroids and anxiety disorders. Author(s): Le Melledo JM, Baker GB. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 2002 May; 27(3): 161-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12066445&dopt=Abstract
Studies 205
•
Neurobiological effects of childhood abuse: implications for the pathophysiology of depression and anxiety. Author(s): Penza KM, Heim C, Nemeroff CB. Source: Archives of Women's Mental Health. 2003 February; 6(1): 15-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12715261&dopt=Abstract
•
Neurobiological mechanisms in generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Nutt DJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 11: 22-7; Discussion 28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11414547&dopt=Abstract
•
Neurobiological mechanisms of social anxiety disorder. Author(s): Mathew SJ, Coplan JD, Gorman JM. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 October; 158(10): 1558-67. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11578981&dopt=Abstract
•
Neurobiology of anxiety and fear: challenges for genomic science of the new millennium. Author(s): Moldin SO. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2000 December 15; 48(12): 1144-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11137055&dopt=Abstract
•
Neurobiology of generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Jetty PV, Charney DS, Goddard AW. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 March; 24(1): 75-97. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11225510&dopt=Abstract
•
Neuroendocrine response to meta-chlorophenylpiperazine and ipsapirone in relation to anxiety and aggression. Author(s): Klaassen T, Riedel WJ, van Praag HM, Menheere PP, Griez E. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2002 December 15; 113(1-2): 29-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12467943&dopt=Abstract
•
Neuroimaging studies of amygdala function in anxiety disorders. Author(s): Rauch SL, Shin LM, Wright CI. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003 April; 985: 389-410. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12724173&dopt=Abstract
206 Anxiety
•
Neurological bases for balance-anxiety links. Author(s): Balaban CD, Thayer JF. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2001 January-April; 15(1-2): 53-79. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11388358&dopt=Abstract
•
Neuropeptides and anxiety-related behavior. Author(s): Landgraf R. Source: Endocr J. 2001 October; 48(5): 517-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11789556&dopt=Abstract
•
New insights into the diagnosis and pharmacologic management of generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Ninan PT. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 2002 Spring; 36(2): 105-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12397844&dopt=Abstract
•
Nightmare frequency, nightmare distress, and anxiety. Author(s): Nguyen TT, Madrid S, Marquez H, Hicks RA. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2002 August; 95(1): 219-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12365257&dopt=Abstract
•
Nightmares and anxiety in elementary-aged children: is there a relationship. Author(s): Mindell JA, Barrett KM. Source: Child: Care, Health and Development. 2002 July; 28(4): 317-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12211191&dopt=Abstract
•
Non-human primate models for investigating fear and anxiety. Author(s): Barros M, Tomaz C. Source: Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2002 March; 26(2): 187-201. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11856558&dopt=Abstract
•
Nonhuman primate studies of fear, anxiety, and temperament and the role of benzodiazepine receptors and GABA systems. Author(s): Kalin NH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003; 64 Suppl 3: 41-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12662133&dopt=Abstract
Studies 207
•
Non-institutionalized elderly dental patients in Israel: socio-demographics, health concerns, and dental anxiety. Author(s): Peretz B, Mersel A. Source: Spec Care Dentist. 2000 March-April; 20(2): 61-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11203880&dopt=Abstract
•
Non-peptidic CRF1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of anxiety, depression and stress disorders. Author(s): Kehne J, De Lombaert S. Source: Current Drug Targets. Cns and Neurological Disorders. 2002 October; 1(5): 46793. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12769601&dopt=Abstract
•
Number of teeth, body mass index, and dental anxiety in middle-aged Swedish women. Author(s): Forslund HB, Lindroos AK, Blomkvist K, Hakeberg M, Berggren U, Jontell M, Torgerson JS. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2002 December; 60(6): 346-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12512884&dopt=Abstract
•
Nursing intervention for pre-operative anxiety. Author(s): Mitchell M. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 2000 May 31-June 6; 14(37): 40-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11974020&dopt=Abstract
•
Nursing nomenclatures and eye-roll anxiety control. Author(s): Pesut DJ. Source: Journal of Professional Nursing : Official Journal of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing. 2002 January-February; 18(1): 3-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11859484&dopt=Abstract
•
Nursing staff anxiety versus smoking habits. Author(s): Tselebis A, Panaghiotou A, Theotoka I, Ilias I. Source: International Journal of Nursing Practice. 2001 June; 7(3): 221-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11811818&dopt=Abstract
•
Obsessive-compulsive disorder and separation anxiety co-morbidity in early onset panic disorder. Author(s): Goodwin R, Lipsitz JD, Chapman TF, Mannuzza S, Fyer AJ. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2001 October; 31(7): 1307-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11681556&dopt=Abstract
208 Anxiety
•
Obstetric complications and anxiety during pregnancy: is there a relationship? Author(s): Johnson RC, Slade P. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2003 March; 24(1): 1-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12685335&dopt=Abstract
•
Olanzapine in the treatment of anxiety symptoms due to Alzheimer's disease: a post hoc analysis. Author(s): Mintzer J, Faison W, Street JS, Sutton VK, Breier A. Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2001 December; 16 Suppl 1: S71-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11748790&dopt=Abstract
•
On the physiological symptom constellation in youth with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Author(s): Kendall PC, Pimentel SS. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2003; 17(2): 211-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12614663&dopt=Abstract
•
On the scientific status of cognitive appraisal models of anxiety disorder. Author(s): McNally RJ. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2001 May; 39(5): 513-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11341248&dopt=Abstract
•
One-year prevalence of subthreshold and threshold DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder in a nationally representative sample. Author(s): Carter RM, Wittchen HU, Pfister H, Kessler RC. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2001; 13(2): 78-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11301924&dopt=Abstract
•
Onset of and patterns of change in dental anxiety in adolescence and early adulthood: a birth cohort study. Author(s): Locker D, Thomson WM, Poulton R. Source: Community Dent Health. 2001 June; 18(2): 99-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11461066&dopt=Abstract
•
Opening Pandora's box: parental anxiety and the assessment of childhood murmurs. Author(s): Giuffre RM, Walker I, Vaillancourt S, Gupta S. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2002 April; 18(4): 406-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11992134&dopt=Abstract
Studies 209
•
Open-label evaluation of venlafaxine sustained release in outpatients with generalized anxiety disorder with comorbid major depression or dysthymia: effectiveness, tolerability and predictors of response. Author(s): Perugi G, Frare F, Toni C, Ruffolo G, Torti C. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2002; 46(3): 145-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12422062&dopt=Abstract
•
Opipramol for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a placebo-controlled trial including an alprazolam-treated group. Author(s): Moller HJ, Volz HP, Reimann IW, Stoll KD. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 February; 21(1): 59-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11199949&dopt=Abstract
•
Opposite effects of nefazodone in two human models of anxiety. Author(s): Silva M, Hetem LA, Guimaraes FS, Graeff FG. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2001 August; 156(4): 454-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11498723&dopt=Abstract
•
Optimizing pharmacotherapy of generalized anxiety disorder to achieve remission. Author(s): Pollack MH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 19: 20-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11577787&dopt=Abstract
•
Outcomes of a brief inpatient treatment program for mood and anxiety disorders. Author(s): Tucker S, Moore W, Luedtke C. Source: Outcomes Management for Nursing Practice. 2000 July-September; 4(3): 117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11299580&dopt=Abstract
•
Overcoming social anxiety disorder. Author(s): Roy-Byrne P. Source: Health News. 2001 May; 7(5): 3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11851152&dopt=Abstract
•
Overexpression of 5-HT1B receptor in dorsal raphe nucleus using Herpes Simplex Virus gene transfer increases anxiety behavior after inescapable stress. Author(s): Clark MS, Sexton TJ, McClain M, Root D, Kohen R, Neumaier JF. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2002 June 1; 22(11): 4550-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12040062&dopt=Abstract
210 Anxiety
•
Overview and clinical presentation of generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Rickels K, Rynn M. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 March; 24(1): 1-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11225502&dopt=Abstract
•
Overview of different pharmacotherapies for attaining remission in generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Ballenger JC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 19: 11-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11577786&dopt=Abstract
•
Pain and anxiety control in dentistry. Author(s): Wraith A. Source: Saad Dig. 1999 July; 16(3): 2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11833136&dopt=Abstract
•
Pain and anxiety management in the postoperative gastro-surgical setting. Author(s): Manias E. Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2003 March; 41(6): 585-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12622867&dopt=Abstract
•
Pain and anxiety with burn dressing changes: patient self-report. Author(s): Weinberg K, Birdsall C, Vail D, Marano MA, Petrone SJ, Mansour EH. Source: The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation. 2000 March-April; 21(2): 155-6; Discussion 157-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10752749&dopt=Abstract
•
Pain anxiety among chronic pain patients: specific phobia or manifestation of anxiety sensitivity? Author(s): Greenberg J, Burns JW. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2003 February; 41(2): 223-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12547382&dopt=Abstract
•
Pain, anxiety and insomnia--a global perspective on the relief of suffering: comparative review. Author(s): Ghodse H. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2003 July; 183: 15-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12835238&dopt=Abstract
Studies 211
•
Pain, anxiety, distress, and suffering: interrelated, but not interchangeable. Author(s): Berde C, Wolfe J. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 April; 142(4): 361-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12712049&dopt=Abstract
•
Panic attack in a context of comorbid anxiety and depression in a Tibetan refugee. Author(s): Jacobson E. Source: Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry. 2002 June; 26(2): 259-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12211327&dopt=Abstract
•
Panic, hyperventilation and perpetuation of anxiety. Author(s): Dratcu L. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2000 October; 24(7): 1069-89. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11131173&dopt=Abstract
•
Parental anxiety as a possible predisposing factor to child dental anxiety in patients seen in a suburban dental hospital in Nigeria. Author(s): Folayan MO, Adekoya-Sofowora CA, D Otuyemi O, Ufomata D. Source: International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry / the British Paedodontic Society [and] the International Association of Dentistry for Children. 2002 July; 12(4): 255-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12121535&dopt=Abstract
•
Parental anxiety associated with referral of a child to a pediatric cardiologist for evaluation of a Still's murmur. Author(s): Geggel RL, Horowitz LM, Brown EA, Parsons M, Wang PS, Fulton DR. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2002 June; 140(6): 747-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12072881&dopt=Abstract
•
Parental anxiety disorders, child anxiety disorders, and the perceived parent-child relationship in an Australian high-risk sample. Author(s): McClure EB, Brennan PA, Hammen C, Le Brocque RM. Source: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 2001 February; 29(1): 1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11316331&dopt=Abstract
•
Parental bonding and anxiety: differences between African American and European American college students. Author(s): Carter MM, Sbrocco T, Lewis EL, Friedman EK. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2001 November-December; 15(6): 555-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11764312&dopt=Abstract
212 Anxiety
•
Parental control, trait anxiety, and satisfaction with life in college students. Author(s): Seibel FL, Johnson WB. Source: Psychological Reports. 2001 April; 88(2): 473-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11351892&dopt=Abstract
•
Parental problem drinking and anxiety disorder symptoms in adult offspring: examining the mediating role of anxiety sensitivity components. Author(s): MacPherson PS, Stewart SH, McWilliams LA. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 2001 November-December; 26(6): 917-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11768552&dopt=Abstract
•
Parent-child concordance for separation anxiety: a clinical study. Author(s): Manicavasagar V, Silove D, Rapee R, Waters F, Momartin S. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 June; 65(1): 81-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11426514&dopt=Abstract
•
Parent-child interactions and anxiety disorders: an observational study. Author(s): Hudson JL, Rapee RM. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2001 December; 39(12): 1411-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11758699&dopt=Abstract
•
Parenting and childhood anxiety: theory, empirical findings, and future directions. Author(s): Wood JJ, McLeod BD, Sigman M, Hwang WC, Chu BC. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2003 January; 44(1): 134-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12553416&dopt=Abstract
•
Parenting behaviors in parents with anxiety disorders. Author(s): Turner SM, Beidel DC, Roberson-Nay R, Tervo K. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2003 May; 41(5): 541-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12711263&dopt=Abstract
•
Parenting received in childhood and early separation anxiety in male conscripts with adjustment disorder. Author(s): Giotakos O, Konstantakopoulos G. Source: Military Medicine. 2002 January; 167(1): 28-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11799809&dopt=Abstract
Studies 213
•
Parkinson's disease and anxiety. Author(s): Walsh K, Bennett G. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2001 February; 77(904): 89-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11161073&dopt=Abstract
•
Paroxetine for social anxiety and alcohol use in dual-diagnosed patients. Author(s): Randall CL, Johnson MR, Thevos AK, Sonne SC, Thomas SE, Willard SL, Brady KT, Davidson JR. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2001; 14(4): 255-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11754136&dopt=Abstract
•
Paroxetine in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: results of a placebocontrolled, flexible-dosage trial. Author(s): Pollack MH, Zaninelli R, Goddard A, McCafferty JP, Bellew KM, Burnham DB, Iyengar MK. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 May; 62(5): 350-7. Erratum In: J Clin Psychiatry 2001 August; 62(8): 658. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11411817&dopt=Abstract
•
Paroxetine treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a double-blind, placebocontrolled study. Author(s): Rickels K, Zaninelli R, McCafferty J, Bellew K, Iyengar M, Sheehan D. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 April; 160(4): 749-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12668365&dopt=Abstract
•
Parsing the comorbidity between bipolar disorder and anxiety disorders: a familial risk analysis. Author(s): Wozniak J, Biederman J, Monuteaux MC, Richards J, Faraone SV. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2002 Summer; 12(2): 10111. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12188979&dopt=Abstract
•
Partner anxiety prior to elective Caesarean section under regional anaesthesia. Author(s): Taylor IR, Bullough AS, van Hamel JC, Campbell DN. Source: Anaesthesia. 2002 June; 57(6): 600-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12073950&dopt=Abstract
214 Anxiety
•
Passionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety: a pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial with oxazepam. Author(s): Akhondzadeh S, Naghavi HR, Vazirian M, Shayeganpour A, Rashidi H, Khani M. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2001 October; 26(5): 363-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11679026&dopt=Abstract
•
Patient anxiety while on a waiting list for coronary artery bypass surgery: a qualitative and quantitative analysis. Author(s): Fitzsimons D, Parahoo K, Richardson SG, Stringer M. Source: Heart & Lung : the Journal of Critical Care. 2003 January-February; 32(1): 23-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12571545&dopt=Abstract
•
Patients' views on anxiety and depression. Author(s): Launer J. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 2001 August; 51(469): 676. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11510408&dopt=Abstract
•
Pattern of symptom improvement following treatment with venlafaxine XR in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Meoni P, Salinas E, Brault Y, Hackett D. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 November; 62(11): 888-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11775049&dopt=Abstract
•
Patterns and correlates of generalized anxiety disorder in community samples. Author(s): Kessler RC, Wittchen HU. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002; 63 Suppl 8: 4-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12044107&dopt=Abstract
•
Patterns of association between alcohol consumption and symptoms of depression and anxiety in young adults. Author(s): Caldwell TM, Rodgers B, Jorm AF, Christensen H, Jacomb PA, Korten AE, Lynskey MT. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2002 May; 97(5): 583-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12033659&dopt=Abstract
Studies 215
•
Patterns of personality pathology in patients with generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder with and without agoraphobia, and social phobia. Author(s): Dyck IR, Phillips KA, Warshaw MG, Dolan RT, Shea MT, Stout RL, Massion AO, Zlotnick C, Keller MB. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2001 February; 15(1): 60-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11236815&dopt=Abstract
•
Patterns of processing bias for emotional information across clinical disorders: a comparison of attention, memory, and prospective cognition in children and adolescents with depression, generalized anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Dalgleish T, Taghavi R, Neshat-Doost H, Moradi A, Canterbury R, Yule W. Source: Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology : the Official Journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53. 2003 March; 32(1): 10-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12573928&dopt=Abstract
•
PC anxiety: reliability and validity of a brief scale. Author(s): Yang B, Lester D. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2002 October; 95(2): 670. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12434866&dopt=Abstract
•
Peer conflict avoidance: associations with loneliness, social anxiety, and social avoidance. Author(s): Johnson HD, LaVoie JC, Spenceri MC, Mahoney-Wernli MA. Source: Psychological Reports. 2001 February; 88(1): 227-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11293033&dopt=Abstract
•
Peer instruction in the learning laboratory: a strategy to decrease student anxiety. Author(s): Owens LD, Walden DJ. Source: The Journal of Nursing Education. 2001 November; 40(8): 375-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11725998&dopt=Abstract
•
Peer victimization, global self-worth, and anxiety in middle school children. Author(s): Grills AE, Ollendick TH. Source: Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology : the Official Journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53. 2002 March; 31(1): 59-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11845651&dopt=Abstract
216 Anxiety
•
Pentagastrin test for anxiety--psychophysiology and personality. Author(s): Radu D, Ahlin A, Svanborg P, Lindefors N. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2003 March; 166(2): 139-45. Epub 2003 January 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12529809&dopt=Abstract
•
Perceived control of anxiety and its relationship to self-confidence and performance. Author(s): Hanton S, Connaughton D. Source: Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 2002 March; 73(1): 87-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11926488&dopt=Abstract
•
Perceived control over anxiety-related events as a predictor of pain behaviors in a cold pressor task. Author(s): Feldner MT, Hekmat H. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 2001 December; 32(4): 191-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12102581&dopt=Abstract
•
Perceived criticism predicts severity of anxiety symptoms after behavioral treatment in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Renshaw KD, Chambless DL, Steketee G. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2003 April; 59(4): 411-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12652634&dopt=Abstract
•
Perceived need and help-seeking in adults with mood, anxiety, or substance use disorders. Author(s): Mojtabai R, Olfson M, Mechanic D. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2002 January; 59(1): 77-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11779286&dopt=Abstract
•
Perceptions of pain in women with headache: a laboratory investigation of the influence of pain-related anxiety and fear. Author(s): Bishop KL, Holm JE, Borowiak DM, Wilson BA. Source: Headache. 2001 May; 41(5): 494-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11380647&dopt=Abstract
•
Percutaneous core biopsy of the breast: correlates of anxiety. Author(s): Novy DM, Price M, Huynh PT, Schuetz A. Source: Academic Radiology. 2001 June; 8(6): 467-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11394538&dopt=Abstract
Studies 217
•
Performance anxiety: loss of the spoken edge. Author(s): Merritt L, Richards A, Davis P. Source: Journal of Voice : Official Journal of the Voice Foundation. 2001 June; 15(2): 25769. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11411479&dopt=Abstract
•
Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors on platelets are correlated with the degrees of anxiety in normal human subjects. Author(s): Nakamura K, Fukunishi I, Nakamoto Y, Iwahashi K, Yoshii M. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2002 July; 162(3): 301-3. Epub 2002 May 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12122488&dopt=Abstract
•
Personality characteristics, psychological symptoms and anxiety levels of drivers in charge of urban transportation in Istanbul. Author(s): Issever H, Onen L, Sabuncu HH, Altunkaynak O. Source: Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England). 2002 September; 52(6): 297-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12361990&dopt=Abstract
•
Personality disorders and time to remission in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder. Author(s): Massion AO, Dyck IR, Shea MT, Phillips KA, Warshaw MG, Keller MB. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2002 May; 59(5): 434-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11982447&dopt=Abstract
•
Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of buspirone during oral administration to children and adolescents with anxiety disorder and normal healthy adults. Author(s): Salazar DE, Frackiewicz EJ, Dockens R, Kollia G, Fulmor IE, Tigel PD, Uderman HD, Shiovitz TM, Sramek JJ, Cutler NR. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2001 December; 41(12): 1351-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11762563&dopt=Abstract
•
Pharmacologic treatment of anxiety disorders in 1989 versus 1996: results from the Harvard/Brown anxiety disorders research program. Author(s): Salzman C, Goldenberg I, Bruce SE, Keller MB. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 March; 62(3): 149-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11305698&dopt=Abstract
•
Pharmacologic treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Brawman-Mintzer O. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 March; 24(1): 119-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11225503&dopt=Abstract
218 Anxiety
•
Pharmacological approach to the management of dental anxiety in children-comments from a Scandinavian point of view. Author(s): Klingberg G. Source: International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry / the British Paedodontic Society [and] the International Association of Dentistry for Children. 2002 September; 12(5): 3578. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12199896&dopt=Abstract
•
Pharmacological management of pain and anxiety during emergency procedures in children. Author(s): Kennedy RM, Luhmann JD. Source: Paediatric Drugs. 2001; 3(5): 337-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11393327&dopt=Abstract
•
Pharmacology of human experimental anxiety. Author(s): Graeff FG, Parente A, Del-Ben CM, Guimaraes FS. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 2003 April; 36(4): 421-32. Epub 2003 April 08. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12700819&dopt=Abstract
•
Pharmacotherapy of childhood anxiety disorders. Author(s): Kratochvil CJ, Harrington MJ, Burke WJ, March JS. Source: Current Psychiatry Reports. 2002 August; 4(4): 264-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12126594&dopt=Abstract
•
Pharmacotherapy of generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Rickels K, Rynn M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002; 63 Suppl 14: 9-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562113&dopt=Abstract
•
Pharmacotherapy of generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Davidson JR. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 11: 46-50; Discussion 51-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11414551&dopt=Abstract
•
Pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder at the turn of the millennium. Author(s): Van Ameringen M, Mancini C. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 December; 24(4): 783-803. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11723633&dopt=Abstract
Studies 219
•
Pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder. Author(s): Blanco C, Antia SX, Liebowitz MR. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2002 January 1; 51(1): 109-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11801236&dopt=Abstract
•
Phenomenology of panic attacks reflects human evolutionary history of separation anxiety. Author(s): Matthews S, Charlton BG. Source: Ir Med J. 2000 September; 93(6): 184-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11105445&dopt=Abstract
•
Phobic anxiety changes the function of brain-gut axis in irritable bowel syndrome. Author(s): Blomhoff S, Spetalen S, Jacobsen MB, Malt UF. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 2001 November-December; 63(6): 959-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11719635&dopt=Abstract
•
Phobic anxiety in 11 nations. Part I: Dimensional constancy of the five-factor model. Author(s): Arrindell WA, Eisemann M, Richter J, Oei TP, Caballo VE, van der Ende J, Sanavio E, Bages N, Feldman L, Torres B, Sica C, Iwawaki S, Edelmann RJ, Crozier WR, Furnham A, Hudson BL, Aguilar G, Arrindell WA, Bages N, Bentall R, Bridges KR, Buchanan A, Caballo VE, Calvo MG, Canalda G, Castro J, Crozier WR, Davis M, Edelmann RJ, Eisemann M, Farrer RJ, Felman L, Frindte W, Furnham A, Garling T, Gaszner P, Gillholm R, Gustafsson M, Hansson SB, Harris P, Hatzichristou C, Hudson BL, Iwawaki S, Johnston M, Kallai J, Kasielke E, Kenardy J, Leong CC, Liddell A, Montgomery I, Oei TP, Palenzuela DL, Pennington D, Peter M, Pickersgill MJ, Recinos LA, Richards JC, Richter J, Ryden O, Sanavio E, Sica C, Simon MA, Surman M, Torres B, van der Ende J, Zaldivar F; Cultural Clinical Psychology Study Group. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2003 April; 41(4): 461-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12643968&dopt=Abstract
•
Physical activity and physique anxiety in older adults: fitness, and efficacy influences. Author(s): McAuley E, Marquez DX, Jerome GJ, Blissmer B, Katula J. Source: Aging & Mental Health. 2002 August; 6(3): 222-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12217090&dopt=Abstract
•
Physical activity dose-response effects on outcomes of depression and anxiety. Author(s): Dunn AL, Trivedi MH, O'Neal HA. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2001 June; 33(6 Suppl): S587-97; Discussion 609-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11427783&dopt=Abstract
220 Anxiety
•
Physical self and physical activity relationships in college women: does social physique anxiety moderate effects? Author(s): Kowalski NP, Crocker PR, Kowalski KC. Source: Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 2001 March; 72(1): 55-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11253320&dopt=Abstract
•
Physical symptoms as indicators of depression and anxiety. Author(s): Larson GE, Booth-Kewley S, Merrill LL, Stander VA. Source: Military Medicine. 2001 September; 166(9): 796-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11569444&dopt=Abstract
•
Physician office visits of adults for anxiety disorders in the United States, 1985-1998. Author(s): Harman JS, Rollman BL, Hanusa BH, Lenze EJ, Shear MK. Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine. 2002 March; 17(3): 165-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11929501&dopt=Abstract
•
Physiologic instability in panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Wilhelm FH, Trabert W, Roth WT. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2001 April 1; 49(7): 596-605. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11297717&dopt=Abstract
•
Physiological and psychological reactivity in women with asthma: the effects of anxiety and menstrual cycle phase. Author(s): Dorhofer DM, Sigmon ST. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2002 January; 40(1): 3-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11762425&dopt=Abstract
•
Place of chronic insomnia in the course of depressive and anxiety disorders. Author(s): Ohayon MM, Roth T. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2003 January-February; 37(1): 9-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12482465&dopt=Abstract
•
Placebo-controlled trial of sertraline in the treatment of children with generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Rynn MA, Siqueland L, Rickels K. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 December; 158(12): 2008-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11729017&dopt=Abstract
Studies 221
•
Plasma and serum serotonin levels and their relationship to orofacial pain and anxiety in fibromyalgia. Author(s): Ernberg M, Voog U, Alstergren P, Lundeberg T, Kopp S. Source: J Orofac Pain. 2000 Winter; 14(1): 37-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11203736&dopt=Abstract
•
Plasma gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) levels in cholecystokinine-tetrapeptide (CCK-4) induced anxiety. Author(s): Zwanzger P, Jarry H, Eser D, Padberg F, Baghai T, Schule C, Ella R, Moller HJ, Rupprecht R. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 2003 March; 110(3): 313-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12658378&dopt=Abstract
•
Platelet alpha2-adrenoceptor density in humans: relationships to stress-induced anxiety, psychasthenic constitution, gender and stress-induced changes in the inflammatory response system. Author(s): Maes M, Van Gastel A, Delmeire L, Kenis G, Bosmans E, Song C. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2002 July; 32(5): 919-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12171386&dopt=Abstract
•
Positive thinking in bereavement: is it related to depression, anxiety, or grief symptomatology? Author(s): Boelen PA, van den Bout J. Source: Psychological Reports. 2002 December; 91(3 Pt 1): 857-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12530735&dopt=Abstract
•
Positively channeling workplace anger and anxiety. Part I. Author(s): Helge D. Source: Aaohn Journal : Official Journal of the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses. 2001 September; 49(9): 445-52; Quiz 453-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11760508&dopt=Abstract
•
Positively channeling workplace anger and anxiety. Part II. Author(s): Helge D. Source: Aaohn Journal : Official Journal of the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses. 2001 October; 49(10): 482-9; Quiz 490-1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11760532&dopt=Abstract
222 Anxiety
•
Postconcussional disorder following mild to moderate traumatic brain injury: anxiety, depression, and social support as risk factors and comorbidities. Author(s): McCauley SR, Boake C, Levin HS, Contant CF, Song JX. Source: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2001 December; 23(6): 792-808. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11910545&dopt=Abstract
•
Postnatal depression, anxiety and unsettled infant behaviour. Author(s): McMahon C, Barnett B, Kowalenko N, Tennant C, Don N. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 October; 35(5): 5818. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11551272&dopt=Abstract
•
Potentially traumatizing events in panic disorder and other anxiety disorders. Author(s): Hofmann SG, Levitt JT, Hoffman EC, Greene K, Litz BT, Barlow DH. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2001; 13(2): 101-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11301919&dopt=Abstract
•
Practitioner review: psychological management of anxiety disorders in childhood. Author(s): Dadds MR, Barrett PM. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2001 November; 42(8): 999-1011. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11806693&dopt=Abstract
•
Pragmatic evaluation of computer-aided self-help for anxiety and depression. Author(s): Marks IM, Mataix-Cols D, Kenwright M, Cameron R, Hirsch S, Gega L. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2003 July; 183: 57-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12835245&dopt=Abstract
•
Pre- and postmenopausal high-risk women undergoing screening for ovarian cancer: anxiety, risk perceptions, and quality of life. Author(s): Hensley ML, Robson ME, Kauff ND, Korytowsky B, Castiel M, Ostroff J, Hurley K, Hann LE, Colon J, Spriggs D. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2003 June; 89(3): 440-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12798709&dopt=Abstract
•
Pre-competitive feeling states and directional anxiety interpretations. Author(s): Jones G, Hanton S. Source: Journal of Sports Sciences. 2001 June; 19(6): 385-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11411775&dopt=Abstract
Studies 223
•
Predictability of the one-year course of depression and generalized anxiety in primary care. Author(s): van den Brink RH, Ormel J, Tiemens BG, Smit A, Jenner JA, van der Meer K, van Os TW. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 2002 May-June; 24(3): 156-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12062140&dopt=Abstract
•
Predicting anxiety and depression among cancer patients: a clinical model. Author(s): Nordin K, Berglund G, Glimelius B, Sjoden PO. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 2001 February; 37(3): 37684. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11239760&dopt=Abstract
•
Predicting anxious response to a social challenge: the predictive utility of the social interaction anxiety scale and the social phobia scale in a college population. Author(s): Gore KL, Carter MM, Parker S. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2002 June; 40(6): 689-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12051487&dopt=Abstract
•
Prediction of anxiety disorders using the state-trait anxiety inventory for multiethnic adolescents. Author(s): Hishinuma ES, Miyamoto RH, Nishimura ST, Goebert DA, Yuen NY, Makini GK Jr, Andrade NN, Johnson RC, Carlton BS. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2001 November-December; 15(6): 511-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11764310&dopt=Abstract
•
Prediction of psychological reactions to bone density screening for osteoporosis using a cognitive-behavioral model of health anxiety. Author(s): Rimes KA, Salkovskis PM. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2002 April; 40(4): 359-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12002895&dopt=Abstract
•
Predictive genetic testing: mediators and moderators of anxiety. Author(s): Michie S, French DP, Marteau TM. Source: International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2002; 9(4): 309-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12508668&dopt=Abstract
•
Predictive validity of an Implicit Association Test for assessing anxiety. Author(s): Egloff B, Schmukle SC. Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2002 December; 83(6): 1441-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12500823&dopt=Abstract
224 Anxiety
•
Predictors of preoperative anxiety in children. Author(s): Wollin SR, Plummer JL, Owen H, Hawkins RM, Materazzo F. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2003 February; 31(1): 69-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635399&dopt=Abstract
•
Predictors of response in anxiety disorders. Author(s): Solvason HB, Ernst H, Roth W. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2003 June; 26(2): 411-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12778841&dopt=Abstract
•
Predictors of response to pharmacotherapy in social anxiety disorder: an analysis of 3 placebo-controlled paroxetine trials. Author(s): Stein DJ, Stein MB, Pitts CD, Kumar R, Hunter B. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 February; 63(2): 152-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11874217&dopt=Abstract
•
Predominance of anger in depressive disorders compared with anxiety disorders and somatoform disorders. Author(s): Koh KB, Kim CH, Park JK. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 June; 63(6): 486-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12088159&dopt=Abstract
•
Pre-exercise anxiety and the anxiolytic responses to acute bouts of self-selected and prescribed intensity resistance exercise. Author(s): Focht BC. Source: The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2002 June; 42(2): 217-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12032419&dopt=Abstract
•
Pregabalin in generalized anxiety disorder: a placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Pande AC, Crockatt JG, Feltner DE, Janney CA, Smith WT, Weisler R, Londborg PD, Bielski RJ, Zimbroff DL, Davidson JR, Liu-Dumaw M. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 March; 160(3): 533-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12611835&dopt=Abstract
•
Preliminary data from the Hungarian toddler behavior rating scale: caregivers' and mothers' ratings and anxiety. Author(s): Nagy E, Kovacs EF. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2000 December; 91(3 Pt 1): 910-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11153868&dopt=Abstract
Studies 225
•
Preliminary psychologic survey of orofacial outpatients. Part 1: Predictors of anxiety or depression. Author(s): Kino K, Sugisaki M, Ishikawa T, Shibuya T, Amagasa T, Miyaoka H. Source: J Orofac Pain. 2001 Summer; 15(3): 235-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11575194&dopt=Abstract
•
Preliminary report on the use of Reiki HIV-related pain and anxiety. Author(s): Miles P. Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2003 March-April; 9(2): 36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12652881&dopt=Abstract
•
Premedication for anxiety in adult day surgery. Author(s): Smith AF, Pittaway AJ. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (1): Cd002192. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12535433&dopt=Abstract
•
Premenstrual symptomatology, locus of control, anxiety and depression in women with normal menstrual cycles. Author(s): Lane T, Francis A. Source: Archives of Women's Mental Health. 2003 April; 6(2): 127-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12720063&dopt=Abstract
•
Preoperative alprazolam reduces anxiety in ambulatory surgery patients: a comparison with oral midazolam. Author(s): De Witte JL, Alegret C, Sessler DI, Cammu G. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 December; 95(6): 1601-6, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12456424&dopt=Abstract
•
Preoperative anxiety and postoperative pain in women undergoing hysterectomy. A repeated-measures design. Author(s): Kain ZN, Sevarino F, Alexander GM, Pincus S, Mayes LC. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2000 December; 49(6): 417-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11182434&dopt=Abstract
•
Preoperative dental anxiety and mood changes during nitrous oxide inhalation. Author(s): Zacny JP, Hurst RJ, Graham L, Janiszewski DJ. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2002 January; 133(1): 82-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11811748&dopt=Abstract
226 Anxiety
•
Prescribing patterns for depression and anxiety worldwide. Author(s): Lecrubier Y. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 13: 31-6; Discussion 37-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11434416&dopt=Abstract
•
Prevalence and correlates of anxiety symptoms in well-functioning older adults: findings from the health aging and body composition study. Author(s): Mehta KM, Simonsick EM, Penninx BW, Schulz R, Rubin SM, Satterfield S, Yaffe K. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2003 April; 51(4): 499-504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12657069&dopt=Abstract
•
Prevalence and relationship to delusions and hallucinations of anxiety disorders in schizophrenia. Author(s): Tibbo P, Swainson J, Chue P, LeMelledo JM. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2003; 17(2): 65-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12621594&dopt=Abstract
•
Prevalence and risk of depression and anxiety-related disorders during the first three years after heart transplantation. Author(s): Dew MA, Kormos RL, DiMartini AF, Switzer GE, Schulberg HC, Roth LH, Griffith BP. Source: Psychosomatics. 2001 July-August; 42(4): 300-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11496019&dopt=Abstract
•
Prevalence of and factors associated with anxiety and depression among women in a lower middle class semi-urban community of Karachi, Pakistan. Author(s): Ali BS, Rahbar MH, Naeem S, Tareen AL, Gul A, Samad L. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 2002 November; 52(11): 513-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12585371&dopt=Abstract
•
Prevalence of anxiety and depression among medical students of private university. Author(s): Inam SN, Saqib A, Alam E. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 2003 February; 53(2): 44-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12705482&dopt=Abstract
•
Prevalence of anxiety and depression in Australian adolescents: comparisons with worldwide data. Author(s): Boyd CP, Kostanski M, Gullone E, Ollendick TH, Shek DT. Source: The Journal of Genetic Psychology; Child Behavior, Animal Behavior, and Comparative Psychology. 2000 December; 161(4): 479-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11117103&dopt=Abstract
Studies 227
•
Prevalence of anxiety in adults with diabetes: a systematic review. Author(s): Grigsby AB, Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2002 December; 53(6): 1053-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12479986&dopt=Abstract
•
Prevalence of childhood ADHD among patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder and a comparison condition, Social Phobia. Author(s): Safren SA, Lanka GD, Otto MW, Pollack MH. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2001; 13(4): 190-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11413566&dopt=Abstract
•
Prevalence of fibromyalgia, anxiety and depression in chronic hepatitis C virus infection: relationship to RT-PCR status and mode of acquisition. Author(s): Goulding C, O'Connell P, Murray FE. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2001 May; 13(5): 507-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11396529&dopt=Abstract
•
Prevalence of generalized anxiety at eight weeks postpartum. Author(s): Wenzel A, Haugen EN, Jackson LC, Robinson K. Source: Archives of Women's Mental Health. 2003 February; 6(1): 43-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12715263&dopt=Abstract
•
Prevalence, detection and management of anxiety and depressive symptoms in unemployed patients attending general practitioners. Author(s): Comino EJ, Harris E, Silove D, Manicavasagar V, Harris MF. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 February; 34(1): 107-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11185922&dopt=Abstract
•
Prevalence, detection and treatment of anxiety, depression, and delirium in the adult critical care unit. Author(s): Rincon HG, Granados M, Unutzer J, Gomez M, Duran R, Badiel M, Salas C, Martinez J, Mejia J, Ordonez C, Florez N, Rosso F, Echeverri P. Source: Psychosomatics. 2001 September-October; 42(5): 391-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11739905&dopt=Abstract
•
Prevalence, recognition, and treatment of comorbid depression and anxiety. Author(s): Rapaport MH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 24: 6-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11676431&dopt=Abstract
228 Anxiety
•
Preventing anxiety and depression in gynaecological cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Author(s): Petersen RW, Quinlivan JA. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 April; 109(4): 386-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12013159&dopt=Abstract
•
Prevention of anxiety symptoms in primary school children: preliminary results from a universal school-based trial. Author(s): Barrett P, Turner C. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 2001 November; 40(Pt 4): 399-410. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11760616&dopt=Abstract
•
Probability of assertive behaviour, interpersonal anxiety and self-efficacy of South African registered dietitians. Author(s): Paterson M, Green JM, Basson CJ, Ross F. Source: Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics : the Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association. 2002 February; 15(1): 9-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11903785&dopt=Abstract
•
Processing emotional facial expressions: the role of anxiety and awareness. Author(s): Fox E. Source: Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience. 2002 March; 2(1): 52-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452584&dopt=Abstract
•
Prognosis of depression and generalised anxiety in primary care. Author(s): Furukawa TA. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2001 August; 179: 177-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11483485&dopt=Abstract
•
Prospective studies of cothymia (mixed anxiety-depression): how do they inform clinical practice? Author(s): Tyrer P, Seivewright H, Simmonds S, Johnson T. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2001; 251 Suppl 2: Ii53-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11824837&dopt=Abstract
Studies 229
•
Psychogenic hearing loss with panic anxiety attack after the onset of acute inner ear disorder. Author(s): Mori S, Fujieda S, Yamamoto T, Takahashi N, Saito T, Saito H. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 2002 January-February; 64(1): 41-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11891398&dopt=Abstract
•
Psychological comorbidity and stress reactivity in children and adolescents with recurrent abdominal pain and anxiety disorders. Author(s): Dorn LD, Campo JC, Thato S, Dahl RE, Lewin D, Chandra R, Di Lorenzo C. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003 January; 42(1): 66-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12500078&dopt=Abstract
•
Psychological disorder, conditioning experiences, and the onset of dental anxiety in early adulthood. Author(s): Locker D, Thomson WM, Poulton R. Source: Journal of Dental Research. 2001 June; 80(6): 1588-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11499519&dopt=Abstract
•
Psychological disorders and dental anxiety in a young adult population. Author(s): Locker D, Poulton R, Thomson WM. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 2001 December; 29(6): 456-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11784289&dopt=Abstract
•
Psychological stress, anxiety, depression, job satisfaction, and personality characteristics in preregistration house officers. Author(s): Newbury-Birch D, Kamali F. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2001 February; 77(904): 109-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11161078&dopt=Abstract
•
Psychometric comparability of English- and Spanish-language measures of anxiety and related affective symptoms. Author(s): Novy DM, Stanley MA, Averill P, Daza P. Source: Psychological Assessment. 2001 September; 13(3): 347-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11556271&dopt=Abstract
•
Psychometric evaluation of the Beck Depression Inventory in adults with social anxiety disorder. Author(s): Coles ME, Gibb BE, Heimberg RG. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2001; 14(2): 145-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11668668&dopt=Abstract
230 Anxiety
•
Psychometric properties and three proposed subscales of a self-report version of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale translated into Hebrew. Author(s): Levin JB, Marom S, Gur S, Wechter D, Hermesh H. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2002; 16(4): 143-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12497645&dopt=Abstract
•
Psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory applied to college students: factor analysis and relation to the Beck Depression Inventory. Author(s): Andrade L, Gorenstein C, Vieira Filho AH, Tung TC, Artes R. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 2001 March; 34(3): 367-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11262588&dopt=Abstract
•
Psychometric properties of the Spanish form of Templer's Death Anxiety Scale. Author(s): Tomas-Sabado J, Gomez-Benito J. Source: Psychological Reports. 2002 December; 91(3 Pt 2): 1116-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12585522&dopt=Abstract
•
Psychometric properties of the state part of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) in geriatric patients. Author(s): Kvaal K, Laake K, Engedal K. Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2001 October; 16(10): 980-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11607943&dopt=Abstract
•
Psychometric properties of the statistics anxiety rating scale. Author(s): Baloglu M. Source: Psychological Reports. 2002 February; 90(1): 315-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11899004&dopt=Abstract
•
Psychopathological correlates of anxiety sensitivity: evidence from clinical interviews and self-report measures. Author(s): Cox BJ, Fuentes K, Borger SC, Taylor S. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2001 July-August; 15(4): 317-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11474817&dopt=Abstract
•
Psychopharmacologic treatment of generalized anxiety disorder and the risk of major depression. Author(s): Goodwin RD, Gorman JM. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 November; 159(11): 1935-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12411233&dopt=Abstract
Studies 231
•
Psychopharmacological and electroconvulsive treatment of anxiety and depression in the elderly. Author(s): Heffern WA. Source: Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 2000 June; 7(3): 199-204. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11249312&dopt=Abstract
•
Psychosocial assessment and management of depression and anxiety in pregnancy. Key aspects of antenatal care for general practice. Author(s): Austin MP. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2003 March; 32(3): 119-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12666348&dopt=Abstract
•
Psychosocial consequences of dental fear and anxiety. Author(s): Locker D. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 2003 April; 31(2): 144-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12641596&dopt=Abstract
•
Psychosocial correlates of death anxiety among Chinese college students. Author(s): Tang CS, Wu AM, Yan EC. Source: Death Studies. 2002 July-August; 26(6): 491-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12136882&dopt=Abstract
•
Psychosocial predictors of anxiety among immigrant Mexican migrant farmworkers: implications for prevention and treatment. Author(s): Hovey JD, Magana CG. Source: Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology. 2002 August; 8(3): 274-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12143104&dopt=Abstract
•
Psychotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Borkovec TD, Ruscio AM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 11: 37-42; Discussion 43-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11414549&dopt=Abstract
•
Putative mechanisms of action of antidepressant drugs in affective and anxiety disorders and pain. Author(s): Blier P, Abbott FV. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 2001 January; 26(1): 37-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11212592&dopt=Abstract
232 Anxiety
•
Quality of life following cognitive behavioral treatment for social anxiety disorder: preliminary findings. Author(s): Eng W, Coles ME, Heimberg RG, Safren SA. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2001; 13(4): 192-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11413567&dopt=Abstract
•
Quality of life in older adults receiving medications for anxiety, depression, or insomnia: findings from a community-based study. Author(s): Stein MB, Barrett-Connor E. Source: The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. 2002 September-October; 10(5): 568-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12213691&dopt=Abstract
•
Quality of life in schizophrenia: contributions of anxiety and depression. Author(s): Huppert JD, Weiss KA, Lim R, Pratt S, Smith TE. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 2001 September 1; 51(2-3): 171-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11518637&dopt=Abstract
•
Quality of life in social anxiety disorder compared with panic disorder and the general population. Author(s): Simon NM, Otto MW, Korbly NB, Peters PM, Nicolaou DC, Pollack MH. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 2002 June; 53(6): 714-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12045308&dopt=Abstract
•
Quality of life in the anxiety disorders. Author(s): Mogotsi M, Kaminer D, Stein DJ. Source: Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2000 December; 8(6): 273-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11133822&dopt=Abstract
•
Quality of life, anxiety, and depression in patients with an untreated intracranial aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation. Author(s): van der Schaaf IC, Brilstra EH, Rinkel GJ, Bossuyt PM, van Gijn J. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2002 February; 33(2): 440-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11823649&dopt=Abstract
•
Questionnaires for depression and anxiety. Routine screening entails additional pitfalls. Author(s): Coyne JC, Palmer SC, Thompson R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 July 21; 323(7305): 168. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11484724&dopt=Abstract
Studies 233
•
Questionnaires for depression and anxiety. Systematic review is incomplete. Author(s): Pignone M, Gaynes BN, Lohr KN, Orleans CT, Mulrow C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 July 21; 323(7305): 167-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11463699&dopt=Abstract
•
Questionnaires for depression and anxiety. Two screening questions may be helpful. Author(s): Arroll B. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 July 21; 323(7305): 168-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11484726&dopt=Abstract
•
Rages and refusals. Managing the many faces of adolescent anxiety. Author(s): Garland EJ. Source: Can Fam Physician. 2001 May; 47: 1023-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11398717&dopt=Abstract
•
Randomized controlled trial of a telephone intervention by nurses to provide information and support to patients and their partners after elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery: effects of anxiety. Author(s): Hartford K, Wong C, Zakaria D. Source: Heart & Lung : the Journal of Critical Care. 2002 May-June; 31(3): 199-206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12011810&dopt=Abstract
•
Rapid anxiety assessment in medical patients: evidence for the validity of verbal anxiety ratings. Author(s): Benotsch EG, Lutgendorf SK, Watson D, Fick LJ, Lang EV. Source: Annals of Behavioral Medicine : a Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine. 2000 Summer; 22(3): 199-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11126464&dopt=Abstract
•
Rapid resolution of social anxiety disorder, selective mutism, and separation anxiety with paroxetine in an 8-year-old girl. Author(s): Lehman RB. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 2002 March; 27(2): 124-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11944508&dopt=Abstract
•
Rationale and principles for early intervention with young children at risk for anxiety disorders. Author(s): Hirshfeld-Becker DR, Biederman J. Source: Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. 2002 September; 5(3): 161-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12240705&dopt=Abstract
234 Anxiety
•
Rationing of health care: clinical decision making in an outpatient clinic for anxiety disorders. Author(s): Issakidis C, Andrews G. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2003; 17(1): 59-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12464289&dopt=Abstract
•
rCBF differences between panic disorder patients and control subjects during anticipatory anxiety and rest. Author(s): Boshuisen ML, Ter Horst GJ, Paans AM, Reinders AA, den Boer JA. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2002 July 15; 52(2): 126-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12114004&dopt=Abstract
•
Recent perspectives on the diagnosis and treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Ninan PT. Source: Am J Manag Care. 2001 September; 7(11 Suppl): S367-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11570027&dopt=Abstract
•
Receptor binding and drug modulation in anxiety. Author(s): Malizia AL. Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002 December; 12(6): 567-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12468019&dopt=Abstract
•
Recognizing and treating childhood anxiety disorders. Author(s): Piacentini J, Roblek T. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 2002 May; 176(3): 149-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12016234&dopt=Abstract
•
Recognizing and treating social anxiety disorder. Author(s): Muzina DJ, El-Sayegh S. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 2001 July; 68(7): 649-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11453083&dopt=Abstract
•
Recollection of dreams after short general anaesthesia: influence on patient anxiety and satisfaction. Author(s): Hellwagner K, Holzer A, Gustorff B, Schroegendorfer K, Greher M, Weindlmayr-Goettel M, Saletu B, Lackner FX. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2003 April; 20(4): 282-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12703832&dopt=Abstract
Studies 235
•
Reducing anxiety in parents before and during pediatric anesthesia induction. Author(s): Zuwala R, Barber KR. Source: Aana Journal. 2001 February; 69(1): 21-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11759134&dopt=Abstract
•
Reducing anxiety in patients and families discharged from ICU. Author(s): Choate K, Stewart M. Source: Australian Nursing Journal (July 1993). 2002 November; 10(5): 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503383&dopt=Abstract
•
Reducing family members' anxiety while waiting on the day of surgery: systematic review of studies and implications of HIPAA health information privacy rules. Author(s): Dexter F, Epstein RH. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2001 November; 13(7): 478-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11704443&dopt=Abstract
•
Reducing patients' state anxiety in general dental practice: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Dailey YM, Humphris GM, Lennon MA. Source: Journal of Dental Research. 2002 May; 81(5): 319-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12097444&dopt=Abstract
•
Relation between anxiety and depressive disorders in childhood and adolescence. Author(s): Axelson DA, Birmaher B. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2001; 14(2): 67-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11668659&dopt=Abstract
•
Relation between depression and anxiety in dystonic patients: implications for clinical management. Author(s): Moraru E, Schnider P, Wimmer A, Wenzel T, Birner P, Griengl H, Auff E. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2002; 16(3): 100-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12415533&dopt=Abstract
•
Relation of test-specific motivation and anxiety to test performance. Author(s): Smith LF, Smith JK. Source: Psychological Reports. 2002 December; 91(3 Pt 1): 1011-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12530760&dopt=Abstract
236 Anxiety
•
Relations between anxiety sensitivity and panic symptoms in nonreferred children and adolescents. Author(s): Calamari JE, Hale LR, Heffelfinger SK, Janeck AS, Lau JJ, Weerts MA, Taglione PA, Schisler RL. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 2001 September; 32(3): 117-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11934125&dopt=Abstract
•
Relations of positive and negative affectivity to anxiety and depression in children: evidence from a latent variable longitudinal study. Author(s): Lonigan CJ, Phillips BM, Hooe ES. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2003 June; 71(3): 465-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12795571&dopt=Abstract
•
Relationship between anxiety, depression, and morbidity in adult asthma patients. Author(s): Rimington LD, Davies DH, Lowe D, Pearson MG. Source: Thorax. 2001 April; 56(4): 266-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11254816&dopt=Abstract
•
Relationship between anxiety/depression and nausea: causal or associative? Author(s): Jagadisha D. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 2003 January-February; 25(1): 52; Author Reply 53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12583930&dopt=Abstract
•
Relationship between children's first dental visit and their dental anxiety in the Veneto Region of Italy. Author(s): Rantavuori K, Zerman N, Ferro R, Lahti S. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2002 October; 60(5): 297-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12418720&dopt=Abstract
•
Relationship between clinical variables and symptomatic anxiety in late-life depression. Author(s): Flint AJ, Rifat SL. Source: The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. 2002 May-June; 10(3): 292-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11994216&dopt=Abstract
•
Relationship between depression, anxiety and quality of life: a study of stroke patients compared to chronic low back pain and myocardial ischemia patients. Author(s): Fruhwald S, Loffler H, Eher R, Saletu B, Baumhackl U. Source: Psychopathology. 2001 January; 34(1): 50-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11150931&dopt=Abstract
Studies 237
•
Relationship between outpatients' perceptions of physicians' communication styles and patients' anxiety levels in a Japanese oncology setting. Author(s): Takayama T, Yamazaki Y, Katsumata N. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2001 November; 53(10): 1335-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11676404&dopt=Abstract
•
Relationship between separation anxiety disorder, parental panic disorder, and atopic disorders in children: a controlled high-risk study. Author(s): Slattery MJ, Klein DF, Mannuzza S, Moulton JL 3rd, Pine DS, Klein RG. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002 August; 41(8): 947-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12162630&dopt=Abstract
•
Relationship between trait anxiety, brain activity and natural killer cell activity in cancer patients: a preliminary PET study. Author(s): Tashiro M, Itoh M, Kubota K, Kumano H, Masud MM, Moser E, Arai H, Sasaki H. Source: Psycho-Oncology. 2001 November-December; 10(6): 541-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11747066&dopt=Abstract
•
Relationship of anhedonia and anxiety to social rank, defeat and entrapment. Author(s): Gilbert P, Allan S, Brough S, Melley S, Miles JN. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002 September; 71(1-3): 141-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12167510&dopt=Abstract
•
Relationship of criminality to endogeneity and anxiety in patients with unipolar depression. Author(s): Modestin J, Thiel C, Erni T. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2002 April; 56(2): 153-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11952918&dopt=Abstract
•
Relationship of epilepsy-related factors to anxiety and depression scores in epileptic children. Author(s): Oguz A, Kurul S, Dirik E. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2002 January; 17(1): 37-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11913568&dopt=Abstract
•
Relationship of parental trauma exposure and PTSD to PTSD, depressive and anxiety disorders in offspring. Author(s): Yehuda R, Halligan SL, Bierer LM. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2001 September-October; 35(5): 261-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11591428&dopt=Abstract
238 Anxiety
•
Relationship of the 'fear-inhibited light reflex' to the level of state/trait anxiety in healthy subjects. Author(s): Bitsios P, Szabadi E, Bradshaw CM. Source: International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology. 2002 February; 43(2): 177-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11809520&dopt=Abstract
•
Relationships between the anxiety sensitivity index, the suffocation fear scale, and responses to CO2 inhalation. Author(s): Shipherd JC, Beck JG, Ohtake PJ. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2001 May-June; 15(3): 247-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11442142&dopt=Abstract
•
Relaxation and imagery for anxiety and depression control in community patients with advanced cancer. Author(s): Sloman R. Source: Cancer Nursing. 2002 December; 25(6): 432-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12464834&dopt=Abstract
•
Relaxing music prevents stress-induced increases in subjective anxiety, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate in healthy males and females. Author(s): Knight WE, Rickard PhD NS. Source: J Music Ther. 2001 Winter; 38(4): 254-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11796077&dopt=Abstract
•
Reliability and validity of a structured interview guide for the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (SIGH-A). Author(s): Shear MK, Vander Bilt J, Rucci P, Endicott J, Lydiard B, Otto MW, Pollack MH, Chandler L, Williams J, Ali A, Frank DM. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2001; 13(4): 166-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11413563&dopt=Abstract
•
Reliability and validity of the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders in German children. Author(s): Essau CA, Muris P, Ederer EM. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 2002 March; 33(1): 118. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12389796&dopt=Abstract
Studies 239
•
Reliability of DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders: implications for the classification of emotional disorders. Author(s): Brown TA, Di Nardo PA, Lehman CL, Campbell LA. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2001 February; 110(1): 49-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11261399&dopt=Abstract
•
Reliability testing of the hospital anxiety and depression (HAD) scale in the English, Maltese and back-translation versions. Author(s): Baldacchino DR, Bowman GS, Buhagiar A. Source: International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2002 February; 39(2): 207-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11755451&dopt=Abstract
•
Relieving anxiety by entering the operating room on foot. Author(s): Kojima Y, Ina H, Fujita T, Mitono H. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2002 October; 49(8): 885-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12374724&dopt=Abstract
•
Research on children's anxiety needed. Author(s): Mitka M. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2000 April 5; 283(13): 1677. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10755479&dopt=Abstract
•
Resource utilization of patients with hypochondriacal health anxiety and somatization. Author(s): Barsky AJ, Ettner SL, Horsky J, Bates DW. Source: Medical Care. 2001 July; 39(7): 705-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11458135&dopt=Abstract
•
Respiratory dysregulation in anxiety, functional cardiac, and pain disorders. Assessment, phenomenology, and treatment. Author(s): Wilhelm FH, Gevirtz R, Roth WT. Source: Behavior Modification. 2001 September; 25(4): 513-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11530714&dopt=Abstract
•
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia in persons with organic solvent exposure: comparisons with anxiety patients and controls. Author(s): Steinhauer SR, Morrow LA, Condray R, Scott AJ. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 2001 March-April; 56(2): 175-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11339682&dopt=Abstract
240 Anxiety
•
Response in relation to baseline anxiety levels in major depressive disorder treated with bupropion sustained release or sertraline. Author(s): Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Carmody TJ, Donahue RM, Houser TL, Bolden-Watson C, Batey SR, Ascher JA, Metz A. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001 July; 25(1): 131-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11377926&dopt=Abstract
•
Response to “The therapist's anxiety and resistance to group psychotherapy”. Author(s): Scheidlinger S. Source: Int J Group Psychother. 2002 April; 52(2): 295-7; 299-301; Author Reply 299-301. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11928205&dopt=Abstract
•
Response to 'A comparative study of death anxiety in hospice and emergency nurses' by S.A. Payne, S.J. Dean & C. Kalus (1998) Journal of Advanced Nursing 28, 700-706. Author(s): Ashfield O. Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2001 August; 35(3): 384-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11489019&dopt=Abstract
•
Revisiting the association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and anxiety disorders: a familial risk analysis. Author(s): Braaten EB, Beiderman J, Monuteaux MC, Mick E, Calhoun E, Cattan G, Faraone SV. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2003 January 1; 53(1): 93-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12513949&dopt=Abstract
•
Risk and panic in late modernity: implications of the converging sites of social anxiety. Author(s): Hier SP. Source: The British Journal of Sociology. 2003 March; 54(1): 3-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12745816&dopt=Abstract
•
Risk factors for 12-month comorbidity of mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders: findings from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study. Author(s): de Graaf R, Bijl RV, Smit F, Vollebergh WA, Spijker J. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 April; 159(4): 620-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11925301&dopt=Abstract
Studies 241
•
Risk factors for depression and anxiety in abstainers, moderate drinkers and heavy drinkers. Author(s): Rodgers B, Korten AE, Jorm AF, Christensen H, Henderson S, Jacomb PA. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2000 December; 95(12): 1833-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11177498&dopt=Abstract
•
Risk factors for postoperative anxiety in adults. Author(s): Caumo W, Schmidt AP, Schneider CN, Bergmann J, Iwamoto CW, Adamatti LC, Bandeira D, Ferreira MB. Source: Anaesthesia. 2001 August; 56(8): 720-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11493233&dopt=Abstract
•
Risk factors for preoperative anxiety in adults. Author(s): Caumo W, Schmidt AP, Schneider CN, Bergmann J, Iwamoto CW, Bandeira D, Ferreira MB. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2001 March; 45(3): 298-307. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11207465&dopt=Abstract
•
Risk-taking, death anxiety, and dreaming. Author(s): Kroth J, McDavit J, Brendlen C, Patel A, Zwiener L. Source: Psychological Reports. 2001 April; 88(2): 514-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11351900&dopt=Abstract
•
Rodent models of anxiety-like behaviors: are they predictive for compounds acting via non-benzodiazepine mechanisms? Author(s): Belzung C. Source: Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2001 August; 2(8): 1108-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11892922&dopt=Abstract
•
Role of anxiety and depression in the onset of spontaneous preterm labor. Author(s): Dayan J, Creveuil C, Herlicoviez M, Herbel C, Baranger E, Savoye C, Thouin A. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 February 15; 155(4): 293-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11836191&dopt=Abstract
•
Routinely administered questionnaires for depression and anxiety: systematic review. Author(s): Gilbody SM, House AO, Sheldon TA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 February 17; 322(7283): 406-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11179161&dopt=Abstract
242 Anxiety
•
Salivary cortisol levels and anxiety are not increased in women destined to develop preeclampsia. Author(s): Sikkema JM, Robles de Medina PG, Schaad RR, Mulder EJ, Bruinse HW, Buitelaar JK, Visser GH, Franx A. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2001 January; 50(1): 45-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11259800&dopt=Abstract
•
Satisfaction and anxiety for women during investigation of an abnormal screening mammogram. Author(s): Hislop TG, Harris SR, Jackson J, Thorne SE, Rousseau EJ, Coldman AJ, Vestrup JA, Wright CJ, Olivotto IA. Source: Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2002 December; 76(3): 245-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12462385&dopt=Abstract
•
SB-243213; a selective 5-HT2C receptor inverse agonist with improved anxiolytic profile: lack of tolerance and withdrawal anxiety. Author(s): Wood MD, Reavill C, Trail B, Wilson A, Stean T, Kennett GA, Lightowler S, Blackburn TP, Thomas D, Gager TL, Riley G, Holland V, Bromidge SM, Forbes IT, Middlemiss DN. Source: Neuropharmacology. 2001 August; 41(2): 186-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11489455&dopt=Abstract
•
Schemata as moderators of clinical effectiveness of a comprehensive cognitive behavioral program for patients with depression or anxiety disorders. Author(s): Halford WK, Bernoth-Doolan S, Eadie K. Source: Behavior Modification. 2002 October; 26(5): 571-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12375375&dopt=Abstract
•
Schizoid anxiety: a reappraisal of the manic defense and the depressive position. Author(s): Waska RT. Source: American Journal of Psychotherapy. 2001; 55(1): 105-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11291187&dopt=Abstract
•
School-based behavioral treatment for social anxiety disorder in adolescents: results of a pilot study. Author(s): Masia CL, Klein RG, Storch EA, Corda B. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001 July; 40(7): 780-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11437016&dopt=Abstract
Studies 243
•
Scores on trait and state anxiety of female karateka before the commencement of Shotokan karate training. Author(s): Layton C. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2000 December; 91(3 Pt 1): 1020. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11153835&dopt=Abstract
•
Screening and assessing adult asthmatics for anxiety disorders. Author(s): Davis TM, Ross CJ, MacDonald GF. Source: Clinical Nursing Research. 2002 May; 11(2): 173-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11991171&dopt=Abstract
•
Screening and diagnosis of anxiety and mood disorders in substance abuse patients. Author(s): Franken IH, Hendriks VM. Source: The American Journal on Addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions. 2001 Winter; 10(1): 30-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11268826&dopt=Abstract
•
Screening and treatment of anxiety disorders in pregnant and lactating women. Author(s): Weisberg RB, Paquette JA. Source: Women's Health Issues : Official Publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health. 2002 January-February; 12(1): 32-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11786290&dopt=Abstract
•
Screening for anxiety and depression in early adolescence. Author(s): Dierker LC, Albano AM, Clarke GN, Heimberg RG, Kendall PC, Merikangas KR, Lewinsohn PM, Offord DR, Kessler R, Kupfer DJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001 August; 40(8): 929-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11501693&dopt=Abstract
•
Screening for anxiety in an epidemiological sample: predictive accuracy of questionnaires. Author(s): Hoyer J, Becker ES, Neumer S, Soeder U, Margraf J. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2002; 16(2): 113-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12194539&dopt=Abstract
•
Screening for anxiety in primary care: why bother? Author(s): Lang AJ, Stein MB. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 2002 November-December; 24(6): 365-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490336&dopt=Abstract
244 Anxiety
•
Screening for anxiety, depressive and somatoform disorders in rehabilitation-validity of HADS and GHQ-12 in patients with musculoskeletal disease. Author(s): Harter M, Reuter K, Gross-Hardt K, Bengel J. Source: Disability and Rehabilitation. 2001 November 10; 23(16): 737-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11732563&dopt=Abstract
•
Screening for social anxiety disorder in the clinical setting: using the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Author(s): Mennin DS, Fresco DM, Heimberg RG, Schneier FR, Davies SO, Liebowitz MR. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2002; 16(6): 661-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12405524&dopt=Abstract
•
Searching for moderators and mediators of pharmacological treatment effects in children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Author(s): Walkup JT, Labellarte MJ, Riddle MA, Pine D, Greenhill L, Klein R, Davies M, Sweeney M, Fu C, Abikoff H, Hack S, Klee B, McCracken J, Bergman L, Piacentini J, March J, Compton S, Robinson J, O'Hara T, Baker S, Vitiello B, Ritz L, Roper M; Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Anxiety Study Group. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003 January; 42(1): 13-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12500072&dopt=Abstract
•
Selective actions on sleep or anxiety by exploiting GABA-A/benzodiazepine receptor subtypes. Author(s): Stahl SM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 March; 63(3): 179-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11926714&dopt=Abstract
•
Selective attentional biases for physical threat in physical anxiety sensitivity. Author(s): Keogh E, Dillon C, Georgiou G, Hunt C. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2001 July-August; 15(4): 299-315. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11474816&dopt=Abstract
•
Selective orienting of attention to masked threat faces in social anxiety. Author(s): Mogg K, Bradley BP. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2002 December; 40(12): 1403-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12457635&dopt=Abstract
Studies 245
•
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in mixed anxiety-depression. Author(s): Berk M. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 August; 15 Suppl 2: S41-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11110018&dopt=Abstract
•
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of paediatric anxiety disorders: a review. Author(s): Murphy TK, Bengtson MA, Tan JY, Carbonell E, Levin GM. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 August; 15 Suppl 2: S47-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11110019&dopt=Abstract
•
Self-care management of anxiety and fear in HIV disease. Author(s): Kemppainen JK, Holzemer WL, Nokes K, Eller LS, Corless IB, Bunch EH, Kirksey KM, Goodroad BK, Portillo CJ, Chou FY. Source: The Journal of the Association of Nurses in Aids Care : Janac. 2003 March-April; 14(2): 21-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12698763&dopt=Abstract
•
Self-efficacy, state anxiety, and cortisol responses to treadmill running. Author(s): Butki BD, Rudolph DL, Jacobsen H. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2001 June; 92(3 Pt 2): 1129-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11565921&dopt=Abstract
•
Self-focused attention in social phobia and social anxiety. Author(s): Spurr JM, Stopa L. Source: Clinical Psychology Review. 2002 September; 22(7): 947-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12238248&dopt=Abstract
•
Self-help and minimal-contact therapies for anxiety disorders: Is human contact necessary for therapeutic efficacy? Author(s): Newman MG, Erickson T, Przeworski A, Dzus E. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2003 March; 59(3): 251-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12579544&dopt=Abstract
•
Self-reported anxiety in children and adolescents: a three-year follow-up study. Author(s): Gullone E, King NJ, Ollendick TH. Source: The Journal of Genetic Psychology; Child Behavior, Animal Behavior, and Comparative Psychology. 2001 March; 162(1): 5-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11338440&dopt=Abstract
246 Anxiety
•
Self-reported anxiety of adults who do and do not stutter. Author(s): Cabel RM, Colcord RD, Petrosino L. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2002 June; 94(3 Pt 1): 775-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12081281&dopt=Abstract
•
Selling advice--as well as anxiety. Author(s): Kantrowitz B. Source: Newsweek. 2002 June 3; 139(22): 50-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12066321&dopt=Abstract
•
Seminar on the teaching of pain and anxiety control. Author(s): Wraith A. Source: Saad Dig. 1999 July; 16(3): 8-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11833141&dopt=Abstract
•
Seminars on controversial issues. A review of the pharmacological approach to the management of dental anxiety in children. Author(s): Folayan MO, Faponle A, Lamikanra A. Source: International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry / the British Paedodontic Society [and] the International Association of Dentistry for Children. 2002 September; 12(5): 34754. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12199894&dopt=Abstract
•
Sensory stimuli and anxiety in children undergoing surgery: a randomized, controlled trial. Author(s): Kain ZN, Wang SM, Mayes LC, Krivutza DM, Teague BA. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 April; 92(4): 897-903. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11273921&dopt=Abstract
•
Separation anxiety and actual separation experiences during childhood in patients with panic disorder. Author(s): Bandelow B, Alvarez Tichauer G, Spath C, Broocks A, Hajak G, Bleich S, Ruther E. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2001 December; 46(10): 948-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11816316&dopt=Abstract
•
Separation anxiety disorder in children and adolescents: epidemiology, diagnosis and management. Author(s): Masi G, Mucci M, Millepiedi S. Source: Cns Drugs. 2001; 15(2): 93-104. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11460893&dopt=Abstract
Studies 247
•
Separation anxiety in dogs. The function of homeostasis in its development and treatment. Author(s): Appleby D, Pluijmakers J. Source: The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice. 2003 March; 33(2): 321-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12701515&dopt=Abstract
•
Separation anxiety in parents of adolescents: theoretical significance and scale development. Author(s): Hock E, Eberly M, Bartle-Haring S, Ellwanger P, Widaman KF. Source: Child Development. 2001 January-February; 72(1): 284-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11280485&dopt=Abstract
•
Separation anxiety. Author(s): Gould JS. Source: Am J Orthop. 2003 February; 32(2): 67-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12602634&dopt=Abstract
•
Separation of anxiety and depressive disorders: blind alley in psychopharmacology and classification of disease. Author(s): Shorter E, Tyrer P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 July 19; 327(7407): 158-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12869462&dopt=Abstract
•
Sequential improvement of anxiety, depression and anhedonia with sertraline treatment in patients with major depression. Author(s): Boyer P, Tassin JP, Falissart B, Troy S. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2000 October; 25(5): 363-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11123488&dopt=Abstract
•
Serotonergic polymorphisms in patients suffering from alcoholism, anxiety disorders and narcolepsy. Author(s): Fehr C, Schleicher A, Szegedi A, Anghelescu I, Klawe C, Hiemke C, Dahmen N. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2001 July; 25(5): 965-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11444684&dopt=Abstract
248 Anxiety
•
Serotonin and anxiety: current models. Author(s): Stein DJ, Stahl S. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 August; 15 Suppl 2: S1-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11110013&dopt=Abstract
•
Serotonin disturbances and suicide risk: is aggression or anxiety the interjacent link? Author(s): van Praag HM. Source: Crisis. 2000; 21(4): 160-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11419526&dopt=Abstract
•
Serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms are associated with anxiety-related personality traits in women. Author(s): Melke J, Landen M, Baghei F, Rosmond R, Holm G, Bjorntorp P, Westberg L, Hellstrand M, Eriksson E. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 July 8; 105(5): 458-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11449399&dopt=Abstract
•
Serotonin transporter polymorphism and response to SSRIs in major depression and relevance to anxiety disorders and substance abuse. Author(s): Weizman A, Weizman R. Source: Pharmacogenomics. 2000 August; 1(3): 335-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11256582&dopt=Abstract
•
Serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and serotonin transporter in blood peripheral lymphocytes of patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Hernandez E, Lastra S, Urbina M, Carreira I, Lima L. Source: International Immunopharmacology. 2002 June; 2(7): 893-900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12188031&dopt=Abstract
•
Sertraline in children and adolescents with social anxiety disorder: an open trial. Author(s): Compton SN, Grant PJ, Chrisman AK, Gammon PJ, Brown VL, March JS. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001 May; 40(5): 564-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11349701&dopt=Abstract
•
Serum cholesterol concentration, depression, and anxiety. Author(s): Agargun MY. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2002 February; 105(2): 81-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11939956&dopt=Abstract
Studies 249
•
Serum cholesterol level comparison: control subjects, anxiety disorder patients, and obsessive-compulsive disorder patients. Author(s): Peter H, Hand I, Hohagen F, Koenig A, Mindermann O, Oeder F, Wittich M. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2002 August; 47(6): 557-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12211884&dopt=Abstract
•
Serum concentrations of some neuroactive steroids in women suffering from mixed anxiety-depressive disorder. Author(s): Bicikova M, Tallova J, Hill M, Krausova Z, Hampl R. Source: Neurochemical Research. 2000 December; 25(12): 1623-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11152391&dopt=Abstract
•
Serum lipid concentrations in patients with comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder. Author(s): Sevincok L, Buyukozturk A, Dereboy F. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2001 February; 46(1): 68-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11221492&dopt=Abstract
•
Service utilisation for anxiety in an Australian community sample. Author(s): Issakidis C, Andrews G. Source: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2002 April; 37(4): 153-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027241&dopt=Abstract
•
Short- and long-term anxiety and depression in women recalled after breast cancer screening. Author(s): Lampic C, Thurfjell E, Bergh J, Sjoden PO. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 2001 March; 37(4): 463-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11267855&dopt=Abstract
•
Short Form 36 and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. A comparison based on patients with testicular cancer. Author(s): Fossa SD, Dahl AA. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2002 February; 52(2): 79-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11832253&dopt=Abstract
•
Showing you can do it: homework in therapy for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Author(s): Hudson JL, Kendall PC. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2002 May; 58(5): 525-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11967878&dopt=Abstract
250 Anxiety
•
Shyness and anxiety as predictors of patterns of Internet usage. Author(s): Scealy M, Phillips JG, Stevenson R. Source: Cyberpsychology & Behavior : the Impact of the Internet, Multimedia and Virtual Reality on Behavior and Society. 2002 December; 5(6): 507-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12556113&dopt=Abstract
•
Simple ways to reduce patient anxiety. Author(s): Forbes AE. Source: Quintessence Int. 2000 June; 31(6): 436-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11203963&dopt=Abstract
•
Smoking related to anxiety and depression in Greek medical staff. Author(s): Tselebis A, Papaleftheris E, Balis E, Theotoka I, Ilias I. Source: Psychological Reports. 2003 April; 92(2): 529-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12785636&dopt=Abstract
•
Social anxiety and depression in adolescents in relation to perceived competence and situational appraisal. Author(s): Smari J, Petursdottir G, Porsteinsdottir V. Source: Journal of Adolescence. 2001 April; 24(2): 199-207. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11437480&dopt=Abstract
•
Social anxiety and disfigurement: the moderating effects of fear of negative evaluation and past experience. Author(s): Kent G, Keohane S. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 2001 March; 40(Pt 1): 23-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11317946&dopt=Abstract
•
Social anxiety and response to touch: incongruence between self-evaluative and physiological reactions. Author(s): Wilhelm FH, Kochar AS, Roth WT, Gross JJ. Source: Biological Psychology. 2001 December; 58(3): 181-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11698114&dopt=Abstract
•
Social anxiety as a barrier to treatment for eating disorders. Author(s): Goodwin RD, Fitzgibbon ML. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2002 July; 32(1): 103-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12183936&dopt=Abstract
Studies 251
•
Social anxiety disorder and generalized anxiety disorder: serotonergic and dopaminergic neurocircuitry. Author(s): Stein DJ, Westenberg HG, Liebowitz MR. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002; 63 Suppl 6: 12-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027115&dopt=Abstract
•
Social anxiety disorder and the neurobiology of social relationships. Author(s): Ninan PT. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 2002 Winter; 36(1): 94-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12397850&dopt=Abstract
•
Social anxiety disorder and the risk of depression: a prospective community study of adolescents and young adults. Author(s): Stein MB, Fuetsch M, Muller N, Hofler M, Lieb R, Wittchen HU. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2001 March; 58(3): 251-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11231832&dopt=Abstract
•
Social anxiety disorder in childhood and adolescence: current status and future directions. Author(s): Kashdan TB, Herbert JD. Source: Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. 2001 March; 4(1): 37-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11388563&dopt=Abstract
•
Social anxiety disorder in review: two decades of progress. Author(s): Hidalgo RB, Barnett SD, Davidson JR. Source: The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology / Official Scientific Journal of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum (Cinp). 2001 September; 4(3): 279-98. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11602035&dopt=Abstract
•
Social anxiety disorder. Author(s): Raj BA, Sheehan DV. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 2001 May; 85(3): 711-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11349481&dopt=Abstract
•
Social anxiety disorder: an unrecognized problem in primary care. Author(s): Katzelnick DJ, Greist JH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 1: 11-5; Discussion 15-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11206029&dopt=Abstract
252 Anxiety
•
Social anxiety disorder: comorbidity and its implications. Author(s): Lydiard RB. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 1: 17-23; Discussion 24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11206030&dopt=Abstract
•
Social anxiety disorder: trends and translational research. Author(s): Cuthbert BN. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2002 January 1; 51(1): 4-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11801226&dopt=Abstract
•
Social anxiety in Chinese adults with oral-facial clefts. Author(s): Berk NW, Cooper ME, Liu YE, Marazita ML. Source: The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal : Official Publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association. 2001 March; 38(2): 126-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11294540&dopt=Abstract
•
Social anxiety in college students. Author(s): Purdon C, Antony M, Monteiro S, Swinson RP. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2001 May-June; 15(3): 203-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11442139&dopt=Abstract
•
Social anxiety in three Western societies. Author(s): van Dam-Baggen R, Kraaimaat F, Elal G. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2003 June; 59(6): 673-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12754696&dopt=Abstract
•
Social anxiety spectrum: gender differences in Italian high school students. Author(s): Dell'Osso L, Saettoni M, Papasogli A, Rucci P, Ciapparelli A, Di Poggio AB, Ducci F, Hardoy C, Cassano GB. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2002 April; 190(4): 225-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11960083&dopt=Abstract
•
Social anxiety: an often silent disorder. Author(s): Kelsey JE. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 2001 Autumn; 35(4): 101-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12397860&dopt=Abstract
Studies 253
•
Social anxiety: from laboratory studies to clinical practice. Author(s): Insel TR. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2002 January 1; 51(1): 1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11801225&dopt=Abstract
•
Social desirability bias and direction modified Competitive State Anxiety Inventory2. Author(s): Smith D, Driver S, Lafferty M, Burrell C, Devonport T. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2002 December; 95(3 Pt 1): 945-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12509200&dopt=Abstract
•
Social phobia and avoidant personality disorder as related to parental history of social anxiety: a general population study. Author(s): Tillfors M, Furmark T, Ekselius L, Fredrikson M. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2001 March; 39(3): 289-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11227810&dopt=Abstract
•
Social phobia: still a neglected anxiety disorder? Author(s): Sheeran T, Zimmerman M. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2002 November; 190(11): 786-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12436021&dopt=Abstract
•
Social phobic interoception: effects of bodily information on anxiety, beliefs and selfprocessing. Author(s): Wells A, Papageorgiou C. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2001 January; 39(1): 1-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11125718&dopt=Abstract
•
Social physique anxiety and eating attitudes in female athletic and non-athletic groups. Author(s): Haase AM, Prapavessis H. Source: J Sci Med Sport. 2001 December; 4(4): 396-405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11905934&dopt=Abstract
•
Social support and its relation to fear and anxiety in patients awaiting coronary artery bypass grafting. Author(s): Koivula M, Paunonen-Ilmonen M, Tarkka MT, Tarkka M, Laippala P. Source: Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2002 September; 11(5): 622-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12201889&dopt=Abstract
254 Anxiety
•
Socio-cultural stress in modern societies and the myth of anxiety in Eastern Europe. Author(s): Piko BF. Source: Administration and Policy in Mental Health. 2002 January; 29(3): 275-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12033672&dopt=Abstract
•
Somatic complaints among pregnant women cared for in obstetrics: normal pregnancy or depressive and anxiety symptom amplification revisited? Author(s): Kelly RH, Russo J, Katon W. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 2001 May-June; 23(3): 107-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11427242&dopt=Abstract
•
Somatization, anxiety and depression in a drug-free residential therapeutic community. Author(s): Metrikin AS, Galanter M, Dermatis H, Bunt G. Source: The American Journal on Addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions. 2003 January-February; 12(1): 60-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12623741&dopt=Abstract
•
Somatoform symptoms, anxiety, and depression in the context of traumatic life experiences by comparing participants with and without psychiatric diagnoses. Author(s): Hexel M, Sonneck G. Source: Psychopathology. 2002 September-October; 35(5): 303-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12457022&dopt=Abstract
•
Songwriting and digital video production interventions for pediatric patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation, part I: an analysis of depression and anxiety levels according to phase of treatment. Author(s): Robb SL, Ebberts AG. Source: Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing : Official Journal of the Association of Pediatric Oncology Nurses. 2003 January-February; 20(1): 2-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12569430&dopt=Abstract
•
Source localization of EEG activity during hypnotically induced anxiety and relaxation. Author(s): Isotani T, Tanaka H, Lehmann D, Pascual-Marqui RD, Kochi K, Saito N, Yagyu T, Kinoshita T, Sasada K. Source: International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology. 2001 June; 41(2): 143-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11325459&dopt=Abstract
Studies 255
•
Special issue on the interface of balance disorders and anxiety: an introduction and overview. Author(s): Sklare DA, Konrad HR, Maser JD, Jacob RG. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2001 January-April; 15(1-2): 1-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11388353&dopt=Abstract
•
Specificity of conditional associative-learning deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and non-OCD anxiety disorders. Author(s): Leplow B, Murphy R, Nutzinger DO. Source: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2002 September; 24(6): 792-805. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12424653&dopt=Abstract
•
Spotlight on fluvoxamine in anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Author(s): Cheer SM, Figgitt DP. Source: Cns Drugs. 2002; 16(2): 139-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11825104&dopt=Abstract
•
St. John's wort in generalized anxiety disorder: three case reports. Author(s): Davidson JR, Connor KM. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 December; 21(6): 635-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11763024&dopt=Abstract
•
Staff development, anxiety and relaxation techniques: a pilot study in an acute psychiatric inpatient setting. Author(s): Dodd H, Wellman N. Source: Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 2000 October; 7(5): 443-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11933471&dopt=Abstract
•
Standard and enhanced cognitive-behavior therapy for late-life generalized anxiety disorder: two pilot investigations. Author(s): Mohlman J, Gorenstein EE, Kleber M, de Jesus M, Gorman JM, Papp LA. Source: The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. 2003 January-February; 11(1): 24-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12527537&dopt=Abstract
•
Startle reactivity and anxiety disorders: aversive conditioning, context, and neurobiology. Author(s): Grillon C. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2002 November 15; 52(10): 958-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12437937&dopt=Abstract
256 Anxiety
•
State and trait anxiety revisited. Author(s): Endler NS, Kocovski NL. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2001 May-June; 15(3): 231-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11442141&dopt=Abstract
•
State anxiety responses to 60 minutes of cross training. Author(s): Hale BS, Koch KR, Raglin JS. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2002 April; 36(2): 105-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11916891&dopt=Abstract
•
State anxiety responses to acute resistance training and step aerobic exercise across eight weeks of training. Author(s): Hale BS, Raglin JS. Source: The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2002 March; 42(1): 108-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11832884&dopt=Abstract
•
State-anxiety and low moods: evidence for a single concept. Author(s): Bolmont B, Abraini JH. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 2001 November-December; 74(4-5): 421-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11790400&dopt=Abstract
•
Stress in the relation between trait and state anxiety. Author(s): Meijer J. Source: Psychological Reports. 2001 June; 88(3 Pt 2): 947-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11597086&dopt=Abstract
•
Stressful life-events, anxiety, depression and coping in patients of irritable bowel syndrome. Author(s): Pinto C, Lele MV, Joglekar AS, Panwar VS, Dhavale HS. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2000 June; 48(6): 589-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11273536&dopt=Abstract
•
Stressful situations for toddlers: indications for dental anxiety? Author(s): Klaassen MA, Veerkamp JS, Aartman IH, Hoogstraten J. Source: Asdc J Dent Child. 2002 September-December; 69(3): 306-9, 235. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12613317&dopt=Abstract
•
Structural relationships of dental anxiety, mood, and general anxiety. Author(s): Hakeberg M, Hagglin C, Berggren U, Carlsson SG. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2001 April; 59(2): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11370758&dopt=Abstract
Studies 257
•
Structure of anxiety symptoms in urban children: competing factor models of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale. Author(s): White KS, Farrell AD. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2001 April; 69(2): 333-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11393610&dopt=Abstract
•
Structure of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index psychometrics and factor structure in a community sample. Author(s): Schmidt NB, Joiner TE. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2002; 16(1): 33-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12171212&dopt=Abstract
•
Studies on the psychosomatic functioning of ill-health according to Eastern and Western medicine 5. Psychosomatic characteristics of anxiety and anxiety-affinitive constitution. Author(s): Takeichi M, Sato T, Takefu M, Shigematsu M, Shimohira H, Katsuki T. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2001; 29(1): 53-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11321481&dopt=Abstract
•
Studies on the psychosomatic functioning of ill-health according to Eastern and Western medicine 6. Psychosomatic characteristics of anxiety and depression. Author(s): Takeichi M, Sato T, Takefu M. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2001; 29(2): 247-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11527068&dopt=Abstract
•
Stuttering and social anxiety. Author(s): Kraaimaat FW, Vanryckeghem M, Van Dam-Baggen R. Source: Journal of Fluency Disorders. 2002 Winter; 27(4): 319-30; Quiz 330-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12506449&dopt=Abstract
•
Subfecundity and anxiety in a nationally representative sample. Author(s): King RB. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2003 February; 56(4): 739-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12560008&dopt=Abstract
•
Substance use/abuse and anxiety sensitivity: what are the relationships? Author(s): Norton GR. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 2001 November-December; 26(6): 935-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11768553&dopt=Abstract
258 Anxiety
•
Suicidal and death ideation in older primary care patients with depression, anxiety, and at-risk alcohol use. Author(s): Bartels SJ, Coakley E, Oxman TE, Constantino G, Oslin D, Chen H, Zubritsky C, Cheal K, Durai UN, Gallo JJ, Llorente M, Sanchez H. Source: The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. 2002 July-August; 10(4): 417-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12095901&dopt=Abstract
•
Suicidal ideation in a female population sample. Relationship with depression, anxiety disorder and alcohol dependence/abuse. Author(s): Waern M, Spak F, Sundh V. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2002 April; 252(2): 81-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12111341&dopt=Abstract
•
Suicidal ideation in major depression: sex differences and impact of comorbid anxiety. Author(s): Schaffer A, Levitt AJ, Bagby RM, Kennedy SH, Levitan RD, Joffe RT. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2000 November; 45(9): 822-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11143832&dopt=Abstract
•
Suicide risk in patients with anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of the FDA database. Author(s): Khan A, Leventhal RM, Khan S, Brown WA. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002 April; 68(2-3): 183-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12063146&dopt=Abstract
•
Summary of a National Institute of Mental Health workshop: developing animal models of anxiety disorders. Author(s): Shekhar A, McCann UD, Meaney MJ, Blanchard DC, Davis M, Frey KA, Liberzon I, Overall KL, Shear MK, Tecott LH, Winsky L. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2001 October; 157(4): 327-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11605091&dopt=Abstract
•
Summary of the 1982 scientific literature for pain and anxiety control in dentistry. Author(s): McAlister GL, Richardson CL. Source: Anesthesia Progress. 1984 January-February; 31(1): 31-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487127&dopt=Abstract
Studies 259
•
Summary of the scientific literature for pain and anxiety control in dentistry journal literature, January 1986-December 1987. Author(s): Hassett LC. Source: Anesthesia Progress. 1988 November-December; 35(6): 247-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487126&dopt=Abstract
•
Summary of the scientific literature for pain and anxiety control in dentistry. Author(s): Hassett LC. Source: Anesthesia Progress. 1992; 39(3): 97-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487124&dopt=Abstract
•
Summary of the scientific literature for pain and anxiety control in dentistry. Author(s): Hassett LC. Source: Anesthesia Progress. 1989 May-June; 36(3): 117-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487122&dopt=Abstract
•
Superior temporal gyrus volumes in pediatric generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): De Bellis MD, Keshavan MS, Shifflett H, Iyengar S, Dahl RE, Axelson DA, Birmaher B, Hall J, Moritz G, Ryan ND. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2002 April 1; 51(7): 553-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11950457&dopt=Abstract
•
Superstitiousness and perceived anxiety control as predictors of psychological distress. Author(s): Zebb BJ, Moore MC. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2003; 17(1): 115-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12464293&dopt=Abstract
•
Supportive groups for siblings of pediatric oncology patients: impact on anxiety. Author(s): Houtzager BA, Grootenhuis MA, Last BF. Source: Psycho-Oncology. 2001 July-August; 10(4): 315-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11462230&dopt=Abstract
•
Surprising results in the study of paroxetine for generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Ballas CA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 June; 63(6): 536; Author Reply 536-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12088169&dopt=Abstract
260 Anxiety
•
Sustained anxiety and 4-year progression of carotid atherosclerosis. Author(s): Paterniti S, Zureik M, Ducimetiere P, Touboul PJ, Feve JM, Alperovitch A. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2001 January; 21(1): 136-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11145945&dopt=Abstract
•
Switching from benzodiazepines to buspirone using a tapered overlap method in generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Arato M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 August; 62(8): 657-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11561943&dopt=Abstract
•
Symptomatic and functional assessment of social anxiety disorder in adults. Author(s): Tharwani HM, Davidson JR. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 December; 24(4): 643-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11723625&dopt=Abstract
•
Symptomatic and syndromal anxiety and depression. Author(s): Ninan PT, Berger J. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2001; 14(2): 79-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11668660&dopt=Abstract
•
Symptomatic and syndromal anxiety in chronic forms of major depression: effect of nefazodone, cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy, and their combination. Author(s): Ninan PT, Rush AJ, Crits-Christoph P, Kornstein SG, Manber R, Thase ME, Trivedi MH, Rothbaum BO, Zajecka J, Borian FE, Keller MB. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 May; 63(5): 434-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12025827&dopt=Abstract
•
Symptoms of anxiety and depression in family members of intensive care unit patients: ethical hypothesis regarding decision-making capacity. Author(s): Pochard F, Azoulay E, Chevret S, Lemaire F, Hubert P, Canoui P, Grassin M, Zittoun R, le Gall JR, Dhainaut JF, Schlemmer B; French FAMIREA Group. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2001 October; 29(10): 1893-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11588447&dopt=Abstract
•
Symptoms of anxiety disorders and teacher-reported school functioning of normal children. Author(s): Muris P, Meesters C. Source: Psychological Reports. 2002 October; 91(2): 588-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12416853&dopt=Abstract
Studies 261
•
Symptoms of depression and anxiety predict mortality in elderly veterans enrolled in the UPBEAT program. Author(s): Lavretsky H, Mistry R, Bastani R, Gould R, Gokhman I, Huang D, Maxwell A, McDermott C, Rosansky J, Jarvik L; UPBEAT Collaborative Group. Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2003 February; 18(2): 183-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12571829&dopt=Abstract
•
Taijin kyofusho: a form of social anxiety disorder that responds to serotonin reuptake inhibitors? Author(s): Matsunaga H, Kiriike N, Matsui T, Iwasaki Y, Stein DJ. Source: The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology / Official Scientific Journal of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum (Cinp). 2001 September; 4(3): 231-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11602029&dopt=Abstract
•
Targeted genome screen of panic disorder and anxiety disorder proneness using homology to murine QTL regions. Author(s): Smoller JW, Acierno JS Jr, Rosenbaum JF, Biederman J, Pollack MH, Meminger S, Pava JA, Chadwick LH, White C, Bulzacchelli M, Slaugenhaupt SA. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 March 8; 105(2): 195-206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11304837&dopt=Abstract
•
Teaching patients to self-inject: pilot study of a treatment for injection anxiety and phobia in multiple sclerosis patients prescribed injectable medications. Author(s): Mohr DC, Cox D, Epstein L, Boudewyn A. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 2002 March; 33(1): 39-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12389798&dopt=Abstract
•
Temperament and character personality dimensions in patients with dental anxiety. Author(s): Bergdahl M, Bergdahl J. Source: European Journal of Oral Sciences. 2003 April; 111(2): 93-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12648259&dopt=Abstract
•
Temperament in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders and in their families. Author(s): Masi G, Mucci M, Favilla L, Brovedani P, Millepiedi S, Perugi G. Source: Child Psychiatry and Human Development. 2003 Spring; 33(3): 245-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12564625&dopt=Abstract
262 Anxiety
•
Temperamental contributions to the affect family of anxiety. Author(s): Kagan J, Snidman N, McManis M, Woodward S. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 December; 24(4): 677-88. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11723627&dopt=Abstract
•
Temporal sequencing of lifetime mood disorders in relation to comorbid anxiety and substance use disorders--findings from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study. Author(s): de Graaf R, Bijl RV, Spijker J, Beekman AT, Vollebergh WA. Source: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2003 January; 38(1): 1-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12563553&dopt=Abstract
•
Test anxiety, coping strategies, and perceived health in a group of high school students: a Turkish sample. Author(s): Aysan F, Thompson D, Hamarat E. Source: The Journal of Genetic Psychology; Child Behavior, Animal Behavior, and Comparative Psychology. 2001 December; 162(4): 402-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11831350&dopt=Abstract
•
Test-retest reliability of anxiety symptoms and diagnoses with the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV: child and parent versions. Author(s): Silverman WK, Saavedra LM, Pina AA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001 August; 40(8): 937-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11501694&dopt=Abstract
•
Test-taking anxiety among nursing & general college students. Author(s): Brewer T. Source: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 2002 November; 40(11): 22-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12448036&dopt=Abstract
•
The 5-HT(1A) receptor knockout mouse and anxiety. Author(s): Olivier B, Pattij T, Wood SJ, Oosting R, Sarnyai Z, Toth M. Source: Behavioural Pharmacology. 2001 November; 12(6-7): 439-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11742137&dopt=Abstract
•
The Abbreviated Math Anxiety Scale (AMAS): construction, validity, and reliability. Author(s): Hopko DR, Mahadevan R, Bare RL, Hunt MK. Source: Assessment. 2003 June; 10(2): 178-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12801189&dopt=Abstract
Studies 263
•
The ability of the Symptom Checklist SCL-90 to differentiate various anxiety and depressive disorders. Author(s): Kennedy BL, Morris RL, Pedley LL, Schwab JJ. Source: The Psychiatric Quarterly. 2001 Fall; 72(3): 277-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11467161&dopt=Abstract
•
The acceptability of the use of sedation in the management of dental anxiety in children: views of dental students. Author(s): Newton JT, Naidu R, Sturmey P. Source: European Journal of Dental Education : Official Journal of the Association for Dental Education in Europe. 2003 May; 7(2): 72-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12823521&dopt=Abstract
•
The addition of mood and anxiety domains to the University of Washington quality of life scale. Author(s): Rogers SN, Gwanne S, Lowe D, Humphris G, Yueh B, Weymuller EA Jr. Source: Head & Neck. 2002 June; 24(6): 521-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12112548&dopt=Abstract
•
The age of anxiety? Birth cohort change in anxiety and neuroticism, 1952-1993. Author(s): Twenge JM. Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2000 December; 79(6): 1007-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11138751&dopt=Abstract
•
The allocation of attention during locomotion is altered by anxiety. Author(s): Gage WH, Sleik RJ, Polych MA, McKenzie NC, Brown LA. Source: Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale. 2003 June; 150(3): 385-94. Epub 2003 April 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12707746&dopt=Abstract
•
The Amsterdam preoperative anxiety and information scale provides a simple and reliable measure of preoperative anxiety. Author(s): Boker A, Brownell L, Donen N. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2002 October; 49(8): 792-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12374706&dopt=Abstract
•
The anxiety in bruxer child. A case-control study. Author(s): Monaco A, Ciammella NM, Marci MC, Pirro R, Giannoni M. Source: Minerva Stomatol. 2002 June; 51(6): 247-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12147977&dopt=Abstract
264 Anxiety
•
The anxiety of learning. Interview by Diane L. Coutu. Author(s): Schein EH. Source: Harvard Business Review. 2002 March; 80(3): 100-6, 134. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11894378&dopt=Abstract
•
The Anxiety Sensitivity Index for Children: factor structure and relation to panic symptoms in an adolescent sample. Author(s): Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(1):CD003383 Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2002 July; 40(7): 839-52. /entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12535473
•
The anxiety sensitivity index: item analysis and suggestions for refinement. Author(s): Blais MA, Otto MW, Zucker BG, McNally RJ, Schmidt NB, Fava M, Pollack MH. Source: Journal of Personality Assessment. 2001 October; 77(2): 272-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11693859&dopt=Abstract
•
The anxiety-buffering function of close relationships: evidence that relationship commitment acts as a terror management mechanism. Author(s): Florian V, Mikulincer M, Hirschberger G. Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2002 April; 82(4): 527-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11999922&dopt=Abstract
•
The association of late-life depression and anxiety with physical disability: a review of the literature and prospectus for future research. Author(s): Lenze EJ, Rogers JC, Martire LM, Mulsant BH, Rollman BL, Dew MA, Schulz R, Reynolds CF 3rd. Source: The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. 2001 Spring; 9(2): 113-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11316616&dopt=Abstract
•
The behavior of anxious parents: examining mechanisms of transmission of anxiety from parent to child. Author(s): Woodruff-Borden J, Morrow C, Bourland S, Cambron S. Source: Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology : the Official Journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53. 2002 September; 31(3): 364-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12149974&dopt=Abstract
Studies 265
•
The brain decade in debate: II. Panic or anxiety? From animal models to a neurobiological basis. Author(s): Andreatini R, Blanchard C, Blanchard R, Brandao ML, Carobrez AP, Griebel G, Guimaraes FS, Handley SL, Jenck F, Leite JR, Rodgers J, Schenberg LC, Da Cunha C, Graeff FG. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 2001 February; 34(2): 145-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11175489&dopt=Abstract
•
The burden of depression and anxiety in general medicine. Author(s): Lecrubier Y. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 8: 4-9; Discussion 10-1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12108821&dopt=Abstract
•
The case for cothymia: mixed anxiety and depression as a single diagnosis. Author(s): Tyrer P. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2001 September; 179: 191-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11532793&dopt=Abstract
•
The cerebral neurobiology of anxiety, anxiety displacement, and anxiety denial. Author(s): Gottschalk LA, Fronczek J, Abel L, Buchsbaum MS, Fallon JH. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2001 January-February; 70(1): 17-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11150934&dopt=Abstract
•
The changing patterns of drinking, illicit drug use, stress, anxiety and depression in dental students in a UK dental school: a longitudinal study. Author(s): Newbury-Birch D, Lowry RJ, Kamali F. Source: British Dental Journal. 2002 June 15; 192(11): 646-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12108944&dopt=Abstract
•
The classification of anxiety disorders in ICD-10 and DSM-IV: a concordance analysis. Author(s): Andrews G, Slade T. Source: Psychopathology. 2002 March-June; 35(2-3): 100-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12145492&dopt=Abstract
266 Anxiety
•
The clinical and cost-effectiveness of self-help treatments for anxiety and depressive disorders in primary care: a systematic review. Author(s): Bower P, Richards D, Lovell K. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 2001 October; 51(471): 838-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11677710&dopt=Abstract
•
The comorbidity of bipolar and anxiety disorders: prevalence, psychobiology, and treatment issues. Author(s): Freeman MP, Freeman SA, McElroy SL. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002 February; 68(1): 1-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11869778&dopt=Abstract
•
The course of anxiety, depression and drinking behaviours after completed detoxification in alcoholics with and without comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders. Author(s): Driessen M, Meier S, Hill A, Wetterling T, Lange W, Junghanns K. Source: Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). 2001 May-June; 36(3): 249-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11373263&dopt=Abstract
•
The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS): detecting anxiety disorder and depression in employees absent from work because of mental health problems. Author(s): Nieuwenhuijsen K, de Boer AG, Verbeek JH, Blonk RW, van Dijk FJ. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2003 June; 60 Suppl 1: I77-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12782751&dopt=Abstract
•
The depression, anxiety, life satisfaction and affective expression levels in psoriasis patients. Author(s): Devrimci-Ozguven H, Kundakci TN, Kumbasar H, Boyvat A. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2000 July; 14(4): 267-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11204514&dopt=Abstract
•
The determinant factors and the anxiety level of infertile couples during the treatment of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer at Chulalongkorn Hospital. Author(s): Phromyothi V, Virutamasen P. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2003 May; 86(5): 425-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12859098&dopt=Abstract
Studies 267
•
The development and modification of temperamental risk for anxiety disorders: prevention of a lifetime of anxiety? Author(s): Rapee RM. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2002 November 15; 52(10): 947-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12437936&dopt=Abstract
•
The developmental psychopathology of social anxiety disorder. Author(s): Ollendick TH, Hirshfeld-Becker DR. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2002 January 1; 51(1): 44-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11801230&dopt=Abstract
•
The Dutch Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index: psychometric properties and factor structure. Author(s): van Widenfelt BM, Siebelink BM, Goedhart AW, Treffers PD. Source: Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology : the Official Journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53. 2002 March; 31(1): 90-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11845655&dopt=Abstract
•
The effect of anticipatory anxiety on breathing and metabolism in humans. Author(s): Masaoka Y, Homma I. Source: Respiration Physiology. 2001 November 1; 128(2): 171-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11812381&dopt=Abstract
•
The effect of anxiety and depression on the outcome of in-vitro fertilization. Author(s): Smeenk JM, Verhaak CM, Eugster A, van Minnen A, Zielhuis GA, Braat DD. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2001 July; 16(7): 1420-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11425823&dopt=Abstract
•
The effect of anxiety and personality on the pharmacokinetics of oral midazolam. Author(s): Martens-Lobenhoffer J, Eisenhardt S, Troger U, Rose W, Meyer FP. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 March; 92(3): 621-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11226088&dopt=Abstract
•
The effect of fast reporting by amnio-PCR on anxiety levels in women with positive biochemical screening for Down syndrome--a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Leung WC, Lam YH, Wong Y, Lau ET, Tang MH. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2002 March; 22(3): 256-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11920905&dopt=Abstract
268 Anxiety
•
The effect of intra-operative video on patient anxiety. Author(s): Man AK, Yap JC, Kwan SY, Suen KL, Yip HS, Chen PP. Source: Anaesthesia. 2003 January; 58(1): 64-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12523327&dopt=Abstract
•
The effect of lorazepam on pain and anxiety in abortion. Author(s): Wiebe E, Podhradsky L, Dijak V. Source: Contraception. 2003 March; 67(3): 219-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12618257&dopt=Abstract
•
The effect of music distraction on pain, anxiety and behavior in pediatric dental patients. Author(s): Aitken JC, Wilson S, Coury D, Moursi AM. Source: Pediatr Dent. 2002 March-April; 24(2): 114-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11991313&dopt=Abstract
•
The effect of preprocedure teaching, relaxation instruction, and music on anxiety as measured by blood pressures in an outpatient gastrointestinal endoscopy laboratory. Author(s): Salmore RG, Nelson JP. Source: Gastroenterology Nursing : the Official Journal of the Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates. 2000 May-June; 23(3): 102-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11235440&dopt=Abstract
•
The effect of progressive muscle relaxation training on anxiety and quality of life after stoma surgery in colorectal cancer patients. Author(s): Cheung YL, Molassiotis A, Chang AM. Source: Psycho-Oncology. 2003 April-May; 12(3): 254-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12673809&dopt=Abstract
•
The effect of self-selected music during colonoscopy on anxiety, heart rate, and blood pressure. Author(s): Smolen D, Topp R, Singer L. Source: Applied Nursing Research : Anr. 2002 August; 15(3): 126-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12173164&dopt=Abstract
•
The effect of situation-evoked anxiety and gender on pain report using the cold pressor test. Author(s): Jones A, Spindler H, Jorgensen MM, Zachariae R. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 2002 September; 43(4): 307-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12361099&dopt=Abstract
Studies 269
•
The effect of sociodemographic factors on dental anxiety in children seen in a suburban Nigerian hospital. Author(s): Folayan MO, Idehen EE, Ufomata D. Source: International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry / the British Paedodontic Society [and] the International Association of Dentistry for Children. 2003 January; 13(1): 20-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12542620&dopt=Abstract
•
The effect of timing of the provision of information on anxiety and satisfaction of cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. Author(s): D' haese S, Vinh-Hung V, Bijdekerke P, Spinnoy M, De Beukeleer M, Lochie N, De Roover P, Storme G. Source: Journal of Cancer Education : the Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Education. 2000 Winter; 15(4): 223-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11199240&dopt=Abstract
•
The effects of an educational programme on the anxiety and satisfaction level of parents having parent present induction and visitation in a postanaesthesia care unit. Author(s): Chan CS, Molassiotis A. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 2002 February; 12(2): 131-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11882224&dopt=Abstract
•
The effects of anxiety and strategic planning on visual search behaviour. Author(s): Moran A, Byrne A, McGlade N. Source: Journal of Sports Sciences. 2002 March; 20(3): 225-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11999478&dopt=Abstract
•
The effects of co-morbidity on the onset and persistence of generalized anxiety disorder in the ICPE surveys. International Consortium in Psychiatric Epidemiology. Author(s): Kessler RC, Andrade LH, Bijl RV, Offord DR, Demler OV, Stein DJ. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2002 October; 32(7): 1213-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12420891&dopt=Abstract
•
The effects of continuous positive air pressure treatment on anxiety and depression levels in apnea patients. Author(s): Sanchez AI, Buela-Casal G, Bermudez MP, Casas-Maldonado F. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2001 December; 55(6): 641-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11737799&dopt=Abstract
270 Anxiety
•
The effects of handholding on anxiety in cataract surgery patients under local anaesthesia. Author(s): Moon JS, Cho KS. Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2001 August; 35(3): 407-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11489026&dopt=Abstract
•
The effects of impression management demands on heart rate, self-reported social anxiety, and social competence in undergraduate males. Author(s): Sheffer CE, Penn DL, Cassisi JE. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2001 May-June; 15(3): 171-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11442137&dopt=Abstract
•
The effects of laparoscopic antireflux surgery on GERD patients with concomitant anxiety disorders. Author(s): Kamolz T, Bammer T, Pointner R. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2002 August; 16(8): 1247; Author Reply 1248. Epub 2002 May 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12000982&dopt=Abstract
•
The effects of music intervention on anxiety in the patient waiting for cardiac catheterization. Author(s): Hamel WJ. Source: Intensive & Critical Care Nursing : the Official Journal of the British Association of Critical Care Nurses. 2001 October; 17(5): 279-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11866419&dopt=Abstract
•
The effects of oral conscious sedation on future behavior and anxiety in pediatric dental patients. Author(s): McComb M, Koenigsberg SR, Broder HL, Houpt M. Source: Pediatr Dent. 2002 May-June; 24(3): 207-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12064492&dopt=Abstract
•
The effects of prenatal group genetic counselling on knowledge, anxiety and decisional conflict: issues for nuchal translucency screening. Author(s): Kaiser AS, Ferris LE, Pastuszak AL, Llewellyn-Thomas H, Johnson JA, Conacher S, Shaw BF. Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : the Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 May; 22(3): 246-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12521493&dopt=Abstract
Studies 271
•
The effects of stress, anxiety, and outdoor temperature on the frequency and severity of Raynaud's attacks: the Raynaud's Treatment Study. Author(s): Brown KM, Middaugh SJ, Haythornthwaite JA, Bielory L. Source: Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2001 April; 24(2): 137-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11392916&dopt=Abstract
•
The efficacy of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for social anxiety disorder (social phobia): a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Author(s): van der Linden GJ, Stein DJ, van Balkom AJ. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 August; 15 Suppl 2: S15-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11110015&dopt=Abstract
•
The emotional Stroop effect in anxiety disorders: general emotional or disorder specificity? Author(s): Becker ES, Rinck M, Margraf J, Roth WT. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2001 May-June; 15(3): 147-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11442135&dopt=Abstract
•
The enhancement of video feedback by cognitive preparation in the treatment of social anxiety. A single-session experiment. Author(s): Kim HY, Lundh LG, Harvey A. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 2002 March; 33(1): 19-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12389797&dopt=Abstract
•
The epidemiology of anxiety disorders: prevalence and societal costs. Author(s): Lepine JP. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002; 63 Suppl 14: 4-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562112&dopt=Abstract
•
The epidemiology of generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Kessler RC, Keller MB, Wittchen HU. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 March; 24(1): 19-39. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11225507&dopt=Abstract
•
The epidemiology of pure and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder: a review and evaluation of recent research. Author(s): Kessler RC. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 2000; (406): 7-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11131470&dopt=Abstract
272 Anxiety
•
The external validity of controlled clinical trials of psychotherapy for depression and anxiety: a naturalistic study. Author(s): Morrison KH, Bradley R, Westen D. Source: Psychology and Psychotherapy. 2003 June; 76(Pt 2): 109-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12855059&dopt=Abstract
•
The future of pharmacotherapy for paediatric anxiety. Author(s): Findling RL. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2002 May; 3(5): 573-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11996635&dopt=Abstract
•
The Health Anxiety Inventory: development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Author(s): Salkovskis PM, Rimes KA, Warwick HM, Clark DM. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2002 July; 32(5): 843-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12171378&dopt=Abstract
•
The HTR1B 861G>C receptor polymorphism among patients suffering from alcoholism, major depression, anxiety disorders and narcolepsy. Author(s): Fehr C, Grintschuk N, Szegedi A, Anghelescu I, Klawe C, Singer P, Hiemke C, Dahmen N. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2000 December 4; 97(1): 1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11104852&dopt=Abstract
•
The impact of a computer network on pediatric pain and anxiety: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Author(s): Holden G, Bearison DJ, Rode DC, Kapiloff MF, Rosenberg G, Rosenzweig J. Source: Soc Work Health Care. 2002; 36(2): 21-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12555825&dopt=Abstract
•
The impact of anxiety sensitivity, bodily expectations, and cultural beliefs on menstrual symptom reporting: a test of the menstrual reactivity hypothesis. Author(s): Sigmon ST, Dorhofer DM, Rohan KJ, Boulard NE. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2000 November-December; 14(6): 615-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11918095&dopt=Abstract
•
The impact of anxiety, depression and living alone in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Crockett AJ, Cranston JM, Moss JR, Alpers JH. Source: Quality of Life Research : an International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation. 2002 June; 11(4): 309-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12086116&dopt=Abstract
Studies 273
•
The impact of comorbid anxiety disorders on the course of dysthymic disorder: a 5year prospective longitudinal study. Author(s): Shankman SA, Klein DN. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002 July; 70(2): 211-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12117634&dopt=Abstract
•
The impact of prostate biopsy on patient well-being: a prospective study of pain, anxiety and erectile dysfunction. Author(s): Zisman A, Leibovici D, Kleinmann J, Siegel YI, Lindner A. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2001 February; 165(2): 445-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11176394&dopt=Abstract
•
The importance of low control at work and home on depression and anxiety: do these effects vary by gender and social class? Author(s): Griffin JM, Fuhrer R, Stansfeld SA, Marmot M. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2002 March; 54(5): 783-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11999493&dopt=Abstract
•
The influence of children's self-report trait anxiety and depression on visual search for emotional faces. Author(s): Hadwin JA, Donnelly N, French CC, Richards A, Watts A, Daley D. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2003 March; 44(3): 432-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635972&dopt=Abstract
•
The influence of comorbidity on treatment outcome for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Author(s): Rapee RM. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2003 January; 41(1): 105-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12488123&dopt=Abstract
•
The introduction of a paediatric anaesthesia information leaflet: an audit of its impact on parental anxiety and satisfaction. Author(s): Bellew M, Atkinson KR, Dixon G, Yates A. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 2002 February; 12(2): 124-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11882223&dopt=Abstract
•
The Kuwait University Anxiety Scale: reliability and criterion-related validity in Syrian college students. Author(s): Abdel-Khalek AM, Rudwan S. Source: Psychological Reports. 2001 December; 89(3): 718. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11824742&dopt=Abstract
274 Anxiety
•
The liebowitz social anxiety scale as a self-report instrument: a preliminary psychometric analysis. Author(s): Baker SL, Heinrichs N, Kim HJ, Hofmann SG. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2002 June; 40(6): 701-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12051488&dopt=Abstract
•
The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale: a comparison of the psychometric properties of self-report and clinician-administered formats. Author(s): Fresco DM, Coles ME, Heimberg RG, Liebowitz MR, Hami S, Stein MB, Goetz D. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2001 August; 31(6): 1025-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11513370&dopt=Abstract
•
The links between the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale (A-DES), fantasy proneness, and anxiety symptoms. Author(s): Muris P, Merckelbach H, Peeters E. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2003 January; 191(1): 18-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544595&dopt=Abstract
•
The long-term clinical course of generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Keller MB. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002; 63 Suppl 8: 11-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12044103&dopt=Abstract
•
The long-term treatment outcomes of depression and anxiety comorbid with substance abuse. Author(s): Bovasso G. Source: The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research. 2001 February; 28(1): 4257. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11329998&dopt=Abstract
•
The management of preoperative anxiety in children: an update. Author(s): McCann ME, Kain ZN. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 July; 93(1): 98-105. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11429348&dopt=Abstract
•
The Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale, a brief version: psychometric data. Author(s): Suinn RM, Winston EH. Source: Psychological Reports. 2003 February; 92(1): 167-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12674278&dopt=Abstract
Studies 275
•
The maturing of therapy. Some brief psychotherapies help anxiety/depressive disorders but mechanisms of action are unclear. Author(s): Marks IM. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2002 March; 180: 200-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11872510&dopt=Abstract
•
The memorial anxiety scale for prostate cancer: validation of a new scale to measure anxiety in men with with prostate cancer. Author(s): Roth AJ, Rosenfeld B, Kornblith AB, Gibson C, Scher HI, Curley-Smart T, Holland JC, Breitbart W. Source: Cancer. 2003 June 1; 97(11): 2910-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12767107&dopt=Abstract
•
The moderating effect of anxiety sensitivity on caffeine-induced hypoalgesia in healthy women. Author(s): Keogh E, Chaloner N. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2002 December; 164(4): 429-31. Epub 2002 October 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12457274&dopt=Abstract
•
The most effective psychologically-based treatments to reduce anxiety and panic in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a systematic review. Author(s): Rose C, Wallace L, Dickson R, Ayres J, Lehman R, Searle Y, Burge PS. Source: Patient Education and Counseling. 2002 August; 47(4): 311-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12135822&dopt=Abstract
•
The negative immunoregulatory effects of serotonin (5-HT) moduline, an endogenous 5-HT1B receptor antagonist with anti-anxiety properties. Author(s): Maes M, Kenis G, Bosmans E. Source: Cytokine. 2002 September 21; 19(6): 308-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12421573&dopt=Abstract
•
The nonpharmacologic treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Falsetti SA, Davis J. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 March; 24(1): 99-117, Vii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11225511&dopt=Abstract
•
The other side of the coin: using intervention research in child anxiety disorders to inform developmental psychopathology. Author(s): Hudson JL, Kendall PC, Coles ME, Robin JA, Webb A. Source: Development and Psychopathology. 2002 Fall; 14(4): 819-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12549705&dopt=Abstract
276 Anxiety
•
The pharmacologic and expectancy effects of alcohol on social anxiety in individuals with social phobia. Author(s): Abrams K, Kushner M, Medina KL, Voight A. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2001 October 1; 64(2): 219-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11543992&dopt=Abstract
•
The pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Author(s): Nash LT, Hack S. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2002 May; 3(5): 555-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11996634&dopt=Abstract
•
The prevalence of atypical features across mood, anxiety, and personality disorders. Author(s): Posternak MA, Zimmerman M. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2002 July-August; 43(4): 253-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12107862&dopt=Abstract
•
The prospective relation between dimensions of anxiety and the initiation of adolescent alcohol use. Author(s): Kaplow JB, Curran PJ, Angold A, Costello EJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 2001 September; 30(3): 316-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11501249&dopt=Abstract
•
The psychobiology of anxiolytic drug. Part 2: Pharmacological treatments of anxiety. Author(s): Argyropoulos SV, Sandford JJ, Nutt DJ. Source: Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2000 December; 88(3): 213-27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11337026&dopt=Abstract
•
The psychometric properties of the Interpersonal Sensitivity Measure in social anxiety disorder. Author(s): Harb GC, Heimberg RG, Fresco DM, Schneier FR, Liebowitz MR. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2002 August; 40(8): 961-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12186358&dopt=Abstract
•
The psychopharmacologic treatment of depression and anxiety in the context of chronic pain. Author(s): Verma S, Gallagher RM. Source: Current Pain and Headache Reports. 2002 February; 6(1): 30-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11749875&dopt=Abstract
Studies 277
•
The quality of care for depressive and anxiety disorders in the United States. Author(s): Young AS, Klap R, Sherbourne CD, Wells KB. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2001 January; 58(1): 55-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11146758&dopt=Abstract
•
The relations of anxiety sensitivity, experiential avoidance, and alexithymic coping to young adults' motivations for drinking. Author(s): Stewart SH, Zvolensky MJ, Eifert GH. Source: Behavior Modification. 2002 April; 26(2): 274-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11961915&dopt=Abstract
•
The relations of trait anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and sensation seeking to adolescents' motivations for alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use. Author(s): Comeau N, Stewart SH, Loba P. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 2001 November-December; 26(6): 803-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11768546&dopt=Abstract
•
The relationship between anxiety and substance use disorders among individuals with severe affective disorders. Author(s): Goodwin RD, Stayner DA, Chinman MJ, Wu P, Tebes JK, Davidson L. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2002 July-August; 43(4): 245-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12107861&dopt=Abstract
•
The relationship between anxiety sensitivity and fear of pain in healthy adolescents. Author(s): Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(2):CD003383 Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2001 November; 39(11): 1357-68. /entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12076477
•
The relationship between cannabis use, depression and anxiety among Australian adults: findings from the National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. Author(s): Degenhardt L, Hall W, Lynskey M. Source: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2001 May; 36(5): 219-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11515699&dopt=Abstract
•
The relationship between comorbid personality disorders and treatment received in patients with anxiety disorders. Author(s): Phillips KA, Shea MT, Warshaw M, Dyck I, Bruce S, Keller M. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2001 April; 15(2): 157-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11345851&dopt=Abstract
278 Anxiety
•
The relationship between death-related experiences, death anxiety, and patient care attitudes among AIDS nursing staff. Author(s): Demmer C. Source: Journal for Nurses in Staff Development : Jnsd : Official Journal of the National Nursing Staff Development Organization. 2000 May-June; 16(3): 118-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11913010&dopt=Abstract
•
The relationship between memories for childhood teasing and anxiety and depression in adulthood. Author(s): Roth DA, Coles ME, Heimberg RG. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2002; 16(2): 149-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12194541&dopt=Abstract
•
The relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder and anxiety and affective disorders: results from the Johns Hopkins OCD Family Study. Author(s): Nestadt G, Samuels J, Riddle MA, Liang KY, Bienvenu OJ, Hoehn-Saric R, Grados M, Cullen B. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2001 April; 31(3): 481-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11305856&dopt=Abstract
•
The relationship between somatic and PTSD symptoms among Bhutanese refugee torture survivors: examination of comorbidity with anxiety and depression. Author(s): Van Ommeren M, Sharma B, Sharma GK, Komproe I, Cardena E, de Jong JT. Source: Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2002 October; 15(5): 415-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12392230&dopt=Abstract
•
The relationship of social physique anxiety to risk for developing an eating disorder in young females. Author(s): Thompson AM, Chad KE. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2002 August; 31(2): 183-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12127389&dopt=Abstract
•
The relationship of stress and anxiety with chronic periodontitis. Author(s): Vettore MV, Leao AT, Monteiro Da Silva AM, Quintanilha RS, Lamarca GA. Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 2003 May; 30(5): 394-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12716330&dopt=Abstract
Studies 279
•
The relationship of thought-action fusion to pathologicial worry and generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Hazlett-Stevens H, Zucker BG, Craske MG. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2002 October; 40(10): 1199-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12375728&dopt=Abstract
•
The relationships among working memory, math anxiety, and performance. Author(s): Ashcraft MH, Kirk EP. Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology. General. 2001 June; 130(2): 224-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11409101&dopt=Abstract
•
The relevance of anxiety, depression, and coping in patients after liver transplantation. Author(s): Nickel R, Wunsch A, Egle UT, Lohse AW, Otto G. Source: Liver Transplantation : Official Publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society. 2002 January; 8(1): 63-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11799488&dopt=Abstract
•
The relevance of health anxiety to chronic pain: research findings and recommendations for assessment and treatment. Author(s): Hadjistavropoulos HD, Hadjistavropoulos T. Source: Current Pain and Headache Reports. 2003 April; 7(2): 98-104. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12628051&dopt=Abstract
•
The revised version of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED--R): first evidence for its reliability and validity in a clinical sample. Author(s): Muris P, Steerneman P. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 2001 March; 40(Pt 1): 35-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11317947&dopt=Abstract
•
The revised version of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED-R): treatment sensitivity in an early intervention trial for childhood anxiety disorders. Author(s): Muris P, Mayer B, Bartelds E, Tierney S, Bogie N. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 2001 September; 40(Pt 3): 323-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11593959&dopt=Abstract
280 Anxiety
•
The role of anxiety and adaptation to illness in the intensity of postchemotherapy nausea in cancer patients. Author(s): Blasco T, Pallares C, Alonso C, Lopez Lopez JJ. Source: Span J Psychol. 2000 May; 3(1): 47-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11761740&dopt=Abstract
•
The role of aromatherapy massage in reducing anxiety in patients with malignant brain tumours. Author(s): Hadfield N. Source: International Journal of Palliative Nursing. 2001 June; 7(6): 279-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12066022&dopt=Abstract
•
The role of bibliotherapy in health anxiety: an experimental study. Author(s): Jones FA. Source: British Journal of Community Nursing. 2002 October; 7(10): 498-504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12399701&dopt=Abstract
•
The role of childhood trauma in the neurobiology of mood and anxiety disorders: preclinical and clinical studies. Author(s): Heim C, Nemeroff CB. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2001 June 15; 49(12): 1023-39. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11430844&dopt=Abstract
•
The role of extended-release benzodiazepines in the treatment of anxiety: a riskbenefit evaluation with a focus on extended-release alprazolam. Author(s): Klein E. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002; 63 Suppl 14: 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562116&dopt=Abstract
•
The role of GABA in anxiety disorders. Author(s): Lydiard RB. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003; 64 Suppl 3: 21-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12662130&dopt=Abstract
•
The role of health anxiety among patients with chronic pain in determining response to therapy. Author(s): Hadjistavropoulos HD, Asmundson GJ, LaChapelle DL, Quine A. Source: Pain Res Manag. 2002 Fall; 7(3): 127-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12420021&dopt=Abstract
Studies 281
•
The role of the sympathetic nervous system in anxiety: Is it possible to relieve anxiety with endoscopic sympathetic block? Author(s): Pohjavaara P, Telaranta T, Vaisanen E. Source: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. 2003; 57(1): 55-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12745792&dopt=Abstract
•
The roles of alcohol and alcohol expectancy in the dampening of responses to hyperventilation among high anxiety sensitive young adults. Author(s): MacDonald AB, Stewart SH, Hutson R, Rhyno E, Loughlin HL. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 2001 November-December; 26(6): 841-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11768548&dopt=Abstract
•
The science of anxiety. Why do we worry ourselves sick? Because the brain is hardwired for fear, and sometimes it short-circuits. Author(s): Gorman C. Source: Time. 2002 June 10; 159(23): 46-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12066497&dopt=Abstract
•
The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine is effective in more generalized and in less generalized social anxiety disorder. Author(s): Stein DJ, Stein MB, Goodwin W, Kumar R, Hunter B. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2001 November; 158(3): 267-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11713616&dopt=Abstract
•
The social anxiety spectrum. Author(s): Schneier FR, Blanco C, Antia SX, Liebowitz MR. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2002 December; 25(4): 757-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12462859&dopt=Abstract
•
The Social Physique Anxiety Scale: an example of the potential consequence of negatively worded items in factorial validity studies. Author(s): Motl RW, Conroy DE, Horan PM. Source: J Appl Meas. 2000; 1(4): 327-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12077461&dopt=Abstract
•
The somatic symptom paradox in DSM-IV anxiety disorders: suggestions for a clinical focus in psychophysiology. Author(s): Wilhelm FH, Roth WT. Source: Biological Psychology. 2001 July-August; 57(1-3): 105-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11454436&dopt=Abstract
282 Anxiety
•
The sound of the dentist's drill and students' anxiety scores. Author(s): Scofield LE, Helm HW Jr. Source: Psychological Reports. 2001 June; 88(3 Pt 1): 812. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11508024&dopt=Abstract
•
The structure and correlates of anxiety sensitivity in older adults. Author(s): Mohlman J, Zinbarg RE. Source: Psychological Assessment. 2000 December; 12(4): 440-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11147114&dopt=Abstract
•
The structure of anxiety symptoms among preschoolers. Author(s): Spence SH, Rapee R, McDonald C, Ingram M. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2001 November; 39(11): 1293-316. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11686265&dopt=Abstract
•
The temporal relationship between anxiety disorders and (hypo)mania: a retrospective examination of 63 panic, social phobic and obsessive-compulsive patients with comorbid bipolar disorder. Author(s): Perugi G, Akiskal HS, Toni C, Simonini E, Gemignani A. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 December; 67(1-3): 199-206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11869769&dopt=Abstract
•
The terrible twos--anger and anxiety. Hazardous to your health. Author(s): Suinn RM. Source: The American Psychologist. 2001 January; 56(1): 27-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11242985&dopt=Abstract
•
The therapist's anxiety and resistance to group therapy. Author(s): Billow RM. Source: Int J Group Psychother. 2001 April; 51(2): 225-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11321902&dopt=Abstract
•
The treatment of childhood social anxiety disorder. Author(s): Beidel DC, Ferrell C, Alfano CA, Yeganeh R. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2001 December; 24(4): 831-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11723636&dopt=Abstract
•
The treatment of generalised anxiety disorder. A systematic review. Author(s): Gale CK. Source: Panminerva Medica. 2002 December; 44(4): 283-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12434110&dopt=Abstract
Studies 283
•
The tripartite model and dimensions of anxiety and depression: an examination of structure in a large school sample. Author(s): Chorpita BF. Source: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 2002 April; 30(2): 177-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12002397&dopt=Abstract
•
The tripartite model of anxiety and depression: symptom structure in depressive and hypertensive patient groups. Author(s): Marshall GN, Sherbourne CD, Meredith LS, Camp P, Hays RD. Source: Journal of Personality Assessment. 2003 April; 80(2): 139-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12700017&dopt=Abstract
•
The use of an emergency ward by patients with depressive or anxiety disorders: a one year follow-up study. Author(s): Marchesi C, Brusamonti E, Giannini A, Di Ruvo R, Mineo F, Maggini C. Source: International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 2001; 31(3): 265-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11841124&dopt=Abstract
•
The use of auricular acupuncture to reduce preoperative anxiety. Author(s): Wang SM, Peloquin C, Kain ZN. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 November; 93(5): 1178-80, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11682391&dopt=Abstract
•
The use of complementary and alternative therapies to treat anxiety and depression in the United States. Author(s): Kessler RC, Soukup J, Davis RB, Foster DF, Wilkey SA, Van Rompay MI MI, Eisenberg DM. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 February; 158(2): 289-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11156813&dopt=Abstract
•
The use of dental anxiety questionnaires: a survey of a group of UK dental practitioners. Author(s): Dailey YM, Humphris GM, Lennon MA. Source: British Dental Journal. 2001 April 28; 190(8): 450-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11352394&dopt=Abstract
•
The use of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pilot study. Author(s): Dowson C, Laing R, Barraclough R, Town I, Mulder R, Norris K, Drennan C. Source: N Z Med J. 2001 October 12; 114(1141): 447-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11700772&dopt=Abstract
284 Anxiety
•
The use of tiagabine augmentation for treatment-resistant anxiety disorders: a case series. Author(s): Schwartz TL. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 2002 Spring; 36(2): 53-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12397840&dopt=Abstract
•
The utility of a burn specific measure of pain anxiety to prospectively predict pain and function: a comparative analysis. Author(s): Aaron LA, Patterson DR, Finch CP, Carrougher GJ, Heimbach DM. Source: Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 2001 June; 27(4): 329-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11348740&dopt=Abstract
•
The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. An updated literature review. Author(s): Bjelland I, Dahl AA, Haug TT, Neckelmann D. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2002 February; 52(2): 69-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11832252&dopt=Abstract
•
Therapeutic effects of imipramine are counteracted by its metabolite, desipramine, in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): McLeod DR, Hoehn-Saric R, Porges SW, Kowalski PA, Clark CM. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 December; 20(6): 615-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11106132&dopt=Abstract
•
Therapeutic play and the impact on anxiety in hospitalized children. Author(s): Bowmer N. Source: Ky Nurse. 2002 January-March; 50(1): 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11859557&dopt=Abstract
•
Therapeutic potential of kava in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Author(s): Singh YN, Singh NN. Source: Cns Drugs. 2002; 16(11): 731-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12383029&dopt=Abstract
•
Thought-action fusion and anxiety disorders symptoms in normal adolescents. Author(s): Muris P, Meesters C, Rassin E, Merckelbach H, Campbell J. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2001 July; 39(7): 843-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11419614&dopt=Abstract
Studies 285
•
Three traditional and three new childhood anxiety questionnaires: their reliability and validity in a normal adolescent sample. Author(s): Muris P, Merckelbach H, Ollendick T, King N, Bogie N. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2002 July; 40(7): 753-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12074371&dopt=Abstract
•
Three-dimensional structure of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in a large French primary care population suffering from major depression. Author(s): Friedman S, Samuelian JC, Lancrenon S, Even C, Chiarelli P. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2001 November 30; 104(3): 247-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11728614&dopt=Abstract
•
Topiramate treatment for SSRI-induced weight gain in anxiety disorders. Author(s): Van Ameringen M, Mancini C, Pipe B, Campbell M, Oakman J. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 November; 63(11): 981-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12444810&dopt=Abstract
•
Trait anxiety affects the pupillary light reflex in college students. Author(s): Nagai M, Wada M, Sunaga N. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2002 August 2; 328(1): 68-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12123861&dopt=Abstract
•
Trait anxiety and sleep-onset insomnia: evaluation of treatment using anxiety management training. Author(s): Viens M, De Koninck J, Mercier P, St-Onge M, Lorrain D. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2003 January; 54(1): 31-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12505553&dopt=Abstract
•
Trait anxiety and tamoxifen effects on bone mineral density and sex hormonebinding globulin. Author(s): Cameron LD, Leventhal H, Love RR, Patrick-Miller LJ. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 2002 July-August; 64(4): 612-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12140351&dopt=Abstract
•
Trait anxiety and the effect of a single high dose of diazepam in unipolar depression. Author(s): Bruijn JA, Moleman P, van den Broek WW, Mulder PG. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2001 November-December; 35(6): 331-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11684140&dopt=Abstract
286 Anxiety
•
Transfer anxiety: preparing to leave intensive care. Author(s): Coyle MA. Source: Intensive & Critical Care Nursing : the Official Journal of the British Association of Critical Care Nurses. 2001 June; 17(3): 138-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11868684&dopt=Abstract
•
Transgenic mice expressing the human C99 terminal fragment of betaAPP: effects on spatial learning, exploration, anxiety, and motor coordination. Author(s): Lalonde R, Dumont M, Fukuchi K, Strazielle C. Source: Experimental Gerontology. 2002 December; 37(12): 1401-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12559409&dopt=Abstract
•
Transgenic mice expressing the PS1-A246E mutation: effects on spatial learning, exploration, anxiety, and motor coordination. Author(s): Lalonde R, Qian S, Strazielle C. Source: Behavioural Brain Research. 2003 January 6; 138(1): 71-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12493631&dopt=Abstract
•
Translation and validation of the Amsterdam preoperative anxiety and information scale (APAIS) for use in Japan. Author(s): Nishimori M, Moerman N, Fukuhara S, van Dam FS, Muller MJ, Hanaoka K, Yamada Y. Source: Quality of Life Research : an International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation. 2002 June; 11(4): 361-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12086121&dopt=Abstract
•
Trauma-related sequelae in individuals with a high level of dental anxiety. Does this interfere with treatment outcome? Author(s): De Jongh A, van der Burg J, van Overmeir M, Aartman I, van Zuuren FJ. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2002 September; 40(9): 1017-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12296487&dopt=Abstract
•
Traumatic grief as a disorder distinct from bereavement-related depression and anxiety: a replication study with bereaved mental health care patients. Author(s): Boelen PA, van den Bout J, de Keijser J. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 July; 160(7): 1339-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12832252&dopt=Abstract
Studies 287
•
Traumatic stress and death anxiety among community residents exposed to an aircraft crash. Author(s): Chung MC, Chung C, Easthope Y. Source: Death Studies. 2000 December; 24(8): 689-704. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11503718&dopt=Abstract
•
Treating depression comorbid with anxiety--results of an open, practice-oriented study with St John's wort WS 5572 and valerian extract in high doses. Author(s): Muller D, Pfeil T, von den Driesch V. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2003; 10 Suppl 4: 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12807339&dopt=Abstract
•
Treating generalised anxiety disorder. Author(s): Tonks A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 March 29; 326(7391): 700-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663409&dopt=Abstract
•
Treating generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Gorman JM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003; 64 Suppl 2: 24-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12625796&dopt=Abstract
•
Treating impulsivity and anxiety in the suicidal patient. Author(s): Fawcett J. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2001 April; 932: 94-102; Discussion 102-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11411193&dopt=Abstract
•
Treatment costs of venlafaxine and selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors for depression and anxiety. Author(s): Wan GJ, Crown WH, Berndt ER, Finkelstein SN, Ling D. Source: Manag Care Interface. 2002 June; 15(6): 24-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12087603&dopt=Abstract
•
Treatment of anxiety disorders to remission. Author(s): Ballenger JC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 12: 5-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11430617&dopt=Abstract
288 Anxiety
•
Treatment of childhood anxiety disorders: a preliminary comparison between cognitive-behavioral group therapy and a psychological placebo intervention. Author(s): Muris P, Meesters C, van Melick M. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 2002 SeptemberDecember; 33(3-4): 143-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12628633&dopt=Abstract
•
Treatment of dental anxiety disorders. Outcome related to DSM-IV diagnoses. Author(s): Kvale G, Raadal M, Vika M, Johnsen BH, Skaret E, Vatnelid H, Oiama I. Source: European Journal of Oral Sciences. 2002 April; 110(2): 69-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12013565&dopt=Abstract
•
Treatment of depression and concomitant anxiety. Author(s): Nutt D. Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000 December; 10 Suppl 4: S433-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11114488&dopt=Abstract
•
Treatment of depression with comorbid anxiety disorders: differential efficacy of paroxetine versus moclobemide. Author(s): Pini S, Amador XF, Dell'Osso L, Baldini Rossi N, Cassano P, Savino M, Cassano GB. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2003 January; 18(1): 15-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490770&dopt=Abstract
•
Treatment of generalised anxiety disorder with a short course of psychological therapy, combined with buspirone or placebo. Author(s): Bond AJ, Wingrove J, Valerie Curran H, Lader MH. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002 December; 72(3): 267-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12450644&dopt=Abstract
•
Treatment of generalized anxiety disorder in older adults. Author(s): Wetherell JL, Gatz M, Craske MG. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2003 February; 71(1): 31-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12602423&dopt=Abstract
•
Treatment of generalized anxiety disorder with citalopram. Author(s): Varia I, Rauscher F. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2002 May; 17(3): 103-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11981350&dopt=Abstract
Studies 289
•
Treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Gorman JM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002; 63 Suppl 8: 17-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12044104&dopt=Abstract
•
Treatment of major depression and anxiety with the selective serotonin re-uptake enhancer tianeptine in the outpatient psychiatric care setting of India. Author(s): Sonawalla S, Chakraborty N, Parikh R. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 2003 February; 101(2): 116-7, 124. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12841497&dopt=Abstract
•
Treatment of pediatric anxiety disorders: an open-label extension of the research units on pediatric psychopharmacology anxiety study. Author(s): Walkup J, Labellarte M, Riddle MA, Pine DS, Greenhill L, Fairbanks J, Klein R, Davies M, Sweeney M, Abikoff H, Hack S, Klee B, Bergman RL, Lynn D, McCracken J, March J, Gammon P, Vitiello B, Ritz L, Roper M; Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Anxiety Study Group. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2002 Fall; 12(3): 175-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12427292&dopt=Abstract
•
Treatment of social anxiety disorder with citalopram. Author(s): Varia IM, Cloutier CA, Doraiswamy PM. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2002 January; 26(1): 205-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11853114&dopt=Abstract
•
Treatment with interferon-alpha (IFN alpha) of hepatitis C patients induces lower serum dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity, which is related to IFN alpha-induced depressive and anxiety symptoms and immune activation. Author(s): Maes M, Bonaccorso S, Marino V, Puzella A, Pasquini M, Biondi M, Artini M, Almerighi C, Meltzer H. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2001 July; 6(4): 475-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11443537&dopt=Abstract
•
Tryptophan hydroxylase gene 218A/C polymorphism is associated with somatic anxiety in major depressive disorder. Author(s): Du L, Bakish D, Hrdina PD. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 June; 65(1): 37-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11426508&dopt=Abstract
290 Anxiety
•
Tumour marker reference ranges and patients' anxiety. Author(s): Dahele M, Camidge R. Source: Lancet. 2003 March 8; 361(9360): 882. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12642085&dopt=Abstract
•
Turning workplace anger and anxiety into peak performance. Strategies for enhancing employee health and productivity. Author(s): Helge D. Source: Aaohn Journal : Official Journal of the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses. 2001 August; 49(8): 399-406; Quiz 407-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11760635&dopt=Abstract
•
Two ways related to performance in elite sport: the path of self-confidence and competitive anxiety and the path of group cohesion and group goal-clarity. Author(s): Kjormo O, Halvari H. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2002 June; 94(3 Pt 1): 950-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12081300&dopt=Abstract
•
Two-year follow-up of self-examination therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Floyd M, McKendree-Smith N, Bailey E, Stump J, Scogin F, Bowman D. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2002; 16(4): 369-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12213033&dopt=Abstract
•
Uncertainty, anxiety, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress in parents of children recently diagnosed with cancer. Author(s): Santacroce S. Source: Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing : Official Journal of the Association of Pediatric Oncology Nurses. 2002 May-June; 19(3): 104-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12066262&dopt=Abstract
•
Unexplained fatigue syndromes in a multinational primary care sample: specificity of definition and prevalence and distinctiveness from depression and generalized anxiety. Author(s): Skapinakis P, Lewis G, Mavreas V. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 April; 160(4): 785-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12668371&dopt=Abstract
•
Unidimensionality of the Chinese version of the Foreign Language Reading Anxiety Scale. Author(s): Hsiao TY. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2002 December; 95(3 Pt 1): 927-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12509198&dopt=Abstract
Studies 291
•
Unmasking social anxiety disorder. Author(s): Stein MB, Gorman JM. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 2001 May; 26(3): 185-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11394188&dopt=Abstract
•
Unraveling the mysteries of anxiety and its disorders from the perspective of emotion theory. Author(s): Barlow DH. Source: The American Psychologist. 2000 November; 55(11): 1247-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11280938&dopt=Abstract
•
Unravelling genetic modifiers of anxiety and depressiveness in psychiatric disorders. Author(s): Rommelspacher H. Source: Pharmacogenetics. 2001 November; 11(8): 645-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11692071&dopt=Abstract
•
US reacts to anxiety about biological attacks. Author(s): Greenberg DS. Source: Lancet. 2001 October 6; 358(9288): 1165. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11597683&dopt=Abstract
•
Use of a cross-sectional survey to estimate outcome of health care: the example of anxiety and depression. Author(s): Kadam UT, Croft P, Lewis M. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2001 November; 54(11): 1112-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11675162&dopt=Abstract
•
Use of algorithms to treat anxiety in primary care. Author(s): Culpepper L. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003; 64 Suppl 2: 30-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12625797&dopt=Abstract
•
Use of aromatherapy with hospice patients to decrease pain, anxiety, and depression and to promote an increased sense of well-being. Author(s): Louis M, Kowalski SD. Source: Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2002 November-December; 19(6): 381-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12442972&dopt=Abstract
292 Anxiety
•
Use of binaural beat tapes for treatment of anxiety: a pilot study of tape preference and outcomes. Author(s): Le Scouarnec RP, Poirier RM, Owens JE, Gauthier J, Taylor AG, Foresman PA. Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2001 January; 7(1): 58-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11191043&dopt=Abstract
•
Use of paroxetine for the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders in the elderly: a review. Author(s): Bourin M. Source: Human Psychopharmacology. 2003 April; 18(3): 185-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672169&dopt=Abstract
•
Using guided imagery to reduce pain and anxiety. Author(s): Ackerman CJ, Turkoski B. Source: Home Healthcare Nurse. 2000 September; 18(8): 524-30; Quiz 531. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11951305&dopt=Abstract
•
Using item response theory to understand comorbidity among anxiety and unipolar mood disorders. Author(s): Krueger RF, Finger MS. Source: Psychological Assessment. 2001 March; 13(1): 140-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11281035&dopt=Abstract
•
Uterine artery resistance and anxiety in the second trimester of pregnancy. Author(s): Kent A, Hughes P, Ormerod L, Jones G, Thilaganathan B. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 February; 19(2): 177-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11876811&dopt=Abstract
•
Utilization of medical services and quality of life among low-income patients with generalized anxiety disorder attending primary care clinics. Author(s): Jones GN, Ames SC, Jeffries SK, Scarinci IC, Brantley PJ. Source: International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 2001; 31(2): 183-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11760862&dopt=Abstract
•
Vaccination. Nurse anxiety after GMC charges doctor over single-dose MMR jabs. Author(s): Mahony C. Source: Nurs Times. 2001 August 16-22; 97(33): 9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11957638&dopt=Abstract
Studies 293
•
Validation of a Facial Image Scale to assess child dental anxiety. Author(s): Buchanan H, Niven N. Source: International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry / the British Paedodontic Society [and] the International Association of Dentistry for Children. 2002 January; 12(1): 47-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11853248&dopt=Abstract
•
Validation of the nursing diagnosis anxiety in adult patients undergoing bone marrow transplant. Author(s): Young LK, Polzin J, Todd S, Simuncak SL. Source: International Journal of Nursing Terminologies and Classifications : the Official Journal of Nanda International. 2002 July-September; 13(3): 88-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12599511&dopt=Abstract
•
Validity of the beck depression inventory, hospital anxiety and depression scale, SCL-90, and hamilton depression rating scale as screening instruments for depression in stroke patients. Author(s): Aben I, Verhey F, Lousberg R, Lodder J, Honig A. Source: Psychosomatics. 2002 September-October; 43(5): 386-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12297607&dopt=Abstract
•
Validity of the hospital anxiety and depression scale for use with patients with noncardiac chest pain. Author(s): Kuijpers PM, Denollet J, Lousberg R, Wellens HJ, Crijns H, Honig A. Source: Psychosomatics. 2003 July-August; 44(4): 329-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12832599&dopt=Abstract
•
Valproic acid for the treatment of social anxiety disorder. Author(s): Kinrys G, Pollack MH, Simon NM, Worthington JJ, Nardi AE, Versiani M. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2003 May; 18(3): 169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12702897&dopt=Abstract
•
Value and effectiveness of consumer advocacy groups: a survey of the anxiety disorders support group in South Africa. Author(s): Stein DJ, Wessels C, Zungu-Dirwayi N, Berk M, Wilson Z. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2001; 13(2): 105-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11301921&dopt=Abstract
•
Variability and severity of depression and anxiety in post traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder. Author(s): Golier JA, Yehuda R, Schmeidler J, Siever LJ. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2001; 13(2): 97-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11301926&dopt=Abstract
294 Anxiety
•
Variables associated with disparities in treatment of patients with schizophrenia and comorbid mood and anxiety disorders. Author(s): Dixon L, Green-Paden L, Delahanty J, Lucksted A, Postrado L, Hall J. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 2001 September; 52(9): 1216-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11533396&dopt=Abstract
•
Variables influencing anxiety of patients with abnormal cervical smears referred for colposcopy. Author(s): Bekkers RL, van der Donck M, Klaver FM, van Minnen A, Massuger LF. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 December; 23(4): 257-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12520863&dopt=Abstract
•
Venlafaxine ER as a treatment for generalized anxiety disorder in older adults: pooled analysis of five randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials. Author(s): Katz IR, Reynolds CF 3rd, Alexopoulos GS, Hackett D. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2002 January; 50(1): 18-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12028242&dopt=Abstract
•
Venlafaxine extended release (ER) in the treatment of generalised anxiety disorder: twenty-four-week placebo-controlled dose-ranging study. Author(s): Allgulander C, Hackett D, Salinas E. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2001 July; 179: 15-22. Erratum In: Br J Psychiatry 2001 August; 179: 181. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11435263&dopt=Abstract
•
Venlafaxine XR in the treatment of anxiety. Author(s): Hackett D. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 2000; (406): 30-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11131468&dopt=Abstract
•
Web-based cognitive behavior therapy: analysis of site usage and changes in depression and anxiety scores. Author(s): Christensen H, Griffiths KM, Korten A. Source: Journal of Medical Internet Research [electronic Resource]. 2002 January-March; 4(1): E3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11956035&dopt=Abstract
•
What do we know about the anxieties of new clinical students? Author(s): Kalaca S, Sarikaya O, Keklik D, Gulpinar MA. Source: Medical Education. 2003 April; 37(4): 390. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12654127&dopt=Abstract
Studies 295
•
What is generalized anxiety disorder? Author(s): Rickels K, Rynn MA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 11: 4-12; Discussion 13-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11414550&dopt=Abstract
•
What patient preparation techniques can be applied in a case of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) to enhance compliance and improve outcome? Author(s): Reesal RT. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 1998 November; 23(5): 328. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11499426&dopt=Abstract
•
What people say about their general practitioners' treatment of anxiety and depression. Author(s): Andrews G, Carter GL. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2001 July 16; 175 Suppl: S48-51. Erratum In: Med J Aust 2001 November 19; 175(10): 560. Med J Aust 2002 January 21; 176(2): 69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11556437&dopt=Abstract
•
Which medications should be prescribed to treat generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?. Author(s): Reesal RT. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 1999 January; 24(1): 80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11499429&dopt=Abstract
•
Which symptoms of anxiety diminish after surgical interventions for Parkinson disease? Author(s): Higginson CI, Fields JA, Troster AI. Source: Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology. 2001 AprilJune; 14(2): 117-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11417665&dopt=Abstract
•
Why do people with anxiety disorders become depressed? A prospective-longitudinal community study. Author(s): Wittchen HU, Kessler RC, Pfister H, Lieb M. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 2000; (406): 14-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11131466&dopt=Abstract
•
Women's anxiety about social and exercise settings. Author(s): Walton VR, Finkenberg ME. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2002 April; 94(2): 700-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027367&dopt=Abstract
296 Anxiety
•
Work, social, and family disabilities of subjects with anxiety and depression. Author(s): Kennedy BL, Lin Y, Schwab JJ. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2002 December; 95(12): 1424-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12597311&dopt=Abstract
•
World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and posttraumatic stress disorders. Author(s): Bandelow B, Zohar J, Hollander E, Kasper S, Moller HJ; World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry Task Force on Treatment Guidelines for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders. Source: World J Biol Psychiatry. 2002 October; 3(4): 171-99. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12516310&dopt=Abstract
•
Worry and anxiety: is there a causal relationship? Author(s): Gana K, Martin B, Canouet MD. Source: Psychopathology. 2001 September-October; 34(5): 221-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11799316&dopt=Abstract
•
Worry content reported by older adults with and without generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Diefenbach GJ, Stanley MA, Beck JG. Source: Aging & Mental Health. 2001 August; 5(3): 269-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11575066&dopt=Abstract
•
Worry WARTS have generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Coupland NJ. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2002 March; 47(2): 197. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11926087&dopt=Abstract
•
Yohimbine for anxiety disorders. Author(s): Watson S, Young AH. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 August; 158(8): 1340. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11481195&dopt=Abstract
•
Yohimbine-induced withdrawal and anxiety symptoms in opioid-dependent patients. Author(s): Stine SM, Southwick SM, Petrakis IL, Kosten TR, Charney DS, Krystal JH. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2002 April 15; 51(8): 642-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11955464&dopt=Abstract
Studies 297
•
You are what you eat: stress, survival anxiety, the environment, and chemical “obesogens”. Author(s): Jobst KA. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2002 April; 8(2): 101-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uid s=12006115&dopt=Abstract
299
CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ANXIETY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and anxiety.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Anxiety The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “anxiety” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
300 Anxiety
The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on anxiety: •
By the way, doctor. Your article about anxiety in the March 2002 issue neglected to mention the herb kava as a treatment for anxiety. I've been using it, and I thought its effectiveness for anxiety was widely accepted. Why did you omit it? Author(s): Harvard Medical School. Source: Robb Nicholson, Celeste Harv-Womens-Health-Watch. 2002 April; 9(8): 8 1070910X
•
Can kava supplements help relieve my anxiety? Source: Anonymous Mayo-Clin-Health-Lett. 2000 August; 18(8): 8 0741-6245
•
Kava extract relieves anxiety: meta-analysis. Source: McCaleb, R. HerbalGram. Austin, TX : American Botanical Council and the Herb Research Foundation. 2000. (50) page 27. 0899-5648
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “anxiety” (or a synonym): •
A placebo-controlled study of Kava kava in generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
[email protected] Source: Connor, K M Davidson, J R Int-Clin-Psychopharmacol. 2002 July; 17(4): 185-8 0268-1315
•
A systematic review of the safety of kava extract in the treatment of anxiety. Author(s): Department of Complementary Medicine, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom. Source: Stevinson, C Huntley, A Ernst, E Drug-Saf. 2002; 25(4): 251-61 0114-5916
•
Alternative and complementary modalities for managing stress and anxiety. Author(s): Holistic Nursing Consultants, Temple, Tex, USA. Source: Keegan, L Crit-Care-Nurse. 2000 June; 20(3): 93-6 0279-5442
•
Anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Author(s): Department of Family Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, 200 West Esplanade Avenue, Suite 510, Kenner, LA 70065, USA.
[email protected] Source: Larzelere, M M Wiseman, P Prim-Care. 2002 June; 29(2): 339-60, vii 0095-4543
•
Anxiolytic effects of mecamylamine in two animal models of anxiety. Author(s): Center for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa 33612, USA. Source: Newman, Mary B Manresa, John J Sanberg, Paul R Shytle, R Douglas Exp-ClinPsychopharmacol. 2002 February; 10(1): 18-25 1064-1297
•
Botanical medicines for anxiety: do they have a place? Source: Davidson, J Curr-Psychiatry-Repage 2002 August; 4(4): 245-6 1523-3812
•
Brain chemistry reflects dual states of pain and anxiety in chronic low back pain. Author(s): Department of Anesthesiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
[email protected] Source: Grachev, I D Fredrickson, B E Apkarian, A V J-Neural-Transm. 2002 October; 109(10): 1309-34 0300-9564
Nutrition 301
•
Comparative evaluation of Melissa officinalis L., Tilia europaea L., Passiflora edulis Sims. and Hypericum perforatum L. in the elevated plus maze anxiety test. Author(s): Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal. Source: Coleta, M Campos, M G Cotrim, M D Proenca da Cunha, A Pharmacopsychiatry. 2001 July; 34 Suppl 1: S20-1 0176-3679
•
Contribution of amygdala neurons containing peptides and calcium-binding proteins to fear-potentiated startle and exploration-related anxiety in inbred Roman high- and low-avoidance rats. Author(s): Otto-von-Guericke Universitat, Institut fur Anatomie, Leipziger Strasse 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Yilmazer Hanke, Deniz M Faber Zuschratter, Heidi Linke, Rudiger Schwegler, Herbert Eur-J-Neurosci. 2002 April; 15(7): 1206-18 0953-816X
•
Effect of kava extract on vagal cardiac control in generalized anxiety disorder: preliminary findings. Author(s): Duke University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
[email protected] Source: Watkins, L L Connor, K M Davidson, J R J-Psychopharmacol. 2001 December; 15(4): 283-6 0269-8811
•
Effect of nicotine and nicotinic receptors on anxiety and depression. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06508, USA. Source: Picciotto, M R Brunzell, D H Caldarone, B J Neuroreport. 2002 July 2; 13(9): 1097-106 0959-4965
•
Effect of short-term and chronic caffeine intake on rats with various anxiety level. Author(s): Laboratory of Neurobiology of Craving, Research Center of Addiction, Ministry of Health, Moscow.
[email protected] Source: Sudakov, S K Medvedeva, O F Rusakova, I V Figurina, I B Bull-Exp-Biol-Med. 2001 December; 132(6): 1177-9 0007-4888
•
Efficacy of Bach-flower remedies in test anxiety: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial with partial crossover. Author(s): Institut fur Umweltmedizin und Krankenhaushygiene, Universitatsklinikum, Freiburg, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Walach, H Rilling, C Engelke, U J-Anxiety-Disord. 2001 Jul-August; 15(4): 359-66 0887-6185
•
Evaluation of an anxiety-related phenotype in galanin overexpressing transgenic mice. Author(s): Section on Behavioral Neuropharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1375, USA.
[email protected] Source: Holmes, A Yang, R J Crawley, J N J-Mol-Neurosci. 2002 Feb-April; 18(1-2): 15165 0895-8696
•
Herb used to treat anxiety now linked to liver damage. Source: Tufts-Univ-health-nutr-lett. New York, NY : Tufts University Health & Nutrition Letter, c1997-. March 2002. volume 20 (1) page 6.
302 Anxiety
•
Interrelationships between anxiety, lifestyle self-reports and fitness in a sample of Hong Kong University students. Author(s): Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
[email protected] Source: Jones, A Y Dean, E Lo, S K Stress. 2002 February; 5(1): 65-71 1025-3890
•
Is there a negative association between anxiety sensitivity and arousal-increasing substances and activities? Author(s): University of Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. Source: McWilliams, L A Asmundson, G J J-Anxiety-Disord. 2001 May-June; 15(3): 16170 0887-6185
•
Kava extract for treating anxiety (Cochrane Review). Author(s): DEPARTMENT OF COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY OF EXETER, 25 VICTORIA PARK ROAD, EXETER, DEVON, UK, EX2 4NT.
[email protected] Source: Pittler, M H Ernst, E Cochrane-Database-Syst-Revolume 2003; (1): CD003383 1469-493X
•
Kava extract for treating anxiety. Author(s): Department of Complementary Medicine, University of Exeter, 25 Victoria Park Road, Exeter, UK, EX2 4NT.
[email protected] Source: Pittler, M H Edzard, E Cochrane-Database-Syst-Revolume 2001; (4): CD003383 1469-493X
•
Number of teeth, body mass index, and dental anxiety in middle-aged Swedish women. Author(s): Department of Body Composition and Metabolism, Goteborg University, Goteborg, Sweden. Source: Forslund, H B Lindroos, A K Blomkvist, K Hakeberg, M Berggren, U Jontell, M Torgerson, J S Acta-Odontol-Scand. 2002 December; 60(6): 346-52 0001-6357
•
Panic attack in a context of comorbid anxiety and depression in a Tibetan refugee. Author(s): Department of Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Source: Jacobson, E Cult-Med-Psychiatry. 2002 June; 26(2): 259-79 0165-005X
•
Use of aromatherapy with hospice patients to decrease pain, anxiety, and depression and to promote an increased sense of well-being. Author(s): Department of Nursing, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA. Source: Louis, M Kowalski, S D Am-J-Hosp-Palliat-Care. 2002 Nov-December; 19(6): 381-6 1049-9091
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
Nutrition 303
•
The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
•
The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
•
The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
•
Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
•
Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
•
Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to anxiety; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation (some Web sites are subscription based): •
Vitamins Niacin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,892,00.html Pantothenic acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,882,00.html
304 Anxiety
Vitamin B Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10067,00.html Vitamin B complex Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,962,00.html Vitamin B3 Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com •
Minerals Buspirone Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Calcium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,884,00.html Calcium/magnesium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,937,00.html Chromium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Clorazepate Dipotassium Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Magnesium Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Magnesium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Magnesium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,890,00.html Selenium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
Nutrition 305
Selenium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10055,00.html •
Food and Diet Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chocolate Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Coffee Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Gluten-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Oats Alternative names: Avena sativa Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Tea Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
307
CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ANXIETY Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to anxiety. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) is a bibliographic database produced by health-related agencies of the U.S. federal government (mostly from the National Institutes of Health) that can offer concise information for a targeted search. The CHID database is updated four times a year at the end of January, April, July, and October. Check the titles, summaries, and availability of CAM-related information by using the “Simple Search” option at the following Web site: http://chid.nih.gov/simple/simple.html. In the drop box at the top, select “Complementary and Alternative Medicine.” Then type “anxiety” (or synonyms) in the second search box. We recommend that you select 100 “documents per page” and to check the “whole records” options. The following was extracted using this technique: •
Music Listening As A Nursing Intervention: A Symphony of Practice Source: Holistic Nursing Practice. 16(3): 70-77. April 2002. Summary: This article presents the use of music listening as an effective, noninvasive intervention designed to assist nurses in creating a healing environment to promote health and well-being. It discusses how music has demonstrated effectiveness in reducing pain, decreasing anxiety, and increasing relaxation. In addition, it provides information about music as a process to distract persons from unpleasant sensations and empower them with the ability to heal from within. The use of music listening as an integral nursing intervention is detailed, along with how to develop a guide for using music listening as a nursing intervention. It identifies six principles of practice: intent, authentic presence, wholeness, preference, entrainment, and situating the client.
308 Anxiety
•
Discussing Complementary Therapies With Cancer Patients: What Should We Be Talking About? (editorial) Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology. 18(3): 2501-2504. July 2000. Summary: This editorial discusses the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by cancer patients and the implications for oncologists. The author highlights findings from two recent studies of CAM use among cancer patients. In the study by M.A. Richardson and colleagues (see AMJA02604), 83 percent of patients across a spectrum of malignancies and disease stages reported using CAM, including 69 percent who used some modality other than spirituality or psychotherapy. In the study by H. Boon and colleagues (see AMJA02603), the prevalence rate for CAM use among breast cancer patients was 67 percent. In both studies, cancer patients used a large number of CAM therapies and did so to improve quality of life, feel hopeful, gain control, and obtain relief from symptoms or side effects of conventional treatment. However, the available data suggest that patients are using CAM in conjunction with, not instead of, standard oncologic care. The author concludes that oncologists should directly ask patients if they are using CAM and what they expect from the CAM therapy. Oncologists also need to better address patients' needs for management of pain, anxiety or mood disorders, sleep disturbance, and other symptoms, and to offer patients greater empowerment and choice by encouraging them to participate more directly in the clinical decision-making process. The article has 19 references.
•
Complementary Therapies: Overview and State of the Art Source: Cancer Nursing. 22(1): 85-90. February 1999. Summary: This journal article provides an overview of the benefits and potential problems of complementary therapies for cancer. The author distinguishes between alternative and complementary therapies, noting that alternative therapies are used instead of conventional cancer treatment, whereas complementary therapies are used as adjuncts to mainstream care. In the author's opinion, alternative therapies can be dangerous clinically and also because their use may delay patient's receipt of mainstream care. The first part of this article reviews the evidence regarding the seven categories of alternative therapies established by the Office of Alternative Medicine. The second part describes the potential benefits of selected complementary therapies for some of the difficulties associated with cancer diagnosis, treatment, and survival including therapies for stress and anxiety, constipation, depression, diarrhea, and nausea. The third part outlines the risks associated with certain herbal products, including products with potentially harmful effects, products that are ineffective, products that are fake or highly contaminated, products with inaccurate labeling, and products based on unverified evidence. The article has 5 references.
•
Why Patients Use Alternative Medicine: Results of a National Study Source: JAMA. Journal of the American Medical Association. 279(19): 1548-1553. May 20, 1998. Summary: This journal article describes a national study of the reasons why patients use alternative medicine. The researchers focused on three theories: (1) patients are dissatisfied in some way with conventional medicine; (2) they believe alternative treatments offer more personal autonomy and control over health care decisions; and (3) they consider alternative therapies to be more compatible with their values, worldview, or beliefs about the nature and meaning of health and illness. Demographic variables and health status also were examined as possible predictors of alternative medicine use.
Alternative Medicine 309
A total of 1,035 individuals randomly selected from a national panel who had agreed to participate in mail surveys completed a written survey. The use of alternative health care was associated with more education, poorer health status, a holistic orientation to health, having had a transformational experience that changed the person's worldview, and classification in a cultural group identifiable by a commitment to environmentalism, commitment to feminism, and interest in spirituality and personal growth psychology. Alternative medicine use also was predicted by the presence of anxiety, back problems, chronic pain, and/or urinary tract problems. Dissatisfaction with conventional medicine did not predict use of alternative medicine. Only 4.4 percent of respondents reported relying primarily on alternative therapies. The article has 5 tables and 34 references. •
Effect of Therapeutic Touch on the Well-Being of Persons With Terminal Cancer Source: Journal of Holistic Nursing. 16(3): 383-398. September 1998. Summary: This journal article describes a study of the effects of therapeutic touch on the well-being of patients with terminal cancer. The participants were 20 inpatients with terminal cancer, ages 38 to 68 years, on the palliative care unit of a university-affiliated Canadian hospital. They were randomly assigned to three treatments with noncontact therapeutic touch (experimental group) or three rest periods (control group) on consecutive days. Both interventions lasted 15 to 20 minutes and took place at approximately the same time of day, 1 hour following a regularly prescribed analgesic. Well-being was assessed before and immediately after the intervention using the WellBeing Scale, a visual analogue scale measuring pain, nausea, depression, anxiety, shortness of breath, activity, appetite, relaxation, and inner peace. The mean well-being score increased significantly in the experimental group compared with the control group over the three intervention sessions. The mean score for the experimental group increased progressively that successive treatments, whereas that of the control group decreased slightly over time. The authors discuss factors which might explain the results, and offer suggestions for further research. The article has 1 figure, 6 tables, and 32 references.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to anxiety and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “anxiety” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to anxiety: •
A 3-year comparison of dental anxiety treatment outcomes: hypnosis, group therapy and individual desensitization vs. no specialist treatment. Author(s): Moore R, Brodsgaard I, Abrahamsen R. Source: European Journal of Oral Sciences. 2002 August; 110(4): 287-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12206590&dopt=Abstract
310 Anxiety
•
A component analysis of cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder and the role of interpersonal problems. Author(s): Borkovec TD, Newman MG, Pincus AL, Lytle R. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2002 April; 70(2): 288-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11952187&dopt=Abstract
•
A controlled trial of music and pre-operative anxiety in Chinese men undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate. Author(s): Yung PM, Chui-Kam S, French P, Chan TM. Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2002 August; 39(4): 352-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12139647&dopt=Abstract
•
A music intervention to reduce anxiety prior to gastrointestinal procedures. Author(s): Hayes A, Buffum M, Lanier E, Rodahl E, Sasso C. Source: Gastroenterology Nursing : the Official Journal of the Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates. 2003 July-August; 26(4): 145-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12920428&dopt=Abstract
•
A pilot study addressing the effect of aromatherapy massage on mood, anxiety and relaxation in adult mental health. Author(s): Edge J. Source: Complementary Therapies in Nursing & Midwifery. 2003 May; 9(2): 90-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12697161&dopt=Abstract
•
A placebo-controlled study of Kava kava in generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Connor KM, Davidson JR. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2002 July; 17(4): 185-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12131602&dopt=Abstract
•
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of classical homeopathy in generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Bonne O, Shemer Y, Gorali Y, Katz M, Shalev AY. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 March; 64(3): 282-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12716269&dopt=Abstract
•
A relaxation training program to increase self-efficacy for anxiety control in Alzheimer family caregivers. Author(s): Fisher PA, Laschinger HS. Source: Holistic Nursing Practice. 2001 January; 15(2): 47-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12119919&dopt=Abstract
Alternative Medicine 311
•
A review of the literature: interventions to maximize capacity to consent and reduce anxiety of women with learning disabilities preparing for a cervical smear test. Author(s): Broughton S. Source: Health Services Management Research : an Official Journal of the Association of University Programs in Health Administration / Hsmc, Aupha. 2002 August; 15(3): 17385. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12184837&dopt=Abstract
•
A systematic review of the safety of kava extract in the treatment of anxiety. Author(s): Stevinson C, Huntley A, Ernst E. Source: Drug Safety : an International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Drug Experience. 2002; 25(4): 251-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11994028&dopt=Abstract
•
Acupuncture treatment for 157 cases of anxiety neurosis. Author(s): Zhang H, Zeng Z, Deng H. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2003 March; 23(1): 55-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12747204&dopt=Abstract
•
Alternative and complementary modalities for managing stress and anxiety. Author(s): Keegan L. Source: Critical Care Nurse. 2000 June; 20(3): 93-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11876219&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety and depression. Natural mood remedies. Author(s): Miller MC. Source: Newsweek. 2002 December 2; 140(23): 70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501517&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is suppressed by chronic treatment of paroxetine in rats. Author(s): Isogawa K, Fujiki M, Akiyoshi J, Tsutsumi T, Horinouchi Y, Kodama K, Nagayama H. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2003 January; 36(1): 7-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12649768&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Author(s): Larzelere MM, Wiseman P. Source: Primary Care. 2002 June; 29(2): 339-60, Vii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12391715&dopt=Abstract
•
Anxiolytic effect of ting-chih-wan in mouse behavior models of anxiety. Author(s): Lin YC, Hsieh MT, Chen CF, Cheng HY, Peng WH.
312 Anxiety
Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2003; 31(1): 47-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12723754&dopt=Abstract •
Auricular acupressure as a treatment for anxiety in prehospital transport settings. Author(s): Kober A, Scheck T, Schubert B, Strasser H, Gustorff B, Bertalanffy P, Wang SM, Kain ZN, Hoerauf K. Source: Anesthesiology. 2003 June; 98(6): 1328-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12766639&dopt=Abstract
•
Botanical medicines for anxiety: do they have a place? Author(s): Davidson J. Source: Current Psychiatry Reports. 2002 August; 4(4): 245-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12126591&dopt=Abstract
•
Brain wave synchronizers: a potential tool for reducing dental stress and anxiety. Author(s): Morse DR. Source: Dent Today. 2000 October; 19(10): 118-20, 122-5. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12524816&dopt=Abstract
•
By the way, doctor. Your article about anxiety in the March 2002 issue neglected to mention the herb kava as a treatment for anxiety. I've been using it, and I thought its effectiveness for anxiety was widely accepted. Why did you omit it? Author(s): Robb-Nicholson C. Source: Harvard Women's Health Watch. 2002 April; 9(8): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11959540&dopt=Abstract
•
Changes in brain cholecystokinin and anxiety-like behavior following exposure of mice to predator odor. Author(s): Hebb AL, Zacharko RM, Dominguez H, Laforest S, Gauthier M, Levac C, Drolet G. Source: Neuroscience. 2003; 116(2): 539-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12559109&dopt=Abstract
•
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder with integrations from interpersonal and experiential therapies. Author(s): Borkovec TD, Newman MG, Castonguay LG. Source: Cns Spectr. 2003 May; 8(5): 382-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12766694&dopt=Abstract
•
Conquering dysfunctional anxiety: what you say to yourself matters! Author(s): Lyon BL.
Alternative Medicine 313
Source: Reflect Nurs Leadersh. 2000; 26(4): 33-5, 45. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11987388&dopt=Abstract •
Coping with anxiety. Author(s): Kalb C. Source: Newsweek. 2003 February 24; 141(8): 50-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12800598&dopt=Abstract
•
Curbing test anxiety. Author(s): Fitzgerald MA. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2002 July; 10(7): 18. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12420544&dopt=Abstract
•
Decreased CCK(B) receptor binding in rat amygdala in animals demonstrating greater anxiety-like behavior. Author(s): Wunderlich GR, Raymond R, DeSousa NJ, Nobrega JN, Vaccarino FJ. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2002 November; 164(2): 193-9. Epub 2002 August 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12404082&dopt=Abstract
•
Depression and anxiety in older women. Author(s): Goldstein MZ. Source: Primary Care. 2002 March; 29(1): 69-80, Vi. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11856659&dopt=Abstract
•
Depression, anxiety and quality of life: outcome 9 months after facial cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Meningaud JP, Benadiba L, Servant JM, Herve C, Bertrand JC, Pelicier Y. Source: Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery : Official Publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. 2003 February; 31(1): 46-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12553927&dopt=Abstract
•
Differential relationships between anxiety and treatment-associated pain reduction among male and female chronic pain patients. Author(s): Edwards R, Augustson E, Fillingim R. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2003 July-August; 19(4): 208-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12840614&dopt=Abstract
•
Does religious psychotherapy improve anxiety and depression in religious adults? A review of randomized controlled studies. Author(s): Berry D.
314 Anxiety
Source: Int J Psychiatr Nurs Res. 2002 October; 8(1): 875-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12448875&dopt=Abstract •
Dynamics of acoustical evoked potentials on a background of habituation to verbal stimulus in persons with different individual anxiety levels. Author(s): Savostyanov AN, Illjutchenok RJ, Savostyanova DA. Source: Acta Biol Hung. 2002; 53(4): 575-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501939&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of acute treatment with a water-alcohol extract of Erythrina mulungu on anxiety-related responses in rats. Author(s): Onusic GM, Nogueira RL, Pereira AM, Viana MB. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 2002 April; 35(4): 473-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11960198&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of music on anxiety of women awaiting breast biopsy. Author(s): Haun M, Mainous RO, Looney SW. Source: Behavioral Medicine (Washington, D.C.). 2001 Fall; 27(3): 127-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11985186&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of pre-instruction on anxiety levels of patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging examination. Author(s): Selim MA. Source: East Mediterr Health J. 2001 May; 7(3): 519-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12690774&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of valepotriates (valerian extract) in generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study. Author(s): Andreatini R, Sartori VA, Seabra ML, Leite JR. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 November; 16(7): 650-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410546&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of a traditional herbal supplement on anxiety in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Mills PJ, Farag NH, Newton RP, Parry BL. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2002 August; 22(4): 443-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12172353&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of animal-assisted therapy on patients' anxiety, fear, and depression before ECT. Author(s): Barker SB, Pandurangi AK, Best AM.
Alternative Medicine 315
Source: The Journal of Ect. 2003 March; 19(1): 38-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12621276&dopt=Abstract •
Effects of massage on pain and anxiety during labour: a randomized controlled trial in Taiwan. Author(s): Chang MY, Wang SY, Chen CH. Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2002 April; 38(1): 68-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11895532&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of music on patient anxiety. Author(s): Mok E, Wong KY. Source: Aorn Journal. 2003 February; 77(2): 396-7, 401-6, 409-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12619853&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of patient-controlled music therapy during coronary angiography on procedural pain and anxiety distress syndrome. Author(s): Bally K, Campbell D, Chesnick K, Tranmer JE. Source: Critical Care Nurse. 2003 April; 23(2): 50-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12725195&dopt=Abstract
•
Evidence for disturbed cortical signal processing and altered serotonergic neurotransmission in generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Senkowski D, Linden M, Zubragel D, Bar T, Gallinat J. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2003 February 15; 53(4): 304-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12586449&dopt=Abstract
•
Generalized anxiety and depression in primary care: prevalence, recognition, and management. Author(s): Wittchen HU, Kessler RC, Beesdo K, Krause P, Hofler M, Hoyer J. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002; 63 Suppl 8: 24-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12044105&dopt=Abstract
•
Generalized anxiety disorder in primary care: emerging issues in management and treatment. Author(s): Culpepper L. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002; 63 Suppl 8: 35-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12044106&dopt=Abstract
•
Generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Gale CK, Oakley-Browne M.
316 Anxiety
Source: American Family Physician. 2003 January 1; 67(1): 135-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12537176&dopt=Abstract •
Interrelationships between anxiety, lifestyle self-reports and fitness in a sample of Hong Kong University students. Author(s): Jones AY, Dean E, Lo SK. Source: Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2002 February; 5(1): 65-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12171769&dopt=Abstract
•
Kava extract for treating anxiety. Author(s): Pittler MH, Ernst E. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (1): Cd003383. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12535473&dopt=Abstract
•
Kava extract for treating anxiety. Author(s): Pittler MH, Ernst E. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (2): Cd003383. Review. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12076477&dopt=Abstract
•
Kava-Kava administration reduces anxiety in perimenopausal women. Author(s): Cagnacci A, Arangino S, Renzi A, Zanni AL, Malmusi S, Volpe A. Source: Maturitas. 2003 February 25; 44(2): 103-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12590005&dopt=Abstract
•
Kava-kava and anxiety: growing knowledge about the efficacy and safety. Author(s): Bilia AR, Gallon S, Vincieri FF. Source: Life Sciences. 2002 April 19; 70(22): 2581-97. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12269386&dopt=Abstract
•
Kava-Kava extract LI 150 is as effective as Opipramol and Buspirone in Generalised Anxiety Disorder--an 8-week randomized, double-blind multi-centre clinical trial in 129 out-patients. Author(s): Boerner RJ, Sommer H, Berger W, Kuhn U, Schmidt U, Mannel M. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2003; 10 Suppl 4: 38-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12807341&dopt=Abstract
•
Long-lasting changes in stress-induced corticosterone response and anxiety-like behaviors as a consequence of neonatal maternal separation in Long-Evans rats. Author(s): Kalinichev M, Easterling KW, Plotsky PM, Holtzman SG.
Alternative Medicine 317
Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 2002 August; 73(1): 131-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12076732&dopt=Abstract •
Mindfulness meditation, anxiety reduction, and heart disease: a pilot study. Author(s): Tacon AM, McComb J, Caldera Y, Randolph P. Source: Family & Community Health. 2003 January-March; 26(1): 25-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12802125&dopt=Abstract
•
Music versus distraction for procedural pain and anxiety in patients with cancer. Author(s): Kwekkeboom KL. Source: Oncology Nursing Forum. 2003 May-June; 30(3): 433-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12719743&dopt=Abstract
•
Panic attack in a context of comorbid anxiety and depression in a Tibetan refugee. Author(s): Jacobson E. Source: Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry. 2002 June; 26(2): 259-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12211327&dopt=Abstract
•
Postconcussional disorder following mild to moderate traumatic brain injury: anxiety, depression, and social support as risk factors and comorbidities. Author(s): McCauley SR, Boake C, Levin HS, Contant CF, Song JX. Source: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2001 December; 23(6): 792-808. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11910545&dopt=Abstract
•
Preliminary report on the use of Reiki HIV-related pain and anxiety. Author(s): Miles P. Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2003 March-April; 9(2): 36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12652881&dopt=Abstract
•
Preventing anxiety and depression in gynaecological cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Author(s): Petersen RW, Quinlivan JA. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 April; 109(4): 386-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12013159&dopt=Abstract
•
Quantifying fear potentiated startle using absolute versus proportional increase scoring methods: implications for the neurocircuitry of fear and anxiety. Author(s): Walker DL, Davis M. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2002 November; 164(3): 318-28. Epub 2002 September 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12424556&dopt=Abstract
318 Anxiety
•
Receptor binding and drug modulation in anxiety. Author(s): Malizia AL. Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002 December; 12(6): 567-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12468019&dopt=Abstract
•
Reduced anxiety-- and depression-like behaviors in Emx1 homozygous mutant mice. Author(s): Cao BJ, Li Y. Source: Brain Research. 2002 May 24; 937(1-2): 32-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12020859&dopt=Abstract
•
Relaxation and imagery for anxiety and depression control in community patients with advanced cancer. Author(s): Sloman R. Source: Cancer Nursing. 2002 December; 25(6): 432-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12464834&dopt=Abstract
•
Review: eye movement desensitization and reprocessing is not better than exposure therapies for anxiety or trauma. Author(s): Salkovskis P. Source: Evidence-Based Mental Health. 2002 February; 5(1): 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11915816&dopt=Abstract
•
Self-care management of anxiety and fear in HIV disease. Author(s): Kemppainen JK, Holzemer WL, Nokes K, Eller LS, Corless IB, Bunch EH, Kirksey KM, Goodroad BK, Portillo CJ, Chou FY. Source: The Journal of the Association of Nurses in Aids Care : Janac. 2003 March-April; 14(2): 21-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12698763&dopt=Abstract
•
Self-help and minimal-contact therapies for anxiety disorders: Is human contact necessary for therapeutic efficacy? Author(s): Newman MG, Erickson T, Przeworski A, Dzus E. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2003 March; 59(3): 251-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12579544&dopt=Abstract
•
Self-hypnosis for anxiety associated with severe asthma: a case report. Author(s): Anbar RD. Source: Bmc Pediatrics [electronic Resource]. 2003 July 22; 3(1): 7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12875663&dopt=Abstract
Alternative Medicine 319
•
Separation anxiety in dogs. The function of homeostasis in its development and treatment. Author(s): Appleby D, Pluijmakers J. Source: The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice. 2003 March; 33(2): 321-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12701515&dopt=Abstract
•
Separation anxiety syndrome in dogs and cats. Author(s): Schwartz S. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003 June 1; 222(11): 1526-32. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12784957&dopt=Abstract
•
Sex differences in anxiety, sensorimotor gating and expression of the alpha4 subunit of the GABAA receptor in the amygdala after progesterone withdrawal. Author(s): Gulinello M, Orman R, Smith SS. Source: The European Journal of Neuroscience. 2003 February; 17(3): 641-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12581182&dopt=Abstract
•
Somatization, anxiety and depression in a drug-free residential therapeutic community. Author(s): Metrikin AS, Galanter M, Dermatis H, Bunt G. Source: The American Journal on Addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions. 2003 January-February; 12(1): 60-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12623741&dopt=Abstract
•
Songwriting and digital video production interventions for pediatric patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation, part I: an analysis of depression and anxiety levels according to phase of treatment. Author(s): Robb SL, Ebberts AG. Source: Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing : Official Journal of the Association of Pediatric Oncology Nurses. 2003 January-February; 20(1): 2-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12569430&dopt=Abstract
•
Staff development, anxiety and relaxation techniques: a pilot study in an acute psychiatric inpatient setting. Author(s): Dodd H, Wellman N. Source: Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 2000 October; 7(5): 443-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11933471&dopt=Abstract
•
Suppression of alcohol-cessation-oriented hyper-anxiety by the benzoflavone moiety of Passiflora incarnata Linneaus in mice. Author(s): Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A.
320 Anxiety
Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 July; 81(2): 239-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12065157&dopt=Abstract •
The acceptability of the use of sedation in the management of dental anxiety in children: views of dental students. Author(s): Newton JT, Naidu R, Sturmey P. Source: European Journal of Dental Education : Official Journal of the Association for Dental Education in Europe. 2003 May; 7(2): 72-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12823521&dopt=Abstract
•
The changing patterns of drinking, illicit drug use, stress, anxiety and depression in dental students in a UK dental school: a longitudinal study. Author(s): Newbury-Birch D, Lowry RJ, Kamali F. Source: British Dental Journal. 2002 June 15; 192(11): 646-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12108944&dopt=Abstract
•
The effect of progressive muscle relaxation training on anxiety and quality of life after stoma surgery in colorectal cancer patients. Author(s): Cheung YL, Molassiotis A, Chang AM. Source: Psycho-Oncology. 2003 April-May; 12(3): 254-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12673809&dopt=Abstract
•
The effect of self-selected music during colonoscopy on anxiety, heart rate, and blood pressure. Author(s): Smolen D, Topp R, Singer L. Source: Applied Nursing Research : Anr. 2002 August; 15(3): 126-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12173164&dopt=Abstract
•
The effects of auditory perception and musicalpreference on anxiety in naive human subjects. Author(s): Salamon E, Bernstein SR, Kim SA, Kim M, Stefano GB. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2003 September; 9(9): Cr396-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12960929&dopt=Abstract
•
The effects of homeopathic Argentum nitricum on test anxiety. Author(s): Baker DG, Myers SP, Howden I, Brooks L. Source: Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2003 June; 11(2): 65-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12801490&dopt=Abstract
•
The effects of music intervention on anxiety in the patient waiting for cardiac catheterization. Author(s): Hamel WJ.
Alternative Medicine 321
Source: Intensive & Critical Care Nursing : the Official Journal of the British Association of Critical Care Nurses. 2001 October; 17(5): 279-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11866419&dopt=Abstract •
The impact of a computer network on pediatric pain and anxiety: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Author(s): Holden G, Bearison DJ, Rode DC, Kapiloff MF, Rosenberg G, Rosenzweig J. Source: Soc Work Health Care. 2002; 36(2): 21-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12555825&dopt=Abstract
•
The nootropic properties of ginseng saponin Rb1 are linked to effects on anxiety. Author(s): Churchill JD, Gerson JL, Hinton KA, Mifek JL, Walter MJ, Winslow CL, Deyo RA. Source: Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science : the Official Journal of the Pavlovian Society. 2002 July-September; 37(3): 178-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12435210&dopt=Abstract
•
The role of aromatherapy massage in reducing anxiety in patients with malignant brain tumours. Author(s): Hadfield N. Source: International Journal of Palliative Nursing. 2001 June; 7(6): 279-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12066022&dopt=Abstract
•
The science of anxiety. Why do we worry ourselves sick? Because the brain is hardwired for fear, and sometimes it short-circuits. Author(s): Gorman C. Source: Time. 2002 June 10; 159(23): 46-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12066497&dopt=Abstract
•
The soya isoflavone content of rat diet can increase anxiety and stress hormone release in the male rat. Author(s): Hartley DE, Edwards JE, Spiller CE, Alom N, Tucci S, Seth P, Forsling ML, File SE. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2003 April; 167(1): 46-53. Epub 2003 March 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12618915&dopt=Abstract
•
Therapeutic play and the impact on anxiety in hospitalized children. Author(s): Bowmer N. Source: Ky Nurse. 2002 January-March; 50(1): 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11859557&dopt=Abstract
•
Therapeutic potential of kava in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Author(s): Singh YN, Singh NN.
322 Anxiety
Source: Cns Drugs. 2002; 16(11): 731-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12383029&dopt=Abstract •
Therapies to reduce stress and anxiety. Author(s): Keegan L. Source: Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America. 2003 September; 15(3): 321-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12943138&dopt=Abstract
•
Trait anxiety and sleep-onset insomnia: evaluation of treatment using anxiety management training. Author(s): Viens M, De Koninck J, Mercier P, St-Onge M, Lorrain D. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2003 January; 54(1): 31-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12505553&dopt=Abstract
•
Treating depression comorbid with anxiety--results of an open, practice-oriented study with St John's wort WS 5572 and valerian extract in high doses. Author(s): Muller D, Pfeil T, von den Driesch V. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2003; 10 Suppl 4: 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12807339&dopt=Abstract
•
Treating generalised anxiety disorder. Author(s): Tonks A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 March 29; 326(7391): 700-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663409&dopt=Abstract
•
Treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Author(s): Gorman JM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002; 63 Suppl 8: 17-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12044104&dopt=Abstract
•
Urocortin-deficient mice show hearing impairment and increased anxiety-like behavior. Author(s): Vetter DE, Li C, Zhao L, Contarino A, Liberman MC, Smith GW, Marchuk Y, Koob GF, Heinemann SF, Vale W, Lee KF. Source: Nature Genetics. 2002 August; 31(4): 363-9. Epub 2002 July 01. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12091910&dopt=Abstract
•
Use of aromatherapy with hospice patients to decrease pain, anxiety, and depression and to promote an increased sense of well-being. Author(s): Louis M, Kowalski SD.
Alternative Medicine 323
Source: Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2002 November-December; 19(6): 381-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12442972&dopt=Abstract •
Using guided imagery to reduce pain and anxiety. Author(s): Ackerman CJ, Turkoski B. Source: Home Healthcare Nurse. 2000 September; 18(8): 524-30; Quiz 531. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11951305&dopt=Abstract
•
You are what you eat: stress, survival anxiety, the environment, and chemical “obesogens”. Author(s): Jobst KA. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2002 April; 8(2): 101-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12006115&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
•
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
•
Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
•
drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
•
HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to anxiety; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation (some Web sites are subscription based):
324 Anxiety
•
General Overview AIDS and HIV Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alcohol Withdrawal Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Alcoholism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alzheimer's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alzheimer's Disease, Non-Alzheimer's Dementia, and Normal Age-Related Memory Loss Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Angina Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Angioedema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anorexia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anxiety Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Anxiety Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anxiety Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anxiety and Panic Attacks Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Asthma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bipolar Disorder Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Breast Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine 325
Breast Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bulimia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Burns Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Candidiasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Canker Sores Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cardiac Arrhythmia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Celiac Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Common Cold Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Constipation Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Dementia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression (Mild to Moderate) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Dermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
326 Anxiety
Dysmenorrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eating Disorders Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Eating Disorders, Anorexia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eating Disorders, Bulimia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eczema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fibrocystic Breast Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Fibromyalgia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Fibromyalgia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gallstones Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gout Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heartburn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hemophilia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Blood Pressure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com HIV and AIDS Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hyperparathyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine 327
Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hyperthyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypochondriasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypoglycemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hypoglycemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypoparathyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insect Bites and Stings Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insomnia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Insomnia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insomnia Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Irritable Bowel Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Low Blood Sugar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lupus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lyme Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Malabsorption Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Menopausal Symptoms (Other Than Osteoporosis) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
328 Anxiety
Menopause Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Menopause Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menstrual Pain Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mitral Valve Prolapse Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Motion Sickness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pain Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pericarditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Photodermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com PMS Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com PMS Alternative names: Premenstrual Stress Syndrome Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Premenstrual Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Premenstrual Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Proctitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostate Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostatitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com PTSD Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine 329
Pulmonary Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rectal Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Restless Legs Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Rubella Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Schizophrenia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Seasonal Affective Disorder Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Senile Dementia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sexual Dysfunction Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Shock Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sleeplessness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stress Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sunburn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tension Headache Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Tension Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thyroid Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thyroiditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
330 Anxiety
Ulcerative Colitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vertigo Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Wounds Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Yeast Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Alternative Therapy Acupressure Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,662,00.html Alexander technique Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,665,00.html Aromatherapy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aromatherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,664,00.html Autoregulation Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/a.html Ayurveda Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ayurveda Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,672,00.html Bach flower remedies Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,673,00.html Biofeedback Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine 331
Biofeedback Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,675,00.html Dance therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,687,00.html Deep Emotional Release Bodywork Alternative names: D.E.R.B. Deep Emotional Cellular Release Bodywork Deep Emotional Release Bodywork System Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/d.html Guided imagery Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,699,00.html Herbal Medicine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Homeopathy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hydrotherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,705,00.html Hypnotherapy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypnotherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,706,00.html Light therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,713,00.html Massage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
332 Anxiety
Massage therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,716,00.html Meditation Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,717,00.html Mind&Body Medicine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Music therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,719,00.html Naturopathy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,722,00.html Prayer Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,728,00.html Psychology of evil Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/p.html Qigong Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,729,00.html Reflexology Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,730,00.html Reiki Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,731,00.html Relaxation Techniques Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine 333
Repressed memory therapy Alternative names: RMT Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/r.html Tai Chi Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tai chi Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,737,00.html Therapeutic Touch Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Therapeutic touch Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,739,00.html Traditional Chinese Medicine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Trager approach Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,741,00.html Yoga Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Yoga Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,746,00.html •
Chinese Medicine Hehuanhua Alternative names: Albizia Flower; Flos Albiziae Source: Chinese Materia Medica
•
Homeopathy Aconitum napellus Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
334 Anxiety
Argentum nitricum Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Arsenicum album Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Calcarea carbonica Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Gelsemium Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Ignatia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Kali phosophoricum Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Lycopodium Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Phosphorus Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pulsatilla Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Silicea (Silica) Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com •
Herbs and Supplements 5-HTP Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com 5-HTP (5-Hydroxytryptophan) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com 5-Hydroxytryptophan Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Adrenal Extract Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Alprazolam Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine 335
American Scullcap Alternative names: Scutellaria lateriflora Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Antidepressants Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Apium graveolens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arctostaphylos uva ursi Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ashwagandha Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ava Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Barbiturates Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Bearberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beargrape Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Benzodiazepines Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Black Cohosh Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Blue Vervain Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Brahmi Alternative names: Centella asiatica , Centella, March Pennywort, Indian Pennywort, Hydrocotyle, Brahmi (Sanskrit), Luei Gong Gen (Chinese)(Note: Gotu kola should not be confused with kola nut.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Brahmi Alternative names: Indian Pennywort Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calendula Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
336 Anxiety
Camellia sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Celery Seed Alternative names: Apium graveolens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Centella Alternative names: Gotu Kola Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Centella Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Centella asiatica Alternative names: Centella asiatica , Centella, March Pennywort, Indian Pennywort, Hydrocotyle, Brahmi (Sanskrit), Luei Gong Gen (Chinese)(Note: Gotu kola should not be confused with kola nut.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Centella asiatica Alternative names: Gotu Kola Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chamomile Alternative names: Matricaria recutita Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chamomile Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,766,00.html Crataegus Alternative names: Hawthorn; Crataegus oxyacantha L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Damiana Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca English Lavendar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ephedra Alternative names: Ephedra sinica, Ephedra intermedia, Ephedra equisetina Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine 337
Ephedra Alternative names: Ephedra sinensis, Ma huang Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ephedra (Ma huang) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,777,00.html Ephedra sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com French Lavendar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com GABA Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10027,00.html GABA (Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid) Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Gamma Oryzanol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ginkgo Alternative names: Ginkgo biloba Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Ginkgo Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Ginkgo biloba Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,788,00.html Glutamine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10030,00.html Gotu Kola Alternative names: Centella asiatica , Centella, March Pennywort, Indian Pennywort, Hydrocotyle, Brahmi (Sanskrit), Luei Gong Gen (Chinese)(Note: Gotu kola should not be confused with kola nut.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
338 Anxiety
Gotu Kola Alternative names: Brahmi Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Green Tea Alternative names: Camellia sinensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Green Tea Alternative names: Camellia sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Guaraná Alternative names: Paullinia cupana Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Gugulipid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10033,00.html HMB (Hydroxymethyl Butyrate) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hops Alternative names: Humulus lupulus Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hops Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hops Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Hydrocotyle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hydrocotyle Alternative names: Gotu Kola Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hydroxyzine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hypericum perforatum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hyssop Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca
Alternative Medicine 339
Indian Pennywort Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Indian Pennywort Alternative names: Gotu Kola Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Inositol Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Inositol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Kava Alternative names: Piper methysticum Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Kava Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Kava Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,798,00.html Kava Kava Alternative names: Piper methysticum, Ava Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Klamathweed Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lavandula Alternative names: Lavender; Lavandula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Lavandula angustifolia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lavender Alternative names: Lavandula angustifolia, English Lavendar, French Lavendar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lavender Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,799,00.html
340 Anxiety
Lemon Balm Alternative names: Melissa officinalis, Melissa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Linden Alternative names: Tilia spp. Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Ma huang Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mad-dog Skullcap Alternative names: Skullcap Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mad-dog Skullcap Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Marsh Pennywort Alternative names: Gotu Kola Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Marsh Pennywort Alternative names: Centella asiatica , Centella, March Pennywort, Indian Pennywort, Hydrocotyle, Brahmi (Sanskrit), Luei Gong Gen (Chinese)(Note: Gotu kola should not be confused with kola nut.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Melatonin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Melatonin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Melatonin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Melissa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Melissa Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Melissa officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mentha x piperita Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mixed Amphetamines Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine 341
Motherwort Alternative names: Leonurus cardiaca Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Motherwort Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca NADH Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10047,00.html Oxazepam Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Passiflora Alternative names: Passion Flower; Passiflora alata L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Passiflora incarnata Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Passiflora incarnata Alternative names: Passionflower Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Passion Flower Alternative names: Passiflora incarnata Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Passionflower Alternative names: Passiflora incarnata Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Passionflower Alternative names: Passiflora incarnata Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Passionflower Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Pennyroyal Alternative names: Hedeoma pulegoides, Mentha pulegium Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Peppermint Alternative names: Mentha x piperita Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phenylalanine
342 Anxiety
Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phenylalanine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Piper Alternative names: Kava; Piper methysticum Forst.f Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Piper methysticum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pregnenolone Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Propranolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Rosmarinus Alternative names: Rosemary; Rosmarinus officinalis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Rue Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) Alternative names: SAMe Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com SAMe Alternative names: S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com SAMe Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com SAMe (S-adenosylmethionine) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,818,00.html Scutellaria lateriflora Alternative names: Skullcap Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine 343
Scutellaria lateriflora Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Siberian ginseng Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,821,00.html Skullcap Alternative names: Scutellaria lateriflora, Mad-dog Skullcap Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Skullcap Alternative names: Mad-dog Skullcap Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Skullcap Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com St. John’s Wort Alternative names: Hypericum perforatum Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com St. John's Wort Alternative names: Hypericum perforatum, Klamathweed Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com St. John's Wort Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com ST. JOHN'S WORT Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca St. John's wort Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,824,00.html Suma Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Uva Ursi Alternative names: Arctostaphylos uva ursi, Bearberry, Beargrape Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Valerian Alternative names: Valeriana officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
344 Anxiety
Valerian Alternative names: Valeriana officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Valerian Alternative names: Valeriana officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Valerian Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Valerian Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Valerian Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10064,00.html Valeriana Alternative names: Valerian; Valeriana officinalis Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Valeriana officinalis Alternative names: Valerian Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Valeriana officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Wild Cherry Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Wood Betony Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Yohimbe Alternative names: Pausinystalia yohimbe Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Yohimbe Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Yohimbe Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,830,00.html
Alternative Medicine 345
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
347
CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ANXIETY Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to anxiety. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “anxiety” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on anxiety, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Anxiety ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to anxiety. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
A Biofeedback/cognitive-behavioral Treatment Model for Women with Public Speaking Anxiety by Hickerson, Jane Clayton, Phd from The University of Texas at Arlington, 1997, 175 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9804668
•
A Case Study Comparing the Effects of Student-directed Testing (s-dt) and Teacherdirected Testing (t-dt) on Test Anxiety, Academic Achievement, and Course Satisfaction by Pack, Don Armond, Edd from University of Louisville, 1999, 193 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9926494
•
A Case Study of Writing Anxiety in Pedagogical Staff Developers (teacher Training) by Mosca, Johanna Charlotte, Phd from New York University, 1994, 182 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9603293
•
A Cognitive Modification Program for the Reduction of Test Anxiety by Smithywillis, Deborrah Lynn, Edd from Texas Tech University, 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f1027974
348 Anxiety
•
A Cognitive Strategies Framework for Domain-integrated Process-oriented Library Instruction: the Effects on Research Process Orientation, Library Anxiety, Attitudes, and Research Products of College Students by Zahner, Jane Elizabeth, Phd from The Florida State University, 1992, 171 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9306070
•
A Combined Systematic Desensitization and Electromyograph Biofeedback Technique for Controlling State Anxiety and Improving Gross Motor Skill Performance. by Teague, Michael Lee, Edd from University of Northern Colorado, 1976, 128 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7623196
•
A Comparative Analysis of Anxiety Levels Experienced by Adult Education Students and Regular Education Students in Selected Detroit Public Extended Day Schools (michigan) by Loundmon, Queen Brame, Phd from Wayne State University, 1992, 137 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9310687
•
A Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Relaxation Techniques on Trait and State Anxiety in Public Speaking Situations by Halvorson, Sandra K., Phd from The Florida State University, 1993, 167 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9332305
•
A Comparative Analysis of Two Treatment Methodologies for Anxiety Reduction. by King, Kevin William, Edd from The University of Tennessee, 1974, 111 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7503613
•
A Comparative and Interpretive Study of the Effects of Traditional Multiple-choice Assessment with Generative Alternative Assessment on State Anxiety and Mathematics Achievement of Sixth Grade Students by Natali, Michele; Edd from St. John's University, School of Education and Human Services, 2001, 169 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3008887
•
A Comparative Examination of Anxiety, Guilt, Prejudice and Loneliness in Selected Scriptural and Psychological Writings by Meredith, Charles P., Phd from The Florida State University, 1970, 283 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7309384
•
A Comparative Study of Anxiety Levels in Traditional and Non-traditional Undergraduate Nursing Students in Tennessee by Hight, Lisa Jane, Edd from The University of Memphis, 1996, 93 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9633855
•
A Comparative Study of Anxiety Reduction Through Information and Behavior Modeling Strategies in Patient Education in a Dental Setting by Dontamsetti, Prabhukumar V., Phd from The University of Iowa, 1981, 107 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8123311
•
A Comparative Study of Stress and Coping Skills among Learning-disabled and Regular Education Students (school Anxiety) by Davenport, Natalie Ruth, Phd from Iowa State University, 1991, 95 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9126188
•
A Comparative Study of the Anxiety Levels of Gifted, Learning-disabled Gifted, and Learning-disabled College Students by Yssel, Hendrina Francina, Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1992, 64 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9239753
Dissertations 349
•
A Comparative Study of the Anxiety, Burnout and Mood of Three Social Worker Populations (stress) by Wheeler, Joan, Dsw from Adelphi University, School of Social Work, 1987, 159 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8702949
•
A Comparative Study of the Effectiveness of Attention Control Training and a Condensed Version of Progressive Relaxation in Controlling and Reducing Test Anxiety Experienced by Graduate Students by Donnelly, John Patrick, Phd from United States International University, 1988, 138 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8819612
•
A Comparative Study of the Reactions of High-anxious, Middle-anxious, and Lowanxious Individuals to Exertion Using the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale and Selected Physiological Parameters by Rees, Janet S., Phd from The University of Utah, 1969, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7003388
•
A Comparative Study of Three Group Counseling Techniques for Reducing Test Anxiety. by Horne, Arthur M., Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1971, 162 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7205372
•
A Comparative Study of Three Self-management Training Modes to Reduce Test Anxiety. by Headrick, Mary Frances, Edd from East Texas State University, 1977, 262 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7805467
•
A Comparative Study of Three Therapeutic Techniques in the Modification of Anxiety Behavior in Instrumental Music Performance by Lund, Darrell Roy, Phd from The University of Utah, 1972, 120 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7223026
•
A Comparative Study Utilizing a Cognitive Relabeling Technique and Physical Activity in the Management of Anxiety by Lewis, Shirley Jeane, Phd from University of Southern California, 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f2133429
•
A Comparison among Selected Groups of Day Care Directors Examining Their Levels of Death Anxiety and Responses to Simulated Death Situations by Blythe, Barbara Jean Wirth, Edd from University of North Texas, 1980, 166 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8109340
•
A Comparison between Mothers of Failure-to-thrive and Thriving Infants on Measures of Social Support, Stress, Depression, Anxiety, Intergenerational Factors, and Mother-infant Interaction (nonorganic, Maltreatment, Psychosocial Ftt, Nutritional Abuse, Neg by O'regan, Mary K. W., Dsw from The University of Utah, 1985, 549 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8527097
•
A Comparison of Adult Children of Alcoholic Families with Adult Children from Nonalcoholic Families on Depression, Self-esteem, and Anxiety (adult Children of Alcoholics) by Dodd, David Tennyson, Ii, Phd from University of North Texas, 1990, 75 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9114107
350 Anxiety
•
A Comparison of Agoraphobics, Anxiety Neurotics, and Depressive Neurotics Using the Mmpi and the Beck Depression Inventory by Jasin, Susan Elizabeth, Phd from Temple University, 1981, 155 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8210578
•
A Comparison of Anxiety Management Training and Cognitive Restructuring in the Treatment of Test Anxiety by Clearage, Doris Kathleen, Edd from West Virginia University, 1987, 145 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8810718
•
A Comparison of Anxiety Management Training and Interpersonal Skills Training for Socially Anxious College Students. by Hill, Evelyn Hammond, Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1976, 132 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7703915
•
A Comparison of Anxiety Management Training, Study Skills Training And, a Combination of Anxiety Management Training and Study Skills Training in the Treatment of Test-anxious College Students by Overton, James Martin, Phd from University of South Carolina, 1982, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8228526
•
A Comparison of Characteristics of School Behavior and Anxiety of Military Dependent Children and Non-military Children with Fathers Present or Absent (elementary School) by Murphy, Mary Julia, Phd from University of Georgia, 1986, 103 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8621672
•
A Comparison of Cognitive Restructuring and Progressive Relaxation in Test Anxiety Reduction. by Hahnloser, Rudolf Max, Phd from University of Oregon, 1974, 94 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7418897
•
A Comparison of Cognitive Therapy Plus Study Skills with Systematic Desensitization Plus Study Skills in the Treatment of Test Anxiety by Dogariu, Joseph Gregory, Phd from Wayne State University, 1991, 188 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9127219
•
A Comparison of Counselor Administered and Tape-recorded Relaxation Training on Decreasing Target and Non-target Anxiety in Elementary School Children by Smead, Rosemarie, Edd from Auburn University, 1981, 145 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8119558
•
A Comparison of Death Anxiety Levels of Teachers of Death Education with Teachers of Health Education by Herzstein, Joseph N., Edd from Temple University, 1988, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8812597
•
A Comparison of Effectiveness of Group Assertive Training and Self-esteem Enhancement Group Therapy in Decreasing Anxiety, Depression and Aggression While Concurrently Increasing Assertiveness and Self-esteem by Martinez, Manuel, Phd from University of Colorado at Boulder, 1981, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8200805
•
A Comparison of Emg Biofeedback and Guided Imagery upon Anxiety Reduction in High-risk College Students by Brusman, Maynard M., Edd from Northern Arizona University, 1985, 92 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8517605
Dissertations 351
•
A Comparison of Emg Feedback and Alternative Anxiety Treatment Programs by Hiebert, Bryan A; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK43436
•
A Comparison of Implosion and Desensitization in Group Treatments of Test Anxiety by Mulder, George, Phd from University of Southern California, 1971, 106 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7200574
•
A Comparison of Institutionalized Female Offenders with Non-offender Females According to Vocational Self-concept, Acquiescent Response Style, and Vocational Anxiety. by Fondren, David Lewis, Phd from The University of Southern Mississippi, 1976, 62 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7623006
•
A Comparison of Judo, Tae Kwon Do, and Selected Physical Activities on Personality Factors, Attitude toward Physical Education, and Anxiety by Beard, Daniel Howard, Edd from University of Arkansas, 1982, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8323178
•
A Comparison of Levels of Burnout, Stress, and Manifest Anxiety in Full-time Teachers Who Are Doctoral Candidates and Full-time Teachers Not Enrolled in Higher Education (pressures, Self-concept, Graduate Study) by Hall, Judith Lynne Elliott, Phd from Texas Woman's University, 1984, 93 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8502651
•
A Comparison of Medical Hypnoanalysis and Cognitive Hypnotherapy for Treatment of Agoraphobia, Panic Disorder and Severe Anxiety (hypnotherapy) by Scott, John Atwood, Jr., Edd from Memphis State University, 1991, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9127656
•
A Comparison of Modified Anxiety Management Training with Music Versus Modified Anxiety Management Training without Music on Academic Achievement, Self-esteem and State Anxiety of High School Students by Vaughn, Sharla J., Edd from University of Arkansas, 1989, 111 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8925760
•
A Comparison of Normal and Disabled Readers in Elementary School on Intellectual, Self-esteem, and Anxiety Factors by Pih, Grace Fung, Phd from University of Georgia, 1984, 125 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8504631
•
A Comparison of Progressive Relaxation, Diazepam, and Placebo Drug in the Reduction of Anxiety, and As Adjuncts in the Treatment of Small Animal Phobics by Flooding by John, Rodney; Phd from Concordia University (canada), 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK49629
•
A Comparison of Rational Restructuring and Anxiety Management Training As Treatment of Mathematics Anxiety and Improving Performance in Mathematics in College Students (performance Improvement) by Vance, William Richmond, Jr., Phd from Mississippi State University, 1992, 105 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9237071
•
A Comparison of Reading Comprehension in Electronic Vs. Printed Media and Computer Anxiety: Relation of Intent to Use Cyber Counseling by Pemberton, Charles B. Edd from University of Louisville, 2001, 84 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3015273
352 Anxiety
•
A Comparison of Relationship Counseling and Relationship Counseling Combined with Modified Systematic Desensitization in Reducing Test Anxiety in Middle School Pupils by Lester, Bruce Gerald, Edd from University of Virginia, 1973, 86 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7324998
•
A Comparison of School Achievement, Self-esteem, Anxiety, and Trust in Open and Traditional Classes at the Third-grade and Fourth-grade. by Moore, Annette, Edd from Northern Illinois University, 1974, 196 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7502311
•
A Comparison of Self-control Techniques in the Modification of General Anxiety by Boutilier, Joan Mary Burnard; Phd from Queen's University at Kingston (canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK24802
•
A Comparison of Self-esteem, Anxiety and Use of Health Services in Two Social Environments. by Rubinstein, Ruth Peles, Phd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 1975, 128 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7524741
•
A Comparison of Self-esteem, Anxiety, and Behavior of Black and Non-black Underachieving Elementary School Students in Open Classrooms and Stratified Classrooms. by Brown, Peggy Olivia Jones, Edd from Columbia University, 1973, 237 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7331264
•
A Comparison of Social Competencies, Self Concepts, Anxiety Levels, and Basic Concept Scores between Children Attending Full Day and Half Day Kindergarten by Dean, Robert L., Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1988, 96 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8903011
•
A Comparison of State and Trait Anxiety between Beginning and Experienced Industrial Arts Teachers and the Relationship of State and Trait Anxiety to Selected Variables by Dallman, Bruce David, Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1982, 134 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8301392
•
A Comparison of State and Trait Anxiety of Teachers in Bilingual and Regular Classrooms: 'the Risd Stress Study' (burnout) by Gonzalez-baker, Maria, Edd from Texas A&i University, 1983, 242 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8411212
•
A Comparison of State Anxiety Levels among Ages, Genders and Skill Levels at Practice and Pre-competition in Age-group Swimmers by Bowyer, Garry Ronald, Edd from Oklahoma State University, 1988, 57 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8900393
•
A Comparison of Statistics Anxiety and Mathematics Anxiety among Graduate Students in the Social Sciences by Wentzel, Carolyn Ann, Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1998, 253 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ29123
•
A Comparison of Systematic Desensitization and Biofeedback Training in the Reduction of Test Anxiety. by Hughes, Michael Joseph, Edd from West Virginia University, 1977, 123 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7732079
•
A Comparison of Systematic Desensitization, Electromyogram, Electroencephalogram, and Temperature Biofeedback Training: to Relieve Test
Dissertations 353
Anxiety in College Students. by Norman, Robert Allen, Edd from East Texas State University, 1976, 104 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7709631 •
A Comparison of the Anxiety Levels of College Students: Nurses, Police, and Firefighters Vs. General College Students by Rosburg, Marjorie Ott, Phd from University of California, Riverside, 1988, 78 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8822061
•
A Comparison of the Effect of Three Therapies on Generalized Anxiety Disordered Adults' Self-reported Internal Working Models of Attachment by Zuellig, Andrea Renee; Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 2002, 72 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3065028
•
A Comparison of the Effect of Trait Anxiety Levels on the Performance of a Complex Motor Response Time Task As a Function of Pre-stimulus Delay. by Martin, Thomas Robert, Edd from West Virginia University, 1978, 82 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7808712
•
A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Hypnotic-motivational, Task-motivational and Relaxation Instructions in Eliciting the Recall of Anxiety-inducing Material by Helwig, Carl Vincent; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK35042
•
A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Hypnotic-motivational, Task-motivational, and Relaxation Instructions in Eliciting the Recall of Anxiety-inducing Material. by Helwig, Carl Vincent, Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f3260374
•
A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Two Methods of Training Counselor Candidates in Beginning Practicum to Reduce Social Anxiety in University Student Clients by Barone, Carl P., Phd from Ohio University, 1970, 132 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7104782
•
A Comparison of the Effects of Spreadsheet Use and Traditional Methods on Student Achievement and Attitudes in Selected Collegiate Mathematics Topics (computer Anxiety, Mathematics Anxiety) by Hulse, John William, Iii, Edd from University of South Dakota, 1992, 181 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9238484
•
A Comparison of the Effects of Test-taking Strategy Instruction on Goal Orientation, Self-efficacy, and Test Anxiety between Secondary Students with and without Learning Disabilities in Different Learning Environments by Poynter, Barbara Ann, Phd from Oklahoma State University, 1998, 173 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9901200
•
A Comparison of the Levels of Mathematics Anxiety among Black, Hispanic and White College Students by Muinos, Jose Manuel, Phd from United States International University, 1987, 103 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8720626
•
A Comparison of the Psychological Effects of Hemodialysis and Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (anxiety, Depression, Sickness Impact) by Bauer, Barbara Gruger, Phd from University of Missouri - Columbia, 1984, 135 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8425607
•
A Comparison of the Relative Effectiveness of Systematic Desensitization, Rational Emotive and Client-centered Group Psychotherapy in the Reduction of Interpersonal
354 Anxiety
Anxiety in Introverts and Extroverts by Di Loreto, Adolph O., Phd from Michigan State University, 1969, 326 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7009521 •
A Comparison of Three Methods of Presentation of Anxiety-eliciting Stimuli on Resulting Level of Autonomic Arousal. by De Csipkes, Robert Allan, Phd from The University of Oklahoma, 1976, 63 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7624377
•
A Comparison of Three Methods of Reducing Text Anxiety: Systematic Desensitization, Implosive Therapy, and Study Counseling by Cornish, Richard Dennis, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1972, 58 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7309193
•
A Comparison of Three Multimodal Treatment Packages for Test Anxiety by Bradey, John Robert, Phd from The University of Mississippi, 1987, 196 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8714259
•
A Comparison of Three Techniques for Reducing Scholastic Aptitude Test Anxiety. by Schuchman, Marian Carolyn, Phd from Hofstra University, 1977, 192 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7720673
•
A Comparison of Traditional and Nontraditional Students' State and Trait Levels of Anxiety by Nacey, Margaret Preston, Edd from University of Northern Colorado, 1981, 99 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8119804
•
A Comparison of Traditional and World Wide Web Methodologies, Computer Anxiety and Higher Order Thinking Skills in the In-service Training of Mississippi 4-h Extension Agents by Sexton, Julie Steadman; Phd from Mississippi State University, 2000, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9991316
•
A Comparison of Training in Stress Inoculation, Effective Test Taking Techniques and Study Skills As Treatments for Test Anxiety by Blackmore, Stephen Harold, Phd from Texas A&m University, 1983, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8329903
•
A Comparison of Treatments for the Reduction of Math Anxiety among Eighth Grade Girls by Peters, Carole Eswine, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1982, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8300322
•
A Comparison of Two Palliative Methods of Intervention for the Treatment of Mathematics Anxiety among Female College Students by Gentry, William Michael, Edd from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986, 134 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8710993
•
A Comparison of Two Patient Education Programs and Their Effects on Knowledge, Anxiety, and Self-efficacy (cardiac Rehabilitation) by Thomas, Juliann Jepsen, Phd from University of Minnesota, 1991, 235 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9134550
•
A Comparison of Two Treatments for the Reduction of Counselor Anxiety by Carter, Dianne Knotts, Phd from The University of Utah, 1973, 166 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7319053
Dissertations 355
•
A Comparison Study of Two Cognitive Treatment Modalities Crossed with Selected Myers-briggs Personality Typologies in the Reduction of Anxiety by Fairbanks, William Dean, Phd from University of Wyoming, 1987, 100 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8813301
•
A Component Analysis of Yoga: the Effects of Diaphragmatic Breathing and Stretching Postures on Anxiety, Personality, and Somatic/behavioral Complaints by Harrigan, Joan Maureen, Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 1981, 354 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8120432
•
A Conceptual and Empirical Analysis of Anxiety-inducing Elementary School Situations. by Pannu, Piara Singh, Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1974, 138 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7424919
•
A Conceptual Validation Model for the Rorschach Assessment of Anxiety Withdrawal Dysphoria and Conduct Disorder Dimensions of Delinquent Psychopathology by Lennon, Craig, Phd from State University of New York at Albany, 1990, 145 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9112316
•
A Consideration of Test Anxiety, General Anxiety, and Grading Procedures in Some College Level Physical Science for Non-science Classes by Stellwagen, Carol Emma, Phd from The University of Iowa, 1972, 151 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7226745
•
A Coping Skills Analysis of Stress Inoculation in the Reduction of Teacher Anxiety with an Examination of Client-treatment Interactions by Ysaguirre, Noel, Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1990, 352 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9117016
•
A Correlational Study between Ego Development, Annihilation Anxiety, and Adolescent Individuation Positions by Parker, David Andrew; Psyd from Pace University, 2002, 79 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3056607
•
A Correlational Study of Patterns of Subscription to a Set of Cliches, Anxiety Level, and Internal-external Dominance by Ghazimorad, Roy, Edd from University of Arkansas, 1973, 85 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7327422
•
A Description of a Pilot Program to Reduce Math Anxiety and Increase Academic Achievement in a Subsequent Required Pre-college Level Basic Mathematics Course by Foley, Theresa C. Decker, Edd from Temple University, 1986, 145 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8627451
•
A Description of Mathematics Anxiety Using an Integrative Model by Strawderman, Virginia Wright, Phd from Georgia State University, 1985, 395 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8607006
•
A Description of the Relationship between Daydreaming Patterns of Women and Cognitive Style, Sex-role Orientation, and Anxiety by Link, Manella Claire, Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1982, 103 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8312531
•
A Descriptive Study of Mathematics Anxiety: Its Nature and Antecedents by Byrd, Pamala Gulley, Phd from Indiana University, 1982, 194 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8300843
356 Anxiety
•
A Descriptive Study of the Self-reported and Physiological Basis of Anxiety in Bulimia Nervosa by Duncan, Renee Starkey, Phd from University of Denver, 1990, 198 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9022049
•
A Double-blind Investigation of the Differential Interaction of Hemispheric Preference and Frontalis Electromyographic Biofeedback Assisted Relaxation Training on Self-report Measures of Anxiety, Short Term Auditory Recall, and Muscle Tension Levels of No by Eschenauer, Robert Kevin, Phd from St. John's University (new York), 1985, 255 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8526094
•
A Factor and Comparative Study of the State-trait Anxiety Inventory. by Estis, Willis Cleve, Edd from The University of Alabama, 1977, 100 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7818862
•
A Factor-analytic Study of Mathematics Anxiety by Ling, Jeanne Lan, Edd from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1982, 86 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8226901
•
A Film Orientation for Psychotherapy Clients: Effects on Expectations, Anxiety, and Attendance by Beebe, Bradford Michael, Phd from University of Louisville, 1992, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9230083
•
A Followup Study of Adolescents: Career Maturity, Self-concept, Personality, Anxiety and Participation in Substance Abuse Prevention Program (ohio) by Rodebaugh, Helen Davis, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1986, 248 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8703606
•
A Group Counseling Methodology to Help Suburban Adults Develop an Increased Courage to Live with Anxiety by Dwight, Robert Bolman, Phd from University of Oregon, 1971, 255 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7208525
•
A Group Intervention Designed to Lessen Mathematics Anxiety, Improve Attitude and Achievement in Math among Male Grade 9 High School Students by Lato, Robert G., Edd from University of Toronto (canada), 1993, 206 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN86348
•
A Group Intervention for Reentry Women Students: Its Effect on Sex-role Attitudes, Stress, Anxiety and Coping with Role-conflict by Scearce, Rosana Elina, Edd from Auburn University, 1986, 203 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8618612
•
A History of Hearts: War, Anxiety, and Romance in the Writings of George W. Cable by Venise, Jamie, Phd from New York University, 1994, 490 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9422952
•
A Hypermedia Lesson about 1875-1885 Costume: Cognitive Style, Perceptual Modes, Anxiety, Attitude, and Achievement by Frey, Diane Kay, Phd from Iowa State University, 1989, 201 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9003516
•
A Lifespan Analysis of Adult College Students with Respect to Achievement, Selfesteem, and Anxiety by Stilson, David Charles, Phd from University of North Texas, 1983, 128 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8404341
Dissertations 357
•
A Longitudinal Study of Anxiety: Noted Relationships between Anxiety, Depression, Parenting Style, and Academic Achievement by Rector, Cherie Lynn, Phd from University of Southern California, 1994 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f1557411
•
A Longitudinal Study of Nursing Students' Self-esteem, Locus of Control, Anxiety, Critical Thinking and Academic Achievement by Ewen, Lois Loraine; Phd from University of South Florida, 2001, 323 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3041104
•
A Longitudinal Study of the Interaction between Gender, Computer Anxiety, Math Anxiety, and Test Anxiety in a College-level Computerized Testing Situation by Kim, Young Hoi, Edd from Texas Tech University, 1991, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9129399
•
A Mathematical Anxiety Reduction Project. by Crumpton, Sharon Dietsch, Edd from The University of Tennessee, 1977, 157 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7801992
•
A Model for the Alleviation of Computer Anxiety among Adult Education Students by Darakjian, Jeannette Munro; Edd from Alliant International University, 2001, 99 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3030162
•
A Model of Communication Apprehension, Job Level Held, Communication Requirements of the Job, Job Satisfaction, and Career Change Activities (speech Anxiety) by Harville, Donald Lynn, Phd from The University of Tennessee, 1986, 167 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8701795
•
A Multidimensional Approach to Understanding and Treating Math Anxiety by Radmacher, Sally Ann, Phd from University of Missouri - Kansas City, 1986, 132 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8800502
•
A Multivariate Analysis of Gender, Age, and Ethnicity As Elements Shaping Technological Attitudes, Anxiety, and Self-efficacy in Workplace Settings by Ruth, Edward Keith, Edd from Oklahoma State University, 1996, 208 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9632964
•
A Multivariate Approach to Predicting Public Speaking Anxiety Treatment Outcome by Germeroth, Darla Rae, Phd from University of Denver, 1989, 231 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9004061
•
A Naturalistic Study of Coping, Situational Factors and Test Anxiety. by Culler, Ralph Emerson, Iii, Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1978, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7900552
•
A New Causal Model of Public Speaking Anxiety by Sager, Kevin Lawrence; Phd from University of Washington, 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f860033
•
A Path Analysis of the Causal Elements in Bandura's Theory of Self-efficacy and an Anxiety-based Model of Avoidance Behavior by Feltz, Deborah Louise, Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 1980, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8107565
358 Anxiety
•
A Performance-anxiety Reduction Model for Group Leadership Training in the Use of Three Specific Group Leadership Techniques (leadership Training) by Jones, Edlyn N., Phd from Indiana University, 1992, 167 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9301453
•
A Personalized Approach to Mathematics Anxiety Reduction among College Students (algebra) by Fitzgerald, Eugenia Elaine, Phd from Arizona State University, 1984, 177 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8415458
•
A Personalized Arithmetic Lesson and Its Relationship to Anxiety among School Children by Pishgahi, Alireza, Edd from Indiana University, 1988, 99 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8916402
•
A Post Hoc Power Analysis of Inferential Research Examining the Relationship between Mathematics Anxiety and Mathematics Performance by Dilullo, Linda Kay, Phd from Auburn University, 1997, 127 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9802445
•
A Procedure to Measure the Effects of Covert Death Anxiety on the Physiological and Affective Responses of Student Nurses (physiological Responses, Nurses) by Weeks, John Luther, Edd from The College of William and Mary, 1990, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9022045
•
A Profile of Mature Returning Women at Temple University in September, 1974 and the Effects of a Special Seminar on Their Levels of Anxiety and Potential for Selfactualization during Their First Semester. by Wisch, Patricia Bogin, Edd from Temple University, 1976, 352 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7615872
•
A Proposed Model Explicating the Causal Relationships among Achievement-related Cognitions, Coping Strategies and Competitive State Anxiety by Cockshott, Randall William; Phd from The Florida State University, 2001, 191 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3001658
•
A Psychoanalytic Model of Social Anxiety by Cramerus, Maryke, Phd from Smith College School for Social Work, 1996, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9805883
•
A Qualitative Analysis of Students' Perception of Changes in Death Anxiety and Death Competency in the Context of a Death Education Course by Leary, Lani, Phd from George Mason University, 1997, 179 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9721007
•
A Qualitative Study of the Role of Cooperative Studying in a College Remedial Mathematics Class (math Anxiety) by Mcdonald, Julia Kathryn, Phd from The University of Iowa, 1990, 240 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9122087
•
A Quantitative and Qualitative Examination of the Influence of the Normative and Perceived School Environments of a Coeducational Public School Vs. a Single-sex Catholic School on Ninth-grade Girls' Science Self-concept and Anxiety in the Area of Science by Cipriani-sklar, Rosemary, Edd from St. John's University (new York), 1996, 160 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9706808
•
A Quasi-experimental Study of Patients' Perceptions about Hospitalization, Based on Entry Anxiety Level and Exposure to a Customized Audiovisual Orientation Program
Dissertations 359
(selective, Catharsis) by Thompson, Hugh Roy, Edd from Temple University, 1984, 192 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8419840 •
A Rational-emotive Counseling Approach to Assist Junior High School Students with Interpersonal Anxiety by Smith, Gregory William, Phd from University of Oregon, 1979, 82 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8013448
•
A Relaxation and Visualization Program for Mathematics Anxiety by Piggott, Donna C., Edd from Boston University, 1983, 151 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8422384
•
A Reliability and Validity Study of the Brief Screen for Anxiety Disorders: a Screening Questionnaire for Use by Primary Care Physicians (anxiety Disorders) by Mirise, Beverly Anne, Phd from California School of Professional Psychology - Fresno, 1993, 150 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9408182
•
A School-based, Stress-inoculation Approach to Stress Management Training with Adolescents: Effects on Locus-of-control, Self-concept, State-trait Anxiety and Social Behavior by Kubiak, Lawrence Curtis, Phd from University of Florida, 1987, 238 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8724923
•
A Self-modeling Intervention for High School Students with Public Speaking Anxiety by Rickards-schlichting, Kristine Alexis; Phd from The University of Connecticut, 2001, 92 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3038046
•
A Study Comparing Two Methods of Intervention to Control High Levels of General Anger (stress Inoculation, Anxiety Management Training, Anger Control) by Boyle, Scott W., Phd from Brigham Young University, 1991, 143 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9134602
•
A Study of Achievement, Anxiety, and Attitude toward Mathematics in College Algebra Students Using Small-group Interaction Methods by Valentino, Virginia Rider, Edd from West Virginia University, 1988, 116 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8905132
•
A Study of Adolescent Anxiety by Alexander, Susan Germaine, Phd from University of South Carolina, 1995, 84 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9541205
•
A Study of Adolescent Anxiety Measured by Selected Scores of the Mmpi Utilized As a Predictive Factor in Predetermining College Dropouts by Hoewischer, Harry Eugene, Phd from Boston College, 1972, 43 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7224052
•
A Study of Adult Participation in Mathematics Courses As a Function of Mathematics Anxiety and Other Variables by Ulrich, Mary Beth, Edd from Illinois State University, 1988, 126 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8907679
•
A Study of Affective Variables and Performance in Mathematics: the Effects of Systematic Counseling upon Student Self-concept, Anxiety, Attitude, and Achievement by Furuto, David Masaru, Edd from Brigham Young University, 1981, 213 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8126332
360 Anxiety
•
A Study of Anxiety Level of Mothers of Exceptional Children As a Function of Physical Exercise and Relaxation Exercise by Hodges, Joan Marano, Phd from University of New Orleans, 1979, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8004382
•
A Study of Anxiety Levels Experienced by Student Nurses in a Psychiatric Clinical Setting (role Modeling, Nursing Education) by Martin, Maxine Marie (monson), Phd from University of Idaho, 1993, 95 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9327070
•
A Study of Anxiety Reducing Teaching Methods and Computer Anxiety among Community College Students by Taylor, Bernard Wayne, Phd from University of North Texas, 1992, 106 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9300660
•
A Study of Attitudes toward Computers: Anxiety, Confidence, Liking, and Perception of Usefulness by Koohang, Alex A., Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1987, 120 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8805844
•
A Study of College Student Drinking Patterns and the Mediating Effects of Gender Identity and Social Anxiety by Owen, Deanna Lynn, Phd from Auburn University, 1995, 161 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9544766
•
A Study of Control Theory Effect on Attitudes, Anxiety, Computer Knowledge, and Locus of Control of Adult Vocational Learners in Kansas (reality Control Theory) by Harris, Kenneth Neil, Edd from University of Arkansas, 1995, 114 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9536038
•
A Study of Covert Reinforcement As a Treatment of Test Anxiety in Male and Female Fifth-graders. by Lott, Sarah Jane Bolden, Phd from The University of Southern Mississippi, 1975, 77 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7522510
•
A Study of Effects of a Simulation Game on the Level of Anxiety and Achievement of the Nursing Students in a Selected Baccalaureate Nursing Program by Yunibhand, Jintana Rummavas, Phd from The University of Alabama, 1980, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8100599
•
A Study of Employee Perceptions of Work Relationships: Their Impact on Employee State Anxiety and Self-concept by Roy, Frances Breen, Edd from Peabody College for Teachers of Vanderbilt University, 1989, 68 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9006832
•
A Study of Factors Relating to Computer Anxiety among Community College Students Enrolled in Business Courses by Leamon, Mary A., Phd from Kansas State University, 1987, 154 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8715222
•
A Study of Faculty Computer Anxiety Levels and Attitudes toward Distance Education by Reasons, Saxon Gibson; Edd from University of South Carolina, 1999, 94 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9952747
Dissertations 361
•
A Study of Guilt and Anxiety As Related to Certain Psychological and Sociological Variables by Bradbury, Beverly Ray, Edd from University of North Texas, 1967, 121 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6715015
•
A Study of High School Science Anxiety Including the Development of a Science Anxiety Instrument (anxiety Measurement) by Wynstra, Sharon D., Edd from Northern Illinois University, 1991, 188 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9214480
•
A Study of How Levels of Achievement and Anxiety toward Education Affect Older People's Participation in Adult Education Programs by Norton, Paul Gerard, Edd from Boston University School of Education, 1970, 214 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7022461
•
A Study of Hwa-byung in Korean Society: Narcissistic/masochistic Self-disorder and Christian Conversion (psychosomatic Illness, Depression, Anxiety Disorder) by Hwang, Yong Hoon, Phd from Princeton Theological Seminary, 1995, 225 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9530825
•
A Study of Individual ''needs'' and Environmental ''press'' As They Relate to Alienation, Anxiety, and Students' Grade Point Average by Pulvino, Charles Joseph, Phd from State University of New York at Buffalo, 1970, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7107209
•
A Study of Leisure Satisfaction, Leisure Participation, and Patterns of Leisure Activity in Relationship to Anxiety Levels in Retirees (stress) by Kaufman, Jane Ellen, Edd from Temple University, 1984, 136 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8419822
•
A Study of Life Satisfaction and Death Anxiety. by Nelson, Cecilia Cantrell, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1974, 167 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7424379
•
A Study of Locus of Control and the Effectiveness of Cognitive-behavioral Group Therapy in the Treatment of Persons with Panic Disorder by Mitchell, Christopher Gerard, Dsw from The Catholic University of America, 1997, 135 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9728797
•
A Study of Manifest Anxiety among Blind Residential School Students Using an Experimental Instrument Constructed for the Blind by Hardy, Richard Earl, Edd from University of Maryland College Park, 1966, 159 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6706120
•
A Study of Maternal Separation Anxiety in Working Mothers of Second-born Infants (maternal Role, Pregnancy) by Pitzer, Martha Ann Seares, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1984, 182 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8504069
•
A Study of Mathematics Anxiety among Female College Students by Glass, Gladys Thomas, Phd from Georgia State University, 1982, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8226162
•
A Study of Mathematics Anxiety of the Pre-service Elementary Teacher at the University of Arizona by Patton, Lynette Spanutius; Edd from The University of Arizona, 2002, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3050336
362 Anxiety
•
A Study of Misconceptions in Statistics and Statistics Anxiety: Affect and Performance in an Undergraduate Math Course by Barkley, Cathy Anne, Phd from University of Denver, 1995, 183 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9543983
•
A Study of Overprotection, Overindulgence, Anxiety, and Social Competence in Elementary Children (learning Disability, Emotional Disturbance, Parent-child Relations) by Cleveland, Pat Howard, Phd from University of Georgia, 1983, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8405030
•
A Study of Pre-recorded Relaxation Training, Rational-emotive and Personal-growth Group Counseling Intervention Techniques in the Reduction of State Anxiety in Black Multi-occupational Trainees by Stone, Winifred Odell, Phd from The Florida State University, 1971, 179 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7216596
•
A Study of Relationships among Creativity, Intelligence, and Test Anxiety of Middleclass Fourth Grade Boys and Girls by Mccutcheon, Nancy Susan, Phd from University of South Carolina, 1969, 81 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7009303
•
A Study of Relationships among Test Anxiety, Taking Academic Responsibility, and Humor (children, Elementary School, Locus-of-control) by Mccray, John Robert, Phd from University of Missouri - Kansas City, 1985, 85 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8605292
•
A Study of Relationships among the Congruity of Perceptions of the Cooperating Teachers' Role, Student Teacher Anxiety, and Performance. by Nightingale, Norman William, Edd from University of Maryland College Park, 1978, 110 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7905457
•
A Study of Relationships between Anxiety and Coping Skills in the Unemployed in a Recessionary Economy by Fletcher, Ferris Ann, Phd from Purdue University, 1984, 82 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8500373
•
A Study of Relationships of Dogmatism, Self-actualization, Values, and State-trait Anxiety, in Students Entering a Clinical Pastoral Education Program. by Sunderland, Ronald Harry, Edd from University of Houston, 1978, 146 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7901216
•
A Study of Religious Belief and Practice As Related to Anxiety and Dogmatism in College Women by Glass, Kenneth Denton, Edd from The University of Tennessee, 1970, 78 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7100347
•
A Study of Selected Treatments of Performance Anxiety with a Survey of Performance Anxiety among Participants of the 1994 International Horn Symposium by Oliver, Alise Marie, Dma from The University of Iowa, 1997, 181 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9731900
•
A Study of Situation-specific Anxiety and Pupil Evaluation of Student-teacher Effectiveness by Gossie, Michael, Edd from University of North Texas, 1980, 79 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8021898
Dissertations 363
•
A Study of Social Physique Anxiety, Body Esteem, and Social Anxiety in Bodybuilders and Anabolic Steriod Users by Schwerin, Michael James, Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1994, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9521220
•
A Study of Students' Anxiety and Self-esteem in a Computer-managed Program of Instruction and in a Non-computer-managed Program of Instruction in Grades Four Through Eight. by Wajda, Robert Andrew, Edd from Northern Illinois University, 1974, 71 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7502318
•
A Study of Students from Competitive and Noncompetitive Florida High School Bands Using an Adaptation of the Academic Motivation Scale and the Sport Competition Anxiety Test (bands) by Rohrer, Thomas P., Phd from The Florida State University, 1993, 203 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9320341
•
A Study of Test Anxiety and Helplessness-mastery - Orientation under Experimental Conditions of Success and Failure by Bednarek, Donna M., Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1985, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8524082
•
A Study of the Changes over Time in State Anxiety in a Computer-assisted Instructional Program by Spence, Martha Janet, Phd from University of North Texas, 1985, 94 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8604572
•
A Study of the Communicative Anxiety and Self-esteem of Chinese Students in Relation to Their Oral and Listening Proficiency in English (oral Proficiency, Anxiety) by Yang, Rong-lan, Edd from University of Georgia, 1993, 137 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9329865
•
A Study of the Differential Responses of Male and Female Children to Musical Performance Anxiety by Ryan, Charlene Anne; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 2000, 126 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ69925
•
A Study of the Effect of a Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program on Anxiety, Medical Orientation, Social Introversion, Attitude toward Work, and Engagement in Vocational Activities in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Emphysema (copd) by Lustig, Felicia M., Phd from New York University, 1970, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7026433
•
A Study of the Effect of Pre-questions on Reading Comprehension and Anxiety for First Year Nursing Students by Brozo, William George, Phd from University of South Carolina, 1982, 154 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8220190
•
A Study of the Effects of a Filmed, Vicarious, Desensitization Procedure in the Treatment of Manifest Anxiety and Test Anxiety in Community College Students by Andrews, Jean M., Edd from University of Maryland College Park, 1972, 181 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7309670
•
A Study of the Effects of a Math Lab Program on Math Anxiety and Overall Performance by Wolff, Lori A., Phd from Saint Louis University, 1990, 95 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9102942
364 Anxiety
•
A Study of the Effects of a Self-moderated Running Program on Health Hazard Appraisal and Anxiety Assessments by Paxton, Cynthia Lee, Phd from University of Oregon, 1979, 211 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8005792
•
A Study of the Effects of Anxiety and Attitudes upon Achievement in Doctoral Educational Statistics Courses by Webb, Randall Joseph, Edd from The University of Southern Mississippi, 1971, 86 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7209103
•
A Study of the Effects of Attending a Human Relations Workshop on Teacher Anxiety Scores. by Milling, Margaret Eulalia, Edd from University of North Texas, 1975, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7604407
•
A Study of the Effects of Feedback on the Relationship between Anxiety and Mathematical Performance of Seventh and Eighth Grade Students. by Hawkins, Mary Stephanie Brown, Edd from University of Houston, 1979, 148 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7919380
•
A Study of the Effects of Grammatik Iv on Selected Writing Errors Made by Business Writing Students (writing Anxiety, Computer Anxiety) by Williams, Sherry Morgan, Phd from Georgia State University, 1993, 242 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9319129
•
A Study of the Effects of Group Assertion Training on Anxiety, Depression, Selfconcept and Assertiveness in Heroin Addicts by Herdey, Janice Joy, Phd from University of Southern California, 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f91062
•
A Study of the Effects of Group Therapy on the Anxiety and Self-concept of Adolescents with Behavior Disorders. by Silberman, Allen, Edd from University of South Dakota, 1974, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7514328
•
A Study of the Effects of Matched and Mismatched Teacher and Student Belief Systems on Student State Anxiety, Self-esteem, and Academic Achievement. by Pauker, Robert Aaron, Edd from University of Massachusetts, 1976, 204 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7715107
•
A Study of the Effects of Relaxation and Jogging on Anxiety and Self-concept among Volunteer Non-rated Sailors by Murray, Edward Kevin, Edd from University of San Francisco, 1983, 134 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8404360
•
A Study of the Effects of Same-sex Class Grouping, Sex, and Grade Level upon General Anxiety and Test Anxiety in Junior High School Students by Wasem, George Leighton, Edd from Northern Illinois University, 1968, 201 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6903109
•
A Study of the Effects of the Bartlesville Public Schools' Instructional Skills Program on Teacher Anxiety and Teacher Autonomy by Derrick, Donald Claude, Edd from Oklahoma State University, 1984, 111 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8515248
•
A Study of the Effects of the Downing Parent Group Education Program upon Parental Self-concept, Parental Manifest Anxiety, and the Behavior of Offspring in an
Dissertations 365
Alternative Education Environment. by Cox, William Dale, Edd from The College of William and Mary, 1976, 241 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7628435 •
A Study of the Effects of the Underwood Anxiety Reduction Program on Lowering Anxiety in Student Teachers by Underwood, Dora Anne Holloway, Edd from The George Washington University, 1980, 125 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8106816
•
A Study of the Factors Associated with Resistance to Computer Technology in the Workplace (cyberphobia, Anxiety) by Fauri, Judith Del'eau, Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1984, 188 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8510018
•
A Study of the Impact of Menarche on Self-esteem, Level of Anxiety, Body Image, and Psychological Masculinity and Femininity in Young Adolescent Girls by Warner, Beth Lynn, Edd from Boston University School of Education, 1982, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8213467
•
A Study of the Influence of Socialization Anxiety on the Achievement of First-grade Mexican-american Children by Hill, Floyd Williams, Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1969, 251 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7010810
•
A Study of the Joint Effects of Differential Scoring Instructions, and Criterion Referenced and Norm Referenced Testing Conditions on State Anxiety in a Multiple Choice Achievement Test by Chung, Shi-kai, Phd from University of Oregon, 1981, 76 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8201814
•
A Study of the Modeling Effects of Explicit and Non-explicit Sexual Stimuli on Sexual Anxiety and Behavior. by Wishnoff, Robert, Edd from State University of New York at Albany, 1977, 87 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7719945
•
A Study of the Prevalence and Intensity of Mathematics Anxiety in College Students and Preservice Teachers at a Large Southern University by Coleman, Bobby Leon, Phd from The University of Tennessee, 1991, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9212735
•
A Study of the Relationship among Anxiety, Self-esteem, and Achievement by Kern, Paul David, Edd from Northern Illinois University, 1970, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7106380
•
A Study of the Relationship among Degree of Stress, Coping Preferences and Leadership Styles among Secondary School Principals (anxiety) by Reed, Janet Marie, Edd from Peabody College for Teachers of Vanderbilt University, 1984, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8419262
•
A Study of the Relationship between Different Therapy Treatments and Mean Scores Obtained on the I-e Scale and Ipat 8 Parallel Form Anxiety Battery for Newly Incarcerated Inmates at Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary. by Ziegler, Ron R., Phd from University of Kansas, 1974, 88 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7517702
•
A Study of the Relationship between Dogmatism and Death Anxiety, Both Personal and Anticipated from a Terminally Ill Person, in Counseling Students, Nursing
366 Anxiety
Students and General Education Students by Sheperd, Scott James, Phd from The University of Toledo, 1980, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8021990 •
A Study of the Relationship between Manifest Anxiety and Social Work Intervention of Couples Having Amniocentesis for Prenatal Diagnosis of Genetic Defects. by Ashery, Rebecca Sager, Dsw from The Catholic University of America, 1976, 283 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7611189
•
A Study of the Relationship between Mathematics Content Knowledge and Teacher Anxiety in Teaching Mathematics by Murphy, Edna Bernal; Ma from California State University, Dominguez Hills, 2002, 62 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1409997
•
A Study of the Relationship between Science Anxiety and Grade Level, Gender, and Students' and Parents' Perceptions of Science, Scientists and Science Teachers by Meissner, Donald Wayne, Phd from The University of Southern Mississippi, 1988, 116 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8902498
•
A Study of the Relationship between Secondary Student-teachers' Anxiety Levels and Their Assignation of Letter Grades under Simulated Conditions by Clark, Sidney Lanier, Edd from Columbia University, 1971, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7204166
•
A Study of the Relationship between Selected Student Variables and Speech Anxiety Encountered by Speakers in a Beginning College Speech Course. by Cunningham, Robert Chandler, Iii, Edd from Memphis State University, 1976, 109 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7629235
•
A Study of the Relationship between Situational Anxiety and Two Vocal Speech Cues: Disfluency and Rate of Speech. by Simcoe, George, Vi, Phd from University of Denver, 1974, 227 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7415096
•
A Study of the Relationship between Test Anxiety and Test-wiseness, and between Sex and Test-wiseness under Relaxed and Standard Test Instruction Conditions. by Pailas, Jane Walters, Phd from The University of Connecticut, 1975, 135 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7614293
•
A Study of the Relationship between the Self-concept and Related Variables and Trait Anxiety of Southern Baptist Ministers in Mississippi by Hatcher, Sammy Wayne, Edd from Mississippi State University, 1987, 76 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8728940
•
A Study of the Relationship of Coping Strength to Self-concept, School Achievement, and General Anxiety Level in Sixth Grade Pupils by Hughes, Thomas Mears, Edd from The University of Tennessee, 1967, 94 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6803747
•
A Study of the Relationship of Freud's Theory of Comic and Hostile Wit Appreciation with Anxiety by Higgins, David Joseph, Phd from Ohio University, 1981, 157 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8221883
Dissertations 367
•
A Study of the Relationship of Mathematics Anxiety to Grade Level, Gender, Intelligence, and Mathematics Achievement by Miller, Sandra Fisher, Edd from Memphis State University, 1991, 84 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9127651
•
A Study of the Relationship of Negative Affectivity and Learning Problems in Children (depression, Anxiety) by Leavitt, Bryce James, Phd from Indiana University, 1996, 143 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9627371
•
A Study of the Relationship of Situational Anxiety to Vocal Solo Performances of College Freshmen Voice Students by Spencer, Robert Lamar, Edd from University of North Texas, 1969, 139 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7009158
•
A Study of the Relationship of the Perceived Turbulence of the Work Environments, Needs to Control and Teacher Anxiety Levels (stress, Anxiety, Turbulence) by Omland, Per Andre, Phd from Syracuse University, 1984, 187 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8503342
•
A Study of the Relationships among Personality Type, Anxiety, and Career Indecision by Ikenberry, Diana Lynn, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1987, 192 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8710009
•
A Study of the Relationships among State-trait Anxiety, Locus of Control, and Mastery Learning in Associate Degree Nursing Students in a Community College by Kennedy-liang, Eileen, Edd from University of San Francisco, 1980, 131 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8110586
•
A Study of the Relationships among Teacher Anxiety, Achievement, and Sequence of Topics in an Introductory Computer Literacy Course by Cushall, Marcia Bair, Edd from Lehigh University, 1990, 150 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9030318
•
A Study of the Relationships between Leader Behavior and the Anxiety Levels of Selected Public School Principals. by Gorman, Edgar John, Phd from The University of Connecticut, 1975, 281 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7601674
•
A Study of the Relationships between Self-reported Anxiety among L.d.s. Seminary Teachers and Selected Independent Variables by Moss, William Robert, Edd from Brigham Young University, 1981, 174 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8206698
•
A Study of the Relationships between the Anxiety Levels of Selected Public School Superintendents and Perceptions of Their Leadership Behavior by Selected Groups by Cushman, Mary Frances, Phd from The University of Connecticut, 1978, 182 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8003750
•
A Study of the Use of Relaxation As a Treatment for Test Anxiety by Robinson, Preston Devine, Edd from University of Arkansas, 1983, 72 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8322880
•
A Study of Writing Anxiety among High School Students Including Case Histories of Three High and Three Low Anxiety Students by Heaton, Helen Field, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1980, 210 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8015204
368 Anxiety
•
A Study of Writing Aversion and Anxiety: a Heuristic Approach by Shami, Alex; Edd from Wayne State University, 1999, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9954555
•
A Study on the Effects of Teacher Personality Types on Student Math Anxiety by Spanias, Photini Andreou, Edd from Arizona State University, 1996, 127 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9622838
•
A Survey of Techniques in Imagery Training for the Treatment of Performance Anxiety by Galatas, Ruth Ann, Dma from University of Miami, 1989, 75 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8922735
•
A Synthesis of Correlational Findings on College Mathematics Anxiety by Mulenga, Chibamba Bowa, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1990, 108 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9111774
•
'a Tender Age': Cultural Anxieties over the Child in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries (france, England) by Maclehose, William Fleming; Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 2000, 356 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9950567
•
A Test of Bowen Family Systems Theory: the Relationship of Differentiation of Self and Chronic Anxiety (family Systems Theory) by Carpenter, Myrna Clemenson, Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1990, 159 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9030867
•
A Theater of Anxiety: the Irrepresentable in Shelley's 'the Cenci' and in Musset's 'lorenzaccio' (england, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Alfred De Musset, France) by Roussetzki, Remy Joseph, Phd from City University of New York, 1999, 301 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9917694
•
A Theoretical and Experimental Investigation into the Nature and Remediation of Test Anxiety. by Weibly, Gary Wayne, Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1979, 256 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7920235
•
A Treatment Outcome Study: Two Group Treatments and Their Outcomes in Relation to State and Trait Anxiety. by Reister, Barry Ward, Edd from Indiana University, 1975, 110 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7606292
•
A Validity Study of Self-report and Physiological Measures of Test Anxiety by Nighswander, James K., Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1970, 176 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7102394
•
An Examination of Training Methodology, Cognitive Style and Levels of Anxiety during the Acquisition of Computer Skills (computer Anxiety) by Smelewicz, Jean Frances, Dba from Nova University, 1993, 110 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9327333
•
An Examination of Trait Anxiety, Nurturance and Endurance Scores As Predictor Variables of Breastfeeding Duration by Albert, Deborah Gail, Phd from University of South Florida, 1991, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9212208
Dissertations 369
•
An Expanded Turnover Model: Examination of the Mediating Role of Three Coping Strategies on the Job Stress-anxiety Relationship by Mathieu, Anne, Phd from University of Cincinnati, 1998, 324 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9833706
•
An Experiment Testing the Effects of Concept Mapping on Science Anxiety and Acquisition of Scientific Knowledge among Eighth-grade Students Low in Integrative Complexity by Franklin, Carl Edward, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1991, 187 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9120659
•
An Experiment to Determine the Effects of a Behavior Modification Intervention Program on Anxiety Levels and Achievement of Students in Principles of Accounting Classes (stress) by Clark, Corolyn Elizabeth, Phd from Temple University, 1985, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8509366
•
An Experimental Investigation of Relationship between Test Anxiety and Memory Processes under Different Motivational Conditions. by Hashemian, Kianoosh, Phd from University of Florida, 1977, 155 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7729250
•
An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Ego-involved Attitudes on the Desire to Affiliate with Others Following the Receipt of Anxiety-arousing and Nonanxietyarousing Discrepant Messages. by Plax, Timothy Gary, Phd from University of Southern California, 1974, 92 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7417374
•
An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Speech Anxiety on the Perception of Audience Feedback by Jensen, Jon Keith, Phd from The University of Iowa, 1973, 158 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7330933
•
An Experimental Study of Micromolar Speed-building Instruction and Anxietydirected Treatment to Determine the Effects on Dictation Errors in Gregg Shorthand. by Berch, Jean Arlone, Phd from The University of New Mexico, 1977, 239 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7727161
•
An Experimental Study of the Effect of a Team Teaching Program upon Certain Selected Variables (achievement-anxiety-social Relations) by Knox, Donald Maser, Edd from Case Western Reserve University, 1965, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6608011
•
An Experimental Study of the Effectiveness of Relaxation Training in Reducing the Limiting Effects of Test Anxiety on Test Performance. by Silver, Barbara, Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1974, 158 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7429109
•
An Experimental Study of the Effects of Anxiety on Nonlexical Verbal Behavior in Female Dyad Groups by Donaghy, William Cruze, Phd from Northwestern University, 1969, 110 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7000040
•
An Experimental Study of the Effects of Five Styles of Appraisal Interviewing upon Anxiety, Defensiveness, and Interviewee Style Preference by Cash, William Benjamin, Jr., Phd from Purdue University, 1972, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7315780
370 Anxiety
•
An Experimental Study of the Effects of Goal Interdependence on the Anxiety Levels and Attitudes of Prospective Teachers toward Visually Impaired Persons by Banks, Clarissa D. Jackson, Edd from The College of William and Mary, 1984, 126 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8516164
•
An Experimental Study of the Effects of Threat and Anxiety on Concept Formation by Forbes, Dean Walter, Phd from Stanford University, 1966, 107 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6614663
•
An Experimental Study of the Effects of Three Modes of Test Administration on the Reading Achievement of Fifth Graders Grouped According to Test Anxiety and Sex by Johnson, Gary Lane, Phd from Ohio University, 1969, 103 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7004742
•
An Exploration of the Factors Relating to the System of Mathematics Anxiety by Atkinson, Ross Tague, Phd from Oklahoma State University, 1988, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8826645
•
An Exploration of the Relationship between Anxiety and Self-actualization during Initial Counseling Experiences. by Ivins, Richard George, Phd from The University of Southern Mississippi, 1974, 56 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7425508
•
An Exploration of the Relationship between Mathematics Anxiety Level and Perceptual Learning Style of Adult Learners in a Community College Setting by Cook, Roberta Parrino, Edd from Florida Atlantic University, 1997, 107 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9810974
•
An Exploration of the Relationship between Prenatal Maternal Anxiety and Attitudes, Labor and Delivery Room Variables and Maternal Adaptation by Hurwitz, Nancy; Phd from York University (canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK66193
•
Abused and Neglected Children in Juvenile Court: a Study of Their Attitudes, Knowledge, State Anxiety, and Concerns (abused Children) by Oran, Howard Stewart, Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 1989, 307 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9003167
•
Academic and Biographical Factors Related to Anxiety among Married Male Graduate Students by Mootz, James A., Edd from The University of North Dakota, 1972, 96 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7301565
•
Acceptance or Change of Private Experiences: a Comparative Analysis in College Students with Public Speaking Anxiety by Block, Jennifer A. Phd from State University of New York at Albany, 2002, 156 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3063960
•
Accomplishment of a Learning Task for Two Levels of Test Anxiety and Two Degrees of Learner Sequence Control by Hinds, Richard Henry, Edd from University of Miami, 1972, 146 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7231910
•
Acculturation of Immigrants from Spain: Implications for Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety by Lozano Mulone, Jacqueline; Psyd from Hofstra University, 2002, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3072176
Dissertations 371
•
Acculturation, Self-concept, Anxiety, Imagery and Stress As Related to Disease in Mexican-americans by Martinez, Armando, Phd from University of North Texas, 1981, 174 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8208106
•
Acculturation, Self-esteem, and Anxiety in Relation to the Acquisition of English As a Second Language by Paschke, Magali A., Psyd from Pace University, 1990, 101 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9034642
•
Achievement and Anxiety of Junior High School Students As Functions of Teacher Interpersonal Skills by Boak, R. Terrance; Phd from University of Calgary (canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK19754
•
Achievement and Critical Thinking in Mathematics in Relation to Learning Sets, Anxiety and Intelligence by Pannu, Hardial S; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK26882
•
Achievement As a Function of Locus of Control and Anxiety in Nontraditional University Students by Strahan, Brenda Kay, Phd from The University of Southern Mississippi, 1981, 95 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8202779
•
Achievement Goals and Exam Performance: an Exploration of the Role of Study Strategies and Anticipatory Test Anxiety by Baldwin, Chris Andrew; Phd from Indiana State University, 2001, 98 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3004738
•
Achievement Need, Academic Attainment, and Their Relationship to Anxiety. by Sobel, Ronald Lee, Edd from Yeshiva University, 1975, 83 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7604556
•
Achievement, Locus of Control, and Anxiety in Seventh-day Adventist Schools by Negrete, Mario C., Edd from Brigham Young University, 1984, 143 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8427790
•
Acute and Chronic Dissociation and Somatized Anxiety As Related to Childhood Sexual Abuse in a Utah Sample (anxiety, Sexual Abuse) by Maynes, Lynn C., Phd from Brigham Young University, 1993, 88 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9332285
•
Adolescent Anxiety, Distress and Coping: a Study of Senior School Students and Higher School Certificate Examination Stress by Hodge, Glenda Mae, Edd from University of New South Wales (australia), 1995 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f650755
•
Adolescent Cohesion/attachment to Parents: Relationships with Parental Attachment Style, Marital Satisfaction, and Separation Anxiety by Ellwanger, Pamela Betz, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1994, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9516992
•
Affect and Cognitions in Obese Binge Eaters: the Association between Depression, Anxiety, and Bulimic Cognitions by Lazarus, Shulamit, Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1991, 108 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9216744
372 Anxiety
•
Affective Experiences of Korean College Students in Different Instructional Contexts: Anxiety and Motivation in Reading and Conversation Courses by Kim, Sung Yeon, Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1998, 186 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9838018
•
Affective Outcomes in Competitive Youth Sport: the Influence of Intrapersonal and Socialization Factors (motivation, Anxiety) by Brustad, Robert John, Phd from University of Oregon, 1986, 134 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8622487
•
Age of Disability Onset As a Psychological Factor in Anxiety and Self-esteem of Wheelchair-bound Individuals. by Kessler, Mary Sheila, Phd from University of South Carolina, 1978, 82 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7911839
•
Ageism and Death Anxiety As Related to Geriatric Social Work As a Career Choice by Greene, Roberta Rubin, Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1980, 110 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8116485
•
Age-related Differences in Using Subjective Life Expectancy Estimates and Social Behaviors to Manage Death Anxiety by Holtsberg, Philip A., Phd from University of Georgia, 1998, 72 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9920040
•
Alcohol Expectancies and Social Anxiety As Predictors of Alcohol Consumption and Problem Drinking in College Undergraduates by O'hare, Thomas M., Phd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 1988, 154 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8827386
•
Alexithymia, Anxiety and Suicide Ideation among African American College Students by Hamilton, Dara Malaika; Phd from Howard University, 2002, 95 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3066501
•
Algebra I As an Eighth-grade Course: an Examination of Attitudes, Mathematics Anxiety, Motivation, and Achievement by Perry, Becky Vest, Edd from The University of Alabama, 1998, 90 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9920865
•
Alienation and Resilience among Associate Degree Nursing Students (stress, Flexibility, Anxiety) by Kornegay, Carolyn Turner, Phd from University of Missouri Columbia, 1986, 123 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8625954
•
Allegiance/anxiety/identity: the Rhetoric of Legitimation in the Early Canadian Long Poem, from Cary to Crawford (thomas Cary, Isabella Valancy Crawford, National Identity) by Mazoff, Chaim David, Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1995, 277 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN05753
•
American Science in an Age of Anxiety: Scientists, Civil Liberties, and the Cold War, 1945-1950 by Wang, Jessica, Phd from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f938499
•
An Analysis of a Para-professional Tutorial Strategy on the Self-esteem, Manifest Anxiety, and Reading Achievement of a Select Group of 4th, 5th, and 6th Graders. by Land, John Robert, Phd from Syracuse University, 1977, 193 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7811664
Dissertations 373
•
An Analysis of Anxiety and Depression Levels in Out-of-treatment Drug Abusers: Implications for Counseling by Ataabadi, Ali Nateghi, Edd from Texas Southern University, 1997, 139 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9809905
•
An Analysis of Feedback and the Attendant Anxiety Factor Affecting Elementary School Principals' Behavior. by Haley, Sudha K., Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1975, 101 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7617801
•
An Analysis of Hostility and Anxiety in Selected Speeches of Vernon Eulion Jordan, Jr. by Graham, Jo-ann Clara, Phd from New York University, 1982, 241 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8226759
•
An Analysis of Occupational Stress between Social Studies Teachers and Other Core Subject Area Teachers in Two Indiana School Corporations (anxiety) by Marker, Perry M., Phd from Indiana University, 1986, 190 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8617803
•
An Analysis of Performance and Sex Differences between High-anxiety Sensitizers and Low-anxiety Repressers in Paired-associate Learning by Urban, William Coleman, Phd from The Catholic University of America, 1971, 51 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7125664
•
An Analysis of Self-paced and Instructor-paced Contingencies, Locus-of-control, and Anxiety in a Personalized Instruction Course. by Johnson, Fred Arnold, Phd from The American University, 1977, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7724926
•
An Analysis of State and Trait Anxiety As Related to the Environment of the Compulsory Physical Education Class by Harvey, Timothy Ray, Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1988, 252 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8818400
•
An Analysis of State and Trait Anxiety Experienced in Sports Competition by Women at Different Age Levels by Griffin, Mary Roland, Edd from The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col., 1971, 112 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7203490
•
An Analysis of the Effectiveness of a Lesson Series on Death and Dying in Changing Adolescents' Death Anxiety by Knott, Elizabeth Skeen, Edd from North Carolina State University, 1982, 168 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8308558
•
An Analysis of the Effectiveness of Relaxation Training for Preterm Labor and of Interactions between Relaxation Exercises, State and Trait Anxiety, and Desire for Control in Women with Preterm Labor by Casko, Roberta Brickley; Phd from The University of Iowa, 2002, 94 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3058392
•
An Analysis of the Effectiveness of Two Methods of Decreasing Anxiety and Negative Attitudes toward School of Black Eighth-grade Students. by Mcmurtry, Jane Gail, Edd from Auburn University, 1977, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7716827
374 Anxiety
•
An Analysis of the Effects of Non-intellective Factors on Student Performance on the Pre-texas Academic Skills Program (pre-tasp) Test (texas, Tasp, Test Anxiety) by Johnson, Georgetta Harding, Edd from Texas Southern University, 1993, 134 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9511758
•
An Analysis of the Effects of Various Lengths of Incarceration on Various Types of Offenders As Measured by Anxiety, Hypomania, and Criminality Scales. by Billak, Richard J., Phd from Kent State University, 1976, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7712422
•
An Analysis of the Oral Reading Miscues of Selected Fourth-grade Boys Identified As Having High or Low Manifest Anxiety. by Kaplan, Elaine M., Phd from Hofstra University, 1973, 142 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7419455
•
An Analysis of the Relationship between Anxiety and the Self-concept and College Achievement by Buchin, Jean, Phd from New York University, 1965, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6605768
•
An Analysis of the Relationships between Problems, Anxiety, Depression, and Hostility of Suburban Teachers by Johnson, Weston Rayfield, Edd from University of Northern Colorado, 1982, 164 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8305235
•
An Analytical Comparison of Anxiety Levels of Police Applicants during the Selection Process by Moore, Harry J., Edd from Texas Southern University, 1996, 107 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9716701
•
An Anxiety for Influence: Shakespearean Themes and Images Through the Prism of Russian Modernism (poetry of the Early Xx Century) (william Shakespeare) by Sukhanova, Ekaterina; Phd from City University of New York, 2001, 325 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9997124
•
An Anxiety Management Primary Prevention Program for Adolescents by Kiselica, Mark Smyth, Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 1988, 137 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8818013
•
An Application of Structural Equation Modeling Techniques in the Prediction of Statistics Anxiety among College Students by Baloglu, Mustafa; Phd from Texas A&m University - Commerce, 2001, 216 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3007268
•
An Approach to Relieving Anxiety in the Mathematics Classroom. by Kitchens, Anita Narvarte, Edd from The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 1979, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8002573
•
An Assessment and Treatment of Precompetitive State Anxiety among Collegiate Baseball Players by Spiker, David Desales, Edd from West Virginia University, 1982, 157 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8306321
•
An Assessment of Anxiety in Instrumental and Vocal Performances by Hamann, Donald Lee, Edd from The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 1980, 128 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8115339
Dissertations 375
•
An Assessment of Computer Anxiety and a Profile of Individuals Who Experience It by Price, Rosalynne Valley, Phd from Georgia State University, 1986, 163 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8703963
•
An Assessment of Inservice Elementary Teachers' Math Anxiety and Its Relationship to Teachers' Attitudes, Both Sex-related and Not, toward the Study and Teaching of Mathematics by English, Nancy Elisabeth, Phd from Saint Louis University, 1988, 278 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8911482
•
An Assessment of Mathematics Anxiety in Students from Grades Four Through Eight by Randolph, Tamela Dawn, Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1997, 101 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9808845
•
An Assessment of Mathematics Anxiety Levels among Adult Basic and Adult Secondary Students by Richardson, Mikel Freeman, Edd from University of Georgia, 1980, 89 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8107942
•
An Assessment of the Attitudes and Anxieties of the African American Students Who Were Enrolled in Developmental Mathematics Ii Classes at Halifax Community College (nova Scotia) by Perry, Wendell, Edd from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1995, 230 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9524796
•
An Assessment of the Change in General Educational Development Test Scores and Anxiety Level after the Introduction of Study Skills, Relaxation and Cognitive Behavior Modification Training into General Educational Development Classes by Beachner, Lynne Anne, Phd from Kansas State University, 1982, 174 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8221824
•
An Attribution Theory Approach to the Correlations of Children's Anxiety with Iq, Sex, Ses, and School Achievement. by Dodds, Jon Howard, Phd from Syracuse University, 1975, 123 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7618507
•
An Elaboration Approach to Teach Statistics: Its Effects on Math Anxiety, Attitude, and Achievement (statistics Education, Data Desk) by Ellman, June Christine Scholten, Edd from University of South Dakota, 1991, 135 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9137426
•
An Empirical Investigation of Test Anxiety and Attributional Models of a Learned Helplessness Paradigm by Karsky, Kenneth Anthony, Phd from Wayne State University, 1990, 100 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9118895
•
An Empirical Investigation of the Bowenian Concept of Triangulation and Its Relationship to Separation Anxiety Disorder (murray Bowen) by Werman, Amy; Dsw from Adelphi University, School of Social Work, 2001, 87 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3036935
•
An Empirical Study of the Relationship between Anxiety-proneness and Free Speech Attitudes. by Means, James Edward, Phd from University of Denver, 1971, 143 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7202682
376 Anxiety
•
An Empirical Test of Coping Styles As a Predictor of State Anxiety in an Examination Situation by Aubry, Heather Ann, Edd from University of Toronto (canada), 1997, 121 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ28109
•
An Evaluation of a Self-instructional Program Designed to Reduce Anxiety and Fear about Death and of the Relation of That Program to Sixteen Personal History Variables. by Kaller, Donald William, Edd from Memphis State University, 1974, 178 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7510064
•
An Evaluation of an Algebra Placement Procedure Consisting of Reinforcement Examples and Measures of Mathematics Anxiety and Locus of Control by Smith, Joseph Garratt, Edd from University of Southern California, 1996, 73 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9621728
•
An Evaluation of the Effects of a Human Sexuality Program on Selected Variables (community College, Sex Knowledge, Attitudes, Anxiety) by Lipof, Irene Doris Saben, Edd from Florida Atlantic University, 1985, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8512022
•
An Evaluation of the Outreach Program of an Acot Teacher Development Center (teacher Development, Computer Anxiety) by Marsh, Eleanore Jean, Edd from Peabody College for Teachers of Vanderbilt University, 1992, 271 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9224308
•
An Evaluative Study of the Treatment of Speech Anxiety. by Barnes, Richard E., Phd from University of Kansas, 1973, 139 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7412522
•
An Examination of Adolescent Life Event Stressors and Their Relationship with Depression, Anxiety, and Irritability by Esman, Flora B., Phd from The University of Toledo, 1992, 242 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9229638
•
An Examination of Anxiety, Sexuality and Child-rearing Response Tendencies of Couples in Childbirth Education. by Stewart, Patricia Metheuse, Phd from The University of Akron, 1979, 394 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7908884
•
An Examination of Differences in Competitive Trait Anxiety Based on Type of Sport Played, Gender, Number of Sports Played, Current Sport Participation, and Years of Athletic Experience by Kelly, Forrest Robinson, Jr., Phd from University of South Florida, 1991, 98 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9124182
•
An Examination of Effectiveness of a Sleep Induction Audiotape in Conjunction with a Standardized Behavioral Treatment Protocol on Anxiety, Depression, Psychosocial Functioning, and Sleep among a Clinical Population with Insomnia by Dunn, Jeffrey Allan; Phd from The Florida State University, 2001, 304 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3021555
•
An Examination of Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety: Its Sources and Effects in a College English Program in China by Yan, Xiu, Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1998, 276 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9838168
Dissertations 377
•
An Examination of Intercultural Communication Training Outcomes: Uncertainty, Anxiety and Intercultural Communication Competence by Sirimangkala, Pawena, Phd from Kent State University, 1993, 233 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9412444
•
An Examination of Mechanical Anxiety by Hoffman, Virginia, Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1983, 139 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8326541
•
An Examination of Performance Anxiety Associated with Solo Performance of College-level Music Majors by Tamborrino, Robert Anthony; Dme from Indiana University, 2001, 182 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3013689
•
An Examination of Relationships: Writing Apprehension Levels, Semantic Encoding Performance, and Holistic Assessments of Writing of Tenth Grade Students (writing Anxiety, Analysis of Cohesion, Writer's Block) by Thompson, Linda Gale, Phd from Georgia State University, 1986, 128 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8626162
•
An Examination of Sigmund Tobias's Information Processing Model of Test Anxiety: an Analogue Investigation of the Postprocessing Effect by Gandy, William Miller, Edd from Memphis State University, 1984, 183 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8425971
•
An Examination of State Anxiety and Computer Attitudes Related to Achievement on Paper-and-pencil and Computer-based Mathematics Testing of Nursing Students by Sternberger, Carol Sue, Phd from Purdue University, 1998, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9900269
•
An Examination of Stress and Anxiety in Teachers of Handicapped and Nonhandicapped Children by Tompkins, Patricia Ann Longan, Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1980, 224 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8100974
•
An Examination of the Correlation between Computer Anxiety and Tool Anxiety by Chuang, Yea-ru, Phd from Iowa State University, 1988, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8825380
•
An Examination of the Effects of Behavioral Relaxation Training and Progressive Muscle Relaxation Training on Male and Female High School Students' Levels of Anxiety (boys, Girls) by Rasid, Zulkifli Mohamed, Phd from Kansas State University, 1995, 84 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9614286
•
An Examination of the Effects of Frequency and Nonfrequency Computer-based Testing on Achievement, Test Anxiety, Student Attitudes, and Retention by Camp, Gail H., Edd from The University of Alabama, 1986, 88 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8713419
•
An Examination of the Interaction Effects of Anxiety, Task Difficulty, and Instructions on a Reading Comprehension Task. by Schachner, Stephen P., Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1975, 83 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7522465
378 Anxiety
•
An Examination of the Relationship among a Student's Self-concept, Level of Anxiety, and Attitude toward School by Garlington, Norma Kathryn, Phd from University of New Orleans, 1984, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8417613
•
An Examination of the Relationship among Assertiveness, Manifest Anxiety, and Self-esteem. by Conaway, Roger Nion, Phd from Bowling Green State University, 1978, 86 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7901432
•
An Examination of the Relative Importance of Self-efficacy, Test-wiseness, Test Anxiety, Knowledge of Content, and the Ability to Formulate the Problem in the Question on the Total Score on an Objective Test (multiple Choice Tests) by Mcmullen, Kathleen Ave, Phd from Temple University, 1995, 128 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9535767
•
An Exploration of the Relationships between Perceived Control, Value for Reading, Reading Anxiety and Reading Achievement in Fifth Grade Readers by Niquette, Garland Fincher, Phd from University of Kentucky, 1987, 158 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8715940
•
An Exploration of the Use of Cognitive Dissonance in Changing (mis)conceptions of the Pre-service Teachers about the Anxiety Levels of Children from Different Racial Socio-economic Backgrounds. by Carner, Erwin Albert, Edd from Temple University, 1973, 97 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7323326
•
An Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor-analytic Investigation of the Tripartite Model of Anxiety and Depression in Older Adults by Burdenski, Thomas Kevin, Jr. Phd from Texas A&m University, 2002, 267 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3072414
•
An Exploratory Experimental Study of the Effects of Autogenic Training on Therapist-trainees' Anxiety and Performance by Graub, Sup Mei; Edd from Mcgill University (canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK23081
•
An Exploratory Experimental Study of the Effects of Autogenic Training on Therapist-trainees' Anxiety and Performance. by Graub, Sup Mei, Edd from Mcgill University (canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f4333734
•
An Exploratory Study of Life Management Skills of Elementary School Teachers with Low Levels of Anxiety by Henderson, Elizabeth A., Edd from Peabody College for Teachers of Vanderbilt University, 1982, 108 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8313823
•
An Exploratory Study of Mathematics Anxiety in Elementary School Children and Its Implications for Program and Staff Development by Minix, Nancy Alice Holder, Edd from Peabody College for Teachers of Vanderbilt University, 1981, 98 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8205832
•
An Exploratory Study of the Modification of Student Anxiety Levels Utilizing Cognitive Style Matching. by Terrell, William Reed, Phd from Michigan State University, 1974, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7507265
Dissertations 379
•
An Exploratory Study of the Nature of Self-reported Speech Anxiety in a Fundamentals of Speech Course at the University of Kansas by Friedrich, Gustav William, Phd from University of Kansas, 1968, 256 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6911213
•
An Exploratory Study of the Relationship among Anxiety, Self-esteem and Achievement Using Cognitive Style Matching. by Jones, Adelbert C., Phd from Michigan State University, 1977, 154 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7810075
•
An Exploratory Study of the Relationship between Mathematics Anxiety and the Processes Used by Developmental Community College Freshmen to Solve Verbal Mathematics Problems by Giangrasso, Anthony Patrick, Phd from New York University, 1981, 375 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8128208
•
An Exploratory Study of the Relationship of Teacher Nonverbal Cues of Warmth to Student Anxiety Level and Verbal Responsiveness during an Oral Proficiency Examination of French by Huelsman, Shirley Brindle, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1988, 168 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8812262
•
An In-depth Inquiry into the Language and Teaching Anxieties Experienced by Preservice Foreign Language Teachers by Wood, Priscilla Gentry; Phd from The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 1999, 188 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9942635
•
An Information Processing Model of Women with Chronic Anxiety: an Integrative Treatment Approach (anxiety) by Lewellen, Wanda Ara, Phd from The University of Texas at Arlington, 1993, 136 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9419393
•
An Instrument to Measure Perceived Anxiety in a Resident Outdoor Adventure Education Setting by Quinn, Thomas James, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1996, 185 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9639331
•
An Interaction Study: Locus of Control, Mathematical Attitude, Mathematical Anxiety, and Mathematical Achievement with Three Modes of Instruction -Personalized System of Instruction, Traditional Lecture and Five Day Lecture by Urbatsch, Tonya Dessert, Phd from The University of Iowa, 1979, 263 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8012430
•
An Interactional Approach to Communication-bound Anxiety and the Crosssituational Hypothesis by Cirlin, Alan Sydney, Phd from The University of Iowa, 1981, 246 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8123308
•
An Interactive Approach to Competitive-cooperative Threat, Anxiety and Type a by Quek, Timothy K. K; Phd from York University (canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL51458
•
An Investigation Comparing the Effectiveness of Biofeedback and Group Counseling in Reducing Test Anxiety. by Grouling, Thomas Edward, Phd from Kansas State University, 1976, 178 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7705535
380 Anxiety
•
An Investigation into the Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Anxiety and Depression by Eby, John M; Edd from University of Toronto (canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL23527
•
An Investigation into the Effects of Post-hypnotic Suggestion on the Performance of Selected Motor Skills by Males under Stress Conditions Which Produce Anxiety. by Bozick, Brian James, Phd from New York University, 1976, 110 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7716415
•
An Investigation into the Relationship between Communicative Anxiety and Second Language Oral Proficiency by Harshbarger, Lisa Kay, Phd from Indiana University, 1994, 187 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9500339
•
An Investigation of a Support Group Technique Designed to Lower Interpersonal Anxiety and Improve Self-concept for Medical Students. by Petrucci, Ralph Joseph, Edd from Temple University, 1978, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7817399
•
An Investigation of a Treatment of Anxiety; a Comparison of the Relative Effects of Hypnosis and Progressive Muscle Relaxation on the Improvement of Self-concept in High Susceptibility Subjects by Linial, Andrew Zbigniew, Jr., Edd from Temple University, 1983, 116 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8311550
•
An Investigation of Achievement, Locus of Control, and Anxiety of Gifted Children in Two Educational Models by Parsons, Rosemarie Ann, Edd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 1982, 145 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8301600
•
An Investigation of Achievement, Self-concept, and School Related Anxiety in Graded and Nongraded Elementary Schools by Guarino, Anthony Raymond, Edd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 1982, 220 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8301577
•
An Investigation of Anxiety and Hostility Perception As Concomitants of Test Performance by Webb, Mac Charles, Ded from University of Oregon, 1969, 142 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7015363
•
An Investigation of Anxiety, Depression and Family Role Involvement of Adolescent Males Whose Fathers Have Cardiovascular Disability by Chiampi, John David, Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1982, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8218150
•
An Investigation of Attitudes, Anxiety, and Achievement of College Algebra Students Using Brain-compatible Teaching Techniques by Mcfadden, Kimberly S. Edd from Tennessee State University, 2001, 241 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3024628
•
An Investigation of Bibliotherapy As a Strategy to Reduce Transescent Stress Related to Standardized Testing (test Anxiety) by Smith, Eileen Baumgarten, Edd from Arizona State University, 1991, 244 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9210423
•
An Investigation of Cognitive and Relaxation-imagery Techniques on College Students' Level of General Anxiety by Pitkin, Gannett Lynn, Phd from Washington State University, 1983, 84 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8404608
Dissertations 381
•
An Investigation of Computer Anxiety among Vocational-technical Teachers in Dade County, Florida by Yang, Hao, Edd from Florida International University, 1996, 112 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9713041
•
An Investigation of Developmental Trends in Anxiety in Grades 7-12 by Manley, Merlin John, Edd from Northern Illinois University, 1968, 143 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6903105
•
An Investigation of Ethnicity, Gender, and Anxiety on the Creative Thinking Abilities of Anglo and Mexican-american College Students under Conditions of Cooperation and Competition by Sapp, Theresa Laima Bacenas, Phd from University of Georgia, 1991, 197 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9124335
•
An Investigation of Parental Perceptions and Evaluations of a Four-step Procedure Designed to Help Parents Alleviate Their Adolescents' Level of Generalized Anxiety by Ladd, George T., Jr. Phd from Boston College, 2000, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9961591
•
An Investigation of Preservice Elementary Teachers' Mathematics Anxiety and Its Relationship to Their State-trait Anxiety, Attitudes toward Mathematics, Attitudes toward Reading, Test Anxiety, and Selected Organic Variables by Mcauliffe, Elizabeth Ann, Ded from The Pennsylvania State University, 1985, 273 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8516064
•
An Investigation of Relationships among Self-confidence, Self-efficacy, Competitive Anxiety, and Sport Performance by Yang, Guibao, Phd from The Florida State University, 1994, 166 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9511350
•
An Investigation of School Anxiety and Nongraded Classroom Organization by Chandler, Gail Ellsworth, Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1968, 111 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6915797
•
An Investigation of School Anxiety, Self-concept, Self-efficacy, and Community Building in Multiyear and Traditional Graded Classrooms by Tabachini, Robert John, Jr. Edd from Widener University, 2000, 127 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9973934
•
An Investigation of Separation Anxiety Displayed by Infants Ten Months Through Eighteen Months of Age in a Strange Environment. by Dillon, Joyce Francis, Phd from Georgia State University, 1977, 104 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7804942
•
An Investigation of Some Relationships among Components of Anxiety and Relation-perceiving Functions As Represented in Perspective Drawings by Holm, Joy Alice, Phd from University of Minnesota, 1967, 289 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6807330
•
An Investigation of State Anxiety Response for High and Low Speech-anxious Subjects in Two Types of Threat Situations. by Carlile, Larry Wallace, Phd from The Florida State University, 1976, 101 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7722104
382 Anxiety
•
An Investigation of Student Teaching Anxiety about Discipline Using the Psychological Stress Evaluator (pse). by Dearman, Paul Preston, Jr., Edd from East Texas State University, 1975, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7521640
•
An Investigation of Students' Perspectives on Foreign Language Anxiety by Von Worde, Renee Anne, Phd from George Mason University, 1998, 170 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9828137
•
An Investigation of Test Anxiety As Measured by the Tasc in Content Areas Ranked Difficult and Easy with Fourth and Sixth Grade Students by Forhetz, John Elbert, Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1970, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7109992
•
An Investigation of the Causal Influence of Trait and State Anxiety upon the Test Performance of Newly Incarcerated Adult Inmates. by Worley, Gilbert Ray, Phd from The Florida State University, 1977, 88 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7726992
•
An Investigation of the Differences in Religious Conflict and Anxiety among Religiously Fundamentalist Students Enrolled in Hiwassee College, Johnson Bible College, and the University of Tennessee, Knoxville by Mccall, Clarence Victor, Jr., Edd from The University of Tennessee, 1981, 229 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8208981
•
An Investigation of the Differential Efficacy of Animated and Imaginal Hierarchy Presentation in the Systematic Desensitization of Test Anxiety by Platt, John Gordon; Advdeg from York University (canada), 1971 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK08376
•
An Investigation of the Effect of Cue-controlled Relaxation on Test Anxiety of Active Duty Military Personnel by Calhoun, Dorothy Jean, Edd from Ball State University, 1983, 128 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8315164
•
An Investigation of the Effect of Relaxation, Attentional Control Strategies and Conation Training on Female Students' Locus of Control and State-trait Anxiety (rasct, Math, Sport) by Vasser, Beatrice Wright, Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1984, 143 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8417670
•
An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Group Posthypnotic Suggestion and Group Discussion in Changing Manifest Anxiety, Academic Achievement, and Perception of Self by Habbick, Robert William, Phd from Syracuse University, 1968, 164 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6907742
•
An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Yoga and Meditation upon Anxiety and Its Implications for Education by Moy, Marianne, Edd from Seton Hall University, College of Education and Human Services, 1996, 137 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9623566
•
An Investigation of the Effects of Computer Literacy Components on Cognitive and Affective Domains of Ninth-grade Students (problem-solving, Math Anxiety) by Whitney-roper, Ann, Phd from Boston College, 1986, 151 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8705503
Dissertations 383
•
An Investigation of the Effects of Induced Anxiety on Transfer Ability in College Students by Hicks, Jeffrey Louis, Phd from University of Oregon, 1972, 58 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7313739
•
An Investigation of the Effects of Locus of Control, Evaluation Anxiety and Motivational Rewards upon Creative Performance by Demartini, William Dillon, Edd from Indiana University, 1980, 214 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8022693
•
An Investigation of the Effects of Organizational Climate and Teacher Anxiety on Test Anxiety of Elementary School Students by Sellinger, Stuart, Edd from New York University, 1971, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7211494
•
An Investigation of the Effects of Problem-solving on the Standardized Test Performance of High School Students (act, Admissions, Preparation, Disadvantaged, Test Anxiety) by Young, Mary Glenell Sims, Edd from The University of Tennessee, 1985, 125 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8600065
•
An Investigation of the Effects of Social Class, Race, and Sex on Situational School Anxiety with 4th and 6th Grade Students by Schwenkner, Charles Edward, Edd from University of Cincinnati, 1971, 80 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7204334
•
An Investigation of the Effects of Thermal Training Paired with Coping-imagery Desensitization on Counselor Trainee Anxiety by Graser, Judith Ann, Edd from Ball State University, 1979, 191 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8105150
•
An Investigation of the Influence of Teacher Anxiety upon the Anxiety Level of Students from the Lowest Socio-economic Level by Godshall, Tricia A., Edd from University of Miami, 1969, 114 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6917938
•
An Investigation of the Interactive Causal Influence of Trait and State Anxiety on Academic Achievement. by Heinrich, Darlene L., Phd from The Florida State University, 1975, 182 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7613809
•
An Investigation of the Inter-relationships among Learning Disability, Distractibility, Receptive Language and Family Anxiety by Rivenes, Arlene Brehm, Phd from California Institute of Integral Studies, 1987, 103 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8723143
•
An Investigation of the Philosophical Perspectives of Science Projected by Instructors of Non-majors Science Courses in Relationship to Science Anxiety among Preservice Elementary Teachers by Serianz, Rachel Kathryn, Phd from The University of Iowa, 1996, 496 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9640016
•
An Investigation of the Relationship between Dogmatism and Anxiety As a Predictor of Performance on Tasks of Creativity. by Ford, Carol Ann, Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1975, 106 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7617793
384 Anxiety
•
An Investigation of the Relationship between Irrational Cognitions and Anxiety Disorders by Dodd, Deborah Jean, Phd from The Florida State University, 1987, 185 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8803366
•
An Investigation of the Relationship between the Elementary School Academic Achievement and Selected Anxiety-processing Indicators Observed in the Drawings of 'a Man' Which the Child Had Made While in Kindergarten. by Sperry, Kay Matteson, Edd from University of Maryland College Park, 1974, 246 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7501817
•
An Investigation of the Relationship between the Self-concepts and Anxiety Levels of Counselor-candidates and Their Performance in Counseling Interviews by Giddings, William Vanduyn, Edd from Northern Illinois University, 1971, 142 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7118548
•
An Investigation of the Relationship of Measured Creativity to Anxiety, Self-concept, Sex and Other Personal Characteristics in Early Adolescent Students. by Quaglino, Richard, Phd from University of Southern California, 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f1585030
•
An Investigation of the Relationship of Perceived Family Dynamics to Depression and Anxiety Experienced by Hospitalized Coronary Patients by Fussell, Juanita, Edd from Peabody College for Teachers of Vanderbilt University, 1985, 77 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8517412
•
An Investigation of the Relationship of Sex and Anxiety to Intellectual, Achievement, and Personal Characteristics of Seventh Grade Students by Tulley, John Edward, Edd from University of Southern California, 1967, 265 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6710775
•
An Investigation of the Relationships among Academic Achievement, Intelligence, Manifest Anxiety and Use of the Defense Mechanism of Denial by Brown, Martin, Edd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 1966, 139 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6606756
•
An Investigation of the Relationships among Learning Style Preferences, Personality Types, and Mathematics Anxiety of College Students by Hinkle, Karen S., Edd from University of Maryland College Park, 1986, 207 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8620789
•
An Investigation of the Relationships among Science Teaching Anxiety, Self-efficacy, Teacher Education Variables, and Instructional Strategies by Czerniak, Charlene Marie, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1989, 254 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8913632
•
An Investigation of the Self-concept and Anxiety of Learning-disabled Students by Hildreth, Bertina L., Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1987, 121 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8717430
•
An Investigation to Determine If a Model Group Counseling Program Can Affect the A-trait and A-state Anxiety of Children Who Are under Stress by Mccarthy, Molly Claire, Edd from Drake University, 1982, 135 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8218294
•
An Investigation to Determine the Relationship of Anxiety and Reading Disability and to Study the Effects of Group and Individual Counseling on Reading
Dissertations 385
Improvement by Herman, Bernard, Edd from The University of New Mexico, 1972, 118 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7230756 •
'an Undergrowth of Folly': Public Order, Race Anxiety, and the 1903 Evansville, Indiana, Riot by Butler, Brian Scott, Phd from The University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 1998, 362 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9902949
•
Analysis of Gaba(a) Receptor Subunit Genes in Alcohol Dependence and Anxiety Disorders by Radel, Marta Quintas; Phd from The George Washington University, 2002, 157 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3045184
•
Analysis of the Interrelationships between Science Anxiety and the Variables of Gender, Course of Study, Parent Background, Achievement, Test Anxiety, and Attitude toward Science by Hensley, Carol Ann, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1996, 182 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9630898
•
Anti-anxiety Agents and Synaptic Transmission in the Brain: Electrophysiological Studies by Nestoros, Joannis N; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK52052
•
Anticipatory Heart Rate Response of Subjects of Varying Levels of Anxiety and Physical Fitness by Yarbrough, Hermond Earl, Jr., Phd from Texas A&m University, 1971, 108 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7124717
•
Anxieties of Deception in English Morality Plays and Shakespearean Drama by Torrey, Michael David, Phd from University of Virginia, 1996, 262 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9701287
•
Anxieties of Intimacy and Aloneness and the Courage to Be in Relation by Anwar, Farida; Phd from Fuller Theological Seminary, School of Psychology, 2002, 360 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3039606
•
Anxiety : a Signal Detection Theory Approach by Lefave, M. Keith; Phd from The University of Western Ontario (canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK29081
•
Anxiety a Study of the Affectivity of Moral Consciousness by Morelli, Elizabeth Aileen; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK53123
•
Anxiety among Elementary Teachers Related to Various Formats and Reading Levels of Memoranda by Fields, Milton Brown, Phd from The University of Southern Mississippi, 1983, 175 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8414914
•
Anxiety and Ability Patterns in Paired-associate Learning by Edmonston, Leon Packard, Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1971, 126 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7215746
•
Anxiety and Adolescent Pregnancy by Erbland, Marylou, Phd from The University of Akron, 1984, 233 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8326939
386 Anxiety
•
Anxiety and Aggrandizement: the Origins of American Expansion in the 1840s. by Hietala, Thomas Randall, Phd from Yale University, 1979, 256 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7926469
•
Anxiety and Attention in Beginning Readers by Barksdale, Mary Alice, Edd from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988, 125 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8817398
•
Anxiety and Automobility: Cold War Individualism and the Interstate Highway System by Seiler, John Cotten; Phd from University of Kansas, 2002, 296 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3053996
•
Anxiety and Beliefs about Language Learning: a Study of Korean University Students Learning English by Truitt, Susan Narceille, Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1995, 163 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9534977
•
Anxiety and Beliefs about Language Learning: a Study of Turkish-speaking University Students Learning English in North Cyprus by Kunt, Naciye, Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1997, 217 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9822635
•
Anxiety and Beliefs of French-as-a-second-language Learners at the University Level by Coulombe, Diane; Phd from Universite Laval (canada), 2000, 116 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ52237
•
Anxiety and Career Maturity As Seen in Three Groups of Alcohol Abusers by Mckeown, Suzanne Loring Murphy, Edd from University of Northern Colorado, 1982, 169 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8221870
•
Anxiety and Defensiveness As Related to Measurable Intelligence and Scholastic Achievement of Selected Institutionalized Children by Harte, Mary Laboure, Phd from Fordham University, 1966, 259 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6613536
•
Anxiety and Empathy in a Full Year Counseling and Guidance Institute by Preikshat, William Walter, Edd from Indiana University, 1967, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6804747
•
Anxiety and Energy Expenditure in Modern Dance. by Richardson, James Alexander, Jr., Edd from University of Arkansas, 1978, 79 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7823293
•
Anxiety and Freedom in the Thought of Paul Tillich and Erik Erikson by Lageman, August Gerard, Phd from St. Mary's Seminary and University, 1982, 265 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8304980
•
Anxiety and Learning from Social Cues by Butt, Judith Gross, Phd from City University of New York, 1980, 198 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8006435
•
Anxiety and Locus-of-control in Community College Nursing Students (life Events, Persistence, Age, Marital Status) by Wilson, Lois Marie, Edd from Northern Illinois University, 1986, 192 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8625573
Dissertations 387
•
Anxiety and Memory in the Description of Chronic and Acute Pain Patients by Edelstein, Linda Jan, Phd from United States International University, 1984, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8429942
•
Anxiety and Message-induced Persuasion: a Meta-analytical Approach by Pohl, Gayle Marechia, Phd from University of Kentucky, 1987, 169 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8806558
•
Anxiety and Motor Performance in Children by Rupnow, Allan Arnold, Phd from The University of Utah, 1972, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7231183
•
Anxiety and Orange Blossoms: Sexual Economics in Wedding Texts by Grace Lumpkin, Eudora Welty, and Alice Childress by Wells, Ida Maxwell; Phd from Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College, 2000, 233 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9963967
•
Anxiety and Outdoor Adventure: a Study of State Anxiety and Activity Performance (ropes Course) by Tholkes, Benedict, Phd from University of Minnesota, 1994, 163 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9422315
•
Anxiety and Perceived Locus of Control in Risky and Conservative Decision-making by Casey, Nancy Ann, Phd from Boston University Graduate School, 1969, 173 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6918748
•
Anxiety and Performance: a Comparison of the Inverted-u and Zone of Optimal Function Theories (track and Field) by Turner, Paul Eric, Phd from Indiana University, 1993, 197 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9404415
•
Anxiety and Religious Motivation among Participants in Workshops on Prayer for Healing by Metz, Kenneth Jerome, Phd from Marquette University, 1979, 112 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8006542
•
Anxiety and Repression Coping Styles, and Treatment Approaches in the Integration of Elective Orthopedic Surgical Stress. by Ortmeyer, John Arthur, Phd from Northwestern University, 1977, 283 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7800740
•
Anxiety and Repression: Individual Differences in Valence Modulation of Startle and Interference with Cognitive Performance by Temple, Richard O. Phd from The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2002, 92 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3066346
•
Anxiety and Self-actualization Demonstrated by Acute-care Nurses and Non-acutecare Nurses. by Secor, Jane, Phd from Syracuse University, 1973, 125 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7417622
•
Anxiety and Self-concept in Elderly Hispanic Widowed Females under Home Care, Retirement Homes, and Independent Living Conditions by Mosqueda-ponce, Therese Lupe, Phd from United States International University, 1994, 155 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9541284
•
Anxiety and Student Teaching. by Madley, Susan Mary, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1978, 136 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7822954
388 Anxiety
•
Anxiety and Teaching Competence by Parsons, Jane Louise Steig, Edd from Stanford University, 1970, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7102867
•
Anxiety and the Benzodiazepine/gaba-chloride Ionophore Receptor Complex: Implications for Learned Helplessness, Coping and Behavioral Depression (librium, Escape Deficit, B-carboline) by Drugan, Robert Charles, Phd from University of Colorado at Boulder, 1984, 114 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8428645
•
Anxiety and the Disabled by Villeneuve, Wayne Philip, Edd from The College of William and Mary, 1980, 103 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8205155
•
Anxiety and the Foreign Language Learner: Correlates of Foreign Language Anxiety by Price, Mary Lou, Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1988, 150 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8901385
•
Anxiety and the Perception of Emotion the Ability of Grade Four Children to Discriminate Multiple Emotional Speech Messages As a Function of Trait Anxiety by Kowall, Miles A; Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK57823
•
Anxiety and the Perception of Emotion: the Ability of Grade Four Children to Discriminate Multiple Emotional Speech Messages As a Function of Trait Anxiety by Kowall, Miles Ashley, Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f2122229
•
Anxiety As a Function of Task Performance Feedback and Introversion-extroversion. by Fremont, Theodore Stanton, Edd from Oklahoma State University, 1970, 55 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7111150
•
Anxiety As a Mediator of Cognitive Conceptual Development in Beginning Group Counselors by Duncan, Dean M., Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1994, 150 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9516010
•
Anxiety As a Moderator of the Relationship between Suicidality and Responding to Suicidal Communications by Brown, Marceline Moulin; Phd from The University of Southern Mississippi, 2003, 98 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3084194
•
Anxiety As an Affective Factor for Adult Korean Students Learning English As a Second Language by Murray, Bokyung; Ms from University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 2002, 66 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1411200
•
Anxiety Concepts in the Motivation-hygiene Theory. by Taylor, John Norman, Dba from The George Washington University, 1976, 116 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7624885
•
Anxiety Control As a Function of Instructional Modifications in Paired-associate Learning by Peltonen, Jean Beverly Bowen, Edd from West Virginia University, 1969, 93 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7015243
•
Anxiety Cued Verbal Responses in Student-teachers by Valencia, Silvia Mireya, Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 1970, 96 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7100719
Dissertations 389
•
Anxiety in Career Indecision. by Kimes, Harold Gene, Edd from East Texas State University, 1973, 105 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7405767
•
Anxiety in Counselor Trainees by Diblin, Joan Edna, Phd from Arizona State University, 1969, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7004854
•
Anxiety in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders: the Role of Social Skill Deficits by Bellini, Scott Curtis; Phd from Indiana University, 2002, 158 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3075930
•
Anxiety in Interactions with Visibly Disabled Persons. by Marinelli, Robert Patrick, Edd from The Pennsylvania State University, 1971, 159 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7219344
•
Anxiety in Military Members and Their Spouses over the First Twelve Months after Relocation by Kelly, Susan Sanneman, Phd from Saint Louis University, 1995, 227 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9543331
•
Anxiety in the Career Decision Process: an Experimental Test of Goodstein's Indecision and Indecisive Constructs by Carney, Clarke Gregory, Phd from The University of Utah, 1972, 103 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7233891
•
Anxiety in the College Japanese Language Classroom: Its Relationship to Selfperceived Ability, Fear of Negative Evaluation, and Other Characteristics of Individuals by Kitano, Kazu, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1998, 301 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9819827
•
Anxiety in the Esl Classroom: an Exploratory Study by Wong, Mary Hui-tze, Phd from Michigan State University, 1979, 184 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8006211
•
Anxiety in the Language Classroom and Computer-assisted Language Learning by Schwartz, Michael, Phd from Harvard University, 1988, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8909011
•
Anxiety in the Spanish Language Classroom: Correlates and Intervention by Cubillos, Jorge Hernando, Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 1992, 156 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9236807
•
Anxiety in the Terminally Ill: a Pastoral Careplan for the Hospice Patient and Family by Gustafson, Robert William, Dmin from Princeton Theological Seminary, 1984, 136 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8418202
•
Anxiety in Women Associated with a Non-traditional or Traditional Career Choice by Hobson, Gale Llewellyn, Phd from The University of Oklahoma, 1982, 86 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8225504
•
Anxiety Induced by the Relaxation Process in Patients and Nonpatients: a Paradoxical Response (relaxation Therapy, Negative Side Effects) by Singer, James Marsh, Edd from Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 1992, 315 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9303101
390 Anxiety
•
Anxiety Interaction with Task Difficulty Levels, Memory Support, and Estimated Task Competency in a Concept Identification Task by Boutwell, Richard Conrad, Phd from Brigham Young University, 1972, 107 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7223185
•
Anxiety Level As a Predictor of the Type Teaching Model with Whom the Prospective Teacher Identifies. by Eggleston, Phyllis Denise, Edd from University of Georgia, 1976, 116 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7712379
•
Anxiety Levels of Upper-middle and Upper-lower Class First Grade Children Prior to and during Formal Reading Instruction by Nikas, George Bill, Edd from State University of New York at Buffalo, 1969, 94 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6919019
•
Anxiety Levels of Younger and Older Women in Their First Term Pregnancies by Lesser, Marilyn Cuttler, Phd from University of Miami, 1984, 135 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8416305
•
Anxiety Levels, Distraction Conditions, and Instruction Types in a Creativity Testing Situation by Trentham, Landa L., Edd from Indiana University, 1972, 95 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7310873
•
Anxiety of Classroom Teachers Throughout the Year As Influenced by Mainstreamed Students and Other Variables by Fineblum, Carol Mazaroff, Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 1984, 131 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8424218
•
Anxiety of Professional Personnel Prior and Subsequent to Adoption of Innovation. by Magee, Patricia, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1975, 295 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7519081
•
'anxiety over His Flesh Painting': Art and Masculinity in the Early Paintings of George De Forest Brush by Boyles, James Calvin; Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2003, 336 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086499
•
Anxiety Reduction and Academic Progress by Robertin, Hector, Phd from The Union for Experimenting Colleges and Universities, 1979, 137 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8002948
•
Anxiety Reduction and Performance Enhancement for Female Competitive Gymnasts by Neaman, Dale Rose, Phd from United States International University, 1993, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9332872
•
Anxiety Reduction Through Breathing and Muscle Relaxation Training: Cognitive and Affective Concomitants. by Scopp, Alfred Lee, Phd from Duke University, 1974, 229 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7510724
•
Anxiety Related to Tenure Status and Its Relationship to Academic Administrator Evaluation by Miller, Thomas Henry, Phd from The University of Connecticut, 1979, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8003755
Dissertations 391
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
393
CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND ANXIETY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning anxiety.
Recent Trials on Anxiety The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to anxiety.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
Behavior Therapy for Children and Adolescents with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Condition(s): Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to evaluate a behavioral treatment program for children and adolescents with OCD and their families. Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) behavior therapy, in which the patient is gradually exposed to the object or situation that causes anxiety and is taught to refrain from responding in a compulsive manner, is combined with family counseling (Family Treatment Program). This treatment will be compared to Relaxation Training (RT). OCD is a long-term, often disabling disorder that can cause significant family disruption. ERP is a promising treatment for children with OCD, and it is thought that family participation (through the Family Treatment Program) may be a helpful addition. RT is a common treatment for anxiety. Patients are assigned randomly (like tossing a coin) to receive either the ERP/Family Treatment Program or RT. Both treatments will be delivered over 12 90minute outpatient sessions to youngsters and their families. All participants (patients and family members) will be assessed for treatment response each month during treatment, after treatment is finished, and then at 2 follow-up visits over the following 6 months. A child/adolescent may be eligible for this study if he/she: Has obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD), is medication-free, and is 8 to 17 years old.
8
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
394 Anxiety
Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000386 •
Brain Changes Involved in Fear Evoked by Predictable versus Unpredictable Unpleasant Stimuli Condition(s): Anxiety Disorders Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to investigate brain changes in people exposed to predictable versus unpredictable unpleasant stimuli. Unpleasant events that can e predicted evoke a fear response, whereas unpredictable unpleasant stimuli cause chronic anxiety not associated with a specific event. Information gained from this study may help in the development of more effective treatments for anxiety disorders. Healthy normal volunteers between 18 and 40 years of age may be eligible for this study. Candidates will be screened with a medical and psychiatric history and physical examination, and will complete questionnaires relating to mood and anxiety. Those who enroll in the study will be given a sample shock of the intensity used in the study and will be introduced to the MRI procedure (described below). On the day of the MRI test, participants will again fill out anxiety and mood questionnaires before undergoing the procedure. MRI uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to produce images that show changes in tissues. For the test, the subject lies on a table enclosed by the scanner, a metal cylindrical machine. Electrodes are attached to the skin to administer electric shocks and to measure skin conductance (sweat). Earplugs are placed in the ears to muffle loud knocking sounds caused by electrical switching of the radio frequency circuits. During the scan, pictures or geometric shapes are displayed on a monitor and brief electric shocks are occasionally delivered to the forearm. Heart rate, breathing, and skin conductance response are monitored. In a separate session after the scan, subjects' physiological responses to the stimuli will be recorded. Electrodes are placed on two fingers (to measure skin conductance), on the inside of each wrist (to measure heart rate), and under each eye (to measure eye blink). Two more electrodes are attached to the forearm or fingers to deliver shocks. In addition, loud noises are presented from time to time during this part of the study. At the conclusion of the study, participants will fill out questionnaires about their test experience. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00047853
•
Brain Chemical Receptor Effects in Patients with Panic Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Condition(s): Panic Disorder; Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; Major Depressive Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Clinical Trials 395
Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to examine how certain brain chemicals work in patients with panic disorder (PD) and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) with and without major depressive disorder (MDD). Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00025974 •
Child and Adolescent Anxiety Disorders Condition(s): Anxiety Disorders Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of interventions for children and adolescents with separation anxiety disorder, social phobia, and/or generalized anxiety disorder. This study will also determine how long the treatment effects last. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00052078
•
Clinical Trial of Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Postraumatic Stress Disorder in Women Veterans Condition(s): Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Department of Veterans Affairs; Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of the proposed DVA cooperative study is to evaluate the efficacy of exposure therapy for treating PTSD and associated problems in female veterans and active duty military personnel. We propose to compare exposure therapy, Prolonged Exposure, with a comparison therapy that focuses on current problems, Present Centered Therapy. The study is a randomized clinical trial involving 384 female veterans and active duty personnel in 11 VA medical centers and 1 DoD medical center. All subjects, even self-referrals, will enter the study through referrals by mental health clinicians at the participating sites. Following informed consent, subjects will be screened for inclusion and exclusion diagnoses. If they meet these criteria and agree to participate, they will be randomly assigned to one of the two treatments, which will occur weekly for 10 weeks. Subjects will be assessed before treatment, immediately following treatment, and 3 and 6 months after the end of treatment. The primary outcome is PTSD severity. Secondary outcomes are anxiety and depression. Exploratory outcomes include associated features of PTSD, such as dissociation and substance abuse; psychosocial functioning, quality of life, physical health, satisfaction with treatment, and service utilization. Both treatments will be described in detail in a treatment manual and monitored intensively to ensure that they are administered correctly. Phase(s): Phase II; Phase III Study Type: Interventional
396 Anxiety
Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00032617 •
Clinical Trial of Fluoxetine in Anxiety and Depression in Children, and Associated Brain Changes Condition(s): Depression; Mood Disorder; Anxiety Disorder; Healthy Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will determine if fluoxetine (Prozac(r) (Registered Trademark)) is effective for treating anxiety or depression in children and adolescents. The study will also use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to learn more about how the brain functions in children/adolescents taking this medication for anxiety or depression. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00018057
•
Clonazepam and Paroxetine for Rapid Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Condition(s): Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that follows exposure to an extremely traumatic stressors. PTSD is associated with serious symptoms. While numerous approaches have been used to treat PTSD, these treatments have several limiting factors. This study will evaluate a combination of the drugs clonazepam and paroxetine for the treatment of PTSD symptoms. Phase(s): Phase IV Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00025740
•
Effect of Alprazolam (Xanax(r) (Registered Trademark)) on Anxiety Condition(s): Healthy; MEDLINEplus consumer health information Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will examine the effects of alprazolam (Xanax(r) (Registered Trademark)) on anxiety. Alprazolam is commonly prescribed to treat anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders, but exactly how it works is not known. Besides reducing anxiety, the drug is also a sedative. To see whether the subjective and physiological effects of alprazolam on anxiety can be distinguished from its sedative effect, this study will compare the drug with diphenydramine (Benadryl(r) (Registered Trademark)) - a sedative that is not used to treat anxiety, and with a placebo - a lookalike substance with no active drug. Healthy volunteers between 18 and 45 years of age
Clinical Trials 397
may be eligible for this study, which includes two pilot experiments preceding the main study. Candidates will be screened with a psychiatric history and physical examination, electrocardiogram (EKG), and blood and urine tests. Candidates will undergo a startle test, which consists of recording the subject's eyeblink response to startling noises, and will be given sample electric shocks in varying intensities, which they will receive as part of the study. Participants will have four testing sessions, each lasting about 4 to 5 hours, and each separated by 5 to 10 days. At each session, a catheter (thin plastic tube) will be placed in a vein for blood collection. At each session, the subject will take a pill containing either 0.5 mg alprazolam, 1 mg alprazolam, up to 50 mg diphenhydramine, or placebo. One hour after taking the pill, electrodes will be taped to the following places on the body to record various physiological responses: to two fingers to measure sweat, to the ribcage to measure heart rate, below one eye to measure eye blinks, and above the eyebrow to record changes in facial muscle contractions. A device will be attached to a finger to record pulse, and a special belt will be placed around the chest to record respiratory rate. The subject will then receive very brief electric shocks to the forearm in varying intensities. Startling noises will also be produced. Specific geometric shapes on a computer screen will inform subjects of the risk of receiving shocks during specific periods of time. The volunteers will fill out questionnaires at various times during the study and will be asked to perform simple memory tasks and motor tasks to evaluate the sedative effects of the medication. Blood samples will be collected immediately before the experiment and after completing it, and saliva samples will be collected at various times during the sample. To provide the saliva samples, the subject spits into a tube. Participants in the pilot studies will have fewer testing sessions (two sessions for Pilot 1, with no drugs administered, and three sessions for Pilot 2, using 1 mg alprazolam, up to 50 mg diphenhydramine, and placebo). Those in Pilot 1 will not have a catheter inserted and blood samples will not be collected. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00044096 •
Effects of Arousal and Stress on Classical Conditioning Condition(s): Anxiety Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: This study has several parts. One part will examine the influence of factors such as personality and past experience on reactions to unpleasant stimuli over time. Others will examine the effect of emotional and attentional states and personality on learning and memory. Healthy volunteers between the ages of 18 and 45 years may be eligible for this study. Candidates will be screened with a medical and psychiatric history, physical examination and hearing test. Participants will have their heart rate, eyeblink and electrodermal activity (sweat) measured in response to various stimuli. These responses are indirect measures of brain structures involved in fear, anxiety, learning and memory processes. To record these responses, participants will have electrodes taped to the surface of the skin on two fingers (for electrodermal activity), the inside of the wrists (for heart rate), and under each eye (for eyeblink). The studies may include the following procedures: 1. Two electrodes will be attached to the forearm or fingers to deliver shocks. The participant will look at pictures or geometric shapes on a monitor or hear loud sounds. Occasional brief electric shocks will be administered to the forearm or fingers. 2. Participants will view emotional (neutral, pleasant and
398 Anxiety
unpleasant) pictures, deliver a short speech in front of a small audience, and receive brief, mildly unpleasant shocks. During the test, participants will hear some tones through earphones, and weak air puffs will be delivered through a small plastic tube to the corner of the eyes. 3. Weak air puffs will be delivered through a small plastic tube to the corner of the eyes. Two electrodes will be attached to the forehead. A brief weak current will be sent to elicit an eyeblink. At the end of each study, participants will fill out questionnaires about the experience. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00026559 •
Effects of Hydrocortisone in Patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Condition(s): Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders; Healthy Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will evaluate whether people who develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after a trauma have increased sensitivity to the effects of a stress hormone called hydrocortisone. The study will compare the responses to hydrocortisone in subjects with PTSD to those of people who have experienced significant trauma but did not develop PTSD and to healthy people who have not been exposed to trauma. Subjects between 18 and 60 years of age who 1) have PTSD due to non-combat or combat-related trauma, 2) have had non-combat related traumatic experiences without current PTSD, and 3) are healthy with no history of psychiatric or major medical illness may be eligible for this study. Participation involves five visits, outlined below. Visit 1 - Screening Candidates will be screened with a medical and psychiatric interview, physical examination, blood tests, electrocardiogram, and emotional intelligence evaluation. Those eligible for the study will collect urine and saliva samples daily for 3 days. Visits 2 and 3 - Overnight stay - Blood collection Participants will be admitted to the NIH Clinical Center for repeat measurements of blood levels of various stress hormones at various times during early evening hours, during sleep, and during early morning hours. Blood samples will be collected through an indwelling catheter (plastic tube) in the arm every 30 minutes during sleep. (The collections will not disturb sleep.) Blood pressure and pulse will be monitored periodically during waking hours. - Baseline clinical evaluation - The next morning, baseline levels of PTSD symptoms, anxiety, distress, and depression will be evaluated using questionnaires. Blood pressure, pulse and electrodermal activity (sweat) will be monitored. Blood will be drawn for baseline measurement of stress hormones. Hydrocortisone or placebo administration - After the baseline evaluation, participants will receive either 30 milligrams of hydrocortisone or placebo (inactive substance) through the vein. - PET scan - 80 minutes after administration of the hydrocortisone or placebo, a PET scan will be conducted to measure brain glucose (sugar) metabolism. PET is a diagnostic test that is based on differences in how cells take up and use glucose, one of the body's main fuels. The subject is given an injection of a glucose solution called fluorodeoxyglucose, (FDG) in which a radioactive tracer has been attached to the glucose molecule. The scanner detects the radiation emissions and the resulting images show how much glucose is being used. - Neuropsychological testing - Participants will undergo tests evaluating memory, learning, attention and concentration, and naming. Eyeblink test - A series of mild air puffs will be delivered to the eye in conjunction with brief audible tones. Changes in heart rate, electrodermal activity and the eyeblink will
Clinical Trials 399
be measured in response to the tone and air puff. - Traumatic scripts (for PTSD patients and others exposed to trauma) - Participants will listen to a 2-minute edited version of a tape made during their screening visit in which they briefly described their main traumatic event. Blood samples will be collected every 15 minutes beginning 1/2 hour before and 1/2 hour after hearing the tape. Heart rate, blood pressure and skin conductance will be measured at the same times. PTSD symptoms, anxiety, distress, and depression will be evaluated. Visit 4 - Low-dose dexamethasone test Participants will take 0.5 mg of the stress hormone dexamethasone at 11 p.m. Stress hormone levels will be measured at 4 p.m. the following day. Visit 5 - Magnetic Resonance Imaging Participants will have an MRI scan of the brain. This diagnostic test uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to show structural and chemical changes in tissues. During the scan, the subject lies on a table in a narrow cylinder containing a magnetic field. The procedure takes about 1-1/2 hours. The subject can speak with a staff member via an intercom system at all times during the procedure. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00039715 •
Evaluation of Clonazepam and Paroxetine for Panic Disorder with Depression Condition(s): Panic Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to examine the safety and effectiveness of the drug combination paroxetine and clonazepam in treating people with panic disorder (PD) and major depression. Phase(s): Phase IV Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00031317
•
Evaluation of the Genetics of Bipolar Disorder Condition(s): Anxiety Schizophrenia
Disorder;
Bipolar
Disorder;
Healthy;
Mood
Disorder;
Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to identify genes that may affect a person's chances of developing bipolar (BP) disorder and related conditions. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001174 •
Expectation of Unpleasant Events in Anxiety Disorders Condition(s): Anxiety Disorders
400 Anxiety
Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will examine changes in the body and brain that occur during unpleasant learning experiences in healthy normal volunteers with high, moderate, and low anxiety trait. In a later phase of this study, the responses in healthy subjects will be compared with those of patients with anxiety disorders. Fear and anxiety are normal responses to threat. anxiety is considered pathological (abnormal); however, when the response to a specific stimulus is excessive or inappropriate. Normal volunteers between 18 and 55 years of age who have no history of psychiatric or major medical illness may be eligible for this study. Candidates will be screened with a medical and psychiatric history, physical examination, questionnaires, and, in women of childbearing potential, a pregnancy test. Participants will come to the NIH Clinical Center three times for the following tests and procedures: Visit 1 (Screening Plus Air Burst Test) After completing the screening tests described above, participants compete a questionnaire and then perform the following computer tasks: - Task #1- View images on a computer screen and identify the location of shapes. - Task #2 - View images on a computer screen while occasional bursts of air are delivered to the neck via the plastic tube and brief loud sounds are delivered through headphones. During the tasks, participants' physiological responses to the stimuli are recorded with electrodes taped to two fingers to measure sweat activity; to the inside of each wrist to measure heart rate; and under each eye and on the jaw to measure facial muscle activity. Each measure provides a different kind of information about how the brain adapts to environmental stimuli. A special belt is also placed over the chest to measure breathing. After each task, participants answer a few questions about the reactions to the experiment. They also provide saliva samples several times during the study to measure levels of the stress hormone cortisol. Visit 2 (Electric Shock Test) One month after the first visit, participants return to the clinic for the same test procedure as before, except that during the second computer task, electric shocks are delivered to the wrist or fingers instead of air bursts to the neck. The shocks are usually described as unpleasant and are similar to the effect of snapping a tight rubber band against the skin. Visit 3 (Electric Shock and Air Puff Test) Ten to 15 days after the second visit, participants return to the clinic for the same procedure as in Visit 2. They undergo one additional experiment as well, in which they hear several short tones, and receive occasional mild air puffs delivered to the left eye. At the end of the study, participants fill out questionnaires about their experience. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00055224 •
Fear Conditioning Using Computer-Generated Virtual Reality Condition(s): Anxiety Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will use a computer-generated virtual reality environment to study fear conditioning. Fear conditioning models are tools to explore the causes and persistence of anxiety and anxiety disorders in the laboratory. People's reaction to unpleasant stimuli depends on several factors, including their previous experience with the stimulus and the ability to predict its occurrence. This study will investigate anxiety induced by the anticipation of unpleasant stimuli when the stimuli are repeated over
Clinical Trials 401
time in different situations. In a computer-generated virtual reality environment the stimuli are presented in a realistic 3-dimensional environment in which the subject can actively participate. Healthy normal volunteers between 18 and 50 years of age may be eligible for this 2- to 3-hour study. Candidates will be screened with a medical history, physical examination, psychiatric evaluation and hearing test. Participants will wear headphones and special goggles through which they will be presented a virtual reality environment where they will be taken to different places (e.g., cities and houses) and will hear loud startling sounds. During the testing, subjects will occasionally be administered one of the following stimuli: - Air jet - A plastic tube fixed on the neck and directed to the throat at the level of the larynx (voice box) emit a brief jet of air. Subjects have described the air jets as surprising and slightly unpleasant, but not painful. Electric shock - Two electrodes attached to the forearm, fingers or wrist deliver a brief electric shock. The shock is unpleasant but harmless, similar to the effect of snapping a tight rubber band against the skin. Subjects have rated the shock on a scale of 1 (not at all painful) to 10 (extremely painful), with a mean rating of 5. About 80 percent rated the shock between 4 and 6, 10 percent below 4, and 10 percent above 6. Thus, a small percentage of subjects found the shock painful. Participants' physiological responses to the stimuli will be recorded with electrodes taped to the surface of the skin (measuring sweat, or electrodermal activity), on the inside of each wrist (measuring heart rate), and under each eye (measuring eye blink). Each measure provides a different kind of information about how the brain adapts to environmental stimuli. At the end of the study, participants will fill out questionnaires about their experience. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00025844 •
Gabapentin For the Control of Hot Flashes in Women With Breast Cancer Condition(s): Anxiety Disorder; Breast Cancer; Depression; Hot Flashes; Quality of Life Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): James P. Wilmot Cancer Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Gabapentin may be effective for the control of hot flashes. It is not yet known if gabapentin is effective in treating hot flashes. PURPOSE: Randomized clinical trial to study the effectiveness of gabapentin in controlling hot flashes in women who have breast cancer. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00022074
•
Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Social Anxiety Disorder: Their Impact on the Processing of Information and Learning Condition(s): Anxiety Disorders Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to increase researchers' understanding of the biological basis of generalized anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder. They will investigate how the brain activity associated with specific thoughts and feelings
402 Anxiety
may play a role in these anxiety disorders. This knowledge will be used to design interventions to help those with these illnesses. To qualify for this study, participants must be evaluated via an initial telephone screening interview and material sent through the mail. Participants will then be required to make three visits to NIH. During the first visit, they will be asked questions about their general mood, degree of nervousness, thinking skills, and behavior. They will undergo a thorough physical exam, including an EKG, blood work, urinalysis, and a pregnancy test for women of childbearing potential. During the second visit, participants will spend about 2.5 hours doing various tasks while sitting and looking at a computer screen. These tasks will guide them to experience specific kinds of thoughts and emotions. Researchers will attach electrodes to the participants' hands to monitor the amount of electricity conducted by the skin. The third visit will be similar to the second visit, but participants will perform the tasks while lying in a MRI scanner. Participants will be compensated up to $400 for their involvement in this study. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00062517 •
Interactive Computer Treatment for Panic Disorder Condition(s): Panic Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to develop an interactive computer based version of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and compare its effectiveness to book based CBT for the treatment of panic disorder. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063375
•
Lorazepam- Induced Toxicity in the Aged Condition(s): Anxiety Disorders Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of an acute dose of lorazepam to an acute dose of placebo in elderly patients with Generalized anxiety Disorder (GAD). Phase(s): Phase IV Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00044642
Clinical Trials 403
•
MRI Study of Brain Activity and Risk for Depression in Adolescents Condition(s): Involutional Depression; Anxiety Disorders Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to investigate brain changes in adolescents at risk for Major Depressive Disorder. It also calls for healthy volunteers to compare to children at risk for major depression. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00047944
•
Music Therapy to Ease Pain and Emotional Distress in Patients With Hematologic Cancer Who Are Undergoing High-Dose Therapy and Stem Cell Transplantation Condition(s): adult Hodgkin's lymphoma; adult non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; Anxiety Disorder; childhood acute myeloid leukemia and other myeloid malignancies; chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis; Depression; mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome; Pain; recurrent cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; refractory plasma cell neoplasm; stage I multiple myeloma; stage II multiple myeloma; stage III multiple myeloma Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Music therapy may be effective in relieving pain and emotional distress in patients who are undergoing cancer therapy. PURPOSE: Randomized trial to determine the effectiveness of music therapy to ease pain and emotional distress in patients with hematologic cancer who are undergoing high-dose therapy and stem cell transplantation. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00014482
•
Neuropsychological Evaluation of Psychiatric and Neurological Patients Condition(s): Anxiety Disorder; Head Injury; Mood Disorder; Schizophrenia; Seizures Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will allow researchers to use various types of tests to evaluate cognitive and sensory functions. These tests, referred to as "batteries" will evaluate attention, executive functions, general intellectual functioning, language, memory, motor functions, orientation, personality, selected sensory and perceptual functions, vigilance (alertness), and visual-spatial functions. Children and adult patient will receive different test batteries. The goals of this research study are to; 1. Create descriptions based on the performance of each patient on the test batteries. Then use this information to relate patient behavior to their neurophysiological, neuroradiological, and biochemical descriptions. 2. Define subgroups of patients based on their neurobehavior in order to decrease the variability of psychiatric diagnoses, treatments, and prognoses.
404 Anxiety
Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001192 •
Panic Disorder Study Condition(s): Panic Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Wyeth-Ayerst Research Purpose - Excerpt: The primary objective of this study is to determine the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of a flexible dose of venlafaxine extended-release (ER) capsules administered for 10 weeks in the treatment of adult outpatients with panic disorder (PD) in a placebo-controlled phase III study. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00038896
•
Reward-Related Processes and Brain Function Condition(s): Depression; Anxiety Disorders; Healthy Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will examine and compare brain changes during decisionmaking in healthy adolescents and adolescents who are anxious or depressed. The findings may provide a better understanding of mechanisms that lead to depression or anxiety. Adolescents between 9 and 15 years of age and adults between 25 and 45 years of age in the following categories will be enrolled in this study: - Healthy adults Healthy adolescents - Adolescents with major depression - Adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder The study involves three visits, as follows: Visit 1 Visit 1 consists of three parts for both child and adult participants: - Part 1: Staff will meet with participants for a standard psychiatric interview, which will include questions about the participants' feelings, experiences and behavior-both past and present. For adolescent participants, staff will meet with the child alone, the parent alone, and the child and parent together. - Part 2: Participants will perform a series of simple tasks involving shapes, letters, and numbers. They will have a medical history, physical examination and blood draw. In addition, adolescents will have a urine drug test. - Part 3: Adults and those adolescents who will undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in Visit 3 will receive training to familiarize them with the procedure. Visit 2 - Adolescents will again be asked standardized questions regarding their feelings, experiences and behavior, and will then perform a series of simple decision-making tasks on a computer. - Adults will undergo MRI scanning, as described below in Visit 3 for adolescents. This concludes the participation of adults in the study. Visit 3 Adolescents will have one of the following two procedures: - Decision-making task using a computer. Small electrodes will be placed on the child's wrists, face and fingers to monitor muscle tone and skin humidity during the task. Or - - MRI, a test that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to show changes in brain function. During the scan, the participant lies on a table in a space enclosed by a metal cylinder (the MRI scanner). The procedure takes 60-90
Clinical Trials 405
minutes; subjects must lie still for 10-15 minutes at a time. During imaging, the subject will be asked to perform a decision-making task on a computer. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00029588 •
Stress Management Training in Patients Undergoing Radiation Therapy for Cancer Condition(s): Quality of Life; Anxiety Disorder; Depression; unspecified adult solid tumor, protocol specific Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): CCOP - H. Lee Moffitt Research Base; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Stress management techniques such as muscle relaxation, guided imagery, and abdominal breathing may improve quality of life and decrease emotional distress in patients who are undergoing radiation therapy for cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized clinical trial to determine the effectiveness of stress management training in helping cancer patients cope with the emotional distress of radiation therapy. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00057733
•
The Psychobiology of Temperament Condition(s): Mood Disorders; Anxiety Disorders; Adolescents Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine brain changes that occur in children when they are exposed to various kinds of emotional tasks, and to determine if these changes are related to the child's personality type. fMRI is a diagnostic test that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to show changes in brain function while the subject performs a task, such as viewing pictures of different facial expressions. Children between 9 and 16 years old with no history of psychosis or developmental disorder may be eligible for this study. Some children recruited for the study will have already participated in a study of personality type when they were younger. For these children, the results of the previous study will be compared with the present study to see if the brain's reactions to emotional tasks change with age. Participants will have three clinic visits, as follows: Visit 1 The child and the parent will meet with staff separately and together for psychiatric interviews, in which they will be asked about the child's feelings, experiences, and behavior. The child will also undergo the following procedures: - Physical examination and medical history; Pen and pencil test to assess stage of puberty, temperament, intelligence, feelings, experiences, and behavior; - Urine drug test; - Saliva sample to assess physical development; and, - Training in an fMRI simulator to prepare for visits 2 and 3. Visits 2 and 3 The child will undergo fMRI. For this procedure, the child lies in a metal cylinder (the scanner) for 60 to 90 minutes and will be asked to lie very still for 10 to 15 minutes at a time. While in the scanner, the children will perform a task. During Visit 2, they will perform a gambling task in which they can win up to $100, depending on their
406 Anxiety
performance. During Visit 3, they will perform two tasks that assess their responses to pictures that may cause feelings of happiness, sadness, and fear. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00060775 •
Therapy for Depression with Co-occurring Panic or Anxiety Symptoms Condition(s): Depression; Mood Disorder; Anxiety Disorder; Panic Disorder; Major Depressive Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to develop and test a new therapy designed to treat depressed patients with co-occurring symptoms of panic or anxiety. Phase(s): Phase I; Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00051207
•
Treatment of Panic Disorder: Long Term Strategies Condition(s): Panic Disorder; Agoraphobia Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) with or without medication has been used in the treatment of panic disorder (PD). The purpose of this study is 1) to determine whether nine months of maintenance cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) significantly improves the likelihood of sustained improvement; and 2) to determine the acute acceptability and efficacy of medication therapy or continued CBT alone among patients who fail to respond sufficiently to an initial course of CBT alone. It has been found that patients with PD respond as well to CBT or medication alone as they do to a combination of the two. Since the combined treatments are expensive and CBT is associated with less risk of medical toxicity compared to medications, CBT alone will be used first. All patients will first receive CBT alone. If the patient responds to this therapy, the patient will be assigned randomly (like tossing a coin) to 1 of 2 groups. One group will continue to receive CBT (maintenance therapy) for 9 months. The other group of responders will not receive any further therapy. If a patient does not respond to CBT alone, he/she will be assigned randomly to 1 of 2 different groups. One group will receive paroxetine; the other will continue to receive CBT for a longer period. The response to treatment will be evaluated to see which regimen works best to treat PD. The study will last approximately 3 years. An individual may be eligible for this study if he/she has panic disorder with no more than mild agoraphobia (fear of being in public places) and is at least 18 years old. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): Katherine Shear, PhD 1-412-624-1340
[email protected]; Susan Ray, PhD
[email protected] or
[email protected]
Clinical Trials 407
Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000368 •
Vestibular Dysfunction In Adult Patients With Panic Disorder With or Without Agoraphobia Condition(s): Anxiety Disorder; Panic Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); University of Pittsburgh Purpose - Excerpt: Objectives: I. Determine whether the prevalence of abnormalities on clinical vestibular (balance) tests is higher in panic disorder with agoraphobia than in uncomplicated panic disorder and nonpanic anxiety disorder. II. Determine whether the prevalence of abnormalities on audiological tests of cochlear or brainstem function is elevated in panic disorder without agoraphobia or nonpanic anxiety disorder. III. Determine whether symptom patterns can be identified that are indicative of vestibular abnormalities in panic disorder. IV. Determine whether vestibular dysfunction can be induced by psychosomatic mechanisms. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004367
•
Anxiety and Vagal Control of the Heart in Coronary Disease Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Coronary Disease; Depression; Heart Diseases; Death, Sudden, Cardiac; Arrhythmia Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To examine the role of reduced vagal control of heart rate in the increased risk of cardiac mortality associated with anxiety in a population with established coronary artery disease (CAD). A second objective is to determine whether the effects of anxiety are independent of the effects of depression. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006311
•
Cognitive and Drug Therapy for Drug-Resistant Depression Condition(s): Depression; Anxiety Disorders; Personality Disorders; Drug-resistant depression Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: To develop an effective combined cognitive therapy (CT) plus drug treatment for patients with drug-resistant depression (DRD) (i.e., depression that is refractory to medication). To develop a manual for combined treatment for DRD that integrates three existing forms of CT (CT for depression, CT for personality disorders, and CT for anxiety disorders), and that specifies interventions for combining CT and medication when two therapists (psychotherapist and pharmacotherapist) provide the treatment. To obtain outpatient, randomized control, pilot data on the clinical value of
408 Anxiety
the combined CT plus drug treatment, using the standard antidepressant desipramine (DMI), to obtain effect sizes and to determine if the treatment merits further investigation in a clinical trial. To develop a therapist adherence measure for the combined treatment. Patients receive 1 of 2 treatments: CT plus DMI (n = 18) or DMI plus Clinical Management (n = 12). The first 6 of the 18 CT plus DMI patients are treated in a pre-pilot phase before randomization begins. All treatments continue for 6 months. The major assessment battery is administered at intake, 3 months, 6 months, and followup 6 months later. All treatments are closely monitored via audiotapes and supervision for purposes of developing and refining the CT plus drug treatment. The audiotapes are also used for development of the adherence measure. The primary outcome measures are Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression scores, Beck Depression Inventory scores, percent of patients who achieve clinical remission of symptoms, and percent showing attrition from treatment. Compliance with the treatment regimens is also a targeted and measured outcome variable. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000376 •
Fluoxetine for Anxious Children Condition(s): Anxiety Disorders Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to see if it is safe and effective to use fluoxetine to treat children and adolescents with Generalized anxiety Disorder (GAD). anxiety disorders are one of the most common psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents, and can cause disturbances in the child's school, social, and family lives. Having an anxiety disorder puts a child at risk for depression and drug abuse, and appears to continue into adulthood. There is very little information on anxiety medications for children. Children will be assigned randomly (like tossing a coin) to receive either fluoxetine or an inactive placebo for 12 weeks. Each child will be monitored for symptoms and side effects throughout the study. He/she will have blood tests at Weeks 4, 8, and 12 to measure drug levels in the blood. The study will last for 12 weeks. A child is eligible for this study if he/she: Is 8 to 17 years old and has anxiety disorder. A child will not be eligible for this study if he/she: Has current major depression, panic disorder, or obsessive-compulsive disorder, or abuses alcohol or drugs. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000381
•
Treatment of Social Phobia Condition(s): Phobic Disorders; Social Phobia; Public speaking anxiety Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Clinical Trials 409
Purpose - Excerpt: Social phobia is a very common and debilitating disorder, with public speaking anxiety being the most common fear. Psychologists have found that treating patients for their fear of public speaking, through cognitive-behavioral treatment (talk-based therapy) or exposure treatment (where participants participate in actual public speaking sessions), not only helps patients overcome this fear but also helps them overcome their more general social fears. However, little is known about how this change occurs during therapy. This study tries to identify the factors that contribute most to successful therapy. Patients are assigned randomly (like tossing a coin) to 1 of 3 groups. Group 1 will receive cognitive-behavioral treatment and Group 2 will receive exposure treatment. Group 3 will not receive treatment. Study leaders will monitor patient response to treatment through behavioral tests and assessments. An individual may be eligible for this study if he/she: Has social phobia with public speaking anxiety. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000370 •
Treatment of Youth with ADHD and Anxiety Condition(s): Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; Anxiety, Separation; Social Phobia; Generalized Anxiety Disorder Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this NIMH-sponsored pilot study is to collect information on the efficacy and safety of drug treatments for children and adolescents who suffer from both ADHD and anxiety disorders. Specifically, the study will examine the benefits of the stimulant medication both alone and in combination with fluvoxamine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) that has antianxiety effects. Young people aged 6 to 17 diagnosed with these co-occurring disorders may be eligible to participate. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00012584
•
Anxiety and Cardiovascular Autonomic Control Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Heart Diseases Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To evaluate the hypothesis that chronic anxiety and/or anxiety disorders resulted in hyperkinetic cardiovascular autonomic regulation, often associated with increased coronary risk. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005471
410 Anxiety
•
Combination Chemotherapy Plus Fluoxetine in Treating Patients With Advanced or Recurrent Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Condition(s): Anxiety Disorder; Depression; Fatigue; Non-small cell lung cancer Study Status: This study is suspended. Sponsor(s): Cancer and Leukemia Group B; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Combining more than one chemotherapy drug may kill more cancer cells. An antidepressant such as fluoxetine may improve the quality of life in patients undergoing chemotherapy. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of combination chemotherapy plus fluoxetine in treating patients who have advanced or recurrent non-small cell lung cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005850
•
New Drugs in the Treatment of Mood Disorders Condition(s): Anxiety Disorder; Mood Disorder; Psychotic Disorder Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: This clinical study compares the effectiveness of two anticonvulsants Lamotrigine (Lamictal) Monotherapy and Gabapentin (Neurontin) in patients with treatment resistant affective disorders. We initially have found that the response rate to lamotrigine (51%) exceeded that of gabapentin (28%) or placebo (21%). In this study the placebo phase has been dropped so that we examine possible clinical and biological factors predictors of response. The drugs will be given in a randomized order for six weeks each and you will not know when you are on a given one. There will be a 2-4 week "washout" period between treatments. If you respond well to one of these treatments, a longer open continuation period will be offered at the end of this study. This would involve one or both drugs in combination. A variety of rating scales and brain imaging procedures will also be offered before and during each drug evaluation. Both lamotrigine and gabapentin are generally well tolerated. A serious potentially life threatening rash occurs in about 1/500 patients treated with lamotrigine, however. Common side effects are rash, dizziness, unsteadiness, double vision, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, insomnia, sedation, and headache. These side effects are usually mild, and resolve with continued time on the drug or a decrease in dosage. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001482
•
Panic Disorder Study Condition(s): Panic Disorder Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment.
Clinical Trials 411
Sponsor(s): Wyeth-Ayerst Research Purpose - Excerpt: The primary objective is to determine the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of venlafaxine extended release (ER) capsules in the treatment of outpatients with panic disorder (PD) in comparison to those of placebo. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00044772 •
Phase II Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of the Reinforcing Effects of Alprazolam in Patients with Anxiety Condition(s): Anxiety Disorder; Panic Disorder Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); University of Texas Purpose - Excerpt: Objectives: I. Determine whether the benzodiazepine alprazolam reinforces self-medication behavior in anxious patients with varying histories of using other drugs. II. Establish outpatient methods for the study of self-medication and drug reinforcement in patients vulnerable to prescription drug abuse or dependence. III. Evaluate the influence of alcohol and other non-prescription drug use as determinants of vulnerability in these patients. IV. Identify personality, attitudinal, or other variables that might predict different patterns of self-medication. V. Assess the effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy on alprazolam self-medication. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004373
•
Pilot Study of Vestibular Rehabilitation Training for Panic Disorder With Vestibular Dysfunction Condition(s): Vestibular Diseases; Agoraphobia; Panic Disorder Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); University of Pittsburgh Purpose - Excerpt: Objectives: I. Evaluate whether vestibular rehabilitation training is of value in reducing anxiety symptoms in patients with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia who have vestibular dysfunction as identified by clinical vestibular tests. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004366
•
Progestin (progesterone-like hormones) induced dysphoria (depressed mood, irritability, anxiety) Condition(s): Depressive Disorder; Mood Disorder; Psychomotor Agitation Study Status: This study is completed.
412 Anxiety
Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: Often women are prescribed hormone replacement therapy (HRT) during the perimenopause or menopause. Hormone replacement therapy includes both estrogen and progesterone. The estrogen component of HRT helps to relieve the symptoms and has a beneficial effect on the heart and bones, but estrogen also increases the risk of uterine cancer. The progesterone component of the HRT (progestin) works to prevent the increased risk of uterine cancer. There is evidence that some women experience unpleasant mood symptoms (such as irritability, depressed mood and anxiety) while receiving hormone replacement therapy (HRT) while taking the progestin / progesterone component of the HRT. This study is designed to evaluate the ability of progestins to produce negative mood symptoms in women. Researchers intend on doing this by comparing the effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera) and a placebo inactive sugar pill. Patient's moods will be monitered based on their response to questionnaires answered in the outpatient clinic and at home. This research will attempt to answer the following questions: 1. Are progestins associated with changes in mood during hormone replacement therapy? 2. If progestins are associated with mood disturbance, is it because they are blocking the beneficial effects of estrogen? Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001770 •
Randomized Study of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy vs Imipramine and Their Combination for Panic Disorder Condition(s): Panic Disorder Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); Long Island Jewish Medical Center Purpose - Excerpt: Objectives: I. Determine which treatment is most effective for patients with panic disorder: cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) plus imipramine (IMI), CBT plus placebo, CBT alone, IMI alone, or placebo alone. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004834
•
Treatment for Anxiety in Children Condition(s): Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Anxiety Disorders; Generalized Anxiety Disorder; Social Phobia; Separation Anxiety Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to see if it is effective to treat children with anxiety disorders with fluvoxamine. Fluvoxamine has been successfully used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in adults and children. anxiety disorders other than OCD, such as generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, or separation anxiety, are very common in youth and are not always responsive to behavioral therapies alone. These disorders may respond to fluvoxamine. A child will be evaluated for 3 weeks before he/she is assigned randomly (like tossing a coin) to receive either
Clinical Trials 413
fluvoxamine or an inactive placebo for 8 weeks. After this double-blind phase (neither the child/parents nor the doctor know which treatment is being given), the child will have the option of continuing treatment during a 4-month open-label extension period (both the child/parents and the doctor know which the child is receiving). A child may be eligible for this study if he/she: Is 6 to 17 years old and has been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder (i.e., generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, or separation anxiety). Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000389
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “anxiety” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
•
For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
•
For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
•
For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
•
For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
•
For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
•
For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
•
For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
414 Anxiety
•
For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
•
For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
•
For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
•
For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
•
For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
•
For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
•
For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
415
CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON ANXIETY Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “anxiety” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on anxiety, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Anxiety By performing a patent search focusing on anxiety, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
9Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
416 Anxiety
will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on anxiety: •
1,4-benzodiazepines with 6-membered heterocyclic rings to treat panic and anxiety disorder Inventor(s): Evans; Ben E. (Lansdale, PA), Freidinger; Roger M. (Lansdale, PA), Bock; Mark G. (Hatfield, PA) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 5,177,071 Date filed: June 17, 1991 Abstract: Pharmaceutical compositions containing 6-membered heterocyclic rings are disclosed which are useful in the treatment of panic disorder or anxiety disorder. Excerpt(s): This application is related to Merck U.S. patent application Ser. No. 378,444, filed Jul. 10, 1986. ... Cholecystokinins (CCK) and gastrin are structurally-related neuropeptides which exist in gastrointestinal tissue and in the central nervous system (see, V. Mutt, Gastrointestinal Hormones, G. B. J. Glass, Ed., Raven Press, N.Y., p. 169 and G. Nisson, ibid, p. 127). ... The isolation of the 33-amino acid polypeptide, cholecystokinin (CCK-33), from porcine intestine, Mutt, V. et al., "Structure of Porcine Cholecystokininpancreozymin. 1. Cleavage with Thrombin and Trypsin", European J. Biochem. 6, 156, (1968), was followed by the discovery that it occurs in numerous molecular forms at various sites throughout the peripheral and central nervous systems, Larsson, L. et al., "Localization and Molecular Heterogeneity of Cholecystokinin in the Central and Peripheral Nervous System", Brain Res., 165, 201 (1979). In the mammalian brain the predominant fragments are the carboxy terminal octapeptide, H--Asp-Tyr(SO.sub.3 H)--Met--Gly--Trp--Met--Asp--Phe--NH.sub.2 (CCK-8s, CCK.sub.26-33) and tetrapeptide, CCK-4 (CCK.sub.30-33). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05177071__
•
Anti-anxiety agents Inventor(s): Welch, Jr.; Williard M. (Mystic, CT) Assignee(s): Pfizer Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,994,455 Date filed: April 21, 1990 Abstract: Anti-anxiety agents; namely, 1-(heterocyclylcarbonyl)-3-[4-(2-pyrimidinyl)-1piperazinyl]propanes and 1-(heterocyclylsulfonyl)-3-[4-(2-pyrimidinyl)-1(piperazinyl)]propanes; and methods for their preparation and use. Excerpt(s): This application is entitled to the benefit of priority of PCT U.S. Pat. No. 87/02855, filed Oct. 26, 1987, as this application was filed under 35 USC 371 within 30 months, and a proper demand for International Preliminary Examination was made by the 19th month from that priority date. ... This invention relates to certain 1-acyl-3-[4-(2pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazinyl]propanes useful as antianxiety agents. More specifically it relates to such compounds wherein the acyl substituent is a heterocyclyl carbonyl or a heterocyclyl sulfonyl group. ... Also included in this invention are pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of compounds of formulae (I) and (II), pharmaceutically
Patents 417
acceptable compositions comprising compounds of formula (I) or (II), or a salt of said compounds, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and the use of compounds of formulae (I) and (II) and/or their said salts for the treatment of anxiety in a mammal, especially a human, suffering therefrom. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04994455__ •
Anti-anxiety method Inventor(s): Stark; Paul (Indianapolis, IN) Assignee(s): Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, IN) Patent Number: 4,590,213 Date filed: April 8, 1983 Abstract: This invention provides for a method of treating anxiety which comprises the administration of fluoxetine or norfluoxetine or pharmaceutically aceptable salts thereof. Excerpt(s): Fluoxetine[N-methyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-3phenylpropylamine]hydroc hloride is being examined clinically as an anti-depressant agent in several European countries and the United States. The compound, as taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,018,895 and 4,314,081, has been found to block the uptake of various physiologically active monoamines, especially serotonin. This relatively selective biological action is believed to account for the anti-depressant effect. In addition, it was postulated that this biological action may also be useful in treating disorders of sleep, sexual performance, appetite, muscular function, pituitary function, schizophrenia, and hypothermia. Fluoxetine is particularly desirable as an anti-depressant agent because, unlike most anti-depressants, it is not a sedative. ... Norfluoxetine[3-(4trifluoromethylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropylamine ] is a metabolite of fluoxetine and is also known to block monoamine uptake, especially serotonin. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,313,896. ... Most non-sedatory anti-depressant agents are not effective in treating anxiety. Thus, often when treating depression and anxiety, such agents are used in combination with an anti-anxiety agent. Some other anti-depressant agents are also useful in treating anxiety. However, presently used anti-depressant/anti-anxiety agents are also sedatives. It is therefore desirable to discover an anti-anxiety agent which does not cause sedation but which can also be used in the treatment of depression if so indicated. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04590213__
•
Antiglucocorticoid steroids for the treatment of anxiety disorders Inventor(s): Peeters; Bernardus Wynand Mathijs Marie (Herpen, NL) Assignee(s): Akzo Nobel N.V. (Arnhem, NL) Patent Number: 5,741,787 Date filed: January 18, 1996 Abstract: The invention relates to the use of antiglucocorticoid steroids for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the use of antiglucocorticoid steroids for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of anxiety disorders. ...
418 Anxiety
Antiglucocorticoid steroids are a well known group of steroids which exhibits affinity for the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and reduce completely or to a considerable extent the action of cortisol. For example, 11.beta.-substituted steroids having antiglucocorticoid activity are disclosed in EP-A-190759 and EP-A-57115. Other steroids having antiglucocorticoid activity are 10.beta.-substituted steroids as disclosed in EP-A188396. ... It has now been found that antiglucocorticoid steroids also exert anxiolytic effects, which make these steroids useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorder is a rather broad concept including for instance general anxiety, panic disorder, and various kinds of withdrawal symptoms (see: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3 RD ED DSM-III, Washington, American Psychiatric Ass., p. 225-239, 1980). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05741787__ •
Anxiety method Inventor(s): Mayol; Robert F. (Durham, CT) Assignee(s): Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (Princeton, NJ) Patent Number: 6,150,365 Date filed: June 6, 2000 Abstract: 6-Hydroxy-8-[4-[4-(2-pyrimidinyl)-piperazinyl]-butyl]-8-azaspiro[4.5]-7,9-d ione and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts and hydrates are useful in the alleviation of anxiety. Excerpt(s): The present invention involves an improved process for the alleviation of anxiety by treatment with an anxiolytically effective amount of 6-hydroxy-8-[4-[4-(2pyrimidinyl)-piperazinyl]-butyl]-8-azaspiro[4.5]-7,9- dione. This compound was first disclosed by Jajoo, et al., Drug Metab. and Disposition, 17/6, pp. 634-640, 1989, as being one of several metabolites of the clinically useful anxiolytic drug, buspirone. Confirmation of structure for this metabolite was achieved by comparison with an authentic sample of the compound prepared synthetically. This metabolite compound has been designated BMY 28674, and is also known as BMY 28674. ... Buspirone, chemically: 8-[4-[4-(2-pyrimidinyl)1-piperazinyl]butyl-8-azaspiro(4,5)-decane-7,9-dion e, is a pharmaceutically active compound which has been found to be effective for the treatment of anxiety disorders and depression. It is accepted that buspirone exerts its effects through the serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptor. However, buspirone shows a very high first pass metabolism and, in general, only about 4% of a therapeutic dose of buspirone reaches the systemic circulation in non-metabolized form after oral administration (Mayol, et al., Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 37, p. 210, 1985). Large differences in buspirone absorption between individuals have also been observed. This has been demonstrated by variations of the maximum plasma concentration of drug in individuals by up to 10-fold differences (Gammans, et al., American J. Med., 80, Suppl. 3B, pp. 41-51, 1986). ... Synthesis of buspirone and related analogs and disclosure of their psychotropic properties are described by Wu, et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 3,717,634. The use of buspirone hydrochloride as a novel antianxiety agent for the treatment of neurotic patients is described by Casten, et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,182,763. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06150365__
Patents 419
•
Betaxolol hydrochloride for the treatment of anxiety disorders Inventor(s): Swartz; Conrad Melton (P.O. Box 2952, Greenville, NC 27836-0952) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,798,393 Date filed: April 2, 1996 Abstract: The compound betaxolol has the chemical formula:1-›4›2cyclopropylmethoxy)ethyl!phenoxy!-3-›1-methylethyl)amino!-2-propanol .It is administered, preferably orally, once per day in 4-12 mg. tablets for the treatment of symptoms of anxiety disorder in human patients. Such symptoms include those present in Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), which include somatic symptoms such as panic, palpitations and pounding heart. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to medicine and more particularly to the administration of pharmaceuticals to relieve mental disorders. ... Anxiety symptoms are common, and they pose risks to the person who suffers such symptoms as well as his family and co-workers. The psychiatric mental condition (diagnosis) of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is an archetype of problematic anxiety. According to the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Treatment Manual of Psychiatry, 4th edition (DSM-4) the core symptoms of GAD include feelings of being on edge or easily upset, easily fatigued, irritability, argumentativeness or easy anger, decreased concentration or instances of mind blanking, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance consisting of difficulty in falling asleep or oversensitive awakening. GAD is considered to be present when at least several of these symptoms are present. These symptoms are commonly associated with a fluctuating mood, which can include a sense of sadness or desperation, and feelings of being overwhelmed or victimized. In some patients, anxiety is also associated with a variety of body-related (or "somatic") symptoms, which are themselves unpleasant and distressing. ... These somatic symptoms include panic; palpitations, pounding heart or accelerated heart rate; sweating; shaking or trembling; shortness of breath or smothering; feelings of choking; chest discomfort; tightness or pain; nausea or abdominal distress; feelings of unsteadiness, lightheadedness, faintness or similar dizziness; feeling of unreality or depersonalization (detachment from self); fears of losing control or of going crazy; fears of dying; sensations of numbness or tingling, typically in the fingers or around the lips; cold sweats, chills or hot flushes; tension headache; gas pains; intestinal spasms; restless agitation; dry mouth; and decreased tolerance for physical exertion. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05798393__
•
Blood levels of CCK peptides relative to panic disorder treatment Inventor(s): Sheehan; David V. (Lutz, FL), Thomas; Thomas N. (Palm Harbor, FL), Talbot; Janet D. (Lutz, FL) Assignee(s): University of South Florida (Tampa, FL) Patent Number: 5,558,987 Date filed: November 18, 1994 Abstract: A method of treating a patient having a panic disorder, the patient having an elevated CCK peptide plasma level, by lowering the plasma CCK peptide level of the patient. A further method provides a diagnosis of panic disorder in a patient by
420 Anxiety
detecting if that patient's plasma contains elevated CCK peptide levels. A further method determines the efficacy of the drug for the treatment of panic disorder by detecting the ability of the drug to lower elevated CCK peptide levels in a model for panic disorder. Additionally, a method of dosing a patient having elevated CCK peptide levels with an antipanic disorder drug is characterized by administering the drug to a patient and monitoring the lowering of the elevated plasma CCK peptide levels of the patient. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the relationship between cholecystokinin (CCK) and panic disorder. More specifically, the present invention provides 1) a method of treating a patient having a panic disorder, 2) a method of diagnosing panic disorder in a patient, 3) a method of determining the efficacy of a drug for the treatment of panic disorder, and 4) a method of predicting the vulnerability of a patient to panic disorder. ... The present invention relates to the relationship between panic disorder and cholecystokinin (CCK). ... Panic disorder affects 3.6% of the general population(1) and 10-14% of patients in cardiology practices (2,3). It is a chronic relapsing illness(4,5) characterized by paroxysmal anxiety attacks that strike suddenly and for no apparent reason. Seventy-five percent of its victims are women(6). It has a unimodal age of onset (mean 23 years) rarely starting before age 12 or after age 45(7) and is 12 times more frequent in the 25-44 age group than in the 65+ age group(6). Panic disorder is more common in monozygotic than in dizygotic twins(8). Its inheritance pattern is consistent with single locus genetics (9,10,11) and preliminary evidence implicates the long arm of chromosome 16(12). It is associated with an increased risk of mitral valve prolapse(13), hypertension(14), alcohol abuse and dependence(15), and has an excess mortality from suicide and among men from cardiovascular death(16). The lack of understanding of the biochemical basis of panic disorder is hampering the development of drugs effective in the treatment of this disorder. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05558987__ •
Buspirone anti-anxiety method Inventor(s): Newton; Roger E. (Evansville, IN), McKinney; Gordon R. (Evansville, IN), Casten; George P. (Evansville, IN), Tompkins; E. Crosby (Evansville, IN), Weikel, Jr.; John H. (Mt. Vernon, IN) Assignee(s): Mead Johnson & Company (Evansville, IN) Patent Number: 4,182,763 Date filed: May 22, 1978 Abstract: Buspirone hydrochloride is an effective anti-anxiety agent for the palliative treatment of neurotic patients in which symptoms of anxiety are predominant at doses which are without observable effect in either normal individuals or psychotic patients. Excerpt(s): This invention is concerned with a drug bio-affecting and body-treating process which employs the pyrimidine compound 8-[4-[4-(2-pyrimidinyl)-1piperazinyl]butyl]-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dio ne or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt thereof (Class 424, Subclass 251). ... The hydrochloride salt has been referred to in the prior art as MJ 9022-1 and as buspirone hydrochloride. Other acid addition salts thereof are named by combining "buspirone" with the appropriate word to define the acid from which it is prepared as in "buspirone hydrochloride." The latter is the United States Adopted Name (USAN). Refer to J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 225, 520 (1973). ... The synthesis of the compound and the identification of its psychotropic
Patents 421
properties typical of the major tranzuilizers such as chlorpramazine are described in the following patents and publications. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04182763__ •
Centrally-acting beta-blockers and serotonin-enhancers for the treatment of anxiety disorders and adjustment disorders with anxiety Inventor(s): Swartz; Conrad Melton (1215 McCutcheon Ave., Richmond Heights, MO 63117) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,218,395 Date filed: August 2, 1999 Abstract: A combination of medicines are administered daily for the relief of the symptoms of an Anxiety Disorder or an Adjustment Disorder With Anxiety. The combination comprises a centrally-acting beta-blocker which passes the brain blood barrier, preferably the beta-blocker betaxolol, and a serotonin-enhancer, for example, the serotonin agonist buspirone or the serotonin reuptake inhibitor sertraline. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to medicine and more particularly to the administration of pharmaceuticals to relieve anxiety disorders and adjustment disorders with anxiety. ... Anxiety disorders are common, and they pose discomfort and health risks to the person who suffers with symptoms, his family and his co-workers. ... The term "anxiety disorders" refers here to the group of conditions which are long-standing and persistent. They are listed under this term in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychiatry, Fourth Edition. The presently accepted names of such anxiety disorders are: Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Acute Stress Disorder, Panic Disorder, Agoraphobia, Specific Phobia, Social Phobia, Anxiety Disorder Due to General Medical Condition, Substance-Induced Anxiety Disorder, and Anxiety Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. These "anxiety disorders" are different from ordinary "reactive anxiety" which occurs in the normal course of life, for example, due to the stress of moving from one house to another. Such reactive anxiety disorders, without medication, decrease with time, e.g., in one to four weeks. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06218395__
•
Certain 1H-pyrrold[3,4-b]quinolin-1-one-9-amino-2,3-dihydro derivatives useful for treating anxiety Inventor(s): Campbell; James B. (Chadds Ford, PA), Warawa; Edward J. (Wilmington, DE) Assignee(s): ICI Americas Inc. (Wilmington, DE) Patent Number: 4,975,435 Date filed: April 29, 1987 Abstract: The present invention comprises certain quinoline lactams of formula I; pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of formula I; pharmaceutical compositions containing a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
422 Anxiety
thereof, for use in the treatment of anxiety; and processes for the manufacture of the compounds of formula I, as well as intermediates for use in such manufacture. Excerpt(s): The compounds of the invention are heterocyclic fused tricyclics with selected side chain substitutions on the A and C rings, which are useful as agents for binding to benzodiazepine receptors, and which may also be used as biochemical tools. ... Selected tricyclic compounds described as memory enhancers are described in EPO Publication No. 0,179,383 to Shutske et al. Selected tricyclic pyrazolopyridines are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,511,568 to Bare et al and 4,546,104 to Campbell et al (both of which are assigned to the same assignee as this application). Quinoline compounds may be seen in EPO Publications Nos. 0,205,362 to Keane et al and 0,070,767 to Le Martret and U.S. Pat. No. 4,450,167 to Le Martret et al. ... and salts, for example and especially pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04975435__ •
Composition and methods for treating performance anxiety Inventor(s): DeVane; C. Lindsay (Mt. Pleasant, SC), Kellner; Charles H. (Sullivans Island, SC), Jackson; Cherry W. (Mt. Pleasant, SC) Assignee(s): Medical University of South Carolina (Charleston, SC) Patent Number: 5,525,347 Date filed: January 31, 1995 Abstract: The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for treating performance anxiety and social phobia comprising a therapeutic amount for the treatment of a patient of a .beta.-adrenergic receptor blocking compound and an antidiaphoretic compound. The preferred .beta.-adrenergic receptor blocking compound is the lipophilic .beta.-blocker propranolol HCL. The anti-diaphoretic compound of the present invention is preferably glycopyrrolate. The composition for treating performance anxiety and social phobia can further include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. A method of preventing or treating performance anxiety or social phobia in a patient comprising administering the composition of the invention to a patient in need of such treatment is also provided. The composition administered in the present method comprises a therapeutic amount of a .beta.-adrenergic receptor blocking compound and an anti-diaphoretic compound. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to the treatment of performance anxiety. More specifically the invention provides a composition and method for treating performance anxiety. ... Many people experience a "normal" fear of public speaking. However, for some people that fear that he or she may do something or act in a way that will be humiliating or embarrassing is sufficient to cause avoidance behavior to the point of interfering with occupational or social functioning. In this situation, a diagnosis of performance anxiety may be appropriate. Public speaking is the most common fear in social phobia (Uhde et al., 1991), followed by eating in public, writing in public, and using public lavatories. ... Social phobia is one of several major anxiety disorders and can constitute a chronic and disabling illness. There is currently no FDA approved treatment for social phobia although case reports suggest efficacy for several drug classes (the beta adrenergic receptor blockers, including propranolol hydrochloride (10120 mg) (The Handbook of Psychiatric Drug Therapy, (Little, Brown and Co., Boston/Toronto, Pub., Ch. 7, p. 142) and The Psychiatric Drug Handbook, (Mosby Year Book, Pub., Ch. 7, pp. 247-248) benzodiazepines; and monoamine oxidase inhibitors).
Patents 423
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05525347__ •
Composition for relieving stress anxiety, grief, and depression Inventor(s): Sahley; Billie J. (5426 King Albert, San Antonio, TX 78229) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,681,578 Date filed: January 22, 1996 Abstract: A composition for relieving stress, anxiety, grief, and depression includes GABA (gamma amino butyric acid), glutamine, glycine, magnesium, passion flower, primula officinalis, and vitamin B-6. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition of matter for enhancing the body's ability to cope with stress, anxiety, grief, and depression and, more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to a compositional blend of amino acids, herbs, and vitamin B-6 that reduces stress, anxiety, grief, and depression by aiding the natural inhibitory neurotransmitter system of the brain. ... The brain controls the human body and is responsible for every thought, sensation, behavior, and memory. For the brain to control the human body, its individual cells must be in constant communication. That communication occurs through the release of neurotransmitters at the synapse between two neurons of individual brain cells. Neurotransmitters chemically transmit necessary information such as emotional responses, pain sensations, and voluntary muscle movements. Furthermore, certain neurotransmitters are inhibitory and actually prevent responses such as the emotional ones of anxiety and/or grief. Thus, neurotransmitters are essential to the mental, emotional, and physical well being of any person because, without sufficient levels, the brain cells do not properly communicate. ... Although neurotransmitters are extremely important, few people receive sufficient amounts of the nutrients necessary to stimulate proper neurotransmitter production. Thus, if a person experiences stress, anxiety, grief, and/or depression, associated mental and emotional responses are magnified, particularly when certain inhibitory neurotransmitters are deficient. Current treatments for the above conditions, which consist primarily of prescription drugs, only provide temporary relief and often exacerbate the problem. Prescription drugs either stimulate the excessive release of pre-existing neurotransmitters or serve as a substitute for them. That excessive release or substitution relieves the condition, however, such relief is only temporary because, once the drug wears off, the condition returns. Furthermore, excessive release of neurotransmitters often produces a more acute condition because it depletes available neurotransmitters without satisfactory replenishment. Thus, prescription drugs, which only temporarily relieve the condition without providing a lasting cure, often facilitate a chronic condition requiring prolonged drug use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05681578__
•
Device for relieving anxiety in respiratory patients Inventor(s): Cole; Jeanne M. (P.O. Box 171, Virginia City, NV 89440) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,704,344 Date filed: September 6, 1996
424 Anxiety
Abstract: A patient device for assisting in the treatment of patients who use breathing devices is disclosed. The patient device includes a body which may have any of an infinite variety of shapes and appearances as long as the body is intended to appeal to and relieve the anxiety in the patient. In the preferred embodiment, the body incorporates an integrally formed mouth piece and/or face mask and channels for conducting gas. The device may also utilize visible vapor to produce a vapor effect which enhances the appearance of the patient device, further appeals to the patient, and encourages the patient to breath from the breathing device. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a device for relieving anxiety in respiratory patients who use breathing devices. ... There are estimated to be four million children in the United States who suffer from diseases which effect their respiratory system. These diseases may include asthma, allergies, cystic fibrosis, pneumonia, and asthmatic bronchitis. Many of these children must use breathing devices to deliver aerosolized drugs to their lungs. These breathing devices vaporize liquid medication which is then drawn into the child's lungs as the child breaths. ... However, breathing devices are often frightening to children. As is the case with most medical equipment, nebulizers and other breathing devices are designed for efficient operation and little or no thought is given to their appearance. Yet children are particularly susceptible to appearance and many parts of breathing devices, such as mouth pieces, masks, tubing, and pump assemblies, have a fightening appearance to children especially when a child is forced to use them The appearance of the breathing device combined with unusual noises, the unfamiliar setting of a hospital or clinic, and the urgency of medical treatment can result in a terrifying experience for children. The child's reaction to these circumstances can make it difficult to administer medication and the child's condition can be exacerbated. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05704344__ •
Duplications of human chromosome 15q24-25 and anxiety disorders, diagnostic methods for their detection Inventor(s): Estivill Palleja; Xavier (Barcelona, ES), Gratacos; Monica (Barcelona, ES), Nadal; Marga (Barcelona, ES), Pujana; Miguel Angel (Barcelona, ES), Volpini; Victor (Barcelona, ES) Assignee(s): Palleja, Zavier Estivell (Barcelona, ES) Patent Number: 6,225,057 Date filed: July 23, 1998 Abstract: A method for identifying a person at risk for developing an anxiety disorder, said anxiety disorder selected from the group consisting of agoraphobia, social phobia, panic attacks, panic disorders, simple phobia, mood disorders, major depression, schizophrenia, and hypermobility syndrome associated with duplication of a region of the genomic sequence of human chromosome 15q24-25 defined by boundaries D15S925 (proximal end) and DS15S736 (distal end). The method comprises identifying the presence of duplication in the region of the genomic sequence of human chromosome 15q24-25 defined by the boundaries D15S925 (proximal end) and DS15S736 (distal end) in said person. Excerpt(s): Panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia and other anxiety disorders affect 5-10% of the general population. There are no biochemical, cytological or molecular tools for the diagnosis of anxiety disorders. Moreover, the gene or genes predisposing to anxiety disorders have not yet been localised. We have studied the clinical association
Patents 425
between panic/agoraphobia and joint hypermobility syndrome, and have identified several pedigrees in which these disorders cosegregate. We have detected a 10 centiMorgan (cM) duplication of human chromosome 15 (15q24-25) in the affected subjects of families with several members suffering from anxiety and depression disorders. The 15q24-25 duplication segregates with panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia, depression and joint hypermobility syndrome. The 15q24-25 duplication is strongly linked to panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia and joint hypermobility syndrome (lod score 4.9). Affected-only analysis for the phenotype defined only by the anxiety disorders gave a lod score of 3.36. All but one of the 45 subjects of these families with these anxiety disorders had the 15q24-25 duplication. Mosaicism was detected in 80% of the affected subjects, with 40-70% of their lymphocytes having the 15q24-25 duplication. We have also studied 50 unrelated non-familial cases of panic disorder and/or agoraphobia and all had the 15q24-25 duplication. The duplicated region contains 10 known genes of which NTRK3 and LOXL1 are likely to be involved in anxiety and joint hypermobility. We propose that this genomic mutation, which is present in 7% of the general population, is the major susceptibility mutation for panic disorder, agoraphobia, major depression and social phobia in familial and sporadic cases. We have developed cytological, cytogenetic and molecular methods for the specific diagnosis of the 15q24-25 duplication causing anxiety disorders. ... Anxiety disorders are neurotic alterations that include generalised anxiety disorder, phobic disorders, panic disorders (panic attacks, panic disorder and agoraphobia) and obsessive-compulsive disorders. The prevalence of this group of alterations is estimated in about 10% in the adult population and up to 5% in infantile patients. Several million people worldwide are affected by anxiety disorders, but the actual prevalence rates of these alterations are probably higher. ... Anxiety and panic disorders aggregate in families. The familial transmission of anxiety disorders has often been explained by common familial environmental factors. Twin studies of anxiety disorders have shown a high concordance among monozygotic twins. The mode of familial transmission of panic disorder is unclear, but it has been suggested that anxiety, panic attacks and agoraphobia have an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with incomplete penetrance. Although a major gene is supposed to be involved in panic disorder, multifactorial/polygenic inheritance has also been postulated. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06225057__ •
Gepirone for alleviation of panic disorders Inventor(s): Temple, Jr.; Davis L. (Wallingford, CT), Newton; Roger E. (Evansville, IN), Kurtz; Neil (Weston, CT) Assignee(s): Bristol-Myers Company (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,782,060 Date filed: July 29, 1987 Abstract: Gepirone and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts are useful in alleviation of panic disorders which can take the form of clinical syndromes comprising, for example, panic attacks, agoraphobia and phobic anxiety. Excerpt(s): This invention is concerned with a drug bio-affecting body-treating process which employs the pyrimidine compound 4,4-dimethyl-1-[4-[4-(2-pyrimidinyl)-1piperazinyl]butyl]-2,6-piperidinedi one or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt thereof. ... The synthesis of the compound and the disclosure of its anxiolytic
426 Anxiety
properties are described in the following patents and publications. ... 1. D. L. Temple, Jr., U.S. Pat. No. 4,423,049, issued Dec. 27, 1983. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04782060__ •
Imidazo›1,5-a!quinolines for treatment of anxiety and sleep disorders Inventor(s): TenBrink; Ruth Elizabeth (Richland, MI), Jacobsen; Eric Jon (Plainwell, MI) Assignee(s): Pharmacia & Upjohn Company (Kalamazoo, MI) Patent Number: RE35,840 Date filed: June 17, 1997 Abstract: The present invention is to imidazo›1,5-a!quinolines (I) which are useful pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of anxiety, sleep disorders, panic states, convulsions and muscle disorders. Excerpt(s): This application is a national phase of International Application No. PCT/US94/12197, International Filing Date 27 Oct. 1994, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/242,556, filed May 13, 1994, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/155,405, filed Nov. 19, 1993, now abandoned. ... The present invention is to imidazo›1,5-a!quinolines which are useful pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of anxiety, sleep disorders, panic states, convulsions and muscle disorders. ... J. Her. Chem., 28, 1715 (1991) discloses imidazo›1,5-a!quinolines containing esters, acids, or amides at the 3-position. The 5position is unsubstituted (5-H). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US0RE35840__
•
Medicaments for the treatment of anxiety Inventor(s): Baxter; Gordon Smith (Cole Green, GB3), Kennett; Guy Anthony (Epping, GB2) Assignee(s): SmithKline Beecham p.l.c. (Brentford, GB2) Patent Number: 5,763,459 Date filed: February 28, 1995 Abstract: A method for the treatment of anxiety in mammals comprises administering an effective amount of a 5-HT.sub.4 receptor antagonist. Excerpt(s): This application is a 371 of PCT/GB93/01013, filed 05/18/93. ... This invention relates to a method of treatment of anxiety in mammals, including humans. ... European Journal of Pharmacology 146 (1988), 187-188, and Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. (1989) 340:403-410, describe a non classical 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor, now designated the 5-HT4 receptor. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05763459__
Patents 427
•
Method for alleviation of panic disorders Inventor(s): Newton; Roger E. (Evansville, IN), Kurtz; Neil M. (Westport, CT), Temple, Jr.; Davis L. (Wallingford, CT) Assignee(s): Bristol-Myers Company (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,634,703 Date filed: October 25, 1985 Abstract: Buspirone and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts are useful in alleviation of panic disorders which can take the form of clinical syndromes comprising, for example, panic attacks, agoraphobia and phobic anxiety. Excerpt(s): This invention is concerned with a drug bioaffecting body-treating process which employs the pyrimidine compound 8-[4-[4-(2-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazinyl]butyl]8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dio ne or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt thereof. ... The synthesis of the compound and the disclosure of its psychotropic properties are described in the following patents and publications. ... 1. Y. H. Wu, et al., J. Med. Chem., 15, 477 (1972). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04634703__
•
Method for enhancing performance so as to improve vigor and decrease fatigue, confusion, tension, and anxiety Inventor(s): Wurtman; Richard J. (Boston, MA) Assignee(s): Interneuron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Lexington, MA) Patent Number: 5,096,712 Date filed: March 6, 1990 Abstract: A composition for enhancing performance, e.g., improving subjective vigor, decreasing fatigue, diminishing subjective confusion, and decreasing tension and anxiety. The composition comprises an indirect-acting sympathomimetic drug and tyrosine or a tyrosine precursor. The drug may be phenylpropanolamine, amphetamine, or ephedrine. The tyrosine enhances the known performance-enhancing activity of the drug. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to enhancing the performance of individuals by employing indirect-acting sympathomimetic drugs or amines. ... A number of such drugs, e.g., phenylpropanolamine, amphetamine, and ephedrine, are traditionally used to enhance performance, e.g., improve subjective vigor, decrease fatigue, diminish subjective confusion, and decrease tension and anxiety, as well as for other purposes. A problem recognized in the past which is associated with use of some indirect-acting sympathomimetic drugs is that after a few doses, they often stop functioning, i.e., tachyphylaxis sets in. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,598,094 and 4,673,689 deal with this problem and disclose prevention of tachyphylaxis by administering tyrosine or a tyrosine precursor together with indirect-acting sympathomimetic drugs such as ephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, and amphetamine. These patents make no reference whatsoever to combining any of these drugs and tyrosine for performance-enhancing purposes. ... The present invention is based on a realization that tyrosine, or a tyrosine precursor, can be used to potentiate the performance-enhancing activity of indirect-acting sympathomimetic drugs.
428 Anxiety
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05096712__ •
Method for preventing or treating anxiety employing a calcium channel blocker Inventor(s): Sudilovsky; Abraham (Lawrenceville, NJ), Horovitz; Zola P. (Princeton, NJ) Assignee(s): E. R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. (Princeton, NJ) Patent Number: 5,089,502 Date filed: August 9, 1990 Abstract: A method is provided for inhibiting onset of or treating anxiety by administering a calcium channel blocker such as diltiazem or nifedipine, over a prolonged period of treatment. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for preventing or treating anxiety including chronic and acute anxiety disorders in mammalian species by administering a calcium channel blocker, such as diltiazem, nifedipine or verapamil. ... Sudilovsky et al, "Captopril Delays Extinction of Conditional Aviodance Response in the Rat," Poster Presentation, 14th Congress of the Collegium Internationale NeuroPsychopharmacologicum, Florence, Italy, June, 1984, disclose that after 10 days methyldopa was found to impair conditioned avoidance acquisition in the rat and to accelerate conditioned avoidance extinction, whereas captopril did not affect conditioned avoidance acquisition and significantly delayed conditioned avoidance extinction. ... Katz, A. M. et al., "Differential effects of 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers," J. Clin. Pharmacol (US), Nov. 1987, 27 (11) 825-34, disclose that selectivity for the cerebrovascular bed makes nimodipine potentially useful in the treatment of dementia. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05089502__
•
Method for preventing or treating anxiety employing an ACE inhibitor Inventor(s): Horovitz; Zola P. (Princeton, NJ), Sudilovsky; Abraham (Lawrenceville, NJ) Assignee(s): E. R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. (Princeton, NJ) Patent Number: 4,931,430 Date filed: November 14, 1988 Abstract: A method is provided for inhibiting onset of or treating anxiety by administering an ACE inhibitor, such as captopril, fosinopril, zofenopril or SQ 29,852, alone or in combination with a calcium channel blocker such as diltiazem or nifedipine, over a prolonged period of treatment. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for preventing or treating anxiety by administering an ACE inhibitor, such as captopril, SQ 29,852, zofenopril, fosinopril or enalapril, alone or in combination with a calcium channel blocker, such as diltiazem, nifedipine or verapamil. ... U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,046,889 and 4,105,776 to Ondetti et al discloses proline derivatives, including captopril, which are angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors useful for treating hypertension. ... U.S. Pat. No. 4,337,201 to Petrillo discloses phosphinylalkanoyl substituted prolines, including fosinopril, which are ACE inhibitors useful for treating hypertension. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04931430__
Patents 429
•
Method for reducing daily stress and anxiety in adults Inventor(s): Bewicke; Calvery M. (San Anselmo, CA) Assignee(s): Natrol, Inc. (Chatsworth, CA) Patent Number: 6,080,410 Date filed: June 22, 1998 Abstract: A method is provided for reducing daily stress and anxiety in adults employing a novel dietary supplement composition that serves as a general relaxant. The supplement comprises pharmaceutical grade Kava root extract and at least one additional relaxing herb selected from the group consisting of Passion Flower, Chamomile Flower, Hops, and Schizandra Fruit. The most preferred composition of the dietary supplement, in capsule form, comprises: (a) about 200 mg pharmaceutical grade Kava root extract; (b) about 50 mg Passion Flower; (c) about 50 mg Chamomile Flowers; (d) about 50 mg Hops; (e) about 50 mg Schizandra Fruit; (f) about 5 mg talc; and (g) about 5 mg magnesium stearate. The method comprises administering the dietary supplement. A method is also provided for preparing the dietary supplement. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to dietary supplements, and, more particularly, to methods of preparing and administering a blend of Kava root extract and other relaxing herbs to reduce daily stress and anxiety in adults. ... Throughout history, humans have ingested and otherwise consumed a wide variety of substances to effect relaxation, stress reduction, and an overall sense of well-being and tranquility. Examples of such substances include alcohol, marijuana, and prescription drugs such as valium. However, many such substances have significant undesirable side effects, including impairment of mental faculties, involuntary sleep, and the likelihood of user addiction. Thus, many relaxants are unsafe, especially for long-term usage. ... One relaxant that does not typically exhibit any significant side effects is an extract from the Kava-kava root (hereinafter "Kava root"), which consists of the dried rootstock and/or shoots of Piper methysticum Forst (Family: Piperaceae). The Kava root extract is known to induce general relaxation in humans when orally ingested. An aqueous macerate of the Kava root known as "kava" or "kawa" has been used on islands in the South Pacific in social gatherings and religious rituals for three thousand years. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06080410__
•
Method for the treatment of anxiety Inventor(s): Thorberg; Seth-Olov (Jarna, SE), Svensson; Bjorn Eric (Sodertalje, SE), Sohn; Daniel Dungan (Sodertalje, SE), Ross; Svante Bertil (Sodertalje, SE), Noreen; Rolf (Huddinge, SE), Larsson; Lars-Gunnar (Holo, SE), Johansson; Lars George (Sodertalje, SE), Hammarberg; Eva Maria (Sodertalje, SE), Renyi; Lucy Anna (Skarholmen, SE) Assignee(s): Astra Aktiebolag (Sodertalje, SE) Patent Number: 5,656,658 Date filed: May 30, 1995 Abstract: A method is disclosed for the treatment of anxiety by the administration of 3amino-5-carbamoyl-chromans and 8-fluoro-3-amino-5-carbamoylchromans or enantiomers or salts thereof.
430 Anxiety
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to new substituted-3-amino-chromans and thiochromans, enantiomers and salts thereof, processes for their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions containing said therapeutically active compounds as well as new intermediates useful in the preparation of the therapeutically active compounds and to the use of said active compounds in therapy. ... An object of the invention is to provide compounds for therapeutic use, especially compounds having a therapeutic activity via the central nervous system (CNS). A further object is to provide compounds having a selective effect on the 5-hydroxy-tryptamine receptors in mammals including man. ... It is also an object of the invention to provide a compound with a therapeutic effect after oral administration. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05656658__ •
Method for the treatment of panic disorder Inventor(s): Schweizer; Edward E. (Wilmington, DE) Assignee(s): Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA) Patent Number: 5,166,202 Date filed: December 13, 1991 Abstract: Midazolam and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts are useful in the treatment of panic disorder, panic attacks and the prevention of panic attacks. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for treatment of panic disorder. More particularly, a method of treating panic disorder with intranasal midazolam is provided. ... Panic disorder is an illness which is estimated to afflict 1.5-2% of the adult population. The hallmark of panic disorder is the sudden, crescendo panic attack which may be as fleeting as a few minutes in duration, or may persist for over an hour before subsiding. The majority of patients suffering from panic disorder report an average attack frequency (four 4-symptom attacks) of less than one per day, which is true even for many moderate-to-severely ill patients such as those treated in the large Cross-National Collaborative Panic Study (Ballenger, J. C. et al., "Alprazolam in panic disorder and agoraphobia: results from a multicenter trial. I. Efficacy in short-term treatment," Arch Gen Psychiatry, 45:413-422 (1988)). ... Current treatment strategies for panic disorder focus on attempts to control and prevent these intermittent, but severe and often disabling panic attacks, and thereby to reduce the associated inter-episode anticipatory anxiety, phobic avoidance, and somatic preoccupations. To accomplish this effectively with drug therapy requires daily doses of high potency benzodiazepines such as alprazolam, or daily doses of antidepressants such as imipramine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05166202__
Patents 431
•
Method for treating anxiety Inventor(s): Bymaster; Franklin P. (Brownsburg, IN), Bodick; Neil C. (Indianapolis, IN), Shannon; Harlan E. (Carmel, IN), Offen; Walter W. (Indianapolis, IN), Bymaster; Franklin P. (Brownsburg, IN), Bodick; Neil C. (Indianapolis, IN), Shannon; Harlan E. (Carmel, IN), Offen; Walter W. (Indianapolis, IN) Assignee(s): Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, IN), Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, IN) Patent Number: 5,852,037 Date filed: October 22, 1996 Abstract: The present invention provides a method for treating anxiety in humans using azacyclic or azabicyclic compounds. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority of provisional application Ser. No. 60/006,547 filed on Nov. 13, 1995, and provisional application Ser. No. 60/006,466 filed on Nov. 13, 1995. ... This application claims priority of provisional application Ser. No. 60/006,547 filed on Nov. 13, 1995, and provisional application Ser. No. 60/006,466 filed on Nov. 13, 1995. ... The present invention relates to a method for using azacyclic or azabicyclic compounds for treating anxiety in a human. ... The present invention relates to a method for using azacyclic or azabicyclic compounds for treating anxiety in a human. ... Extensive research has been conducted for a number of years directed toward the development of compounds capable of treating anxiety in humans that are safer to the user and which exhibit fewer side-effects. For example, several clinically established anxiolytic agents such as the barbituates, meprobamate and the benzodiazepines have numerous side effects such as potential for abuse and addiction or potentiation of the effects of ethanol. The mechanism of action of these compounds is believed to involve the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex in humans. ... Extensive research has been conducted for a number of years directed toward the development of compounds capable of treating anxiety in humans that are safer to the user and which exhibit fewer side-effects. For example, several clinically established anxiolytic agents such as the barbituates, meprobamate and the benzodiazepines have numerous side effects such as potential for abuse and addiction or potentiation of the effects of ethanol. The mechanism of action of these compounds is believed to involve the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex in humans. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05852037__
•
Method for treating anxiety Inventor(s): Dunn; Robert W. (P.O. Box 894, Old Lyme, CT 06371), La Marca; Suzanne (Cliffwood Beach, NJ) Assignee(s): Dunn; Robert W. (Warren, NJ) Patent Number: 5,665,757 Date filed: July 13, 1994 Abstract: A method of treating anxiety in a warm blooded animal by administering an anti-anxiety effective amount of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, and compositions containing the same. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a method of treating anxiety in a warmblooded animal by administering to said warm-blooded animal an anti-anxiety effective
432 Anxiety
amount of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. ... Anxiety is a fundamental emotion and a normal response in some warm-blooded animals, including humans, which is characterized by an apprehensive uneasiness of mind usually associated with an impending or anticipated experience that may be problematic. When such apprehension becomes disproportionate and overwhelming, it is termed an anxiety neurosis which can be characterized by helplessness, tension, uneasiness, faintness, or even panic. This anxiety state can also be accompanied by physiological signs such as rapid heart rate, rapid breathing, sweating, dry mouth and nausea. The mechanism by which anxiety is induced in the Central Nervous System (CNS) is complex. A detailed discussion of the process is disclosed in, for example, Haefely W., "Psychopharmacology of Anxiety", Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., Vol. 1, pp. 89-95 (1991). ... The ascending serotonergic raphe system and noradrenergic locus coeruleus pathways as well as the GABAergic system are involved in the genesis of the anxiety state. The cell bodies of origin of the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems are located in the brain region designated anatomically as the reticular formation while GABAergic neurons are located throughout the brain. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05665757__ •
Method for treating anxiety Inventor(s): Shannon; Harlan E. (Carmel, IN), Offen; Walter W. (Indianapolis, IN), Bymaster; Franklin P. (Brownsburg, IN), Bodick; Neil C. (Indianapolis, IN) Assignee(s): Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, IN) Patent Number: 5,708,014 Date filed: November 9, 1994 Abstract: The present invention provides a method for treating anxiety in humans using of Formula I herein disclosed compounds. Excerpt(s): Extensive research has been conducted for a number of years directed toward the development of compounds capable of treating anxiety in humans that are safer to the user and which exhibit fewer side-effects. For example, several clinically established anxiolytic agents such as the barbituates, meprobamate and the benzodiazepines have numerous side effects such as potential for abuse and addiction or potentiation of the effects of ethanol. The mechanism of action of these compounds is believed to involve the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex in humans. ... Buspirone is another compound which has been studied for the treatment of anxiety. The literature states that Buspirone interacts with reasonable potency only at the 5HT.sub.1A and dopamine receptors. Alfred Goodman, et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8:482 (1990); Tompkins et al. Research Communications in Psychology, Psychiatry, and Behavior, 5:4, p. 338 (1980). ... Sauerberg et al. in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,043,345, 5,041,455 and 5,260314 disclose the compounds employed in the present invention as cholinergic compounds. As such, the compounds are taught to be useful in treating Alzheimer's disease, severe painful conditions, and glaucoma. There is no disclosure in the patents of using the compounds to treat anxiety. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05708014__
Patents 433
•
Method for treating anxiety Inventor(s): Offen; Walter W. (Indianapolis, IN), Bymaster; Franklin P. (Brownsburg, IN), Bodick; Neil C. (Indianapolis, IN), Shannon; Harlan E. (Carmel, IN) Assignee(s): Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, IN) Patent Number: 5,726,193 Date filed: May 24, 1995 Abstract: The present invention provides a method for treating anxiety in humans using heterocyclic compounds. Excerpt(s): Extensive research has been conducted for a number of years directed toward the development of compounds capable of treating anxiety in humans that are safer to the user and which exhibit fewer side-effects. For example, several clinically established anxiolytic agents such as the barbituates, meprobamate and the benzodiazepines have numerous side effects such as potential for abuse and addiction or potentiation of the effects of ethanol. The mechanism of action of these compounds is believed to involve the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex in humans. ... Buspirone is another compound which has been studied for the treatment of anxiety. The literature states that Buspirone interacts with reasonable potency only at the 5HT.sub.1A and dopamine receptors. Alfred Goodman, et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8:482 (1990); Tompkins et al. Research Communications in Psychology, Psychiatry, and Behavior, 5:4, p. 338 (1980). ... Sauerberg et al. in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,043,345, 5,041,455 and 5,260,314 disclose the compounds employed in the present invention as cholinergic compounds. As such, the compounds are taught to be useful in treating Alzheimer's disease, severe painful conditions, and glaucoma. There is no disclosure in the patents of using the compounds to treat anxiety. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05726193__
•
Method for treating anxiety Inventor(s): Shannon; Harlan E. (Carmel, IN), Offen; Walter W. (Indianapolis, IN), Bymaster; Franklin P. (Brownsburg, IN), Bodick; Neil C. (Indianapolis, IN) Assignee(s): Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, IN) Patent Number: 5,763,457 Date filed: October 22, 1996 Abstract: The present invention relates a method for treating anxiety using azacyclic and azabicyclic oxadiazole compounds. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/006,584, filed Nov. 13, 1995. ... The present invention relates to a method for using azacyclic or azabicyclic compounds for treating anxiety in a human. ... Extensive research has been conducted for a number of years directed toward the development of compounds capable of treating anxiety in humans that are safer to the user and which exhibit fewer side-effects. For example, several clinically established anxiolytic agents such as the barbituates, meprobamate and the benzodiazepines have numerous side effects such as potential for abuse and addiction or potentiation of the effects of ethanol. The mechanism of action of these compounds is believed to involve the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex in humans.
434 Anxiety
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05763457__ •
Method for treating anxiety in mammals Inventor(s): Albright; Jay Donald (Nanuet, NY), Moran; Daniel Bryan (Suffern, NY), Hanifin, Jr.; John William (Suffern, NY), Allen, Jr.; George Rodger (Old Tappan, NJ) Assignee(s): American Cyanamid Company (Stamford, CT) Patent Number: 4,117,130 Date filed: November 21, 1977 Abstract: This disclosure describes compositions of matter useful as anxiolytic agents and the method of meliorating anxiety in mammals therewith; the active ingredients of said compositions of matter being certain substituted 6-phenyl-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3b]pyridazines or the pharmacologically acceptable acid-addition salts thereof. Excerpt(s): The active compounds of the present invention are generally obtainable as white to pale yellow crystalline materials having characteristic melting points and absorption spectra and which may be purified by recrystallization from common organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, dimethylformamide, acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and the like. They are appreciably soluble in non-polar organic solvents such as toluene, carbon tetrachloride, and the like but are relatively insoluble in water. These organic bases form non-toxic acid-addition salts with a variety of pharmacologically acceptable organic and inorganic salt-forming reagents. Thus, acidaddition salts, formed by admixture of the organic free base with one or two equivalents of an acid, suitably in a neutral solvent, are formed with such acids as sulfuric, phosphoric, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfamic, citric, lactic, malic, succinic, tartaric, acetic, benzoic, gluconic, ascorbic, and the like. The acid-addition salts are relatively insoluble in non-polar organic solvents such as diethyl ether, benzene, toluene, and the like but are appreciably soluble in water. For purposes of this invention, the free bases are equivalent to their non-toxic acid-addition salts. ... The active compounds of the present invention possess central nervous system activity at non-toxic doses and as such are useful as anxiolytic agents. That is, they produce certain responses in standard tests with laboratory animals which are known to correlate well with relief of anxiety in man. The compounds have been tested pharmacologically and found to have such properties with a desirable wide spread between doses producing anxiolytic activity and toxic symptoms. The anti-anxiety properties of the active compounds of the present invention have been established in a test which indicates anxiolytic activity by the measure of protection from convulsions resulting from the administration of pentylenetetrazole. Graded dose levels of the test compounds were administered orally, in a 2% starch vehicle, to groups of at least 5 rats. At the estimated time of peak effect, the rats were treated intravenously with pentylenetetrazole at a dose of 21 to 23 mg./kg. of body weight. This dose is estimated to cause clonic seizures in 99% of unprotected rats. The effective dose (ED.sub.50) of the test compound for protection of 50% of the animals is calculated by the method of D. H. Finney in "Statistical Methods in Biological Assay", Second Edition, Hafner Publishing Co., New York, 1964, pp. 456-457. Representative results are given in Table I which follows in comparison with chlordiazepoxide and meprobamate, which were tested in exactly the same manner. It has been reported [R. T. Hill and D. H. Tedeschi, "Animal Testing and Screening Procedures in Evaluating Psychotropic Drugs" in "An introduction to Psychopharmacology", Eds, R. R. Rech and K. E. Moore, Raven Press, New York, pp. 237-288 (1971)] that there is a high degree of correlation between antagonism of pentylenetetrazole seizures in rats and anti-anxiety
Patents 435
effects in higher warm-blooded animals. ... The active compounds of the present invention have thus been found to be highly useful for meliorating anxiety in mammals when administered in amounts ranging from about 0.03 milligram to about 10.0 mg. per kilogram of body weight per day. A preferred dosage regimen for optimum results would be from about 0.1 mg. to about 5.0 mg. per kilogram of body weight per day, and such dosage units are employed that a total of from about 7.0 milligram to about 0.35 gram of active compound for a subject of about 70 kg. of body weight are administered in a 24 hour period. The dosage regimen may be adjusted to provide the optimum therapeutic response. For example, several divided doses may be administered daily or the dose may be proportionally reduced as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. A decided practical advantage of this invention is that the active compounds may be administered in any convenient manner such as by the oral, intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous routes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04117130__ •
Method for treating anxiety with muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonists Inventor(s): Shannon; Harlan E. (Carmel, IN), Offen; Walter W. (Indianapolis, IN), Bymaster; Franklin P. (Brownsburg, IN), Bodick; Neil C. (Indianapolis, IN) Assignee(s): Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, IN) Patent Number: 5,888,999 Date filed: September 19, 1997 Abstract: The present invention relates a method for treating anxiety using azacyclic and azabicyclic pyrazine compounds. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for using azacyclic or azabicyclic compounds for treating anxiety in a human. ... Extensive research has been conducted for a number of years directed toward the development of compounds capable of treating anxiety in humans that are safer to the user and which exhibit fewer sideeffects. For example, several clinically established anxiolytic agents such as the barbituates, meprobamate and the benzodiazepines have numerous side effects such as potential for abuse and addiction or potentiation of the effects of ethanol. The mechanism of action of these compounds is believed to involve the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex in humans. ... Buspirone is another compound which has been studied for the treatment of anxiety. The literature states that Buspirone interacts with reasonable potency only at the 5-HT.sub.1A and dopamine receptors. Alfred Goodman, et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8:482 (1990); Tompkins et al. Research Communications in Psychology, Psychiatry, and Behavior, 5:4, p. 338 (1980). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05888999__
•
Method for treating anxiety, anxiety disorders and insomnia Inventor(s): Chouinard; Guy (4015 Chemin Trafalgar, Montreal, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,372,792 Date filed: January 29, 1998
436 Anxiety
Abstract: Treatment of the anxiety disorders and insomnia in humans may be accomplished by administering gabapentin in an effective amount. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to treatment of anxiety, including all of the anxiety disorders, and insomnia in humans by administration of gabapentin, its derivatives and pharmaceutically acceptable salts. ... Gabapentin is a generic term used to identify the chemical compound (1-aminomethyl)-1-cyclohexaneacetic acid. It is useful in therapy of certain cerebral disorders such as certain forms of epilepsy, faintness attacks, hypokinesia and cranial traumas. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,024,175 and 4,087,544 cover the compound and its uses. They also disclose an acid salt, i.e. gabapentin hydrochloride hydrate in a ratio of 4:4:1 and a sodium salt of gabapentin hydrate in a ratio of 2:1. These patents are hereby incorporated by reference. Pregabalin is a long-acting form of gabapentin with the formula (S)-3-(aminomethyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid and CAS Registry Number: 148553-50-8, CI 1008. The compounds are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,608,090 and 5,599,973, the disclosure of which are incorporated herein by reference to show additional forms of gabapentin usable in this invention. ... U.S. Pat. No. 5,084,479 states that compounds such as gabapentin are used for treating neurodegenerative disorders, perinatal asphyxia, status epilepticus, Alzheimer's, Huntington's, Parkinson's, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. That invention covers treating neurodegenerative disorders termed acute brain injury. These include but are not limited to: stroke, head trauma, and asphyxia. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06372792__ •
Method for treating depression and anxiety using phenyl hydrazo compounds Inventor(s): Shea; Philip J. (Midland, MI), Abdallah; Abdulmuniem H. (Midland, MI) Assignee(s): The Dow Chemical Company (Midland, MI) Patent Number: 4,150,133 Date filed: April 18, 1978 Abstract: Methods and pharmaceutical compositions using substituted phenyl hydrazo compounds for the treatment of depression and/or anxiety in a mammal. Excerpt(s): Halo-substituted phenylazoimidazoles are described at CA 72:111427a (Khim. Geterotsikl Soedin 916-22, 1969). Other substituted phenylazoimidazoles are shown in J. Chem. Soc., 115, 226 (1919) and in J. Chem. Soc., 117, 1426 (1920). None of the references cited disclose the use of the compounds to treat an animal. ... U.S. Pat. No. 3,480,630 discloses the use of 2-arylhydrazino-imidazoline-(2) as a hypotensive in warmblooded animals. ... The invention also includes the pharmaceutically-acceptable salts of the compounds used in the practice of the present invention. As used in the specification and claims, the term "pharmaceutically-acceptable salts" refers to non-toxic acid addition salts of the active compounds, the anions of which are relatively innocuous to animals at dosages consistent with good antidepressant and antianxiety activity so that the beneficial effects of the free base are not vitiated by the side effects ascribable to the anions. Pharmaceutically-acceptable salts include those derived from mineral acids such as hydrochloric and sulfuric and from organic acids such as lactic, maleic, succinic, fumaric, glutaric, citric, malic, p-toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, and tartaric acid and the like. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04150133__
Patents 437
•
Method for treating panic disorder Inventor(s): Sikter; Andras (Budapest, HU) Assignee(s): S+V Engineering Kft. (Budapest, HU) Patent Number: 5,348,749 Date filed: November 5, 1992 Abstract: A method for treating panic disorder, which comprises administering to a human suffering from panic disorder 0.03 to 1.5 mmoles of zinc and 2 to 100 mmoles of magnesium and 2 to 60 mmoles of phosphorus and 3 to 90 mmoles of potassium as a daily dose in a composition consisting essentially of zinc, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium, in a weight ratio of 1-15:25-200:50-200:100-500, respectively. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending international application No. PCT/HU91/00018 filed May 10, 1991, which designates the United States. ... The invention relates to a method for treating panic disorder in humans, by administration of a novel pharmaceutical composition comprising zinc, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium in a determined ratio. ... It is known that mineral substances and trace elements are of vital importance in the human (generally in living) organism(s). A great number of publications deal with the effect of the given elements (such as zinc, potassium, magnesium and phosphorus) applied separately. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05348749__
•
Method for treating patients suffering from anxiety neurosis and anxietylike neurosis, and alcoholism Inventor(s): Pepplinkhuizen; Lolke (Rotterdam, NL), Bruinvels; Jacques (DE Bilt, NL) Assignee(s): Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam (Rotterdam, NL) Patent Number: 4,156,013 Date filed: June 9, 1978 Abstract: Patients suffering from anxiety neurosis and anxietylike neurosis often accompanied by alcoholism are treated by administration of medicine containing a .beta.-(p-halogen phenyl)-.GAMMA.-aminobutyric acid as active compound. As a result these patients were totally freed from the above mentioned complaints. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a process for the preparation of a medicine having anti-anxiety neurosis and anti-anxietylike neurosis activity and to a medicine having such activity. ... From clinical trials it appeared that patients having anxiety neurosis, as defined by Woodruff, R. A., Goodwin, D. W. and Guze, S. B. and Wheeler, E. O., White, P. D., Reed, E. W. and Cohen, M. E., did not show any amelioration upon administration of known anxiolytics. ... The symptoms of anxiety neurosis, as defined by Woodruff and Wheeler, are in decreasing significancy: palpitation, tires easily, breathlessness, nervousness, chest pain, sighing, dizziness, faintness, apprehensiveness, headache, paresthesias, weakness, trembling, breath unsatisfactory, insomnia, unhappiness, shakiness, fatigued all the time, sweating, fear of death, smothering, syncope, urinary frequency, vomiting and diarrhea and anorexia. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04156013__
438 Anxiety
•
Method for treating pregnant females for pain and anxiety Inventor(s): Frederickson; Robert C. A. (Indianapolis, IN) Assignee(s): Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, IN) Patent Number: 4,430,327 Date filed: May 18, 1982 Abstract: A method is described for preventing or minimizing the effects of a drug on an embryo or a fetus by placental transport while alleviating pain and anxiety of the pregnant female by administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of the formulaH-L-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-L-Phe-L-(N-CH.sub.3)Met-NH.sub.2or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to a method for preventing or minimizing the effects of a drug on an embryo or a fetus by placental transport while alleviating pain and anxiety of the pregnant female during such pregnancy. ... It has long been recognized that analgesics, at best, have limited use for women at all stages of pregnancy including labor and delivery. This limitation is due to the recognized transfer of the analgesic across the placental barrier with resultant potential detremental effect on the developing embryo or fetus. In addition, during labor, placental transport can produce depression of respiration of the newborn. ... and is covered by U.S. Pat. No. 4,322,342. It is to the use of this compound and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof that this invention is directed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04430327__
•
Method for treatment of anxiety and depression Inventor(s): Molinoff; Perry B. (Weston, CT), Dunbar; Geoffrey C. (Middleton, CT) Assignee(s): Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (Princeton, NJ) Patent Number: 6,312,717 Date filed: June 14, 1999 Abstract: An improved method of treatment for anxiety and/or depression provides a quicker and more robust anxiolytic/antidepressant activity to a patient suffering from depression. The method comprises the concurrent administration of effective doses of certain azapirones, such as buspirone, given in a manner that suppresses formation of the 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)piperazine metabolite; and a 5-HT1A autosomal receptor antagonist, such as pindolol. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an improved method for treating anxious and/or depressed patients. Concurrent administration of certain azapirones with a 5HT1A autosomal receptor antagonist provides faster onset of anxiolytic and antidepressant actions. By administering the azapirone in such a manner that formation of the 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)piperazine metabolite (1-PP) is minimized, a more robust therapeutic effect is achieved. ... These particular azapirones containing the pyrimidinylpiperazine moiety as an integral part of their molecular structure give rise to 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)piperazine (1-PP) as their major metabolite. This metabolite is seen in greatest abundance following oral administration. The most studied and well-known member of this compound class is buspirone, an important antianxiety agent first approved for use in anxious patients in 1986. Although buspirone has been disclosed as having antidepressant properties by Robinson, et al., J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. , 1990,
Patents 439
10:675-765; it has not been generally considered to be as efficacious as classical antidepressant agents. ... However, Blier, et al. in Neuropsychopharmacol. , 1997, 16:333338; reported that buspirone exhibited both an efficacy and onset of action that was superior to classical antidepressants when the buspirone was combined with the 5HT1A autosomal receptor blocker, pindolol. Both agents were administered separately by the oral route to a group of depressed patients in the study described by Blier. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06312717__ •
Method of treating anxiety and compositions therefor Inventor(s): Albright; Jay Donald (Nanuet, NY), Moran; Daniel Bryan (Suffern, NY), Hanifin, Jr.; John William (Suffern, NY), Allen, Jr.; George Rodger (Old Tappan, NJ) Assignee(s): American Cyanamid Company (Stamford, CT) Patent Number: 4,062,958 Date filed: September 22, 1976 Abstract: This disclosure describes compositions of matter useful as anxiolytic agents and the method of meliorating anxiety in mammals therewith, the active ingredient of said compositions of matter being 3-methyl-6-phenyl-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine or a pharmacologically acceptable acid-addition salt thereof. Excerpt(s): 3-Methyl-6-phenyl-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine and its non-toxic acidaddition salts have been found to be highly useful for meliorating anxiety in mammals when administered in amounts ranging from about 0.03 milligram to about 10.0 mg. per kilogram of body weight per day. A preferred dosage regimen for optimum results would be from about 0.1 mg. to about 5.0 mg. per kilogram of body weight per day, and such dosage units are employed that a total of from about 7.0 milligram to about 0.35 gram of the active ingredient for a subject of about 70 kg. a body weight are administered in a 24 hour period. This dosage regimen may be adjusted to provide the optimum therapeutic response. For example, several divided doses may be administered daily or the dose may be proportionally reduced as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. A decided practical advantage of this invention is that the active ingredient may be administered in any convenient manner such as by the oral, intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous routes. ... Compositions according to the present invention having the desired clarity, stability and adaptability for parenteral use are obtained by dissolving from 0.10% to 10.0% by weight of active compound in a vehicle consisting of a polyhydric aliphatic alcohol or mixtures thereof. Especially satisfactory are glycerin, propylene glycol, and polyethylene glycols. The polyethylene glycols consist of a mixture of non-volatile, normally liquid, polyethylene glycols which are soluble in both water and organic liquids and which have molecular weights of fiom about 200 to 1500. Although the amount of active compound dissolved in the above vehicle may vary from 0.10 to 10.0% by weight, it is preferred that the amount of active compound employed be from about 3.0 to about 9.0% by weight. Although various mixtures of the aforementioned non-volatile polyethylene glycols may be employed, it is preferred to use a mixture having an average molecular weight of from about 200 to about 400. ... In addition to the active compound, the parenteral solutions may also contain various preservatives which may be used to prevent bacterial and fungal contamination. The preservatives which may be used for these purposes are, for example, myristyl-gamma-picolinium chloride, phenyl mercuric nitrate, benzalkonium chloride, phenethyl alcohol, p-chlorophenyl-.alpha.-glycerol ether, methyl and propyl parabens, and thimerosal. As a practical matter, it is also convenient to employ
440 Anxiety
antioxidants. Suitable antioxidants include, for example, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, and sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate. Generally, from about 0.05 to about 0.2% concentrations of antioxidant are employed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04062958__ •
Method of treating anxiety and depression with 1-phenyl-2(1H,3H)-indolone psychotherapeutic agents Inventor(s): Howard, Jr.; Harry R. (Bristol, CT), Sarges; Reinhard (Mystic, CT) Assignee(s): Pfizer Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,977,178 Date filed: July 19, 1989 Abstract: Certain substituted 1-phenyl-3-(aminoalkylidene)-2(1H,3H)-indolones are highly potent gabaergic agents, valuable in the treatment of individuals suffering from schizophrenia or reversing the side effects of a previously or concurrently administered neuroleptic agent; or in the treatment of epilepsy. A wider class of substituted 1-phenyl3-(aminoalkylidene)-2(1H,3H)-indolones, together with 1-phenyl-3-(2pyrrolidinylidene)-2(1H,3H)-indolones, and homologs thereof, are valuable in the treatment of anxiety. Excerpt(s): Certain novel, 1-phenyl-3-[aminoalkylidene or di(loweralkyl)aminoalkylidene]-2(1H, 3H)-indolones, specifically substituted on phenyl with at least one alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, chloro, fluoro or trifluoromethyl group, are potent gabaergic agents, valuable in the treatment of schizophrenia per se, as well as in reversing or avoiding side effect of oral-facial dyskinesia (tardive dyskinesia), commonly seen in schizophrenic individuals under present or past treatment with a neuroleptic agent. The present invention encompasses these novel gabaergic agents, together with pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and use thereof in treating schizophrenia or reversing the side effects of a previously or concurrently administered neuroleptic agent. Most of these compounds also have valuable anxiolytic activity, as detailed below. ... More broadly, the present invention encompasses variously substituted 1-phenyl-3-[aminoalkylidene-, lower alkylaminoalkylideneand di(loweralkyl)aminoalkylidene]-2(1H,3H)-indolones (some of which are known compounds), novel 1-phenyl-3-(piperidino-, pyrrolidino-, morpholino- or imidazoloalkylidene)-2(1H, 3H)-indolones and novel 1-phenyl-3-(2-pyrrolidinylidene, 2piperidinylidene, or 2-perhydroazepinylidene, optionally substituted on nitrogen with lower alkyl, phenyl or benzyl)-2(1H,3H)-indolones. These three classes of compounds are anxiolytic agents, valuable in the treatment of hyperanxious individuals. The present invention is thus also directed to the above two novel classes of compounds and pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and to the use of all three classes of compounds in the treatment of anxiety in hyperanxious individuals. ... These compounds are not disclosed as having pharmaceutical utility per se, but rather are indicated to be chemical intermediates. The only compounds of this class isolated and characterized are the two compounds wherein R.sup.a =H and R.sup.b = 3-methoxy; and wherein R.sup.a =R.sup.b= H. The latter compound, like at least two dozen other compounds of this class, does not possess MPA (3mercaptopropionic acid) induced convulsion inhibitory activity ("gabaergic" activity). However, from among the many thousands of possible compounds defined by the Belgian patent, we have surprisingly found that a few, defined by the formula (I) below have gabaergic activity and so are useful in the treatment of schizophrenic individuals.
Patents 441
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04977178__ •
Method of treating anxiety with tetrahydrobenz[c,d]indole-6-carboxamides Inventor(s): Leander; J. David (Indianapolis, IN) Assignee(s): Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, IN) Patent Number: 4,745,126 Date filed: March 12, 1987 Abstract: The present invention provides a method of treating anxiety in humans employing a 4-substituted-1,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenz[c,d]indole-6-carboxamide derivative. Excerpt(s): Extensive research has been conducted for a number of years directed toward the development of compounds capable of treating anxiety in humans which are safer to the user and which exhibit fewer side-effects. For example, several clinically established anxiolytic agents such as the barbituates, meprobamate and the benzodiazepines have numerous side effects such as potential for abuse and addiction or potentiation of the effects of ethanol. The mechanism of action of these compounds is believed to involve the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex in humans. ... Flaugh in U.S. Pat. No. 4,576,959 discloses the compounds employed in the present invention as central serotonin agonists. As such, the compounds are taught to be useful in treating depression, obesity, alcoholism, smoking or senile dementia. There is no disclosure in the patent of using the compounds to treat anxiety. ... The present invention relates to a method of treating anxiety. More specifically, the invention provides a method of treating anxiety in humans with a specified tetrahydrobenzindole. The activity of these compounds is believed to be based on agonist action at the 5HT-1A receptor As such, the tetrahydrobenzindoles are believed to cause fewer side affects than existing compounds. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04745126__
•
Method of treating anxiety-related disorders using sertraline Inventor(s): Doogan; Declan P. (Canterbury, GB2), Scappaticci; Karen A. (New York, NY), Hackett; Elizabeth (New York, NY) Assignee(s): Pfizer Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,962,128 Date filed: November 2, 1989 Abstract: A method of treating anxiety-related disorders comprising administering to a human in need of such treatment an amount of the compound (1S-cis)-4-(3,4dichlorophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-N-methyl-1-naphthalenam ine also known by the generic name sertraline, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, effective in preventing or alleviating anxiety and the symptoms associated with anxiety-related disorders. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of treating anxiety-related disorders such as panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, simple phobias, social phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and avoidant personality disorder, using the compound (1S-cis)-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,3,4tetrahydro-N-methyl-lnaphthalenami ne, hereinafter referred to by its generic name
442 Anxiety
"sertraline", or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. ... The present invention relates to a method of treating an anxiety-related disorder, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an amount of sertraline, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, effective in preventing or alleviating anxiety and the symptoms associated with such disorder. Examples of anxiety-related disorders that can be treated according to the method of this invention are panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, simple phobias, social phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and avoidant personality disorder. ... Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of sertraline that can be used to treat anxiety-related disorders in accordance with the present invention are the acid addition salts of various mineral and organic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodide, sulfuric, phosphoric, acetic, lactic, maleic, fumaric, citric, tartaric, succinic, and gluconic. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04962128__ •
Method of treating anxiety-related disorders with 2-aminocycloaliphatic amide compounds Inventor(s): Terrian; David M. (Greenville, NC), Privette; Thomas H. (Greenville, NC) Assignee(s): East Carolina University (Greenville, NC) Patent Number: 5,475,019 Date filed: February 8, 1993 Abstract: A method for combatting anxiety in a subject in need of such treatment is provided. The method comprises administering to the subject a 2-aminocycloaliphatic amide kappa opioid agonist in an effective anxiety-combatting amount. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to methods for treating anxiety in subjects in need of such treatment, and more specifically relates to treating anxiety by administering a kappa opioid receptor agonist to such a subject. ... Anxiety and anxietyrelated disorders are extremely common. Anxiety-related conditions can be relatively mild or can be sufficiently severe as to be quite disabling. Also noteworthy is that anxiety, while infrequently a "disease" in itself, is an almost inevitable and often exacerbating consequence of many other medical and surgical conditions. ... The most common treatment for anxiety is to administer one of a class of anxiolytic agents. The most common of these are benzodiapenes such as diazepam and alprazolam. Benzodiapenes can act to counteract anxiety by depressing the electrical afterdischarge in the limbic system, and may possibly inhibit neurotransmission mediated by gammaaminobutyrate (GABA). Gilman et al., The Pharmaceutical Basis of Therapeutics 434 (Gilman et al., eds., 7th ed., McMillan Publishing Co., New York 1985). These compounds have proven to be effective at reducing anxiety, but they also have significant depressant effects and act as skeletal muscle relaxers. These side effects can render these compounds unsuitable for many patients, particularly those whose anxiety is coupled to another form of illness. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05475019__
Patents 443
•
Methods and compositions for treating and preventing anxiety and anxiety disorders using optically pure (R) tofisopam Inventor(s): Landry; Donald W. (New York, NY), Klein; Donald F. (New York, NY) Assignee(s): Janus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 6,080,736 Date filed: October 27, 1999 Abstract: Methods are disclosed utilizing the R enantiomer of tofisopam. This compound is useful in the treatment or prevention of anxiety or anxiety disorders while substantially reducing adverse effects associated with racemic tofisopam. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods and pharmaceutical compositions for treating and preventing anxiety and anxiety disorders using optically pure tofisopam. ... The concept of chirality is basic to organic and biochemistry and has become a significant factor in determining the actions of a pharmacologic agent. An atom, particularly a carbon atom, is said to be chiral or stereogenic when it is bound to four different atoms or groups in a tetrahedral arrangement. All four atoms or groups must be different in order to make the central atom a chiral center. The importance of this is that such an arrangement can not be superimposed on its mirror image by any rotation of bonds or positioning of the molecule. The two molecules are isomers, that is they have the same empirical formula, but they are not identical and short of breaking and remaking bonds they can not be made identical. ... Molecules that differ in the spatial arrangement of their atoms but have the same points of attachments are called stereoisomers. Enantiomers are a subgroup of stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images. All molecules that contain stereogenic or chiral centers must have enantiomers. If a molecule can be superimposed on its mirror image by rotation or any motion other than bond making and breaking then they are identical and not enantiomers. A molecule that has more than one chiral center may generate multiple stereoisomers and these are called diastereomers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06080736__
•
Methods and compositions for treating generalized anxiety disorder Inventor(s): Iglehart, III; Iredell W. (Baltimore, MD), Lederman; Seth (New York, NY) Assignee(s): Vela Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Lawrenceville, NJ) Patent Number: 6,358,944 Date filed: August 11, 2000 Abstract: The present invention relates to methods and compositions comprising a very low dose of cyclobenzaprine or metabolite thereof for preventing and treating Generalized Anxiety Disorder. The present invention further relates to methods and compositions for treating and preventing symptoms associated with Generalized Anxiety Disorder using a very low dose of cyclobenzaprine. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to methods and compositions for treating Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and associated symptoms comprising administering a very low dose of cyclobenzaprine or a metabolite thereof. The invention also relates to compositions comprising a very low dose of cyclobenzaprine or a metabolite thereof. ... Cyclobenzaprine was first synthesized in 1961. [Villani, F. J., et al., "Dialkylaminoalkyl derivatives of 10,11-dihydro-511-dibenzo a,d cycloheptene and related compounds," J.
444 Anxiety
Med. Pharm. Chem. 5:373-383 (1962)]. Cyclobenzaprine was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1977 for the treatment of acute muscle spasms of local origin. [Katz, W., et al., "Cyclobenzaprine in the Treatment of Acute Muscle Spasm: Review of a Decade of Clinical Experience," Clinical Therapeutics 10:216-228 (1988)]. Cyclobenzaprine is sold as a hydrochloride salt in a 10 mg non-scored tablet under the tradename Flexeril.RTM. (Merck and Co.) or as a generic for use as a skeletal muscle relaxant. The pharmacokinetics of cyclobenzaprine metabolism have been well studied (e.g., Katz, et al., page 219, supra). ... The principal side effects of cyclobenzaprine treatment are drowsiness, dry mouth or tongue, dizziness and bad taste. [Katz, W. A., et al., supra.] Other less common side effects include nausea, tiredness, constipation, blurred vision, nervousness, confusion, abdominal pain and discomfort. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06358944__ •
Methods for treating anxiety and panic Inventor(s): Brown; Jason Peter (Stapleford, GB), Gee; Nicolas Steven (Stansted, GB), Woodruff; Geoffrey Neil (Dassels, GB), Singh; Lakhbir (Haddenham, GB) Assignee(s): Warner-Lambert Company (Morris Plains, NJ) Patent Number: 5,792,796 Date filed: June 6, 1995 Abstract: The instant invention is novel uses of known cyclic amino acids. Such compounds as gabapentin are useful in the treatment of anxiety and in the treatment and/or prevention of panic attacks. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel therapeutic uses of a known compound, gabapentin, its derivatives, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts. The present invention concerns a method for treating and/or preventing anxiety in a mammal in need of such treatment. It also concerns treating and/or preventing panic attacks in a mammal. ... U.S. Pat. No. 5,084,479 concerns a method for treating neurodegenerative disorders. ... Such neurodegenerative disorders are, for example, Alzheimer's disease, Huntingdon's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. It also covers treating those neurodegenerative disorders termed acute brain injury. These include but are not limited to: stroke, head trauma, and asphyxia. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05792796__
•
Methods for treating anxiety, anxiety disorders and memory impairment using naaladase inhibitors Inventor(s): Slusher; Barbara S. (Kingsville, MD) Assignee(s): Guilford Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Baltimore, MD) Patent Number: 6,228,888 Date filed: July 1, 1999 Abstract: The present invention relates to methods of using NAALADase inhibitors for treating glutamate-mediated diseases, disorders and conditions selected from the group consisting of anxiety, anxiety disorders and memory impairment.
Patents 445
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and methods for treating glutamate-mediated diseases, disorders and conditions, particularly anxiety, anxiety disorders and memory impairment, using NAALADase inhibitors. ... Anxiety disorders afflict over 23 million Americans. These people are tormented by panic attacks, obsessive thoughts, flashbacks, nightmares or countless frightening physical symptoms. Classes of drugs which are prescribed for the treatment of anxiety disorders include the benzodiazepines (such as diazepam) and buspirone hydrochloride. Although the benzodiazepines have achieved widespread acceptance since their introduction in the 1960's, their use is restricted due to their adverse side effects, in particular their tendency to induce dependence. While lacking the dependence-inducing side effects of the benzodiazepines, buspirone hydrochloride has a slow onset of action (about 4 weeks). Thus, there is a need for new pharmaceutical compositions and methods for treating anxiety and anxiety disorders. ... Excessive activation of glutamate receptors has been implicated in anxiety and anxiety disorders. Significantly higher glutamate plasma levels have been detected in patients with mood disorders than in comparison subjects. In social interaction tests on rats, the blocking of basal glutamate excitation elicited anxiolytic-like effects. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06228888__ •
Methods of treating anxiety and mood disorders with oleamide Inventor(s): Kasckow; John W. (9202 Sheralce La., Cincinnati, OH 45231), Geracioti, Jr.; Thomas D. (254 Greendale Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45220) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,359,010 Date filed: November 22, 2000 Abstract: A method of treating conditions characterized by anxiety and/or depression, by the administration of oleamide or related compounds is disclosed. Excerpt(s): The mood and anxiety disorders in their various permutations constitute a major source of personal suffering and impaired ability to engage in productive work and interpersonal relationships. Between 5 and 9% of women and between 2 and 3% of men meet the diagnostic criteria for major depression at any time; 10-25% of all women suffer major depression sometime in their lives, while 5-10% of men will develop major depressive disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The anxiety disorders obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) show lifetime prevalence rates of approximately 2.5%, 7%, 2.5%, and 5% respectively. Between 3 and 13% of individuals in community samples are regarded to meet the diagnostic criteria for social phobia. Mood and anxiety disorders are common comorbidities (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) and the most common antidepressant medications--including the serotonin reuptake inhibitors, the mixed serotonin-catecholamine reuptake inhibitors, the tricyclic antidepressants, and the monoamine oxidase inhibitors--are all effective treatments for anxiety and panic attacks. ... Affective disorders, while characterized by depressed mood of varying degrees, exist in various forms. Thus, melancholic depression is characterized by continuously-depressed mood and pervasive hopelessness, insomnia with early-morning awakening (with the inability to return to sleep), loss of appetite and weight loss, and excessive feelings of guilt (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). In contrast, so-called "atypical" depression is characterized by hypersomnia (oversleeping), hyperphagia and weight gain, and--often-
446 Anxiety
-mood reactivity. In general--regardless of whether or not the depressive syndrome is melancholic, atypical, or some admixture of the two--a diagnosis of major depression is given when depressed mood is present, or loss of interest or pleasure in all activities is present, for at least two weeks (American Psychiatric Association 1994). If less severe or incapacitating, depressed mood is considered dysthymia. Depressed mood can occur in the form of a cycling mood abnormality such as bipolar mood disorder, cyclothymia, or menstrual-related mood disorder. ... Mood disorders are commonly seen in general medical practice and some general medical disorders resemble depression in important respects. In particular, both fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome are medical disorders that have clinical and pathophysiologic features in common with atypical depression. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06359010__ •
N.sup.1 -propargylhydrazines, N.sup.2 -propargylhydrazines and their analogs for the treatment of depression, anxiety and neurodegeneration Inventor(s): Shan; Jacqueline (Edmonton, CA), Pang; Peter K. T. (Sherwood Park, CA), Baker; Glen (Edmonton, CA), Coutts; Ronald (Edmonton, CA), Sloley; Duff (Edmonton, CA) Assignee(s): CV Technologies, Inc. (Alberta, CA) Patent Number: 6,060,516 Date filed: February 17, 1998 Abstract: The present invention is directed to novel N.sup.1 -propargylhydrazines, N.sup.2 -propargylhydrazines and their salts in pharmaceutical compositions. The compounds according to the present invention have at least one of the following activities: monoamine oxidase-A inhibiting, monoamine oxidase-B inhibiting, antidepressant, anti-anxiety and neuroprotectant activities. These compounds are useful as monoamine oxidase inhibitors and should be useful for the treatment of depression, anxiety and of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to N.sup.1 -propargylhydrazines, N.sup.2 propargylhydrazines and their salts in pharmaceutical compositions. The compounds according to the present invention have at least one of the following activities monoamine oxidase-A inhibiting, monoamine oxidase-B inhibiting, anti-depressant, anti-anxiety and neuroprotectant activities. These compounds are useful as antidepressants, anxiolytics monoamine oxidase inhibitors and for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. ... Neither the N.sup.1 -propargylhydrazines nor N.sup.2 -propargylhydrazines listed here have been used as monoamine oxidase-A inhibiting, monoamine oxidase-B inhibiting, anti-depressant, anti-anxiety or neuroprotective compounds. ... N-Propargyl-Nmethylalkylamines have been used as selective monoamine oxidase-B inhibiting and neuroprotective compounds (Birkmayer et al., Journal of Neurotransmission 64 (1985) pages 113-127; Yu et al., Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Volume 35 (1992), pages 37053713; Yu et al., Journal of Neurochemistry 63 (1994) pages 1820-1828). However, the activity of the compounds according to the present invention would not have been predicted from the activity of N-propargyl-N-methylalkylamines. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06060516__
Patents 447
•
Neuroprotective composition for the prevention and/or treatment of nervous and behavioural alterations due to anxiety states or depression, comprising acetyl-Lcarnitine and hypericin Inventor(s): Cavazza; Claudio (Rome, IT) Assignee(s): Sigma-Tau Healthscience S.p.A. (Pomezia, IT) Patent Number: 6,346,282 Date filed: December 26, 2000 Abstract: This invention relates to a composition of acetyl-L-carnitine in combination with hypericin and/or Hypericum extract (Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's Wort)) in synergistically effective amounts. The composition is effective at treating a nervous alteration due to an anxiety state, irritability, or depression. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition for the prevention and/or treatment of nervous and behavioural alterations due to anxiety states or depression. ... Accordingly the composition may take the form and exert the action of a dietary supplement or of an actual medicine, depending upon the support or preventive action, or the strictly therapeutic action, which the composition is intended to exert in relation to the particular individuals it is to be used in. ... (b) 1,3,4,6,8,13-hexahydroxy-10,11dimethylphenanthro[1,10,9,8-opqra]perylene- 7,14-dione (hypericin) or Hypericum extract (Hypericum perforatum L., "Saint-John's-wort") comprising at least 0.3% by weight of hypericin. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06346282__
•
Pharmaceutical compositions and methods for treating anxiety, anxiety disorders and memory impairment using naaladase inhibitors Inventor(s): Slusher; Barbara S. (Kingsville, MD) Assignee(s): Guilford Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Baltimore, MD) Patent Number: 6,376,478 Date filed: December 21, 2000 Abstract: The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and methods of using NAALADase inhibitors for treating glutamate-mediated diseases, disorders and conditions selected from the group consisting of anxiety, anxiety disorders and memory impairment. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and methods for treating glutamate-medicated diseases, disorders and conditions, particularly anxiety, anxiety disorders and memory impairment, using NAALADase inhibitors. ... Anxiety disorders afflict over 23 million Americans. These people are tormented by panic attacks, obsessive thoughts, flashbacks, nightmares or countless frightening physical symptoms. Classes of drugs which are prescribed for the treatment of anxiety disorders include the benzodiazepines (such as diazepam) and buspirone hydrochloride. Although the benzodiazepines have achieved widespread acceptance since their introduction in the 1960's, their use is restricted due to their adverse side effects, in particular their tendency to induce dependence. While lacking the dependence-inducing side effects of the benzodiazepines, buspirone hydrochloride has a slow onset of action (about 4 weeks). Thus, there is a need for new pharmaceutical compositions and methods for treating anxiety and anxiety disorders. ... Excessive
448 Anxiety
activation of glutamate receptors has been implicated in anxiety and anxiety disorders. Significantly higher glutamate plasma levels have been detected in patients with mood disorders than in comparison subjects. In social interaction tests on rats, the blocking of basal glutamate excitation elicited anxiolytic-like effects. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06376478__ •
Pig appeasing pheromones to decrease stress, anxiety and aggressiveness Inventor(s): Pageat; Patrick (La Feniere, Route de Saint Saturnin, 84400 Apt, FR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,169,113 Date filed: March 14, 2000 Abstract: A composition comprising a mixture of fatty acids such as linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids or derivatives thereof derived from secretions of mammalian mammary glands. This composition can be utilized to decrease stress, anxiety and aggressiveness in mammals. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition comprising a mixture of fatty acids or derivatives thereof derived from secretions of mammalian mammary glands. This composition can be utilized to decrease stress, anxiety and aggressiveness in mammals. ... Stress, by definition, is the reaction of an animal body to forces of deleterious nature, infections and various abnormal states that tend to disturb homeostasis. ... Animals exposed to stress respond with changes in the activity of the autonomic and neuroendocrine systems and in behavior. The activation of these biological systems is a prerequisite for the animal to cope with stress and thus is the principal resource that will provide the adequate biological defense against a threat that challenges the homeostasis of the animal. Moberg, G. P. Animal Stress, pp. 27-49 (1985); Vogel, W. H. Neuropsychobiology, 13 pp. 1290135 (1985). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06169113__
•
Psychoactive 1,3,4-benzotriazepine-2-thiones and a method for treating central nervous system depression and anxiety Inventor(s): Trepanier; Donald L. (Midland, MI), Britton; Thomas C. (Midland, MI) Assignee(s): The Dow Chemical Company (Midland, MI) Patent Number: 4,194,000 Date filed: February 13, 1978 Abstract: Novel 1,3,4-benzotriazepine-2-thiones and related tricyclic derivatives having central nervous system activity and a method of use for treating the symptoms of central nervous system depression and anxiety. Excerpt(s): A number of methods for preparing 1,3,4-benzotriazepine-2-ones have been described in the literature. In general, the compounds are prepared by either of two methods from a 2-aminobenzophenone. In the first method the 2-aminobenzophenone is treated with semicarbazide to give an aminobenzophenone semicarbazone. This product is cyclized to give the benzotriazepine-2-one. See Bull. Chem. Soc. Jap. 43, 135-138 (1970); Japanese publications 70 11,148 (CA73:25544a) and 70 11,147 (CA73:25545b).
Patents 449
Alternately, a 2-aminobenzophenone hydrazone is treated with phosgene to give the desired benzotriazepine-2-one. See U.S. Pat. No. 3,176,008; J. Pharm. Sci. 63(6), 838-41 (1974); and J. Med. Chem. 7(3), 386 (1964). Despite the reported central nervous system activity of the 1,3,4-benzotriazepine-2-ones, the thio analogues are unknown and no satisfactory method for their preparation has been described in the literature. ... The present invention is directed to novel 1,3,4-benzotriazepine-2-thiones, related tricyclic derivatives and their method of use as psychoactive agents. ... The invention also includes the pharmaceutically-acceptable salts of the benzotriazepine-2-thiones and tricyclic used in the practice of the present invention. As used in the specification and claims, the term "pharmaceutically-acceptable salts" refers to non-toxic acid addition salts of the compounds, the anions of which are relatively innocuous to animals at dosages consistent with good anti-depressant activity so that the beneficial effects of the free base are not vitiated by the side effects ascribable to the anions. Pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts include those derived from mineral acids such as hydrochloric and sulfuric and from organic acids such as lactic, maleic, succinic, fumaric, glutaric, citric, malic, p-toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, and tartaric acid and the like. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04194000__ •
Remedy for anxiety neurosis Inventor(s): Miura; Toshiro (Yamaguchi-ken, JP) Assignee(s): Chugai Seiyaku Kabushiki Kaisha (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,905,086 Date filed: February 13, 1998 Abstract: N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)nicotinamide nitrate or its salt prevents or ameliorates anxiety neurosis or panic disorder, or the following anxiety. This compound or its salt has few side effects and exhibits immediate action. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to remedies for anxiety neurosis, in particular, drugs efficacious in treating panic disorder characterized by containing N-(2hydroxyethyl)nicotinamide nitrate or its salt as the active ingredient. ... Anxiety neurosis means neurosis in a broad sense with anxiety being the predominant symptom. According to DSM-III edited by U.S. Society of Psychiatry in 1980, anxiety neurosis is classified into panic disorder and global anxiety neurosis. ... It has been a practice to treat anxiety neurosis including panic disorder with the use of tricyclic antidepressive drugs or benzodiazepine anxiolytic drugs. However, it is pointed out that these drugs suffer from some problems. Namely, the tricyclic antidepressive drugs exert their effects slowly and give rise to cholinolytic side effects. On the other hand, the benzodiazepine anxiolytic drugs induce side effects of hypersedation, break-off phenomenon, etc. and, moreover, produce addiction. That is to say, there has been known no satisfactory remedy for anxiety neurosis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05905086__
450 Anxiety
•
Steroids as neurochemical stimulators of the VNO to alleviate symptoms of PMS and anxiety Inventor(s): Monti-Bloch; Luis (Salt Lake City, UT), Adams; Nathan W. (Salt Lake City, UT), Berliner; David L. (Atherton, CA), Jennings-White; Clive L. (Salt Lake City, UT) Assignee(s): Pherin Corporation (Menlo Park, CA) Patent Number: 6,057,439 Date filed: July 23, 1996 Abstract: The invention relates to a method of alleviating the symptoms of PMS and anxiety. The method comprises nasally administering a steroid which is a human vomeropherin, such that the vomeropherin binds to a specific neuroepithelial receptor. The steroid or steroids is/are preferably administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition containing one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to methods for alleviating symptoms of PMS and anxiety. ... The present invention relates to certain steroids, and methods of using these steroids as human vomeropherins in order to alter hypothalamic function, thereby affecting certain consequent behavior and physiology, e.g., the reduction of anxiety. Ohloff, G. et al. (Helv. Chim. Acta (1983) 66:192-217), which is incorporated herein by reference, have shown that several steroids (androstenes) have an odor which varies with different isomeric, diastereomeric, and enantiomeric forms. Some members of this group have been reported to act as a pheromone in some mammalian species--for instance, 5.alpha.-androst-16-en-3-one and 5.alpha.-androst-16-en-3.alpha.-ol in pigs (Melrose, D. R., et al., Br. vet. J. (1971) 127:497-502). These 16-androstenes produced by the boar induce mating behavior in estrus sows (Claus, et al., Experimentia (1979) 35:1674-1675). ... Some studies have noted that, in some species, various characteristics of certain 16-androstenes (including 5.alpha.-Androst-16-en-3.alpha.-ol and 5.alpha.Androst-16-en-3-one), such as concentration, metabolism, and localization, are sexually dimorphic (Brooksbank et al., J. Endocr. (1972) 52: 239-251; Claus, et al., J. Endocr. (1976) 68:483-484; Kwan, et al., Med. Sci. Res. (1987) 15:1443-1444). For instance, 5.alpha.Androst-16-en-3.alpha.-ol and 5.alpha.-Androst-16-en-3-one, as well as Androsta-4,16dien-3-one, have been found at different concentrations in the peripheral blood, saliva and axillary secretions of men and of women (Kwan, T. K., et al., Med. Sci. Res. (1987) 15:1443-1444), and their function as a human pheromone, to the extent of affecting choice and judgment, has been suggested (Id.; see also Gower, et al., "The Significance of Odorous Steroids in Axillary Odour", In, Perfumery, pp. 68-72, Van Toller and Dodds, Eds., Chapman and Hall, 1988); Kirk-Smith, D. A., et al., Res. Comm. Psychol. Psychiat. Behav. (1978) 3:379). Androstenol (5.alpha.-androst-16-en-3.alpha.-ol) has been claimed to exhibit a pheromone-like activity in a commercial men's cologne and women's perfume (Andron.TM. for men and Andron.TM. for women by Jovan). Japanese Kokai No. 2295916, refers to perfume compositions containing androstenol and/or its analogues. Androstadien-3.beta.-ol (and perhaps the 3.alpha.-ol) has also been identified in human axillary secretion (Gower, et al., supra, at 57-60). On the other hand, there is little agreement in the literature as to whether or not any putative pheromone actually plays any role in the sexual or reproductive behavior of mammals, particularly of humans. See: Beauchamp, G. K., et al., "The Pheromone Concept in Mammalian Chemical Communication: A Critique", In: Mammalian Olfaction, Reproductive Processes and Behavior, Doty, R. L., Ed., Academic Press, 1976). See also: Gower, et al., supra at 68-73. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06057439__
Patents 451
•
Surface stimulation of specific acupuncture points to reduce anxiety Inventor(s): Gellman; Harris (Little Rock, AR), Skinner; Robert D. (Little Rock, AR), Garcia-Rill; Edgar (Roland, AR) Assignee(s): Board of Trustees of the University of Arkansas (Little Rock, AR) Patent Number: 5,950,635 Date filed: January 20, 1998 Abstract: A method of treating various anxiety-related disorders, such as PostTraumatic Stress Disorder, panic attacks, or general anxiety disorder is disclosed. It has been found that the P1 midlatency auditory evoked potential of such patients undergoes increased amplitude and decreased habituation. Stimulation of three specific acupuncture points LR3, HT3, and PC6) on three different acupuncture meridians has been found to reduce the amplitude of the P1 potential using 20-minute periods of stimulation. Low frequency stimulation (around 5 Hz) was found to be most effective. Repeated periods of stimulation were also found to increase the effect of the treatment. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the stimulation of acupuncture points to effect medical treatment. The present invention relates particularly to the stimulation of three acupuncture points to treat anxiety-related disorders. ... For more than three thousand years, Chinese physicians have used acupuncture to alleviate pain and treat a myriad of diseases. While the principles underlying the effectiveness of acupuncture as a treatment form are not yet completely understood, it has been well recognized that the stimulation of certain points on the human body has therapeutic effects. Such stimulation may be effected through the insertion of needles, activation of surface electrodes, or other means. ... The practice of acupuncture is based on the theory that certain lines running across the human body, referred to as meridians, are each associated with a certain organ. For example, the Lung Meridian (designated "L") runs from the tip of the thumb, along the forearm above the radius, and up to the shoulder. Other meridians include the Liver Meridian ("LR"), Stomach Meridian ("S"), Spleen Meridian ("SP"), Heart Meridian ("HT"), and Pericardium Meridian ("PC"). Along these meridians are certain points that, when stimulated, have certain effects (either therapeutic or deleterious) on the human body. Points along a meridian are designated by the meridian symbol combined with a number for that point; for example, the point on the Lung Meridian that lies just above the joint between the radius and the humerus is designated "L5". The stimulation of each point along a meridian is believed to have an effect different from the stimulation of other points along the same meridian. Thus according to acupuncture theory, the correct location of the proper meridian, and the correct location of the proper point along that meridian, is crucial to effecting a proper treatment. In particular, the traditional acupuncture treatment to relieve anxiety-related disorders requires the insertion of needles at two specific points, LR3 and HT3. A standard reference work identifying the acupuncture meridians and points, and the believed effects of stimulating many of those points, is Charles A. Meeker, Acupuncture for the Practitioner or Advanced Student (3d Ed. 1979), which is incorporated by reference herein. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05950635__
452 Anxiety
•
System for treating patients with anxiety disorders Inventor(s): Hodges; Larry F. (Lithonia, GA), Rothbaum; Barbara O. (Atlanta, GA) Assignee(s): Emory University and Georgia Tech Research Corporation (Atlanta, GA) Patent Number: 5,807,114 Date filed: March 27, 1996 Abstract: A virtual reality system provides effective exposure treatment for psychiatric patients suffering from a particular anxiety disorder. The system is characterized by a video screen disposed in front of the patient to display an image of a specific graphical environment that is intended to trigger anxiety within the patient as a result of the particular patient phobia. A headset is worn by the patient, and has sensors disposed to detect movement and positioning of the patient's head. A computer program controls the operation of the system, and is designed to control the display of the graphical environment on the video screen, monitor the headset sensors and determine the position of the patient's head, and controllably manipulate the graphical environment displayed on the video screen to reflect the movement and position of the patient's head. In a preferred embodiment, a sensor is provided to automatically detect a level of patient anxiety, and the computer program is designed to monitor this sensor and controllably manipulate the graphical environment displayed on the video screen in response thereto. In other embodiments, sound and tactile feedback are provided to further enhance the graphic emulation. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to psychiatric treatment of patients with phobias, and more particularly to a system for providing exposure therapy for psychiatric treatment of patients having various phobias. ... As is well known, people from all walks of life are known to suffer from a wide variety of phobias or related anxiety disorders. Simply defined, a phobia is an irrational fear of an object, activity, or situation that leads to a compelling desire to avoid it--e.g., fear of heights. Not only are there a wide variety of phobias, but any given type may manifest itself differently, or to a different degree, in different persons. Therefore, treatment programs are generally tailored individually to specific patients. Nevertheless, certain generalities in regard to treatment programs can be made. ... Namely, exposure theory espouses the view that patients suffering from a particular phobia can be treated to successfully manage that phobia by repeated exposure to the particular situation. For example, patients suffering from acrophobia (fear of heights) may be treated by exposure to high places. Elevators, balconies, building windows, bridges, and airplanes are environments where a patient being treated for acrophobia may be deployed. Although the degree of success varies from patient to patient, exposure therapy has been proven effective in many cases and controlled studies. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05807114__
•
Techniques for treating anxiety by brain stimulation and drug infusion Inventor(s): Rise; Mark T. (Monticello, MN) Assignee(s): Medtronic, Inc (Minneapolis, MN) Patent Number: 6,128,537 Date filed: May 1, 1997
Patents 453
Abstract: Techniques using one or more drugs and/or electrical stimulation for treating an anxiety disorder by means of an implantable signal generator and electrode and/or an implantable pump and catheter. A catheter is surgically implanted in the brain to infuse the drugs, and one or more electrodes may be surgically implanted in the brain to provide electrical stimulation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to nerve tissue stimulation and infusion techniques, and more particularly relates to such techniques for treating anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorders, panic attacks and phobias. ... Some people suffer from chronic intractable anxiety disorders. The key feature of anxiety disorders is the frequent occurrence of the symptoms of fear; arousal, restlessness, heightened responsiveness, accelerated heart beat, elevated blood pressure, sweating, a desire to run or escape and avoidance behavior. Generally, anxiety is a normal response to certain life situations and can be beneficial to the person experiencing it. However, excessive or inappropriate anxiety can be detrimental. Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric disorders, affecting between 10 to 30 percent of the general population (Robins et. al., Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984; 41:949958). These disorders include generalized anxiety, phobias, panic attacks, and obsessivecompulsions. ... Generalized anxiety is characterized by unrealistic or excessive worry, lasting long periods of time (i.e. months). The symptoms of generalized anxiety are excessive muscle tension; overactivity in the autonomic nervous system evidenced by shortness of breath, sweating, cold hands, hyperventilation and tachycardia; and increased vigilance manifest as an increased startle response or difficulty in concentrating. Generalized anxiety is treated with oral medications from the benzodiazepine category such as chlordiazepoxide (Librium.RTM.) and diazepam (Valium.RTM.). These drugs have been shown to act by enhancing the activity of GABA.sub.A receptors leading to a hyperpolarization of neurons. The specific neurons affected are believed to be located in the amygdala which is part or the limbic system, a subset of the brain thought to be of central importance for emotional behavior. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06128537__ •
Techniques for treating anxiety disorders by brain stimulation and drug infusion Inventor(s): Rise; Mark T. (Monticello, MN) Assignee(s): Medtronic, Inc. (Minneapolis, MN) Patent Number: 6,263,237 Date filed: February 14, 2000 Abstract: Techniques using one or more drugs and/or electrical stimulation for treating an anxiety disorder by means of an implantable signal generator and electrode and/or an implantable pump and catheter. A catheter is surgically implanted in the brain to infuse the drugs, and one or more electrodes may be surgically implanted in the brain to provide electrical stimulation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to nerve tissue stimulation and infusion techniques, and more particularly relates to such techniques for treating anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorders, panic attacks and phobias. ... Some people suffer from chronic intractable anxiety disorders. The key feature of anxiety disorders is the frequent occurrence of the symptoms of fear; arousal, restlessness, heightened responsiveness, accelerated heart beat, elevated blood pressure, sweating, a desire to run or escape and avoidance behavior. Generally, anxiety is a
454 Anxiety
normal response to certain life situations and can be beneficial to the person experiencing it. However, excessive or inappropriate anxiety can be detrimental. Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric disorders, affecting between 10 to 30 percent of the general population (Robins et. al., Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984; 41:949958). These disorders include generalized anxiety, phobias, panic attacks, and obsessivecompulsions. ... Generalized anxiety is characterized by unrealistic or excessive worry, lasting long periods of time (i.e. months). The symptoms of generalized anxiety are excessive muscle tension; overactivity in the autonomic nervous system evidenced by shortness of breath, sweating, cold hands, hyperventilation and tachycardia; and increased vigilance manifest as an increased startle response or difficulty in concentrating. Generalized anxiety is treated with oral medications from the benzodiazepine category such as chlordiazepoxide (Librium.RTM.) and diazepam (Valium.RTM.). These drugs have been shown to act by enhancing the activity of GABA.sub.A receptors leading to a hyperpolarization of neurons. The specific neurons affected are believed to be located in the amygdala which is part or the limbic system, a subset of the brain thought to be of central importance for emotional behavior. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06263237__ •
Treatment of anxiety Inventor(s): Tyers; Michael B. (Welwyn, GB2) Assignee(s): Glaxo Group Limited (London, GB2) Patent Number: 4,883,803 Date filed: October 19, 1988 Abstract: The invention relates to the use of compounds which act as 5hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) antagonists at 5-HT "M" receptors in the treament of anxiety. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a new medical use for certain chemical compounds and pharmaceutical compositions containing them. In particular it relates to the use in the treatment of anxiety of compounds which act as antagonists of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) at receptors known in the art as 5-HT `M` or `M-like` receptors. Such receptors have been described for example by Fozard et al., Eur. J. Pharmacol., 59 (1979), 195-210; Ireland, Straughan and Tyers, Br. J. Pharmacol., 75, (1982) 16P; Humphrey, Neuropharmacology, 23 (1984) 1503-1570; and Richardson et al., Nature, 316, 126-131, 1985. For convenience, we will refer to them in this specification as 5-HT `M` receptors. ... 5-HT receptors of this type are located for example on the terminals of afferent sensory neurones. Compounds which act as antagonists of 5-HT at 5-HT `M` receptors may be identified using standard tests, for example, in vitro by measuring their inhibition of the depolarising effect of 5-HT on the rat or rabbit isolated vagus nerve or the rabbit isolated heart, or in vivo by measuring their effect on the Von Bezold-Jarisch reflex (induced by 5-HT) as described for example in the above-mentioned references. ... A variety of compounds which act as antagonists of 5-HT at 5-HT `M` receptors have been described in the art. The known compounds are generally azabicyclo derivatives and/or benzoic acid derivatives. Azabicyclo derivatives include compounds containing a bridged piperidyl group, such as a tropyl, pseudotropyl, homotropyl or quinuclidinyl group. An azabicyclo derivative preferably contains a carbocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic group conjugated, for example as an ester or amide, with the azabicyclic ring. The aromatic group may be for example an optionally substituted phenyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl or pyrimidinyl group.
Patents 455
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04883803__ •
Treatment of anxiety and gastrointestinal disorders with azabicyclo carbonyl-2(cyclopropylmethyloxy)benzamide Inventor(s): Ward; Terence J. (Berks, GB2), Bradley; Gerald (Perth, AU) Assignee(s): John Wyeth & Brother, Limited (Maidenhead, GB2) Patent Number: 5,436,251 Date filed: August 13, 1993 Abstract: (Endo)-N-[[[8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl]amino]carbonyl]-2-(cyclopropylmet hyloxy)benzamide and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof possess 5-HT.sub.3 antagonistic activity and are useful in the treatment of neuro-psychiatric disorders (e.g. anxiety), gastro-intestinal disorders and migraine. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to aroyl urea derivatives. ... R.sup.1 represents hydrogen or one or more same or different substituents selected from lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, hydroxy, halogen, halo(lower)alkyl, amino, nitro, carboxamido, phenyl(lower)alkyloxy (in which the phenyl group may be optionally substituted by one or more lower alkyl, loweralkyloxy or halo substituents), (lower)alkylamino, di(lower)alkylamino or acylamino. ... The compounds disclosed in GB 2213816A are stated to possess pharmacological activity. In particular they are stated to antagonise 5HT.sub.3 receptors in warm blooded animals and hence be of value in conditions where antagonism of 5-HT.sub.3 receptors is desirable. A particular use of 5-HT.sub.3 antagonists is as anxiolytics. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05436251__
•
Treatment of anxiety disorders Inventor(s): Versiani; Marcio (Avda. Copacabana 1133, S. 1303, BR-22070 Rio de Janeiro, BR), Amrein; Roman (31 Landhausweg, CH-4126 Bettingen, CH) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,371,082 Date filed: September 14, 1993 Abstract: The invention relates to the use of p-chloro-N-(2-morpholinoethyl)benzamide in the treatment of anxiety disorders, such as, panic disorders, social phobia and obsessive compulsive disorder, Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the use of p-chloro-N-(2morpholinoethyl)benzamide [also known as moclobemide] in the treatment of anxiety disorders, such as, panic disorders, social phobia and obsessive disorders. ... Depressive and anxiety symptoms frequently overlap. Efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and classical irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) in anxiety disorders has been demonstrated in results from clinical trials and case reports. The anxiolytic effects of antidepressants are widely believed to be specific and not an epiphenomenon of antidepressant or patholytic effects. In long term treatment, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) appear to be effective. However, the poor tolerance of TCAs and the risks associated with conventional irreversible MAOIs are limitations to their usefulness. ...
456 Anxiety
Therefore, there is a strong demand for alternative drugs particularly for chronic and long term treatment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05371082__ •
Treatment of anxiety in benzodiazepine-withdrawn patients Inventor(s): Yocca; Frank D. (Madison, CT), Smith; Herbert L. (New Haven, CT) Assignee(s): Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 5,278,164 Date filed: June 1, 1993 Abstract: A method of treatment of anxiety in benzodiazepine-withdrawn patients by administering BMY 14802 or, preferably, the R-(+)- enantiomer to a patient in need of such treatment. Excerpt(s): This invention is concerned with a drug bio-affecting body-treating process which employs the piperazinyl butyrophenone compound 4-[4-(5-fluoro-2-pyrimidinyl) -1-piperazinyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)butanol or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt thereof. ... Boissard, et al., have disclosed the use of BMY 14802 for treating various disorders resulting from brain ischemia in U.S. Pat. No. 5,055,470. ... McMillen, et al., have studied various antipsychotic drugs, including BMY 14802, in animal models of aggression and suggest that a relationship exists between antiaggressive activity and a potential for anxiolytic effects; e.g. see Drug Rev. Res., 12(1), 53-62 (1988). McMillen, et al., also disclosed in J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 40: 885-887 (1988); that BMY 14802 demonstrated activity in reversing neuroleptic-induced catalepsy in a study involving members of the azapirone class of novel arylpiperazines such as the clinical anxiolytic agents buspirone, gepirone and ipsapirone. McMillen suggested that the anti-catalepsy activity correlates with the arylpiperazine's having anti-aggression action. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05278164__
•
Treatment of depression and anxiety with fluoxetine and an NK-1 receptor antagonist Inventor(s): Carlson; Emma Joanne (Puckeridge, GB), Rupniak; Nadia Melanie (Bishops Stortford, GB) Assignee(s): Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd. (Hoddesdon, GB) Patent Number: 6,319,953 Date filed: December 8, 1999 Abstract: The present invention relates to the treatment or prevention of depression and/or anxiety by the administration of a combination of a specific class of NK-1 receptor antagonists and fluoxetine. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the treatment or prevention of depression and/or anxiety by the administration of a combination of a specific class of NK-1 receptor antagonists and an antidepressant or anti-anxiety agent. The present invention also provides preclinical screens for anxiolytic and antidepressant activity of NK-1 receptor antagonists. ... Major depression is characterised by feelings of intense sadness and despair, mental slowing and loss of concentration, pessimistic worry, agitation, and selfdeprecation. Physical changes also occur, especially in severe or "melancholic"
Patents 457
depression. These include insomnia or hypersomnia, anorexia and weight loss (or sometimes overeating), decreased energy and libido, and disruption of normal circadian rhythms of activity, body temperature, and many endocrine functions. ... Treatment regimens commonly include the use of tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, some psychotropic drugs, lithium carbonate, and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) (see R. J. Baldessarini in Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th Edition, Chapter 19, McGraw-Hill, 1996 for a review). More recently, new classes of antidepressant drugs are being developed including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), specific monoamine reuptake inhibitors and 5-HT.sub.1A receptor agonists, antagonists and partial agonists. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06319953__ •
Treatment of panic disorders with adinazolam Inventor(s): Coleman; James H. (Cumberland, RI) Assignee(s): The Upjohn Company (Kalamazoo, MI) Patent Number: 4,510,153 Date filed: August 4, 1983 Abstract: Therapeutic process for treating panic disorders in humans comprising, the systemic administration of a 8-chloro-1-[(dimethylamino)-methyl]-6-phenyl-4H-striazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benz odiazepine including the N-oxides and pharmacologically acceptable acid addition salts thereof in combination with a pharmaceutical carrier. Excerpt(s): Panic attacks, a spontaneous attack, thought to be a biochemical disorder of genetic origin, begins in the majority of subjects at ages 15 to 30 years. The attacks occur with no apparent reason to the subject and are accompanied by symptoms of hyperventilation, heart-pounding, pain in head, numbness or tingling of the limbs, hot and cold flashes, lump in throat, and the like. The attacks continue to occur and can lead the subject to become house bound. ... Various treatments have been prescribed, including hypnosis and behavior therapies and chemotherapy, particularly the administration of imipramine hydrochloride or phenelzine sulfate. The latter although somewhat effective have undesirable side-effects, chlordiazepoxide and diazepam have been tried but found not effective to block the panic attack. ... Adinazolam has been indicated to be used as a sedative, tranquilizer, muscle relaxant and anti-depressant. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04510153__
•
Treatment of panic disorders with estazolam Inventor(s): Coleman; James H. (Cumberland, RI) Assignee(s): The Upjohn Company (Kalamazoo, MI) Patent Number: 4,481,208 Date filed: June 6, 1983 Abstract: Therapeutic process for treating panic disorders in humans comprising, the systemic administration of a 6-phenyl-8-chloro-4H-s-triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine including the N-oxides and pharmacologically acceptable acid addition salts thereof in combination with a pharmaceutical carrier.
458 Anxiety
Excerpt(s): Panic attacks, a spontaneous attack, thought to be a biochemical disorder of genetic origin, begins in the majority of subjects at ages 15 to 30 years. The attacks occur with no apparent reason to the subject and are accompanied by symptoms of hyperventilation, heart-pounding, pain in head, numbness or tingling of the limbs, hot and cold flashes, lump in throat, and the like. The attacks continue to occur and can lead the subject to become house bound. ... Various treatments have been prescribed, including hypnosis and behavior therapies and chemotherapy, particularly the administration of imipramine hydrochloride or phenelzine sulfate. The latter although somewhat effective have undesirable side-effects, chlordiazepoxide and diazepam have been tried but found not effective to block the panic attack. ... Estazolam has been indicated for the management of anxiety disorders. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04481208__ •
Use of 5-HT.sub.3 receptor antagonists in treating panic disorders or obsessive compulsive disorders Inventor(s): Azcona; Alberto E. (Basel, CH), Taylor; Pamela (Basel, CH) Assignee(s): Sandoz Ltd. (Basel, CH) Patent Number: 5,530,008 Date filed: January 24, 1994 Abstract: 5-HT.sub.3 Receptor antagonists are useful in treating panic disorders or obsessive compulsive disorders. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a new use, in particular a new pharmaceutical use, for the compound group comprising 5HT.sub.3 receptor antagonists, said compound group being referred to hereinafter collectively as COMPOUNDS OF THE INVENTION. ... 5-HT.sub.3 receptor antagonists are a well known class of compounds. Spatial models for 5-HT.sub.3 receptors and 5-HT.sub.3 antagonists have been proposed recently by M. F. Hibert and S. Peroutka. They are typically compounds which act on 5-HT.sub.3 receptors on the e.g. isolated rabbit heart or vagus nerve by antagonizing the action of 5-HT thereon. They may have a pA.sub.2 greater than 6 or preferably more than 8 or 9.5-HT.sub.3 antagonists may be selective for 5-HT.sub.3 receptors as compared to other serotonin receptors or dopamine receptors. ... vi) a compound specifically or generically disclosed in DE 3,740,352 A, WO 8803801 A, EP 266,899 A, GB 2,192,885 A, GB 2,208,862 A, EP 219,929 A, EP 219,193 A, EP 212,398 A, EP 210,840 A, EP 191,562 A, EP 248,843 A, WO 89/09217, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05530008__
•
Use of a NK-1 receptor antagonist and an antidepressant and/or an anti-anxiety agent Inventor(s): Carlson; Emma Joanne (Puckeridge, GB), Rupniak; Nadia Melanie (Bishops Stortford, GB) Assignee(s): Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd. (Hoddesdon, GB) Patent Number: 6,117,855 Date filed: December 19, 1997
Patents 459
Abstract: The present invention relates to the treatment or prevention of depression and/or anxiety by the administration of a combination of CNS-penetrant NK-1 receptor antagonists and an antidepressant or anti-anxiety agent. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the treatment or prevention of depression and/or anxiety by the administration of a combination of a specific class of NK-1 receptor antagonists and an antidepressant or anti-anxiety agent. The present invention also provides preclinical screens for anxiolytic and antidepressant activity of NK-1 receptor antagonists. ... Major depression is characterised by feelings of intense sadness and despair, mental slowing and loss of concentration, pessimistic worry, agitation, and selfdeprecation. Physical changes also occur, especially in severe or "melancholic" depression. These include insomnia or hypersomnia, anorexia and weight loss (or sometimes overeating), decreased energy and libido, and disruption of normal circadian rhythms of activity, body temperature, and many endocrine functions. ... Treatment regimens commonly include the use of tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, some psychotropic drugs, lithium carbonate, and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) (see R. J. Baldessarini in Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th Edition, Chapter 19, McGraw-Hill, 1996 for a review). More recently, new classes of antidepressant drugs are being developed including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), specific monoamine reuptake inhibitors and 5-HT.sub.1A receptor agonists, antagonists and partial agonists. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06117855__ •
Use of carpipramine for the treatment of anxiety and sleep disorders Inventor(s): Zundel; Jean-Luc (Paris, FR), Piot; Odile (Choisy le Roi, FR), Goni; Sylvie (Paris, FR) Assignee(s): Rhone-Poulenc Sante, a French Body Corporate (FR) Patent Number: 4,956,362 Date filed: December 13, 1989 Abstract: Carpipramine, and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, are useful for the treatment of anxiety and sleep disorder. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of carpipramine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of this compound. ... Carpipramine, or 5-[3-(4carbamoyl-4-piperidinopiperidino)-1-propyl]-10,11-dihydrodibenz[b, f]azepine, described for example in BSM (French Medicament Patent) No. 3872M, is useful in the treatment of psychoses, and in particular of schizophrenia. ... It has now been found that carpipramine, and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, possesses antagonist properties with respect to serotonin (5-HT.sub.2 receptors), and is useful in the treatment of anxiety and sleep disorders. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04956362__
460 Anxiety
•
Use of NK-1 receptor antagonists for treating major depressive disorders with anxiety Inventor(s): Curtis; Neil Roy (Puckeridge, GB), Seward; Eileen Mary (Bishops Stortford, GB), Rupniak; Nadia Melanie (Bishops Stortford, GB), Kulagowski; Janusz Jozef (Sawbridgeworth, GB), Jackson; Philip Stephen (Harlow, GB), Hollingworth; Gregory John (Basildon, GB), Swain; Christopher John (Duxford, GB), Elliott; Jason Matthew (Felsted, GB), Baker; Raymond (Dursley, GB), Harrison; Timothy (Great Dunmow, GB), Williams; Brian John (Great Dunmow, GB) Assignee(s): Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd. (Hoddesdon, GB) Patent Number: 6,114,315 Date filed: June 11, 1998 Abstract: The present invention provides methods for the treatment or prevention of major depressive disorder with anxiety without concomitant therapy with other antidepressant or anti-anxiety agents which comprises oral administration of an orally active, long acting, CNS-penetrant NK-1 receptor antagonist and pharmaceutical compositions comprising such a NK-1 receptor antagonist. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the treatment or prevention of certain depressive disorders when present with anxiety by the administration of a specific class of NK-1 receptor antagonists. ... A major depressive episode has been defined as being a period of at least two weeks during which, for most of the day and nearly every day, there is either depressed mood or the loss of interest or pleasure in all, or nearly all activities. The individual may also experience changes in appetite or weight, sleep and psychomotor activity; decreased energy; feelings of worthlessness or guilt; difficulty thinking, concentrating or making decisions; and recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation, plans or attempts. One or more major depressive episodes may give rise to a diagnosis of major depressive disorder (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, American Psychiatric Association, 1994). ... Unfortunately, the condition of an individual suffering from a major depressive disorder is sometimes complicated by the fact that the individual is also suffering from anxiety. Thus in addition to the symptoms of their depressive illness, the patient may show signs of excessive or uncontrolled worry, irritability, feelings of tension, fears, restlessness and insomnia, difficulty in concentrating, and multiple somatic complaints such as pains and aches, twitching, stiffness, myoclonic jerks, tinnitus, blurred vision, hot and cold flushes, etc., all of which add to the individual's social and occupational impairment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06114315__
•
Virtual reality system for treating patients with anxiety disorders Inventor(s): Rothbaum; Barbara O. (Atlanta, GA), Hodges; Larry F. (Lithonia, GA) Assignee(s): Emory University (Atlanta, GA), Georgia Institute of Technology (Atlanta, GA) Patent Number: 6,012,926 Date filed: August 4, 1997 Abstract: A virtual reality system provides effective exposure treatment for psychiatric patients suffering from a particular anxiety disorder. The system is characterized by a video screen disposed in front of the patient to display an image of a specific graphical environment that is intended to trigger anxiety within the patient as a result of the
Patents 461
particular patient phobia. A headset is worn by the patient, and has sensors disposed to detect movement and positioning of the patient's head. A computer program controls the operation of the system, and is designed to control the display of the graphical environment on the video screen, monitor the headset sensors and determine the position of the patient's head, and controllably manipulate the graphical environment displayed on the video screen to reflect the movement and position of the patient's head. In a preferred embodiment, a sensor is provided to automatically detect a level of patient anxiety, and the computer program is designed to monitor this sensor and controllably manipulate the graphical environment displayed on the video screen in response thereto. In other embodiments, sound and tactile feedback are provided to further enhance the graphic emulation. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to psychiatric treatment of patients with phobias, and more particularly to a system for providing exposure therapy for psychiatric treatment of patients having various phobias. ... As is well known, people from all walks of life are known to suffer from a wide variety of phobias or related anxiety disorders. Simply defined, a phobia is an irrational fear of an object, activity, or situation that leads to a compelling desire to avoid it--e.g., fear of heights. Not only are there a wide variety of phobias, but any given type may manifest itself differently, or to a different degree, in different persons. Therefore, treatment programs are generally tailored individually to specific patients. Nevertheless, certain generalities in regard to treatment programs can be made. ... Namely, exposure theory espouses the view that patients suffering from a particular phobia can be treated to successfully manage that phobia by repeated exposure to the particular situation. For example, patients suffering from acrophobia (fear of heights) may be treated by exposure to high places. Elevators, balconies, building windows, bridges, and airplanes are environments where a patient being treated for acrophobia may be deployed. Although the degree of success varies from patient to patient, exposure therapy has been proven effective in many cases and controlled studies. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06012926__
Patent Applications on Anxiety As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to anxiety: •
Anxiety method Inventor(s): Mayol, Robert F. ; (Durham, CT) Correspondence: MARLA J MATHIAS; BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB COMPANY; PATENT DEPARTMENT; P O BOX 4000; PRINCETON; NJ; 08543-4000; US Patent Application Number: 20010009913 Date filed: March 8, 2001 Abstract: An improved method of orally dosing buspirone in a manner favoring production of the active metabolite 6-hydroxy-8-[4-[4-(2-pyrimidinyl)-pip- erazinyl]-
10
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
462 Anxiety
butyl]-8-azaspiro[.5]-7,9-dione should enhance the alleviation of anxiety in anxious patients. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/588,223 filed Jun. 6, 2000, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/484,161 filed Jan. 18, 2000, which is a divisional application of application No. 09/368,842 filed Aug. 5, 1999. ... The present invention involves an improved process for the alleviation of anxiety by treatment with an anxiolytically effective amount of 6-hydroxy-8-[4-[4-(2pyrimidinyl)-piperazinyl]-butyl]-8-azaspir- o[4.5]-7,9-dione. This compound was first disclosed by Jajoo, et al., Drug Metab. and Disposition, 17/6, pp. 634-640,1989, as being one of several metabolites of the clinically useful anxiolytic drug, buspirone. Confirmation of structure for this metabolite was achieved by comparison with an authentic sample of the compound prepared synthetically. This metabolite compound has been designated BMY 28674, and is also known as BMY 28674. ... Buspirone, chemically: 8-[4-[4-(2-pyrimidinyl)1-piperazinyl]butyl-8-azaspiro(4,5)-decane-7,9dione, is a pharmaceutically active compound which has been found to be effective for the treatment of anxiety disorders and depression. It is accepted that buspirone exerts its effects through the serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptor. However, buspirone shows a very high first pass metabolism and, in general, only about 4% of a therapeutic dose of buspirone reaches the systemic circulation in non-metabolized form after oral administration (Mayol, et al., Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 37, p. 210, 1985). Large differences in buspirone absorption between individuals have also been observed. This has been demonstrated by variations of the maximum plasma concentration of drug in individuals by up to 10-fold differences (Gammans, et al., American J. Med., 80, Suppl. 3B, pp. 41-51,1986). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Apparatus and method for providing a conscious patient relief from pain and anxiety associated with medical or surgical procedures Inventor(s): Hickle, Randall S. ; (Lubbock, TX) Correspondence: Celine Jimenez Crowson; Hogan & Hartson L.L.P.; 555 13th Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20004; US Patent Application Number: 20020017299 Date filed: July 23, 2001 Abstract: A care system and associated methods are provided for alleviating patient pain, anxiety and discomfort associated with medical or surgical procedures. The system comprises: at least one patient health monitor device generating a signal reflecting at least one physiological condition of a patient; a drug delivery controller supplying one or more drugs to the patient; a memory device storing a safety data set reflecting parameters of at least one patient physiological condition; and an electronic controller interconnected between the patient health monitor, the drug delivery controller and the safety data set. A method of electronically tracking recurring revenues generated by the use of the care system where the system is at the location of its user is also provided. Additional embodiments of the system and methods are directed to alleviating patient pain or discomfort while enabling safe patient controlled drug delivery in correlation with the monitoring of patient health conditions. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to providing a conscious patient who is undergoing a painful, uncomfortable or otherwise frightening (anxiety-inspiring)
Patents 463
medical or surgical procedure, or who is suffering from post-procedural or other pain or discomfort, with safe, effective and cost-effective relief from such pain and/or anxiety. Focuses of the invention include, but are not limited to, enabling the provision of sedation (inducement of a state of calm), analgesia (insensitivity to pain) and/or amnesia to a conscious patient (sometimes referred to collectively as "conscious sedation") by a nonanesthetist practitioner, i.e., a physician or other clinician who is not an anesthesiologist (M.D.A.) or certified nurse anesthetist (C.R.N.A.), in a manner that is safe, effective and cost-effective; the provision of same to patients in ambulatory settings such as hospital laboratories, ambulatory surgical centers, and physician's offices; and the provision of patient post-operative or other pain relief in remote medical care locations or in home care environments. To those ends, the invention mechanically integrates through physical proximity and incorporation into an overall structural system and electronically integrates through conservative, decision-making software management, the delivery of one or more sedative, analgesic or amnestic drugs to the patient with the electronic monitoring of one or more patient physiological conditions. ... In traditional operating rooms, anesthesiologists provide patients relief from pain, fear and physiological stress by providing general anesthesia. "Anesthesia" is typically used (and is so used herein) interchangeably with the state of "unconsciousness." Over a billion painful and anxiety-inspiring medical and surgical procedures, however, are performed worldwide each year without anesthesia. Thus, outside the practice of anesthesiology there are currently a large number of patients who, while conscious, undergo medical or surgical procedures that produce considerable pain, profound anxiety, and/or physiological stress. Such medical or surgical procedures are often performed by procedural physicians (nonanesthetists) in hospital laboratories, in physicians' offices, and in ambulatory surgical centers. For example, physician specialists perform painful procedures on conscious patients such as pacemaker placement, colonoscopies, various radiological procedures, microlaparoscopy, fracture reduction, wound dressing changes in burn units, and central and arterial catheter insertion in pediatric patients, in hospital laboratory settings. Primary care physicians perform such procedures as flexible sigmoidoscopies, laceration repairs, bone marrow biopsies and other procedures in physicians' offices. Many surgical specialists perform painful procedures such as anterior segment repairs by ophthalmologists, plastic procedures by cosmetic surgeons, foreign body removal, transurethral procedures, incisions of neck and axilla nodes, and breast biopsies in their offices or in ambulatory surgical centers. The needs of patients for safe and effective pain and anxiety relief during and after such procedures are currently unmet. ... Conscious sedation techniques currently available for use by procedural physicians (nonanesthetists) during medical or surgical procedures such as those described above include sedatives and opioids given orally, rectally or intramuscularly; sedatives and analgesics administered intravenously; and local anesthetics. Often, however, such techniques are less than satisfactory. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
464 Anxiety
•
Apparatuses and methods for providing a conscious patient relief from pain and anxiety associated with medical or surgical procedures according to appropriate clinical heuristics Inventor(s): Hickle, Randall S. ; (Lubbock, TX) Correspondence: HOGAN & HARTSON LLP; IP GROUP, COLUMBIA SQUARE; 555 THIRTEENTH STREET, N.W.; WASHINGTON; DC; 20004; US Patent Application Number: 20030079746 Date filed: October 8, 2002 Abstract: A care system and associated methods are provided for alleviating patient pain, anxiety and discomfort associated with medical or surgical procedures. The system comprises: at least one patient health monitor device coupled to a patient and generating a signal reflecting at least one physiological condition of the patient; a drug delivery controller supplying one or more drugs to the patient; a memory device storing a safety data set reflecting parameters of at least one patient physiological condition; and an electronic controller interconnected between the patient health monitor, the drug delivery controller and the safety data set. The electronic controller is capable of effecting a change in the drug supply delivered to the patient and the generation of current signals by the patient health monitor device depending on a comparison between at least one patient physiological condition at its corresponding value reflected in the safety data set. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to an apparatus and method for relieving patient pain and/or anxiety. More particularly, this invention relates to a system and method for providing sedation, analgesia and/or amnesia to a conscious patient undergoing a painful or anxiety-producing medical or surgical procedure, or suffering from post-procedural or other pain or discomfort. The invention electronically integrates through conservative software management the delivery of one or more sedative, analgesic or amnestic drugs with the electronic monitoring of one or more patient physiological conditions. In one form, the invention includes the use of one or more sets of stored data-defining parameters reflecting patient and system states, the parameters being accessed through software to conservatively manage and correlate drug delivery to safe, cost effective, optimized values related to the conscious patient's vital signs and other physiological conditions. ... This invention is directed to providing a conscious patient who is undergoing a painful, uncomfortable or otherwise frightening (anxiety-inspiring) medical or surgical procedure, or who is suffering from post-procedural or other pain or discomfort, with safe, effective and cost-effective relief from such pain and/or anxiety. Focuses of the invention include, but are not limited to, enabling the provision of sedation (inducement of a state of calm), analgesia (insensitivity to pain) and/or amnesia to a conscious patient (sometimes referred to collectively as "conscious sedation") by a nonanesthetist practitioner, i.e., a physician or other clinician who is not an anesthesiologist (M.D.A.) or certified nurse PATENT anesthetist (C.R.N.A.), in a manner that is safe, effective and cost-effective; the provision of same to patients in ambulatory settings such as hospital laboratories, ambulatory surgical centers, and physician's offices; and the provision of patient post-operative or other pain relief in remote medical care locations or in home care environments. To those ends, the invention mechanically integrates through physical proximity and incorporation into an overall structural system and electronically integrates through conservative, decision-making software management, the delivery of one or more sedative, analgesic or amnestic drugs to the patient with the electronic monitoring of one or more patient physiological conditions. ... In traditional operating rooms,
Patents 465
anesthesiologists provide patients relief from pain, fear and physiological stress by providing general anesthesia. "Anesthesia" is typically used (and is so used herein) interchangeably with the state of "unconsciousness." Over a billion painful and anxietyinspiring medical and surgical procedures, however, are performed worldwide each year without anesthesia. Thus, outside the practice of anesthesiology there are currently a large number of patients who, while conscious, undergo medical or surgical procedures that produce considerable pain, profound anxiety, and/or physiological stress. Such medical or surgical procedures are often performed by procedural physicians (nonanesthetists) in hospital laboratories, in physicians' offices, and in ambulatory surgical centers. For example, physician specialists perform painful procedures on conscious patients such as pacemaker placement, colonoscopies, various radiological procedures, microlaparoscopy, fracture reduction, wound dressing changes in burn units, and central and arterial catheter insertion in pediatric patients, in hospital laboratory settings. Primary care physicians perform such procedures as flexible sigmoidoscopies, laceration repairs, bone marrow biopsies and other procedures in physicians' offices. Many surgical specialists perform painful procedures such as anterior segment repairs by ophthalmologists, plastic procedures by cosmetic surgeons, foreign body removal, transurethral procedures, incisions of neck and axilla nodes, and breast biopsies in their offices or in ambulatory surgical centers. The needs of patients for safe and effective pain and anxiety relief during and after such procedures are currently unmet. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Carbamate compounds for use in preventing or treating anxiety disorders Inventor(s): Zhao, Boyu ; (Lansdale, PA), Plata-Salaman, Carlos R. ; (Ambler, PA), Twyman, Roy E. ; (Doylestown, PA) Correspondence: AUDLEY A. CIAMPORCERO JR.; JOHNSON & JOHNSON; ONE JOHNSON & JOHNSON PLAZA; NEW BRUNSWICK; NJ; 08933-7003; US Patent Application Number: 20020143053 Date filed: February 21, 2002 Abstract: This invention is directed to a method for preventing or treating anxiety disorders comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of Formula (I) and Formula (II): 1wherein phenyl is substituted at X with one to five halogen atoms selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine; and, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, and R.sub.6 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl; wherein C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl is optionally substituted with phenyl (wherein phenyl is optionally substituted with substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C.sub.1C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy, amino, nitro and cyano). Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit of provisional application Serial No. 60/271,689, filed Feb. 27, 2001, which is hereby incorporated by reference. ... This invention is directed to a method for use of a carbamate compound in preventing or treating anxiety disorders. More particularly, this invention is directed to a method for use of halogenated 2-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol monocarbamate or dicarbamate compounds for preventing or treating anxiety disorders. ... Anxiety disorders, one of the most prevalent psychiatric illnesses in the general community, represents a group of emotional states consisting of psychophysiological responses to anticipation of unreal or
466 Anxiety
imagined danger which are not a result of physical disorders, drug abuse or other psychiatric conditions (Anxiety Overview, Market Research Reports, 2001; Briley M and Moret C, Present and Future Anxiolytics, Drugs, 2000, 3 (7), 695-699; Stein M B, Neurobiological perspectives on social phobia: From affiliation to zoology, Biol. Psychiatry, 1998, 44 (12), 1277-1285; Newburn G, Psychiatric disorders associated with traumatic brain injury. Optimal treatment, CNS Drugs, 1998, 9 (6), 441-456; Lidberg L, et. al., Suicide attempts and impulse control disorder are related to low cerebrospinal fluid 5-HIAA in mentally disordered violent offenders, Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 2000, 101 (5), 395-402; Van Ameringen M, et. al., Drugs in development for social anxiety disorder: more to social anxiety than meets the SSRI, Expert Opin. Invest. Drugs, 2000, 9 (10), 2215-2231; Zhuang X, et. al., Altered emotional states in knockout mice lacking 5-HT1A or 5-HT1B receptors, Neuropsychopharmacology, 1999, 21 (2S), 52S-60S). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Combination treatment for anxiety and depression Inventor(s): Howard, Harry R. JR. ; (Bristol, CT) Correspondence: PFIZER INC; 150 EAST 42ND STREET; 5TH FLOOR - STOP 49; NEW YORK; NY; 10017-5612; US Patent Application Number: 20020165217 Date filed: February 13, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of treating depression or anxiety in a mammal, including a human, by administering to the mammal a GABA-A alpha 2/3 agonist in combination with an SRI antidepressant agent with improvement in efficacy. It also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, a GABA-A alpha 2/3 agonist, and an SRI antidepressant agent. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of treating anxiety and depression with improved efficacy in a mammal, including a human, by administering to the mammal a GABA-A alpha 2/3 agonist in combination with a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI). It also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, a GABA-A alpha 2/3 agonist and a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI). ... Major depression is characterized by feelings of intense sadness and despair, mental slowing and loss of concentration, pessimistic worry, agitation, and self-deprecation. Physical changes also occur, especially in severe or "melancholic" depression. These include insomnia or hypersomnia, anorexia and weight loss (or sometimes overeating), decreased energy and libido, and disruption of normal circadian rhythms of activity, body temperature, and many endocrine functions. ... Serotonin Selective Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) currently provide efficacy in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) and are generally perceived by psychiatrists and primary care physicians as effective, well-tolerated and easily administered. However, they are associated with undesirable features, such as high incidence of sexual dysfunction, delayed onset of action and a level of nonresponsiveness estimated to be as high as 30% (see M. J. Gitlin, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 1994, 55, 406-413 and R. T. Segraves, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 1992, 10(2), 4-10). Preclinical and clinical evidence has indicated that the sexual dysfunction associated with SSRI therapy can be reduced through the use of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRI) and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DRIs), such as bupropion (see A. K. Ashton, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 1998, 59(3), 112-115). Furthermore, the combination of SRI and DRI may hasten the onset of action as well as offering relief to
Patents 467
refractory patients, possibly through a synergistic mechanism (see R. D. Marshall et al, Journal of Psychopharmacology, 1995, 9(3), 284-286) and prove beneficial in the treatment of substance abuse and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) according to Barrickman et al, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychology, 1995, 34(5), 649 and Shekim et al, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1989, 177(5), 296. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Combination treatment for depression and anxiety Inventor(s): Schmidt, Christopher Joseph ; (Old Lyme, CT), Sobolov-Jaynes, Susan Beth ; (Ivoryton, CT) Correspondence: Paul H. Ginsburg; Pfizer Inc; 20th Floor; 235 East 42nd Street; New York; NY; 10017-5755; US Patent Application Number: 20020049211 Date filed: May 29, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of treating depression or anxiety in a mammal, including a human, by administering to the mammal a CNS-penetrant NK-1 receptor antagonist (e.g., a substance P receptor antagonist) in combination with a 5HT1D receptor antagonist. It also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, a CNS-penetrant NK-1 receptor antagonist and a 5HT.sub.1D receptor antagonist. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of treating depression or anxiety in a mammal, including a human, by administering to the mammal a CNS-penetrant NK-1 receptor antagonist (e.g., a substance P receptor antagonist) in combination with a 5HT.sub.1D receptor antagonist. It also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, a CNS-penetrant NK-1 receptor antagonist, and a 5HT.sub.1D receptor antagonist. ... Major depression is characterized by feelings of intense sadness and despair, mental slowing and loss of concentration, pessimistic worry, agitation, and self-deprecation. Physical changes also occur, especially in severe or "melancholic" depression. These include insomnia or hypersomnia, anorexia and weight loss (or sometimes overeating), decreased energy and libido, and disruption of normal circadian rhythms of activity, body temperature, and many endocrine functions. ... Treatment regimens commonly include the use of tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, some psychotropic drugs, lithium carbonate, and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) (see R. J. Baldessarini in Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th Edition, Chapter 19, McGraw-Hill, 1996 for a review). More recently, new classes of antidepressant drugs are being developed including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), specific monoamine reuptake inhibitors and 5-HT.sub.1A receptor agonists, antagonists and partial agonists. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
468 Anxiety
•
Method of collecting data on anxiety disorders and related research Inventor(s): Farvolden, Peter Gordon ; (Toronto, CA), van Mierlo, Trevor David Vernon ; (Toronto, CA), Godmaire, Jean-Paul Maurice ; (Toronto, CA) Correspondence: Piasetzki & Nenniger; Attn.: Gregory A. Piasetzki; 2308-120 Adelaide Street West; Toronto; ON; M5H 1T1; CA Patent Application Number: 20030139946 Date filed: January 21, 2003 Abstract: Diagnostic information relating to anxiety disorders is obtained by a method comprising the steps of (1) asking subjects questions relating to anxiety disorder symptoms; (2) receiving answers to the questions; (3) generating an original final report; (4) summarizing in the final report endorsed anxiety disorder symptoms; (5) indicating in the final report unendorsed anxiety disorder symptoms. Data relating to anxiety disorders is collected by keeping statistics on the answers given by the subjects and making the statistics available to researchers. Researchers are then provided access to the data from the population of subjects to conduct research on anxiety disorders. Also, the data collected is assessed to determine whether the questioning process should be modified in response to the data, so as to provide better information for researchers to use in their research. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the field of data and information collection, and in particular, data and information collection relating to anxiety disorders. ... In North America, anxiety disorders are among the most common of psychiatric conditions. According to one estimate, at any one time, as much as 10% of the population is afflicted with one or more anxiety disorders. ... Anxiety disorders typically interfere significantly with the life of the sufferer. For example, this interference can take the form of compulsive behaviour, intense feelings of anxiety, fear or helplessness, or avoidance of situations which make the person anxious. Furthermore, individual anxiety disorders have high rates of co-morbidity with other psychiatric conditions, including other anxiety disorders, depression, and substance abuse. Thus, anxiety disorders take a substantial personal toll on those afflicted with them. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Methods for treating or preventing pain and anxiety Inventor(s): Gross, Michael Francis ; (Durham, NC), Rigdon, Gregory Cooksey ; (Durham, NC), Wickenden, Alan David ; (Cary, NC), McNaughton-Smith, Grant Andrew ; (Morrisville, NC) Correspondence: TOWNSEND AND TOWNSEND AND CREW; TWO EMBARCADERO CENTER; EIGHTH FLOOR; SAN FRANCISCO; CA; 94111-3834; US Patent Application Number: 20020013349 Date filed: August 24, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel method of treating of pain or anxiety, using compounds that modulate KCNQ potassium channels and currents. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Ser. No. 09/631,747, filed Aug. 4, 2000; U.S. Ser. No. 60/147,221, filed Aug. 4, 1999; U.S. Ser. No. 60/158,712, filed Oct. 8, 1999; and U.S. Ser. No. 60/165,847, filed Nov. 16, 1999, herein each incorporated by
Patents 469
reference in their entirety. ... This application is related to U.S. Ser. No. 09/632,576, filed Aug. 4, 2000, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. ... Not applicable. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Methods of treating anxiety disorders Inventor(s): Rosenzweig-Lipson, Sharon J. ; (East Brunswick, NJ), Bowlby, Mark R. ; (Richboro, PA) Correspondence: WYETH; FIVE GIRALDA FARMS; MADISON; NJ; 07940; US Patent Application Number: 20020111379 Date filed: December 17, 2001 Abstract: This invention provides methods for treating, preventing or inhibiting anxiety, anxiety-related conditions and phobias in a mammal using compounds of the formula: 1wherein: R.sub.1 is H, alkyl, alkanoyl or the radical Ar; R.sub.2 is H or alkyl; R.sub.3 is alkoxy, NH.sub.2, alkylamino, dialkylamino, amino substituted by the radical Ar, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or the radicals Ar or ArO--; R.sub.4 is H, alkyl or the radical Ar; R.sub.5 is H or alkyl or the radical Ar; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester form thereof; Ar is an optionally substituted phenyl radical; and n is 0 or 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester form thereof, with the methods particularly including the use of N-[2-amino-4-(4-fluorobenzylami- no)-phenyl]carbamic acid ethyl ester, also known as retigabine. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from copending provisional application Serial No. 60/256,834, filed Dec. 20, 2000, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. ... This invention relates to novel methods for treating, preventing or inhibiting anxiety and anxiety-related conditions in a mammal, preferably in a human. The methods of this invention include the treatment, prevention, inhibition and amelioration of conditions including anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, panic anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, social phobia, post-traumatic stress disorder, agoraphobia and specific phobias. ... and their properties as anti-epileptic, muscle relaxing, fever-reducing and peripheral analgesic agents. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
MGluR5 antagonists for the treatment of pain and anxiety Inventor(s): Tricklebank, Mark ; (Teddington, GB), Walker, Katharine ; (London, GB), Velicelebi, Gonul ; (San Diego, CA), Varney, Mark Andrew ; (San Diego, CA), Urban, Laszlo ; (London, GB), Kuhn, Rainer ; (Lorrach, DE), Allgeier, Hans ; (Lorrach, DE), Cosford, Nicholas David ; (San Diego, CA), Flor, Peter Josef ; (Basel, CH), Gasparini, Fabrizio ; (Lausen, CH), Gentsch, Conrad ; (Binningen, CH), Hess, Stephen D. ; (San Diego, CA), Johnson, Edwin Carl ; (San Diego, CA) Correspondence: THOMAS HOXIE; NOVARTIS CORPORATION; PATENT AND TRADEMARK DEPT; 564 MORRIS AVENUE; SUMMIT; NJ; 079011027 Patent Application Number: 20010056084 Date filed: March 29, 2001 Abstract: The invention provides the use of selective mGluR5 antagonists for the treatment of pain and anxiety, and the use of mGluR antagonists for the treatment of
470 Anxiety
pain, whereby analgesic effect is achieved by interaction of said antagonists primarily or predominantly at peripheral mGluR receptors. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to new pharmaceutical uses of compounds having antagonistic activity at metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). ... Glutamate is the principal excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system acting through ionotropic glutamate receptors. It also plays a major role in activating modulatory pathways through the mGluRs. ... Based on their amino acid sequence homology, agonist pharmacology and coupling to transduction mechanisms, the 8 presently known mGluR sub-types are classified into three groups. Group I receptors (mGluR1 and mGluR5) have been shown to be coupled to stimulation of phospholipase C resulting in phosphoinositide hydrolysis and elevation of intracellular Ca.sub.++ levels, and, in some expression systems, to couple to modulation of ion channels, such as K.sup.+ channels, Ca.sup.++ channels, non-selective cation channels or NMDA receptors. Group II receptors (mGluR2 and mGluR3) and Group III receptors (mGluRs 4, 6, 7 and 8) are negatively coupled to adenylylcyclase and have been shown to couple to inhibition of cAMP formation when heterologously expressed in mammalian cells, and to G-protein-activated inward rectifying potassium channels in Xenopus oocytes and in unipolar brush cells in the cerebellum. Besides mGluR6, which is essentially only expressed in the retina, the mGluRs are felt to be widely expressed throughout the central nervous system (CNS). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Modulation of memory, learning and/or anxiety states Inventor(s): Crosier, Philip S. ; (Auckland, NZ), Crosier, Kathryn E. ; (Auckland, NZ) Correspondence: NIXON & VANDERHYE P.C.; 8th Floor; 1100 North Glebe Rd.; Arlington; VA; 22201-4714; US Patent Application Number: 20020111293 Date filed: April 15, 2002 Abstract: This invention relates to the modification of long-term potentiation (LTP), learning, memory and/or anxiety states. More particularly, it relates to methods of prophylactically or therapeutically treating LTP, leating, memory and/or anxiety disorders in a patient and to medicaments for use in such methods. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the modification of long-term potentiation (LTP), learning; memory and/or anxiety states. More particularly, it relates to methods of prophylactically or therapeutically treating LTP, learning, memory and/or anxiety disorders in a patient and to medicaments for use in such methods. ... Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a long-sting increase in synaptic efficacy which is induced typically by high-frequency stimulation of afferent fibers (Bliss and Loma 1973). LTP, together with its converse, long-term depression (LTD), is considered an attractive candidate memory storage mechanism. ... Consistent with this is an observed association between a severe impairment of LTP and impaired learning and retention of spatial task induced by a selective knockout of functional NMDA receptors in area CA1 of the hippocampus, McHugh et al (1996); Tsien et al (1996). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 471
•
Pharmaceutical compositions and methods for treating anxiety, anxiety disorders and memory impairment using NAALADase inhibitors Inventor(s): Slusher, Barbara S. ; (Kingsville, MD) Correspondence: Rouget F. Henschel; Lyon & Lyon, LLP; Suite 1040; 1701 Pennsylvania Ave. NW; Washington; DC; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20030013687 Date filed: February 20, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and methods of using NAALADase inhibitors for treating glutamate-mediated diseases, disorders and conditions selected from the group consisting of anxiety, anxiety disorders and memory impairment. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and methods for treating glutamate-mediated diseases, disorders and conditions, particularly anxiety, anxiety disorders and memory impairment, using NAALADase inhibitors. ... Anxiety disorders afflict over 23 million Americans. These people are tormented by panic attacks, obsessive thoughts, flashbacks, nightmares or countless frightening physical symptoms. Classes of drugs which are prescribed for the treatment of anxiety disorders include the benzodiazepines (such as diazepam) and buspirone hydrochloride. Although the benzodiazepines have achieved widespread acceptance since their introduction in the 1960's, their use is restricted due to their adverse side effects, in particular their tendency to induce dependence. While lacking the dependence-inducing side effects of the benzodiazepines, buspirone hydrochloride has a slow onset of action (about 4 weeks). Thus, there is a need for new pharmaceutical compositions and methods for treating anxiety and anxiety disorders. ... Excessive activation of glutamate receptors has been implicated in anxiety and anxiety disorders. Significantly higher glutamate plasma levels have been detected in patients with mood disorders than in comparison subjects. In social interaction tests on rats, the blocking of basal glutamate excitation elicited anxiolytic-like effects. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Polymorphic DNAs and their use for diagnosis of susceptibility to panic disorder Inventor(s): Yoshikawa, Takeo ; (Saitama, JP), Hattori, Eiji ; (Saitama, JP) Correspondence: MORRISON & FOERSTER LLP; 3811 VALLEY CENTRE DRIVE; SUITE 500; SAN DIEGO; CA; 92130-2332; US Patent Application Number: 20020160390 Date filed: December 7, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for diagnosing panic disorder, said method being based on the determination of the class of polymorphism of the short tandem repeat (STR) complex in the upstream region of human cholecystokinin gene. The polymorphic DNA comprises a DNA sequence, having a general formula (1):5'(GGAA).sub.n1X(GGAG).sub.n2(GGAA).sub.n3(GGGA).sub.n4GAG(AGAC).sub.n 5Y(G- GAA).sub.n63' (1)wherein X denotes a DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, Y denotes a DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 and each of n1, n2, n3, n4, n5 and n6 denotes independently 0 or a positive integral number, whereby said DNA ranging from 363 to
472 Anxiety
399 base pairs in length. The invention also relates to an assay kit used for implementing said method. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2000375090, filed on Dec. 8, 2000. ... The present invention relates to novel polymorphisms, and more specifically, to polymorphisms of the short tandem repeat type in the 5'upstream region of human cholecystokinin gene, and their use, i.e. a method and a kit for diagnosis of susceptibility to panic disorder. ... Panic disorder is a common and genetically complex mental illness, characterized by recurrent and unexpected panic attacks. It exhibits a lifetime prevalence rate of between 1.2/100 to 2.4/100 in the general population (Weissman, M. M. et al., Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 1997; 54, 305-309). Family studies have consistently shown a higher prevalence ranging from between 7.7% to 20.5% in the first-degree relatives of probands. Twin studies have shown concordance rates of 25% for MZ twins and 10% for DZ twins (Skre, I. et al., Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1993; 88, 85-92). These epidemiological studies suggest involvement of genetic factors in the development of this disease. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
PROTEIN KINASE C EPSILON AS MODULATOR OF ANXIETY, ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND SELF-ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS OF ABUSE Inventor(s): HODGE, CLYDE W. ; (TIBURON, CA), MESSING, ROBERT O. ; (FOSTER CITY, CA) Correspondence: TOM HUNTER, J.D., PH.D.; LAW OFFICES OF JONATHAN QUINE; 2033 CLEMENT AVENUE, SUITE 200; ALAMEDA; CA; 94501; US Patent Application Number: 20020124272 Date filed: June 25, 1999 Abstract: The present invention is directed to the production of PKC isozyme .epsilon. (PKC.epsilon.)-deficient cells and non-human animals. The present invention is further directed to the identification of PKC.epsilon. as a target for drugs that reduce anxiety. According to the present invention, PKC.epsilon.-inhibiting compounds act in synergy with drugs acting at the GABA.sub.A receptor. The present invention is also directed to the use of modulators of PKC.epsilon. to modulate alcohol consumption, selfadministration of other drugs of abuse, and the effects of alcohol consumption as well as the use of inhibitors of PKC.epsilon., either alone or in conjunction with allosteric agonists of GABA.sub.A receptors, to treat conditions, such as addiction, withdrawal syndrome, skeletal muscle spasms, convulsive seizures, and epilepsy, that are amenable to treatment by allosteric agonists of GABA.sub.A receptors. Additional aspects of the present invention are diagnostic methods for identifying individuals at risk for becoming alcoholics or abusers of other drugs and kits for performing such diagnostic methods.The present invention relates to: cells and non-human animals deficient for the PKC isozyme .epsilon. (PKC.epsilon.); the use of PKC.epsilon. as a target for drugs; the use of inhibitors of PKC.epsilon. in methods of reducing anxiety and treating conditions associated with insufficient activity of the GABA.sub.A receptor; the use of modulators of PKC.epsilon. in methods of modulating alcohol consumption, modulating selfadministration of other drugs of abuse, and altering the effects of alcohol; pharmaceutical compositions comprising inhibitors of PKC.epsilon. and allosteric agonists of GABA.sub.A receptors; and the identification of individuals with enhanced susceptibility to alcoholism or other forms of addiction.
Patents 473
Excerpt(s): This application is related to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/091,755, filed Jul. 6, 1998, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/125,995, filed Mar. 24, 1999. ... The present invention relates to: cells and non-human animals deficient for the protein kinase C isozyme .epsilon. (PKC.epsilon.); the use of PKC.epsilon. as a target for drugs; the use of modulators of PKC.epsilon. in methods of reducing anxiety, modulating alcohol consumption and self-administration of other drugs of abuse, altering the effects of alcohol, and treating conditions associated with insufficient activity of the GABA.sub.A receptor; and the identification of individuals with enhanced susceptibility to alcoholism or other forms of addiction. ... Anxiety is very common sensation that, if severe or persistent, can be quite disabling. Anxiety-related disorders are so prevalent that benzodiazepines, the most frequently prescribed anxiolytic agents, regularly appear in lists of the top 20 or 25 most frequently prescribed drugs. Given the undesirable side effects of benzodiazepines and other anxiety-reducing drugs, there is a need for new treatments for anxiety. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
System and method for treatment of mood and/or anxiety disorders by electrical brain stimulation and/or drug infusion Inventor(s): Whitehurst, Todd K. ; (Sherman Oaks, CA) Correspondence: ADVANCED BIONICS CORPORATION; 12740 SAN FERNANDO ROAD; SYLMAR; CA; 91342; US Patent Application Number: 20020013612 Date filed: June 15, 2001 Abstract: A system and method for introducing one or more stimulating drugs and/or applying electrical stimulation to the brain to treat mood and/or anxiety disorders uses an implantable system control unit (SCU), specifically an implantable signal/pulse generator (IPG) or microstimulator with two or more electrodes in the case of electrical stimulation, and an implantable pump with one or more catheters in the case of drug infusion. In cases requiring both electrical and drug stimulation, one or more SCUs are used. Alternatively and preferably, when needed, an SCU provides both electrical stimulation and one or more stimulating drugs. In a preferred embodiment, the system is capable of open- and closed-loop operation. In closed-loop operation, at least one SCU includes a sensor, and the sensed condition is used to adjust stimulation parameters. Excerpt(s): The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/212,871, filed Jun. 20, 2000, which application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. ... The present invention generally relates to implantable drug delivery and electrical stimulation systems and methods, and more particularly relates to utilizing one or more implantable devices to deliver electrical stimulation and/or one or more stimulating drugs as a treatment for mood and/or anxiety disorders. ... Recent estimates indicate that more than 19 million Americans over the age of 18 years experience a depressive illness each year. The American Psychiatric Association recognizes several types of clinical depression, including Mild Depression (Dysthymia), Major Depression, and Bipolar Disorder (Manic-Depression). Major Depression is defined by a constellation of chronic symptoms that include sleep problems, appetite problems, anhedonia or lack of energy, feelings of worthlessness or hopelessness, difficulty concentrating, and suicidal thoughts. Approximately 9.2 million Americans suffer from Major Depression, and approximately 15 percent of all people who suffer from Major Depression take their own lives. Bipolar Disorder involves major depressive
474 Anxiety
episodes alternating with high-energy periods of rash behavior, poor judgment, and grand delusions. An estimated one percent of the American population experiences Bipolar Disorder annually. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Therapeutic or preventive medicines for mood disorders or anxiety disorders Inventor(s): Saitoh, Akiyoshi ; (Kamakura, JP), Tanaka, Toshiaki ; (Zushi, JP), Nagase, Hiroshi ; (Kamakura, JP) Correspondence: SCHNADER HARRISON SEGAL & LEWIS, LLP; 1600 MARKET STREET; SUITE 3600; PHILADELPHIA; PA; 19103 Patent Application Number: 20030166656 Date filed: January 3, 2003 Abstract: A drug for curing or preventing mood disorder or anxiety disorder that has fewer and milder side effects comprising, as an effective component, an isoquinoline derivative or a physiologically acceptable acid addition salt thereof, the representative example of the isoquinoline derivative being (4aS, 12aS)-2-methyl-4a-(3hydroxyphenyl)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,12,12a-octah- ydroquinolino [2,3-g]isoquinoline; a method for curing or preventing mood disorder or anxiety disorder using the same; and a use of the isoquinoline derivative or the physiologically acceptable acid addition salt thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for curing or preventing mood disorder and anxiety disorder. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a drug for curing or preventing mood disorder or anxiety disorder comprising an isoquinoline derivative or a physiologically acceptable acid addition salt thereof, to a method for curing or preventing mood disorder or anxiety disorder using the same, and to a use of the isoquinoline derivative or the physiologically acceptable acid addition salt thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for curing or preventing mood disorder or anxiety disorder. ... In modern aging societies and high stress societies, psychiatric disorders have shown an increase. Particularly, mood disorder and anxiety disorder have shown a sharp increase. ... Tricyclic antidepressants are used as the therapeutic drug for curing mood disorder. Representative examples thereof are imipramine and desipramine. However, tricyclic antidepressants have many side effects and thus there is a problem of tolerance. For example, tricyclic antidepressants require several weeks before their therapeutic effects appear, are cardiotoxic if overdosed, and have various side effects such as dry mouth, constipation, and difficulty urinating. These side effects cause a decrease in tolerance. Recently, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as fluvoxamine and fluoxetine, have been developed as mood disorder therapeutic drugs that have fewer and milder side effects than tricyclic antidepressants. SSRIs are safer than the existing drugs and are superior in that SSRIs are effective against newer adaptive disorders such as obsessive compulsive disorder and panic disorder. However, the side effects including digestive disorders such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, sexual dysfunction, headache, and insomnia are still reported. Moreover, SSRIs require several weeks before their therapeutic effects appear and have a low effectiveness against patients of severe depression. Development of therapeutic drugs for mood disorder that have fewer and milder side effects and can reliably achieve the effect is strongly desired. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 475
•
Use of a NK-1 receptor antagonist and an antidepressant and/or an anti-anxiety agent Inventor(s): Rupniak, Nadia Melanie ; (Bishops Stortford, GB), Carlson, Emma Joanne ; (Puckeridge, GB) Correspondence: MERCK AND CO INC; P O BOX 2000; RAHWAY; NJ; 070650907 Patent Application Number: 20020042361 Date filed: October 16, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to the treatment or prevention of depression and/or anxiety by the administration of a combination of a specific class of NK-1 receptor antagonists and an antidepressant or anti-anxiety agent. The present invention also provides preclinical screens for anxiolytic and antidepressant activity of NK-1 receptor antagonists. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the treatment or prevention of depression and/or anxiety by the administration of a combination of a specific class of NK-1 receptor antagonists and an antidepressant or anti-anxiety agent. The present invention also provides preclinical screens for anxiolytic and antidepressant activity of NK-1 receptor antagonists. ... Major depression is characterised by feelings of intense sadness and despair, mental slowing and loss of concentration, pessimistic worry, agitation, and selfdeprecation. Physical changes also occur, especially in severe or "melancholic" depression. These include insomnia or hypersomnia, anorexia and weight loss (or sometimes overeating), decreased energy and libido, and disruption of normal circadian rhythms of activity, body temperature, and many endocrine functions. ... Treatment regimens commonly include the use of tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, some psychotropic drugs, lithium carbonate, and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) (see R. J. Baldessarini in Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th Edition, Chapter 19, McGraw-Hill, 1996 for a review). More recently, new classes of antidepressant drugs are being developed including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), specific monoamine reuptake inhibitors and 5-HT.sub.1A receptor agonists, antagonists and partial agonists. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Use of GAL3 receptor antagonists for the treatment of depression and/or anxiety and compounds useful in such methods Inventor(s): Wetzel, John M. ; (Fairlawn, NJ), Jimenez, Hermo ; (Hackensack, NJ), Packiarajan, Mathivanan ; (Saddle Brook, NJ), Talisman, Ian Jamie ; (New York, NY), Boteju, Lakmal W. ; (Cedar, NJ), Konkel, Michael J. ; (Garfield, NJ), Blackburn, Thomas P. ; (Hoboken, NJ), Chen, Heidi ; (Wyckoff, NJ) Correspondence: Cooper & Dunham LLP; 1185 Avenue of the Americas; New York; NY; 10036; US Patent Application Number: 20030078271 Date filed: January 31, 2002 Abstract: This invention is directed to pyrimidine and indolone derivatives which are selective antagonists for the GAL3 receptor. The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. This invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition made by combining a therapeutically effective amount of a
476 Anxiety
compound of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. This invention further provides a process for making a pharmaceutical composition comprising combining a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. This invention also provides a method of treating a subject suffering from depression and/or anxiety which comprises administering to the subject an amount of a compound of the invention effective to treat the subject's depression and/or anxiety. This invention also provides a method of treating depression and/or anxiety in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a therapeutically effective amount of a GAL3 receptor antagonist. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/265,586, filed Jan. 31, 2001, the contents of which is incorporated by reference into the subject application. ... Throughout this application, various publications are referenced in parentheses by author and year. Full citations for these references may be found at the end of the specification immediately preceding the claims. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application to describe more fully the art to which this invention pertains. ... Depression is the most common of mental disorders and yet is often underdiagnosed and undertreated, inflicting substantial morbidity and psychosocial impairment on its sufferers. Depression is mainly characterized by sadness, flatness, loss of feeling, anhedonia (lack of pleasure), tearfulness, agitation or retardation, thoughts of guilt, and worthlessness; in severe cases, suicide, hallucinations and delusions. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with anxiety, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/main/patents.htm. Under “Services,” click on “Search Patents.” You will see two broad options: (1) Patent Grants, and (2) Patent Applications. To see a list of granted patents, perform the following steps: Under “Patent Grants,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “anxiety” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on anxiety. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning anxiety. Simply go back to the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/main/patents.htm. Under “Services,” click on “Search Patents.” Select “Quick Search” under “Patent Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
477
CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON ANXIETY Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to anxiety. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on anxiety include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “anxiety” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on anxiety: •
Guidelines for Teaching the Comprehensive Control of Pain and Anxiety in Dentistry Source: Chicago, IL: American Dental Association (ADA), Division of Education and Science. 1992. 27 p. Contact: Available from American Dental Association (ADA). Catalog Sales, P.O. Box 776, St. Charles, IL 60174. (800) 947-4746; Fax (630) 443-9970; http://www.ada.org. PRICE: Single copy free; for bulk orders contact Ms. Judy Nix. Summary: These guidelines are intended to delineate the scope of pain and anxiety control in dentistry and to set standards of acceptability for the teaching of this subject at the predoctoral, advanced, and continuing education levels. The authors present methods for achieving the objectives identified for each of these phases of instruction, with general descriptions of course content, sequence of instruction, faculty qualifications and suggestions regarding acceptable facilities and equipment. The
478 Anxiety
guidelines also identify the kinds of institutions and agencies that should properly provide educational programs of pain and anxiety control.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “anxiety” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “anxiety” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “anxiety” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
100 Ways to Obtain Peace: Overcoming Anxiety by Richard L. Flournoy, et al; ISBN: 0800786149; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0800786149/icongroupinterna
•
5-HTP: The Serotonin Connection: The Exciting New Approach to Overcoming Depression, Reducing Anxiety, and Controlling Your Appetite by Othniel J. Seiden, Othneil J. Seiden (1998); ISBN: 0761516611; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761516611/icongroupinterna
•
60 Second Stress Management: The Quickest Way to Relax and Ease Anxiety by Andrew Goliszek (1992); ISBN: 0882821156; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0882821156/icongroupinterna
•
7 Steps To Overcoming Anxiety and Depression by Gary Null; ISBN: 0743458818; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0743458818/icongroupinterna
•
A 10-Week Recovery Program for Overcoming Panic, Anxiety, & Phobias by Shirley Babior, Carol Goldman; ISBN: 1570251517; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1570251517/icongroupinterna
•
A History of French Passions 1848-1945: Intellect, Taste and Anxiety (Oxford History of Modern Europe) by Theodore Zeldin (1994); ISBN: 0198221789; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0198221789/icongroupinterna
•
A Physician's Guide to Personal Peace : The Control of Stress, Worry, Depression and Anxiety (cassette version) by H. J. Roberts; ISBN: 096332604X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/096332604X/icongroupinterna
•
Abolish Anxiety: Discover Inner Peace in a Stressed-Out World by Bonnie Crandall; ISBN: 0966394615; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966394615/icongroupinterna
•
Affect in Foreign Language and Second Language Learning: A Practical Guide to Creating a Low-Anxiety Classroom Atmosphere by Dolly J. Young (Editor); ISBN: 0070389004; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0070389004/icongroupinterna
•
All I Did Was Entertain a Little Anxiety: A Children's Book for Adults by Sheila Dickinson, Suzanne Brooker (Illustrator) (1994); ISBN: 0897165217; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0897165217/icongroupinterna
Books 479
•
Alleviating Prepress Anxiety : How to Manage Your Print Projects for Savings, Schedule and Quality by Ann Goodheart (2000); ISBN: 0965922286; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0965922286/icongroupinterna
•
Always at Ease: Overcome Shyness and Anxiety in Any Situation by Christopher J. McCullough; ISBN: 0425140121; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0425140121/icongroupinterna
•
Always at Ease: Overcoming Shyness and Anxiety in Every Situation by Christopher J. McCullough; ISBN: 0874775426; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874775426/icongroupinterna
•
American Exceptionalism, American Anxiety: Wages, Competition, and Degraded Labor in the Antebellum United States by Jonathan A. Glickstein (2002); ISBN: 0813921155; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813921155/icongroupinterna
•
American Science in an Age of Anxiety: Scientists, Anticommunism, and the Cold War by Jessica Wang (1999); ISBN: 0807847496; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0807847496/icongroupinterna
•
Anthology of QiGong Relaxation Therapy & Mind Expansion (Stress Relief, Anxiety Relief, Depression Relief, Heath & Fitness, Meditation, Enhancement Therapy) by Bill Douglas; ISBN: 1893634167; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1893634167/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety by Ricky Emanuel; ISBN: 1840461861; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1840461861/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety by Bonnie Timmons; ISBN: 0449905470; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0449905470/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety by Donald W. Goodwin (1987); ISBN: 0345340825; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0345340825/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety & Depression: The Best Resources to Help You Cope (Lifecycles Series) by Richard Theodore Wemhoff (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1892148099; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1892148099/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety & Phobia Workbook by Edmund J. Bourne (2001); ISBN: 1567310745; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1567310745/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety (Clinical Psychology: A Modular Course) by S. Rachman; ISBN: 086377802X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/086377802X/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety And Cognition: A Unified Theory (Essays in Cognitive Psychology) by Michael W. Eysenck; ISBN: 0863774784; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0863774784/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety and Defensive Strategies in Childhood and Adolescence by Anna Danielsson, Gudmund J. Smith; ISBN: 082360389X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/082360389X/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety and Depression: A Natural Approach by Shirley Trickett, J. W. McDonald; ISBN: 1569752265; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569752265/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety and Its Disorders, Second Edition: The Nature and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic by David H. Barlow (Author); ISBN: 1572304308; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572304308/icongroupinterna
480 Anxiety
•
Anxiety and Its Treatment by John H. Greist, Isaac M. Marks (Contributor); ISBN: 0446302031; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0446302031/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety and Its Treatment: Help Is Available, Advice from Three Leading Psychiatrists in the Field of Anxiety Treatment by John H. Greist, et al (1988); ISBN: 0446353620; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0446353620/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety and neurosis by Charles Rycroft; ISBN: 0140210652; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0140210652/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety and Panic Attacks: Their Cause and Cure:The Five-Point Life-Plus Program for Conquering Fear by Robert Handly; ISBN: 0449213315; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0449213315/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety and Phobias (Encyclopedia of Health Psychological Disorders and Their Treatment) by Don Nardo; ISBN: 0791000419; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0791000419/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety and Phobic Disorders: A Pragmatic Approach by Wendy K. Silverman, William M. Kurtines; ISBN: 030645226X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/030645226X/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety and Related Disorders: A Handbook (Wiley Series on Personality Processes) by Benjamin B. Wolman (Editor), George Stricker (Editor) (1993); ISBN: 0471547735; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471547735/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety and Stress Disorders: Cognitive-Behavioral Assessment and Treatment by Larry Michelson, L. Michael Ascher (Editor); ISBN: 0898626935; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898626935/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety and Stress: A Self-Help Program (The Women's Health Series) by Susan M. Lark; ISBN: 0917010558; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0917010558/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety As Symptom and Signal : Symptom and Signal by Steven P. Roose, Robert A. Glick (Editor) (1995); ISBN: 0881631183; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0881631183/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety Attacked: John Macarthur, Jr (Macarthur Study) by John, Jr. MacArthur (1993); ISBN: 1564761282; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1564761282/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety Before Entering a Room by Duncan Andrew, Andrew Duncan (2001); ISBN: 187685703X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/187685703X/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety Disorder Workbook by Mary Ellen Popkin; ISBN: 1587492873; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1587492873/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety Disorders by David J. Nutt (Editor), James C. Ballenger (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 0632059389; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0632059389/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety Disorders : An Introduction to Clinical Management and Research by Eric J. L. Griez (Editor), et al (2002); ISBN: 0471978736; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471978736/icongroupinterna
Books 481
•
Anxiety Disorders and Phobias by Aaron T. Beck, et al; ISBN: 0465003842; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0465003842/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety Disorders and Phobias: A Cognitive Perspective by Aaron T., M.D. Beck, et al (1990); ISBN: 0465003850; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0465003850/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety Disorders Comorbid with Depression - Volume 2: Social Phobia, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - Pocketbook by Dan J. Stein, Eric Hollander; ISBN: 1841840505; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1841840505/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety Disorders in Adults: An Evidence-Based Approach to Psychological Treatment by Peter D. McLean, Sheila R. Woody; ISBN: 0195116259; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195116259/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents, Second Edition by John S. March (Editor), Tracy L. Morris (Editor) (2004); ISBN: 1572309814; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572309814/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Research, Assessment and Intervention by Wendy K. Silverman (Editor), Philip D. A. Treffers (Editor); ISBN: 0521789664; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521789664/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety Disorders of Childhood by Rachel Gittleman (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0898626587; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898626587/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety Disorders: A Practitioner's Guide by Theo K. Bouman (Contributor), et al; ISBN: 0471931128; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471931128/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety Disorders: A Scientific Approach for Selecting the Most Effective Treatment (Practitioner's Resource Series) by Samuel Knapp, Leon Vandecreek (1994); ISBN: 1568870000; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1568870000/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety Disorders: Psychological Approaches to Theory and Treatment (Perspectives in Clinical Psychology) by Michelle Genevieve Craske (1998); ISBN: 0813332508; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813332508/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety Epidemic by Billie J. Sahley (1994); ISBN: 0962591440; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962591440/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety in Children by Ved P. Varma (Editor); ISBN: 0416010318; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0416010318/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety in Eden: A Kierkegaardian Reading of Paradise Lost by John S. Tanner (1992); ISBN: 0195072049; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195072049/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety in Elementary School Children by Seymour Bernard Sarason (Author), et al; ISBN: 0313200750; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0313200750/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety in Sports; ISBN: 0891167544; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0891167544/icongroupinterna
482 Anxiety
•
Anxiety Management Training: A Behavior Therapy (Plenum Behavior Therapy Series) by Richard M. Suinn (1990); ISBN: 0306435454; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306435454/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety of Interdisciplinarity: De-, Dis-, Ex- by Alex Coles (Editor), et al (1998); ISBN: 1901033759; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1901033759/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety Sensitivity: Theory, Research, and Treatment of the Fear of Anxiety (Personality and Clinical Psychology Series) by Steven Taylor (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 0805828656; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0805828656/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety Veiled: Euripides and the Traffic in Women by Nancy Sorkin Rabinowitz (1993); ISBN: 0801480914; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801480914/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety, Depression, and Emotion by Wis.)/ Davidson, Richard J. Wisconsin Symposium on Emotion 1995 Madison (Editor), Richard Davidson (Editor); ISBN: 0195133587; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195133587/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety, Depression, and Phobias: How to Understand and Deal With Them by Denis Cronin; ISBN: 0130386383; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0130386383/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety, Panic Attacks and Agoraphobia, Second Edition by Kenneth Strong; ISBN: 0929028104; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0929028104/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety, Phobias and Panic by Reneau Z. Peurifoy; ISBN: 092943711X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/092943711X/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety, Phobias, and Panic: A Step-By-Step Program for Regaining Control of Your Life by Reneau Z. Peurifoy (1995); ISBN: 0446670537; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0446670537/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety/Conflicts and Chemical Dependency (#1175B) by Daniel J. Anderson; ISBN: 089486047X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089486047X/icongroupinterna
•
Anxiety: Friend or Foe? by Susan, Ph.D. Heitler (1995); ISBN: 1884998089; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1884998089/icongroupinterna
•
Arco Stop Worrying: Understand Your Anxiety- And Banish It Forever! (Life's Little Keys - Self-Help Strategies for a Healthier, Happier You) by Frank J., Phd Bruno; ISBN: 0028613015; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0028613015/icongroupinterna
•
Are We Not Men?: Masculine Anxiety and the Problem of African-American Identity by Phillip Brian Harper (1998); ISBN: 0195126548; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195126548/icongroupinterna
•
Authority, Anxiety, and Canon: Essays in Vedic Interpretation (Suny Series in Hindu Studies) by Laurie L. Patton (Editor) (1994); ISBN: 079141938X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/079141938X/icongroupinterna
•
Basic Psychoanalytic Concepts on Metapsychology, Conflicts, Anxiety, and Other Subjects (The Hampstead Clinic Psychoanalytic Library, Vol 4) by Humberto Nagera
Books 483
(Editor); ISBN: 0950714666; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0950714666/icongroupinterna •
Bear Hugs for Saying Goodbye: Positive Activities That Ease Separation Anxiety (Bear Hugs) by Patty Claycomb, Marion Hopping Ekberg (Illustrator); ISBN: 1570290148; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1570290148/icongroupinterna
•
Ben's Story: The Symptoms of Depression, Adhd and Anxiety That Caused His Suicide by Trudy Carlson (1998); ISBN: 0964244365; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964244365/icongroupinterna
•
Between Anxiety and Hope: The Poetry and Writing of Czeslaw Milosz by Czeslaw Milosz; ISBN: 0888641273; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0888641273/icongroupinterna
•
Beyond Anxiety and Phobia: A Step-By-Step Guide to Lifetime Recovery by Edmund J., Ph.D. Bourne; ISBN: 1572242299; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572242299/icongroupinterna
•
Beyond Boredom and Anxiety: Experiencing Flow in Work and Play by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (Author); ISBN: 0787951404; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0787951404/icongroupinterna
•
Biology of Anxiety Disorders (Progress in Psychiatry Series, No 36) by Rudolf, M.D. Hoehn-Saric, Daniel, Ph.D. McLeod (Editor) (1993); ISBN: 0880484764; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880484764/icongroupinterna
•
Breathe Better, Feel Better: Learn to Increase Your Energy, Control Anxiety and Anger, Relieve Health Problems, and Just Relax With Simple Breathing Techniques by Howard Kent (1997); ISBN: 1882606736; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1882606736/icongroupinterna
•
Breathe Well, Be Well : A Program to Relieve Stress, Anxiety, Asthma, Hypertension, Migraine, and Other Disorders for Better Health by Robert Fried (Author); ISBN: 0471324361; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471324361/icongroupinterna
•
Brief Therapy Approaches To Treating Anxiety And Depression by Michael D. Yapko (Editor); ISBN: 0876305087; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876305087/icongroupinterna
•
Change Management Through Communications -- Lessen Anxiety, Then Improve Innovation And Corporate Performance [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Beverly Goldberg (Author); ISBN: B00005UPU2; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005UPU2/icongroupinterna
•
Change Your Brain, Change Your Life: The Breakthrough Program for Conquering Anxiety, Depression, Obsessiveness, Anger, and Impulsiveness by Daniel G. Amen (2000); ISBN: 0812929985; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0812929985/icongroupinterna
•
Changing Character: Short-Term Anxiety-Regulating Psychotherapy for Restructuring Defenses, Affects, and Attachment by Leigh McCullough Vaillant (1996); ISBN: 0465077927; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0465077927/icongroupinterna
484 Anxiety
•
Chaucer's Body: The Anxiety of Circulation in the "Canterbury Tales" by R. Allen Shoaf (2001); ISBN: 0813024234; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813024234/icongroupinterna
•
Chinese Immigrants, African Americans, and Racial Anxiety in the United States, 1848-82 (The Asian American Experience) by Najia Aarim-Heriot (2003); ISBN: 0252027752; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0252027752/icongroupinterna
•
Choose to Be Happy: The Craft and the Art of Living Beyond Anxiety by Swami Chetanananda (2001); ISBN: 0806935634; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0806935634/icongroupinterna
•
Chronic Anxiety: Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Mixed Anxiety-Depression by Ronald M. Rapee (Editor), David H. Barlow (Editor); ISBN: 0898627710; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898627710/icongroupinterna
•
Cinema of Anxiety : A Psychoanalysis of Italian Neorealism by Vincent F. Rocchio (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0292771010; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0292771010/icongroupinterna
•
Client Workbook for Anxiety and Panic with Worksheet by David H. Barlow (2000); ISBN: 0158132327; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0158132327/icongroupinterna
•
Clients Manual for the Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Anxiety Disorders (2nd Edition) by Larry D. Smyth; ISBN: 1889287962; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1889287962/icongroupinterna
•
Clinician's Manual for the Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and the other Anxiety Disorders (2nd Edition) by Larry D. Smyth (1999); ISBN: 1889287997; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1889287997/icongroupinterna
•
Clinician's Manual on Depression and Comorbid Anxiety in Older People by Katona, et al (2000); ISBN: 1858739101; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1858739101/icongroupinterna
•
Cognitive Biases in Anxiety and Depression: Special Issue of Cognition and Emotion by Paula Hertel (Editor); ISBN: 184169925X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/184169925X/icongroupinterna
•
Cognitive Therapy of Anxiety Disorders : A Practice Manual and Conceptual Guide by Adrian Wells (Author); ISBN: 047196476X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/047196476X/icongroupinterna
•
Comorbidity of Mood and Anxiety Disorders by Jack D. Maser, C. Robert Cloninger (Editor) (1990); ISBN: 0880483245; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880483245/icongroupinterna
•
Concise Guide to Anxiety Disorders (Concise Guides) by Eric Hollander, Daphne Simeon (2002); ISBN: 1585620807; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1585620807/icongroupinterna
•
Conquer Anxiety and Frustration by Vernon Howard (1981); ISBN: 0911203079; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0911203079/icongroupinterna
•
Conquering Math Anxiety: A Self-Help Workbook (with CD-ROM) by Cynthia A., Ph.D. Arem; ISBN: 0534386342; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0534386342/icongroupinterna
Books 485
•
Conquering Panic and Anxiety Disorders: Success Stories, Strategies, and Other Good News by Jenna Glatzer (Editor), Paul Foxman (Commentary) (2002); ISBN: 0897933818; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0897933818/icongroupinterna
•
Conquering Test Anxiety by Susan C. Pescar, et al; ISBN: 0446385387; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0446385387/icongroupinterna
•
Containing Anxiety in Institutions: Selected Essays by Isabel Menzies Lyth; ISBN: 1853430013; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853430013/icongroupinterna
•
Controlling Anxiety: Self-Help Strategies to Conquer Fear and Phobias and Live With Confidence by William Stewart; ISBN: 1857036654; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1857036654/icongroupinterna
•
Coping With Academic Anxiety (Coping Series) by Allen J. Ottens (1991); ISBN: 0823913376; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823913376/icongroupinterna
•
Coping With Anxiety and Panic Attacks (Coping) by Jordan Lee (2000); ISBN: 0823932028; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823932028/icongroupinterna
•
Coping with Anxiety: 10 Simple Ways to Relieve Anxiety, Fear, and Worry by Edmund J., Ph.D. Bourne, Lorna Garano (2003); ISBN: 1572243201; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572243201/icongroupinterna
•
Coping With Anxiety: Integrated Approaches to Treatment by W. Walter Menninger (Editor) (1996); ISBN: 1568217889; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1568217889/icongroupinterna
•
Coping with Speech Anxiety by Joe Ayres (Author), Tim Hopf (Author) (1993); ISBN: 0893919861; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0893919861/icongroupinterna
•
Counterfeit Spirituality in an Age of Anxiety by Michael Whelton (2002); ISBN: 1928653103; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1928653103/icongroupinterna
•
Cross-Cultural Anxiety by Hemisphere Publishing, et al; ISBN: 0470989408; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0470989408/icongroupinterna
•
Cultural Issues in the Treatment of Anxiety by Steven Friedman (Editor); ISBN: 1572302372; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572302372/icongroupinterna
•
Curing Anxiety, Phobias, Shyness and Obsessive Compulsive Disorders by Howard Liebgold, Kaiser Graphics (Illustrator) (2001); ISBN: 1931487006; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1931487006/icongroupinterna
•
Current Controversies in the Anxiety Disorders by Ronald M. Rapee (Editor); ISBN: 157230023X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/157230023X/icongroupinterna
•
Current Therapeutic Approaches to Panic and Other Anxiety Disorders: Collegium Internationale Neuro-Psychopharmacologicum Regional Workshop, Monte C by G. Darcourt, et al (1994); ISBN: 3805559895; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805559895/icongroupinterna
486 Anxiety
•
Dancing With Fear: Overcoming Anxiety in a World of Stress and Uncertainty by Paul Foxman; ISBN: 1568215495; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1568215495/icongroupinterna
•
Death Anxiety and Clinical Practice by Robert Langs (1997); ISBN: 1855751410; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1855751410/icongroupinterna
•
Death Anxiety Handbook: Research, Instrumentation, And Application (Death, Education, Aging and Health Care) by Robert A. Neimeyer (Editor) (1993); ISBN: 1560322829; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560322829/icongroupinterna
•
Defeating Math Anxiety by Anita Narvarte Kitchens (1994); ISBN: 0256154538; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0256154538/icongroupinterna
•
Depression-Free, Naturally: 7 Weeks to Eliminating Anxiety, Despair, Fatigue, and Anger from Your Life by Joan Mathews-Larson, Joan Mathews Larson (2001); ISBN: 0345435176; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0345435176/icongroupinterna
•
Diagonally-Parked in a Parallel Universe : Working Through Social Anxiety by Signe A. Dayhoff; ISBN: 0967126509; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0967126509/icongroupinterna
•
Diet Away Your Stress, Tension, and Anxiety: The Fructose Diet by John Daniel, Palm; ISBN: 0385115571; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385115571/icongroupinterna
•
Don't Be S.A.D.: A Teenage Guide to Handling Stress, Anxiety and Depression by Susan Newman; ISBN: 0671726102; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0671726102/icongroupinterna
•
Don't Forget To Look Up : A Christian's Guide to Overcoming Anxiety and Panic Attacks by Angela K. Brittain (1998); ISBN: 0966200306; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966200306/icongroupinterna
•
Don't Panic Revised Edition : Taking Control of Anxiety Attacks by R. Reid Wilson (Author) (1996); ISBN: 0060951605; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060951605/icongroupinterna
•
Drive Without Fear: The Insecure Driver's Guide to Independence and Anxiety-Free Driving by Norman Klein (2000); ISBN: 1587215004; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1587215004/icongroupinterna
•
Dying of Embarrassment: Help for Social Anxiety & Phobia by Cheryl N. Carmin (Contributor), et al (1992); ISBN: 1879237237; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1879237237/icongroupinterna
•
Earl Mindell's New Herb Bible: A complete update of the bestselling guide to new and traditional herbal remedies - how they can help fight depression and anxiety, improve your sex life, prevent illness, and help you heal faster! by Earl Mindell (2002); ISBN: 0743225481; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0743225481/icongroupinterna
•
Easing Anxiety and Stress Naturally by Susan M. Lark, Phyllis Herman (Editor); ISBN: 0879837284; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879837284/icongroupinterna
Books 487
•
Embracing the Fear: Learning to Manage Anxiety and Panic Attacks by Judith Bemis, Amr Barrada (1994); ISBN: 089486971X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089486971X/icongroupinterna
•
EMDR : The Breakthrough Therapy for Overcoming Anxiety, Stress, and Trauma by Francine Shapiro, Margot Silk Forrest (1998); ISBN: 0465043011; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0465043011/icongroupinterna
•
Emotional Vertigo, Between Anxiety and Pleasure (New Library of Psychoanalysis, 28) by Danielle Quinodoz, Arnold J. Pomerans (Translator) (1998); ISBN: 0415148367; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415148367/icongroupinterna
•
Empty Cubicles: Employee Retention When Downsizing -- Avoid The Anxiety Created By Layoffs [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Beverly Goldberg (Author); ISBN: B00005REF4; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005REF4/icongroupinterna
•
Escaping the Suffocating Web of Anxiety by Lazaris (1990); ISBN: 1556381476; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556381476/icongroupinterna
•
Everything You Need to Know About Anxiety and Panic Attacks (Need to Know Library) by John Giacobello (2000); ISBN: 0823932192; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823932192/icongroupinterna
•
Exposure Anxiety - The Invisible Cage: An Exploration of Self-Protection Response in the Autism Spectrum by Donna Williams; ISBN: 1843100517; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843100517/icongroupinterna
•
Facing Down Our Fears: Finding Courage When Anxiety Grips the Heart by Chapel of the Air Ministries Staff; ISBN: 1879050471; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1879050471/icongroupinterna
•
Fashion, Desire and Anxiety: Image and Morality in the 20th Century by Rebecca Arnold (2001); ISBN: 0813529042; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813529042/icongroupinterna
•
Fear and Anxiety in the Arab World by Michel G. Nehme (2003); ISBN: 0813026113; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813026113/icongroupinterna
•
Fear Not America: Shattering Anxiety, Breaking the Bondage of Fear & Producing Purpose by Liberty Savard (2002); ISBN: 0882708856; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0882708856/icongroupinterna
•
Fears, Phobias, and Rituals: Panic, Anxiety, and Their Disorders by Isaac Meyer Marks (1987); ISBN: 0195039270; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195039270/icongroupinterna
•
Finding Peace : God’s Promise of a Life Free from Regret, Anxiety, and Fear by Charles F. Stanley (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0785272976; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0785272976/icongroupinterna
•
Finding Peace Workbook : God's Promise of a Life Free from Regret, Anxiety, and Fear by Charles F. Stanley (Author) (2004); ISBN: 0785261842; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0785261842/icongroupinterna
•
Finding Serenity in the Age of Anxiety by Robert Gerzon (1998); ISBN: 055337978X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/055337978X/icongroupinterna
488 Anxiety
•
Format and Anxiety: Paul Goodman Critiques the Media by Paul Goodman, Taylor Stoehr (Editor) (1995); ISBN: 157027021X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/157027021X/icongroupinterna
•
France 1848-1945: Anxiety and Hypocrisy by Theodore Zeldin; ISBN: 0192851063; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192851063/icongroupinterna
•
Free from Fears: New Help for Anxiety, Panic and Agoraphobia by Ann Seagrave, Faison Covington (Contributor) (1989); ISBN: 0671666428; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0671666428/icongroupinterna
•
Freedom from fear, anxiety, and panic attacks by David Crank; ISBN: 0892749261; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0892749261/icongroupinterna
•
Freedom from Fear: Overcoming Anxiety Through Faith by Marci Alborghetti (2002); ISBN: 0879462310; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879462310/icongroupinterna
•
Freeing Your Child from Anxiety: Powerful, Practical Solutions to Overcome Your Child's Fears, Worries, Andphobias by Tamar Chansky (2004); ISBN: 0767914929; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0767914929/icongroupinterna
•
From Social Anxiety to Social Phobia : Multiple Perspectives by Stefan G. Hofmann (Author), Patricia Marten DiBartolo (Author); ISBN: 0205281893; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0205281893/icongroupinterna
•
GABA: The Anxiety Amino Acid by Billie Jay Sahley (2001); ISBN: 1889391174; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1889391174/icongroupinterna
•
Gender Differences in Mood & Anxiety Disorders: From Bench to Bedside by Ellen Leibenluft (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 0880489588; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880489588/icongroupinterna
•
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: diagnosis, treatment and its relationship to other anxiety disorders - pocketbook by David Nutt, et al (1998); ISBN: 1853176591; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853176591/icongroupinterna
•
Get Off the Menopause Roller Coaster: Natural Solutions for Mood Swings, Hot Flashes, Fatigue, Anxiety, Depression, and Other Symptons by Shari, Phd Lieberman; ISBN: 1583330003; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583330003/icongroupinterna
•
God's Lovers in an Age of Anxiety: The Medieval English Mystics (Traditions of Christian Spirituality.) by Joan M. Nuth, Philip Sheldrake (Preface) (2001); ISBN: 1570753814; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1570753814/icongroupinterna
•
Good News About Panic, Anxiety and Phobias by Mark S. Gold; ISBN: 0553349163; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553349163/icongroupinterna
•
Good Women Get Angry: A Woman's Guide to Handling Her Anger, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress by Gary J. Oliver, H. Norman Wright (1995); ISBN: 089283935X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089283935X/icongroupinterna
•
Growing Up With Anxiety Disorder by Mark Arthur Pagel (2003); ISBN: 1403384436; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1403384436/icongroupinterna
•
Guided Instruction for Coping with Anxiety and Stress by James D. Cowart, Leo A. Kominek; ISBN: 1892776006; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1892776006/icongroupinterna
Books 489
•
Handbook of Anxiety Disorders by Cynthia G. Last; ISBN: 0080327664; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080327664/icongroupinterna
•
Handbook of Depression and Anxiety (Medical Psychiatry, 21) by Siegfried Kasper, et al (2003); ISBN: 0824708725; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824708725/icongroupinterna
•
Handbook of Depression and Anxiety: A Biological Approach (Medical Psychiatry, Vol 1) by J. M. Ad Sitsen (Editor), et al (2003); ISBN: 0824788583; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824788583/icongroupinterna
•
Handbook of Social and Evaluation Anxiety by Harold Leitenberg (Editor) (1990); ISBN: 0306434385; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306434385/icongroupinterna
•
Hans Bellmer: The Anatomy of Anxiety by Sue Taylor; ISBN: 0262201305; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0262201305/icongroupinterna
•
Happiness Is a Choice: Moving from Depression and Anxiety to Christ-Centered Optimism (Minirth Meier New Life Clinic, 2) [ABRIDGED] by Frank Minirth, et al (1997); ISBN: 1886463050; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1886463050/icongroupinterna
•
Heal With Amino Acids and Nutrients: Survive Stress, Pain, Anxiety, Depression Without Drugs, What to Use and When by Billie J., Ph.D. Sahley, Katherine M. Birkner (2002); ISBN: 1889391204; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1889391204/icongroupinterna
•
Healing Anxiety and Depression: The Revolutionary Brain-Based Program That Allows You to See and Heal the 7 Types of Anxiety and Depression by Daniel G. Amen, Lisa C. Routh (2003); ISBN: 0399150366; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0399150366/icongroupinterna
•
Healing Anxiety Naturally by Harold Bloomfield (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0060930357; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060930357/icongroupinterna
•
Healing the Anxiety Diseases by Thomas L. Leaman (2003); ISBN: 0738208736; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0738208736/icongroupinterna
•
Health Anxiety: Hypochondriasis and Related Disorders by Gordon J.G. Asmundson (Editor), et al; ISBN: 047199992X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/047199992X/icongroupinterna
•
Help Yourself Move Out of Depression and Anxiety by Helga A. H. Rowe (2001); ISBN: 0864313489; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0864313489/icongroupinterna
•
Helping Sensitive and Difficult Children: What You Can Do About Childhood Depression and Anxiety by Steven Stritt (2003); ISBN: 1401057918; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1401057918/icongroupinterna
•
Helping Students Overcome Depression and Anxiety: A Practical Guide by Kenneth W. Merrell; ISBN: 1572306173; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572306173/icongroupinterna
•
High Anxiety: Catastrophe, Scandal, Age & Comedy (Arts and Politics of the Everyday Series) by Patricia Mellencamp (1992); ISBN: 0253207355; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0253207355/icongroupinterna
490 Anxiety
•
Hope Against Darkness: The Transforming Vision of Saint Francis in an Age of Anxiety by Richard Rohr, John Bookser Feister (Contributor) (2002); ISBN: 0867164859; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0867164859/icongroupinterna
•
How to Beat Test Anxiety and Score Higher on the Sat and All Other Exams by James Devine, et al; ISBN: 0812025830; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0812025830/icongroupinterna
•
How to Beat Test Anxiety and Score Higher on Your Exams by James H. Divine, David W. Kylen; ISBN: 081202091X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/081202091X/icongroupinterna
•
How to Control Your Anxiety Before It Controls You by Albert Ellis (2000); ISBN: 0806521368; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0806521368/icongroupinterna
•
How to Reduce Test Anxiety by Paul D. Nolting (1988); ISBN: 0940287013; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0940287013/icongroupinterna
•
Information Anxiety by Richard Saul Wurman; ISBN: 0385243944; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385243944/icongroupinterna
•
Information Anxiety 2 by Richard Saul Wurman, et al; ISBN: 0789724103; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789724103/icongroupinterna
•
Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety by Sigmund Freud, et al (1977); ISBN: 0393008746; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393008746/icongroupinterna
•
International Handbook of Phobic and Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents (Issues in Clinical Child Psychology) by Thomas H. Ollendick, et al (1994); ISBN: 0306447592; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306447592/icongroupinterna
•
International Handbook of Social Anxiety: Concepts, Research and Interventions Relating to the Self and Shyness by W. Ray Crozier (Editor), Lynn E. Alden (Editor); ISBN: 0471491292; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471491292/icongroupinterna
•
Journey from Anxiety to Freedom: Moving Beyond Panic and Phobias and Learning to Trust Yourself by Mani Feniger (1997); ISBN: 0761508600; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761508600/icongroupinterna
•
Kava: Nature's Answer to Stress, Anxiety, and Insomnia by Hyla Cass, Terrence McNally (1998); ISBN: 0761516670; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761516670/icongroupinterna
•
Lacan's Seminar on Anxiety: An Introduction (The Lacanian Clinical Field) by Roberto Harari, Jane Lamb-Ruiz (Translator) (2001); ISBN: 1892746360; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1892746360/icongroupinterna
•
Learn to Relax: Proven Techniques for Reducing Stress, Tension and Anxiety for Peak Performance by C. Eugene Walker (1991); ISBN: 0425127761; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0425127761/icongroupinterna
•
Learn to Relax: Proven Techniques for Reducing Stress, Tension, and Anxiety--And Promoting Peak Performance (Wiley Audio) [ABRIDGED] by C. Eugene Walker (Reader), Shauna Zurbrugg (Narrator) (2001); ISBN: 1560159669; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560159669/icongroupinterna
Books 491
•
Letting Go of Anxiety and Worry by Pam Vredevelt (Author) (2001); ISBN: 1576739554; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1576739554/icongroupinterna
•
Life Under a Cloud: American Anxiety About the Atom by Allan M. Winkler (1999); ISBN: 0252067738; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0252067738/icongroupinterna
•
Life Without Stress: The Far Eastern Antidote to Tension and Anxiety by Arthur, Dr. Sokoloff (1998); ISBN: 0767900456; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0767900456/icongroupinterna
•
Living with Anxiety: A Clinically Tested Step-by-Step Plan for Drug-Free Management by Bob Montgomery, Laurel Morris (2001); ISBN: 1555613063; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1555613063/icongroupinterna
•
Living With Fear: Understanding and Coping With Anxiety by Isaac M., Md. Marks; ISBN: 0077097580; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0077097580/icongroupinterna
•
Male Matters: Masculinity, Anxiety, and the Male Body on the Line by Calvin Thomas (1998); ISBN: 025206500X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/025206500X/icongroupinterna
•
Management of Pain & Anxiety in the Dental Office Oral & Maxillofacial by Raymond A. Dionne, et al; ISBN: 0721672787; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721672787/icongroupinterna
•
Management of Stress and Anxiety in Medical Disorders, The by David I. Mostofsky (Author), David H. Barlow (Author); ISBN: 0205287042; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0205287042/icongroupinterna
•
Managing anxiety; the power of knowing who you are by Peter Koestenbaum; ISBN: 0135503434; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0135503434/icongroupinterna
•
Managing Your Anxiety: Regaining Control When You Feel Stressed, Helpless, and Alone by Christopher J. McCullough, Robert Woods Mann; ISBN: 0874773520; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874773520/icongroupinterna
•
Master of your anxiety and worry by Michelle Genevieve Craske; ISBN: 1880659042; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1880659042/icongroupinterna
•
Master Your Panic and Take Back Your Life!: Twelve Treatment Sessions to Overcome High Anxiety by Denise F. Beckfield (1998); ISBN: 1886230080; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1886230080/icongroupinterna
•
Mastering Anxiety: The Nature and Treatment of Anxious Conditions by Ronald A. Kleinknecht (2002); ISBN: 0738208280; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0738208280/icongroupinterna
•
Math Anxiety Reduction by Robert D. Hackworth; ISBN: 0943202159; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0943202159/icongroupinterna
•
Math Attack: How to Reduce Math Anxiety In The Classroom, At Work and In Everyday Personal Use by Marilyn Curtain Phillips, Marilyn Curtain-Phillips; ISBN: 0967399718; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0967399718/icongroupinterna
492 Anxiety
•
Math Study Skills Workbook: Your Guide to Reducing Test Anxiety and Improving Study Strategies by Paul, D., Phd Nolting (2000); ISBN: 0395982251; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0395982251/icongroupinterna
•
Measuring Patient Changes: In Mood, Anxiety, and Personality Disorders by Hans H. Strupp (Editor), et al (1997); ISBN: 155798414X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/155798414X/icongroupinterna
•
Mending Minds: A Guide to the New Psychiatry of Depression, Anxiety, and Other Serious Mental Disorders by Leonard L. Heston (1991); ISBN: 0716721678; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0716721678/icongroupinterna
•
Mental Health Disorders Sourcebook: Basic Consumer Health Information About Anxiety Disrders, Depression and Other Mood Disorders, Eating Disorders, Personality Disorders, Schizophrenia (Health Reference Series) by Karen Bellenir (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 0780802403; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0780802403/icongroupinterna
•
Mind Over Math: Put Yourself on the Road to Success by Freeing Yourself from Math Anxiety by Stanley. Kogelman, Joseph, Ph.D. Warren; ISBN: 007035281X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/007035281X/icongroupinterna
•
Mindblowing Sex in the Real World: Hot Tips for Doing It in the Age of Anxiety by Sari Locker; ISBN: 0060950994; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060950994/icongroupinterna
•
Mood & Anxiety Disorders by John A. Rush (Editor), A. John Rush (Editor); ISBN: 0683305166; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0683305166/icongroupinterna
•
Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescent: a psychopharmacological approach by David Nutt, et al; ISBN: 1853179248; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853179248/icongroupinterna
•
Municipal Bondage/One Man's Anxiety-Producing Adventures in the Big City: One Man's Anxiety-Producing Adventures in the Big City by Henry Alford (1995); ISBN: 157322510X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/157322510X/icongroupinterna
•
Nature's Prozac: Natural Therapies and Techniques to Rid Yourself of Anxiety, Depression, Panic Attacks & Stress by Judith Sachs, Lendon H. Smith; ISBN: 0138876541; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0138876541/icongroupinterna
•
No More Butterflies: Overcoming Stagefright, Shyness, Interview Anxiety and Fear of Public Speaking by Peter, Phd Desberg; ISBN: 1572240415; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572240415/icongroupinterna
•
No More Panic Attacks: A 30-Day Plan for Conquering Anxiety by Jennifer, M.D. Shoquist, Diane Stafford (2002); ISBN: 1564146081; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1564146081/icongroupinterna
•
Noir Anxiety by Kelly Oliver, Benigno Trigo (2002); ISBN: 0816641102; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0816641102/icongroupinterna
•
Not to Worry!: How to Free Yourself from Unnecessary Anxiety and Channel Your Wories into Positive Action by Mary McClure Goulding, Robert L. Goulding (Contributor); ISBN: 068808480X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/068808480X/icongroupinterna
Books 493
•
Not to Worry: The Phenomenal 6-Day Anxiety-Relief Plan by Mary McCure Goulding, et al; ISBN: 0425122603; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0425122603/icongroupinterna
•
Notes from the Green Room: Coping With Stress and Anxiety in Musical Performance by Robert G. Meyer (Contributor), Paul G. Salmon; ISBN: 0669250104; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0669250104/icongroupinterna
•
Origins of Phobias and Anxiety Disorders: Why More Women Than Men (The First Volume in the New Brat Series on Clinical Psychology) by Michelle Craske (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 0080440320; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080440320/icongroupinterna
•
Overcome Fears and Anxiety Auto-matically by Deirdre Griswold, Bob Griswold; ISBN: 1558489096; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1558489096/icongroupinterna
•
Overcoming Anxiety by Archibald D. Hart; ISBN: 0849906865; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849906865/icongroupinterna
•
Overcoming Anxiety by Lynn Fossum, Michael G. Crisp (Editor) (1990); ISBN: 1560520299; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560520299/icongroupinterna
•
Overcoming Anxiety (Overcoming Childhood Trauma) by Helen Kennerley; ISBN: 1854874225; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1854874225/icongroupinterna
•
Overcoming Anxiety at Work by Vincent Miskell, Jane R. Miskell (Contributor); ISBN: 155623869X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/155623869X/icongroupinterna
•
Overcoming Anxiety For Dummies by Laura L. Smith (Author), Charles H. Elliott (Author) (2002); ISBN: 0764554476; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0764554476/icongroupinterna
•
Overcoming Anxiety Without Tranquilizers: A Groundbreaking Program for Treating Chronic Anxiety by Edward H., Md. Drummond; ISBN: 052594298X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/052594298X/icongroupinterna
•
Overcoming Anxiety, Panic, and Depression: New Ways to Regain Your Confidence by James Gardner, et al (2000); ISBN: 1564144356; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1564144356/icongroupinterna
•
Overcoming Anxiety: A Self-Help Guide Using Cognitive Behavioral Techniques by Helen Kennerley (1997); ISBN: 081474690X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/081474690X/icongroupinterna
•
Overcoming Anxiety: From Short-Term Fixes to Long-Term Recovery by Reneau Z. Peurifoy, Reneau Peuifoy (1997); ISBN: 0805047891; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0805047891/icongroupinterna
•
Overcoming Fear, Worry, and Anxiety: Becoming A Woman of Faith and Confidence by Elyse Fitzpatrick (2001); ISBN: 0736905898; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0736905898/icongroupinterna
•
Overcoming Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Therapist Protocol (Best Practices for Therapy Series) by John R. White, White John (1999); ISBN: 1572241446; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572241446/icongroupinterna
494 Anxiety
•
Overcoming High-Tech Anxiety : Thriving in a Wired World by Beverly Goldberg (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0787910228; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0787910228/icongroupinterna
•
Overcoming Math Anxiety by Sheila Tobias, Shelia Tobias (1994); ISBN: 0393035778; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393035778/icongroupinterna
•
Overcoming Math Anxiety by Randy Davidson, Ellen Levitov (2000); ISBN: 0321069188; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0321069188/icongroupinterna
•
Overcoming Panic, Anxiety, & Phobias: New Strategies to Free Yourself from Worry and Fear by Carol Goldman (Contributor), Shirley Babior (1996); ISBN: 1570250723; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1570250723/icongroupinterna
•
Overcoming Performance Anxiety by Rod Farnbach, Eversley Farnbach (2001); ISBN: 0743212754; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0743212754/icongroupinterna
•
Overcoming Social Anxiety and Shyness: A Self-Help Guide Using Cognitive Behavioral Techniques (Overcoming Series) by Gillian Butler, Butler Gillian (2001); ISBN: 0814798748; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0814798748/icongroupinterna
•
Overcoming Social Anxiety: A Self-help Guide Using Cognitive Behavioural Techniques (Overcoming Childhood Trauma) by Gillian Butler; ISBN: 1854877038; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1854877038/icongroupinterna
•
Overcoming Your Anxiety (Audiocassette & Workbook) by Michael S. Broder; ISBN: 1889577022; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1889577022/icongroupinterna
•
Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety : Some Aspects of Religious Experience from Marcus Aurelius to Constantine by E. R. Dodds (Author) (1991); ISBN: 0521385997; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521385997/icongroupinterna
•
Pain and Anxiety Control for the Conscious Dental Patient by J. G. Meechan, et al; ISBN: 0192628488; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192628488/icongroupinterna
•
Pain, Anxiety, and Grief: Pharmacotherapeutic Care of the Dying Patient and the Bereaved (Foundation of Thanatology) by Ivan K. Goldberg (Editor); ISBN: 0231047428; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0231047428/icongroupinterna
•
Painfully Shy: How to Overcome Social Anxiety and Reclaim Your Life by Gregory P. Markway (2001); ISBN: 0312266286; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312266286/icongroupinterna
•
Panic and Anxiety Disorder: 121 Tips, Real-life Advice, Resources & More, Second Edition by Linda Manassee Buell; ISBN: 1928607055; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1928607055/icongroupinterna
•
Panic Disorder and Anxiety in Adolescence by Sara Golden Mattis, et al; ISBN: 1854333526; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1854333526/icongroupinterna
•
Panic Free : Eliminate Anxiety / Panic Attacks Without Drugs and Take Control of Your Life by Lynne Freeman; ISBN: 0966854608; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966854608/icongroupinterna
Books 495
•
Pass Through Panic: Freeing Yourself from Anxiety and Fear by Claire Weekes; ISBN: 1565113209; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565113209/icongroupinterna
•
Performance Anxiety: Overcoming Your Fear in the Workplace, Social Situations, Interpersonal Communications, the Performing Arts by Mitchell W. Robin, Rochelle Balter (Contributor); ISBN: 1558504419; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1558504419/icongroupinterna
•
Pharmacotherapy for Mood, Anxiety, and Cognitive Disorders by Uriel, MD Halbreich (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0880488859; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880488859/icongroupinterna
•
Politics in an Age of Anxiety: Masculinity, the Vital Center, and American Political Culture in the Cold War, 1949-1963 (American Cultures) by Kyle Cuordileone (2003); ISBN: 0415926009; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415926009/icongroupinterna
•
Post partum depression and anxiety : a self-help guide for mothers; ISBN: 0969298307; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0969298307/icongroupinterna
•
Power over Panic: Answers for Anxiety by Carol M. Christensen (2003); ISBN: 0781439116; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0781439116/icongroupinterna
•
Power Over Panic: Freedom From Panic/Anxiety Related Disorders by Bronwyn Fox, et al; ISBN: 0962732710; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962732710/icongroupinterna
•
Practitioner's Guide to Empirically Based Measures of Anxiety (AABT Clinical Assessment) by Martin M. Antony (Editor), et al (2001); ISBN: 0306465825; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306465825/icongroupinterna
•
Practitioner's Guide to Treating Fear and Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach (Child Therapy Series) by Andrew R. Eisen, Christopher A. Kearney (Contributor) (1995); ISBN: 1568213859; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1568213859/icongroupinterna
•
Prescription for Anxiety by Leslie D. Weatherhead (1987); ISBN: 0687339863; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0687339863/icongroupinterna
•
Prescription for Anxiety: How You Can Overcome Fear and Despair by Leslie D. Weatherhead; ISBN: 0687339871; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0687339871/icongroupinterna
•
Protect Us from All Anxiety: Meditations for the Depressed by William Burke, Mary Southard (Illustrator) (2003); ISBN: 0879461845; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879461845/icongroupinterna
•
Prozac-Free: Homeopathic Medicine for Depression, Anxiety, and Other Mental and Emotional Problems by Judyth Reichenberg-Ullman, Robert Ullman; ISBN: 0761514783; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761514783/icongroupinterna
•
Psychopharmacology of Anxiety (British Association for Psychopharmacology, No 11) by Peter Tyrer (Editor); ISBN: 0192617265; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192617265/icongroupinterna
•
Public Speaking Anxiety: Conquering the Fear of Public Speaking by Todd L. Thomas (Editor), L. Todd Thomas; ISBN: 0030182433; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0030182433/icongroupinterna
496 Anxiety
•
Reconciliations: Inner Peace in an Age of Anxiety by Theodore Rubin; ISBN: 0670590827; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0670590827/icongroupinterna
•
Regions of Sorrow: Anxiety and Messianism in Hannah Arendt and W.H. Auden (Meridian (Stanford, Calif.).) by Susannah Young-ah Gottlieb (2003); ISBN: 0804745110; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0804745110/icongroupinterna
•
Reification: Or the Anxiety of Late Capitalism by Timothy Bewes (2002); ISBN: 1859844561; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1859844561/icongroupinterna
•
Release from Fear and Anxiety by Cecil G. Osborne; ISBN: 0876809980; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876809980/icongroupinterna
•
Releasing Fear and Anxiety (Healing the Heart Audio Series) by John Gray; ISBN: 1886095159; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1886095159/icongroupinterna
•
Relief Without Drugs: The Self-management of Tension, Anxiety and Pain by Ainslie Meares; ISBN: 0006121713; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0006121713/icongroupinterna
•
Relieve Stress & Anxiety: Guided Meditations and Subliminal Affirmations Help Boost Your Self Image and Banish Stress from Your Life by Barry Tesar (Reader), Roxanne Tesar (Reader); ISBN: 1889800171; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1889800171/icongroupinterna
•
Relieve Stress and Anxiety (Self Hypnosis and Subliminal Reinforcement) by Lee Pulos; ISBN: 1555692281; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1555692281/icongroupinterna
•
Relieve Stress and Anxiety: Subliminal Persuasion/Self-Hypnosis by Konicov (1985); ISBN: 0870823590; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0870823590/icongroupinterna
•
Rosemary Gladstar's Herbs for Reducing Stress & Anxiety (Natural Health Handbooks) by Rosemary Gladstar (1999); ISBN: 1580171559; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580171559/icongroupinterna
•
School Phobia, Panic Attacks, and Anxiety by Marianna Csoti (2003); ISBN: 1843100916; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843100916/icongroupinterna
•
Searching For Eternity : A Scientist's Spiritual Journey to Overcome Death Anxiety by Don, Dr Morse, et al; ISBN: 0940829274; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0940829274/icongroupinterna
•
Seeing Solutions: Brief Visualizations to Help You Control Your Anger, Anxiety, and Frustration and to Create a Better Reality by Barbara Ardinger; ISBN: 0451160096; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0451160096/icongroupinterna
•
Self-Coaching: How to Heal Anxiety and Depression by Joseph J. Luciani (Author); ISBN: 0471387371; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471387371/icongroupinterna
•
Separation Anxiety and the Dread of Abandonment in Adult Males by Gwendolyn Stevens (Author), Sheldon Gardner (Author) (1994); ISBN: 0275946096; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0275946096/icongroupinterna
Books 497
•
Shared Anxiety: Selected Plays by George F. Walker, Stephen Haff (Introduction) (1994); ISBN: 0889104727; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0889104727/icongroupinterna
•
Situational Anxiety by Gail North, et al; ISBN: 0881840246; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0881840246/icongroupinterna
•
Social Anxiety by Mark R. Leary, Robin M. Kowalski; ISBN: 1572302631; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572302631/icongroupinterna
•
Social History of the Minor Tranquilizers: The Quest for Small Comfort in the Age of Anxiety by Mickey C. Smith (1991); ISBN: 156024142X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/156024142X/icongroupinterna
•
Social Phobia: Alleviating Anxiety in an Age of Self-Promotion by Donald Capps (1999); ISBN: 0827234406; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0827234406/icongroupinterna
•
Soothe Your Nerves : The Black Woman's Guide to Understanding and Overcoming Anxiety, Panic, and Fear by Angela Neal-Barnett (Author); ISBN: 0743225384; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0743225384/icongroupinterna
•
Sos Help for Emotions: Managing Anxiety, Anger, and Depression by Lynn Clark (2002); ISBN: 0935111522; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0935111522/icongroupinterna
•
Spoiled Rotten: Affluence, Anxiety, and Social Decay in America by Brian Goff (Preface), et al; ISBN: 081333618X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/081333618X/icongroupinterna
•
SSRIs in Depression and Anxiety by Stuart A. Montgomery (Editor), J. A. den Boer (Editor) (2001); ISBN: 0470841362; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0470841362/icongroupinterna
•
Stress and Anxiety: Practical Ways to Restore Health Using Complementary Medicine (Help Yourself to Health) by Adrian White (1999); ISBN: 0806931345; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0806931345/icongroupinterna
•
Stress Reduction: The Key to Increasing Employee Productivity and Morale-Leadership Counts When Anxiety Rises [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Beverly Goldberg (Author); ISBN: B000069F75; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000069F75/icongroupinterna
•
Stress, Anxiety and Depression by Brian Fradet (Editor), et al (1995); ISBN: 0440216591; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0440216591/icongroupinterna
•
Stress, Anxiety, and Insomnia: How You Can Benefit from Diet, Vitamins, Minerals, Herbs, Exercise, and Other Natural Methods (Getting Well Naturally) by Michael T. Murray; ISBN: 1559584890; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1559584890/icongroupinterna
•
Stress-Free: Peaceful Affirmations to Relieve Anxiety and Help You Relax (The Subliminal Series/Audio Cassette/703) by Louise L. Hay; ISBN: 0937611727; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0937611727/icongroupinterna
•
Succeed With Math: Every Student's Guide to Conquering Math Anxiety by Sheila Tobias; ISBN: 0874472598; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874472598/icongroupinterna
498 Anxiety
•
Super Strength Conquering Fears and Anxiety/Peace of Mind by Super Strength Series, Robert E. Griswold (1993); ISBN: 1558483071; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1558483071/icongroupinterna
•
Surgery & Recovery: How to Reduce Anxiety & Promote Healthy Healing by Kaye Olson; ISBN: 1890394033; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890394033/icongroupinterna
•
Taking the Anxiety Out of Taking Tests: A Step-By-Step Guide by Susan Johnson; ISBN: 1572240687; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572240687/icongroupinterna
•
Tame Test Anxiety: Proven Anxiety Reduction Training [ABRIDGED] by Richard Driscoll (2003); ISBN: 096341268X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/096341268X/icongroupinterna
•
Taming Monsters, Slaying Dragons: The Revolutionary Family Approach to Overcoming Childhood Fears and Anxiety by Joel Feiner, Graham Yost (Photographer); ISBN: 0877959390; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0877959390/icongroupinterna
•
Test Anxiety by Marty Sapp; ISBN: 0761813861; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761813861/icongroupinterna
•
Test Anxiety & What You Can Do About It by Joseph Casbarro; ISBN: 1887943633; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1887943633/icongroupinterna
•
Test Anxiety: The State of the Art (Perspectives on Individual Differences) by Moshe Zeidner (1998); ISBN: 0306457296; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306457296/icongroupinterna
•
Test Without Trauma: How to Overcome Test Anxiety and Score Higher on Every Test by Bette Erwin, et al; ISBN: 0448166070; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0448166070/icongroupinterna
•
Textbook of Anxiety Disorders by Dan J. Stein (Editor), Eric Hollander (Editor); ISBN: 0880488298; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880488298/icongroupinterna
•
The Anxiety Book: Developing Strength in the Face of Fear by Jonathan R. T. Davidson, Henry Dreher (2003); ISBN: 1573222372; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1573222372/icongroupinterna
•
The Anxiety Cure by Archibald D. Hart (Author); ISBN: 0849942969; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849942969/icongroupinterna
•
The Anxiety Cure for Kids : A Guide for Parents by Elizabeth DuPont Spencer (Author), et al (2003); ISBN: 0471263613; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471263613/icongroupinterna
•
The Anxiety Cure: An Eight-Step Program for Getting Well by Robert L. DuPont (Author), et al; ISBN: 0471247014; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471247014/icongroupinterna
•
The Anxiety Disease by David V., M.D. Sheehan; ISBN: 0553272454; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553272454/icongroupinterna
•
The Anxiety Disorders by Russell Jr Noyes (Author), Rudolf Hoehn-Saric (Author); ISBN: 0521552079; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521552079/icongroupinterna
Books 499
•
The Anxiety of Freedom: Imagination and Individuality in Locke's Political Thought (Contestations) by Uday Singh Mehta; ISBN: 0801427568; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801427568/icongroupinterna
•
The Anxiety of Influence: A Theory of Poetry by Harold Bloom (1997); ISBN: 0195112210; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195112210/icongroupinterna
•
The Audition Process: Anxiety Management and Coping Strategies by Stuart Edward Dunkel (1991); ISBN: 0945193351; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0945193351/icongroupinterna
•
The Bible Cure for Depression and Anxiety (Fitness and Health) by Don Colbert, Donald, Md. Colbert (1999); ISBN: 088419650X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/088419650X/icongroupinterna
•
The Bioelectrical Investigation of Sexuality and Anxiety by Wilhelm Reich, et al (1982); ISBN: 0374517282; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0374517282/icongroupinterna
•
The Breath Book: 20 Ways to Breathe Away Stress, Anxiety and Fatigue by Stella Weller (1999); ISBN: 0722536917; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722536917/icongroupinterna
•
The Christian and Anxiety by Hans Urs Von Balthasar, et al (2000); ISBN: 0898705878; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898705878/icongroupinterna
•
The Complete Idiot's Guide to Conquering Fear and Anxiety by Sharon Heller, Brenda K. Wiederhold; ISBN: 002862727X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/002862727X/icongroupinterna
•
The Concept of Anxiety : Kierkegaard's Writings, Vol 8 by Soren Kierkegaard, et al; ISBN: 0691020116; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0691020116/icongroupinterna
•
The Developmental Psychopathology of Anxiety by Michael W. Vasey (Editor), Mark R. Dadds (Editor); ISBN: 0195123638; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195123638/icongroupinterna
•
The Dynamics of Anxiety and Hysteria (International Library of Psychology) by H.J. Eysenck; ISBN: 0415209242; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415209242/icongroupinterna
•
The Dynamics of Hope: Perspectives of Process in Anxiety and Creativity, Imagery and Dreams by Ira Progoff; ISBN: 0879410132; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879410132/icongroupinterna
•
The End of American Exceptionalism: Frontier Anxiety from the Old West to the New Deal by David M. Wrobel (2001); ISBN: 0700605614; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0700605614/icongroupinterna
•
The Exercise Prescription for Depression and Anxiety by Keith W. Johnsgard; ISBN: 0306433028; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306433028/icongroupinterna
•
The Experience of Anxiety: A Casebook by David S. Goldstein, et al (1975); ISBN: 0195019210; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195019210/icongroupinterna
500 Anxiety
•
The Food and Mood Handbook: Find Relief at Last from Depression, Anxiety, Pms, Cravings and Mood Swings by Amanda Geary (2001); ISBN: 0007114230; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0007114230/icongroupinterna
•
The Goalie's Anxiety at the Penalty Kick by Peter Handke; ISBN: 0374163766; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0374163766/icongroupinterna
•
The Great Anxiety Escape: A Revolutionary Program to Escape Anxiety, Insomnia, Depression and Drug Dependency by Max Ricketts, et al (1990); ISBN: 0962620505; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962620505/icongroupinterna
•
The Human Core: The Intrapsychic Base of Behavior: From Anxiety to Integrity by Leo Rangell (1990); ISBN: 0823623661; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823623661/icongroupinterna
•
The Johns Hopkins White Papers: Depression and Anxiety by Karen L. Swartz, Simeon Margolis (2002); ISBN: 0929661176; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0929661176/icongroupinterna
•
The Little Book of Courage: A Three-Step Process to Overcoming Fear and Anxiety by Sarah Quigley, et al (2002); ISBN: 1573248118; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1573248118/icongroupinterna
•
The Meaning of Anxiety by Rollo May; ISBN: 0393011364; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393011364/icongroupinterna
•
The Meaning of Anxiety (1979); ISBN: 0671421719; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0671421719/icongroupinterna
•
The Monster in the Cave: How to Face Your Fear and Anxiety and Live Your Life by David Mellinger, Steven Jay Lynn (2003); ISBN: 0425191699; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0425191699/icongroupinterna
•
The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the SeptoHippocampal System (Oxford Psychology Series) by Jeffrey A. Gray, Neil McNaughton (2003); ISBN: 0198522711; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0198522711/icongroupinterna
•
The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the SeptoHippocampal System (Oxford Psychology Series, No 33) by Neil McNaughton, Jeffrey Alan Gray (2000); ISBN: 0198522703; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0198522703/icongroupinterna
•
The Panic Attack, Anxiety and Phobia Solutions Handbook by Muriel K. MacFarlane, United Research Publishers (1997); ISBN: 188705300X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/188705300X/icongroupinterna
•
The Physiology of Psychological Disorders: Schizophrenia, Depression, Anxiety, and Substance Abuse (Plenum Series in Behavioral Psychophysiology and) by James G. Hollandsworth (1990); ISBN: 0306433532; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306433532/icongroupinterna
•
The Positive Power of Negative Thinking: Using Defensive Pessimism to Harness Anxiety and Perform at Your Peak by Julie K. Norem (2002); ISBN: 0465051391; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0465051391/icongroupinterna
•
The Real Solution Anxiety/Panic Workbook by Richard H. Pfeiffer; ISBN: 1893505022; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1893505022/icongroupinterna
Books 501
•
The Road Less Traveled and Beyond: Spiritual Growth in an Age of Anxiety by M. Scott Peck; ISBN: 0684835614; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0684835614/icongroupinterna
•
The Sachertorte Algorithm: And Other Antidotes to Computer Anxiety by John Shore; ISBN: 0140080376; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0140080376/icongroupinterna
•
The Search for Serenity: Understanding and Overcoming Anxiety, by Daniel A. Sugarman; ISBN: 0026152908; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0026152908/icongroupinterna
•
The TAB-P Protocol : The Complete Home-Study Course in Cognitive-Behavioral Exposure-Based Psychotherapy for the Treatment of PTSD and the other Anxiety Disorders (6 Manuals + 5 Video Tapes) by Larry D. Smyth; ISBN: 1889287989; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1889287989/icongroupinterna
•
The Taming of Solitude: Separation Anxiety in Psychoanalysis (New Library of Psychoanalysis, No 20) by Jean-Michel Quinodoz (1993); ISBN: 0415091543; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415091543/icongroupinterna
•
The Treatment of Anxiety Disorders : Clinician Guides and Patient Manuals by Gavin Andrews (Author), et al (2002); ISBN: 0521788773; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521788773/icongroupinterna
•
The Undercurrents of Anxiety: The Revolutionary Approach to Dealing with & Recovering from... by Elizabeth Trego, Judith Trego (1998); ISBN: 1575029634; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1575029634/icongroupinterna
•
The Vulnerable Therapist: Practicing Psychotherapy in an Age of Anxiety (Advances in Psychology and Mental Health) by Helen W. Coale (1998); ISBN: 0789004801; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789004801/icongroupinterna
•
The Worry Workbook : Twelve Steps to Anxiety-Free Living by Les Carter (Author), Frank Minirth (Author) (2001); ISBN: 0840777485; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0840777485/icongroupinterna
•
Too Scared to Learn : Overcoming Academic Anxiety by Cara L. Garcia (Author) (1998); ISBN: 0803965346; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803965346/icongroupinterna
•
Trading Your Worry for Wonder: A Woman's Guide to Overcoming Anxiety by Cheri Fuller; ISBN: 0805461922; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0805461922/icongroupinterna
•
Transforming Anxiety, Transcending Shame by Rex Briggs (1999); ISBN: 1558747222; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1558747222/icongroupinterna
•
Treating Anger, Anxiety, And Depression In Children And Adolescents: A CognitiveBehavioral Perspective by Jerry Wilde; ISBN: 1560324821; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560324821/icongroupinterna
•
Treating Anxiety and Stress: A Group Psycho-educational Approach Using Brief CBT by Jim White (Author); ISBN: 0471493066; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471493066/icongroupinterna
•
Treating Anxiety Disorders by Walton T. Roth (Editor) (1996); ISBN: 0787903167; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0787903167/icongroupinterna
502 Anxiety
•
Treating Anxiety Disorders: A Guide for Human Service Professionals (Sage Human Services Guides, Vol 45) by Bruce A. Thyer; ISBN: 0803927924; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803927924/icongroupinterna
•
Treatment Plans and Interventions for Depression and Anxiety Disorders by Robert L. Leahy, Stephen J. Holland; ISBN: 1572305142; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572305142/icongroupinterna
•
Triumph Over Shyness: Conquering Shyness & Social Anxiety by Murray B. Stein, John R. Walker; ISBN: 0071374981; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0071374981/icongroupinterna
•
Understanding Panic and Other Anxiety Disorders (Understanding Health and Sickness Series) by Benjamin A. Root (2000); ISBN: 1578062454; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1578062454/icongroupinterna
•
Vested Interests: Cross-Dressing & Cultural Anxiety by Marjorie Garber, Margorie Garber (1997); ISBN: 0415919517; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415919517/icongroupinterna
•
Virtual Anxiety: Photography, New Technologies and Subjectivity (The Critical Image) by Sarah Kember (1998); ISBN: 0719045290; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0719045290/icongroupinterna
•
Warped Space: Art, Architecture, and Anxiety in Modern Culture by Anthony Vidler; ISBN: 0262720418; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0262720418/icongroupinterna
•
What Christians Should Know About... Depression, Anxiety, Mood Swings and Hyperactivity (The ""What Christians Should Know About ¹"" Series) by Grant Mullen; ISBN: 1852402105; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1852402105/icongroupinterna
•
When Anxiety Attacks: What the Health Care Community Does Not Know About Anxiety by Stan H. Looper, Cynthia Scott (Contributor); ISBN: 094362908X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/094362908X/icongroupinterna
•
When Going Through Hell Don't Stop: A Survivor's Guide to Overcoming Anxiety and Clinical Depression by Douglas Bloch, Douglas G. Bloch; ISBN: 0929671023; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0929671023/icongroupinterna
•
When Life Makes You Nervous: New and Effective Treatment for Anxiety by David, Dr Hawkins, David B. Hawkins (2002); ISBN: 0781437369; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0781437369/icongroupinterna
•
When Words Are Not Enough: The Women's Prescription for Depression and Anxiety by Valerie Davis Raskin (1997); ISBN: 0553067133; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553067133/icongroupinterna
•
Where Do I Put the Decimal Point?: How to Conquer Math Anxiety and Let Numbers Work for You by Elisabeth Ruedy, Sue Nirenberg (Contributor); ISBN: 0380715961; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0380715961/icongroupinterna
•
Why we get sick : the origins of illness and anxiety; a practical guide to psychosomatic medicine by J. A. Winter (Author); ISBN: B00005XYS4; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005XYS4/icongroupinterna
•
Women and Anxiety: A Step-By-Step Program for Managing Anxiety and Depression by Helen De Rosis, Helen A. Derosis (1998); ISBN: 1886330999; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1886330999/icongroupinterna
Books 503
•
Working Up a Storm: Anger, Anxiety, Joy, and Tears on the Job by Jeanne M. Plas, Kathleen Hoover-Dempsey (Contributor); ISBN: 0393026124; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393026124/icongroupinterna
•
Working With Groups to Overcome Panic, Anxiety, and Phobias by Carol Goldman (Contributor), Shirley Babior (2003); ISBN: 1570251177; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1570251177/icongroupinterna
•
Worried All the Time : Overparenting in an Age of Anxiety and How to Stop It by David Anderegg (Author); ISBN: 0743225686; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0743225686/icongroupinterna
•
You Can Choose to Be Happy: "Rise Above" Anxiety, Anger, and Depression by Tom G. Stevens (1998); ISBN: 0965337715; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0965337715/icongroupinterna
•
You Mean I Don't Have to Feel This Way?: New Help for Depression, Anxiety, and Addiction by Colette Dowling, et al (1993); ISBN: 055337169X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/055337169X/icongroupinterna
•
Your Anxious Child: How Parents and Teachers Can Relieve Anxiety in Children by John S. Dacey (Author), Lisa B. Fiore (Author); ISBN: 0787960403; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0787960403/icongroupinterna
•
Zones of Contention: Essays on Art, Institutions, Gender, and Anxiety (Ies) by Carol Becker (1996); ISBN: 0791429385; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0791429385/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “anxiety” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •
A study of neurocirculatory asthenia, anxiety neurosis, effort syndrome... with control observations on convalescent and healthy men; final report, by Mandel E. Cohen [et al.] with the assistance of Jane H. Brown [et al. Author: Massachusetts General Hospital.; Year: 1964; Boston, 1946?]
•
Anxiety & neurosis. Author: Rycroft, Charles.; Year: 1962; London, Penguin Press, 1968
•
Anxiety and educational achievement [by] Eric Gaudry [and] Charles D. Spielberger. Author: Gaudry, Eric.; Year: 1964; Sydney, New York, Wiley [c1971]; ISBN: 0471292893 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471292893/icongroupinterna
11 In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
504 Anxiety
•
Anxiety and the executive. Author: Schoonmaker, Alan N.; Year: 1967; [New York] American Management Assn. [c1969]
•
Anxiety, nervousness & depression. Author: Casson, Frederick Ronald Christopher.; Year: 1963; [London] British Medical Assn. [1966]
•
Bibliography on anxiety states. Author: Houck, L. Daniel.; Year: 1965; Nutley, N. J., Medical Dept., Roche Laboratories, 1962
•
Explorations in the psychology of stress and anxiety. Author: Rourke, Byron P. (Byron Patrick),; Year: 1966; [Don Mills] Longmans Canada [c1969]
•
Further evidence on the stability of the factor structure of the test anxiety scale for children [by] Sheila Feld and Judith Lewis. Author: Feld, Sheila.; Year: 1967; [Adelphi, Md.] Personal and Social Organization Section, National Institute of Mental Health, 1967
•
How psychologists do research: the example of anxiety. Author: Dustin, David S.; Year: 1964; Englewood Cliffs, N. J., Prentice-Hall [1969]
•
Hypnotic induction of anxiety; a psychoendocrine investigation, by Eugene E. Levitt [et al.]. Author: Levitt, Eugene E.; Year: 1963; Springfield, Ill., Thomas [c1964]
•
Insight vs. desensitization in psychotherapy; an experiment in anxiety reduction. Author: Paul, Gordon L.; Year: 1966; Stanford, Calif., Stanford Univ. Press, 1966
•
Manifest anxiety, amphetamine and performance. Author: Weitzner, Martin.; Year: 1966; Boston, Massachusetts General Hospital, Anaesthesia Laboratory of the Harvard Medical School, 1963
•
Pharmacotherapy of tension and anxiety, by Heinz E. Lehmann and Thomas A. Ban. Author: Lehmann, Heinz E. (Heinz Edgar),; Year: 1964; Springfield, Ill., Thomas [c1970]
•
Physiological measures, sedative drugs, and morbid anxiety, by M. H. Lader and Lorna Wing. Author: Lader, Malcolm Harold.; Year: 1965; London, Oxford Univ. Press, 1966
•
Short-term effects of LSD on anxiety, attitudes, and performance [by] William H. McGlothlin [et al.]. Author: McGlothlin, William H.; Year: 1964; Santa Monica, Calif., 1963
•
Studies of anxiety. Edited by M. H. Lader. Author: Lader, Malcolm Harold.; Year: 1967; Ashford, Kent, Published by authority of the World Psychiatric Association and the Royal Medico-Psychological Association by Headley Bros., 1969; ISBN: 900443006
•
The clinical psychopharmacology of anxiety. Author: Wittenborn, J. R. (John Richard),; Year: 1963; Springfield, Ill., Thomas [c1966]
•
The feeling of superiority and anxiety-superior; the Ottawa experiments on the law in nature. Author: Remits, Ernest L.; Year: 2002; Ottawa, Runge, 1960
•
The mother, anxiety and death; the catastrophic death complex. Author: Rheingold, Joseph Cyrus,; Year: 1964; Boston, Little, Brown [c1967]
•
The psychology of anxiety. Author: Levitt, Eugene E.; Year: 1963; Indianapolis, BobbsMerrill [1967]
•
The relationship of birth order to self-evaluation, anxiety reduction, and susceptibility to emotional contagion, by Kenneth Ring [et al. Author: Ring, Kenneth.; Year: 1964; Washington] American Psychological Assn. [1965]
•
The search for serenity; understanding and overcoming anxiety, by Daniel A. Sugarman and Lucy Freeman. Author: Sugarman, Daniel A.; Year: 1965; [New York] Macmillan [c1970]
Books 505
•
Understanding anxiety in everyday life. Author: Trimmer, Eric.; Year: 1966; London, Allen; Unwin [1970]; ISBN: 0046160078 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0046160078/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Anxiety In order to find chapters that specifically relate to anxiety, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and anxiety using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “anxiety” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on anxiety: •
Dizziness and Anxiety Source: in Blakley, B.W. Siegel, M.E. Feeling Dizzy: Understanding and Treating Dizziness, Vertigo, and Other Balancing Disorders. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing. 1995. p. 145-149. Contact: Available from Macmillan Publishing. 201 West 103rd Street, Indianapolis, IN 46290. (800) 428-5331; Fax (800) 882-8583. PRICE: $21.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0028600096. Summary: This chapter is from a layperson's guide to vertigo, imbalance, fainting, and other balance disorders. This chapter explores the role of anxiety and other psychological factors that can contribute to dizziness. Topics covered include a definition of anxiety, panic disorders, phobias, phobic vertigo, depression, somatization, and psychotherapy and other treatments. The authors note that a psychological cause for dizziness does not mean that the dizziness doesn't exist, merely that it might be a symptom of another underlying problem.
•
Overcoming Pain and Anxiety in Dentistry Source: in Dionne, R.A. Phero, J.C. Becker, D.E. Management of Pain and Anxiety in the Dental Office. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 2002. p. 2-13. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Orders Fulfillment Department, Harcourt Health Sciences, 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63146-9988. (800) 545-2522. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $122.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 072167287. Summary: Pain has always been a barrier to dentistry, serving as the inspiration for pioneering efforts by dentists to control pain. This introductory chapter is from a text that addresses the management of acute and chronic pain and dental patient apprehension based on accepted pharmacologic (drug) therapies and special applications for dental outpatients. This chapter introduces the concepts of overcoming pain and anxiety in dentistry. The authors cover the natural history of pain therapeutics, the complexity of pain, pain prevention, controversy on the safety of anesthesia and sedation, balancing efficacy and safety, the management of chronic orofacial pain, the history of anesthesia and sedation in dentistry, and therapeutic recommendations. 4 figures. 1 table. 25 references.
506 Anxiety
•
Nonpharmacologic Methods for Managing Pain and Anxiety Source: in Dionne, R.A. Phero, J.C. Becker, D.E. Management of Pain and Anxiety in the Dental Office. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 2002. p. 34-44. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Orders Fulfillment Department, Harcourt Health Sciences, 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63146-9988. (800) 545-2522. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $122.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 072167287. Summary: Pain has always been a barrier to dentistry, serving as the inspiration for pioneering efforts by dentists to control pain. This chapter on nonpharmacologic (without the use of drugs) methods for managing pain and anxiety is from a text that addresses the management of acute and chronic pain and dental patient apprehension. The author first considers the rationale behind treating anxious patients and the relationship between pain and anxiety. The author then discusses pediatric considerations, individualizing treatment, patients with special problems (including those who have experienced sexual and physical abuse), exposure as a goal, combining nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic (drug) modalities, targeting patient treatments, specific nonpharmacologic treatments, preventing relapse, and therapeutic recommendations. Specific strategies covered including enhancing control and information, modifying attention and using distraction, relaxation, paced breathing, hypnosis, biofeedback, controlling thoughts, and desensitization. The author concludes that experience and skill in using a broad range of behavioral techniques and pharmacologic agents provide patients with more options and a safer and more comfortable treatment experience. 6 references.
•
Pain and Anxiety Control (Part I: Pain Perception Control) Source: in Pinkham, J.R., et al., eds. Pediatric Dentistry: Infancy Through Adolescence. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1999. p. 85-91. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Orders Fulfillment Department, Harcourt Health Sciences, 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63146-9988. (800) 545-2522. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $69.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721682383. Summary: This chapter on pain and anxiety control is from a textbook on pediatric dentistry. The overwhelming majority of pharmacologic agents used in dentistry are used to control anxiety and pain. Topics include general anesthesia; local anesthesia, including mechanisms of action, local anesthetic agents (esters and amides), local anesthetic properties (potency, onset time, duration, and regional technique), and toxicity (central nervous system reactions and cardiovascular system reactions); and analgesics (painkillers), including non-narcotic analgesics and narcotic analgesics. The authors stress that there is no single best technique for control of anxiety and pain; the dentist should have a working knowledge of several techniques and select the one that appears to be the most appropriate for a particular patient. 1 table. 6 references.
•
Pain and Anxiety Control (Part II: Pain Reaction Control-Conscious Sedation) Source: in Pinkham, J.R., et al., eds. Pediatric Dentistry: Infancy Through Adolescence. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1999. p. 92-103. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Orders Fulfillment Department, Harcourt Health Sciences, 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63146-9988.
Books 507
(800) 545-2522. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $69.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721682383. Summary: This chapter on pain and anxiety control, from a textbook on pediatric dentistry, focuses on conscious sedation. The authors note that, in a few children, anxiety and pain control needs to go beyond behavioral modification and physicochemical blockade of the anatomic pathways, because these few patients are unable to tolerate dental procedures comfortably despite support, encouragement and adequate local anesthesia. Topics include conscious sedation; deep sedation; general anesthesia; standards of care for conscious sedation; routes of administration, including inhalation (nitrous oxide), oral route, intramuscular route, subcutaneous route, and intravenous route; pharmacologic agents (drugs) for conscious sedation, including sedative hypnotics, antianxiety agents, narcotics, and ketamine; and monitors, including the pulse oximeter and the precordial stethoscope. The authors conclude that the level of training required for a dentist to administer sedation or anesthesia safely is currently under debate and is changing throughout the United States. However, a sedation technique from which a patient is not easily aroused and may not respond purposefully to verbal commands at all times is, by definition, deep sedation. The suggested educational requirements for administration of deep sedation or general anesthesia is a minimum of 1 year of advanced study or its equivalent. Although an undersedated child may continue to be a management problem, an oversedated child may quickly become a life threatening emergency in the dental office. 1 table. 9 references.
Directories In addition to the references and resources discussed earlier in this chapter, a number of directories relating to anxiety have been published that consolidate information across various sources. The Combined Health Information Database lists the following, which you may wish to consult in your local medical library:12 •
Georgia Mental Health Sourcebook Source: Atlanta, GA: Care Solutions, Inc. 1994. 177 p. Contact: Available from Care Solutions, Inc. 8302 Dunwoody Place, Suite 352, Atlanta, GA 30350. (404) 642-6722; (800) 227-3410; FAX (404) 640-6073. PRICE: $24.95 plus $3.00 shipping and handling. ISBN: 0963193961. Summary: This guide for consumers and professionals provides basic definitions of mental illness, information about the types of mental health services available, and where to call for help within Georgia. Resources are organized by category and geographic area. Some of the more common mental difficulties and disorders are briefly described and include mood and anxiety disorders; schizophrenia; dementia, including Alzheimer's disease; substance abuse; and eating, sleeping, and sexual disorders. Topics include information about where to start in seeking help; mental health issues involving children; special issues such as older adults and mental health, family relationship, homelessness, suicide, and AIDS; violence, aggression, and emotional crises; health
12 You will need to limit your search to “Directory” and “anxiety” using the "Detailed Search" option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find directories, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Directory.” Type “anxiety” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months.
508 Anxiety
insurance and financial options; and legal and ethical issues. Among the community resources listed are residential and day treatment services, counseling and outpatient services, supportive living programs, advocacy and support groups, multicultural programs, substance abuse programs, psychiatric hospitals, and children and adolescent programs. Over 1,700 providers are listed.
509
CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON ANXIETY Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on anxiety. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on anxiety is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “anxiety” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “anxiety” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on anxiety: •
Understanding and Managing Difficult Dementia Behavior Source: Radium Springs, NM: Geriatric Resources Incorporated. 1997. (videocassettes). Contact: Available from Geriatric Resources Incorporated. PO Box 239, Radium Springs, NM 88054-0239. (800) 359-0390; (505) 524-0250; FAX (505) 524-0254. PRICE: $500.00 plus $7.00 for shipping and handling (for four videocassettes). Summary: This 4-part 6-hour videotaped seminar featuring Mary Lucero, and the accompanying booklet, is designed to provide professional caregivers with information about common behavioral problems associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and ways to handle those problems. Ms. Lucero starts by providing an overview of AD including a clinical definition of AD and its stages, changes in behaviors as AD progresses, and current research in causes and treatments. She then focuses on the five most common behavioral problems (anxiety, agitation, and aggression; sleep disturbances; resistance to care; wandering; and socially inappropriate behavior), and suggests appropriate ways to manage these behavioral problems. The 4-part video focuses on: Alzheimer's
510 Anxiety
Disease/Behaviors (Part 1), Care Strategies (Part 2) and Behaviors and Interventions (Parts 3 and 4)...MJ..-Caregiving. Alzheimers Disease. Nursing Homes. Behavior Problems. Nursing Care. Behavior Therapy. •
Agitation: It's a Sign Source: Boston, MA: Fanlight Productions. 1997. Contact: Available from Fanlight Productions. 4196 Washington Street, Suite 2, Boston, MA 02131. (800) 937-4113; FAX: (617) 469-3379. Internet: http://www.fanlight.com. PRICE: $165.00 (purchase), $50.00 (rental). Summary: This videotape was developed to teach nursing home staff to understand and manage agitation in residents with Alzheimer's disease. Experienced caregivers suggest that agitation can be caused by many factors (i.e. hunger, thirst, cold, heat, frustration, confusion, inability to communicate, etc.), and that it is important that caregivers investigate why a resident is agitated. This can help caregivers avoid or minimize the number of situations leading to agitation, aggression, and anxiety. They suggest getting to know residents, being respectful and communicative, and redirecting residents away from upsetting subjects or activities as interventions for agitation. Meaningful activities, such as listening to soft music, playing with baby dolls, and reminiscing about the past, may also calm agitated residents. Footage of staff-patient interactions demonstrates how to carry out the suggestions provided in this video.
•
Prescription for Caregivers: Take Care of Yourself Source: Chicago, IL: Terra Nova Films. 1995. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Terra Nova Films. 9848 S. Winchester Avenue, Chicago, IL 60643. (800) 779-8491; (773) 881-8491; FAX: (773) 881-3368. Internet: http://www.terranova.org. PRICE: $119.00 (purchase); $39.00 (rental); plus $9.00 for shipping. Summary: This videotape features a workshop for caregivers of older patients, including people with Alzheimer s disease, presented by author Wendy Lustbader. Ms. Lustbader uses stories and experiences from working as a social worker and helping with her grandfather s care to emphasize her message. She starts by asking participants what it means to be disabled and what it means to be a caregiver. Then she discusses the various emotions a caregiver may experience, including guilt, anxiety, and resentment. Ms. Lustbader emphasizes the importance of caregivers taking time and doing things for themselves, and discusses why it sometimes is difficult for caregivers to allow themselves a respite from caregiving. She also discusses factors that influence the decision to place a loved one in a nursing home.
•
In Your Hands: The Tools for Preserving Personal Autonomy Source: Washington, DC: Commission on Legal Problems of the Elderly, American Bar Association. 1994. 12 p. (booklet); 29 p. (program guide); 19 min (videocassette). Contact: Available from Terra Nova Films, Inc. 9848 S. Winchester Avenue, Chicago, IL 60643. (800) 779-8491; (773) 881-3368; FAX (773) 881- 3368. Internet: http://www.terranova.org. PRICE: $119.00 (purchase); $35.00 (rental); plus $9.00 for shipping and handling. Summary: This kit (a booklet, program guide, and videocassette) is part of an educational program about the legal tools older people can use to preserve their
Multimedia 511
personal autonomy in the event of an incapacitating illness or disability such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The intended audiences include older people who wish to preserve their personal decision-making rights, middle-aged adults who may be faced with caring for their parents, and providers of care to older and disabled patients. The videocassette presents three older people and family members who are concerned about advance legal planning. One is a woman with AD who used a power of attorney to plan with her daughter for her future care. Another is a woman with diabetes-related vision loss who used a living will to take control of her future. The third person is a healthy older women who expresses some fears and anxiety about aging. She talks with a lawyer about ways to maintain control over her life and make it easier for others when they have to take responsibility for her care. The lawyer describes two sets of simple tools that can help: financial management documents and personal choice decisionmaking documents. The financial management tools are the durable power of attorney and a more formal contract, the trust. The personal choice decision-making tools are the living will, which enables people to specify the types of care they desire in the case of long-term illness or disability; and the medical power of attorney, which delegates the right to someone else to make health care decisions when the patient is no longer able to make those decisions himself. •
Confusion Source: Baltimore, MD: University of Maryland Video Press. 1993. Contact: Availabile from the University of Maryland Video Press. 100 North Greene Street, Suite 300, Baltimore, MD 21201. (800) 328-7450 or (410) 706-5497 or FAX (410) 706-5497. PRICE: $150.00. Also available as part of AZAV07855, a 7-video set (price for set: $950.00). Summary: This video, which features narration by Dr. Peter Rabins, coauthor of the '36Hour Day,' and footage of actual patients, explores the underlying causes of confusion in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and discusses strategies for managing this problem. Confusion is common among nursing home residents, especially those suffering from AD. Four categories of AD symptoms contribute to confusion: amnesia (inability to learn new things), aphasia (inability to communicate effectively), apraxia (inability to do things), and agnosia (impaired perceptual ability). Medications, illness, environmental changes, and depression may add to confusion. When developing care plans for confused patients, caregivers should first identify the cause of confusion, then explore different management strategies. Effective strategies include reorientation, simplifying environment and activities, using gestures in addition to verbal cues, and eliminating sources of anxiety or frustration.
•
Speaking for Them: Identifying Psychiatric Complications in Alzheimer's Patients Source: San Diego, CA: Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of California, San Diego Medical Center. (videocassette). Contact: Alzheimer's Disease Education and Referral (ADEAR) Center. PO Box 8250, Silver Spring, MD 20907-8250. (800) 438-4380; (301) 495-3311; FAX (301) 495-3334. Internet access: http://www.alzheimers.org. PRICE: $18.00. Order Number A-06. Summary: This videotape was produced to train nursing staff in long term care facilities to identify psychiatric complications of Alzheimer's disease. Diagnostic criteria for delusions, hallucinations, depression, and anxiety are discussed and illustrated through actual patient interviews. Recognition and clear description of the psychiatric problem is
512 Anxiety
emphasized to allow appropriate therapy. An eight page instruction manual titled 'Behavior Problems in Alzheimer Disease' accompanies the videotape. •
Hello in There: Understanding the Success of Person-Centred Care Source: Hamilton, Ontario: McMaster University. 199X. Contact: Available from Fanlight Productions. 4196 Washington Street, Suite 2, Boston, MA 02131. (800) 937-4113, (617) 469-4999; FAX: (617) 469-3379. Internet: http://www.fanlight.com. PRICE: $195.00. Item number: QA240. Summary: This video explains the concept of person-centered care and its implications for institutional practice. Person-centered care is a form of nursing practice that emphasizes relating to a patient as a unique individual with a life history and values that exist beyond current medical needs. Understanding the patient's history can reduce his or her anxiety level and increase the level of trust. Some suggestions for learning about a patient's history include personal videos and pictures. A case study shows a patient in a home video, and the professional caregivers' reactions to viewing it. The video includes interviews with nurses, patients, and families about this caregiving concept and its implications.
•
Managing Problem Behaviors of Persons With Alzheimer's Disease Source: Columbus, OH: Ohio Association of Adult Daycare. 1987. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Ohio Association of Adult Daycare. 36 West Gay Street, Columbus, OH 43215-2811. (614) 221-2882. PRICE: $55.00. Summary: This video, designed for professional caregivers, including day care workers, discusses the nine most common behaviors associated with Alzheimer's disease: anxiety and agitation, anger and hostility, pacing and wandering, rummaging, suspiciousness, delusion, hallucinations, sundowner's syndrome, and catastrophic reaction. Each behavior and its possible causes are defined; in addition, a dramatization of each behavior including staff response is presented. Staff intervention and management techniques are outlined, and viewer discussion is encouraged. The videocassette is accompanied by an instructor's guide and a training manual entitled 'Adult Day Care for Persons with Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders: A Training Manual for Staff' (see AZDC02455).
•
More We Get Together: Helping Disoriented Old People Source: Cleveland, OH: Edward Feil Productions. 1986. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Filmakers Library, Inc. 124 East 40th Street, New York, NY 10016. (212) 808-4980. PRICE: $335.00 (sale); $55.00 (rental). Summary: This film is in two parts and is based on the book 'Validation.' 'The Three Stages of Disorientation' shows how to work with very old people suffering from malorientation, time confusion, and repetitive movement. 'The Three Stages of a Validation Group' demonstrates the formation of a group whose goals are to reduce anxiety in the elderly, regain social controls, and recover a sense of well-being.
•
Asperger's Syndrome: Autism and Obsessive Behavior Source: Films for the Humanities and Sciences. Princeton, NJ. 2001.
Multimedia 513
Contact: Available from Films for the Humanities and Sciences. P.O. Box 2053, Princeton, NJ 08543-2053. Voice (800) 257-5126; (609) 275-1400, 8:00am to 5:30pm EST. Fax (609) 275-3767. E-mail:
[email protected]. Web site: http://www.films.com. PRICE: $129.95 plus shipping. Summary: Sufferers of Asperger's syndrome are incapable of everyday interactions. They live in a constant state of anxiety, a result of the phobias that are a part of the disease. This video program profiles the symptoms of Asperger's syndrome and explains what sufferers and their families can do to overcome the limitations that it imposes. Original BBC broadcast title: I'm Not Stupid. 29 minutes, color video. •
Oral Care Management of Persons with Movement Disorders Source: Seattle, WA: Dental Education in Care of Persons with Disabilities (DECOD), University of Washington. 1997. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Dental Education in Care of Persons with Disabilities (DECOD). Continuing Dental Education, Box 357137, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6370. (206) 543-5448. Fax (206) 685-3164. PRICE: $95.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: For persons with movement disorders, maintaining oral health can make a significant difference in their quality of life. Yet, the provision of oral health care to persons with such conditions can be a challenge for the patient, the caregiver, and the dental professional. This videotape is designed for audiences who wish to learn more about oral home care as well as for those treating patients with unanticipated or uncontrolled movements in the dental office setting. Filmed in dental clinic settings with actual patients, the program covers oral care for persons with an array of neuromotor dysfunctions, including cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal cord injury, Parkinson's disease, and chronic mental illness. The program addresses issues in communication, positioning, control of pain and anxiety, primitive reflexes, airway protection, stabilization of the head, bruxism, oral hygiene, and use of oral chemotherapeutic agents and adaptive aides. In each of these areas, effective management techniques are demonstrated. The program also offers practical instruction in methods of preventive oral care for persons with self-care ability as well as those dependent on caregivers. (AA-M).
•
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: How it Serves the Public Source: Rosemont, IL: American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS). 199x. (videocassette). Contact: Available from American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS). 9700 West Bryn Mawr Avenue, Rosemont, IL 60018-5701. (800) 822-6637; Fax (708) 241-9805. PRICE: $59.00 (members); $65.00 (nonmembers); plus shipping and handling. Summary: This videotape program explains to viewers the specialty of oral and maxillofacial surgery. The videotape program presents slides showing the general circumstances in which oral and maxillofacial surgeons may be consulted, including a broken jaw in a child, jaw and chin abnormalities, and problems with dentures. The program then briefly reviews this history of orofacial surgery and outlines the typical academic training for these surgeons. The educational process includes at least a 4 year residency program during which physicians learn to manage patient anxiety, to control pain, and to provide total medical and surgical patient care management. The program
514 Anxiety
then describes three areas of the specialty of oral and maxillofacial surgery: diagnosis, office surgery, and major oral and maxillofacial surgery. Maxillofacial techniques are described, including facial trauma repair, orthognathic surgery, reconstructive surgery, dental implants, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) surgery, oncologic surgery, cleft lip and cleft palate repair, and cosmetic surgery. The program concludes with suggestions for locating an oral and maxillofacial surgeon. The program features numerous 'before and after' photographs of surgical patients. •
What You Should Know About Xerostomia (Dry Mouth) Source: Fairburn, GA: National Oral Cancer Awareness (NOCAP). 199x. (videocassette). Contact: Available from American Dental Hygienists' Association (ADHA). 444 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 3400, Chicago, IL 60611. (800) 243-2342 (press 2) or (312) 4408900. Fax (312) 467-1806. Website: www.adha.org. PRICE: $18.00. Item Number 3917 COM. Summary: This videocassette program describes the problem of xerostomia (dry mouth). The introduction stresses that the health impact of saliva goes far beyond the mouth and includes eating, talking, tooth maintenance, and tasting. The program then features a person with xerostomia describing how it feels to have problems with dry mouth. A brief description of the chemical makeup of salivary and the anatomy of the salivary glands follow. The next section discusses the potential causes of xerostomia, including radiation therapy, especially for cancer of the head and neck; drug effects, particularly from antihistamines, tranquilizers, and some blood pressure medications; anxiety or depression, even without drug therapy; dehydration; and systemic diseases, including Sjogren's syndrome, lupus, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and scleroderma. The narrator stresses that aging itself is not necessarily the cause of xerostomia. Complications of xerostomia include dry lips, burning mouth or tongue, constant thirst, difficulty talking or swallowing, impaired taste, dental caries (cavities), candidiasis (a fungal infection), and problems related to dehydration. Viewers are encouraged to work closely with health care providers to obtain an accurate diagnosis and employ strategies to cope with xerostomia. Treatment encompasses three options: eliminating the cause of the xerostomia, if possible; stimulating the salivary glands with sugar-free chewing gum, oral moisturizers, or the prescription drug pilocarpine; and using other measures to get relief, including saliva substitutes, frequent sips of water, room humidifiers (especially during winter), and lip balm. The program concludes with a reminder that xerostomia results in the need for increased attention to dental hygiene, including increased dental visits, limiting sugar intake, the use of fluoride, and the prevention of candidiasis. The program encourages viewers to learn about xerostomia, seek help, and improve the quality of their lives.
Bibliography: Multimedia on Anxiety The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in anxiety (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on anxiety (for more information, follow the hyperlink indicated):
Multimedia 515
•
Anxiety [filmstrip] Source: Trainex Corporation, produced in cooperation with Nathan S. Kline; Year: 1973; Format: Filmstrip; [Garden Grove, Calif.]: Trainex, c1973
•
Anxiety and symptom formation [videorecording] Source: Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons; [made by] New York State Psychiatric Institute; Year: 1972; Format: Videorecording; New York: The Institute, 1972
•
Anxiety neurosis [videorecording] Source: [University of Mississippi Medical Center, Dept. of Psychiatry]; Year: 1969; Format: Videorecording; Jackson, Miss.: The University, [1969]
•
Anxiety neurosis with phobic features [videorecording] Source: [University of Mississippi Medical Center, Dept. of Psychiatry]; Year: 1969; Format: Videorecording; Jackson, Miss.: The University, [1969]
•
Anxiety neurosis, acute [videorecording] Source: [University of Mississippi Medical Center, Dept. of Psychiatry]; Year: 1969; Format: Videorecording; Jackson, Miss.: The University, [1969]
•
Anxiety neurosis, chronic [videorecording] Source: [University of Mississippi Medical Center, Dept. of Psychiatry]; Year: 1969; Format: Videorecording; Jackson; Miss.: The University, [1969]
•
Assessment and intervention for anxiety in nonpsychiatric patients [slide] Source: Nurses' Association of New York State; Year: 1975; Format: Slide; [Buffalo]: Communications in Learning, 1975
•
Crisis intervention: depression and anxiety [sound recording] Source: Career Aids, Inc; Year: 1973; Format: Sound recording; Glendale, Calif.: Career Aids, p1973
•
Differential diagnosis of anxiety [sound recording] Source: Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry at the Massachusetts Mental Health Center; [produced by] AV/MD; Year: 1979; Format: Sound recording; [Boston]: The Dept. [New York: for sale by Audio Visual Medical Marketing], p1979
•
Self control of anxiety [sound recording] Source: Marvin R. Goldfried; Year: 1974; Format: Sound recording; Leonia, N. J.: Sigma Information, c1974
•
Separation anxiety and wishes to be rid of patients [videorecording] Source: produced by Health and Education Multimedia, Inc; Year: 1981; Format: Videorecording; New York, N.Y.: Health and Education Multimedia, c1981
517
CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ANXIETY Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover anxiety.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on anxiety is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “anxiety” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to anxiety. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “anxiety” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for anxiety: •
Lilly halts anxiety drug trial on safety concerns Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 05, 2003 http://www.reutershealth.com/archive/2003/09/05/business/links/20030905drgd004 .html
518 Anxiety
•
Treating cancer-related fatigue may reduce anxiety and depression Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 09, 2003
•
Pfizer anxiety drug exhibits efficacy in late-stage trials Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 22, 2003
•
Child's "strawberry" birthmark ups parents' anxiety Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 20, 2003
•
Forest seeks to market new SSRI for panic disorder Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 01, 2003
•
Earthquake machines shake off survivors' anxieties Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 21, 2003
•
Pfizer depression drug succeeds in anxiety trial Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 27, 2003
•
US Supreme Court allows asbestos-related cancer anxiety claims Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 10, 2003
•
US Supreme Court allows asbestos anxiety claims Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 10, 2003
•
Wyeth depression drug approved for anxiety ailment Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: February 11, 2003
•
Pet-1 knockout mouse exhibits anxiety and aggression Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 10, 2003
•
Colon cancer tests don't boost anxiety: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 10, 2003
Periodicals and News 519
•
Generalized anxiety disorder linked with ulcers Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 30, 2002 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “anxiety” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “anxiety” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to anxiety, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “anxiety” (or synonyms).
520 Anxiety
Newsletters on Anxiety Find newsletters on anxiety using the Combined Health Information Database (CHID). You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To access CHID, go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Limit your search to “Newsletter” and “anxiety.” Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter.” Type “anxiety” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following list was generated using the options described above: •
Start Right, Smoke Free Source: EURO-scip Newsletter 2:1-4, June 2000. Summary: This second edition of the EURO-scip newsletter notes that the occurrence of smoking during pregnancy in Ireland is very high. The European Action on Smoking Cessation in Pregnancy (EURO-scip) project aims to raise awareness of smoking during pregnancy as a separate issue, distinguished from smoking within the general population, especially as there are unique elements to smoking behavior during pregnancy. Studies with women who have smoked during pregnancy have revealed guilt to be a very strong theme. Feeling guilty can be both a positive and a negative factor. Women smoked to relax and relieve anxiety or depressive moods. Participants expected smoking to be brought up with them by their health professionals. A holistic perspective encompassing factors such as low self-esteem, socioeconomic status, and stress that promote and maintain smoking should be employed to increase quit rates. The health care professional should apply the four A-step process: (1) Ask about smoking, (2) Advise smokers to quit, (3) Assist in stopping, and (4) Arrange followup visits. A minimal intervention strategy was examined where the midwife was involved in interviewing the smoking patient and her partner with the goal of motivating them to quit. Materials that are available regarding this program include a simple protocol, a manual for midwives, a video for the pregnant woman and her partner, a booklet for the partner, a self-help guide for parents to be, and a relapse prevention booklet. Several advantages of the program are listed. A special science report on the effects of secondary smoke is summarized.
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “anxiety” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on anxiety: •
Positive Coping Source: Alzheimer's Family Relief Program Caregiver's Newsletter. p. 1. Spring 1991.
Periodicals and News 521
Contact: Available from Alzheimer's Family Relief Program, American Health Assistance Foundation. 15825 Shady Grove Road, Suite 140, Rockville, MD 20850. (800) 437-2423 or (301) 948-3244. PRICE: Free. Summary: This newsletter article provides advice to caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease to help them cope with five potentially stressful situations. When the Alzheimer's patient asks the same question repeatedly, the article suggests that the caregiver should respond slowly and carefully, using facts and reassurance and avoiding upsetting the patient. When the patient resists help, the caregiver should try to provide assistance kindly and emphasize the patient's successes and acceptance of help. When the patient wants things right away, the caregiver should respond calmly and let the patient know what is being done. When the patient constantly watches and follows the caregiver, he or she should try to spend time with the patient and avoid drastic changes in routine. The article also recommends that when the patient avoids social situations, the caregiver should provide emotional support and verbal assistance to reduce anxiety. •
Nutritional Concerns for Caregivers of AD-Dementia Victims Source: Advocate. Alzheimer's Association of Greater Washington, DC Chapter. [Newsletter] p. 2, 7. May 1990. Contact: Available from Advocate. Alzheimer's Association of Greater Washington, DC Chapter. 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 1100, Bethesda, MD 20814. (301) 652-6446. Summary: The ability to provide a healthy, nourishing diet to loved ones who have dementia is a crucial part of the caregiving role. This is an area that also can produce tremendous frustration and anxiety. The way to monitor nutritional adequacy is to take and record weights at regular intervals. It is important to try and maintain weights within a normal range. The types of problems regarding food, mealtimes, appetite, etc., are wide ranging, but can be broken down into two broad areas: overeating and undereating. Recording weights on a regular schedule, such as every week, is the caregiver's best guide.
•
How to Reduce Stress During a Dementia Patient Evaluation: A Nursing Model Source: Caregiver: Newsletter of the Duke Family Support Program. 10(1): 13. March 1990. Contact: Available from Duke Family Support Program. Box 3600, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710. (919) 660-7510 or (800) 672-4213 (in North Carolina). PRICE: Free to North Carolina residents. $10.00 per year for nonresidents. Summary: Nurses who learn as much as possible about an Alzheimer's disease patient before a clinic visit can facilitate efficient evaluation and eliminate much of the patient's anxiety and behavior problems during testing or health procedures. This newsletter article for nurses provides suggestions which are specific to a clinic setting. Observations during the clinic visit may reveal important information for the overall assessment of the patient; some of these are listed. The importance of noting unusual moods (fear; anxiety; confusion; calm; neatness of appearance) during the initial nursepatient introduction is stressed. Practical tips for dealing with Alzheimer patients are included.
•
Caregivers Can Prevent Catastrophic Reactions Source: Alzheimer's Caregiver. [Newsletter] 3(2): 1, 6-7. October 1989.
522 Anxiety
Contact: Editor, ARA Living Centers. 15415 Katy Freeway, Suite 88, Houston, TX 77094. (800) 272-2273. PRICE: Single copies free. Summary: This newsletter article for caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease provides suggestions for managing difficult behaviors. The methods are used largely to prevent or divert catastrophic reactions in the areas of mealtime, using the toilet, grooming, and bathing. Techniques include speaking softly, avoiding the words 'no' or 'don't,' and letting the patient do as much as possible. Specific tips for managing anger, suspicion, combativeness, and anxiety are included. •
Massage Is More Than an Indulgence Source: Harvard Women's Health Watch. 9(7): 7. January 2002. Contact: Available from Harvard Women's Health Watch. Department SR, P.O. Box 380, Boston, MA 02117. (800) 829-5921. Email:
[email protected]. Summary: This newsletter article addresses the therapeutic benefits of massage. Most Western massage is based on Swedish massage, introduced in the United States in the early nineteenth century. Different massage strokes are used depending on the type of massage and its purpose. Deep tissue massage uses slow strokes and fingertip pressure and is used to improve lymph and blood circulation. Myofascial release uses gentle, stretching strokes to relieve posture and alignment problems. Sports massage uses stretches and movements against resistance to reduce injury and increase range of motion in the patient. Eastern techniques of massage with roots in Eastern philosophy and medicine, such as Shiatsu and acupressure, are described. Studies have shown that massage is beneficial in relieving back pain, lessening pain, nausea, and anxiety in cancer patients, enabling better sleep in older institutionalized patients, and relieving lymphedema (swelling due to the buildup of fluids in the arm) in patients with breast cancer. Although massage has proven beneficial for many health conditions, it should not be used for patients with deep venous thrombosis or anyone with an open wound, a rash, or an acute infection. Two professional organizations for massage therapists are listed. 1 figure.
•
Coping With Fatigue Source: Fibromyalgia Aware. p. 58-61. May-August 2002. Contact: Available from National Fibromyalgia Association. 2238 N. Glassell Street, Orange, CA 92865. (714) 921-0150. Summary: This newsletter article discusses fatigue in patients with fibromyalgia and medications that may help treat it. Fatigue is a common symptom in fibromyalgia. Fatigue can be related to other symptoms such as disrupted sleep and depression, or medical conditions like thyroid disorder or anemia. In addition to prescribing medication, patient education, exercise, social interaction, and psychological intervention are advised. One of the most encouraging drugs in the treatment of fatigue is modafanil (Provigil). This drug was originally used to alleviate sleepiness in patients with narcolepsy but has had positive results in patients with fibromyalgia and multiple sclerosis. Doctors often prescribe off-label medications (those medications FDA approved for other conditions) because no drugs have been approved by the FDA for fatigue. Doctors need to consider the side effects and benefits of any drug they prescribe. It is important to follow-up with the patient after six weeks on any medication. Side effects for drugs used for fatigue include anxiety, jitters, sleeplessness, headache, nausea, and rapid heart rate.
Periodicals and News 523
•
Prescribed Medications Source: Fibromyalgia Frontiers. 9(3): 17-22. 2001. Contact: Available from National Fibromyalgia Partnership, Inc. 140 Zinn Way, Linden, VA 22642-5609. (866) 725-4404 toll-free. Fax (540) 622-2998. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.fmpartnership.org. Summary: This newsletter article provides health professionals and people who have fibromyalgia (FM) with information on prescription and nonprescription medications that can relieve pain and improve sleep and mood. Categories of drugs used in the treatment of fibromyalgia are analgesics, antiinflammatory drugs, antidepressant medications, muscle relaxants, sleep modifiers, antianxiety medicines, and other medicines used to treat chronic pain. Analgesics are pain killers and can include nonprescription medicines such as aspirin and acetaminophen or prescription strength pain pills such as narcotics, codeine, Vicodin, Darvocet, Oxycontin, and Percocet. Antiinflammatory medicines include aspirin, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and corticosteroids. Antidepressant medications include tricyclics and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Muscle relaxants can decrease pain in people who have FM and include Flexeril, Soma, Skelaxin, and Robaxin. Various medications can be used to treat insomnia, including benzodiazepines and hypnotic nonbenzodiazepines. anxiety is a common problem in FM, but various medicines, including antidepressants and muscle relaxants, can treat it. Other medicines used to treat pain include antiseizure medicines, headache medications, and antibiotics. The article highlights the beneficial and adverse effects of each drug category. In addition, the article presents basic strategies regarding medication use and discusses the use of trigger point injections to manage pain.
•
Dry Mouth Source: Mayo Clinic Health Letter. 19(7): 6. July 2001. Contact: Available from Mayo Clinic Health Letter. 200 First Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905. (800) 333-9037 or (303) 604-1465. E-mail:
[email protected]. Summary: This newsletter article provides people who have persistent dry mouth, or xerostomia, with information on this condition. Lack of saliva is a common problem that may seem little more than a nuisance, but it should not be ignored. Saliva is important because it makes it easier to talk, helps prevent tooth decay, washes away food and plaque from the teeth, limits bacterial growth, neutralizes damaging acids, enhances the ability to taste food, and makes swallowing easier. Most cases of dry mouth are related to common nonprescription and prescription medications taken by older people. Other causes include chemotherapy drugs, radiation treatments to the head and neck, and nerve damage in the head and neck. In addition, conditions such as Sjogren's syndrome, endocrine disorders, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, anxiety disorders, and depression can lead to dry mouth. Diagnosis is based on the medical history, a physical examination, and tests. When the cause of dry mouth cannot be changed, saliva flow may be improved by sucking on sugar free candy, chewing sugar free gum, and taking the drug pilocarpine.
•
Fatigue in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Lupus News. 19(2): 4-5. Spring 1999. Contact: Available from Lupus Foundation of America. 1300 Piccard Drive, Suite 200, Rockville, MD 20850-4303. (800) 558-0121 or (301) 670-9292. Fax (301) 670-9486. Website: www.lupus.org/lupus.
524 Anxiety
Summary: This newsletter article provides people who have systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) with information on the causes and treatment of fatigue. Although lupus is associated with fatigue, not all fatigue in people who have SLE is due to the disease. Inflammation can lead to fatigue in an autoimmune disease like lupus. During inflammation, substances called interleukins are released in the body. Interleukins have a significant effect on many functions of the body and mind. For example, they can cause the adrenal glands responsible for cortisone to be less responsive to the stimulation of ACTH and, thus, the release of cortisol could become abnormal. Drugs typically used to treat lupus and lupus complications, including nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, analgesics, hypnotics, seizure suppressants, and drugs for abdominal pain and spasm, may themselves cause fatigue. Other reasons for fatigue include depression, anxiety, and disease complications. The presence of a coexisting condition called fibromyalgia may also cause fatigue. Fatigue may be lessened by making behavioral adjustments such as starting a regular program of aerobic exercises, taking medication that restores the late stage of sleep, avoiding smoking, and limiting the intake of coffee and alcohol. •
Stress: A Major Cause of 'Flare' for the Lupus Person Source: Lupus News. 25(2):1,6; Spring 1997. Contact: Western Pennsylvania Chapter of the Lupus Foundation. Summary: This newsletter article for individuals with lupus focuses on the impact of stress on lupus. Reasons why individuals with lupus are subject to stress are outlined, including their anxiety about current or new symptoms; the constant fatigue they experience; their concern about their health; their tendency to be over sensitive, to feel remote from others, and to be dissatisfied with their personal appearance; and their feelings of guilt. The article also lists some positive steps that individuals with lupus can take to minimize stress, including getting enough rest, sleep, and exercise; avoiding worry, self-pity, loneliness, and the use of drugs or alcohol; listening to one's body; identifying fears; making decisions and acting on them; working on one's personal appearance; and learning to love and laugh more.
•
Tourette Syndrome: The Neurology of a Tic (From the Point of View of the Scientist.) Source: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. The ASHA Leader, Vol. 7 No. 14, August 6, 2002. Contact: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Available from the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. 10801 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852. Voice/TTY (800) 498-2071, available 8:30 a.m.-5:00 p.m. ET. E-mail:
[email protected]. Web site: http://professional.asha.org/. Summary: The article looks at the pathology of Tourette syndrome (TS) including comorbidities: anxiety disorders, language and learning disorders, mood disorders, attention deficit disorder (ADD), and obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD), vocal and phonic tics, and coprolalia (blurting out obscenities or socially inappropriate words or phrases). The writers also discuss the negative impact that these symptoms can have on an individual with TS, in childhood and adult life, and appropriate speech treatment for TS. Selected references are included at the end of the article. This is a two-part article. (See also The Anatomy of a Tic--From the Point of View of a Person With TS.) Selected references.
Periodicals and News 525
•
Head Injuries Source: On the Level. 17(3): 3, 8. Spring 2001. Contact: Available from Vestibular Disorders Association. P.O. Box 4467, Portland, OR 97208-4467. (800) 837-8428. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.vestibular.org. Summary: Mild head injuries account for 75 percent of all head injuries and are called concussions. A concussion is an injury to a soft structure that results from a blow or violent shaking. This article, from a patient education and support newsletter, reviews the problem of concussion and its related sequelae, including balance difficulties and headaches. The most common cause for concussions is motor vehicle accidents (45 percent), followed by falls (30 percent), occupational and recreational accidents (20 percent), and assaults (5 percent). About half of those who suffer a concussion may develop post concussion syndrome. The most common complaints are headaches, dizziness, irritability, fatigue, anxiety, memory loss, and sensitivity to noise and light. Often, the patient has several of these symptoms at the same time. About half of the patients with mild head injury experience dizziness, which may be caused by central or peripheral injuries such as a concussion of the inner ear. Most symptoms of post concussion syndrome are short lived, usually disappearing within 3 to 4 months. 1 reference.
•
Acoustic Neuroma Association Source: ANA Notes. Acoustic Neuroma Association Notes. Number 66: 1, 6-8. May 1998. Contact: Available from Acoustic Neuroma Association (ANA). 600 Peachtree Parkway, Suite 108, Cumming, GA 30041-8211. (770) 205-8211. Fax (770 www.ANAUSA.org. Summary: This article describes the Acoustic Neuroma Association (ANA), an organization established to improve the patient's treatment experience and subsequent recovery. The organization believes that by providing realistic and accurate patient information and by offering interaction with other acoustic tumor patients, each patient's experience will be enhanced. Altered levels of hearing and balance or perhaps loss of facial function are often a source of ongoing distress to the acoustic neuroma patient. The author stresses that most patients find encouragement and support from association with other acoustic neuroma patients; also, realistic patient information can reduce anxiety and fear prior to treatment and provide guidance for rehabilitative alternatives and coping strategies later. The article outlines the four purposes of the organization and describes the following components: the Medical Advisory Board, the quarterly newsletter (in which this article appears), the national symposia, the patient education publications, the exhibits, the patient surveys, the local groups, the international affiliations, the Acoustic Neuroma Registry, the national office, and the Internet homepage. The author concludes that advances in technology and increased awareness of unilateral hearing loss as a possible indication of acoustic neuroma sometimes allow for earlier diagnosis and, therefore, smaller tumors (which are easier to treat). However, the ANA still receives many information requests from patients with large tumors with whom rehabilitation or long-term coping strategies may need to be utilized.
•
Strategies for Augmenting Communication Source: Disability Solutions. 2(2): 5-10. July-August 1997.
526 Anxiety
Contact: Available from Disability Solutions. 9220 S.W. Barbur Boulevard, Number 119179, Portland, OR 97219-5428. (503) 244-7662; Fax (503) 246-3869; E-mail:
[email protected]; http://www.teleport.com/~dsolns. Summary: This article reviews the use of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) to increase and enhance communication through speech and handwriting. The author emphasizes the use of AAC in children and underscores how AAC can improve communication, independence, and quality of life. AAC ranges from 'no tech' strategies (such as gesture, manual sign language, and communication boards) to 'high tech' strategies (such as speech output devices and computers). The author explores ways to use AAC to provide opportunities to make choices. Topics considered include creating a snack or meal time menu, selecting a restaurant, using a computer independently, choosing something to wear, using text and icons, computer generated communication boards, and the usefulness of planning ahead. The author reiterates how AAC can implement communication strategies to reduce anxiety, express pain, provide the ability to introduce oneself to new people, and alleviate feelings of helplessness. The article concludes with a list of four suggested resources. 6 figures. (AA-M). •
Functional Bowel Disease: Looking Into Gut Feelings Source: Harvard Health Letter. 24(8): 4, 5. June 1999. Contact: Available from Harvard Medical School Health Publications Group. Harvard Health Letter, P.O. Box 420300, Palm Coast, FL 32142-0300. (800) 829-9045. E-mail:
[email protected]. Summary: This health newsletter article familiarizes readers with functional bowel disease, notably irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). For people with functional bowel diseases, gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, cramping, or diarrhea are frequent occurrences that may plague them off and on for months or years. The problem is termed 'functional' because doctors cannot determine any structural abnormality in the gut. Treatment is aimed at easing symptoms, but it is an inaccurate science, and complete relief is difficult to obtain. IBS is characterized by lower abdominal cramping and alternating constipation or diarrhea; functional dyspepsia, a sensation of nausea, bloating or pain in the upper abdomen; and noncardiac chest pain, a sharp or dull pain in the central chest that cannot be ascribed to heart disease. The author reviews various hypotheses that have been proposed to explain IBS, including irregularities in peristalsis, hyperalgesia (a heightened awareness of painful stimuli in the gut), and certain psychological traits (such as anxiety). The article concludes with a discussion of the drugs used to manage IBS, including tricyclic antidepressants (such as amitriptyline, Elavil), a migraine reliever (sumatriptan, Imitrex), an antihypertensive (clonidine, Catapres), and an experimental drug (fedotozine) and an opiate that appears to suppress transmission of pain signals from the gut to the brain. Dietary changes may be enough to manage the most troublesome symptoms; drugs enter the picture if dietary changes fail to bring relief.
•
Challenging the Myths Associated with IBS Source: Participate. 8(1): 7. Spring 1999. Contact: Available from International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (IFFGD). P.O. Box 170864, Milwaukee, WI 53217. (888) 964-2001 or (414) 9641799. Fax (414) 964-7176. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.iffgd.org.
Periodicals and News 527
Summary: This brief newsletter article, the second in a four part series, debunks some of the common myths associated with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The first myth, that IBS is caused by stress, is undermined by the fact that over 70 percent of people under stress will exhibit some gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, regardless of the presence or absence of IBS. The second myth, that IBS is a psychiatric disorder, persists partly because antidepressants are often used to treat IBS, albeit at a dosage lower than that used to treat depression. People who present with IBS to gastroenterologists and get entered into studies may also meet criteria for an associated anxiety or a depressive disorder. There are many possible explanations for this association, including the fact that anxiety and depression are common in the general population, especially among women; people with IBS who may also have an associated anxiety or depressive disorder, may have more difficulty coping with the IBS symptoms; and depression and anxiety may be a consequence of living with a chronic, debilitating disorder such as IBS. The author concludes that the first step toward effective diagnosis and treatment of IBS is the recognition of the validity of the complaints. •
Men, Sex and Diabetes Source: Diabetes Interview. Number 54: 1-21. January 1997. Contact: Available from Diabetes Interview. 3715 Balboa Street, San Francisco, CA 94121. (800) 488-8468 or (415) 387-4002. E-mail:
[email protected]. Summary: This brief article presents an interview with Dr. Bernie Zilbergeld, a sex therapist from Oakland, CA, and focuses on sexuality in men with diabetes. Topics include common misconceptions men have about sex, including performance issues and related anxiety; how the complications of diabetes, such as neuropathy, can lead to erectile dysfunction (impotence); the psychosocial issues related to even acknowledging a sexual problem; recent progress in treatment erectile dysfunction; and present methods of treatment, including self injection, vacuum devices, and penile prostheses. Dr. Zilbergeld stresses that virtually any erection difficulty can be treated. The man and his partner need to inform themselves of the options and talk to a sex therapist, urologist, or diabetologist.
•
Impotence: Don't Let Embarrassment Stop You From Getting Help Source: Mayo Clinic Health Letter. 15(8): 4-5. August 1997. Contact: Available from Mayo Clinic Health Letter. Subscription Services, P.O. Box 53889, Boulder, CO 80322-3889. (800) 333-9037. Summary: This newsletter article encourages readers with concerns about erectile dysfunction (impotence) to consult their health care providers for information and treatment. The author stresses that, although impotence was once a taboo subject, attitudes are changing. More and more men are seeking help, and physicians now have a better understanding of the causes of impotence. A growing number of treatments are available, many them less invasive and less intimidating than previous options. The article outlines the causes of erectile dysfunction, including physical diseases and disorders, surgery or trauma, medications, substance abuse, and stress, anxiety, or depression. The author then details the treatment options currently in use, including treating the underlying disease or disorder, needle injection therapy, self-intraurethral therapy (MUSE, or medicated urethral system for erection), vacuum devices, vascular surgery, and penile implants. One sidebar briefly describes sildenafil, an experimental drug that can be taken orally to produce an erection. 1 figure. (AA-M).
528 Anxiety
•
Injured? Just Relax! Source: Running and Fitnews. (18)11:1. November 2000. Contact: The American Running Association. 4405 East West Hwy., Number 405, Bethesda, MD 20814, 800/776-2732, www.americanrunning.org. Summary: Research on the psychological effects of stress on recovery from surgery and other kinds of running injuries shows that anxiety, anger, fear, and other sources of stress slow and can complicate recovery and healing. In a study conducted at Ohio State University to examine the physiological changes produced by stress that impair healing, women with higher ratings of perceived stress showed lower levels of two components (interleukins) of the healing process that reduce inflammation and promote healing. The cumulative effect of chronic stress can result in suppression of the immune system, cardiovascular disease, and psychological problems that can increase the stress in life. A sidebar provides tips for injured runners on how to relieve stress.
•
Readiness for Physical Activity Source: Physical Activity and Fitness Research Digest. 1(5):1-8, February 1994. Contact: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, Room 250, 701 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20004. Summary: This newsletter article looks at the risks of engaging in a program of regular physical exercise, and how to determine if a person is ready to undertake such a program. The risks of exercise are enumerated, and implications for pre-exercise screening are considered. Although the expense and anxiety associated with a formal medical examination is unwarranted for the great majority of people who plan to begin a simple exercise program, according to the author, there remains merit in simple screening procedures, whether self-administered, or carried out by staff of a fitness center. A questionnaire is a useful safety precaution. The Canadian Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q) has proven to be a very safe screening tool, and a comparison of responses with findings from the Canada Health Survey has shown success in detecting potential contraindications to exercise. The revised PAR-Q is the recommended method of determining exercise readiness in symptom-free adults with no more than one major cardiac risk factor. (32 refs).
•
The Psychological Benefits of Exercise: How and Why Does Exercise Make us Feel So Good? Source: Weight Control Digest. 6:194-5; September/October 1992. Contact: Weight Control Digest, P.O. Box 35328, Dallas, TX 75236-0328, (214) 637-7700. Summary: The author examines the link between a regular program of exercise and psychological well-being. Exercise can improve mood, depression, anxiety, and selfesteem. In addition, exercise may improve certain work-related behaviors. It appears to have little effect on stable personality function, while the research concerning improvements in cognition is currently unclear. Recent research suggests that exercise may not need to be aerobic in order to improve mood. Individuals should be encouraged to participate in regular physical exercise for the benefit of both their physical and psychological health.
Periodicals and News 529
Academic Periodicals covering Anxiety Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to anxiety. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering anxiety that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
531
APPENDICES
533
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute13: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
13
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
534 Anxiety
•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources 535
NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.14 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:15 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 15 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html. 14
536 Anxiety
•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database
A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “anxiety” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “anxiety” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •
Emotional and Social Challenges Posed by Renal Disease Source: in Exceptional Parent. End Stage Renal Disease: A Practical Guide for Physicians, Dietitians, Nurses, Patients, Families, and Caregivers. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Exceptional Parent. 1999. p. 38. Contact: Available from Exceptional Parent. P.O. Box 1807, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632. (800) 535-1910. Fax (201) 947-9376. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.eparent.com. PRICE: $5.95. Summary: Helping families cope with the emotional and social issues associated with end stage renal disease is just as important as treating the child's physical health. So contends the author of this article, which is from a monograph written to soften the blow of receiving the diagnosis of kidney failure by providing patients, caregivers, and their families some practical, easy to read information. The articles are written to be practical enough for patients to use, yet informative enough that professionals can refer to them as well. This brief article considers the complicated emotional and social challenges that families may face. Common reactions to the initial diagnosis of a chronic illness include anger, sadness, anxiety, and isolation. Feelings of helplessness and loss of control, as well as additional financial responsibilities, place stress on a marriage. The author stresses the importance of working with a professional social worker experienced in these issues. This person can provide individual support in the form of counseling sessions with the parent(s) and the child. Support may also be provided through group interventions, which are most effective for adolescents. Other supportive resources may include outreach from other parents, social outings, pen pal programs, and attendance at a renal camp program. Advocacy with the child's school district is extremely important in facilitating a positive school experience and assuring that the child's educational needs are being addressed.
•
Physical Activity Fundamental to Preventing Disease Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 19 p., June 20, 2002.
Physician Resources 537
Contact: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. INTERNET/EMAIL: http://www.aspe.hhs.gov/health/reports/physicalactivity/physicalactivity.pdf. Summary: Physical Activity Fundamental to Preventing Disease describes the effects of physical activity on physical, economic, and mental health. Millions of Americans suffer from chronic illnesses that can be prevented or improved through regular physical activity. In a 1993 study, 14 percent of all deaths in the United States were attributed to activity patterns and diet. Another study linked sedentary lifestyles to 23 percent of deaths from major chronic diseases. Despite this information, most adults and children lead a sedentary lifestyle. A physically inactive population is at medical and financial risk for many chronic diseases, including heart disease, stroke, colon cancer, diabetes, obesity, and osteoporosis. The increasing prevalence of chronic medical conditions related to physical inactivity are associated with (1) direct costs related to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of these conditions; and (2) indirect costs related to lost wages. Medicare and Medicaid currently spend $84 billion annually on diabetes, heart disease, depression, cancer, and arthritis, five major chronic conditions that could be significantly improved by increased physical activity. Regular physical activity reduces (1) risk of premature death from heart disease and other conditions, (2) risk of developing diabetes, (3) risk of developing high blood pressure, (4) blood pressure in people who already have high blood pressure, and (5) risk of developing colon and breast cancer. Physical activity also (1) helps to maintain a healthy weight; (2) helps build and maintain healthy bones, muscles, and joints; and (3) helps older adults become stronger and better able to move without falling. Physical activity (1) reduces depression and anxiety, (2) promotes psychological well-being, and (3) reduces morbidity and mortality from mental health disorders. Physical activity, along with a nutritious diet, is the key to maintaining energy balance and a healthy weight, and to preventing overweight and obesity. These statistics make clear the need to encourage the American people to adopt a more active lifestyle. •
Measuring Healthy Days: Population Assessment of Health-related Quality of Life Source: Atlanta, GA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 40 p., November 2000. Contact: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Adult and Community Health, Mail Stop K-45, 4770 Buford Highway NE., Atlanta, GA 30341. (770) 488-5464. Summary: Measuring Healthy Days: Population Assessment of Health-related Quality of Life describes the origins, validity, and value of a set of survey measures developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and its partners for use in tracking population health status and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Measuring HRQOL can (1) help determine the burden of preventable disease, injuries, and disabilities; (2) provide insights into the relationships between HRQOL and risk factors; and (3) help monitor progress in achieving the nation's health objectives. Healthy People 2010 goals are to (1) increase the quality and years of healthy life, and (2) eliminate health disparities. HRQOL is an individual's or group's perceived physical and mental health measured over time. Core Healthy Days measures seek self-reported assessments of general, physical, and mental health, and activity limitation. Five more measures focus on (1) pain, (2) depression, (3) anxiety, (4) sleeplessness, and (5) vitality. These measures have been part of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System since 1993. Healthy Days are defined as days in the past 30 days when both physical and mental health were good. Healthy Days measures are useful for (1) identifying health disparities, (2) tracking population trends, and (3) building broad coalitions around a measure of
538 Anxiety
population health compatible with the World Health Organization's definition of health. This report also summarizes several studies designed to test the reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the measures. The main audiences of this report are public health professionals with a current stake in HRQOL measurement. •
Health: It's Your Move: Physical Activity in South Carolina Source: Columbia, SC, University of South Carolina School of Public Health, 50 p., 1999. Contact: Prevention Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Public Health, Columbia, SC 29208. Summary: The authors discuss physical activity levels among South Carolinians and strategies for promoting physical activity in South Carolina. Regular physical activity reduces the risk of (1) heart disease, (2) high blood pressure, (3) colon cancer, (4) diabetes, and (5) falls and fractures. Regular physical activity helps with (1) maintaining proper body weight, (2) controlling osteoarthritis, (3) reducing depression and anxiety, and (4) enhancing quality of life. Among adults in South Carolina, (1) 17 percent are regularly active, (2) 53 percent are irregularly active, and (3) 30 percent are inactive. During the last 12 years, South Carolinians have become less active. In 1997, (1) 53 percent of high school students reported exercising hard enough to sweat or breathe hard for at least 20 minutes, and (2) 40 percent of high school students were enrolled in physical education classes. The authors present strategies for promoting physical activity in South Carolina. Community strategies include (1) safe sidewalks; (2) safe and accessible pools, tennis courts, and other sport facilities; and (3) zoning regulations requiring new developments to include space for recreational activities. Worksite strategies include (1) safe and convenient stairways, (2) onsite shower and changing rooms, and (3) onsite exercise facilities. Health care setting strategies include (1) policies to promote physical activity, (2) reimbursement of health care providers for assessment and counseling about physical activity, and (3) provision of training updates on physical activity for health care providers. School strategies include (1) adequate facilities for physical activity, (2) daily quality physical education, and (3) extracurricular physical activity opportunities for all students. The authors conclude with examples of and resources for promoting physical activity in South Carolina. The authors provide five appendixes, including statistics regarding physical activity levels in South Carolina.
•
Report of the Surgeon General and the Alabama Governor's Commission Task Force on Physical Activity and Health Source: Montgomery, AL, Governor's Commission on Physical Fitness, 4 p., (n.d.). Contact: Governor's Commission on Physical Fitness, 560 South McDonough Street, Montgomery, AL 36130-1950. (334) 242-4496. INTERNET/EMAIL: http://www.alapubhealth.org/. Summary: Report of the Surgeon General and the Alabama Governor's Commission Task Force on Physical Activity and Health provides findings about physical activity and health in the United States and Alabama. Major findings are that (1) people who are usually inactive can improve their health and well-being by becoming even moderately active on a regular basis; (2)physical activity does not need to be strenuous to achieve health benefits; and (3) greater health benefits can be achieved by increasing the duration, frequency, or intensity of physical activity. Regular physical activity improves health by reducing (1) the risk of dying prematurely, (2) the risk of dying from heart disease, (3) the risk of developing diabetes, (4) the risk of developing high blood pressure, (5) blood pressure in people who already have high blood pressure, (6) the
Physician Resources 539
risk of developing colon cancer, and (7) feelings of depression and anxiety. Moderate physical activity can be achieved in a variety of ways, including gardening for 30 to 45 minutes, bicycling 5 miles in 30 minutes, or raking leaves for 30 minutes. People with chronic health problems should first consult a physician before starting a physical activity program. Statistics show that 58.4 percent of Alabamians lead a sedentary lifestyle. About 31 percent of males and 34 percent of females do not do any leisure time physical activity. Only 33.5 percent of males and 29.5 percent of females in Alabama are regularly physically active. About 14 percent of Alabama deaths can be attributed to physical inactivity and poor nutrition. The Governor's Task Force on Physical Activity and Health was asked to create a plan to reduce the high levels of physical inactivity among Alabamians and increase the number of people participating in regular physical activity. Key recommendations focus on (1) support of quality physical activity/education programs in schools, (2) implementation of worksite physical activity and health promotion programs, (3) creation of community-based recreational programs, and (4) media campaigns to encourage people to be more active at home. •
Measuring outcomes in children's services Source: Providence, RI: Fraser A. Lang; Manisses Communications Group. 1999. 250 pp. Contact: Available from Manisses Communications Group, 208 Governor Street, Providence, RI 02906. Telephone: (800) 333-7771 / fax: (401) 861-6370 / Web site: http://www.manisses.com. $75.00 plus $5.95 shipping and handling. Summary: This guide describes outcome evaluation in the field of children's services. Each chapter contains two kinds of articles: digests of journal articles, and field reports from programs and consultants working on outcomes evaluation. Each article reports results from a given intervention and explains what tools were used to measure client outcomes. The guide also points out important strengths and/or weaknesses of the approaches used in the outcomes evaluation studies discussed. Topics covered include anxiety and other emotional disorders, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, depression and suicide, eating disorders, conduct disorders, risky behavior, substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, and child abuse and neglect.
•
Adolescent mental health: Summary and recommended action proposals Source: Sacramento, CA: California Commission on the Status of Women. 1994. 234 pp. Contact: Available from California Commission on the Status of Women, 1303 J Street, Suite 400, Sacramento, CA 95814-2900. Telephone: (916) 445- 3173. Available at no charge. Summary: This report provides a compilation of testimony at two hearings on adolescent mental health held by the commission in 1993, additional information provided by noted authorities in the field of adolescent medicine and mental health, and recommendations for action. Topics include an overview of women's mental health, depressing and anxiety disorders, eating disorders, emotional effects of physical and sexual abuse, self esteem, teen pregnancies, homelessness and runaway kids, substance abuse. Appendices include examples of programs that work, resource lists, and a bibliography.
540 Anxiety
•
Caring for Every Child's Mental Health: Communities Together Campaign. [Information packet] Source: Rockville, MD: Center for Mental Health Services, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [1996]. 26 items. Contact: Available from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Mental Health Services, 5600 Fishers Lane, Room 13-103, Rockville, MD 20857. Telephone: (301) 443-2792. Available at no charge. Summary: This information packet contains materials describing the public education initiative, Caring for Every Child's Mental Health: Communities Together Campaign, promotional materials about the campaign, camera-ready copy promoting the recognition of mental health problems and the campaign itself, and fact sheets. One describes the campaign; one includes a glossary; others provide overviews of these topics: child and adolescent mental health; mental, emotional, and behavior disorders; attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders; autism; conduct disorders; anxiety disorders; depression; and family interactions and how they can affect mental, emotional, and behavior disorders. Still other fact sheets describe systems of care, comprehensive community services, and the provision of culturally competent services. The NLM Gateway16
The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.17 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “anxiety” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 70025 1806 630 869 80 73410
HSTAT18 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.19 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x. The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 18 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 19 The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/. 16 17
Physician Resources 541
assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.20 Simply search by “anxiety” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov. Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists21 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.22 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.23 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
The Genome Project and Anxiety In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and anxiety.
20 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 21 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 22 The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 23 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
542 Anxiety
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).24 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “anxiety” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for anxiety: •
Panic Disorder Syndrome; Anxiety Neurosis Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?167870 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)
The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •
Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html
•
Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html
•
Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html
Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.
24
Physician Resources 543
•
Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html
•
Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez
Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •
3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
•
Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books
•
Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome
•
NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/
•
Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide
•
OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM
•
PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset
•
ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
•
Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein
•
PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
•
Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure
•
Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy
To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then
544 Anxiety
select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “anxiety” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database25 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database26 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “anxiety” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 26 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission. 25
545
APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on anxiety can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to anxiety. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to anxiety. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “anxiety”:
546 Anxiety
•
Guides on anxiety Panic Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/panicdisorder.html
•
Other guides Bipolar Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bipolardisorder.html Child Development http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childdevelopment.html Chronic Fatigue Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/chronicfatiguesyndrome.html Degenerative Nerve Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/degenerativenervediseases.html Facial Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/facialinjuriesanddisorders.html Mental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mentalhealth.html Metabolic Syndrome X http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/metabolicsyndromex.html Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/obsessivecompulsivedisorder.html Occupational Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/occupationalhealth.html Panic Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/panicdisorder.html Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/posttraumaticstressdisorder.html Prader-Willi Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/praderwillisyndrome.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to anxiety, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews Answers to Your Questions About Panic Disorder Source: American Psychological Association http://www.apa.org/pubinfo/panic.html Closer Look at Panic Disorder Source: American Psychiatric Association http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZXHSH3DM C&sub_cat=47 Panic Attack Source: Anxiety Disorders Association of America http://www.adaa.org/AnxietyDisorderInfor/PanicDisAgor.cfm
Patient Resources 547
•
Treatment Anxiety Disorders Information: Guide to Treatment Source: Anxiety Disorders Association of America http://www.adaa.org/AnxietyDisorderInfor/GuidetoTre.cfm Getting Treatment for Panic Disorder Source: National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/anxiety/getpd.cfm Medications Source: National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/medicate.cfm Psychosocial Treatments Source: National Alliance for the Mentally Ill http://www.nami.org/Content/ContentGroups/Helpline1/Psychosocial_Treatme nts.htm
•
Children Bedtime Panic Attacks: 'My Child Gets Hysterical Before Bedtime' Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00430 Panic Disorder in Children and Adolescents Source: American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry http://www.aacap.org/publications/factsfam/panic.htm
•
From the National Institutes of Health Facts About Panic Disorder Source: National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/anxiety/panicfacts.cfm Panic Disorder: A Real Illness http://www.nimh.nih.gov/anxiety/panri1.cfm Understanding Panic Disorder Source: National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/anxiety/upd.cfm
•
Organizations Anxiety Disorders Association of America http://www.adaa.org/ National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/ National Mental Health Association http://www.nmha.org/
548 Anxiety
•
Research Anxiety Disorders Research at the National Institute of Mental Health Source: National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/anxresfact.cfm Panic Disorder and Depression in Parents Linked to Mental Disorders in Children Source: American Psychiatric Association http://www.medem.com/search/article_display.cfm?path=n:&mstr=/ZZZXJC3KJ HC.html&soc=APA&srch_typ=NAV_SERCH
•
Statistics Numbers Count: Mental Disorders in America Source: National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/numbers.cfm
•
Teenagers All About Anxiety Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/your_mind/mental_health/anxiety.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on anxiety. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Reducing Restlessness and Anxiety: Practical Ways of Helping You Better Care for a Person With Memory Loss and Confusion Source: Santa Cruz, CA: Journeyworks Publishing. 1996. 5 p. Contact: Available from Journeyworks Publishing. PO Box 8466, Santa Cruz, CA 95061. (800) 775-1998 or FAX (800) 775-5853. Website: www.journeyworks.com. PRICE: One free review copy available; 50 for $15. Title number 5005. ISBN: 1568850050. Summary: This brochure offers practical tips for reducing restlessness and anxiety in a person with memory loss and confusion. It suggests ways to eliminate physical causes for the restlessness or anxiety, establish routines, plan daily activities, keep the person
Patient Resources 549
informed, provide distractions, keep activities simple, create a calm environment, give reassurance, communicate calmly and clearly, and talk to a doctor. •
IBS Anxiety Profile Source: Milwaukee, WI: International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. 1996. 2 p. Contact: Available from International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (IFFGD). P.O. Box 170864, Milwaukee, WI 53217. (888) 964-2001 or (414) 9641799. Fax (414) 964-7176. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.iffgd.org. PRICE: $0.50. Summary: This fact sheet describes the impact of anxiety on people with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The author notes that chronic anxiety can disrupt performance and trigger a broad range of psychophysiological complaints, including IBS. Apart from depression, four types of anxiety disorders are commonly found among people with IBS (an individual may have more than one): panic disorder, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Among these disorders, GAD is the most common diagnosis for patients with IBS. The author notes the specific symptoms in the categories of motor tension, autonomic hyperactivity, and vigilance and scanning; from these symptoms, six are required for a diagnosis. Also, self-defeating patterns of thought are often found to be associated with GAD and the other anxiety disorders. These patterns of thought usually have five associated features which are especially common in people with IBS: intrusive, anticipatory, catastrophic, perfectionistic, and hidden thoughts. The fact sheet concludes with a brief discussion of treatments for IBSrelated anxiety, notably cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). (AA-M). The National Guideline Clearinghouse™
The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “anxiety” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •
Major depression, panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder in adults in primary care Source: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement - Private Nonprofit Organization; 1996 January (revised 2002 May); 55 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3350&nbr=2576&a mp;string=anxiety
•
Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with panic disorder. Source: American Psychiatric Association - Medical Specialty Society; 1998 May; 86 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=1429&nbr=669&am p;string=anxiety
550 Anxiety
Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Anxiety Disorders Summary: Also available In: Source: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=48
•
Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents Summary: This is one of a series of fact sheets on the mental, emotional, and behavior disorders that can appear in childhood or adolescence. Source: SAMHSA's National Mental Health Information Center, Center for Mental Health Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5165
•
Anxiety Disorders: Medication Summary: This online consumer information booklet, describes the four categories of psychotherapeutic medications based on the symptoms for which they are primarily used (antipsychotic, antimanic, Source: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2239
•
Anxiety Disorders: Phobias Summary: This online fact sheet provides basic information for the lay person. It discusses specific phobias and treatment options, and includes referrals for additional resources. Source: National Mental Health Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2206
•
Facts About Anxiety Disorders Summary: Covers the prevalence and kinds of anxiety disorders and includes a quiz. Source: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6625
Patient Resources 551
•
Facts About Generalized Anxiety Disorders Summary: A brief fact sheet about the prevalence, causes, and treatments for generalized anxiety disorders. Source: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6626
•
Facts About Panic Disorder Summary: This 4-page fact sheet covers the prevalence, causes, and treatments for panic disorder. Source: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6628
•
Families Can Help Children Cope with Fear and Anxiety Summary: Whether tragic events touch your family personally or are brought into your home via newspapers and television, you can help children cope with the anxiety that violence, death and disasters can Source: SAMHSA's National Mental Health Information Center, Center for Mental Health Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5174
•
Find a Professional Therapist Summary: The Anxiety Disorders Association of America provides a list of its members who have identified themselves as mental health providers. For ease of use, these providers are listed geographically. Source: Anxiety Disorders Association of America http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6815
•
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): A Real Illness Summary: Also available In: Source: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6563
•
Mental Health Publications & Education Programs Summary: Conference proceedings, consumer publications, and public education program materials on anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, panic disorder, learning disabilities, bipolar Source: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=358
552 Anxiety
•
Overcoming Dental Anxiety Summary: Materials from the American Dental Association designed to help patients with who suffer from dental anxiety to become more comfortable visiting the dentist, boost confidence and improve oral health. Source: American Dental Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5205
•
Reliving Trauma: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Summary: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a terrifying event or ordeal in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened. Source: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6649
•
St. John's Wort Summary: This fact sheet provides a description of St. John's Wort and discusses its current use as a treatment for depression, anxiety, seasonal affective disorder, and sleep disorders. Source: National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6048
•
Step On a Crack: Obessive Compulsive Disorder Summary: People with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), an anxiety disorder, suffer intensely from recurrent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and/or repetitive behaviors (compulsions) that they feel they Source: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6651
•
Understanding Panic Disorder Summary: Also available In: Source: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3205
•
When Fear Holds Sway: Panic Disorder Summary: This 2-page fact sheet describes panic disorder, research about the disorder, and treatment of the disorder. Source: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6633
Patient Resources 553
The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to anxiety. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources
A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Associations and Anxiety The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to anxiety: •
ABIL Inc. (Agoraphobics Building Independent Lives) Telephone: (804) 353-3964 Toll-free: Fax: (804) 353-3687 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: www.anxietysupport.org Background: Agoraphobics Building Independent Lives (ABIL, Inc.) is a nonprofit 'grassroots volunteer organization' dedicated to providing hope, support, and advocacy to people affected by panic attacks, phobias, and/or agoraphobia. By establishing nationwide self-help groups and providing public education, ABIL has worked since 1986 to improve treatment and awareness, both medical and social, of people with panic disorders. ABIL publishes a quarterly newsletter and brochures, establishes telephone and pen pal connections, conducts lectures, makes appropriate referrals, and maintains a database of information for the general public. If there is no local ABIL support group available, ABIL also offers guidelines, materials, and support for those interested in
554 Anxiety
creating support groups in their communities. Memberships are available at a yearly rate. •
American Institute of Stress Telephone: (914) 963-1200 Toll-free: Fax: (914) 965-6267 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.stress.org Background: The American Institute of Stress (AIS), established in 1978, is a nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing knowledge of mind-body relationships and the role of stress in health and illness. Its Board of Trustees consists of physicians, health care professionals and lay individuals with expertise in various stress-related areas as well as interest in the role of stress in disease and promoting health. Eligibiity for Fellowship s granted to those whose can demonstrate expertise by virtue of training, publications or practical experience. Updated files are maintained on all stress-related topics from which informational packets can be ordered. A monthly Newsletter is available to subscribers, Members and Fellows. AIS also organizes and participates in conferences dealing with relevant issues. Relevant area(s) of interest: Anxiety
•
Anxiety Disorders Association of America Telephone: (240) 485-1001 Toll-free: Fax: (240) 485-1035 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.adaa.org Background: The mission of the Anxiety Disorders Association of America (ADAA) is to promote the prevention and cure of anxiety disorders and to improve the lives of all affected individuals. ADAA offers several materials concerning anxiety disorders including a quarterly newsletter that contains clinical information and updates, news on the latest events that ADAA is sponsoring, and personal accounts from affected individuals and members who share their experiences. ADAA also sponsors a variety of events each year including 'National Anxiety Disorders Screening Day' and an annual national conference. Relevant area(s) of interest: Panic Disorders
•
Emotions Anonymous Telephone: (651) 647-9712 Toll-free: Fax: (651) 647-1593 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.EmotionsAnonymous.org Background: Emotions Anonymous (EA) is an international not-for-profit self-help group that follows a twelve step program (similar to Alcoholics Anonymous) for individuals seeking emotional health and wellness. EA sponsors support group meetings for the purpose of facilitating mutual help by the sharing of experiences,
Patient Resources 555
strength, and hope and working toward recovery from emotional difficulties. Individuals for whom EA has proved beneficial include those experiencing problems such as anger, depression, panic or anxiety, phobias, grief, broken or strained relationships, difficulty expressing emotions, low self-esteem, obsessive or compulsive behavior, worry, tension, and a variety of other emotional problems. Founded in 1971, EA has grown to encompass approximately 1,300 chapters in 39 countries. EA is an anonymous program that protects the confidentiality of its members at all times. Relevant area(s) of interest: Anxiety •
Lithium Information Center/Obsessive Compulsive Information Center Telephone: (608) 827-2470 Toll-free: Fax: (608) 827-2479 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.miminc.org Background: The Lithium Information Center and Obsessive Compulsive Information Center are affiliated with the Madison Institute of Medicine, a not-for-profit organization committed to conceptualizing, developing, and disseminating innovative approaches to the education of professionals, consumers, and the general public about psychiatric disorders and their treatment. An additional focus of the Institute is clinical research as a vehicle to advance the frontiers of medicine and improve quality of life. At the core of the Institute's educational efforts are the Lithium Information Center (LIC) and the Obsessive Compulsive Information Center (OCIC). The LIC acquires, catalogs, and disseminates information on the biomedical uses of lithium and other medications for the treatment of bipolar (manic-depressive) disorder, a psychiatric disorder in which affected individuals experience recurrent mood swings including episodes of depression and episodes characterized by overactivity, elation, irritability, and other symptoms (mania). The Center currently has more than 28,000 references on such topic areas as lithium treatment in bipolar disorder or related psychiatric disorders, use of lithium during pregnancy, interactions with other medications, and appropriate monitoring procedures. The Obsessive Compulsive Center obtains, catalogs, and distributes biomedical information concerning obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and related disorders. OCD is an anxiety disorder characterized by repetitive actions or rituals (compulsions) performed in response to recurrent obsessive thoughts, according to certain rules. The OCIC currently has more than 12,000 references on file on such topics as OCD, related disorders including trichotillomania and body dysmorphic disorder, diagnosis and classification, behavior therapy, and pharmacologic therapy. The LIC's and OCIC's references include medical journal articles, books, book chapters, government documents, meeting proceedings, pamphlets, magazine articles, and other documents. Reference files may be searched by author, title word, key word (subject), publication name, and year of publication. In response to requests, the Centers provide computer-printed bibliographies and single photocopies of articles (subject to copyright law) on any topic relating to lithium or OCD. The Centers also maintain physician and support group referral lists. The Madison Institute of Medicine also hosts semiannual Continuing Medical Education (CME) conferences concerning mental health and health care issues. Such programs are endorsed and certified by the University of Wisconsin Medical School Continuing Medical Education.
556 Anxiety
•
National Alliance for the Mentally Ill Telephone: (703) 524-7600 Toll-free: (800) 950-6264 Fax: (703) 524-9094 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.nami.org Background: The National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI) is a not-for-profit voluntary health organization dedicated to providing mutual support, education, advocacy, and research funding for people affected by mental illness, their families, and friends. The organization also serves those who have been diagnosed with schizophrenic depression and other related disorders. Established in 1979, this self-help organization refers individuals to nationwide support groups, services, and outreach programs. Educational materials produced by the organization include a database, directories, annual reports, informational brochures, pamphlets, a bimonthly newsletter entitled 'The Advocate,' and 'The Decade of the Brain,' NAMI's quarterly publication for presenting research, clinical practices and advances, and policy updates relevant to serious brain disorders. Relevant area(s) of interest: Anxiety
•
National Mental Health Association Telephone: (703) 684-7722 Toll-free: (800) 969-6642 Fax: (703) 684-5968 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.nmha.org Background: Established in 1909, the National Mental Health Association (NMHA) is a not-for-profit voluntary organization that addresses the mental health needs of individuals throughout the United States. The Association, which has over 300 affiliates in 35 states, has a network of volunteers across the country that work to meet the mental health needs of their communities. Activities include support groups, community outreach and education, information and referral programs, patient advocacy, and a wide array of other services. Nationally, the Association works with the media to keep the public informed about mental health and mental illness and with the Federal government to promote research and services for people with mental health problems. The Association also works with other major organizations to ensure that the nation s mental health needs are understood and addressed. Services include fact sheet and pamphlet distribution; buddy and companion programs; client services and case management; education and training programs; referral services; and social and recreational programs, workshops, and seminars. Educational materials distributed by the Association include quarterly newsletters entitled 'Prevention Update' and 'The Bell.'.
•
National Mental Health Consumer Self-Help Clearinghouse Telephone: Toll-free: (800) 553-4539 Fax: (215) 636-6312 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.mhselfhelp.org
Patient Resources 557
Background: The National Mental Health Consumers' Self-Help Clearinghouse is a selfhelp technical assistance organization that was established in 1985. The Clearinghouse handles thousands of inquiries annually from people who are concerned with mental health issues. Clients include mental health care consumers, family members, professionals, and other interested people who request information and technical assistance about starting and developing self-help projects, self-advocacy projects, and consumer-run mental health services. The Clearinghouse also provides on-site consultations to individuals and groups interested in self-help group and consumer-run service development. In addition, the Clearinghouse sponsors conferences and training events and has developed a wide variety of printed pamphlets and manuals on issues related to developing self-help and self-advocacy projects. A national quarterly newsletter entitled 'The Key' provides assistance to consumers, their families, advocates, and physicians. •
Recovery, Inc Telephone: (312) 337-5661 Fax: (312) 337-5756 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.recovery-inc.com Background: Recovery, Inc. is a nonprofit self-help organization for people with anxiety and nervous disorders and panic attacks. Based on the Recovery Method developed by the late Dr. Abraham Low, Recovery, Inc. provides support, encouragement, and training to help individuals cope with their fears and overcome any possible relapses. Since it was founded in 1939, Recovery has grown to become an international support system for people, with over 800 chapters throughout the world. Recovery also publishes a newsletter, directory, and numerous brochures; produces audio-visual aids; and is frequently highlighted in medical and community publications. A limited number of materials are available in Spanish and French. Members must be at least 18 years old, but guests (i.e., spouses, family) are welcome at meetings. The meetings are free of charge, but donations are appreciated. Relevant area(s) of interest: Anxiety, Panic Disorders
Finding Associations There are a number of Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to anxiety. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with anxiety. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about anxiety. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.
558 Anxiety
Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “anxiety” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “anxiety”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “anxiety” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “anxiety” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
559
APPENDIX C. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for anxiety. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with anxiety. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
560 Anxiety
following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to anxiety: Amphetamines •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Adderall; Desoxyn; Desoxyn Gradumet; Dexedrine; Dexedrine Spansule; DextroStat http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202031.html
Anesthetics, General •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amidate; Brevital; Diprivan; Ethrane; Fluothane; Forane; Ketalar; Penthrane; Pentothal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203043.html
Antidepressants, Monoamine Oxidase (Mao) Inhibitor •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Marplan; Nardil; Parnate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202054.html
Antidepressants, Tricyclic •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Anafranil; Asendin; Aventyl; Elavil; Endep; Norfranil; Norpramin; Pamelor; Sinequan; Surmontil; Tipramine; Tofranil; Tofranil-PM; Vivactil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202055.html
Antihistamines •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aller-Chlor; AllerMax Caplets; Aller-med; Atarax; Banophen; Banophen Caplets; Benadryl; Benadryl Allergy; Bromphen; Calm X; Chlo-Amine; Chlorate; Chlor-Trimeton; Chlor-Trimeton Allergy; Chlor-Trimeton Repetabs; Claritin; Claritin Reditabs; Compoz; Conta http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202060.html
Antihistamines, Phenothiazine-Derivative •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Anergan 25; Anergan 50; Antinaus 50; Pentazine; Phenazine 25; Phenazine 50; Phencen-50; Phenergan; Phenergan Fortis; Phenergan Plain; Phenerzine; Phenoject-50; Pro-50; Promacot; Pro-Med 50; Promet; Prorex-25; Prorex-50; Prothazine; Prothazine Plain; Sho http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202063.html
Benzodiazepines •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alprazolam Intensol; Ativan; Dalmane; Diastat; Diazepam Intensol; Dizac; Doral; Halcion; Klonopin; Librium; Lorazepam Intensol; Paxipam; ProSom; Restoril; Serax; Tranxene T-Tab; Tranxene-SD; Tranxene-SD Half Strength; Valium; Xanax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202084.html
Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Betapace; Blocadren; Cartrol; Corgard; Inderal; Inderal LA; Kerlone; Levatol; Lopressor; Normodyne; Sectral; Tenormin; Toprol-XL; Trandate; Visken; Zebeta http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202087.html
Researching Medications 561
Buspirone •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: BuSpar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202100.html
Caffeine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cafcit; Caffedrine Caplets; Dexitac Stay Alert Stimulant; Enerjets; Keep Alert; Maximum Strength SnapBack Stimulant Powders; NoDoz Maximum Strength Caplets; Pep-Back; Quick Pep; Ultra Pep-Back; Vivarin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202105.html
Chlordiazepoxide and Amitriptyline •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Limbitrol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202129.html
Cocaine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202152.html
Loxapine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Loxitane http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202333.html
Maprotiline •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ludiomil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202337.html
Meprobamate •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: `Miltown'-200; `Miltown'-400; `Miltown'-600; Equanil; Probate; Trancot http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202348.html
Meprobamate and Aspirin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Epromate-M; Equagesic; Heptogesic; Meprogesic; Micrainin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202349.html
Midazolam •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Versed http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202372.html
Paroxetine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Paxil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202717.html
Propiomazine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Largon http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202487.html
562 Anxiety
Sertraline •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zoloft http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202651.html
Trazodone •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Desyrel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202573.html
Venlafaxine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Effexor http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202764.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
563
APPENDIX D. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.27
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
27
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
564 Anxiety
libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)28: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
28
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries 565
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
566 Anxiety
•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries 567
•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
568 Anxiety
•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
569
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on anxiety: •
Basic Guidelines for Anxiety Anxiety Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Panic disorder Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000924.htm Panic disorder with agoraphobia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000923.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Anxiety Agitation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003212.htm Anxiety Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm
570 Anxiety
Backache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003108.htm Blushing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003241.htm Chest pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003079.htm Depression Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003213.htm Diaphoresis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003218.htm Difficulty swallowing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003115.htm Dizziness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003093.htm Excitement Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003212.htm Facial paralysis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003028.htm Faintness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003092.htm Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Flushing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003241.htm Headaches Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Heartburn Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003114.htm Hyperventilation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003071.htm Impotence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003164.htm Insomnia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003210.htm
Online Glossaries 571
Muscle Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm Nausea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Nightmares Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003209.htm Numbness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htm Palpitations Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003081.htm Paresthesias Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htm Restlessness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003212.htm Shortness of breath Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Skin, clammy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003216.htm Sleep disturbances Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003210.htm Sleeplessness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003210.htm Stress Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Sweating Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003218.htm Syncope Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003092.htm Tension Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Tingling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htm Trembling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003192.htm
572 Anxiety
•
Diagnostics and Tests for Anxiety ANA Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003535.htm Chest X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003804.htm Cocaine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003578.htm ECG Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003868.htm Urinalysis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003579.htm X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003337.htm
•
Nutrition for Anxiety Caffeine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002445.htm
•
Background Topics for Anxiety Alcohol use Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001944.htm Biofeedback Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002241.htm Cardiovascular Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002310.htm Central nervous system Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002311.htm Choking Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000047.htm Endocrine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002351.htm Exercise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001941.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm
Online Glossaries 573
Respiratory Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002290.htm Stimulants Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002308.htm Substance abuse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001945.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
575
ANXIETY DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 3-dimensional: 3-D. A graphic display of depth, width, and height. Three-dimensional radiation therapy uses computers to create a 3-dimensional picture of the tumor. This allows doctors to give the highest possible dose of radiation to the tumor, while sparing the normal tissue as much as possible. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abortion: 1. The premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. Premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. [EU] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Achievement: Success in bringing an effort to the desired end; the degree or level of success attained in some specified area (esp. scholastic) or in general. [NIH] Acidity: The quality of being acid or sour; containing acid (hydrogen ions). [EU] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Activities of Daily Living: The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, eating, etc., in rehabilitation. [NIH] Actualization: Possibilities of realizing fully one's personal (e. g. intellectual) potential. [NIH]
Acute myelogenous leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH]
576 Anxiety
Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjunctive Therapy: Another treatment used together with the primary treatment. Its purpose is to assist the primary treatment. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adolescent Medicine: A branch of medicine pertaining to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases occurring during the period beginning with puberty until the cessation of somatic growth. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Exercise: A type of physical activity that includes walking, jogging, running, and dancing. Aerobic training improves the efficiency of the aerobic energy-producing systems that can improve cardiorespiratory endurance. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Affective Symptoms: Mood or emotional responses dissonant with or inappropriate to the behavior and/or stimulus. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the
Dictionary 577
nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Age Distribution: The frequency of different ages or age groups in a given population. The distribution may refer to either how many or what proportion of the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine. [NIH] Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Agnosia: Loss of the ability to comprehend the meaning or recognize the importance of various forms of stimulation that cannot be attributed to impairment of a primary sensory modality. Tactile agnosia is characterized by an inability to perceive the shape and nature of an object by touch alone, despite unimpaired sensation to light touch, position, and other primary sensory modalities. [NIH] Agonists: Drugs that trigger an action from a cell or another drug. [NIH] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Air Pressure: The force per unit area that the air exerts on any surface in contact with it. Primarily used for articles pertaining to air pressure within a closed environment. [NIH] Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU] Alcoholic Beverages: Drinkable liquids containing ethanol. [NIH] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH]
578 Anxiety
Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ambulatory Care: Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility. [NIH]
Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antaganize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnesia: Lack or loss of memory; inability to remember past experiences. [EU] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Amniocentesis: Percutaneous transabdominal puncture of the uterus during pregnancy to obtain amniotic fluid. It is commonly used for fetal karyotype determination in order to diagnose abnormal fetal conditions. [NIH]
Dictionary 579
Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]
Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]
Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH]
580 Anxiety
Anorexia: Clinical manifestation consisting of a physiopathological lack or loss of appetite accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. [NIH] Anorexia Nervosa: The chief symptoms are inability to eat, weight loss, and amenorrhea. [NIH]
Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anthrax: An acute bacterial infection caused by ingestion of bacillus organisms. Carnivores may become infected from ingestion of infected carcasses. It is transmitted to humans by contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. The most common form in humans is cutaneous anthrax. [NIH] Anti-Anxiety Agents: Agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and neurotic symptoms, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. Some are also effective as anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, or anesthesia adjuvants. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsants: Drugs used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidepressive Agents: Mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. Several monoamine oxidase inhibitors are useful as antidepressants apparently as a long-term consequence of their modulation of catecholamine levels. The tricyclic compounds useful as antidepressive agents also appear to act through brain catecholamine systems. A third group (antidepressive agents, secondgeneration) is a diverse group of drugs including some that act specifically on serotonergic systems. [NIH] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]
Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with
Dictionary 581
specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anuria: Inability to form or excrete urine. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. [EU] Aphasia: A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia. [NIH] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH]
582 Anxiety
Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Apraxia: Loss of ability to perform purposeful movements, in the absence of paralysis or sensory disturbance, caused by lesions in the cortex. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthroplasty: Surgical reconstruction of a joint to relieve pain or restore motion. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Artificial Intelligence: The study and implementation of techniques and methods for designing computer systems to perform functions normally associated with human intelligence, such as understanding language, learning, reasoning, problem solving, etc. [NIH]
Asbestos: Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements. It is relatively inert chemically and used in thermal insulation and fireproofing. Inhalation of dust causes asbestosis and later lung and gastrointestinal neoplasms. [NIH] Asbestosis: A lung disorder caused by constant inhalation of asbestos particles. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Asphyxia: A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asthenia: Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy. [NIH] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH]
Dictionary 583
Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Auditory Perception: The process whereby auditory stimuli are selected, organized and interpreted by the organism; includes speech discrimination. [NIH] Auricular: Pertaining to an auricle or to the ear, and, formerly, to an atrium of the heart. [EU]
Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Autoradiography: A process in which radioactive material within an object produces an image when it is in close proximity to a radiation sensitive emulsion. [NIH] Autoreceptors: Transmitter receptors on or near presynaptic terminals (or varicosities) which are sensitive to the transmitter(s) released by the terminal itself. Receptors for the hormones released by hormone-releasing cells are also included. [NIH] Axilla: The underarm or armpit. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the trunk, including the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or adjacent regions. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of
584 Anxiety
urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine. [NIH] Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. [NIH] Baroreflex: A negative feedback system which buffers short-term changes in blood pressure. Increased pressure stretches blood vessels which activates pressoreceptors (baroreceptors) in the vessel walls. The net response of the central nervous system is a reduction of central sympathetic outflow. This reduces blood pressure both by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance and by lowering cardiac output. Because the baroreceptors are tonically active, the baroreflex can compensate rapidly for both increases and decreases in blood pressure. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Behavior Therapy: The application of modern theories of learning and conditioning in the treatment of behavior disorders. [NIH] Behavioral Medicine: The interdisciplinary field concerned with the development and integration of behavioral and biomedical science, knowledge, and techniques relevant to health and illness and the application of this knowledge and these techniques to prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. [NIH] Behavioral Symptoms: Observable manifestions of impaired psychological functioning. [NIH]
Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH] Bereavement: Refers to the whole process of grieving and mourning and is associated with a deep sense of loss and sadness. [NIH] Beta-Endorphin: A peptide consisting of amino acid sequence 61-91 of the endogenous pituitary hormone beta-lipotropin. The first four amino acids show a common tetrapeptide sequence with methionine- and leucine enkephalin. The compound shows opiate-like activity. Injection of beta-endorphin induces a profound analgesia of the whole body for several hours. This action is reversed after administration of naloxone. [NIH] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bibliotherapy: A form of supportive psychotherapy in which the patient is given carefully selected material to read. [NIH] Bicycling: The use of a bicycle for transportation or recreation. It does not include the use of a bicycle in studying the body's response to physical exertion (bicycle ergometry test see exercise test). [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of
Dictionary 585
fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Binaural: Used of the two ears functioning together. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biogenic Monoamines: Biogenic amines having only one amine moiety. Included in this group are all natural monoamines formed by the enzymatic decarboxylation of natural amino acids. [NIH] Biological Factors: Compounds made by living organisms that contribute to or influence a phenomenon or process. They have biological or physiological activities. [NIH] Biological Psychiatry: An interdisciplinary science concerned with studies of the biological bases of behavior - biochemical, genetic, physiological, and neurological - and applying these to the understanding and treatment of mental illness. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bipolar Disorder: A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Birth Order: The sequence in which children are born into the family. [NIH] Birthmark: A circumscribed area of pigmentation or vascularization, usually in the form of a congenital benign neoplasm occurring in the skin or in various ocular tissues. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Cell Count: A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results
586 Anxiety
in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percent body fat. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Bowel Prep: The process used to clean the colon with enemas and a special drink. Used before surgery of the colon, colonoscopy, or barium x-ray. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Brain Injuries: Acute and chronic injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brain stem. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with diffuse axonal injury or coma, posttraumatic. Localized injuries may be associated with neurobehavioral manifestations; hemiparesis, or other focal neurologic deficits. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breast Self-Examination: The inspection of one's breasts, usually for signs of disease, especially neoplastic disease. [NIH]
Dictionary 587
Breathing Exercises: Therapeutic exercises aimed to deepen inspiration or expiration or even to alter the rate and rhythm of respiration. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU]
Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 36, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchopulmonary: Pertaining to the lungs and their air passages; both bronchial and pulmonary. [EU] Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A chronic lung disease appearing in certain newborn infants treated for respiratory distress syndrome with mechanical ventilation and elevated concentration of inspired oxygen. [NIH] Bruxism: A disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]
Bupropion: A unicyclic, aminoketone antidepressant. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not well understood, but it does appear to block dopamine uptake. The hydrochloride is available as an aid to smoking cessation treatment. [NIH] Burn Units: Specialized hospital facilities which provide intensive care for burn patients. [NIH]
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and a serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the benzodiazepines, but it has an efficacy comparable to diazepam. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Channels: Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue. [NIH]
588 Anxiety
Calcium-Binding Proteins: Proteins to which calcium ions are bound. They can act as transport proteins, regulator proteins or activator proteins. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]
Candy: Sweet food products combining cane or beet sugars with other carbohydrates and chocolate, milk, eggs, and various flavorings. In the United States, candy refers to both sugar- and cocoa-based confections and is differentiated from sweetened baked goods; elsewhere the terms sugar confectionary, chocolate confectionary, and flour confectionary are used. [NIH] Cannabis: The hemp plant Cannabis sativa. Products prepared from the dried flowering tops of the plant include marijuana, hashish, bhang, and ganja. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoid: A type of tumor usually found in the gastrointestinal system (most often in the appendix), and sometimes in the lungs or other sites. Carcinoid tumors are usually benign. [NIH]
Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac catheterization: A procedure in which a thin, hollow tube is inserted into a blood vessel. The tube is then advanced through the vessel into the heart, enabling a physician to study the heart and its pumping activity. [NIH] Cardiac Output: The volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat). [NIH] Cardiology: The study of the heart, its physiology, and its functions. [NIH] Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU]
Dictionary 589
Cardiotoxic: Having a poisonous or deleterious effect upon the heart. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Transplantation: Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH]
590 Anxiety
Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: CIN. A general term for the growth of abnormal cells on the surface of the cervix. Numbers from 1 to 3 may be used to describe how much of the cervix contains abnormal cells. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of
Dictionary 591
infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH] Chewing Gum: A preparation of chicle, sometimes mixed with other plastic substances, sweetened and flavored. It is masticated usually for pleasure as a candy substitute but it sometimes acts as a vehicle for the administration of medication. [NIH] Child Behavior: Any observable response or action of a child from 24 months through 12 years of age. For neonates or children younger than 24 months, infant behavior is available. [NIH]
Child Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in children. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Cholecystokinin: A 33-amino acid peptide secreted by the upper intestinal mucosa and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromaffin System: The cells of the body which stain with chromium salts. They occur along the sympathetic nerves, in the adrenal gland, and in various other organs. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH]
Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH]
592 Anxiety
Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Fatigue caused by the combined effects of different types of prolonged fatigue. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: emphysema. [NIH]
Collective term for chronic bronchitis and
Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Circadian Rhythm: The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, feeding, etc. This rhythm seems to be set by a 'biological clock' which seems to be set by recurring daylight and darkness. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] Citalopram: A selective neuronal serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a clinically effective antidepressant with tolerable side effects. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from tardive dyskinesia (TD) in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate this condition. [NIH]
Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Cleft Lip: Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of gaba receptor responses. [NIH] Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the
Dictionary 593
amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]
Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cognitive behavior therapy: A system of psychotherapy based on the premise that distorted or dysfunctional thinking, which influences a person's mood or behavior, is common to all psychosocial problems. The focus of therapy is to identify the distorted thinking and to replace it with more rational, adaptive thoughts and beliefs. [NIH] Cognitive restructuring: A method of identifying and replacing fear-promoting, irrational beliefs with more realistic and functional ones. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colon Polyps: Small, fleshy, mushroom-shaped growths in the colon. [NIH] Colonoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the colon. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Colposcopy: The examination, therapy or surgery of the cervix and vagina by means of a
594 Anxiety
specially designed endoscope introduced vaginally. [NIH] Combination chemotherapy: Treatment using more than one anticancer drug. [NIH] Communicable disease: A disease that can be transmitted by contact between persons. [NIH]
Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Compulsions: In psychology, an irresistible urge, sometimes amounting to obsession to perform a particular act which usually is carried out against the performer's will or better judgment. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques
Dictionary 595
for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computer Systems: Systems composed of a computer or computers, peripheral equipment, such as disks, printers, and terminals, and telecommunications capabilities. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Condoms: A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Conscious Sedation: An alternative to general anesthesia in patients for whom general anesthesia is refused or considered inadvisable. It involves the administering of an antianxiety drug (minor tranquilizer) and an analgesic or local anesthetic. This renders the patient free of anxiety and pain while allowing the patient to remain in verbal contact with the physician or dentist. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Consumer Advocacy: The promotion and support of consumers' rights and interests. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Continuum: An area over which the vegetation or animal population is of constantly changing composition so that homogeneous, separate communities cannot be distinguished. [NIH]
596 Anxiety
Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH] Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Convulsive: Relating or referring to spasm; affected with spasm; characterized by a spasm or spasms. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Core biopsy: The removal of a tissue sample with a needle for examination under a microscope. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU]
Dictionary 597
Coronary Angiography: Radiography of the vascular system of the heart muscle after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Coronary Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of the coronary arteries. [NIH] Coronary Artery Bypass: Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion. [NIH] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone: A neuropeptide released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary gland. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Critical Care: Health care provided to a critically ill patient during a medical emergency or crisis. [NIH] Crowns: A prosthetic restoration that reproduces the entire surface anatomy of the visible natural crown of a tooth. It may be partial (covering three or more surfaces of a tooth) or complete (covering all surfaces). It is made of gold or other metal, porcelain, or resin. [NIH] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Curare: Plant extracts from several species, including Strychnos toxifera, S. castelnaei, S. crevauxii, and Chondodendron tomentosum, that produce paralysis of skeletal muscle and are used adjunctively with general anesthesia. These extracts are toxic and must be used with the administration of artificial respiration. [NIH]
598 Anxiety
Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Day Care: Institutional health care of patients during the day. The patients return home at night. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decision Making: The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Delivery of Health Care: The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population. [NIH] Delusion: A false belief, not susceptible to argument or reason, and determined, pathologically, by some form of mental disorder. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling
Dictionary 599
it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Abutments: Natural teeth or teeth roots used as anchorage for a fixed or removable denture or other prosthesis (such as an implant) serving the same purpose. [NIH] Dental Anxiety: Abnormal fear or dread of visiting the dentist for preventive care or therapy and unwarranted anxiety over dental procedures. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]
Dental implant: A small metal pin placed inside the jawbone to mimic the root of a tooth. Dental implants can be used to help anchor a false tooth or teeth, or a crown or bridge. [NIH] Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Dentures: An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. It does not include crowns, dental abutments, nor artificial teeth. [NIH] Depersonalization: Alteration in the perception of the self so that the usual sense of one's own reality is lost, manifested in a sense of unreality or self-estrangement, in changes of body image, or in a feeling that one does not control his own actions and speech; seen in depersonalization disorder, schizophrenic disorders, and schizotypal personality disorder. Some do not draw a distinction between depersonalization and derealization, using depersonalization to include both. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Derealization: Is characterized by the loss of the sense of reality concerning one's surroundings. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor
600 Anxiety
anticholingeric activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developmental psychology: That branch of psychology which studies the processes of preand post-natal growth and the maturation of behavior. In its broadest sense, developmental psychology includes the periods of infancy, childhood, and adulthood. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Diffuse Axonal Injury: A relatively common sequela of blunt head injury, characterized by a global disruption of axons throughout the brain. Associated clinical features may include neurobehavioral manifestations; persistent vegetative state; dementia; and other disorders. [NIH]
Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH]
Dictionary 601
Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Domestic Violence: Deliberate, often repetitive, physical abuse by one family member against another: marital partners, parents, children, siblings, or any other member of a household. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Dreams:
A series of thoughts, images, or emotions occurring during sleep which are
602 Anxiety
dissociated from the usual stream of consciousness of the waking state. [NIH] Drinking Behavior: Behaviors associated with the ingesting of water and other liquids; includes rhythmic patterns of drinking (time intervals - onset and duration), frequency and satiety. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Evaluation: Any process by which toxicity, metabolism, absorption, elimination, preferred route of administration, safe dosage range, etc., for a drug or group of drugs is determined through clinical assessment in humans or veterinary animals. [NIH] Drug Evaluation, Preclinical: Preclinical testing of drugs in experimental animals or in vitro for their biological and toxic effects and potential clinical applications. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duke: A lamp which produces ultraviolet radiations for certain ophthalmologic therapy. [NIH]
Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH] Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing. [EU] Dysphoria: Disquiet; restlessness; malaise. [EU] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH] Eclampsia: Onset of convulsions or coma in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient. [NIH]
Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is
Dictionary 603
based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ego: The conscious portion of the personality structure which serves to mediate between the demands of the primitive instinctual drives, (the id), of internalized parental and social prohibitions or the conscience, (the superego), and of reality. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electric shock: A dangerous patho-physiological effect resulting from an electric current passing through the body of a human or animal. [NIH] Electrocardiogram: Measurement of electrical activity during heartbeats. [NIH] Electroconvulsive Therapy: Electrically induced convulsions primarily used in the treatment of severe affective disorders and schizophrenia. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electromyography: Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryo Transfer: Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells. [NIH] Embryology: The study of the development of an organism during the embryonic and fetal stages of life. [NIH] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown
604 Anxiety
of a tooth. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endorphin: Opioid peptides derived from beta-lipotropin. Endorphin is the most potent naturally occurring analgesic agent. It is present in pituitary, brain, and peripheral tissues. [NIH]
Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Enema: The injection of a liquid through the anus into the large bowel. [NIH] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work. Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enkephalin: A natural opiate painkiller, in the hypothalamus. [NIH] Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Enuresis: Involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which urinary control should have
Dictionary 605
been achieved; often used alone with specific reference to involuntary discharge of urine occurring during sleep at night (bed-wetting, nocturnal enuresis). [EU] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH] Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU]
Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] Ergometry: Any method of measuring the amount of work done by an organism, usually during exertion. Ergometry also includes measures of power. Some instruments used in these determinations include the hand crank and the bicycle ergometer. [NIH] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] ERV: The expiratory reserve volume is the largest volume of gas that can be expired from the end-expiratory level. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagogastroduodenoscopy: Exam of the upper digestive tract using an endoscope. [NIH]
Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen Antagonists: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the action or biosynthesis
606 Anxiety
of estrogen. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]
Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic estrogen with high oral estrogenic potency. It is often used as the estrogenic component in oral contraceptives. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Evaluation Studies: Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, clinical trials, drug evaluation, and drug evaluation, preclinical are available. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Evoked Potentials: The electric response evoked in the central nervous system by stimulation of sensory receptors or some point on the sensory pathway leading from the receptor to the cortex. The evoked stimulus can be auditory, somatosensory, or visual, although other modalities have been reported. Event-related potentials is sometimes used synonymously with evoked potentials but is often associated with the execution of a motor, cognitive, or psychophysiological task, as well as with the response to a stimulus. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exercise Test: Controlled physical activity, more strenuous than at rest, which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used. The intensity of exercise is often graded, using criteria such as rate of work done, oxygen consumption, and heart rate. Physiological data obtained from an exercise test may be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of disease severity, and to evaluate therapy. Data may also be used in prescribing exercise by determining a person's exercise capacity. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] Expiratory Reserve Volume: The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. Common abbreviation is ERV. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor.
Dictionary 607
[NIH]
External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Extroversion: The attitude in which the individual's concern with material objects and people predominates. [NIH] Eye Movements: Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Expression: Observable changes of expression in the face in response to emotional stimuli. [NIH] Fallopian tube: The oviduct, a muscular tube about 10 cm long, lying in the upper border of the broad ligament. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Family Practice: A medical specialty concerned with the provision of continuing, comprehensive primary health care for the entire family. [NIH] Family Relations: Behavioral, psychological, and social relations among various members of the nuclear family and the extended family. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fathers: Male parents, human or animal. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Feeding Behavior: Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals. [NIH] Fetal Heart: The heart of the fetus of any viviparous animal. It refers to the heart in the postembryonic period and is differentiated from the embryonic heart (heart/embryology) only on the basis of time. [NIH] Fetal Movement: Motion of the fetus perceived by the mother and felt by palpation of the abdomen. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibroid: A benign smooth muscle tumor, usually in the uterus or gastrointestinal tract. Also called leiomyoma. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral
608 Anxiety
cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatulence: Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants. [NIH] Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. It is effective in the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorders, anxiety, panic disorders, and alcohol amnestic disorders. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fourth Ventricle: An irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space. [NIH]
Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Functional magnetic resonance imaging: A noninvasive tool used to observe functioning in the brain or other organs by detecting changes in chemical composition, blood flow, or both. [NIH]
Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some
Dictionary 609
reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] GABA: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH] Galanin: A neurotransmitter. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglionic Blockers: Agents having as their major action the interruption of neural transmission at nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Because their actions are so broad, including blocking of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, their therapeutic use has been largely supplanted by more specific drugs. They may still be used in the control of blood pressure in patients with acute dissecting aortic aneurysm and for the induction of hypotension in surgery. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]
Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the gastrointestinal system. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Expression Profiling:
The determination of the pattern of genes expressed i.e.,
610 Anxiety
transcribed, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell. [NIH] Gene Targeting: The integration of exogenous DNA into the genome of an organism at sites where its expression can be suitably controlled. This integration occurs as a result of homologous recombination. [NIH] General practitioner: A medical practitioner who does not specialize in a particular branch of medicine or limit his practice to a specific class of diseases. [NIH] Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]
Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH]
Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH] Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU]
Dictionary 611
Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]
Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Gynaecological: Pertaining to gynaecology. [EU] Gynecologic cancer: Cancer of the female reproductive tract, including the cervix, endometrium, fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, and vagina. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Habituation: Decline in response of an organism to environmental or other stimuli with repeated or maintained exposure. [NIH] Hallucination: A sense perception without a source in the external world; a perception of an external stimulus object in the absence of such an object. [EU] Hallucinogen: A hallucination-producing drug, a category of drugs producing this effect. The user of a hallucinogenic drug is almost invariably aware that what he is seeing are hallucinations.. [NIH] Handedness: Preference for using right or left hand. [NIH] Happiness: Highly pleasant emotion characterized by outward manifestations of gratification; joy. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH]
612 Anxiety
Health Behavior: Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural. [NIH] Health Care Costs: The actual costs of providing services related to the delivery of health care, including the costs of procedures, therapies, and medications. It is differentiated from health expenditures, which refers to the amount of money paid for the services, and from fees, which refers to the amount charged, regardless of cost. [NIH] Health Expenditures: The amounts spent by individuals, groups, nations, or private or public organizations for total health care and/or its various components. These amounts may or may not be equivalent to the actual costs (health care costs) and may or may not be shared among the patient, insurers, and/or employers. [NIH] Health Policy: Decisions, usually developed by government policymakers, for determining present and future objectives pertaining to the health care system. [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart Transplantation: The transference of a heart from one human or animal to another. [NIH]
Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Hematocrit: Measurement of the volume of packed red cells in a blood specimen by centrifugation. The procedure is performed using a tube with graduated markings or with automated blood cell counters. It is used as an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, anemia shows a low hematocrit, polycythemia, high values. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Hemiparesis: The weakness or paralysis affecting one side of the body. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH]
Dictionary 613
Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heritability: The proportion of observed variation in a particular trait that can be attributed to inherited genetic factors in contrast to environmental ones. [NIH] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH] Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus. Species of lentivirus, subgenus primate lentiviruses, formerly designated T-cell lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). It is acknowledged to be the agent responsible for the acute infectious manifestations, neurologic disorders, and immunologic abnormalities linked to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone Replacement Therapy: Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency. [NIH] Hospice: Institution dedicated to caring for the terminally ill. [NIH] Human Development: Continuous sequential changes which occur in the physiological and psychological functions during the individual's life. [NIH]
614 Anxiety
Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogenation: Specific method of reduction in which hydrogen is added to a substance by the direct use of gaseous hydrogen. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite cetirizine, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative. [NIH] Hyperalgesia: Excessive sensitiveness or sensibility to pain. [EU] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hyperventilation: A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide. [NIH] Hypnotherapy: Sleeping-cure. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypochondriasis: (DSM III-R) a mental disorder characterized by a preoccupation with bodily functions and the interpretation of normal sensations (such as heart beats, sweating, peristaltic action, and bowel movements) or minor abnormalities (such as a runny nose, minor aches and pains, or slightly swollen lymph nodes) as indications of highly disturbing problems needing medical attention. Negative results of diagnostic evaluations and reassurance by physicians only increase the patient's anxious concern about his health, and the patient continues to seek medical attention. Called also hypochondriacal neurosis. [EU] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which
Dictionary 615
may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Hysterectomy: Excision of the uterus. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Idiopathic myelofibrosis: A progressive disease in which the bone marrow is replaced by fibrous tissue and is unable to produce red blood cells; the cause is unknown. [NIH] Illusion: A false interpretation of a genuine percept. [NIH] Imaging procedures: Methods of producing pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. [NIH]
Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: (antigens). [NIH]
The activity of the immune system against foreign substances
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]
Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or
616 Anxiety
radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantable pump: A small device installed under the skin to administer a steady dose of drugs. [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infant Behavior: Any observable response or action of a neonate or infant up through the age of 23 months. [NIH] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infection Control: Programs of disease surveillance, generally within health care facilities, designed to investigate, prevent, and control the spread of infections and their causative microorganisms. [NIH]
Dictionary 617
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]
Informed Consent: Voluntary authorization, given to the physician by the patient, with full comprehension of the risks involved, for diagnostic or investigative procedures and medical and surgical treatment. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Institutional Practice: Professional practice as an employee or contractee of a health care institution. [NIH] Institutionalization: The caring for individuals in institutions and their adaptation to routines characteristic of the institutional environment, and/or their loss of adaptation to life outside the institution. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]
618 Anxiety
Intensive Care Units: Hospital units providing continuous surveillance and care to acutely ill patients. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interpersonal Relations: The reciprocal interaction of two or more persons. [NIH] Intervention Studies: Epidemiologic investigations designed to test a hypothesized causeeffect relation by modifying the supposed causal factor(s) in the study population. [NIH] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intervertebral Disk Displacement: An intervertebral disk in which the nucleus pulposus has protruded through surrounding fibrocartilage. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH]
Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Aneurysm: A saclike dilatation of the walls of a blood vessel, usually an artery. [NIH]
Intraepithelial: Within the layer of cells that form the surface or lining of an organ. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH]
Dictionary 619
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ion Transport: The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active or passive. Passive ion transport (facilitated diffusion) derives its energy from the concentration gradient of the ion itself and allows the transport of a single solute in one direction (uniport). Active ion transport is usually coupled to an energy-yielding chemical or photochemical reaction such as ATP hydrolysis. This form of primary active transport is called an ion pump. Secondary active transport utilizes the voltage and ion gradients produced by the primary transport to drive the cotransport of other ions or molecules. These may be transported in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) direction. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Job Satisfaction: Personal satisfaction relative to the work situation. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Juvenile Delinquency: The antisocial acts of children or persons under age which are illegal or lawfully interpreted as constituting delinquency. [NIH] Kaposi: A tumor characterized by development, essentially in men, of violet red patches and nodules on the skin. This disease also affects deeper organs. [NIH] Karyotype: The characteristic chromosome complement of an individual, race, or species as defined by their number, size, shape, etc. [NIH] Kava: Dried rhizome and roots of Piper methysticum, a shrub native to Oceania and known for its anti-anxiety and sedative properties. Heavy usage results in some adverse effects. It contains alkaloids, lactones, kawain, methysticin, mucilage, starch, and yangonin. Kava is also the name of the pungent beverage prepared from the plant's roots. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (receptors, NMethyl-D-Aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually
620 Anxiety
by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Acute: A clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden decrease in glomerular filtration rate, often to values of less than 1 to 2 ml per minute. It is usually associated with oliguria (urine volumes of less than 400 ml per day) and is always associated with biochemical consequences of the reduction in glomerular filtration rate such as a rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine concentrations. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Chronic: An irreversible and usually progressive reduction in renal function in which both kidneys have been damaged by a variety of diseases to the extent that they are unable to adequately remove the metabolic products from the blood and regulate the body's electrolyte composition and acid-base balance. Chronic kidney failure requires hemodialysis or surgery, usually kidney transplantation. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Laparoscopy: Examination, therapy or surgery of the abdomen's interior by means of a laparoscope. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lavage: A cleaning of the stomach and colon. Uses a special drink and enemas. [NIH] Learning Disorders: Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These disorders may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include dyslexia, dyscalculia, and dysgraphia. [NIH] Leiomyoma: A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the uterus and the gastrointestinal tract but can occur in the skin and subcutaneous tissues, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lentivirus: A genus of the family Retroviridae consisting of non-oncogenic retroviruses that produce multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection. Lentiviruses are unique in that they contain open reading frames (ORFs) between the pol and env genes and in the 3' env region. Five serogroups are recognized, reflecting
Dictionary 621
the mammalian hosts with which they are associated. HIV-1 is the type species. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH]
Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukopenia: A condition in which the number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood is reduced. [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Library Services: circulation. [NIH]
Services offered to the library user. They include reference and
Lichen Planus: An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flattopped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a "saw-tooth" pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown. [NIH] Life Expectancy: A figure representing the number of years, based on known statistics, to which any person of a given age may reasonably expect to live. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic
622 Anxiety
number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH] Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of biogenic monoamines in the central nervous system, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems. [NIH] Lithotripsy: The destruction of a calculus of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or gallbladder by physical forces, including crushing with a lithotriptor through a catheter. Focused percutaneous ultrasound and focused hydraulic shock waves may be used without surgery. Lithotripsy does not include the dissolving of stones by acids or litholysis. Lithotripsy by laser is laser lithotripsy. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Living will: A health care directive that tells others how a person would like to be treated if they lose their capacity to make decisions about health care; it contains instructions about the person's choices of medical treatment and it is prepared in advance. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Locus Coeruleus: Bluish region in the superior angle of the fourth ventricle floor, corresponding to melanin-like pigmented nerve cells which lie lateral to the pontomesencephalic central gray (griseum centrale). It is also known as nucleus pigmentosus pontis. [NIH] Loneliness: The state of feeling sad or dejected as a result of lack of companionship or being separated from others. [NIH] Longitudinal Studies: Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH] Long-Term Potentiation: A persistent increase in synaptic efficacy, usually induced by appropriate activation of the same synapses. The phenomenological properties of long-term potentiation suggest that it may be a cellular mechanism of learning and memory. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH]
Dictionary 623
Lorazepam: An anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent. [NIH] Low Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous sprains and strains; intervertebral disk displacement; and other conditions. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphedema: Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes. [NIH]
Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lysergic acid: A compound close in chemical structure to LSD-25 but without hallucinogenic effects; one of the direct chemical predecessors of LSD-25. Sometimes LSD-25 is erroneously called by this name. [NIH] Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Maintenance therapy: Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep
624 Anxiety
working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission. [NIH] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Malformation: A morphologic defect resulting from an intrinsically abnormal developmental process. [EU] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Mammography: Radiographic examination of the breast. [NIH] Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Maximum Tolerated Dose: The highest dose level eliciting signs of toxicity without having major effects on survival relative to the test in which it is used. [NIH] Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool. [NIH] Mechanical ventilation: Use of a machine called a ventilator or respirator to improve the exchange of air between the lungs and the atmosphere. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medroxyprogesterone: (6 alpha)-17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A synthetic
Dictionary 625
progestational hormone used in veterinary practice as an estrus regulator. [NIH] Medroxyprogesterone Acetate: An injectable contraceptive, generally marketed under the name Depo-Provera. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Health Services: Organized services to provide mental health care. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH] Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations. [NIH] Mesencephalic: Ipsilateral oculomotor paralysis and contralateral tremor, spasm. or choreic movements of the face and limbs. [NIH] Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metabolization: The chemical process by which matter is broken down into simpler substances, said especially of food processed by the human body. [EU] Metabotropic:
A glutamate receptor which triggers an increase in production of 2
626 Anxiety
intracellular messengers: diacylglycerol and inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Metastatic cancer: Cancer that has spread from the place in which it started to other parts of the body. [NIH] Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of attention-deficit disorders in children and for narcolepsy. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of dextroamphetamine. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microwaves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum lying between UHF (ultrahigh frequency) radio waves and heat (infrared) waves. Microwaves are used to generate heat, especially in some types of diathermy. They may cause heat damage to tissues. [NIH] Midazolam: A short-acting compound, water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH. It is a hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used for sedation in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. Because of its short duration and cardiorespiratory stability, it is particularly useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. [NIH]
Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineralocorticoid: 1. Any of the group of C21 corticosteroids, principally aldosterone, predominantly involved in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance through their effect on ion transport in epithelial cells of the renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium; some also possess varying degrees of glucocorticoid activity. Their secretion is regulated principally by plasma volume, serum potassium concentration and angiotensin II, and to a lesser extent by anterior pituitary ACTH. 2. Of, pertaining to, having the properties of, or resembling a mineralocorticoid. [EU]
Dictionary 627
Miotic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing miosis : contraction of the pupil. 2. An agent that causes the pupil to contract. 3. Meiotic: characterized by cell division. [EU] Miscarriage: Spontaneous expulsion of the products of pregnancy before the middle of the second trimester. [NIH] Mitral Valve: The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart. [NIH] Mitral Valve Stenosis: The pathologic narrowing of the orifice of the tricuspid valve. [NIH] Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A (RIMA) that has antidepressive properties. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region. [EU]
Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mood Disorders: Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU]
628 Anxiety
Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motivations: The most compelling inner determinants of human behavior; also called drives, urges, impulses, needs, wants, tensions, and willful cravings. [NIH] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]
Motor Skills: Performance of complex motor acts. [NIH] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]
Multiple Myeloma: A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow; characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and anemia. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. [NIH] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position. [NIH] Muscle tension: A force in a material tending to produce extension; the state of being stretched. [NIH] Music Therapy: The use of music as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of neurological, mental, or behavioral disorders. [NIH] Mutism: Inability or refusal to speak. [EU] Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Mycosis Fungoides: A chronic malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages the lymph nodes and viscera are affected. [NIH] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myelofibrosis: A disorder in which the bone marrow is replaced by fibrous tissue. [NIH] Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH]
Dictionary 629
Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Naive: Used to describe an individual who has never taken a certain drug or class of drugs (e. g., AZT-naive, antiretroviral-naive), or to refer to an undifferentiated immune system cell. [NIH] Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Narcosis: A general and nonspecific reversible depression of neuronal excitability, produced by a number of physical and chemical aspects, usually resulting in stupor. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Neck Pain: Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Needle Sharing: Usage of a single needle among two or more people for injecting drugs. Needle sharing is a high-risk behavior for contracting infectious disease. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system
630 Anxiety
with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH]
Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Nervousness: Excessive excitability and irritability, with mental and physical unrest. [EU] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroanatomy: Study of the anatomy of the nervous system as a specialty or discipline. [NIH]
Neurobehavioral Manifestations: Signs and symptoms of higher cortical dysfunction caused by organic conditions. These include certain behavioral alterations and impairments of skills involved in the acquisition, processing, and utilization of knowledge or information. [NIH]
Neurocirculatory Asthenia: A clinical syndrome characterized by palpitation, shortness of breath, labored breathing, subjective complaints of effort and discomfort, all following slight exertion. Other symptoms may be dizziness, tremulousness, sweating, and insomnia. Neurocirculatory asthenia is most typically seen as a form of anxiety disorder. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroendocrinology: The study of the anatomical and functional relationships between the nervous system and the endocrine system. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroma: A tumor that arises in nerve cells. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU]
Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neurosecretory Systems: A system of neurons that has the specialized function to produce and secrete hormones, and that constitutes, in whole or in part, an endocrine organ or system. [NIH] Neurosis: Functional derangement due to disorders of the nervous system which does not affect the psychic personality of the patient. [NIH] Neurotic: 1. Pertaining to or characterized by neurosis. 2. A person affected with a neurosis. [EU]
Dictionary 631
Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nidation: Implantation of the conceptus in the endometrium. [EU] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream. [NIH]
Non-small cell lung cancer: A group of lung cancers that includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. [NIH] Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear Family: A family composed of spouses and their children. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH]
632 Anxiety
Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] Nursing Staff: Personnel who provide nursing service to patients in an organized facility, institution, or agency. [NIH] Observational study: An epidemiologic study that does not involve any intervention, experimental or otherwise. Such a study may be one in which nature is allowed to take its course, with changes in one characteristic being studied in relation to changes in other characteristics. Analytical epidemiologic methods, such as case-control and cohort study designs, are properly called observational epidemiology because the investigator is observing without intervention other than to record, classify, count, and statistically analyze results. [NIH] Obsession: A recurrent, persistent thought, image, or impulse that is unwanted and distressing (ego-dystonic) and comes involuntarily to mind despite attempts to ignore or suppress it. Common obsessions involve thoughts of violence, contamination, and selfdoubt. [EU] Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension. [NIH] Obstetrics: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with management and care of women during pregnancy, parturition, and the puerperium. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Oncologist: A doctor who specializes in treating cancer. Some oncologists specialize in a particular type of cancer treatment. For example, a radiation oncologist specializes in treating cancer with radiation. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Oocytes: Female germ cells in stages between the prophase of the first maturation division and the completion of the second maturation division. [NIH] Oophorectomy: Surgery to remove one or both ovaries. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Operating Rooms: Facilities equipped for performing surgery. [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Ophthalmologic: Pertaining to ophthalmology (= the branch of medicine dealing with the eye). [EU] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic
Dictionary 633
under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Oxytocin: A nonapeptide posterior pituitary hormone that causes uterine contractions and stimulates lactation. [NIH] Pacemaker: An object or substance that influences the rate at which a certain phenomenon occurs; often used alone to indicate the natural cardiac pacemaker or an artificial cardiac pacemaker. In biochemistry, a substance whose rate of reaction sets the pace for a series of interrelated reactions. [EU] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU]
634 Anxiety
Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palpation: Application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine consistence of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the outlines of organs. [NIH] Palpitation: A subjective sensation of an unduly rapid or irregular heart beat. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parent-Child Relations: The interactions between parent and child. [NIH] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parietal Lobe: Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression. [NIH]
Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural
Dictionary 635
and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Care Management: Generating, planning, organizing, and administering medical and nursing care and services for patients. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Patient Satisfaction: The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial. [NIH] Pediatric Dentistry: The practice of dentistry concerned with the dental problems of children, proper maintenance, and treatment. The dental care may include the services provided by dental specialists. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide T: N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor. [NIH] Perceived risk: Estimate or evaluation of risk as observed through personal experience or personal study, and personal evaluation of consequences. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perimenopausal: The time of a woman's life when menstrual periods become irregular. Refers to the time near menopause. [NIH]
636 Anxiety
Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Periodontitis: simplex. [NIH]
Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis
Perioperative: Around the time of surgery; usually lasts from the time of going into the hospital or doctor's office for surgery until the time the patient goes home. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Peristalsis: The rippling motion of muscles in the intestine or other tubular organs characterized by the alternate contraction and relaxation of the muscles that propel the contents onward. [NIH] Personality Disorders: A major deviation from normal patterns of behavior. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phobia: A persistent, irrational, intense fear of a specific object, activity, or situation (the phobic stimulus), fear that is recognized as being excessive or unreasonable by the individual himself. When a phobia is a significant source of distress or interferes with social functioning, it is considered a mental disorder; phobic disorder (or neurosis). In DSM III phobic disorders are subclassified as agoraphobia, social phobias, and simple phobias. Used as a word termination denoting irrational fear of or aversion to the subject indicated by the stem to which it is affixed. [EU] Phobic Disorders: Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the
Dictionary 637
cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Phototherapy: Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths. [NIH] Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their evolutionary history. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physicochemical: Pertaining to physics and chemistry. [EU] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Pituitary-Adrenal System: The interactions between the anterior pituitary and adrenal glands, in which corticotropin (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex and adrenal cortical hormones suppress the production of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plague: An acute infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a
638 Anxiety
fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma Volume: Volume of plasma in the circulation. It is usually measured by indicator dilution techniques. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Population Control: Includes mechanisms or programs which control the numbers of individuals in a population of humans or animals. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH]
Dictionary 639
Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Post-traumatic stress disorder: A psychological disorder that develops in some individuals after a major traumatic experience such as war, rape, domestic violence, or accident. [NIH] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potassium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for potassium ions. [NIH] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precordial: Pertaining to the precordium (= region over the heart and lower part of the thorax). [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Preeclampsia: A toxaemia of late pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria, when convulsions and coma are associated, it is called eclampsia. [EU] Prefrontal Cortex: The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the diencephalon, mesencephalon, and limbic system as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin. [NIH] Prejudice: A preconceived judgment made without adequate evidence and not easily alterable by presentation of contrary evidence. [NIH] Premedication: Preliminary administration of a drug preceding a diagnostic, therapeutic, or
640 Anxiety
surgical procedure. The commonest types of premedication are antibiotics (antibiotic prophylaxis) and anti-anxiety agents. It does not include preanesthetic medication. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prenatal Care: Care provided the pregnant woman in order to prevent complications, and decrease the incidence of maternal and prenatal mortality. [NIH] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Prescription drug abuse: Using two or more drugs interchangeably in an attempt to counteract the adverse effects of one with the other or to potentiate the effects of one with the other, so that an interdependent habit requiring both is formed. [NIH] Pressoreceptors: Receptors in the vascular system, particularly the aorta and carotid sinus, which are sensitive to stretch of the vessel walls. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Presynaptic Terminals: The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Preventive Medicine: A medical specialty primarily concerned with prevention of disease and the promotion and preservation of health in the individual. [NIH] Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease. [NIH] Problem Solving: A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal. [NIH] Profusion: Profusion is the number of small rounded opacities per unit area, that is, per zone. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Prognostic factor: A situation or condition, or a characteristic of a patient, that can be used to estimate the chance of recovery from a disease, or the chance of the disease recurring (coming back). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Progressive disease: Cancer that is increasing in scope or severity. [NIH] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Proneness: Susceptibility to accidents due to human factors. [NIH]
Dictionary 641
Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylactic oophorectomy: Surgery intended to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer by removing the ovaries before disease develops. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region.
642 Anxiety
Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]
Psychological Techniques: Methods used in the diagnosis and treatment of behavioral, personality, and mental disorders. [NIH] Psychological Theory: Principles applied to the analysis and explanation of psychological or behavioral phenomena. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychometrics: Assessment of psychological variables by the application of mathematical procedures. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychopathology: The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness. [NIH] Psychopharmacology: The study of the effects of drugs on mental and behavioral activity. [NIH]
Psychophysiology: The study of the physiological basis of human and animal behavior. [NIH]
Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psychosomatic: Pertaining to the mind-body relationship; having bodily symptoms of psychic, emotional, or mental origin; called also psychophysiologic. [EU] Psychosomatic Medicine: A system of medicine which aims at discovering the exact nature of the relationship between the emotions and bodily function, affirming the principle that the mind and body are one. [NIH] Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Psychotomimetic: Psychosis miming. [NIH] Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU] Psychotropic Drugs: A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function. Here the psychotropic agents include the antidepressive agents,
Dictionary 643
hallucinogens, and tranquilizing agents (including the antipsychotics and anti-anxiety agents). [NIH] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Sector: The area of a nation's economy that is tax-supported and under government control. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Puerperium: Period from delivery of the placenta until return of the reproductive organs to their normal nonpregnant morphologic state. In humans, the puerperium generally lasts for six to eight weeks. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH]
Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Punishment: The application of an unpleasant stimulus or penalty for the purpose of eliminating or correcting undesirable behavior. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Racemic: Optically inactive but resolvable in the way of all racemic compounds. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation oncologist: A doctor who specializes in using radiation to treat cancer. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive
644 Anxiety
substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radio Waves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum beyond the microwaves, with wavelengths as high as 30 KM. They are used in communications, including television. Short Wave or HF (high frequency), UHF (ultrahigh frequency) and VHF (very high frequency) waves are used in citizen's band communication. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Nonimmunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively.
Dictionary 645
At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Randomized Controlled Trials: Clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table. Treatment allocations using coin flips, odd-even numbers, patient social security numbers, days of the week, medical record numbers, or other such pseudo- or quasi-random processes, are not truly randomized and trials employing any of these techniques for patient assignment are designated simply controlled clinical trials. [NIH] Rape: Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim. [NIH] Raphe Nuclei: Collections of small neurons centrally scattered among many fibers from the level of the trochlear nucleus in the midbrain to the hypoglossal area in the medulla oblongata. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Reassurance: A procedure in psychotherapy that seeks to give the client confidence in a favorable outcome. It makes use of suggestion, of the prestige of the therapist. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recur: To occur again. Recurrence is the return of cancer, at the same site as the original (primary) tumor or in another location, after the tumor had disappeared. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU]
646 Anxiety
Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Rehabilitative: Instruction of incapacitated individuals or of those affected with some mental disorder, so that some or all of their lost ability may be regained. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Relaxation Techniques: The use of muscular relaxation techniques in treatment. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal Replacement Therapy: Procedures which temporarily or permanently remedy insufficient cleansing of body fluids by the kidneys. [NIH] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Research Support: Financial support of research activities. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respirator: A mechanical device that helps a patient breathe; a mechanical ventilator. [NIH] Respiratory distress syndrome: A lung disease that occurs primarily in premature infants; the newborn must struggle for each breath and blueing of its skin reflects the baby's inability to get enough oxygen. [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Response rate: treatment. [NIH]
The percentage of patients whose cancer shrinks or disappears after
Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue
Dictionary 647
that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk-Taking: Undertaking a task involving a challenge for achievement or a desirable goal in which there is a lack of certainty or a fear of failure. It may also include the exhibiting of certain behaviors whose outcomes may present a risk to the individual or to those associated with him or her. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH] Saphenous Vein: The vein which drains the foot and leg. [NIH] Saponin: A substance found in soybeans and many other plants. Saponins may help lower cholesterol and may have anticancer effects. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, hallucinations, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Scleroderma:
A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin.
648 Anxiety
Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seasonal Affective Disorder: A syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually at the same time each year, usually during the winter months. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. SAD (seasonal affective disorder) can be treated by daily exposure to bright artificial lights (phototherapy), during the season of recurrence. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Sedentary: 1. Sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. Pertaining to a sitting posture. [EU] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selective estrogen receptor modulator: SERM. A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues, but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are SERMs. [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Self-Examination: The inspection of one's own body, usually for signs of disease (e.g., breast self-examination, testicular self-examination). [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semicircular canal: Three long canals of the bony labyrinth of the ear, forming loops and opening into the vestibule by five openings. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH]
Dictionary 649
Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Education: Education which increases the knowledge of the functional, structural, and behavioral aspects of human reproduction. [NIH] Shame: An emotional attitude excited by realization of a shortcoming or impropriety. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sign Language: A system of hand gestures used for communication by the deaf or by people speaking different languages. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small cell lung cancer: A type of lung cancer in which the cells appear small and round when viewed under the microscope. Also called oat cell lung cancer. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smoking Cessation: Discontinuation of the habit of smoking, the inhaling and exhaling of tobacco smoke. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Smooth Muscle Tumor: A tumor composed of smooth muscle tissue, as opposed to leiomyoma, a tumor derived from smooth muscle. [NIH] Social Behavior: Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the
650 Anxiety
same species. [NIH] Social Class: A stratum of people with similar position and prestige; includes social stratification. Social class is measured by criteria such as education, occupation, and income. [NIH]
Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Isolation: The separation of individuals or groups resulting in the lack of or minimizing of social contact and/or communication. This separation may be accomplished by physical separation, by social barriers and by psychological mechanisms. In the latter, there may be interaction but no real communication. [NIH] Social Security: Government sponsored social insurance programs. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Social Welfare: Organized institutions which provide services to ameliorate conditions of need or social pathology in the community. [NIH] Social Work: The use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. It includes social service agencies. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solitary Nucleus: Gray matter located in the dorsomedial part of the medulla oblongata associated with the solitary tract. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. It is a major coordinator of autonomic nervous system regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of homeostasis. The solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of neurotransmitters which are found therein. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH]
Dictionary 651
Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Injuries: Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., wounds, gunshot; whiplash injuries; etc.). [NIH] Sprains and Strains: A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Startle Reaction: A complex involuntary response to an unexpected strong stimulus usually auditory in nature. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stem cell transplantation: A method of replacing immature blood-forming cells that were
652 Anxiety
destroyed by cancer treatment. The stem cells are given to the person after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and continue producing healthy blood cells. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stethoscope: An instrument used for the detection and study of sounds within the body that conveyed to the ears of the observer through rubber tubing. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH]
Stoma: A surgically created opening from an area inside the body to the outside. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stress management: A set of techniques used to help an individual cope more effectively with difficult situations in order to feel better emotionally, improve behavioral skills, and often to enhance feelings of control. Stress management may include relaxation exercises, assertiveness training, cognitive restructuring, time management, and social support. It can be delivered either on a one-to-one basis or in a group format. [NIH] Stria: 1. A streak, or line. 2. A narrow bandlike structure; a general term for such longitudinal collections of nerve fibres in the brain. [EU] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH]
Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by
Dictionary 653
clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subfornical Organ: A structure, situated close to the intraventricular foramen, which induces drinking behavior after stimulation with angiotensin II. [NIH] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sudden cardiac death: Cardiac arrest caused by an irregular heartbeat. [NIH] Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of migraines. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Supportive care: Treatment given to prevent, control, or relieve complications and side effects and to improve the comfort and quality of life of people who have cancer. [NIH] Survival Analysis: A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but,
654 Anxiety
according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Systolic blood pressure: The maximum pressure in the artery produced as the heart contracts and blood begins to flow. [NIH] Taboo: Any negative tradition or behavior that is generally regarded as harmful to social welfare and forbidden within a cultural or social group. [NIH] Tachykinins: A family of biologically active peptides sharing a common conserved Cterminal sequence, -Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2, where X is either an aromatic or a branched aliphatic amino acid. Members of this family have been found in mammals, amphibians, and mollusks. Tachykinins have diverse pharmacological actions in the central nervous system and the cardiovascular, genitourinary, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems, as well as in glandular tissues. This diversity of activity is due to the existence of three or more subtypes of tachykinin receptors. [NIH] Tamoxifen: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It acts as an agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is an estrogen antagonist in mammary and uterine. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Telencephalon: Paired anteriolateral evaginations of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis. The cerebral hemispheres are derived from it. Many authors consider cerebrum a synonymous term to telencephalon, though a minority include diencephalon as part of the cerebrum (Anthoney, 1994). [NIH] Temperament: Predisposition to react to one's environment in a certain way; usually refers to mood changes. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Terminalis: A groove on the lateral surface of the right atrium. [NIH] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end
Dictionary 655
of transcription. [NIH] Test Anxiety Scale: A self-reporting test consisting of items concerning fear and worry about taking tests and physiological activity, such as heart rate, sweating, etc., before, during, and after tests. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]
Therapeutic Community: Psychotherapeutic technique which emphasizes socioenvironmental and interpersonal influences in the resocialization and rehabilitation of the patient. The setting is usually a hospital unit or ward in which professional and nonprofessional staff interact with the patients. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Tic:
An involuntary compulsive, repetitive, stereotyped movement, resembling a
656 Anxiety
purposeful movement because it is coordinated and involves muscles in their normal synergistic relationships; tics usually involve the face and shoulders. [EU] Tidal Volume: The volume of air inspired or expired during each normal, quiet respiratory cycle. Common abbreviations are TV or V with subscript T. [NIH] Time Management: Planning and control of time to improve efficiency and effectiveness. [NIH]
Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonal: Based on special tests used for a topographic diagnosis of perceptive deafness (damage of the Corti organ, peripheral or central damage, i. e. the auditive cortex). [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torture: The intentional infliction of physical or mental suffering upon an individual or individuals, including the torture of animals. [NIH] Toxaemia: 1. The condition resulting from the spread of bacterial products (toxins) by the bloodstream. 2. A condition resulting from metabolic disturbances, e.g. toxaemia of pregnancy. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH]
Dictionary 657
Tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Trail Making Test: The subject's ability to connect 25 numbered and lettered circles in sequence in a specific length of time. A score of 12 or below is suggestive of organic brain damage. [NIH] Tranquilizing Agents: A traditional grouping of drugs said to have a soothing or calming effect on mood, thought, or behavior. Included here are the anti-anxiety agents (minor tranquilizers), antimanic agents, and the antipsychotic agents (major tranquilizers). These drugs act by different mechanisms and are used for different therapeutic purposes. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transgenes: Genes that are introduced into an organism using gene transfer techniques. [NIH]
Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Transurethral: Performed through the urethra. [EU] Transurethral resection: Surgery performed with a special instrument inserted through the urethra. Also called TUR. [NIH] Transurethral resection of the prostate: Surgical procedure to remove tissue from the prostate using an instrument inserted through the urethra. Also called TURP. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]
Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tricuspid Atresia: Absence of the orifice between the right atrium and ventricle, with the presence of an atrial defect through which all the systemic venous return reaches the left heart. As a result, there is left ventricular hypertrophy because the right ventricle is absent or not functional. [NIH] Tricuspid Valve: The valve consisting of three cusps situated between the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart. [NIH]
658 Anxiety
Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Trigger zone: Dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). [EU] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Ultraviolet radiation: Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. UV radiation can damage the skin and cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. UV radiation that reaches the earth's surface is made up of two types of rays, called UVA and UVB rays. UVB rays are more likely than UVA rays to cause sunburn, but UVA rays pass deeper into the skin. Scientists have long thought that UVB radiation can cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. They now think that UVA radiation also may add to skin damage that can lead to skin cancer and cause premature aging. For this reason, skin specialists recommend that people use sunscreens that reflect, absorb, or scatter both kinds of UV radiation. [NIH] Unconditioned: An inborn reflex common to all members of a species. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Universal Precautions: Prudent standard preventive measures to be taken by professional and other health personnel in contact with persons afflicted with a communicable disease, to avoid contracting the disease by contagion or infection. Precautions are especially applicable in the diagnosis and care of AIDS patients. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the bladder. [NIH]
Dictionary 659
Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinalysis: Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. Routine urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]
Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urologist: A doctor who specializes in diseases of the urinary organs in females and the urinary and sex organs in males. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]
Vagal: Pertaining to the vagus nerve. [EU] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Vagotomy: The interruption or removal of any part of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. Vagotomy may be performed for research or for therapeutic purposes. [NIH] Vagus Nerve: The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx). [NIH] Valerian: Valeriana officinale, an ancient, sedative herb of the large family Valerianaceae. The roots were formerly used to treat hysterias and other neurotic states and are presently used to treat sleep disorders. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in
660 Anxiety
nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venlafaxine: An antidepressant drug that is being evaluated for the treatment of hot flashes in women who have breast cancer. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Venter: Belly. [NIH] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventilator: A breathing machine that is used to treat respiratory failure by promoting ventilation; also called a respirator. [NIH] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Video Recording: The storing or preserving of video signals for television to be played back later via a transmitter or receiver. Recordings may be made on magnetic tape or discs (videodisc recording). [NIH] Videodisc Recording: The storing of visual and usually sound signals on discs for later reproduction on a television screen or monitor. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral vector: A type of virus used in cancer therapy. The virus is changed in the laboratory and cannot cause disease. Viral vectors produce tumor antigens (proteins found on a tumor cell) and can stimulate an antitumor immune response in the body. Viral vectors may also be used to carry genes that can change cancer cells back to normal cells. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the
Dictionary 661
tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Afferents: The sensory fibers innervating the viscera. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Volition: Voluntary activity without external compulsion. [NIH] Voltage-gated: It is opened by the altered charge distribution across the cell membrane. [NIH]
Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Wounds, Gunshot: Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Xerostomia: Decreased salivary flow. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The
662 Anxiety
compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIVinduced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
663
INDEX 3 3-dimensional, 401, 575, 641 A Abdomen, 526, 575, 585, 586, 607, 618, 620, 622, 635, 647, 652, 655, 659, 661 Abdominal, 31, 229, 405, 524, 526, 575, 609, 619, 634, 647, 658 Abdominal Pain, 229, 524, 575, 609, 619, 658 Abortion, 83, 105, 268, 575 Acetaminophen, 523, 575 Acetylcholine, 575, 591, 631 Acidity, 575, 636 Acoustic, 78, 525, 575 Acrylonitrile, 575, 647 Actin, 575, 628, 629 Activities of Daily Living, 4, 575 Actualization, 358, 362, 370, 387, 575 Acute myelogenous leukemia, 575, 576 Acute myeloid leukemia, 403, 575, 576 Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, 575, 576 Adaptation, 33, 52, 86, 280, 363, 370, 576, 617, 638 Adenine, 576 Adenocarcinoma, 576, 631 Adenosine, 76, 576, 587, 637 Adjunctive Therapy, 576, 628 Adjustment, 116, 138, 147, 199, 212, 576 Adolescent Medicine, 88, 278, 539, 576 Adrenal Cortex, 576, 577, 597, 614, 637, 640 Adrenal Glands, 524, 576, 637 Adrenal Medulla, 576, 589, 605, 631 Adrenergic, 58, 560, 576, 578, 580, 581, 601, 605, 653, 658 Adverse Effect, 37, 523, 576, 619, 640, 649 Aerobic, 256, 380, 524, 528, 576, 606 Aerobic Exercise, 256, 380, 524, 576 Aerosol, 576, 631 Affective Symptoms, 229, 576 Afferent, 576, 639 Affinity, 26, 59, 577, 582, 600, 650 Agar, 577, 637 Age Distribution, 6, 577 Age Groups, 151, 577 Age of Onset, 577, 658 Aged, 80 and Over, 577 Agnosia, 511, 577 Agonists, 10, 51, 59, 65, 577 Agoraphobia, 30, 40, 44, 215, 216, 351, 406, 407, 411, 482, 488, 569, 577, 615, 634, 636 Air Pressure, 269, 577 Akathisia, 577, 581 Alcoholic Beverages, 577, 606
Aldosterone, 577, 626 Alertness, 403, 577, 587 Algorithms, 43, 291, 577, 585 Alkaline, 578, 584, 587 Alkaloid, 578, 592, 627, 631 Alleles, 21, 49, 578 Allergen, 578, 599, 648 Allogeneic, 180, 578 Alpha Particles, 578, 643 Alpha-1, 578 Alternative medicine, 308, 519, 578 Ambulatory Care, 578 Amenorrhea, 578, 580 Amino Acid Sequence, 578, 580, 584 Amitriptyline, 526, 561, 578 Ammonia, 578, 653, 658 Amnesia, 511, 578 Amnestic, 578, 608, 626 Amniocentesis, 154, 197, 366, 578 Amniotic Fluid, 578, 579 Amphetamine, 504, 579, 600 Amplification, 254, 579 Ampulla, 579, 604 Anaesthesia, 89, 126, 153, 213, 224, 234, 239, 241, 263, 268, 269, 270, 273, 504, 579, 616 Anal, 98, 356, 378, 579, 608, 622 Analgesic, 26, 309, 575, 579, 593, 595, 604, 627, 631, 632 Analysis of Variance, 31, 579 Anaphylatoxins, 579, 594 Anatomical, 9, 26, 46, 55, 61, 91, 579, 583, 591, 603, 616, 626, 630, 648 Anemia, 522, 579, 612, 628, 662 Anesthetics, 560, 579, 605 Animal model, 9, 21, 36, 50, 60, 75, 77, 91, 139, 153, 170, 177, 198, 258, 265, 300, 579 Anions, 579, 619, 649 Annealing, 579, 638 Anomalies, 107, 202, 579 Anorexia, 26, 324, 326, 580, 609 Anorexia Nervosa, 26, 324, 580 Antagonism, 580, 587, 623 Anthrax, 92, 580 Anti-Anxiety Agents, 580, 640, 643, 657 Antibacterial, 580, 651 Antibiotic, 580, 587, 640, 651 Antibiotic Prophylaxis, 580, 640 Antibodies, 580, 611, 615, 623, 638, 644 Anticholinergic, 578, 580, 590 Anticoagulant, 580, 641 Anticonvulsants, 120, 410, 580 Antidepressive Agents, 580, 642
664 Anxiety
Antiemetic, 580, 581, 600, 611, 614 Antigen, 78, 577, 580, 581, 594, 613, 614, 615, 616, 624, 626, 644, 648 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 581, 594 Antihypertensive, 526, 581 Anti-infective, 581, 619 Anti-inflammatory, 524, 575, 581, 582, 610 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 581, 582 Antipsychotic, 550, 581, 630, 657 Antipyretic, 575, 581 Antitussive, 581, 600, 632 Antiviral, 581, 618, 635 Anuria, 581, 620 Anus, 579, 581, 586, 593, 604, 608, 645 Aorta, 581, 597, 640, 660 Apathy, 89, 581, 630 Aphasia, 511, 578, 581 Apnea, 269, 581 Apolipoproteins, 582, 621 Applicability, 148, 582 Apraxia, 511, 582 Aqueous, 582, 584, 598, 603, 620 Aromatic, 582, 652, 654 Arrhythmia, 11, 239, 325, 407, 582 Arterial, 582, 591, 596, 614, 641, 654 Arteries, 581, 582, 586, 596, 597, 623, 626, 628, 629, 643 Arterioles, 582, 586, 629, 659 Arteriovenous, 232, 582 Arthroplasty, 153, 582 Articular, 582, 633 Artificial Intelligence, 72, 582 Asbestos, 518, 582 Asbestosis, 582 Aspartate, 33, 152, 582, 619 Asphyxia, 582, 631 Aspirin, 523, 561, 582 Assay, 12, 31, 65, 582, 644 Asthenia, 148, 582, 630 Astrocytes, 582, 626, 627 Atopic, 106, 237, 583 Atrial, 583, 596, 657 Atrioventricular, 583, 596 Atrium, 583, 596, 627, 654, 657, 660 Attenuation, 58, 583 Atypical, 276, 583 Auditory, 36, 118, 320, 356, 583, 606, 639, 651, 659 Auditory Perception, 320, 583 Auricular, 118, 283, 312, 583 Autoimmune disease, 524, 583, 628 Autonomic Nervous System, 13, 16, 94, 186, 583, 636, 650, 653 Autoradiography, 12, 583 Autoreceptors, 65, 583 Axilla, 583
B Bacillus, 580, 583 Back Pain, 522, 583 Bacteria, 580, 581, 583, 599, 607, 609, 626, 651, 656, 657, 659 Bacterial Physiology, 576, 583 Bactericidal, 583, 606 Bacteriophage, 583, 637, 657 Bacteriuria, 583, 659 Barium, 584, 586 Baroreflex, 116, 584 Basal Ganglia, 581, 584, 591, 621 Base, 27, 68, 405, 500, 576, 584, 598, 599, 619, 620, 654 Behavioral Medicine, 7, 88, 94, 105, 123, 157, 186, 223, 233, 271, 314, 584 Behavioral Symptoms, 6, 584 Benzene, 584 Benzodiazepines, 4, 44, 46, 114, 115, 120, 155, 163, 260, 280, 335, 523, 560, 584, 587 Bereavement, 221, 286, 584 Beta-Endorphin, 190, 584 Bewilderment, 584, 595 Bibliotherapy, 280, 380, 584 Bicycling, 539, 584 Bile, 584, 609, 622, 652 Binaural, 292, 585 Bioavailability, 27, 585 Biochemical, 52, 120, 121, 267, 403, 578, 585, 620, 633, 649 Biogenic Monoamines, 585, 622 Biological Factors, 17, 18, 410, 585 Biological response modifier, 585, 618 Biopsy, 157, 273, 314, 585, 635 Biosynthesis, 585, 605 Biotechnology, 75, 78, 503, 519, 535, 585 Biotransformation, 585 Bipolar Disorder, 12, 34, 103, 134, 213, 282, 324, 399, 546, 585 Birth Order, 87, 504, 585 Birthmark, 518, 585 Bladder, 189, 585, 594, 616, 622, 628, 641, 658, 659 Blastocyst, 585, 595, 603, 637 Bloating, 526, 585, 619 Blood Cell Count, 585, 612 Blood Coagulation, 585, 586, 587, 655 Blood Glucose, 117, 586, 612, 617 Blood Platelets, 586, 649 Blood-Brain Barrier, 586, 624 Body Composition, 113, 226, 302, 586 Body Fluids, 104, 586, 602, 646, 650 Body Mass Index, 193, 207, 302, 586, 633 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 180, 185, 254, 319, 586 Bowel Movement, 586, 600, 614, 652
Index 665
Bowel Prep, 586 Brachytherapy, 586, 618, 643 Brain Injuries, 102, 586 Brain Stem, 586 Branch, 567, 576, 586, 600, 603, 610, 623, 632, 634, 643, 651, 653, 655 Breakdown, 586, 600, 609 Breast Self-Examination, 7, 586, 648 Breathing Exercises, 587 Broad-spectrum, 29, 587 Bromine, 587 Bronchial, 587, 613 Bronchitis, 587, 592 Bronchopulmonary, 181, 587 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, 181, 587 Bruxism, 513, 587 Buccal, 587, 623 Buffers, 584, 587 Bupropion, 10, 153, 154, 240, 587 Burn Units, 587 Buspirone, 9, 192, 217, 260, 288, 304, 316, 561, 587 C Caffeine, 275, 301, 561, 572, 587 Calcium, 58, 59, 301, 304, 582, 587, 588, 594 Calcium Channels, 58, 587 Calcium-Binding Proteins, 301, 588 Calmodulin, 59, 588 Candidiasis, 325, 514, 588 Candidosis, 588 Candy, 523, 588, 591 Cannabis, 89, 277, 588 Capsules, 404, 411, 588 Carbohydrate, 588, 611, 638, 648 Carbon Dioxide, 34, 56, 57, 108, 588, 608, 609, 614, 637, 646 Carcinogenic, 584, 588, 617, 640, 652 Carcinoid, 179, 588 Carcinoma, 588, 631, 651 Cardiac catheterization, 11, 270, 320, 588 Cardiac Output, 584, 588 Cardiology, 11, 181, 208, 588 Cardiomyopathy, 588 Cardiorespiratory, 576, 588, 626 Cardiotoxic, 589 Cardiovascular, 16, 56, 136, 149, 164, 174, 380, 407, 409, 506, 528, 572, 579, 587, 589, 606, 649, 650, 654 Cardiovascular disease, 136, 528, 589 Cardiovascular System, 149, 506, 589 Carrier Proteins, 589, 644 Case report, 77, 104, 255, 318, 589, 592 Case series, 130, 284, 589, 592 Cataract, 104, 158, 160, 270, 589, 605 Catecholamine, 41, 580, 589, 601, 636 Catheter, 397, 398, 589, 622
Catheterization, 589 Cations, 589, 619 Caudal, 61, 589, 600, 615, 638 Causal, 11, 39, 87, 124, 236, 296, 357, 358, 382, 383, 589, 618 Cause of Death, 10, 589 Cell membrane, 587, 589, 619, 637, 639, 661 Cell Respiration, 589, 646 Cell Transplantation, 403, 589 Central Nervous System, 39, 60, 506, 575, 579, 583, 584, 587, 590, 591, 592, 600, 606, 609, 610, 611, 622, 623, 626, 627, 628, 633, 649, 654 Central Nervous System Infections, 590, 611 Centrifugation, 590, 612 Cerebral Cortex, 46, 590, 606, 608 Cerebral hemispheres, 584, 586, 590, 654 Cerebral Palsy, 513, 590, 651 Cerebrospinal, 77, 590 Cerebrospinal fluid, 590 Cerebrovascular, 589, 590 Cerebrum, 590, 654 Cervical, 84, 106, 294, 311, 590, 629 Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, 106, 590 Cervix, 575, 590, 593, 611 Cetirizine, 590, 614 Character, 261, 483, 590, 598, 610 Chemoreceptor, 581, 590 Chemotactic Factors, 590, 594 Chemotherapeutic agent, 513, 591 Chemotherapy, 167, 186, 196, 410, 523, 591, 611 Chest Pain, 11, 181, 293, 526, 591 Chewing Gum, 514, 591 Child Behavior, 44, 91, 192, 226, 245, 262, 591 Child Psychiatry, 29, 115, 137, 204, 261, 591 Chin, 86, 311, 513, 591, 625 Chlorine, 591 Cholecystokinin, 75, 76, 312, 591 Cholesterol Esters, 591, 621 Cholinergic, 58, 578, 581, 591, 631 Chorea, 581, 591 Choroid, 591, 646 Chromaffin System, 591, 604 Chromatin, 591 Chromosomal, 579, 591 Chromosome, 64, 111, 591, 619, 621 Chronic Disease, 537, 592, 593 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 128, 183, 325, 546, 592 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 83, 146, 148, 272, 275, 283, 592 Chylomicrons, 592, 621 Circadian, 592 Circadian Rhythm, 592
666 Anxiety
Circulatory system, 592, 604 Citalopram, 122, 127, 288, 289, 592 Clamp, 33, 62, 592 Cleft Lip, 514, 592 Clinical study, 212, 410, 592, 596 Clonazepam, 127, 396, 399, 592 Clonic, 592 Cloning, 585, 592 Coca, 592 Cocaine, 49, 100, 561, 572, 592 Cochlea, 593, 617 Cochlear, 407, 593 Codeine, 523, 593, 632 Codon, 301, 593 Cofactor, 593, 641, 655 Cognition, 3, 14, 27, 124, 128, 215, 479, 484, 528, 593, 630 Cognitive behavior therapy, 128, 294, 406, 593 Cognitive restructuring, 593, 652 Colitis, 330, 593, 619 Collagen, 578, 593, 614 Collagen disease, 593, 614 Colon, 222, 518, 537, 538, 539, 586, 593, 617, 619, 620, 658 Colon Polyps, 593 Colonoscopy, 162, 268, 320, 586, 593 Colorectal, 7, 268, 320, 593 Colorectal Cancer, 7, 268, 320, 593 Colposcopy, 106, 122, 294, 593 Combination chemotherapy, 410, 594 Communicable disease, 594, 658 Comorbidity, 4, 23, 28, 39, 45, 67, 68, 72, 99, 101, 102, 103, 127, 132, 133, 141, 148, 151, 164, 193, 195, 213, 229, 240, 252, 266, 273, 278, 292, 484, 594 Complement, 25, 44, 54, 68, 579, 594, 619, 648 Complementary and alternative medicine, 15, 307, 308, 309, 345, 594 Complementary medicine, 309, 594 Complete remission, 594, 646 Compliance, 7, 94, 159, 184, 295, 408, 594 Compulsions, 552, 594, 632 Computational Biology, 535, 594 Computed tomography, 165, 595 Computer Systems, 582, 595 Computerized axial tomography, 595 Computerized tomography, 56, 595 Conception, 575, 595, 596, 607 Concomitant, 67, 192, 270, 288, 595 Condoms, 595 Confusion, 65, 510, 511, 512, 521, 548, 595, 601, 615, 630, 658 Congestion, 581, 595
Connective Tissue, 586, 593, 595, 607, 609, 623, 647 Conscious Sedation, 270, 506, 507, 595 Consciousness, 156, 385, 579, 580, 595, 598, 601, 602, 642 Constipation, 308, 325, 526, 581, 595, 619 Consultation, 31, 42, 44, 52, 69, 70, 150, 595 Consumer Advocacy, 293, 595 Consumption, 58, 110, 214, 372, 595, 609, 633 Contamination, 595, 632 Continuum, 68, 87, 147, 595 Contraception, 268, 596 Contraceptive, 596, 625 Contractility, 31, 596 Contraindications, ii, 528, 596 Contrast medium, 596, 597 Control group, 8, 21, 54, 309, 596, 644 Controlled clinical trial, 4, 14, 28, 46, 53, 71, 163, 272, 294, 321, 596, 645 Controlled study, 82, 84, 103, 112, 203, 213, 300, 310, 596 Conventional therapy, 596 Conventional treatment, 308, 596 Convulsions, 596, 602, 603, 615, 639 Convulsive, 596 Coordination, 286, 596, 628 Cor, 10, 58, 59, 61, 65, 75, 77, 139, 596, 597, 637 Core biopsy, 216, 596 Coronary Angiography, 161, 315, 597 Coronary Arteriosclerosis, 597, 629 Coronary Artery Bypass, 97, 145, 161, 170, 214, 233, 253, 597 Coronary heart disease, 10, 589, 597 Coronary Thrombosis, 597, 626, 628, 629 Corpus, 597, 635, 640, 655, 661 Corpus Luteum, 597, 640 Cortex, 27, 38, 61, 202, 582, 597, 604, 606, 639, 656 Cortical, 36, 166, 315, 597, 606, 630, 637, 639, 648 Corticosteroids, 139, 523, 597, 610, 626 Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, 10, 75, 597 Cortisol, 31, 41, 56, 91, 242, 245, 400, 524, 597 Cortisone, 524, 597 Cranial, 597, 611, 633, 636, 659 Craniocerebral Trauma, 597, 611 Criterion, 43, 273, 365, 597 Crowns, 597, 599 Cues, 10, 15, 158, 183, 366, 379, 386, 511, 597 Curare, 597, 628 Curative, 598, 631, 655
Index 667
Cutaneous, 403, 580, 588, 598, 623 Cyclic, 587, 588, 598, 637 Cytokine, 183, 275, 598 Cytoplasm, 589, 598, 604, 627, 647 Cytotoxic, 598, 644 D Databases, Bibliographic, 535, 598 Day Care, 349, 512, 598 Deamination, 598, 627, 658 Decision Making, 100, 234, 598 Degenerative, 546, 598, 613, 628, 633 Dehydration, 514, 598 Deletion, 50, 598 Delirium, 112, 227, 581, 598 Delivery of Health Care, 598, 612 Delusion, 512, 598, 647 Dementia, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123, 324, 325, 329, 507, 509, 521, 581, 598, 600 Denaturation, 598, 638 Dendrites, 599, 630 Density, 190, 193, 221, 223, 285, 586, 590, 599, 621, 632 Dental Abutments, 599 Dental Care, 144, 168, 599, 635 Dental Caries, 514, 599, 608 Dental implant, 514, 599 Dentate Gyrus, 599, 613 Dentists, 505, 506, 599 Dentures, 513, 599 Depersonalization, 599, 634, 647 Derealization, 599, 634 Dermal, 599, 621 Dermatitis, 106, 325, 599, 614 Desensitization, 79, 309, 318, 348, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 363, 382, 383, 504, 506, 599, 616 Desipramine, 284, 408, 599 Detoxification, 183, 266, 600 Deuterium, 600, 614 Developmental psychology, 119, 600 Dextroamphetamine, 579, 600, 626 Diabetes Mellitus, 117, 178, 600, 610, 612 Diagnostic procedure, 415, 519, 600 Dialyzer, 600, 612 Diarrhea, 308, 526, 600, 619 Diencephalon, 600, 615, 639, 654, 655 Diffuse Axonal Injury, 586, 600 Digestion, 584, 586, 600, 602, 618, 622, 635, 652 Digestive system, 414, 600 Digestive tract, 600, 605, 649, 651 Dilatation, 575, 600, 618 Dilution, 600, 638 Diphenhydramine, 397, 600 Direct, iii, 4, 15, 24, 25, 32, 38, 49, 62, 537, 559, 600, 601, 614, 623, 645, 654
Discrete, 600, 621 Discrimination, 27, 583, 600 Disease Progression, 601 Disinfectant, 601, 606 Disorientation, 512, 595, 598, 601 Dissection, 58, 601 Dissociation, 49, 371, 395, 577, 601 Dissociative Disorders, 601 Distal, 597, 601, 636, 640, 641 Diuresis, 587, 601 Dizziness, 79, 410, 505, 525, 570, 601, 630, 634, 660 Domestic Violence, 81, 601, 639 Dopamine, 579, 581, 587, 593, 600, 601, 627, 631 Dorsal, 50, 61, 65, 66, 209, 601, 638 Dorsum, 601 Dose-dependent, 601, 662 Double-blinded, 114, 601 Dreams, 234, 499, 601 Drinking Behavior, 602, 653 Drive, ii, vii, 59, 61, 299, 486, 505, 506, 523, 602, 619, 621 Drug Evaluation, 410, 602, 606 Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, 602, 606 Drug Interactions, 562, 602 Drug Resistance, 602 Drug Tolerance, 26, 602, 656 Duct, 579, 589, 602, 606, 647, 653 Duke, 10, 15, 29, 44, 62, 300, 301, 390, 521, 602 Duodenum, 584, 602, 604, 652 Dyskinesia, 581, 592, 602 Dyspepsia, 101, 179, 526, 602 Dysphagia, 101, 602 Dysphoria, 355, 411, 602 Dysphoric, 599, 602 Dyspnea, 156, 602, 634 Dystonia, 581, 602 E Eating Disorders, 26, 49, 103, 132, 193, 250, 326, 492, 539, 602 Eclampsia, 602, 639 Edema, 602, 623, 639 Effector, 575, 594, 602, 636 Ego, 355, 369, 603, 632, 645 Elastic, 603, 610 Elective, 11, 105, 213, 233, 244, 245, 387, 603 Electric shock, 394, 397, 400, 401, 603 Electrocardiogram, 397, 398, 603 Electroconvulsive Therapy, 603 Electrolyte, 577, 598, 603, 620, 626, 639, 650 Electromyography, 31, 603 Electrons, 584, 603, 619, 643, 644 Electrophysiological, 36, 37, 50, 61, 385, 603
668 Anxiety
Embryo, 266, 575, 585, 603, 616, 625 Embryo Transfer, 266, 603 Embryology, 603, 607 Emphysema, 363, 592, 603 Empirical, 12, 18, 22, 28, 34, 35, 53, 54, 62, 67, 81, 120, 212, 355, 375, 376, 603 Emulsion, 583, 603, 608 Enamel, 599, 603 Endemic, 184, 604 Endocarditis, 588, 604 Endocrine Glands, 604 Endocrine System, 66, 604, 630 Endogenous, 26, 65, 275, 584, 601, 604 Endometrium, 604, 611, 625, 631 Endorphin, 31, 584, 604 Endoscope, 594, 604, 605 Endoscopic, 281, 593, 604, 626 Endoscopy, 101, 162, 179, 268, 270, 604 Endothelium, 16, 604 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 604 Endothelium, Vascular, 604 Endotoxins, 594, 604 Enema, 604 Energy balance, 537, 604 Enhancer, 289, 604 Enkephalin, 9, 584, 604 Entorhinal Cortex, 604, 613 Enuresis, 604 Environmental Health, 239, 534, 536, 605 Enzymatic, 578, 585, 587, 594, 599, 605, 613, 638 Enzyme, 12, 602, 605, 627, 635, 636, 638, 641, 653, 661, 662 Epidemic, 481, 605 Epidemiological, 34, 41, 46, 69, 93, 99, 243, 605 Epidermal, 605, 621 Epidermis, 605, 621 Epinephrine, 576, 601, 605, 631, 658 Epithelial, 576, 605, 613, 626 Epithelial Cells, 605, 613, 626 Epithelium, 604, 605, 609 Erectile, 15, 273, 527, 605, 635 Erection, 527, 605 Ergometry, 584, 605 Ergot, 605, 623 ERV, 249, 541, 605, 606 Erythrocytes, 579, 585, 586, 605, 645, 648 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, 126, 605 Esophagus, 600, 605, 645, 652 Estrogen, 32, 76, 116, 412, 605, 606, 648, 654 Estrogen Antagonists, 33, 605 Estrogen receptor, 76, 116, 606 Ethanol, 33, 43, 51, 58, 577, 592, 606 Ethinyl Estradiol, 77, 606 Ethnic Groups, 121, 187, 606
Eukaryotic Cells, 606, 616, 633 Evacuation, 595, 606 Evaluation Studies, 539, 606 Evoke, 394, 606, 652 Evoked Potentials, 156, 314, 606 Excitation, 590, 606, 631 Excitatory, 65, 606, 610 Excrete, 581, 606, 619 Exercise Test, 584, 606 Exocrine, 591, 606, 634 Exogenous, 585, 604, 606, 610, 658 Expiration, 587, 606, 646 Expiratory, 605, 606 Expiratory Reserve Volume, 605, 606 Extensor, 606, 641 External-beam radiation, 607, 643 Extracellular, 582, 595, 607, 650 Extracorporeal, 203, 607 Extraction, 21, 607 Extrapyramidal, 577, 581, 601, 607 Extravasation, 607, 612 Extroversion, 388, 607 Eye Movements, 120, 607 F Facial, 47, 120, 148, 167, 228, 252, 293, 313, 397, 400, 405, 514, 525, 546, 570, 607, 650 Facial Expression, 47, 120, 228, 405, 607 Fallopian tube, 607, 611 Family Planning, 535, 607 Family Practice, 88, 90, 94, 150, 155, 179, 189, 607 Family Relations, 507, 607 Fat, 193, 586, 596, 597, 607, 621, 628, 633, 647, 650 Fathers, 133, 169, 350, 380, 607 Fatty acids, 77, 607 Feces, 595, 607, 652 Feeding Behavior, 26, 607 Fetal Heart, 162, 196, 607 Fetal Movement, 196, 607 Fetus, 575, 607, 637, 640, 659 Fibroid, 607, 620 Fibrosis, 514, 607, 648 Fissure, 599, 607, 639 Fixation, 608, 648 Flatulence, 608 Flatus, 608, 609 Flexor, 606, 608, 621 Fluorine, 608 Fluoxetine, 86, 171, 172, 396, 408, 410, 608 Fluvoxamine, 19, 37, 38, 100, 172, 189, 255, 409, 412, 608 Fold, 607, 608 Forearm, 394, 397, 401, 586, 608 Fourth Ventricle, 608, 622, 655 Free Radicals, 601, 608
Index 669
Frontal Lobe, 27, 608, 639 Functional magnetic resonance imaging, 36, 56, 396, 405, 608 Fungus, 588, 605, 608, 628 G GABA, 50, 51, 206, 221, 244, 280, 337, 388, 488, 592, 609 Galanin, 301, 609 Gallbladder, 575, 591, 600, 609, 622 Gamma Rays, 609, 643, 644 Ganglia, 575, 609, 630, 636, 653 Ganglionic Blockers, 609, 624 Gas, 578, 588, 591, 605, 608, 609, 614, 619, 631, 643, 646, 659, 660 Gas exchange, 609, 646, 660 Gastric, 609, 613, 635 Gastric Juices, 609, 635 Gastric Mucosa, 609, 635 Gastrin, 609, 613 Gastroenteritis, 587, 609 Gastrointestinal Neoplasms, 582, 609 Gastrointestinal tract, 39, 606, 607, 608, 609, 620, 624, 649 Gene Expression, 43, 47, 58, 61, 609 Gene Expression Profiling, 47, 61, 609 Gene Targeting, 60, 610 General practitioner, 83, 86, 227, 295, 610 Generator, 610 Genetic testing, 223, 610, 638 Genetics, 21, 29, 34, 38, 39, 48, 55, 68, 111, 116, 119, 124, 169, 177, 178, 192, 248, 261, 322, 399, 610 Genital, 15, 610 Genitourinary, 610, 654 Genomics, 29, 47, 610 Genotype, 610, 636 Germ Cells, 610, 625, 632, 650, 655 Gestation, 610, 636, 637 Ginseng, 321, 343, 610 Gland, 576, 591, 597, 610, 623, 634, 637, 641, 648, 652, 653, 655 Glucocorticoid, 33, 200, 610, 614, 626 Glucose, 398, 586, 600, 610, 612, 614, 617 Glucose Intolerance, 600, 610 Glutamate, 51, 610, 625 Glutamic Acid, 76, 610, 631 Gluten, 101, 305, 610 Glycine, 578, 611, 631 Glycoproteins, 587, 611, 619, 625, 639 Gonadal, 611, 652 Governing Board, 611, 639 Gp120, 611, 635 Grafting, 170, 253, 597, 611 Granisetron, 196, 611 Gynaecological, 228, 317, 611 Gynecologic cancer, 165, 611
H Habitual, 590, 611 Habituation, 156, 314, 611 Hallucination, 611 Hallucinogen, 127, 611, 623 Handedness, 169, 611 Happiness, 406, 489, 611 Haptens, 577, 611, 644 Headache, 6, 91, 107, 133, 145, 216, 276, 279, 329, 410, 522, 523, 587, 611, 615 Headache Disorders, 611 Health Behavior, 16, 612 Health Care Costs, 53, 612 Health Expenditures, 612 Health Policy, 24, 612 Health Promotion, 537, 539, 612 Health Services, 42, 54, 69, 84, 274, 311, 352, 598, 612 Heart attack, 589, 612 Heart Transplantation, 226, 612 Heartbeat, 180, 612, 653 Hematocrit, 31, 585, 612 Hematoma, 158, 165, 612 Hemiparesis, 586, 612 Hemodialysis, 162, 353, 600, 612, 620 Hemoglobin, 31, 579, 585, 605, 612, 621 Hemorrhage, 597, 611, 612, 652 Hemostasis, 612, 649 Hepatic, 40, 598, 612, 627 Hepatitis, 76, 146, 149, 180, 183, 227, 289, 613 Hepatocytes, 613 Hereditary, 613, 628 Heredity, 609, 610, 613 Heritability, 20, 39, 169, 180, 613 Herpes, 9, 43, 209, 613 Herpes virus, 9, 43, 613 Herpes Zoster, 613 Heterogeneity, 577, 613 Hippocampus, 46, 51, 60, 61, 599, 613, 621, 653 Histamine, 579, 581, 590, 600, 613, 614 Homeostasis, 247, 319, 613, 650 Homogeneous, 595, 613 Homologous, 58, 578, 610, 613, 648, 654 Hormonal, 31, 41, 65, 613 Hormone Replacement Therapy, 165, 412, 613 Hospice, 240, 291, 302, 322, 389, 613 Human Development, 25, 115, 117, 137, 181, 196, 204, 261, 534, 613 Hydrocortisone, 398, 614 Hydrogen, 575, 584, 587, 588, 598, 600, 614, 627, 631, 636, 641 Hydrogenation, 584, 614 Hydrolysis, 201, 585, 614, 619, 638, 641
670 Anxiety
Hydrophobic, 614, 621 Hydroxyproline, 578, 593, 614 Hydroxyzine, 162, 182, 338, 614 Hyperalgesia, 76, 526, 614 Hyperplasia, 614, 621 Hypersensitivity, 73, 578, 599, 600, 614, 647, 648 Hypertension, 121, 326, 327, 483, 589, 611, 614, 624, 639 Hyperthyroidism, 146, 183, 327, 614 Hypertrophy, 596, 614, 657 Hyperventilation, 183, 211, 281, 570, 614 Hypnotherapy, 49, 331, 351, 614 Hypnotic, 353, 380, 504, 523, 600, 614, 623, 626 Hypochondriasis, 272, 327, 489, 614 Hypoglycaemia, 598, 614 Hypothalamic, 56, 615 Hypothalamus, 583, 597, 600, 604, 615, 621, 637, 655 Hypoxia, 90, 598, 615 Hypoxic, 76, 615 Hysterectomy, 225, 615 I Id, 303, 323, 547, 549, 553, 566, 568, 603, 615 Idiopathic, 403, 615 Idiopathic myelofibrosis, 403, 615 Illusion, 615, 660 Imaging procedures, 410, 615, 657 Imipramine, 157, 284, 412, 615 Immersion, 31, 615 Immune function, 65, 615 Immune response, 580, 583, 597, 611, 615, 648, 653, 660, 661 Immune system, 528, 615, 616, 623, 628, 629, 661 Immunization, 615, 616, 640, 648 Immunodeficiency, 613, 615 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 613, 615 Immunogenic, 615, 644 Immunohistochemistry, 9, 615 Immunologic, 590, 613, 615, 644, 662 Immunology, 577, 615 Immunosuppression, 615, 633 Immunosuppressive, 610, 615, 616 Immunotherapy, 183, 599, 616 Implant radiation, 616, 618, 643 Implantable pump, 616 Impotence, 527, 570, 605, 616 In situ, 43, 616 In Situ Hybridization, 43, 616 In vitro, 266, 602, 603, 616, 638 In vivo, 52, 57, 125, 616 Incision, 616, 618 Incontinence, 101, 616
Induction, 235, 269, 376, 504, 581, 609, 616, 619 Infancy, 506, 600, 616 Infant Behavior, 591, 616 Infant, Newborn, 577, 616 Infarction, 616 Infection Control, 616 Inflammatory bowel disease, 147, 617 Informed Consent, 112, 395, 617 Infusion, 65, 617 Ingestion, 33, 580, 617, 638 Inhalation, 34, 57, 74, 126, 225, 238, 507, 576, 582, 617, 638 Initiation, 56, 276, 617 Inner ear, 229, 525, 617 Innervation, 56, 617 Inositol, 339, 617, 626 Inotropic, 601, 617 Inpatients, 99, 108, 145, 167, 192, 309, 617 Insight, 33, 55, 158, 195, 504, 617 Institutional Practice, 512, 617 Institutionalization, 5, 617 Insulator, 617, 628 Insulin, 193, 617, 658 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 617 Intensive Care, 112, 203, 224, 260, 286, 587, 617, 618 Intensive Care Units, 203, 618 Interferon, 183, 289, 618 Interferon-alpha, 183, 289, 618 Interleukins, 524, 528, 618 Intermittent, 618, 622 Internal Medicine, 95, 104, 171, 220, 618 Internal radiation, 618, 643 Interpersonal Relations, 30, 618 Intervention Studies, 53, 618 Intervertebral, 618, 623 Intervertebral Disk Displacement, 618, 623 Intestinal, 591, 618 Intestinal Mucosa, 591, 618 Intestine, 586, 593, 618, 620, 636 Intoxication, 598, 618, 661 Intracellular, 59, 587, 616, 618, 626, 639, 645 Intracranial Aneurysm, 232, 618 Intraepithelial, 618 Intramuscular, 507, 618 Intravenous, 507, 617, 618 Intrinsic, 188, 577, 618 Invasive, 527, 618, 623 Involuntary, 591, 604, 618, 629, 645, 650, 651, 655 Iodine, 619 Ion Channels, 582, 619, 654 Ion Transport, 619, 626 Ionizing, 578, 619, 644
Index 671
Ions, 158, 575, 584, 587, 588, 601, 603, 614, 619, 627, 639 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 94, 101, 154, 219, 256, 327, 526, 527, 549, 619 J Job Satisfaction, 229, 357, 619 Joint, 106, 162, 189, 191, 365, 514, 582, 608, 619, 633, 651, 653 Juvenile Delinquency, 539, 619 K Kaposi, 619 Karyotype, 578, 619 Kb, 534, 619 Keratolytic, 599, 619 Ketamine, 507, 619 Kidney Failure, 536, 619, 620 Kidney Failure, Acute, 619, 620 Kidney Failure, Chronic, 620 Kinetic, 619, 620 L Labile, 594, 620 Labyrinth, 593, 617, 620, 648, 660 Laceration, 620 Lactation, 620, 633 Laparoscopy, 620 Large Intestine, 593, 600, 618, 620, 645, 649 Larynx, 401, 620, 657, 659 Latent, 34, 45, 67, 72, 74, 192, 236, 620, 639 Lavage, 162, 620 Learning Disorders, 524, 620 Leiomyoma, 607, 620, 649 Lens, 589, 620, 661 Lentivirus, 613, 620 Lesion, 27, 597, 621, 622, 654 Leucine, 584, 621, 635 Leukemia, 410, 621 Leukocytes, 585, 586, 590, 618, 621, 627 Leukopenia, 621, 662 Libido, 621 Library Services, 566, 621 Lichen Planus, 95, 621 Life Expectancy, 372, 621 Ligament, 607, 621, 641, 651 Limbic, 27, 33, 55, 579, 621, 639 Limbic System, 579, 621, 639 Linkage, 20, 31, 34, 39, 96, 621 Lip, 160, 202, 514, 592, 621 Lipid, 249, 582, 617, 621, 626, 628 Lipopolysaccharide, 61, 621 Lipoprotein, 193, 621, 623 Lithium, 581, 621, 622 Lithium Carbonate, 622 Lithotripsy, 203, 622 Liver, 192, 279, 301, 575, 584, 600, 603, 607, 609, 612, 613, 622, 627, 658 Liver Transplantation, 279, 622
Living will, 511, 622 Lobe, 27, 622 Localization, 254, 615, 622 Localized, 40, 65, 586, 599, 608, 612, 616, 621, 622, 627, 629, 637, 648, 659 Locomotion, 263, 622, 637 Locus Coeruleus, 66, 622 Loneliness, 215, 348, 524, 622 Longitudinal Studies, 73, 622 Longitudinal study, 81, 101, 116, 143, 144, 192, 236, 265, 273, 320, 622 Long-Term Care, 6, 622 Long-Term Potentiation, 59, 622 Loop, 622 Lorazepam, 268, 402, 560, 623 Low Back Pain, 121, 202, 236, 300, 623 Low-density lipoprotein, 621, 623 Lumbar, 583, 618, 623 Lupus, 327, 329, 514, 523, 524, 593, 623 Lymph, 522, 590, 592, 604, 613, 614, 623, 628 Lymph node, 590, 614, 623, 628 Lymphadenopathy, 613, 623 Lymphatic, 604, 616, 623, 650 Lymphatic system, 623, 650 Lymphedema, 522, 623 Lymphocyte, 581, 616, 623, 624 Lymphoid, 580, 597, 623 Lymphoma, 403, 623, 628 Lysergic acid, 127, 623 Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, 127, 623 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 158, 314, 394, 399, 403, 404, 623 Maintenance therapy, 406, 623 Malaise, 602, 624 Malformation, 232, 624 Malignancy, 170, 624 Malignant, 280, 321, 576, 624, 628, 629, 644, 647 Malignant tumor, 624, 628 Mammary, 597, 624, 654 Mammogram, 6, 155, 242, 624 Mammography, 6, 194, 624 Mandible, 591, 624 Mania, 196, 282, 624 Manic, 242, 581, 585, 622, 624, 642 Manic-depressive psychosis, 624, 642 Manifest, 41, 191, 196, 257, 349, 351, 361, 363, 364, 366, 372, 374, 378, 382, 384, 504, 624 Maxillary, 592, 624 Maximum Tolerated Dose, 602, 624 Mecamylamine, 300, 624 Mechanical ventilation, 195, 587, 624 Medial, 27, 33, 38, 58, 76, 164, 592, 624
672 Anxiety
Mediate, 46, 58, 61, 66, 164, 601, 603, 624 Mediator, 388, 591, 624, 649 Medical Staff, 250, 601, 624 Medicament, 624 MEDLINE, 535, 624 Medroxyprogesterone, 412, 624, 625 Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, 412, 625 Meiosis, 625, 654 Melanin, 622, 625, 658 Membrane Glycoproteins, 625 Memory, 5, 6, 97, 139, 146, 162, 171, 184, 193, 199, 215, 279, 324, 333, 369, 387, 390, 397, 398, 403, 525, 548, 578, 598, 622, 625 Meninges, 590, 597, 625 Menopause, 95, 328, 412, 488, 625, 635, 638 Menstrual Cycle, 220, 225, 625, 640 Menstruation, 578, 625 Mental Disorders, 13, 24, 42, 55, 68, 414, 492, 548, 591, 625, 640, 642 Mental Health Services, v, 8, 28, 52, 69, 262, 507, 540, 541, 550, 551, 625 Mental Processes, 60, 601, 625, 642 Mental Retardation, 12, 20, 115, 149, 625 Mentors, 11, 30, 55, 60, 70, 625 Mesencephalic, 622, 625 Mesoderm, 592, 625 Mesolimbic, 581, 625 Meta-Analysis, 81, 84, 258, 271, 300, 625 Metabolite, 284, 585, 614, 625 Metabolization, 151, 625 Metabotropic, 625 Metastasis, 626 Metastatic, 90, 626 Metastatic cancer, 90, 626 Methylphenidate, 97, 626 MI, 93, 283, 573, 626 Microbe, 626, 656 Microglia, 582, 626, 627 Microorganism, 593, 626, 634, 661 Micro-organism, 599, 626 Microwaves, 626, 644 Midazolam, 225, 267, 561, 626 Migration, 592, 626 Mineralocorticoid, 200, 626 Miotic, 627, 637 Miscarriage, 102, 627 Mitral Valve, 112, 328, 627 Mitral Valve Stenosis, 112, 627 Moclobemide, 200, 288, 627 Modeling, 67, 74, 124, 348, 359, 360, 365, 374, 627 Modification, 22, 239, 242, 267, 277, 347, 349, 352, 369, 375, 378, 507, 578, 627, 643, 661 Modulator, 65, 627
Molecular Structure, 627, 658 Molecule, 27, 398, 581, 584, 594, 601, 602, 606, 611, 614, 627, 644, 645, 659 Monitor, 15, 62, 73, 320, 394, 397, 402, 404, 409, 521, 537, 627, 631, 660 Monoamine, 560, 579, 580, 600, 627, 658 Monoamine Oxidase, 560, 579, 580, 600, 627, 658 Monoclonal, 627, 644 Monocytes, 621, 627 Mononuclear, 627 Morphine, 593, 627, 629, 632 Morphological, 47, 603, 608, 627 Motility, 627, 649 Motion Sickness, 328, 628, 629 Motivations, 277, 628 Motor nerve, 628 Motor Skills, 114, 380, 628 Movement Disorders, 513, 581, 628 Mucins, 611, 628, 647 Mucosa, 609, 623, 628 Multicenter study, 40, 628 Multiple Myeloma, 403, 628 Multiple sclerosis, 146, 186, 261, 513, 522, 628 Muscle Contraction, 397, 628 Muscle relaxant, 523, 580, 628 Muscle Relaxation, 268, 320, 377, 380, 390, 405, 628 Muscle tension, 628 Music Therapy, 7, 159, 161, 315, 403, 628 Mutism, 77, 233, 628 Mycosis, 403, 628 Mycosis Fungoides, 403, 628 Myelin, 628 Myelofibrosis, 628 Myeloma, 403, 628 Myocardial infarction, 116, 134, 147, 160, 195, 202, 597, 626, 628, 629 Myocardial Ischemia, 236, 629 Myocardium, 626, 628, 629 Myosin, 628, 629 N Naive, 125, 320, 629 Naloxone, 584, 629 Narcolepsy, 247, 272, 522, 600, 626, 629 Narcosis, 629 Narcotic, 506, 627, 629, 631 Nausea, 236, 280, 308, 309, 410, 522, 526, 571, 580, 581, 609, 629, 634, 658 NCI, 1, 401, 403, 405, 410, 413, 533, 629 Neck Pain, 119, 629 Necrosis, 616, 626, 628, 629 Needle Sharing, 629 Neonatal, 61, 93, 105, 138, 316, 629 Neoplasia, 629
Index 673
Neoplasm, 403, 585, 629, 647, 658 Neoplastic, 586, 614, 623, 629 Nervousness, 15, 402, 504, 630 Networks, 27, 52, 61, 630 Neuroanatomy, 37, 158, 621, 630 Neurobehavioral Manifestations, 586, 600, 630 Neurocirculatory Asthenia, 503, 630 Neuroendocrine, 33, 205, 630 Neuroendocrinology, 33, 630 Neuroleptic, 577, 581, 630 Neurologic, 99, 580, 586, 613, 630 Neuroma, 525, 630 Neuronal, 58, 61, 152, 587, 592, 629, 630 Neurons, 33, 40, 61, 65, 66, 301, 593, 599, 606, 609, 628, 630, 631, 645, 653, 654 Neuropathy, 527, 630, 636 Neuropeptide, 43, 597, 630 Neurosecretory Systems, 604, 630 Neurosis, 86, 311, 480, 503, 515, 614, 630, 636 Neurotic, 580, 630, 659 Neurotransmitter, 50, 51, 575, 576, 578, 601, 609, 610, 611, 613, 619, 631, 653, 654, 658 Neutrons, 578, 631, 643 Niacin, 303, 631, 658 Nicotine, 62, 110, 158, 301, 631 Nidation, 603, 631 Nitrogen, 578, 608, 620, 631, 658 Nitrous Oxide, 163, 225, 507, 631 Non-small cell lung cancer, 410, 631 Nonverbal Communication, 631, 642 Norepinephrine, 66, 576, 578, 599, 601, 631 Nuclear, 584, 603, 606, 607, 609, 621, 629, 631, 655 Nuclear Family, 607, 631 Nuclei, 58, 61, 65, 66, 578, 579, 603, 621, 623, 631, 633, 641 Nucleic acid, 616, 631, 661 Nursing Care, 156, 510, 632, 635 Nursing Staff, 278, 511, 632 O Observational study, 212, 632 Obsession, 142, 594, 632 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 3, 216, 249, 255, 278, 393, 408, 412, 546, 549, 552, 608, 632 Obstetrics, 95, 98, 106, 107, 122, 133, 145, 197, 208, 228, 254, 270, 292, 294, 317, 632 Ocular, 585, 632 Oliguria, 620, 632 Oncologist, 146, 632 Oocytes, 632 Oophorectomy, 632 Opacity, 589, 599, 632 Operating Rooms, 632
Operon, 632, 646 Ophthalmologic, 602, 632 Opiate, 526, 584, 604, 627, 629, 632 Opium, 627, 632 Opportunistic Infections, 632 Optic Nerve, 633, 646 Oral Health, 150, 513, 552, 633 Oral Hygiene, 513, 633 Orbit, 633 Orbital, 38, 158, 633 Organelles, 590, 598, 627, 633 Orofacial, 221, 225, 505, 513, 633 Orthostatic, 41, 581, 633 Osteoarthritis, 162, 538, 633 Osteoporosis, 190, 223, 327, 537, 633 Outpatient, 5, 28, 234, 268, 289, 393, 407, 411, 412, 508, 633 Ovaries, 611, 632, 633, 641, 649 Overweight, 303, 537, 633 Ovum, 597, 610, 633, 640 Oxazepam, 214, 341, 633 Oxygen Consumption, 606, 633, 646 Oxytocin, 31, 633 P Pacemaker, 633 Paediatric, 126, 143, 164, 172, 211, 218, 245, 246, 269, 272, 273, 293, 633 Palate, 252, 514, 634 Palliative, 106, 142, 280, 309, 321, 354, 634, 655 Palpation, 607, 634 Palpitation, 630, 634 Pancreas, 575, 600, 617, 634 Pancreatic, 591, 634 Paralysis, 570, 582, 597, 612, 625, 634, 651 Parent-Child Relations, 30, 211, 634 Paresthesias, 571, 634 Parietal, 158, 634 Parietal Lobe, 634 Parkinsonism, 581, 634 Paroxetine, 17, 53, 77, 84, 154, 163, 164, 213, 224, 233, 259, 281, 288, 292, 311, 396, 399, 406, 561, 634 Partial remission, 634, 646 Particle, 634, 657 Parturition, 632, 634 Patch, 33, 62, 634 Pathogen, 39, 634 Pathogenesis, 56, 68, 165, 634 Pathologic, 585, 588, 596, 614, 627, 634, 642 Pathophysiology, 25, 34, 77, 141, 205, 635 Patient Care Management, 513, 635 Patient Satisfaction, 69, 635 Pediatric Dentistry, 506, 507, 635 Pelvic, 200, 635, 641 Pelvis, 575, 623, 633, 635, 658, 659
674 Anxiety
Penis, 595, 635 Pepsin, 635 Pepsin A, 635 Peptic, 175, 635 Peptic Ulcer, 175, 635 Peptide, 9, 26, 59, 73, 578, 584, 591, 635, 638, 641 Peptide T, 59, 635 Perceived risk, 165, 635 Percutaneous, 216, 578, 622, 635 Perfusion, 615, 635 Perimenopausal, 191, 316, 635 Perinatal, 636 Periodontitis, 278, 636 Perioperative, 153, 636 Peripheral blood, 180, 618, 636 Peripheral Nervous System, 631, 636, 640, 653 Peripheral Neuropathy, 636 Peristalsis, 526, 636 Personality Disorders, 28, 40, 215, 276, 277, 407, 492, 636 PH, 56, 164, 168, 636 Pharmacokinetic, 636 Pharmacologic, 4, 12, 15, 37, 206, 217, 276, 505, 506, 507, 579, 636, 656 Pharmacotherapy, 127, 133, 137, 172, 200, 209, 218, 219, 224, 272, 276, 495, 504, 636 Phenotype, 12, 46, 50, 51, 301, 636 Phenyl, 636 Phobic Disorders, 3, 408, 480, 636 Phosphodiesterase, 10, 636 Phospholipids, 607, 617, 621, 637 Phosphorus, 334, 587, 637 Phosphorylation, 59, 637 Phototherapy, 637, 648 Phylogeny, 49, 637 Physical Examination, 4, 394, 397, 398, 400, 401, 404, 523, 637 Physicochemical, 507, 637 Physiologic, 12, 33, 60, 72, 74, 220, 585, 625, 637, 645 Physiology, 9, 30, 31, 33, 55, 57, 65, 86, 89, 200, 204, 256, 267, 500, 588, 603, 637, 660 Pigmentation, 585, 637 Pilocarpine, 514, 523, 637 Pituitary Gland, 597, 637 Pituitary-Adrenal System, 56, 637 Placenta, 637, 640, 643 Plague, 526, 637 Plants, 578, 588, 592, 610, 631, 637, 647, 656, 657 Plaque, 16, 523, 637 Plasma cells, 580, 628, 638 Plasma Volume, 31, 626, 638 Plasticity, 33, 57, 76, 638
Platelets, 217, 638, 655 Platinum, 622, 638 Pneumonia, 596, 638 Poisoning, 598, 605, 609, 618, 629, 638 Polymerase, 33, 638, 646 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 33, 638 Polymorphic, 599, 638 Polymorphism, 135, 172, 192, 248, 272, 289, 638 Polypeptide, 578, 593, 635, 638, 641, 662 Polyposis, 593, 638 Polysaccharide, 581, 638 Population Control, 21, 638 Posterior, 93, 158, 579, 583, 591, 601, 629, 633, 634, 638 Postmenopausal, 165, 222, 633, 638 Postnatal, 60, 61, 64, 91, 155, 222, 639, 652 Postoperative, 99, 210, 225, 241, 639 Postsynaptic, 46, 64, 639, 654 Post-traumatic, 24, 36, 38, 62, 66, 85, 149, 171, 398, 586, 611, 628, 639 Post-traumatic stress disorder, 24, 66, 85, 171, 398, 639 Postural, 93, 639 Potassium, 577, 626, 639 Potassium Channels, 639 Potentiate, 43, 639, 640 Potentiating, 578, 639 Potentiation, 13, 36, 47, 622, 639 Practicability, 639, 657 Practice Guidelines, 540, 549, 639 Preclinical, 56, 280, 602, 639 Precordial, 507, 639 Precursor, 601, 602, 605, 631, 639, 658 Predisposition, 56, 639, 654 Preeclampsia, 242, 639 Prefrontal Cortex, 33, 38, 76, 93, 164, 639 Prejudice, 67, 348, 639 Premedication, 114, 225, 639 Prenatal, 107, 267, 270, 366, 370, 603, 640 Prenatal Care, 640 Preoperative, 86, 114, 141, 153, 158, 162, 203, 224, 225, 241, 263, 274, 283, 286, 640 Prescription drug abuse, 411, 640 Pressoreceptors, 584, 640 Presynaptic, 583, 631, 640, 654 Presynaptic Terminals, 583, 640 Prevalence, 4, 19, 23, 27, 46, 53, 77, 96, 102, 124, 146, 153, 175, 177, 181, 208, 226, 227, 266, 271, 276, 290, 308, 315, 365, 407, 537, 550, 551, 640 Preventive Medicine, 148, 565, 640 Primary Prevention, 8, 374, 640 Problem Solving, 582, 640 Profusion, 4, 640 Progesterone, 319, 411, 412, 640, 652
Index 675
Prognostic factor, 640, 653 Progression, 68, 260, 579, 640 Progressive disease, 615, 640 Projection, 631, 633, 639, 640 Promoter, 135, 640 Prone, 81, 640 Proneness, 261, 274, 375, 640 Prophase, 632, 641, 654 Prophylactic oophorectomy, 113, 641 Prophylaxis, 56, 641 Proportional, 317, 641 Prospective Studies, 46, 641 Prospective study, 83, 108, 112, 121, 148, 201, 273, 622, 641 Prostate, 78, 121, 273, 275, 328, 641, 657 Protein C, 52, 578, 582, 583, 593, 621, 641, 658 Protein Conformation, 578, 641 Protein S, 503, 585, 641, 647 Proteinuria, 628, 639, 641 Proteolytic, 578, 594, 641 Protons, 578, 614, 619, 641, 643 Proximal, 44, 601, 640, 641 Pruritic, 621, 641 Pruritus, 600, 614, 641 Psoriasis, 266, 641 Psychic, 621, 625, 630, 642, 648 Psychoactive, 642, 661 Psychogenic, 14, 100, 229, 642 Psychological Techniques, 642 Psychological Theory, 65, 642 Psychometrics, 257, 642 Psychomotor, 411, 598, 630, 642 Psychophysiology, 34, 39, 158, 170, 174, 216, 238, 254, 281, 500, 642 Psychosis, 89, 405, 581, 642 Psychosomatic Medicine, 175, 185, 202, 219, 285, 502, 642 Psychotomimetic, 579, 600, 642 Psychotropic, 15, 182, 642 Psychotropic Drugs, 182, 642 Puberty, 405, 576, 643 Public Health, 24, 33, 34, 42, 44, 45, 48, 55, 124, 538, 541, 643 Public Sector, 69, 643 Publishing, 5, 18, 52, 75, 141, 485, 505, 548, 643 Puerperium, 149, 632, 643 Pulmonary, 95, 99, 329, 363, 586, 587, 591, 595, 596, 606, 614, 620, 643, 646, 660 Pulmonary Artery, 586, 643, 660 Pulmonary Edema, 329, 591, 620, 643 Pulmonary Embolism, 99, 643 Pulmonary hypertension, 596, 643 Pulmonary Ventilation, 614, 643, 646 Pulse, 397, 398, 507, 627, 643
Punishment, 33, 643 R Race, 13, 23, 383, 385, 619, 626, 643, 650 Racemic, 643, 650 Radiation oncologist, 632, 643 Radiation therapy, 203, 405, 514, 575, 607, 618, 643 Radio Waves, 394, 399, 404, 405, 626, 644 Radioactive, 398, 583, 614, 616, 618, 631, 643, 644 Radioimmunoassay, 9, 31, 644 Radioimmunotherapy, 644 Radiolabeled, 644 Radiological, 635, 644 Radiology, 98, 216, 644 Radiopharmaceutical, 610, 644 Radiotherapy, 112, 269, 586, 644 Random Allocation, 644 Randomization, 43, 408, 644 Randomized clinical trial, 18, 46, 154, 161, 395, 401, 405, 644 Randomized Controlled Trials, 19, 271, 645 Rape, 639, 645 Raphe Nuclei, 65, 645 Reagent, 591, 645 Reality Testing, 642, 645 Reassurance, 521, 549, 614, 645 Receptor, 10, 26, 33, 43, 46, 48, 50, 51, 57, 60, 64, 66, 73, 75, 76, 77, 114, 152, 160, 192, 207, 209, 234, 242, 244, 262, 272, 275, 313, 318, 319, 385, 388, 394, 576, 581, 587, 590, 592, 601, 606, 611, 614, 625, 635, 644, 645, 649 Receptors, Serotonin, 645, 649 Recombinant, 46, 645, 660 Recombination, 610, 645 Rectal, 329, 645 Rectum, 581, 586, 593, 600, 608, 609, 616, 617, 620, 641, 645 Recur, 645, 648 Red blood cells, 605, 615, 645 Refer, 1, 536, 577, 587, 594, 601, 608, 613, 622, 629, 630, 631, 642, 644, 645, 656, 660 Reflex, 11, 36, 194, 238, 285, 332, 607, 645, 658 Reflux, 192, 326, 645 Refraction, 645, 651 Refractory, 123, 403, 407, 645 Regimen, 406, 602, 636, 646 Rehabilitative, 525, 646 Relapse, 17, 18, 58, 100, 121, 164, 506, 520, 646 Relaxant, 646 Relaxation Techniques, 5, 200, 255, 319, 332, 348, 646
676 Anxiety
Reliability, 39, 67, 90, 167, 173, 215, 238, 239, 262, 273, 279, 285, 359, 538, 646 Remission, 17, 18, 86, 117, 132, 209, 210, 217, 287, 408, 585, 624, 646 Renal failure, 598, 646 Renal Replacement Therapy, 147, 646 Repressor, 12, 632, 646 Research Design, 20, 22, 30, 32, 38, 44, 54, 646 Research Support, 57, 646 Resection, 646 Respiration, 57, 74, 267, 581, 587, 588, 590, 597, 627, 646 Respirator, 624, 646, 660 Respiratory distress syndrome, 587, 646 Respiratory failure, 646, 660 Respiratory System, 16, 74, 646 Response rate, 410, 646 Retina, 591, 620, 633, 646, 647, 661 Retroperitoneal, 576, 646 Retrospective, 46, 167, 282, 647 Rheumatism, 135, 162, 647 Rheumatoid, 6, 116, 168, 189, 194, 514, 593, 647 Rheumatoid arthritis, 6, 116, 168, 189, 194, 514, 593, 647 Ribose, 576, 647 Ribosome, 647, 657 Risk-Taking, 119, 647 Rod, 494, 583, 592, 647 Rubber, 400, 401, 575, 647, 652 S Saliva, 397, 398, 400, 405, 514, 523, 647 Salivary, 91, 158, 242, 514, 600, 647, 661 Salivary glands, 514, 600, 647 Saphenous, 597, 647 Saphenous Vein, 597, 647 Saponin, 321, 647 Sarcoma, 647 Schizoid, 242, 647, 661 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 599, 647, 661 Scleroderma, 514, 647 Sclerosis, 513, 593, 628, 648 Seasonal Affective Disorder, 329, 552, 648 Secretion, 41, 592, 613, 617, 618, 620, 626, 628, 648 Sedative, 43, 396, 504, 507, 578, 593, 600, 614, 615, 619, 623, 626, 648, 659 Sedentary, 537, 539, 648 Sediment, 648, 659 Seizures, 12, 100, 171, 403, 580, 592, 598, 648 Selective estrogen receptor modulator, 648, 654 Self Care, 575, 648
Self-Examination, 290, 648 Semen, 641, 648 Semicircular canal, 617, 648 Semisynthetic, 606, 623, 648 Senile, 329, 633, 648 Sensibility, 579, 614, 648 Sensitization, 51, 58, 61, 648 Sequence Homology, 635, 648 Sequencing, 28, 262, 638, 648 Serous, 604, 649 Sertraline, 72, 153, 154, 157, 220, 240, 247, 248, 562, 649 Serum Albumin, 644, 649 Sex Characteristics, 576, 643, 649 Sex Education, 649 Shame, 501, 649 Shock, 10, 15, 82, 203, 329, 394, 400, 401, 614, 622, 649, 657 Sign Language, 526, 649 Signs and Symptoms, 646, 649 Skeletal, 592, 597, 628, 649, 650 Skeleton, 575, 619, 649 Skull, 597, 633, 649, 654 Small cell lung cancer, 649 Small intestine, 592, 602, 613, 618, 649 Smoking Cessation, 62, 110, 520, 587, 649 Smooth muscle, 579, 587, 607, 613, 620, 627, 649, 650, 653 Smooth Muscle Tumor, 607, 649 Social Behavior, 63, 73, 88, 359, 372, 649 Social Class, 273, 383, 650 Social Environment, 352, 643, 650 Social Isolation, 67, 647, 650 Social Security, 645, 650 Social Support, 56, 166, 222, 317, 349, 650, 652 Social Welfare, 650, 654 Social Work, 130, 203, 349, 358, 366, 372, 375, 510, 536, 650 Sodium, 59, 577, 626, 650, 653 Sodium Lactate, 59, 650 Soft tissue, 586, 649, 650 Solid tumor, 405, 650 Solitary Nucleus, 583, 650 Solvent, 185, 239, 584, 606, 650 Soma, 523, 650 Somatic, 5, 105, 254, 278, 281, 289, 355, 576, 621, 625, 636, 639, 650, 659 Spasm, 524, 596, 625, 650 Spastic, 619, 651 Spatial disorientation, 601, 651 Specialist, 34, 79, 309, 557, 651 Specificity, 57, 74, 125, 139, 255, 271, 290, 577, 587, 651 Spectrum, 26, 29, 252, 281, 308, 389, 487, 626, 644, 651
Index 677
Sperm, 591, 651 Sphincter, 620, 651 Spinal cord, 138, 513, 582, 586, 590, 625, 630, 636, 645, 651, 653 Spinal Cord Injuries, 138, 651 Sprains and Strains, 623, 651 Squamous, 631, 651 Squamous cell carcinoma, 631, 651 Stabilization, 513, 651 Stabilizer, 102, 651 Startle Reaction, 36, 651 Steel, 592, 651 Stem cell transplantation, 403, 651 Stem Cells, 652 Sterile, 652 Steroid, 204, 597, 652 Stethoscope, 507, 652 Stimulant, 409, 561, 579, 587, 600, 613, 626, 652 Stoma, 268, 320, 652 Stomach, 575, 600, 605, 609, 613, 620, 629, 635, 645, 649, 652 Stool, 593, 616, 619, 620, 652 Strand, 638, 652 Stress management, 405, 652 Stria, 10, 33, 61, 652 Stroke, 232, 236, 293, 414, 523, 534, 537, 588, 589, 652 Stupor, 629, 652 Styrene, 647, 652 Subacute, 616, 652 Subarachnoid, 608, 611, 652 Subclinical, 39, 154, 616, 648, 652 Subcutaneous, 507, 602, 620, 653 Subfornical Organ, 59, 653 Subiculum, 613, 653 Subspecies, 651, 653 Substance P, 625, 648, 653 Substrate, 20, 173, 653, 658 Sudden cardiac death, 10, 653 Sumatriptan, 526, 653 Support group, 95, 293, 508, 653 Supportive care, 653 Survival Analysis, 159, 653 Sweat, 394, 397, 398, 400, 401, 538, 615, 653 Sweat Glands, 653 Sympathetic Nervous System, 31, 281, 583, 653 Sympathomimetic, 579, 600, 601, 605, 631, 653, 658 Symphysis, 591, 641, 653 Symptomatic, 4, 19, 57, 74, 236, 260, 580, 653 Symptomatology, 43, 90, 108, 129, 221, 225, 653 Synapse, 576, 599, 640, 653, 654, 657
Synapsis, 654 Synaptic, 33, 57, 76, 385, 622, 631, 654 Synaptic Transmission, 385, 631, 654 Synergistic, 654, 656 Systemic, 40, 58, 329, 514, 523, 524, 560, 561, 562, 581, 586, 588, 593, 598, 605, 616, 643, 648, 650, 654, 657, 659 Systemic disease, 514, 654 Systolic, 238, 614, 654 Systolic blood pressure, 238, 654 T Taboo, 527, 654 Tachykinins, 66, 654 Tamoxifen, 285, 648, 654 Tardive, 581, 592, 654 Telencephalon, 584, 590, 654 Temperament, 9, 30, 36, 38, 44, 64, 67, 206, 261, 405, 654 Temporal, 65, 83, 116, 158, 177, 259, 262, 282, 579, 611, 613, 654 Temporal Lobe, 116, 579, 654 Terminalis, 10, 33, 61, 654, 655 Terminator, 593, 654, 662 Test Anxiety Scale, 504, 655 Testicular, 170, 249, 648, 655 Testis, 655 Thalamus, 36, 600, 621, 639, 655 Therapeutic Community, 254, 319, 655 Therapeutics, 27, 101, 179, 214, 247, 276, 505, 562, 627, 655 Thermal, 383, 582, 601, 631, 638, 655 Third Ventricle, 615, 655 Thoracic, 145, 583, 655, 661 Thorax, 236, 575, 623, 639, 655, 659 Threonine, 635, 655 Threshold, 59, 208, 614, 655 Thrombocytes, 638, 655 Thrombomodulin, 641, 655 Thrombosis, 260, 641, 652, 655 Thrombus, 597, 616, 629, 655, 660 Thrush, 588, 655 Thyroid, 90, 329, 522, 614, 619, 655, 658 Thyroid Gland, 614, 655 Tic, 97, 524, 655 Tidal Volume, 614, 656 Time Management, 652, 656 Tin, 571, 636, 638, 656 Tolerance, 26, 87, 242, 592, 610, 656 Tomography, 56, 121, 123, 656 Tonal, 128, 656 Tone, 47, 399, 404, 633, 656 Tonus, 656 Tooth Preparation, 576, 656 Topical, 83, 606, 656 Torture, 182, 278, 656 Toxaemia, 639, 656
678 Anxiety
Toxic, v, 584, 597, 602, 630, 631, 652, 656, 662 Toxicity, 402, 406, 506, 602, 624, 656 Toxicokinetics, 656 Toxicology, 33, 85, 311, 536, 656 Toxin, 656 Trace element, 608, 656 Tracer, 398, 657 Trachea, 620, 655, 657 Traction, 592, 657 Trail Making Test, 100, 657 Tranquilizing Agents, 643, 657 Transduction, 617, 657 Transfection, 585, 657 Transgenes, 46, 657 Translation, 49, 78, 182, 239, 286, 578, 657 Translational, 49, 58, 69, 252, 657 Transmitter, 575, 582, 583, 601, 619, 624, 631, 657, 658, 660 Transplantation, 180, 279, 603, 615, 620, 657 Transurethral, 80, 310, 657 Transurethral resection, 80, 310, 657 Transurethral resection of the prostate, 80, 310, 657 Treatment Outcome, 37, 52, 63, 79, 132, 169, 273, 274, 286, 309, 357, 368, 657 Trees, 647, 657 Tricuspid Atresia, 596, 657 Tricuspid Valve, 627, 657 Tricyclic, 526, 560, 578, 580, 592, 599, 615, 658 Trigger zone, 581, 658 Tryptophan, 149, 157, 161, 289, 593, 649, 658 Tuberculosis, 148, 595, 623, 658 Tumour, 142, 290, 658 Type 2 diabetes, 145, 658 Tyramine, 627, 658 Tyrosine, 601, 658 U Ulcerative colitis, 617, 658 Ultraviolet radiation, 602, 658 Unconditioned, 153, 658 Unconscious, 579, 615, 658 Universal Precautions, 658 Urea, 620, 653, 658 Uremia, 619, 646, 658 Ureter, 622, 658 Urethra, 635, 641, 657, 659 Urinalysis, 402, 572, 659 Urinary, 41, 101, 309, 583, 604, 610, 616, 632, 650, 658, 659 Urinary tract, 309, 583, 659 Urinary tract infection, 583, 659 Urine, 397, 398, 404, 405, 581, 583, 585, 601, 604, 616, 620, 632, 641, 658, 659 Urologist, 527, 659
Urticaria, 590, 614, 659 Uterine Contraction, 575, 633, 659 Uterus, 575, 578, 590, 597, 604, 607, 611, 615, 620, 625, 633, 640, 659 V Vaccines, 659, 661 Vagal, 10, 40, 47, 157, 301, 407, 659 Vagina, 588, 590, 593, 611, 625, 659 Vaginitis, 588, 659 Vagotomy, 40, 659 Vagus Nerve, 650, 659 Valerian, 158, 287, 314, 322, 343, 344, 659 Vascular, 16, 260, 527, 584, 591, 597, 604, 611, 616, 637, 640, 655, 659 Vascular Resistance, 584, 659 Vasodilator, 601, 613, 659 VE, 62, 110, 122, 149, 190, 219, 261, 300, 312, 395, 659 Vector, 657, 659 Vein, 397, 398, 582, 618, 631, 647, 660 Venlafaxine, 86, 117, 125, 159, 164, 179, 209, 214, 287, 294, 404, 411, 562, 660 Venous, 83, 522, 582, 585, 641, 657, 660 Venous Thrombosis, 522, 660 Venter, 660 Ventilation, 660 Ventilator, 161, 624, 646, 660 Ventral, 38, 615, 660 Ventricle, 579, 583, 596, 613, 627, 643, 654, 657, 660 Ventricular, 596, 657, 660 Venules, 586, 604, 660 Vertebrae, 618, 651, 660 Vertigo, 105, 119, 330, 487, 505, 660 Vestibular, 187, 407, 411, 525, 660 Vestibule, 593, 617, 648, 660 Veterinary Medicine, 535, 660 Video Recording, 509, 660 Videodisc Recording, 660 Viral, 65, 73, 657, 660, 662 Viral vector, 73, 660 Virulence, 656, 660 Viscera, 628, 650, 661 Visceral, 39, 583, 621, 659, 661 Visceral Afferents, 583, 659, 661 Vitreous, 620, 646, 661 Vitreous Body, 646, 661 Vitro, 267, 661 Vivo, 661 Volition, 618, 661 Voltage-gated, 58, 661 W Wakefulness, 598, 661 War, 356, 372, 386, 479, 495, 639, 661 Weight Gain, 75, 285, 648, 661 White blood cell, 580, 621, 623, 628, 638, 661
Index 679
Windpipe, 655, 661 Wounds, Gunshot, 651, 661 X Xenograft, 579, 661 Xerostomia, 514, 523, 661 X-ray, 572, 586, 595, 596, 609, 624, 631, 643, 644, 651, 661
Y Yeasts, 588, 608, 636, 661 Z Zidovudine, 661 Zymogen, 641, 662
680 Anxiety
Index 681
682 Anxiety
