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271
ARCHAIC CLASSICS.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR, AND
READING BOOK
ARCHAIC
CLASSICS. AN
ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR; WITH
FULL SYLLABARY
AND PROGRESSIVE READING BOOK, OF
THE ASSYRIAN LANGUAGE, IN
THE
CUNEIFORM
TYPE.
BY
THE
REV.
A.
H.
SAYCE, M.A.
FELLOW AND TUTOR OF QUEEN'S COLLEGE, OXFORD. Author of ''An Assyrian Grammarf^ and " The Principles of Comparative Philology.
Multae
terricolis linguae, ccelestibus
LONDON
una.
:
SAMUEL BAGSTER AND IS,
PATERNOSTER ROW. S^All rights reserved.^
SONS,
PJ3&S SS5
CONTENTS.
Preface
PREFACE The
following pages have been written in connection with
upon Assyrian
were commenced
philology, which
my
in the early part of
lectures
1875 under
the auspices of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, and through the exertions of
Mr.
W.
R. Cooper, the Secretary
for the first time to
oi"
smooth over the
the Society. difficulties
An
endeavour has been made
which beset the entrance
study of the Assyrian inscriptions, and so attract students to this
important branch of research.
When my
''
Assyrian
three years ago, a knowledge of the language
seemed
much
increased for a long while to come.
two
still
new and
was published,
confined to the few, and
prospect that the small band of Assyriologues would be
there
little
was
Grammar
"
to the
classes of readers
;
to those
who were
My
work was
therefore addressed to
already able to read the inscriptions,
and could appreciate a grammar which entered
into details
and points of
and to those who were acquainted with the better-known Semitic languages, but wished to learn something of the new dialect which had been so unexpectedly revealed, and promised to throw such a flood of light on Semitic scholarship,
philology in general. distant has
The
been more than
prospect, however, that three years realised.
ago seemed so
Assyrian has become a "popular" subject;
and the world of scholars which once looked with
distrust
upon the labours of
ii
Preface.
the decipherers, has at last
are flocking in from
awakened
all sides,
to their interest
and importance.
Students
and elementary grammars and progressive reading-
books, like those which initiate the pupil into
Hebrew
or Greek, are needed and
called for.
The
present volume
is
intended to meet this demand.
which has been freely used throughout forms of the characters, and as
even where the Assyrian text their original forms.
all
is
will
The
cuneiform type
accustom the eye of the reader to the
transliterated
words are divided
into syllables,
not added, he will be able to reduce them into
Care has been taken not to burden the memory with
unnecessary matter; and practical experience has proved that tabular
lists
of
nouns, verbs, and particles, such as are given in the second part of the book, are the best
means
A separate into details
for
impressing the rudiments of a
new language upon the mind.
chapter on the syntax has been omitted, since any attempt to enter
would be inconsistent with the plan of the Grammar, while
been found more convenient to state those few cases of importance
has
it
which
in
Assyrian differs from the syntactical usage of other languages in those places of the accidence to which they naturally belong. The notes appended to each of the reading-lessons are designed to lead the student on to a more
advanced and independent acquaintance with the language, and so complete the
work of a
practical
The main later
and elementary grammar.
difficulty is the Syllabary, the larger part of
have to be learnt by
memory
heart.
beginner
is
advised
first
will
to
sooner or
commit
to
the characters which express open syllables, given in pp. 46 and 47, as
well as the Determinative Prefixes at the monosyllabic closed syllables.
the
The
which
commoner and more
in p. 48,
and then
to
work
Experience alone can show him what are
favourite values with which a character
must be content to be continually a his side for
and Affixes given
learner,
is
used
;
and he
keeping the Syllabary constantly at
purposes of reference, and remembering that any endeavour to learn
iii
Preface.
the whole Syllabary
is
He
a needless and useless task.
will
soon come to know
what characters and what values are most frequently employed, and what ideographs are most likely to occur
The
hieroglyphic origin of the Syllabary, and
a foreign language, with.
in the inscriptions.
Its
will give the
Accadian
inventors
spoke
modern Chinese),
more ideas than
one,
an
came
it
he
difficulties
dialect
agglutinative
;
will
meet
and
each
to be corrupted into a cuneiform
originally expressed the
denoting the object or idea for which for
adaptation to the wants of
key to many of the
hieroglyphic, which in course of time
character (like the
its
stood.
The same
sound of the word
picture could stand
and might therefore be pronounced
in
more than one
way, so that when the Semitic Assyrians (or rather Babylonians) borrowed the cuneiform system of writing, using what were words in Accadian as mere phonetic values, polyphony became inevitable, and the same character repre-
Even
sented several phonetic powers.
in
Accadian the characters could be
employed phonetically as well as ideographically
;
and the Assyrians, while
turning the dictionary of the Accadians into a huge syllabary, did not forget the hieroglyphic origin of the writing, but reserved to themselves the
power of using
a character not only as the representative of a syllabic sound, but also as an ideograph to which of course a Semitic pronunciation was attached.
Many
of the characters exhibit their primitive form at the
for instance, clearly standing for
"
the tongue of a balance."
Y' the resemblance to the objects originally signified
simplified forms of the characters as used in Assyria,
the archaic
we
"
the sun
;"
and
it
is
not until
glance;
In other cases
not very visible in the
and we have
Babylonian type to detect the likeness.
resemblance to that
is
first
Thus
we remember
to
^Y
go back
has lost
to all
the archaic 'Zl^
discover the circle which stood for the great luminary of day.
A large
number of characters are compound, and when they are used ideographically their meaning can often be determined by considering what is the meaning of the
iv
Preface.
separate characters of which they are "
and
Yjf
act of
a drop of water
"
;"
the
made
compound
'-Cil^
>-C^Y^y
is
"
a mouth,"
therefore naturally denotes the '*
So, again, the Assyrian
drinking."
Thus
up.
>-^J
a month
" is
the simplified
form of the archaic J<<^, where ^^< the numeral 30 (expressing the 30 days of the month),
The
is
placed within the circle of the sun.
use of polyphones no doubt increases the difficulty of decipherment,
but the student will find that practically
seem at (at all
first
The
sight to be.
it
is
not so embarrassing as
would
Assyrians intended their inscriptions to be read
events except in the case of texts like those of the astrological tablets,
which were addressed to the
initiated only),
and accordingly adopted
means of obviating the disadvantages of a polyphonic system of following rules should be observed
values a given character
(i)
it
The
may
bear
by the student
in selecting
all
possible
writing.
one of the many
:
existence of an ideograph should never be assumed, unless
by a phonetic complement, or unless the
indicated
The
astrological ones generally)
is
it
is
inscription (like the
written throughout ideographically rather
than phonetically.
(2)
Where two
ends with
may (3)
If
come together (such as ca and ac), the first of which the same vowel as that with which the second begins, we
characters
infer that they
form one closed syllable (as
a character expresses an open syllable (as
one
(as tal), the
open
is
cac).
ri)
as well as a closed
to be preferred to the closed (unless contra-
indicated).
(4)
Those values are and not a
to
be selected which
pluriliteral one.
offer
a
triliteral
(or biliteral) root,
v
Preface.
(5)
Notice must be taken of the
final
or
consonant of the character
initial
which precedes or follows the one we are considering, as the Assyrians frequently doubled a consonant to
Thus
a doubtful case. out of the
(6)
A
^^
is
to
after
Words and
be chosen
in
must be read dan-nin, as dan alone
possible values of the
first
character ends with n.
character which denotes a syllable beginning with a vowel
used
(7)
many
*>=yyj
show what value
is
very rarely
one which ends with a consonant.
lines
end together, and proper names, &c., are pointed out by
Determinative Prefixes and Affixes.
(8)
Variant readings and variant forms of the same root must be carefully
word where
observed, as they often decide the pronunciation of a other means
Experience
(9)
will
all
fail.
show
common
that
use had set apart one or two values of
a given character which were preferably employed to
all
others.
Those values must be adopted which bring out a correct grammatical form, or enable us to compare the Assyrian word (should the context
(10)
determine
It is
its
much
not so
defect in the Assyrian
writing
were jryyys:
meaning) with a similar root
is
mode
of writing.
and
and
of the inventors of the
and sounds which
Assyrian had to be represented by one and the same sign.
dhi, j=yj e {^)
same characters denoted both final d, dk,
The phonology
as the phonology of the Assyrians,
both hu or u (in and
dha, ^y^iy di
the cognate languages.
the existence of polyphones, however, that forms the chief
was not the same
distinct in
in
t; b
and /;
g,
li^
and
S)
and yu
and a modified \
m c,
and
Vy
and no
and k; and
(V),
za and J][
-^j-
^yy
da and
Similarly the
bu and pu.
distinction
s, /, ts,
tsa,
was made between
and even
s
;
while closed
VI
Preface.
syllables
might begin as well as end with any of these doubtful
uncertainty which results from this as to the
initial
would naturally not press upon the Assyrian
but
;
letters.
The
or final letter of a syllable
it is
the main difficulty against
which the modern decipherer has to contend, and can only be overcome by the examination of new texts and the comparison of numerous passages.
A. H. Queetis College, Oxford, April, 1875.
SAYCE.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. SYLLABARY. The
characters
of
the
Assyrian Syllabary were originally hieroglyphics, The words by which these were denoted ideas.
representing objects and in the Turanian language of the Accadian inventors of the cuneiform system of writing became phonetic sounds when it was borrowed by the Semitic Assyrians, though the characters could phonetically.
When
still
be used ideographically as well as
used ideographically the pronunciation was, of course, that
of the Assyrians. In the following table only the forms of the characters found on the majority of the Assyrian monuments are given. Sometimes the so-called Hieratic characters were employed {e.g., in the Cyprian Stele of Sargon) which differ but Ancient Babylonian varied again in the forms of slightly from the Babylonian. several characters.
The Elamite
or Susianian characters have the
same form as
the ancient Babylonian, while the Protomedic are modified from the Assyrian. The Assyrian word in the right-hand column is a translation of the
Accadian word (used in Assyrian as a phonetic value) in the left-hand column, and was the sound given to the character in the Assyrian inscriptions whenever it
was read as an ideograph. Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
SYLLABARY.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
SYLLABARY.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
SYLLABARY,.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
SYLLABARY.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
SYLLABARY.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
SYLLABARY.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
66.
Cuneiform Character.
-W'
nun
-n!'
-mr
SYLLABARY.
Meaning.
Assyrian rendering.
rubu, rabu, nunu, {fr.
prince, great, prince
Ace.) si],
zil,
khan tda.
humis, (?)
asagara silam
67.
tur,
68.
silam, akar
69.
biru
(?)...
TIT
-nT
...
{perhaps
asagaru
a hurricane
tarbatsu
rest or eclipse
?
ra'erence
suttu,
70.
cun
...
71.
?
...
72.
uritsu,
tsiptu,
dream,
zibbatu,
-TAT
offspring,
zumbu
tail, tail
?
?
?
?
?
khu, pak
itstsuru, s'aru
bird,
khu,pak,musen
musennu
?
74.
pacac
ciribu,
75.
^a
nabu
to proclaim
76.
ik
iku {or ikku), daltu
?,
73.
...
product,
revenue
nipikhu
Ass.)
(?)
sumelu
khamdhu, nukhsu gal
...
basu,
gal
...
ikku, rutstsunu,
sacunu,
king
middle,
(?)
left
hand
door, quick journey, to open,
prosperity
patu
nasu
to be, placed, to raise, brick
malu
?, ?,
labinu
asabu,
pitu,
canu
to fill,
to dwell, to open,
to establish, to
defend
natsaru 77.
tsim, zim,
nam
{Ace. prefix
-TI^
simtu, sakhalu
destiny,
plague
(?)
of
abstractnoun)
nam
nabu, simmu
nammu, 78.
pak
(?)
-TI^
^!
itstsuru
pikhatu,
to proclaim, destiny
ma
?,
a governor,
a bird
this
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
79.
mut
...
musendugusi 80.
zi
81.
gi, ^a...
81^
SYLLABARY.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
lO
Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
90.
?
91.
cum,
Meaning.
...
?
kum
citu
...
linen
...
gallabu
*sa
^ib.
sinik
sleeve
...
tsupum
nail inail-mark)
simmu
destruction
92^.
?
kharru
?
92/^.
sacil
cillu
?
92^:.
dim, tim,
. . .
tsupru, masaru, tsum-
tabin [^rebin],
bu, ubanu,
gadataccuru 93.
mun
95-
Pulug
(munu)...
{from
nail,
imdhu
ricsu, ricis-kane,
tiv, ti
casu,
94.
(?
binu...
? ?
Assyrian rendering.
?
91a.
92.
Cuneiform Character.
SYLLABARY.
mar-
leave
to
peak, staff
(?),
tail (?),
(?)
bond, bundle of reeds, cable,
timmu
rope
dhabtu
benefit
pulugu
division or choice
Assn.) 96.
en
-II
belu,
adi
97. dara
...
98.
mu
99.
sur (zur)
...
-IMI -11^
.
enu
lord, lord
.
up
.
sky
turakhu
antilope
Ea
the god
...
sukh (sukh)
zamaru, zarakhu,
-VJT
Ea
name
sumu
uru,
100.
to
samu
tsar-
to
nasakhu sa -
make go forth,
amati, ridu, khabsu,
thing,
capalu, zunnu, summa, basu
down
pultu, matu, naparcu,
zimu, pallu, nasaku,
servant, (?),
?,
ramcuti
body
of anytrodden
rain, thus, to
exist
?,
country, to break, glory, to climb, the sea
tihamtu tiskhu
to rise,
(or risiitg), removal
-
herd [or stay ?]
?,
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
Cuneiform Character.
SYLLABARY.
11
Meaning.
Assyrian rendering.
101.
SUCUS
Istar.
102.
se,sakh(sakh),
surbu
f/ie
-
goddess Isfar
prince
nakh, nikh 103.
ba
...
banu,
episu,
zuzu,
to
sivord,
nasaru, esiru,
cisu,
zu, la
lamadu,
mudu, 104a. abzu
105.
--IT -^T
^u, sir
?,
to fix,
a
shrine, he,
to
create,
a
open
su, pitu
104.
make, to
raddu, ca,
idu,
to learn, to
nindanu
abzu
ihy,
a
add, to know, wise,
gift
the abyss
zumuru,
ma-
tsuru,
a body,
?,
skin, to increase
sacu, raba
106.
sun
(s'un)
...
front {middle,
gablu
battle)
107.
muk
muccu
a building
107^!.
mukmuk-nabi
basmu
altar of incense
108.
zadim
^asinu
plant
109.
nit
(nitakh,
zicaru,
ardu
(?)
man, slave
. . .
nita), eri
no.
idu, itu
111, sakh, sukh
112, sibir
113- gur
month
arkhu ...
-Y,^YYYY
^yil'
damaku, dabu, sakhu
sibru,
taru,
kharpu sacibu,
prosperous, a bear, tiger
corn, crop
basu,
to restore,,
114.
"5-
dar...
tarru, birmi, atsu
dar, si-gunu
litu,
?
?
sutruru, pitsu
?,
be {become),
to
breaker offaith
nacru-sa-amati
variegated cloths, growth
...
?,
...
offspring, white,
white
'^
flask,
languishing''^
Lenormant)
(M.
12
Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
SYLLABARY.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
SYLLABARY,
13
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
14 Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
142.
mal, ma, e gal, ga,
...
Cuneiform Character.
Assyrian rendering.
bitu,
>f^]
sacanu
pi-
^annu ilba
saracu,
143.
gusur
1
cisal
44.
145-
146.
*^-
:T
5?^
?
nen, lucu, ekhi
5^
ismal
147.
?
148.
gapi
..
^ liilrj
149. ?
HPF^
150.
ega
151.
?
152.
?
153.
gan
>^HRf-
SET
S (gana)
gagunu gagunu car
...
aganateti
154.
^T
dak...
bara (par) 155.
ci^im,
sunn,
zibin,
Cwf<.^ni^^i!i
sarin
kharub {from
Ass) 156.
agan, ubir
157.
amas, ^ubura
...
5mY
SYLLABARY.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
SYLLABARY.
15
i6
Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
SYLLABARY.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
I..
..
,
188.
turrak
189.
dumugu nas
190. ta,
Cuneiform Character,
{See
205) 191.
?
192.
in
193.
un-gal, lu-gal
sar
(borrowed
from 194.
Ass.)
rab,raba(rap)
dim
195.
dim
196.
cib (cip, kip)
-s^,
197.
bi,
cas (kas), ul
cas
197^.
jl^p:^:^
SYLLABARY.
Assyrian rendering.
17
Meanins
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
202,
203.
Cuneiform Character.
gur ... ninda
?
SYLLABARY.
Assyrian rendering.
Meaning.
namandu
measure
ittu
a
...
(?)
sign
^^
...
abundance,
generosity''''
(Le-
nomiant) 204.
is
(i^i),
sadu, urru
mil,
mountain
...
{heap), light
mis ^akhar
'ipru, bis^atu
dust,
summa 205.
?
206.
rim, cabar,
207.
sim, rik, siriz
208.
?
208.
?
209.
ku,
210.
ur
"
{See 190)
kum,
im
ri ...
sulu, sanu(tu)
>
<
to begin
mound,
sammu
*
mud
thus {if) "
(Lenormani)
seconded?)
price {income)
nacmu
a captive
saku, khasalu
top, to destroy
cip^u-sa-nisi,
isittu,
uzunu, udlu
foundation
{the
equal
ticle,
nadir),
weight,
tes-
level
ground 211.
212.
il,
cacasiga
du (dun)
...
...
alacu, alacu-khamdhu, -
tabalu lieu
-
khamdhu,
khamdhu,
to go,
a swift journey, a swift a swift march, a little
onset,
journey
alacu-mani
gub gin,
aradupu
to fix {to
nazuzu,
to be fixed,
canu, garu,
sa,ra,ir,gubba
wax
nazazu basu,
alacu,
saparu,
ma-
establish, to send, to love,
I
anacu
aradubu tsabatu, sapiru, snlQ
of the moon)
to exist, to go, to
pursue calu,
(?)
to seize, messenger, all,
mound
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
SYLLABARY.
19
20
Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
SYLLABARY.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
Phonetic Value (Accadian -word).
233.
_
cus, billudu
garza
234.
mascim
235.
sabra
236.
nuzcu
Bp7. z.'^S.
sib (^iba)
sab (sap), -
Rtar "69240.
e
...
gis-
urassa-
SYLLABARY.
^r
22
Phonetic Value (Accadian -word).
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
SYLLABARY.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
t
[261.
^262.
23
Meaning.
Assyrian rendering.
usbar
uspa-rabu
uzu
baru
?
urugal
gabru
opposer
sam...
?
?
aca
ramu, nasu, madadu,
^259.
s6o.
Cuneiform Character.
SYLLABARY.
...
...
great quiver
high, to raise, to measure, to
maharu
ram
{Jiero)
urge on
(Ass.
value)
divider
\(>Z-
?
564.
lab,
J65.
agarin
ummu
mother
266.
?
^arru
king
267.
ubigi
?
shrine
268.
?
?
?
269.
gaz (gaza), bi
daku,
partsu
rud
alu
:
(?)
city
puhuz,
niku,
(?)
(?)
to smite, victim,
?,
Tenanting (?)
khibu
270.
lil,
ubi
abutu,
s'aru,
naclu
...
charm, king, complete
galam, galum
271.
?
872.
zicura
{73.
taltal
\l\.
si,
?
se,
>VYY
;?x sem
...
trY
irtsitu
the earth
Ea
the god
...
nadanu, sacaru nadu,
sapanu,
Ea
to give, to give
idu,
to place, to siveep aivay, to lay,
to set, to
samu, palasu
able) si,
sunnu
...
ananu-sa-*,
lavu-sa-*
?,
tablet
of*
weigh {be favour-
24 Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
SYLLABARY.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
SYLLABARY.
25
26
Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
SYLLABARY.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
I'honetic
Value (Acca-
clian
word).
SYLLABARY.
2/
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
28 Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
319-
fcYl >-YYYY
sa
gisimmar 320,
lab,
.
.
\
J:Y,^YYYY
.
rule,
lul,
nar,
Assyrian rendering.
Meaning.
damaku
fortunate
gisimmaru
?
s'arru
king
rar,
pakh, 320.
Cuneifomi Character.
SYLLABARY.
lib
^A\
se
seum,
ziru,
ittu,
corn
amaru, magaru niga
maru
Sana, sanana-
irbittu
bacu 321.
bu
sir,
y-,
iX'
young hin {a measure)
sadadu,
seru,
ericu,
?,
gid
maru,
nasakhu,
ra-
young,
badu, ebiru
322.
?
323-
sud
327.
.
ericu,
rukutu
to
...
sulukhu
?,
sakhalu
bucket rxquest
tsir (sir)
tsiru...
serpent
musu
serpent
uz
usu, tsiru
?,
te,
te,
DauM
?
aru, zaraku,
(uts,us), sir
...
dimmenna
*4
dikh
{of
temen-
(?)
serpent
temennu,
tsabatu
floor {foundation-stone),
dakhu
maca*
seize,
to
(?),
(?)
jungle, judge
mulla
es-gunu
pardon
plague
dayanu
Ass. origin)
3273. unu,
(?), (?),
cisatu (kistu),
cus'^u
327flr.
dawn, the goddess
mus
tir
(?),
to extend, distant
sir-gunu
irisu,
326.
adorn
?
ezu
325.
to remove, to
to cross
napakhu, Davcina
guz
s'u
324.
long, to extend, light
nuru
sepuz
JjUS,
ivhcat,
seed,
happy
four
?
(pu),
{grain),
loheat,
face
throne
to
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
SYLLABARY.
29
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
30 Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
342.
<M. I^
dim
di,
Cuneiform Character.
SYLLABARY,
Meaning
Assyrian rendering.
denu
(dinu), salamu,
to
Judge, to end,
sulmu, erisu, sana-
rival, to
nu, sakabu, s'araru,
conquer
rest, to
make
ask, to
sj>eak,
?,
to
casadu ^a
milcu, sarar-sirri
silim,
sallim
{of
Ass.
^ulmu,
sulummu
king {Judge),
?
rest {completion, recompense),
peace {alliance)
origin)
342rt^,
343.
a
malicu
^agar, sagalum
ci (cina), cicu
itti
(ittu),
asm, kak-
karu, matu,
ki?ig
with, place, grotmd, country, earth, lower,
irtsitu,
a dwelling, on,
about
saplu, asabu, anna,
ema cizlukh
343a.
utu
343(5.
canlab
<jgj
mascanu
highplace
citim-sa
belotv it {its
suluv, nidutu, terictu, asru,
high,
ramanu
malacu
high
lower part) place,
to rule
343^.
siten
344.
durud
carru
345-
va(?),cicas(?)
su
346.
cusi...
?
?
347
sakkad
cubsu, Nabiuv
crown, the god Nebo
348.
lit,
?
?
ab
lat (lad) ...
>
extension,
place, self
fortress
like {the sajtie, ditto, repetition)
...
..
month
arkhu
u 349.
cir (kir)
ub
350.
<jMrYT
ciru, tsurru
.
plantation
(?),
ubbu
?
libis...
labbu
heart {interior)
sem...
khalkhallatu
desire (?)
...
metsi
a^
bowels
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
SYLLABARY.
31
32 Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
SYLLABARY.
ASSYRIAN GRAMxMAR.
Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
376.
dugud cab
(Ass.
value)
377-
gig
378.
din
(tin)
gal
379.
ugun
380.
mukh
381.
caccul
382.
man,
in, nis
busur ^ar
{Ass.
value)
383.
cus (cusu)
384-
es
...
esseb &m.{Ass.value)
385.
Cuneiform Character.
SYLLABARV.
33
34 Phonetic Value (Acca clian word).
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
SYLLABARY.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. Phonetic Value (Accadian word.)
SYLLABARY.
35
36
Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
SYLLABARY.
38 Phonetic Value (Accailiun word).
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
SYLLABARY.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
Plionetic Value (Acca-
dian word).
SYLLABARY.
39
40 Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
SYLLABARY.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
463.
khap
gil,
Cuneiform Character.
D
SYLLABARY.
41
Meaning.
Assyrian rendering.
lagabu
(khab), gur cir,
(gu), (kir,
gir),
rim,
girim,
gar,
zam,
mik, lagab raca^u,
pukhkhuru,
gararu-sa-nisi,
curu,
to bind, gathering,
se-
men,
dubutu, ba-
fear
enclosing,
tumult of ?,
? (?),
halu, bihisu
463 d!. puda (gidda) zar (tsar,
5.
DSTT
s'ar)
umuna
aricu,
ruku
long, distant
?
?
alapu
a thousand
t4.
'^festival"
466.
zarip
467.
uh, ua
468.
1.69.
i
470-
...
?
...
suk
...
U
rubtsu,
cabasu,
pi-
flock, sheep
kannu taccabu
umun
HI
pu pur
(Lenormant)
{See No.
tsutsu
aquatic plant [plant, marsh)
khammu
heat (zone)
tsutsu
pool [marsh)
puru, muspalu
pool
(?),
low ground
223)
471.
bul
?
...
472.
?
?
...
a
473-
?
?
...
?
474.
cu
or
(?)
sagar
(?)
khusukhkhu
cornfield (?)
famine
to
42 Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
SYLLABARY.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
4<S5.
kin
ki,
(cin)
Cuneiform Character,
HI. I^IL
!il
SYLLABARY
Meaning.
Assyrian rendering.
turtu,
sipru,
paru,
dovei^), writing {explanatioii),
senikhii,
sitehu,
?, ?,
?,
messenger
amaru
486.
487-
488.
sak, sik sik,
ukh
mut
(?)
saradu
paint
supatu, sipatu
doth stuff J
plank
?
sis
IEII<^TT
...
busus
(Ass.
pasasu
to
extend
damamu
to
perish
tur-sipri
librarian {scribe)
dahmu
?
(?)
value)
489.
?
490.
dar (dara)
491.
muiisub
khir-tu
?
492-
gur
cam
?
493-
erin
494.
lig(Iik)
.
.
.
EllE-Tm Ifcl
cedar
crinu calbu, pultu, baltu, uru
nisu
tas (das)
. . .
(?),
nacaru
dog,
(?)
?, ?,
lion
man, enemy
lis
495-
dhu
lion
nesu...
ur (Ass. value)
TTTET
al
cibu, alacu
pasu,
mass
...
apasu,
sundu,
? .
? ,
{body, weight), to
?
.
.
,
,
? .
rucdu
496.
sal,
ncstu, uru
rak
kal (gal),
mu-
uru
...
a woman, a a city
rub
mak, muk 496^.
murub
496^,
murub
a building
...
a
uru
t-<7T
pu,
usukhu
city
mouth,
?
city
go
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
44
Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
497-
gar
498.
nin,
499.
dam
500-
gu
501-
?
502.
tsu,
iii,
mak...
(dav)
...
tsum, rak,
ri,khal(khil)
503.
nik (nig)
504-
i
505-
el(il)
...
{See No. 211)
506.
lum,
507.
mun, ucu
508.
?
509.
su,
khum
...
mur,
mastenu
Cuneiform Character.
SYLLABARY,
Assyrian rendering.
Meaning.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
Phonetic Value (Accadian word).
511.
Cuneiform Character.
pesu
..,
(
512.
.
.
?
.
?
...
citstu
jungle
?
pulukhtu
fear {worship)
a burning to hum, a burning
kilutu
gibil
cibir
sarapu,
514.
en
siptu
515,
isi,
I
Meaning.
* mis
Icis 513-
45
Assyrian rendering.
khumtsiru
...
pis
SYLLABARY.
sulsa,
lip
su
sukhub
Ikhul
makiddu
?,
ft
sudun
suppatu niru
...
yoke
516.
sutul,
517.
?
isatu...
fire
518.
khul
khidutu
sin
^^
ucus
cissu,
H^
bibra
bibru, nigu
B519.
dhul
520,
H^52i. 522.
s^ik
...
N.B.
multitude, ?
padu
joy
(?),
authority
?
?
i'VlTTT atudu
sikka
?
{paragraph, incantation)
he-goat
...
A
Star (*) signifies that
one or more characters have been
Khi, a value of No. 180, has been accidentally omitted.
lost
by a
fi-acture
of the tablet.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
46
SYLLABARY.
The
following is a list of the characters which express the open or simple The beginner is advised to commit it to syllables of the Assyrian alphabet. further in the before The letters of advancing memory study of the language.
Hebrew
alphabet are added in order to explain the transliteration adopted for Assyrian sounds.
the
I
K,
a,
d,
ha
yj
J>JJ
ib,
jrjs:
^
ba,
=y
:y ab,
ub.
J^
pa,
Jry^
-yyy^^ ga,
-]Q
ag,
^y
ig,
^^^
iig. {
^X^ ^y
j^
to,
^
n,
A
en
n,
^'-
a
\
^^y
ad,
^y
id,
^y
ud.
-yy
dha,
a^
hi,
h,
^
::^::y :yyy
A^^y
<]^
jgji
]^^
uh.
ta,
>-<
be.
-^>- or J
pi,
^yy^
ca,
ka,
"^>- bu,
bi,
gi,
ci,
ki,
^r
Jgy
^j::^
<;y^
ge.
cu.
ku.
dhi,
jrygy dhu,
dhe.
>-^y<
ti,
>-|gy
tu,
-^^y
te.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
J
1 1
SYLLABARY.
47
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
48
determinative prefixes and affixes are as follows
The PREFIXES
PREFIXES
:
denotes a god or goddess.
^>-1 (i7u)
or
>-t:]] "X"*"
SYLLABARY.
.-^1 {ahi)
{iiiatii)
:
:
yy^
{liami)
denotes grass, reeds, &c.
a man.
animal.
a woman.
a bird.
a city or town.
an
insect.
a country.
an
official
a
river.
a j:yyyy
or
^]
{huu)
or class
of persons. ruler.
a house. a limb or body.
4^1^
(ruk/iu)
wind, or point of a month.
the compass.
a mound, {luhustu')
^^}
{ahnit)
.,
clothing.
a stone, a
star.
a metal, tree or
AFFIXES
wood.
AFFIXES
:
denotes the plural
TT
A-
the dual.
an ordinal number.
<^^ >-yi
:
{irtsitii)
{itstsuru)
denotes a place. a bird.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
NOUNS.
49
THE NOUNS.
B
Nouns
^
The
substantive and adjective do not differ in form in Assyrian. adjective always follows its substantive, and has neither comparative nor
Nouns
are of two genders, masculine and feminine,
he feminine form.
Many
Superlative.
and abstract nouns take
words are both masculine and feminine, and may take
the terminations of both genders. There are two numbers, singular and plural and a dual is found in the case of those nouns which denote doubles, like "the eyes." Adjectives as well as ;
substantives admit the dual form.
There are three and the
cases, the nominative,
accusative, ending in -a
;
ending
in -7c; the genitive,
but great laxity prevails in
ending in -i; the use of these
forms.
The
case-terminations have a final
was usually dropped dialect preserved
it
in the later
m
(or v),
termed the mimmation.
This
Assyrian inscriptions, though the Babylonian
to the last.
When
one substantive governs another, the governing noun loses the caseendings (and mimmation), and the governed noun which immediately follows " commonly assumes the termination of the genitive. Thus bil is lord," but bil " 7turz,
lord of light."
The
feminine singular changes the ti of the nominative masculine into -iltu^ The last two forms [dtu and titc) might elide the vowel, -atu, and -ttu (or eht). " " surd unless the root is a one, like sar, when the final letter is doubled,
producing sarrdtu, -ttti
or
"
queen."
In the plural the feminine ending became -atu and
-etiL
The
oldest form of the plural masculine was in -dmc^ which was originally also find traces of a reduplicated plural, \)k.^^maini, used for both genders.
We
Another form of the "waters," and of a plural in -iinu, like dilunu, "buckets." the feminine plural masculine was in -uhc (carefully to be distinguished from singular in adjectives.
These
the form of the masculine plural adopted by all most common termination of the masculine plural was in -e or -i.
-utti).
The
This
cases indistinguishable from the genitive case of the The ending of the dual was a. is a curious plural in -tan, which combines the feminine and masculine
plurals are in
singular.
There
is
terminations.
It
many
expresses a collection of anything,
e.g.,
e-Mr-ta-an,
"
a ford."
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
50
NOUNS
PARADIGMS OF NOUNS.
The Characters
i
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
The Characters
to be transliterated
by the Stiidmt.
NOUNS.
51
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
52
The Characters
to be transliterated
by the Student.
NOUNS.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
The Characters
Feniim'?tes
Sing.
:
Norn.
. . .
to be transliterated
by the Student.
NOUNS.
53
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
64
Nouns
to
be written
in
NOUNS.
Assyrian characters, and declined
:
Plural,
cu-du-du {Nos, 462, 212, 212)
carbuncle
da-rum-mu (289,
a dwelling
11, 23)
(cu-du-de) {Nos. 462, 212, 342)
. . .
(da-rum-mi and da-rum-me) (289,
11,,
374^^434) and gzrxi-t)
ga-ru (227, 22)
enemy
(gari
di-ku (342, 209)
soldier
(di-ku-tu) (342, 209, 60)
ci-su-du (343, 317, 212)
captive
(ci-su-du-tu) (343, 317, 212, 60)
dan-nu (241, 24)
strong
(dan-nu-tu) (241, 24, 60)
dup-pu(i74, 321)
tablet
(dup-pa-a-nu) (174, 222, 437, 24)
e-mu-ku (239, 23, 209)
deep
ri-su
.
...
power
. . ,
(227, ?>i)
(e-mu-ka-a-nu) (239, 23, 20, 437, 24)
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
NUMERALS.
55
THE NUMERALS. The
have two forms, mascuHne and feminine; but from the feminine form is used for the mascuhne, and the mascuHne form cardinals
3 to 10
for the
feminine. " " the numerals are expressed in symbols f signifies one," ]] two,"
When and so
X
10
(=
on.
The "
<[
100)
stands for 10, is
^f for
11,
<^<[
for 20, &c.
is
]>-
100,
and
{J'-
1000.
cardinals are denoted
by adding
-<^>-<
to the ordinal
;
thus | s^^-i
is
first."
Szx^y was the mathematical unit the single wedge (|) accordingly stands In fractions it is the understood for the soss, or six^y, as well as for one. ;
denominator; thus,
fff <
(3.30)
is
3 fg,
i.e.
3I.
TABLE OF CARDINAL AND ORDINAL NUMBERS. Masculine. I
=
Feminine.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
56 15
NUMERALS.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
PRONOUNS.
THE PRONOUNS. The Personal Pronouns:
57
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
58 Ya-t'i [ya-ti-ma)
and
first
The
substantival in their
use than
first
is
a
list
Pronouns are sufiixed
of them
Sing. Com. Gend.
Plural
to
the
Nouns and Verbs.
:
POSSESSIVE
I.
more
.
Possessive
followlnof
{ca-ta) are
two personal pronouns, and are generally met with words of a sentence. Besides yd-ti we also find ^Jiyy (\-^ yd-si and
the other forms of the as the
cdtit
PRONOUNS.
PRONOUN AFFIXES OF THE NOUN.
^If.
If
The
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
PRONOUNS.
59
In the later period of the language, the possessive pronouns are attached to the substantive at-tu "being" or "essence," and the compound is then used as an
emphatic repetition of the pronoun
=
at-tu-a
"
own
my
::^y '-Igy fy If V^*-
When
race
^V\\^
the accent
fell
"
;
" (literally
Tt cit-tti'-n-a, a-bu-ti-a
on the
thus
^i^ ^^Tt ^^T race
my "
to
me
'^l^f It zir-ya
(which
(was)
my
mine
is)
"),
father."
vowel of the noun to which the possessive consonant of the second and third pronoun
last
pronoun was suffixed, the initial suffixes were often doubled, as
^H^
"
-^j- ^ yy< Y T cir-bu-7i,s~su
its
interior," for
cirbii-su.
POSSESSIVE 1.
PRONOUN SUFFIXES OF THE VERB. Plural
-anni, -inni, -nni, -ni
Sing.
2.
Masc.
2.
Fan.
3.
Masc.
-acca, -icca, -cca, -ca, -c
...
-acci, -icci, -cci, -ci
...
...
-annini, -annu, -nini, -nu
-accunu, -accun, -cunu, -cun ,-,
-assii, -issu, -su, -s
-accina, -accin, -cina, -cin -assunuti,
-assunu,
-sunutu
-assun,
(v),
-sunuti (v), -sunuta (v), -sunu, -sun Fern,
3.
-assi, -assa, -ssa, -ssi, -sa, -si
-assinati, -assina, -assin, -sinatu (v), sinati (v),
...
sinata (v), -sina, -sin
A t:^J^
final
^TT
n might be assimilated
^
*^^T
to the initial s of the 3rd person suffix
^T V~ '^I^ in-da-na-as-sti-nu-ti
"
he gave them,"
;
thus
for inda-
nan-sunuti.
Besides -cunu, sunuti and /Y>as yasi appears
>
we ^Y
also find
>~
by the
sinati,
JgJ
we
side of yati.
*^
>-<|<
cu-mi-ti,
and besides
find sti-nu-siv or su-nu-si
and
^
*^- >^y<
si-na-si-iv, just
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
6o
PRONOUNS.
THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. Plural.
Sing.
Masc.
...
^y
Iy
su'atu, su'ati, su'ata
>-^^y
this,
that
...
J ]\ >^|fc=|
*j(~
su'atunu,
su'atun,
satunu
Fm.
...
...
4^>- fy >-|^y
si'atu,
^
sa'atu
...
T YX >-
>^^i
{or
satu),
>-^Y
su'atina,
...
satina,
"sinatina
sa'ati, sa'ata
Masc.
...
"^
Yy T
Fern.
...
"^
]}
sa'asu,
6?r
sasu
sa'asa or sasa, sa'asi
"^
=
this, that...
...
...
^ ^
sasunu, sasun
\*^ J! ^|,-
>-^|
sa'asina ^r sasina
or sasi
Three demonstratives are used or ^y
ma
and (^i^
("hie") Jg[J
"this
'tillu
"
that
distance,
Jl^^
ammu
*^ annu ("iste") "that by you;" Of ammu we find only the sing, by him."
by me;"
(" ille ")
to determinate '-^y
^y yjr V^y ammate, and md (^ yj) or ma the contracted form of the Thus masc. amma, and the pi. masc. amjntlta, which is used as a suffix. sing. " " auni-ma or an-ma, we have sar Assur-ma, king of this same Assyria
fem.
^^^
;
"myself" siati
"
(literally,
in this
"this person here"); >-
very year."
This
-^ ^y
suffix is especially
^^
yj
^<
common
ina sanati-ma
at the
end of the
astrological tablets.
Plural, Masc... an-nu-tu, an-nu-tav, an-ni-e ...
an-nu-ti
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
From mUu was formed
PRONOUNS.
times the adj. ^^i^
in later
61
!] ff
"
on the
or
haga,
fy ulluai
further side."
In
Persian
the
or hagat
period
we
find
new demonstrative
a
:
Sing. Masc.
Fern.
...
jf
...
^]]]^
y} Sryyy^
'^S^> 'a-ga-a, a-ga-h
^yyy
Com. gen.
. . .
so as to strengthen the determinative idea Singular, Masc.
...
^"fi
"^
'a-ga-a
iz^]]^ \ i^]]]iz
'aga.-su'u, /le
y y t^yyy-^ >^*-y
*^
Fern.
...
Ty ^yyy"^ *"*"y
Pfl - *"^I
yf t^yyy-^ I
also occurs,
V"
and the personal pronouns,
'agannu, 'aganna
...
'aga-sil, sii-aga
^J i^]]]^ ff
:
Masc.
...
Instead of
amm
thus
;
yj J:yyy-^ >--y
...
Plural,
...
'a-ga-ta
This pronoun was further compounded with
article.
^aga,
namely
>-|^y 'agannutu, aganutu
's-g^-^nm,
and aga
is
'agannitu, 'aganet
^liey
namely
frequently used like a mere
62
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
PRONOUNS.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
The
Relative Pronoun
^
is
of
sa,
numbers and genders, which was
all
be understood, as in English, " the man I saw" for " the man whom I saw." It is often used to express the periphrastic genitive, when instead of the construct state, the fiill form of the first noun originally a demonstrative.
with the case-ending
is
"
V
Thus
of."
times the
^^ -^TT
first
It
may
given followed by sa, which then means exactly our " ^^ ^^ sarrn sa matdti king of the world." Some-
noun was omitted,
maneh) of Carchemish." The Interrogative Pronoun is << "who?" "what," "which." Sometimes
^
mi
Garganis
according to (the
7nan-im, ^f *^ ma-nu, or <^ man, it is contracted into 7na-a. Mi-e or
and may be suffixed
also signified "vv^ho,"
"
ina sa
as
to
forming <^
inanmi,
^
\>-
mannu-me, "who."
The
ma
Pronouns
Indefinite
the
are
indeclinable
^f '"TI^ ^T ma-nam-ma,
na-ma, man-ma, ma-am-man, ma-am-ma, or ma-mtm-ma, "
"
anybody," and
la or ^]i^ til, joined ^y mi-im-ma, anything." The negative in the same sentence with these pronouns, gave them a negative meaning, " " when the nobody," nothing." This negative meaning might be retained even
(^ j^^
^^
accompanying negative was dropped, Wk^personne, &c., in French. \\ fy S^^ffy ^y ai-um-ma or ya-um-may with the negative understood, and \^^ nin also, ^y >--
=
by "
yf
*^
other,"
The to
'jf^y
a-mi-te
sa-mim-ma
a-nu-te,
and
=" another,"
Reflexive Pronoun
is
yf yy< <^y^y
ana
cstin
^^yy ^y
*:(-
which the possessive pronouns were
ra-ma-mc-ca
^^i^X^
or
gcidu
expressed by ^^y
ra-ma-7iu-ttc-ca
also
^
was
a-kha-di
estin
=
"
thyself,"
=
one to another." " self,"
as
ra-ma-ni-ya "myself," " themselves." ra-ma-ni-su-tm
suffixed,
used for "individual," '-^y
A-kka-ri-tu
ra-ma-nu, ra-ma-iii, ra-ma-7ia
"
^y an-ni-ma or
a-kha-di.
^y an-ma
and
"myself" "
(literally
this
might be
(man) here
").
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
VERBS.
6^
THE VERB. Assyrian Verbs are for the most part df three consonants or semi-consonants.
consonants the verb
If the root consist of three
or
more of the three
vowels
[Ji
or
K
that
triliteral,
is
to say, the root consists
is
called complete
;
if
one
which easily pass into becoming i; and ^ or ^
radical letters are semi-consonants
becoming a ;
z^
or
*)
becoming
it ;
y
or
^
losing its guttural sound), the verb is called defective. There are four principal Conjugations :
Kal, the simplest form, with an active (more rarely a neuter) signi-
(i)
fication, as
"
>^<\^
^i^ll
^'^^^^^^^
^^ concealed."
Niphal, the passive of Kal, formed by prefixing
(2)
11,
which may be
assimilated to the following vowel, as >^<\^ *"^tl ^ >wT[ iccatum "
he was concealed
(for mcatuni).
sometimes a causative) signification, formed by doubling the second radical letter of the root, and conjugating the as ti, persons with an inserted
Pael, with an intensive (and hence,
(3)
5:yyys=
(4)
"
^y
"
K*^T_| yucattum {^i-u-catttim)
he did conceal."
Shaphel, with a causative signification, formed by prefixing s{a) to the root, and conjugating the persons with inserted ?/, as jryyy?:
*^yy>f=
^^yj
"
yusactum
Instead of Shaphel, concave verbs
h and
\_see
^ IdJ
he caused to conceal."
below] have Aphel, s having been "
he caused to be good." Each of the four principal conjugations has two secondary forms made by inserting t and taiz after the first consonant thus
changed
into
lost,
as ^^SS\^
yud/iid
;
{id)
Iphteal from Kal, as
(id)
Iphtaneal from Kal, as
*^y
:
>ITT ^ ^wTT
'^y
ic-ta-tum.
^,^1,1 ic-tan-tum.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
64
Ittaphal from Niphal, as
{2a)
^^f Ji>^ ^^M]
Ittanaphal from Niphal, as ^^^] >^TIT *"^I -accatum (for in-tan-accattim).
{2d)
(3(7')
Iphtaal from Pael, as
{lb)
Iphtanaal from Pael, as
{\a)
Istaphal from Shaphel, as
f^v^ >TTT
^^1
it-ta-dum (for in-ta-ctum).
*^&
^^Sj
?=SS ^TTT ^^\
is
it-tan-
yuc-ta-ttum.
^^T ^iSlI yuc-tan-attum. \
the Aphel of concave verbs
^ >wTT
*"^^tl
^^f J^J^ ^ ^m\ yus-ta-dum
Istanaphal from Shaphel, as ^f^T >^T!T or yul-tan-adum.
(4^)
From
VERBS.
or yul-ta-ctum.
*^\ *"Q ^^^u yus-tan-adtim
formed an Itaphal, as
J^fff^
>in
^^^TIT
yu-ta-dhib.
These secondary conjugations have a reflexive force. Niphal and Shaphel (and also probably Aphel) admit conjugations, (2^) Niphael, as
*^y
^f
and ^>wT_| iccattwn,
of Paelised
also (4^)
Shaphael, as
5f^T >^T ^jpfy^yT yiiscattum.
From
Niphal, Pael, and Shaphel, other intensive conjugations could be formed
by repeating the iccatumim
;
last radical
(srd) Palel,
2iS,
:
thus {2nd) Niphalel, as
yucatumim ; and
'^y
""^^tJ
^^^ K^^ '^^^f
yusadumim. of active and passive
{\th) Shaphalel,
2js>
to Except Kal and Niphal, which stood in the relation one another, the other conjugations had passives formed by changing the vowels
of the root into
^l,
thus
:
(3)
Pael makes
(4)
Shaphel makes
^^^^ I^
"^y
K^^LJ yucuttum
(permansive, cuttum).
^^y J^ ^^^(\*yus-ai-htm
(permansive, suaitum or
sucatum).
Aphel makes {/^d)
Istaphal
^W^
TTT^y
i^^
makes (permansive)
yiidhtib.
^y
JiJ^
'--
-<^4f sutadim.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
The Moods
are five in
number
the
(i)
VERBS.
65
indicative,
(2)
the
subjunctive,
the infinitive. (3) the imperative, (4) the precative, and (5)
The
indicative possesses
two primary and three secondary Tenses
(i)
the
the present, a modified form of the aorist; (4) the perfect or pluperfect, the older form of the aorist; and (5) the future, the older form of the present. (2) the aorist or imperfect; (3)
permansive or perfect;
The
the perfect (permansive) and (2) but under the influence of Accadian, the imperfect split
were
original tenses of the verb
the imperfect (aorist) itself into
;
two forms, one shorter
(as
^^
"
(i)
" >^]] *^]-^*^^]]] isam he made ") and one he makes "), which came to be used with
isaccm longer (as f=^ ^^TT^ The longer and more a real tense-distinction of meaning (as in Ethiopic). came further to form the be used with a future of primitive present {isaccitm)
and the longer and more primitive form of the aorist {isctmu), from its " " or " who," came to have generally a being adopted after words like when force
;
perfect or pluperfect sense.
The permansive viated forms
of
(perfect) has
grown out of the
the personal pronouns to
close attachment of abbre-
nouns and participles into a true
tense.
Besides the apocopated or ordinary aorist (isam) and the pluperfect aorist or motive aorist {iscuna) formed by the [isctmu), there exists (i) a conditional "
the augment of motion," to the apocopated aorist, and (2) the energic aorist formed by the retention of the original mimmation, iscunu7n{ina), There was also another form of the aorist which tscunim{ma), iscunam{ina).
attachment of
ended
a,
in -i (as iscuni).
These terminations of the
aorist in -u,
-/,
-a,
answer
to the three case-endings
of the noun, the apocopated aorist corresponding with the construct /State, and go back to a time when but little distinction was made between the noun and the
subjunctive mood is used in relative and conditional clauses, and denoted by the addition of the particle ni, which may be placed after the
verb. is
The
possessive pronoun
had
called
it."
suffix,
as
^][^| J^^
A-j
"!J<^>-
^
Jf^
ci ikabu-sti-ni
"
when he
66
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
Vi^RBS.
The
imperative is confined to the 2nd person, the 2nd pers. sing. masc. the giving simplest form of the verb (as S2imn, rikkiis, tsabat), the vowels always the same in both syllables, the 2nd being pers. fem. ending in i (as siicmi or sucni), the 2nd pers. pi. masc. in -^l (as stcchm or sitcmi) and the 2nd pers. pi.
The 2nd The sitcna).
fem. in a (as sticina or stccna). of motion -a (as sucuna or
pers. sing. masc.
may
take the augment
precative is formed by prefixing In or li vowel of which coalesces with the vowel of the person-prefix in the ist and (the It is generally used in the 3rd persons) to any one of the forms of the aorist. "
The
3rd person, as liscun may he place." tive and declined accordingly.
infinitive is really
a verbal substan-
Besides the moods, every conjugation possesses a participle, which, except Kal and the Pael of concave verbs, prefixes imi,-.
There are three numbers,
singular, plural,
and
dual, but the dual
in
which ends
only found in the 3rd person. in the singular and plural, the 2nd and 3rd having different forms for masculine and feminine. in -a is
There are three Persons
A
feminine nominative, however,
verb
(as
disclosed
>->-y
")
^Yy^ j:|yyt:
^J^y|
is
often used improperly with a masculine Ista.r
>-yy
and on the other hand,
in the
ymsapH "the goddess
2nd
I
star
pers. plural (especially in the
imperative) we frequently find the feminine instead of the masculine form. There are many contracted forms in the Assyrian verb, produced chiefly by
dropping a short
-i
or -a
;
thus
]J*^y
^>- i^"^ tastalmi
taptikdi for taptikidi, ittalcu for ittalliciL,
for tastalami, 5=
>jp^
tasahmt for tasallinm, usziz or
KI>?^
tclsiz for
usaziB.
D, J=y yy
ts,
z,
or s assimilate the inserted
>^ its-tsa-bat for
S may
change the
i-sa-can for
^yy ^yyy
The enclitic of the verb.
t
5=y
^yyy
'^ its-ta-bat,
t
into s
becoming
^^
s
of the secondary conjugations, as 5^y yy
itself,
"^yyf iz-za-car for iz-ta-car.
as
>^y
^^ J^^
i's-'sa-can
and
is-ta-can.
conjunction vd
" ('"
and)
is
attached very closely to the termination
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
VERBS.
67
PARADIGMS. The Strong or Complete
Verb,
KAL.
The second vowel "
ipdhh'
he freed,"
The
"
of the aorist
itsbat
"
may be
he took," but n
either ^,
is
i,
or u, as iscun
"
he placed,"
most common.
vowel of the present may similarly be either a, i, or tCy as inaccar " he estranges," isaccin "he places," idammum it passes away," but ^ is, by far,
the most
The of
a,
third
common
vowel.
person singular of the aorist sometimes has e in Babylonian instead as iii t^^m csnik for asjiik, and verbs t^"D (see infra) in Assyrian first
might adopt the same vowel.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
68
VERBS.
AORIST. Singular.
^ ^y^^vjpi^
I.
as-cun ("
^y.-^yy
I placed)
Masc.
tas-cun;
2.
Fern.
tas-cu-ni;
3.
Masc.
is-cun;
3.
Fern,
>-
ar-khl-its
-Vi '^^
> ^
ats-bat
J^i ("'
;
/ immdated ") tar -khi-its
2.
,,
^
.
ats-bat
tar-khi-tsi;
ta-ats ba-ti
ir-khi-its;
its-bat
tar-khi-its
tas-cun;
{^'Itook") ta-
;
ta-ats-bat
;
F/ura/.
1
J^
.
jr
ni-ls-cun
>mI
;
^S
4^
>=Y
ni-ir-khi-its
2.
Afasc.
tas-cu-nu;
,,
,,
tar-klii-tsu
2.
Fem.
tas-cu-na;
,,
,,
tar-khi-tsa
3.
Masc.
3.
Fem.
,,
5,
;
>|y.
^Y
>~<
,,
;
ni-its-bat
ta-ats-ba-tu ta-ats-ba-ta
;
is-cu-nu;
ir-khi-tsu;
its-ba-tu
is-cu-na
ir-khi-tsa;
its-ba-ta
;
nua/.
^n M ^T
!f
{ [isamai-
}
:w
A
T? !J
i'--'^^-^ 5
^T
^-T
^m
I?
i'^-b^-'--
The
student will form the future and pluperfect by attaching the vowel -u to those singular forms of the present and aorist which end in a consonant, and -unz (also -unu, -unuv,
end
in
a consonant.
and
-univ) to those plural forms of the
same tenses which
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
VERBS.
69
'
PRECATIVE. Singular.
M
'
Sf^ ^TA^^yiT lu-us-cun;
JgQf ifcj -^5^1
lu-ur-khi-its
2.
Masc.
lu-tas-cun;
lu-tar-khi-its
3.
M.&'F.
li-is-cun
li-ir-khi-its
;
JgJ ^>-\\
;
^
lu-uts-bat lu-ta-ats-bat
;
li-its-bat
;
Plural.
3.
Masc.
3.
Fan.
3.
Masc.
3.
Fern.
>^^^|y
5r<|y
]^ >^
"^t^H
;
^ft?
-^^yy
J:y
^,^y >-^^y
When
su-uc-na (or
li-ir-khi-tsa
the
^y
>-^T>-y >4-
yy
I
n^
j
n-Its-ba-tu
augment
the
mimmation may be attached
of motion
t*"ap
*"^y *"^y
to all the
above
attached to the 2nd person masc. plur. through va into a ; thus ^y >-^y yf is
>^^
S=^V^ >-^y su-uc-na-a) instead of
su-iic-nu-a.
INFINITIVE.
^^yy
li-ir-khi-tsu ;*
li-its-ba-ta
of the imperative u-\-a passes
"tlT
A t'^S
li-is-cu-na;
The augment of motion and forms.
li-is-cu-nu
PARTICIPLE.
^
^
sa-ca-nu
to dwell.
ra-kha-tsu
to inundate.
^^yy 4^ t'^RF
tsa-ba-tu
to seize.
IT >~<
]sf
*g^|
sa-ci-nu
dwelling.
ra-khi-tsu
inundating.
tsa-bi-tu
seiztJig.
70
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
IPHTEAL.
VERBS.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
VERBS.
71
IFUTEALconfmued. IMPERATIVE. Plural.
Singular. 2.
Masc.
sit-cin
sit-ci-nu
2.
Fein.
sit-ci-ni
sit-ci-na
PRECATIVE. Singular.
m
lu-us-ta-can
S
li-is-ta-can
IeU
:
4^ ^4 ^!!T
lu-up-te-kdi li-ip-te-kid
;
Plural. 5.
M.
^^y
Jl^iy
^lyy
^::m
*7^
3-^.
H-ls-ta-ca-nu
;
li-is-ta-ca-na
;
m tU ^! III ^
li-ip-te-ki-da
INFINITIVE.
>5^
sit-cu-nu
;
Mill
^iM
pit-ku-du
PARTICIPLE.
^>-YyY< >^^YyY >-^V-| >-1<S
^^
*jf-
-^y J^JI :^y
li-iP-te-H-du
mus-ta-ca-nu, mul-ta-ca-nu
mu-up-te-ki-du
72
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
NIPHAL.
VERBS.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
AORIST
VERBS.
Cotitinued,
PluraL
^^\
1. 2.
Masc.
2.
J^em.
3.
Masc.
^ ^ *^^
na-as-sa-cin, na-as-sa-cun tas-sa-ci-nu, tas-sa-cu-nu tas-sa-ci-na, tas-sa-cu-na is-sa-ci-nu, is-sa-cu-nu
J,
,.
is-sa-ci-na, is-sa-cu-na
3. Fern.
Dual. [is-sa-ci-na-a]
3.
INFINITIVE. >-V"t
d^ >>-^T>-T
YI >5A
na-as-ca-a-nu [nascanu]
PARTICIPLE.
*^
"^ ^^^
^ ^I^
*sf~
mu-se-es-sa-ci-nu [musessaciuu]
73
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
74
ISTAPHAL.
PERMANSIVE
{or Perfect).
VEKJiS.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. PA E L
con tin ucd.
VERBS.
75
76
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
VERBS.
IPHTAEL.
PERMANSIVE.
Nof foutld.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
l?WTKEl^
IMPERATIVE.
VERBS.
continued
7/
.
Not found.
PRECATIVE. Plural.
Singular. 3.
J^yy
>
T^
>->^ ?=^
lu-us-tac-can
I
I
3.
3.
Masc.
PARTICIPLE. I
^^III
^>^
lu-us-tac-ca-nu lu-us-tac-ca-na
/^^;//.
INFINITIVE. [sa-tac-ca-nu]
J^ J^^^ ^^^ '"^tl ^
^Is *^
'-nu mus-tac-ci-
78
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
VERBS.
SHAPHEL.
PERMANSIVE.
Not found.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
VERBS.
ISTAPHAL.
PERMANSIVE. PRESENT.
Not foimd.
79
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
8o
VERBS.
THE WEAK OR DEFECTIVE VERBS. If
one of the radicals of a verb
is
d,
;/,
fi,
7t,
{v),
i
[y) or
it
differs
in
from the conjugation of the Strong Verb, owing to the assimilation of these letters to other vowels or consonants.
many
particulars
Verbs which begin with these letters are called verbs ]"D, verbs which end with them are called verbs ''"D, and i^"D; V'7, I"?,
and V"h',
find
it
is
^"7, ti'h
and
)i"V'
The
last class of
verbs are
Concave Verbs. Verbs
N
j'7,
H"D, V'D,
verbs which have one of these letters as a second radical
are called verbs \'V^ \^'V^ T\"V^ ^"V^ ^"V^ also called
i^"D,
'{"D.
assimilated to the following letter
irregularly retained.
Before ^
or/
it
;
though in some few instances we may be changed to m.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
VERBS.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
82
Verbs
VERBS.
"D.
KAL.
Sing.
I.
[asabacu]
2.
Masc.
2. 3.
If
^Idl
"/x/V"
Tn>
a-sib,
izil Y>-
a-cul, ta-sib
ta-sa-bi
ta-si-bi
Masc.
ya-sab, i-sab
ya-sib, i-sib
ta-sab
ta-sib
[asabat]
[a-sab]
^! sif^hU
...
nv
na-sab
^^
Masc.
...
ta-sa-bu
ta-si-bu
2.
/^
...
ta-sa-ba
ta-si-ba
3.
Masc, ...a-sa-bu
ya-sa-bu, i-sa-bu
ya-si-bu, i-si-bu
3.
Fern.
ya-sa-ba, i-sa-ba
ya-si-ba, i-si-ba
[ya-sa-ba]
ya-si-ba]
...[a-sa-ba] ...
[asaba]
Y>-
na-sib
2.
3.
e-sib
e-cul
J^em.
Plur.
Dual,
a-sab
ta-sab
.
3. Fern.
,,
AORIST.
PRESENT.
.PERMANSIVE.
IMPERATIVE AND PRECATIVE. Sing.
-m
I.
^i-
mv
li-su-ub,
2.
Masc,
2.
7rw.
e-si-bi, a-cu-li
3.
Masc.
li-su-ub, lu-sib
lu-sib
e-sib, a-cul
3- ^^z''-
P///r.
I.
2.
Masc.
=Tf
3.
3
Masc.
a-cu-la
li-su-bu, lu-si-bu li-su-ba, lu-si-ba
i^^///.
INFINITIVE.
vn^'
yf
e-si-bu, a-cu-la
2. i^^///. J,
e-si-bu,
PARTICIPLE. sa-a-bu
T{
a-si-bu
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
VERBS,
^3
PARADIGM OF THE OTHER CONJUGATIONS. PRESENT.
PERMANSIVE, hteal
V'T .IT ^i-
Niphal
te-sub [na-sub]
^ ^TTT *IdJ
i-t'-^-s^b
i-na-sab it-te-sab
Ittaphal
Pad
[assab]
Iphtaal
yu-as-ab, yus-sab
yu-tas-sab
Shaphel
[sasab]
yu-sa-sab,
Istaphal
[satesab]
yus-te-sab
yu-se-sab
yul-te-sab
\%
yu-te-sab
*aphal
Pad Pass.
. . .
Istaphal Pass.
US-sub
yu-us-sab
su-te-sub
[yus-tu-sab]
84
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
Verbs H"D KAL.
VERBS.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
VERBS.
PARADIGM OF THE OTHER CONJUGATIONS. ,
85
86
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
Verbs
VERBS.
V'd.
KAL. IMPERATIVE AND
PERMANSIVE.
PRESENT.
AORIST.
Singular.
Singular.
Singular.
1.
[u-la-da-cu]
:yf|jz \'<
PRECATIVE. Singular.
u-lad
"
Illegal" 2.
Masc.
2.
I^em.
3.
Masi:.
...
...
m
[u-lid]
tu-lad
tu-lid
lid
,,
tu-la-di
tu-li-di
li-di
"a,**"
yu-lad
,
3. J^em.
j>
Plural.
Plural.
I.
2.
Masc.
2.
Fern.
3.
Masc.
3.
Fern.
J)
55
>>
5>
,,
Dual
lu-lid
tu-lid
tu-lad
Plural. nu-lid
tu-la-du
tu-li-du
tu-la-da
tu-li-da
li-da
yu-la-du
yu-li-du
lu-li-du
yu-la-da
yu-li-da
lu-li-da
Dual.
[yulida]
PARTICIPLE.
INFINITIVE.
J^T
.-^y t;<]
li-du
Dual.
[yu-la-da-a]
If >~t]
Plural.
nu-lad
a-la-du
la-du
y?
tiS j^y
-iMu.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
IMPERATIVE.
VERBS.
87
88
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
Verbs
VERBS.
"""D.
KAL. IMPERATIVE PERMANSIVE.
PRESENT.
Singular.
Singular.
1.
[inikacu]
Y
>"]^
AORIST.
AND PRECATIVE.
Singular.
Singular.
i-na-ak ''/suckled''
2.
Masc.
ti-na-ak
ti-ni-ik
nik
2.
Fern.
ti-na-ki
ti-ni-ki
ni-ki
3.
Masc.
i-nak
i-nik
li-nik
3.
Fetn.
ti-nak
ti-nik
Plural. 1.
,,
Plural.
Plural.
ni-nak
ni-nik
Plural.
2.
Masc.
ti-na-ku
ti-ni-ku
ni-ku
2.
Fan.
ti-na-ka
ti-ni-ka
ni-ka
3.
Masc. [iniku]
i-na-ku
i-ni-ku
li-ni-ku
3.
i^/;?.
i-na-ka
i-ni-ka
li-ni-ka
PARTICIPLE.
PARADIGM OF THE OTHER CONJUGATIONS. PERMANSIVE.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
^H^K
IMPERATIVE.
VERBS.
89
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
90
Verbs
i^^'s:
KAL.
2.
Masc.
2.
Fern.
3.
Masc.
3.
Fern.
2.
Masc.
2.
Fern.
3.
Masc.
3.
Fcjn.
VERBS.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
VERBS.
PARADIGM OF THE OTHER CONJUGATIONS.
i
I
91
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
92
VERBS.
CONCAVE VERBS. KAL.
PERMANSIVE.
PRESENT.
Singular. I.
>-^y>-T
*-J^tJ Tt *"^T 2.
I^
Masc.
2.
J^em.
3.
Masc.
Singular.
ca-ma-cu
^Y Y^Y
^^
ca'-a-na-cu,
I
rise"
"I establish"
[camat, ca'anat]
a-tar
^^y
v.
at-tar ta-tar,
''
/ bring back "
&c.
ta-ta-ri
>^^tj ^^^^
3. 7r;;/.
ca-am
i-tar
[camat] [ca-i-nat]
ta-tar
Plural.
Plural. na-tar
2.
Masc.
ta-ta-ru ta-ta-ra
2. iv///.
3.
Masc.
3.
/^w.
>-JzJJ >>
>^ j>
Dual.
ca-mu, ca-i-nu
i-ta-ru
ca-ma, ca-i-na
i-ta-ra
Dual. i-ta-ra-a
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
KAL.
93
^VERBS.
continued.
IMPERATIVE AND PRECATIVE. Plural.
Singular.
f^U ^\ \2.
Masc.
>^
tir, tir-ra
l^^lfyfY
^^ ^2.
3.
lu-ut-tur, lu-tur-ru
cin
^^
ti-ri, ta-ri,
M. andF.
lit-tur, li-tiir
du-ku
^^
smite ye /^ cinu
" establish
ye^*
duk
][]^
Fern.
^^
tar
ci-ni,
du-ca, ci-na
du-ci
lit-tu-ru, li-tu-ru
Dual. lit-tu-ra, li-tu-ra
PARTICIPLE ACT.
INFINITIVE.
tiy Tt ^tin
ta'-a-ru fo
turn !
|<
^
5TTT ^t
^M
ta'-i-ru
--I:J ^t
PARTICIPLE PASS.
tku
-^
di.ku
^
PARADIGM OF THE OTHER CONJUGATIONS.
ci-nu
*sf-
ca'-i-nu
94
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
VERBS.
PARADIGM OF THE OTHER CONJUGATIONS.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
Verbs
Vi"h,
VERBS.
n"^, V'^, ^"h,
KAL.
rh.
95
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
96
Verbs ^"^ properly have
e in the last syllable, as
heard," but i frequently takes is-me-u as well as
^yy >^
VERBS.
its
place.
In the plural
^jy
y>- j:yf
is-me-e
we may have
is-nm.
PARADIGM OF THE OTHER CONJUGATIONS.
Jz^yy
" \>-
he
/
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
By combining
>^
97
the forms given in these Paradigms the student will be able to
obtain the forms of doubly defective >-^y
VERBS.
lavu "to cling to,"
gf *^
Verbs like
f}
t'"&
^^^^^
bavu "to come."
PARADIGM OF QUADRILITERAL VERBS. Vie Characters
PERMANSIVE.
Kal
{=iPalel)
Iphtalel
Saphalel
Istaphald Niphalel Ittaphalel
Niphalla
K -m
to he
added by the Student.
"
^^
%^
forth,"
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
98
VERBS.
VERBS TO BE CONJUGATED BY THE STUDENT. I.
--H
V J^T
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. Verbs
41.
io be
conjugated
and
the Characters
VERBS. added by the Student.
99
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
lOO
PREPOSITIONS.
LIST OF ASSYRIAN PREPOSITIONS.
-
y?
-II
a-di
a-
a-khi,
at the side of
im
AHff
uj> to
...
ina, in
19.
.
. .
frojn,
with
in, by,
with
kha-at
a-khar
a-na,
5.
<MI
...
an
to,
ar-cu, ar-ci
as-su,
as-
sum 7-
9-
-^T
ba-lu,baliv
<W 4
...
opposite
ul-li
...
among
'IeT
ul-la-nu
before
ul-la-num-
upon
accordingto,as
ma
5-
t"^ITT
-T >^
ci-bit
.
.
by command of
25-
ci-rib
. . .
in the midst of
26.
cu-um
...
instead of
27.
la-pa-ni...
-I^TT
T-
.
-^I<
li-me-ti,
li
before
near
lib-bi,libba in the midst of
-mi -TM
makh-ri
before
31-
mi-ikh-rit
among
32.
nir
below,
from, out of from, out of
near,
against il-la-mu...
before
Jff= <-J:
il-lu
.
^
ne-mi-du
towards
^i-khar-ti
throughout
beyond
elan]
Mn
like
24.
3-
il-la-an [or
7-
cim
ci-ma,
29.
is-tu
with, during
23-
28.
...
it...
within^ near
di-khi
ul-tu
from
-cvithout
.
.
it-ti,
after
bi-rid
.
in,
nannu
for
in, by, in regard to
in-
in-na,
behind
34.
upon
35-
e-la
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
PREPOSITIONS.
ASSYRIAN PREPOSITIONS
37.
t:"}
-mV<
^^/^>/^^.
lOI
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
102
PREPOSITIONS.
THE COMPOUND PREPOSITIONS. I.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
CONJUNCTIONS.
THE CONJUNCTIONS.
'<-
103
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
I04
ADVERBS.
THE ADVERBS. The most common mode the termination rab-is
"
sadan-is
the
-is
of forming the adverb in Assyrian was by attaching to the construct-state of a noun (whether sing, or pi.) as
greatly," el-is "
like
;
"
above," sallat-is
mountains."
mimmation, might
also
The
"
for
a
*'
spoil," caccab-is
like a
star,"
accusative case of the noun, with or without
be used adverbially, as palca
"
amply,"
rubam
"greatly."
The batstsi
"
genitive also, with or without the mimmation'. " of old." in ruin," labirim
The most common
'
T?
-^ -^\
Is
sometimes found
adverbs of place and time are the following
:
;
as
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
DERIVATION OF NOUNS.
10$
DERIVATION OF NOUNS. A
large proportion of Assyrian nouns are derived from different forms of the
verb. "
I
Thus from Kal we have the
infinitives
ni-ci-i-hi to cut <Jgf jr^ >-^yy su-mu-u-ru "to keep;" the participle passive
to inundate,"
X^
off,"
^H
"
and the active
troubled,"
participle ^Y
the long a of the first syllable serves to distinguish which is derived from the Permansive.
From
ft
From From "
^^
>^
i^]]]i^
v^J^lf J=^ *"yi
it
from
^^H ^j
"
"
ruling "
nia-li-cu
"
kar-ra-du
^
da-li-i-khu
where
a king,"
war-like,"
injured."
Palel,
^yj^^ ^yy
Iphteal and
clothed," git-ma-hi
From
like
B]
''
lim-mu-nu
^ ^
we have nouns
Pael
and
ma-a-li-cu ^^T
y][
ra-kha-a-tsu
t*"^
^t-]] }}{ ]}
"
"
Iphtaal,
j:yyy
"
cit-ru-bu ^J[\ ^>-
a meeting,"
lat-bu-s2i
a benefactor,"
^^
^WJ V
Shaphel,
nam-rl-ri "bright."
"
sap-sa-ku
an opening," sum-ai-tu
"
a
slaughter."
From
Niphal,
J:J:|
JJ<
nab-kha-rtt
^tt
"
"
offspring,"
"
a receipt." From the weak verbs come words like (^X- ''211 vid-iru, sa-ku "summit" from nasti, and from verbs V'Q, num-kha-rii
and
li-i-tu, li-da-a-tu,
Itt-tu-fu, all
the second radical, as
Heb. adam
nab-ni-tu
collected,"
li-lic-cu
"
meaning
a going,"
"
offspring." lil-li-du
"
"
" ^^^^'-^^^^
offspring
for
lit-tu (for lid-tu), li-du^
Also forms which repeat " man," the
a birth," dadtmi
XTVA-
When
a monosyllable is repeated the last consonant of the first syllable generally assimilated to the first consonant of the second syllable, as JSf"
is
^y ^y
Vkak-ka-d^i (for kad-kadu) "
The
a
"
"
a head," ca-ac-ca-bu
"
(for cab-cabu)
a
prefix ^7/ denotes the instrument, action, or place, as {^
star." ^j[
^^
-mmi-sa-zu
bulwark."
The
prefix
(another form of Iphteal) builds abstracts, as
Y^f
y-- \]
^^^
a hearing," te-ni-se-tu " mankind," tti-ku-ma-tu or tuk-ma-tu " oppoAlso adjectives as Tas-me-tu " she who hears " (the wife of Nebo).
tas-me-a-tu sition."
T
"
Roots may be increased by prefixing a vowel, as
f:][<J
^'tS^\ '^III
^^-^^-^^^
I06
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
or il-ca-cat " stories," e-da-khu
"
PHONOLOGY. "
im-mi-rit.
warrior,"
youngling,"
u-ta-a-ma
**
lawgiver."
A word might be lengthened the
construct
;
>^
>-^y jf
^J][(
by
affixing
anu "
cir-ba-a-nu
"a king," -^y J^ 5^ te-er-din-7iu a crown." Words so formed were collectives.
sil-dha-a-nii "
(also
an "
tmc or innu and
Gentile nouns were formed by the termination at (fem. "
^yyy
yj yj
a
ti-{Ji)am-ta-ai
sailor,"
^^
^y
)->^
offering,"
a descent,"
^
>-^y
Vi< >^ a-gu-nu
yi
ai^7i),
yf
mm) to ^yy yi y.
as
>-
^r^
Da-bi-la-ai
yj
"
a
"
Babylonian," Dur-Sar-ci-na-ai-ti she of Dur-Sargon." Quadriliterals are occasionally found, as well as quinqueliterals, as a-sa-ri-du "
"
first-born," khar-pa-sit ''
a
vehemence," kha-mi-luhk-khi
'''
stores," kha-ba-tsi-il-la-tu
lily."
Many
Assyrian words are borrowed from Accadian.
PHONOLOGY. The
be remembered are the following
1.
chief phonetic rules to
A
a dental generally becomes
sibilant before
/,
:
as kha-mil-tic "five"
for kha-mis-tu. 2.
A
dental followed
or "
3.
A
as
A-y
s
(together with the sibilant) resolved into is '^TT ka-ai-iu or A-y ^^!\\ ka-su for kat-su
is
f^?X
his hand."
dental preceded by a sibilant Is assimilated to the latter, and when the sibilant is s the last rule takes effect, as its-tsa-bat for its-ta-bat "
4.
/,
by
he
is
taken," ii-ia-can and i-ia-can for is-ta-can
After a guttural, the
t
of the secondary conjugations
or dh^ as ik-dha-rib for ik-ta-rib 5.
A72
in the other h,
6.
"
Semitic Idioms,
Is
**
he
dwells.''
may change
to
d
he approached."
frequently replaced In Assyrian by
or lost altogether.
Instead of k the Babylonian dialect often has g, as ga-Ui for /^^-/?/ *' hand ;" and this change of letter sometimes makes its way Into the Assyrian dialect.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
C
7.
PHONOLOGY.
I07
frequently takes the place of k (especially at the beginning of a word), and also (but more rarely) of g, as ^JgJ >-yyj ^>- ci-ri-bu ^^^
'*
ki-ri-bu I^II ^TTI "^"^ k'^'^^^
"
command
neighbourhood," <JgJ jzyyyy ci-bit for ;" and where the other Semitic dialects
I^II ^TTTT prefer the softer consonants ts in
a
{g, z),
Assyrian often combines
and
c
root.
8.
N
9.
M may become n
generally assimilated to the following consonant, as id-din for '* he gave." Conversely, a double dental may be resolved in-din into nd or nt.
is
before a dental, sibilant, or guttural, as khan-sa for kham-sa, "five," and then be assimilated to the following consonant, as
-->^yyy
^^ ikkkkar
p may be
double b or double for i-nab-bti 10.
E
(^yf)
"
for
imkhar
mb
resolved into
Conversely,
or i^, as i-nam-bu^
he proclaims."
always a vowel, and
is
"it is present."
changeable with
is
very frequently used as
inter-
i.
N.B. The Assyrians had considerable difficulty in adapting the characters of a foreign (Accadian) syllabary to express the sounds of their own language. Hence in the 3rd pers. sing, of a verb, whenever the form requires a prefixed u must be read ytts, not us, (in Pael, &c.), we have to supply a jj// thus yu, not
Before
u.
k has often
yi,
to
J^y t^\\^ be understood, and sometimes has to be
supplied (though not written) after a vowel.
J/ and
v were interchangeable in events they are interchangeable
Accadian, and possibly also in Assyrian at all in the writing, and sometimes be read e.g., must ;
^y,
^l^
sometimes
syllabary
a
was that a
final labial ^
either tig, ^yCiy
am and
tic,
e.
av.
or /, a final sibilant s or or
tik.
Again, bti
H
The
may be
final guttural
di or dki, and ^>-
the vowel
sometimes
/,
chief
read g,
c,
ma and
There was no sk or
Only a
or
k,
and even 3 or
tk.
certain
va,
drawback occasioned by the a
final
dental
Thus
ts.
represented both za and
oy pu.
sometimes
tsa,
number of
d, d/i,
>f^
^yj
or
may
/,
be
da or dka,
characters contained
READING LESSONS.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
lo8
READING LESSONS. Extract from the Annals of Tiglath-Pileser
^|gjy ^yyy ^ gy ^yy
(39.)
-
li
-
ta
records
T/ie
of
^ T^-
"7^ s^I sue- nu- us
kur
at
(4.-)
of enemies
--I
A4f
D.P.
Rammanu
t
^T
(4..)
na
-
na
-Whbeli
my cf^^? D.P.
-
A
D.P.
bit
the
in
-
m
(46.)
ya
^y t^ ]} y^ -
the
ra
-
a
-
-
su- us
tablets
I charted:
D.P.
Tr
A-sur
sa
D.P.
A-nu Ann
^y
]]
na
tsa
victims
whom
-
is
D.P.
m
yumi
as
days
I established ;
:^ cu
-
ki
I sacrificed :
a
m
T?
Rammanu
-
to
na
rabi
ri
gfeat,
-M va
and
^
m
~
su
their places
-
n Js
nu
H
a-ni-mis duly
father
^
J!
-TT
zurote;
t^'-)
my
as
ni
IIIsI Ifci dhu - ur
gals
a-bi- ya
S
-
un
-
Samas-Rimmon
ak
u
ili
s
-0 IeII W ^\
va
and
I
the
-
-
al
ya
^yy^
at
ya
given,
Rammanu
^^ ^fl
(49.)
cu
-
mm
t^Tr -
ni
Rimmon,
jiEy -
ru
have
^
-
m m AW "^
t<\\
ti
my foundation-stone
future
of
niki
^y< -
y ^yyy^
^A JI 5^ MI <E: ab
--T
D.P.
and
-gyy
T
V
ut
and
for
lords,
na
-
^
-
Asshur,
:
fighting,
T?
tsu
va
ri
--I
h
nuv
my
of
39)
-n
?{<
tam-kha-
^T
a- ya
y? a
(4-) *I
battle-shout
i-^ -
si
col. 8, line
tu
destruction
Ann
of
temple
the
-
-
nin
to
tablet
-
-
^ey?
y?
ra
my
na
ru
y? a- na
^\ ^z
D.P.
on
i
e
to
-^y ^\\ -
i
-
hostile
Rimmon
(43.)
ya
W
!=y{ -
tsa
ir
warriors,
\\
naciri
the submission
my
-
-m
:^ i-m
teyf
di
(W.A.I. XVI,
I
^TTT- ^-???? u
-
tir
I restored {them)
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
^r <MT
(5-)
T? a - na
/or
^TI^
cat
yumi
a- na
days,
for
future
ET ^T ET ma- te -ma
Hfm
t^iE^?
ruba
ARC
lohatsoever
prince
Rammanu
D.P,
^11
54.)
the
yu
these
^\
(56.)
T
js^f
na
7nay he reneiv,
-
li
^w
iMi lu
u
-
he
may
{60.)
he
<'m
-
su
^^\\\
ya
i
na
m\ ^i^ ub
soundness
in
ti
may he
tm JT ru hitn.
-
su
C1\
S
^III lib
-
(-)
-glT sa
su
He who
JP ra
my
-
^
<^TT -
su
-
nu
duly
^ -
as
-TT
their
-
ca
sad
conquest
I? a
I^ ^l? -
TI
-
inscriptions
ya
places
m
mgy -
lil
ya mine
<^ -
^ T^ ni-mes
dhu he
may
-
ur
write.
() --11^ El-W. rabi
ili
the
Rimtnon,
-
(57.)
Rammanu
-^H
ruins
ya
na
-I A4f
and
-
ti
tvith
D.P.
iVm
na
-
it
and
^I
-
to
va
cf^fT D.P.
-ET?
Jff
^T ^i< tEi? tm
JT -
va
bi
khu
-
their
-^T
Tf a
slay,
of 'heart
(^3.)
(58.)
name
may Anu
an
foundation-stones
ki
victims
It
my
IeII -
-ma D.P. A- nuv
myself,
dhu
and
his
H -H
-II khu
-
tu
towers
the
tim -me-ni
va
^ iym sum
na
-
va
and
si-gur- ra -a-
A\ -^I
ivm -^ I-
lik
H
--I< eT -
lords,
A- miv Ann
of
va
o
t?
decay,
ya
IH
for
and
e
tET? -
and
-!t
-
TI
D.P.
na
-
a
'
niki
restore,
T
H
h
bit
^T
(5-) T?
te
^nn
ya
(55.)
and
va
Like
-\
(59.)
tir
ci-ma
-
T? a -
-
the temple
va
-
ru
<s:
D.P.
us
cleanse,
-
viy
tablets
m
.IT S?^I -
ib
may
-
ra
my
tu
-l&TT
-
-
beli
te
*jii Er -
old,
^T JF
D.P.
ba
-
sal
grow
.
-iid-dis
111
-^1
i^ -
T
ma
-
When
great,
^w
mi
^I
!?
long hereafter,
^ -
{reigns).
-
H
IO9
tsa- a
a day
e
gods
^m
^T
YU- um
(5-) ^T?
RABU
na
-
ti
r?
u
hereafter
^y
^y< -
sa
^w -
ili
Rimmon,
^T
'S-UII -
ar
READING LESSONS.
!m ir
t-El -
nin
in
great
VI -
te
battle
-!>=
gods.
EfK
tSIT dha
-
bis
bountifully
T-
^ cEif
va
tim -me-ni- ya
and
my foundation-stones
no
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
a
tE
(64.)
bu
-
s/ia//
t^Y
pi
for
sum
tE
yu
sap cause
shall
-UK my
w
to
n
(75.)
iz
-
-
ra
a
(with)
1 <^ ^ci
-
:s^? D.P.
Afiu
and
bu
they dissipate,
-
ru
ta
curse
-
us
-^
ta
may
grievous
(78.)
i<^ A sul
the ascent
t>-i; cussi
of the
-^T :^ na
-
they
-
s'ar(u)
of his
ti
-
T^ -
TI
^t\\ -
-
rabi
ili
the gods
great,
-^ JT -
mu
(7?
s^
)
sarru his
him;
kingdom
^Ei!i li
may
-
su
-
T va
and
su
su
ya
M^
-IT^
him,
^Y jy
\\
throne
curse
na
-
inscriptions
cal
ru
T? a
-
ra
my
'an jt -
^T
ezil
-
ru
va
-
and
lim
Assicr,
^iii -
li
dhu
-
(7-)
-0 ^H44
-
ri
erase,
D.P. Assuru
li
-
seen
si
shall
injure
T
ma
pa
^
m\ ma-"m ^ ^m
^ -
i
of
strongly
KTT
-
ma
-
an
is
a
-
attack
A-nu
-
zi
epiri
not
T
lim
-
-+ -
-||y t^n
tf
lords,
ar
^ Tf
may
ya
ra
the face
D.P.
lay,
dust
la
written
a?i
pa
H
(74-)
cu
-
break,
tt]] -
<]-n
-
ra
mi
agai?tst
E^n -
-
na
sar
E^n tE
".^
na^ne
and
and
s?=tll -
>4<^
va
-^T
-
u
-
^I ^\\ 1^
a ^lace
i^")
iVm
-
du
na
-
i
a
'^TTT^
!:;:
shall
j^e
(67.)
(?)
the
(7-) Tf a
l va
-
^a
water
the
sum radh
write;
na
-
i
in
(69.)
ru
-^!
i^E
htirn,
cummi
'im
W ine
u
mu
-
T?
na
(.yift -
lu
set,
dha
shall
-
-
'^ -
ci
t?TT -
sa
devise,
A\Y
beli
-
i
^a
-
shall
(73.)
V
i^E
su
4i Hi
kha
kal
bit
<]ll -
shall
name
??< -
i
may
na
-
i
I -
his owji
lis
tE -^T
ris
:^
--yyi -
a house underground
in
-itifr
>-^
tE
na
-
-^T -
to
shall
i
interpretation
(70.)
a
hide,
i
cover,
-
si
(5.) T?
pa nu -
shall
mu
-
ta
shall
^
J^ -
fire
-
ca
-
sa
isati
with
i
-
i
^tf T^
na
-
i
Hi
>=
u
-
conceal,
tE v^T
(66.)
^W
^-
khab
-
i
READING LESSONS.
kingdotn
-n
^u
s'u
they
-
khu
remove
(79.)
4-T
^} -
tsab
may
in
H
pa
the
A4f
an
-
i
-^yr ^TH un
-
su
ka
mat
-T< S\ -
his
(88.)
-
ti
su
land
enemies
-
lid
may
^^ zir
-
name,
his
seed
^y su
ta
may
-
*-'
-^WU?
khu
-
sakh
-II ^T bil
-
ut
>-
\^
1^
ina
mati
lu
the
land
^^ ^tgy -
khal-
may
he
li
-T la
T? -
-
destroy.
ik
-
su
dwell;
-
T? a
pagri
-y
ib
--T^
tsu
JT -
-^T na
-
against
corpses
against the sovereignty of his full-power
lay;
bu to
cut off;
[and)
-
nu
m t-s -
li
khu
T
-
^- JT
him
his land
ma
cu
they cause;
-
si
they cause
(86-)
v^
se
su
??< -
may
-^it -
mat-
te
weapons
lis -
su
^ -
su
^
JT -
]g3 lu
-TI
T
ni
(83.)
famine,
(70
sf^
mis
ivm ^i
crops,
1
ma -
of his army
khul
ana
in
-
wholly
(4.)
di'
he
um
destructive
-
<W
it:
su
sumhis
of
jy
>:^
pu
^
ti
-
ca
^^- t^Tir -
pu
his
^-td tjn
su
pestilence
want
\-
-
ic
-
cacci
^^TTT
-t
M
T^
(8-) tT IeJ
lu
destruction
^T
^T --
his
of
presence
^t
-
naciri
jnay the Air-god with
(85.)
T? :=: a - bi
4^f*. jy
.^y -
M -
bal
they devour
may
tJie
^
na
Rammami
D,P.
(SO
ru
-
lu
bj-eak,
^1 -
i
-
bi
they
c
(s..)
-
sab
su
lordship
;^ tin
jf^fcU -
lu
his
of
-
ti
[Ml] -^T^
.IT
-^T< -
bilu
armies
//le
M
-II
hi
Ill
READING LESSONS.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
^
IH
su
lik
may
-
bi'
he speak
:
112
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
READING LESSONS.
ANALYSIS. 39.
construct form.
Ittat, pi. fern.,
kurdi, for kurddi,
pi.
"
oi kuradti
warrior;" perhaps Ar.^.-.uVj.
ya, poss. pron., first person suffix. irnintti, with vowel prefix, from
"
to shout for joy."
p"^
40.
tamkhari, gen.
hence
sing.,
"
"
to
be present," facing
;"
"
or
opposition
fighting."
Shaphel passive Kal participle of
sucmis, sing, construct, ndciri, masc. pi. gen.,
"
Tiphel derivative from "inD
from
deriv. 'S2'2,
" ti>i!D
to subject."
the Kal of which
is
not used in
Hebrew. 41.
construct of the Kal part, tsdirn "enemy," Heb. *^ij. The plural is also found under the forms Isderi, tsairi, tsahri and which stands for vi. is incorrectly written for tsaydri.
masc.
tsdcrtit,
pi.,
E
Anu
was
'?*,
originally the sky,
Rimmon was
the air-god.
Aram, gen. fem. verbal noun. isrucilni, third pi. masc. perf, Kal o( saracu.
^^ti?,
"
Targ. y:^
to destroy."
42.
sitsuti, sing.
43.
nara (preceded by D.P. of "stone" admc), apparently borrowed from
Nara
Accadian. timmeni, 44.
45.
pi.
aldlmr
for asdhur, ist pers. sing. aor.
btt (for
bay it), sing, construct
Hi, pi.
bili
tsat,
or
masc. oi'ilu; Heb.
beli, pi.
fem.
pi.
masc.
masc. of construct
;
belu,
;
ascun,
I
"to write."
j-|*ii,
Heb.
abstract
1-1,
noun from
the goings forth," masc. oi yumu, Heb. D'l'i,
St pers. sing. aor.
-^tOU^
Heb. hvi*
"
pi.
Kal of
7^^.
pi., adj.
;
Heb.
"
(literally
yumi,
fem., with pi. narati.
is
masc, borrowed from Accadian.
rabi, also rabiiti,
46.
(or naril)
Kal of
pt?
^tj^i
(Ass.
that which will
(originally
go
atsti)
forth
"to go forth ").
Shaphel of p^).
"
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
lri'
'^^^'S^^' sing. masc. oi abti (ib^).
IK
'anwies,
adverb
In -is
formed from
Kal of
absus, ist per. sing. aor.
f
pi.
'C?^:i
READING LESSONS.
of 'aim,
pi.
Heb.
sing.
y\t^
1'asri, \rcat,
yttm
"a
oi'asni,
ist pers.
?//zr,
50.
Kal of
akki, ist pers. sing. aor.
"^i^^
from which
derived.
Aram. (& Ar.) "ijnis^, Aphel of taru, "to come back," become," "be;"
aor.
"day
"
''arcu for arictt,
after
" p. '^'^i^,
of the future;" yimt in construct sing., tsate abstract
enuma, adverb compounded of enu (Ar. Hgtirratu,
is
pi.
I. 53.
nikti
place;"
mateina "at any time," "at any place;" Cp. Heb. " a great one." riibiL, from n-), literally .
Cp. Ar. ^j\
suitably, fitly."
"to go about."
tsdte literally
fem.
Heb.
rrpi {iiaktui),
construct of an abstract
pi. fern,
"
"to cleanse."
niki, pi. oi nikti "offering," "sacrifice;"
49.
II 3
or observatory, from
i^y-c^)
and the pron.
ma
"
that."
closed place," hence "a temple-tower" It is written ziggurrdtu in the Babylonian
"a
fem. oi Hguri^dtn,
pi.
IJ.::
"when."
iri?2
"^^jD-
dialect.
54.
safina, pi. fem. of the pron. stdatu, sdtu, agreeing with Hgurrdtii.
yiLsalbaru-va, 3rd pers. masc. aor. enclitic
55.
enakhu, 3rd. pers. masc.
'ankhuhmu,
by ankhut hcddis,
pi. aor.
Kal of
for ankkttt-sumc, t -^ s
"
labaric
be
to
old," with the
|i2i^-
being replaced not only hy
t
{
^,
but also
y alone.
masc. from 'ankhu a subst. derived from
is pi.
3rd sing.
Heb. 57.
Shaphel of conjunction va Q) "and."
masc.
roi^, 'ayin "
Precative Aphel of kadastc
becoming
''a.
be new."
Cp.
initial radical in
many
to
-^"in.
nimes for 'animes, as forms.
in line 48.
my
Verbs
!f^"D
drop their
Assyrian Grammar,
(See p. 108). 3rd masc. sing. prec. Kal from basasu (as above). likki\ 3rd masc. sing. prec. Kal from nikuu (as above), the nasal being assimilated to the following letter.
libstcs,
58.
lutir,
3rd masc. sing. prec. Aphel of tdru (as above).
59.
READING LESSONS.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
114
masc. construct of
stim, sing.
iUi, preposition
Heb.
;
"
smmi
a
name
Heb.
;"
D\i^.
r\'i^>
3rd masc. sing. prec. Kal of sadharu (as above).
lildhtir,
60.
yatima, ist pers, pron., compounded oi ya "I," the suffix
61.
dkub, sing, construct of the subst. dhubit; Heb. libbi,
62.
gen. sing, of libbu
masc.
casad, sing.
"
heart
construct
Heb
;"
and the pron. ma.
ti,
IIID (see line 62).
17. "
of casadti
"
a possession," from casadti
to
conquer." "
irninte, gen. sing, of the collective imintti (as " " victory in battle." battle-cry
above)
=
adverb
dhabis^
in
from dhabu "good"
-is
(as in
possession of the
;
line 61).
Dhabu
for
is
dhdvdbu. lidhdharrtt, 3rd 64.
pi.
masc. prec. Kal of nadharn " to guard
the form see
with me,
pi.
masc. of
inddutt
for
;
pi.
ikalhitc,
6"].
t>^in.
(For
mti^
;
"
reduplicated
pi.
mami
sing.
masc.
fut.
Kal of nadtui "to place;"
jj.
^istc
3rd sing. masc.
"fire" (Heb.
fut.
Kal of
"dust
;"
U>t^).
"
n'^p
to
burn
"
(as in
Heb. and Ar.)
Heb. ^CV. fut. Kal of DHl, with
icatumti for icathtmu, 3rd sing. masc. the 3rd syllable.
tt
instead of i
"
(?).
{bihi),
also
Heb. D^D.
gen. fem. of
aimmi
The
a drop of water."
epiri, pi. of iprtiox eprti
bit
Heb.
Assyrian Grammar, pp. 52, 53, 69). Kal of ^apanu " to sweep away," the 3rd syllable Cp. Heb. JlDD,
inadduu^ 3rd
Cp. Ar. '/W?,
;"
"It^l
my
for i in
a-
occurs
66.
to hide
Heb.
for i^appamt, 3rd sing. masc. fut.
iMpamc
65.
"
Kal of khabii
ikhabbiitL, 3rd sing. masc. future
;"
i
1
The first ideograph is house Conjectural transliteration. " " " " " " the second high or precious {elhi), and the third god The
however, must be taken together as a compound Ideograph, and perhaps denote the Assyrian Plutus. {lihi).
second and
third,
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. 6S.
la
amari ;
Id "not"
READING LESSONS.
U5
amari, the gen. masc. pi. after construct asar " of the adjective amaru " seen ;" therefore literally " things seen (Cp. Heb.
(Heb.
b^7),
-11^^).
pisiris, adverb, in -is
from pisint "an interpretation" (Heb. and Aram.
indcimti for inaccimu, 3rd sing. masc.
Kal of
fut.
69.
ipdsidku for ipassidhtc, 3rd sing. masc.
70.
isadhartt for iiadhdhartt (with a for
fut,
/),
DiDi
"
"^U^D).
to take."
Kal oi pasadhu "to strip" (Heb.
3rd sing. masc.
fut.
Kal of sadharu
(as above).
milimma or milimmu, from ni7 " to cleave to." A variant reading gives hmiima or hmva, apparently from the same
milimma,
ace. sing,
of
root.
71.
limnay ace. sing. masc. of the adj. limnu (for limumi), agreeing with " perhaps akin to Heb. (and Ar.) X2Xv) to fight."
milimma;
ikhaiaia-va for ikha^^aia^ 3rd sing. masc. fut. Kal of khaiahi, with final ti changed to -a through the influence of the same vowel in both the
following and the preceding syllables vestigate ;" Ar. khassa. "
72.
pan, construct oi pdnu
']'^,
yusapracu, 3rd sing. masc.
75.
Hzzis,
adverb
licdlmu, 3rd
from "jG,
in pi.
from
fut.
violent
D^^iD.
Shaphel of
"
^'^Q
strong;" Heb. "
to break."
f^.
to injure
"
or
"
revile," contracted
from
pi.
or
" -j'^t^
adj.,
to curse
"
(see liruru below).
agreeing with
'arrati,
from yiD "to be
hard."
masc. prec. Kal of
l'^^^.
iarruiu for iarrut-sw, sarrut fem. abstract sing, construct. Heb. liscibu,
3rd
in-
licallimu.
for marutsta, fem. " "
liruru, 3rd
"
'izzu
Heb.
masc. prec. Pael of D7i
'arrdli, sing. fem. subst,
marusta
77.
-is,
face ;"
" to Cp. ^Eth., khasasa
;
pi.
masc. prec. Kal of sacabu
"
to
pour out
;"
"i^
Ar. ^_X--
"king."
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR,
Il6
READING LESSONS.
"
78.
siU,
construct sing, of silht, ascent ;" Shaphel pass, derivative of H^i^ " to ascend." The ideograph may also be read Uid " foundation " (Heb.
cussu, construct sing, of cusstiu
lihikhu for lissuk/m, 3rd 79.
"
throne"
(as in
Heb.) masc. prec. Kal of HDID " to remove."
pi.
(Heb. t^l!J) "an army." " masc. prec. Pael of vhl to devour."
isabki, pi. construct of tsabu
3rd
luballii,
pi.
of cacat " a
perhaps for card (Aram. lusabbiru, 3rd pl.masc. prec. Pael of "ll\Z> "to break."
"armour
80.
cacci, pi.
81.
fem. abstract; Cp. Heb. ^^DH "to destroy." " " 'ummani, gen. sing. fem. of ^mmnaniL army ;" Cp. Heb, pt^ll multitude." lisamtt, 3rd pers. masc. pi. prec. Kal of sacantc (as above).
82.
camis, adverb in
Z'^.
lusesibtt,
84.
khulte, adj. agreeing with
weapon
;"
^"13
").
^abicti,
-is,
from
Cp. Ar. ^^,
canitc;
masc. prec. Shaphel of asibu "to dwell;" Heb. iimmi, gen. sing. masc. of Hmmic "a plague;" Cp. Heb. DDt!?. 3rd pers.
to
pi.
simmi] Cp. Heb. Thr\. have been borrowed from Accadian.
The
112?''.
Semitic root seems
mat, construct sing, oi madit ox matii "country," of Accadian origin {ma-da)\
libtsu,
85.
hmka, bubtUa,
Cp. Aram. nD. (See line 86). " to cut masc. 3rd pi. prec. Kal of i^iJl ace. sing, of stcnkic ace.
sing,
compared. khusakhkha, Z(i.
87.
88.
;
Cp. Talm. pliD
off."
"
"
scantiness,"
oi btcbtctu "crops;" perhaps Heb. Bubiita is in opposition to hmka.
ace. sing, of
khusakhkJut "need" (Aram.
frugality.'*
1''^
"fruit"
may be
UtiMl).
pagri, ace. pi. masc. of /(^^r/^ "a corpse" (Heb. "^^D). matti for madti (or perhaps mati), gen. sing, of mG^tu (see line 84). liddi^ 3rd pers. sing. masc. prec. Kal of 1113 (see above).
malatihi for maldtit-su
;
maldtit, construct of abstract in
fem., from ^h^ "to
fill."
likbi\ 3rd sing. masc. prec.
Kal
zi7^,
of PTlp (in
construct sing, of zirii or zeru " seed
hckkallik, 3rd sing. masc. prec. scatter," "destroy."
Heb.,
"
D*'",
from maldfi,
pi.
to curse").
"
(Heb.
Pael of pTTf
V^\).
(" to
divide,"
hence)
"to
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR,
The Legend
READING LESSONS.
OF Istar.
The Cwieiform Characters 1.
To 2.
NU-GA-A
mat
A-na
D.P,
by the Student.
i-di-ya
of corruption,
regiojis
D.P.
banat
Istaru
Obverse.
to be supplied
kak-ka-ri
the land of Hades,
II 7
u-zu-un-sa
Sini
[ci-nis]
Istar, daughter of the Moon-god, her attentian [determinedly]
3.
cun
is -
va
-
and
fixed,
a
4.
banat
na
-
a-na
a
-
na
khar
a-na
ra
-
-
sar
-
u
ru
cal (?)
su
-
-
eli
13.
bu
much
im
ul
ma
-
they
ma
u
dalti
its -
Istar,
14.
a-na to
-
gab
ni
-
gab
the porter
-
sac
cul
-
a
-
-
-
su
-
dhu
-
u
-
ai
urn
-
nu
-
tsu
of the waters
ma
pi :
mu
u
a
-
u
-
as
-
cal
-
su
-
nu
dhi
ba
ep ru abundance
and
-
-
-
tuv
iz
Open
-
ba
-
ab
zac
-
of dust. -
sa
-
di
-
her arrival -
car
reminds;
duty ta
ca
at
ca
thy gate!
-
idh
(is)
bat cap-pi
ina
ra
the light ;
they dwell ; -
-
their victuals
NU-GA-A
(his)
e
-
the erecting of (their) 7vings ;
mukh
-
rat (u)
mu
-
ti
wainscoting
a
bi
of the gate
me
-
of Hades
gate -
zu
us
sa
D.P.
la
exit,
la ta
darkness
(is)
its
-
they bridle in
e
cun]
fixed
without return,
- ri
tsu
and
babi
ba
su
su
-
in
birds
a-na
the porter
ina
sec,
cima
bu
-
-
-
tsu
their food, (is)
ru
-
like
ni
-
mahdu
to (at) the
to
bu
- ri -
e
-
(is)
dust
D.P. Istaru
a-na
ivay
ta
epru
.over .the door 12.
-
lac
is -
[sa
of the deity Irkalla ;
without
(is)
-
kal
-
Ir
'il
a
la
entrance
?
11.
-
su
-
whose
(where) light not 10.
bu
whose sa
{7uhere) -
a
sa
ni
the house (at)
a place
nu
-
bat
-
un
her attention
the dwelling
entrance
biti
a
8.
su
-
zu
-
Moon-god
e
- ri -
e
the road
to
g,
sa
biti
to
7.
-
di
the house whose
to
6.
-
e
bit
u
^ini
the daughter of the
house of corruption,
[to go) to the
5.
D.P.
sa
-
dhu
mud;
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
Il8 15.
-
pi
ba
a
-
ta
Oi>en
16.
sum
a
-
kha
-
a
-
-
u
-
-
ats
-
el
-
eli
pal
la
mi
above
the
-
tu
-
dhu
-
ti
i
-
a
-
-
ip
sic
cu
-
-
na
cu
-
in;
la
ru
-
ir
-
-
du
-
sa
pal
mi
sab
-
ba
a
-
na
-
cu
bir
-
pal
-
dhu
-
dalati
cit
I cross
the devourers
hi
-
I enter in,
I break,
a?id
acili
-
a
ru
u
va
pu
the doors, - ti
of the living ; -
- ti
tu
the dead.
exceed
living
enter
bu
-
-
the bolt
ti
ma
a
the gate {and) not
tuv
the dead, -
ba
the threshold,
/ raise 20.
-
si
ba
-
vie
the gate,
makh - kha
se
-
ru
let
a
-
ta
dal
ats
Iforce 19.
-
ir -
lu
and
pat
Iforce 18.
va
-
thmc openest
not
makh
-
ta
la
if
17.
ca
-
thy gate,
ma
-
ab
-
READING LESSONS.
ANALYSIS. 1.
MAD
The Accadian
NU-GA-A
is
literally
"land of the not returning,"
being the participle of^^"to return" (see Syllabary). " The land from whence rendered in Ass. by mat-la-naciri.
gda
"
return kakkari, ace.
Mi, written
is
pi.
Me
a good
of kakkarti,
Islar, the
Heb.
it
from ni^
Hebrew Ashtoreth
is
is
no
Hades.
for
"^id^
in line 4, gen. sing, of
well explained 2.
name
It
"
(see
Mu
my "
Assyrian Grammar, p. 29). corruption," as Dr. Schrader has
to pass away."
(Astarte), the
Moon-goddess and Semitic
Venus. bdnat,
construct sing.
fem.
of banaht (also
biiitu,
I.e.
binihi)
"daughter"
Sin, the
Moon-god. oi'uzunu or 'uznu "ear" (Heb. |fi^), cinis ?, supplied by Dr. Schrader, adverb In -is from adj. cimi (p^), It will be noticed that here as iscun, 3rd sing, masc, aor. of sacamt. frequently elsewhere a feminine nominative Is joined to a masc. verb. (Heb. ni).
^uzun, construct sing,
3.
4.
subat, construct sing. fem. of subdtu
from
" itl?''
to sit
"
or " dwell."
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
5.
nom.
eribu,
" ^atsu,
6.
sing.
READING LESSONS.
lIQ
masc. Infinitive (or verbal noun) from lli^ " to enter
"
or
descend."
sing. masc. verbal noun from i^jj^ "to go out." " lation of the line Is of which Its entering (there Is)
nom.
khar-ra-ni, sing, oblique case of kkarranu, a
Accadlan, which gave a (Gen. ^alacta or
name
word
The
no outgoing."
originally
to the city of
literal trans-
borrowed from
Kharran or Haran
xl, 31,
&c.) halada, sing. fem. of halactu from
"
to go." tairat for tairatu (as often In the case of characters which denote syllables
^T\
beginning and ending with a consonant), for tayartu, sing. fem. from " -)in 7.
sumimi, 3rd Dit.
to return."
masc. (used impersonally) Permansive (or Perfect) Palel of In Ass. zumani "Impassable" Is used Cp. Targ. Qot "bridle."
pi.
of roads.
8.
mira, ace. sing, oi imrit "light" (so in Heb. \yi\, Aram, and Ar.) " " " 'asar a place where {see above) often has the relative sa (" In which,"
understood after
")
It.
mahdti, nom. sing, masc. adj. agreeing with epru. Cp. Heb. li^?:^, bubuiiunu for bubut-simu {see above). " 'acal, construct sing, of the verbal noun dcahc food," from h^'^ "to eat." dhidJidJm, 9.
nom.
sing. In opposition to acal.
immartc, 3rd pers. edhutiy
^asba,
gen.
sing,
pi.
Heb.
tO''I5.
masc. present Kal of IDi, contracted from inammaru. " " edJiutti to hide," as Dr. darkness," from V^V,
of
Schrader has pointed out. contracted from asbfi-a for asbu-va, 3rd pi. masc. Permansive (or Perfect) Kal of 'asabii., contracted from 'asibti, (also yasibtc), with the enclitic conjunction.
10.
The
first
word
'itstsuri^ pi.
cannot read. masc. of 'itstsunt " a bird I
"
(Ar.
.^i.^,
Heb.
"^"IS!^).
"
a placing," from ^li'', tsubat, construct sing. fem. of tsubdtu and meaning of the word, however, are uncertain, masc. of cappu, contracted from canapu (Heb. letter resulting from the assimilation of the nasal.
cappi, pi.
The
f^^D),
reading
the double
1
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR;
2D
11.
READING LESSONS.
gen. sing. fern, of daltu (for dalatii) "door." (So in Heb.) saccule construct sing, of sacculu, which Dr. Schrader has well compared with dalti,
A
Ar. jX-i "likeness." Syllabary makes mescalil a synonyme of daltu. of construct mtckh, mukkk/m, from the adjective inakh, which was borsing,
rowed from Accadian, 12.
bddi, gen. sing, of bdbti casidi,
"gate" (as in Heb., &c.) masc. of the verbal noun casadu " a reaching," from casadu gen. sing. " " to take Cp. Ar. j^. ;
13.
Dr. Schrader derives
nigab, construct sing. masc.
It
from a root
"to go
^1
round." 'amatuv, sing. fem. ior'amantuv
''
i^-dSXy','
"duty;" Heb. n^t^ "faithfulness."
izzaccar, for iztaccar, 3rd sing. masc. present Iphteal of 14.
me
"
"l^T.
"
waters
(as above).
augment of motion, 2nd sing. masc. imperative Kal " Heb. HilD. See also next line. open
pita, iox piti-a with the
of patd 15.
^'
to
;
irruba, ist pers, sing. masc. aor.
The 2nd
ayin of the
first
syllable
summa, adverb, perhaps from
17.
amakkkhats,
replaced by a reduplication of the
"to place." tapattd, 2nd pers. sing, present Kal with augment of motion, irom pata.
noun
noun; Heb. ist pers.
ttsapalcit,
Ar. iisella,
^
Kal of
(a pael derivative)
asabbir, ist pers. sing. pres. Hppti, sing,
Dlti^
ist pers. sing. pres.
Hccurti, sing,
19.
is
eribu.
radical.
16.
18.
Kal with augment of motion, from
Kal of
;
'^TVCn,
Cp. Aram. ^"^30
"
bolt."
"11ti?
f]D.
sing.
aor.
Shaphel of the quadriliteral palcitu
;
Cp.
(?)
ist pers. sing. pres.
Shaphel of n7i^ "to ascend," with
//
on account
of the ayin. " to die." mituti, pi. masc. part. pass. Kal of nilO " to eat." *acili, pi. construct part. pres. Kal of acahc, paldkuti, 20.
pi.
masc. part. Kal oi paladhu or balad/m, "to live;" Cp. Heb.
imahidu, 3rd pers. line 7).
pi.
masc. pres. Kal of niahadu (whence mahdu,
"
1573.
much,'
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
The
?
2-
m-
7nay
-n
the
the
the head
5-
<^ the
of
ranove,
of
^y<
of
and
-w ??<
offspring
the
for
I
head
s^TIT
he
gave,
^\
of the
man
E^w
^y
^.^
for
the
brow
y
for
the
of
im
-
the
breast
e^s of
the
t-
mi
.-
^yyy he
gave,
^yyy
man
he gave,
^I
^ITT
man
-r<
men^
t^ ^y
head
t?
among
^T
T
tt]]
^yy
the
^
\
tETT
offspring
-
-w v
-et
the
life
-gyy
offspring
the
nmi
raises
his
-IT
tyyyt:
the breast
^T
^yy
^w
\^
brow
:^
0.
he
^\w
121
5139).
transliteration to be supplied by the Student.
who
T
(K
The
for
offspring
Ep JT ^yiT^
4.
Sacrifice of Children
offspring
A\Y AV\ W
READING LESSONS.
<Ji
he gave.
NOTES. 1.
From
2.
Cp. Ar. ^,. "to bear eggs."
2JDX
Notice the correct use of the case-endings
in
this inscription.
The Accadian
SAK LA I
[so
gadhu-la
is
to
be read),
literally "head-raising,"
must be replaced by some corresponding Ass. -u
is
the phonetic complement.
risa-nasii.
avebiti, abstract fem. sing. 5.
cisad (see casadi above).
The
adj. or part,
of which
Syllabaries render the words -
by
122
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
READING LESSONS.
From the Hymn to Sin The English
-
bil
luv
^W e 2.
3,
IJ a
dis
-
,.
bu
^.
yj
an
-
-
D.P.
Na
^>-\
^-\
D.P.
Na
an
-
an
-
an
-
-
bu
Na
D.P.
-
-
e
yj
a
-
..y
bu
D.P.
-
bil
-
bu
i
nad
-
_
luv
-
i
H D.P,
-
-
an
-
^
<
e
-bil-
e
-
-bil
-
ri
^.pyyy ^yyyf .y -
--
-
a
-
-
bil
gi
^^i<.
li
ili
_ ^^yy _y y^
e -bil-
-Tf -
T^
ili
^ .ggyy
-
.yj
-ITA
T?
el
ili
--T
li
e
samulli
i-m
be
e
.<^ ^y
bit
el
-
ili
li
^ -^f
-Tf
Sinu
li
_ .^yy _yy^
^yr
rab-u
-g^y^^yy^ -
ili
li
JI v-
e
su
-
bu
-TIT" u
-
nar
sa
s'ar
^ -
ru
-
&1T
^T tav
ra
E??<
bis
sue
-
M -
t^^ -
lu
luv
ili
li
Na
di
^y
lu
U
el
nar
-
^j
bil
ili
Na
-
e
^y _y jy^ ^ tlH
D.P.
-
dhabu
^ -
jjtyyy ^yyy^ .yy
be
be
tiv
..yy^
li
Y- -r ^\
T? a
bil
.^.
e
9-
^
nar
an
tyj
t^-
-T ^T -T Jf-
^^-
Na
D.P.
^
'ilu
bil- luv
-
y^ _y ^y _y jy.
IJ
^
nar
--y
luv
j.. [.
bil-
^>-\ jfjr
-
jc-
_
nar
-
irtsi
ru
bel
^y.
-
tyj^.gyy 8.
nar
u
m -
i
^
..y .^y ..y jy^ nar D.P. Na - an
bu
-
yr
a
Na
D.P.
^^-
yf
a- bu 7.
-
tsi
same
ina
sa
ili
^ETT ^
su
^^ _y ^y _y
yr
a
li
I -
si
translation to be supplied by the Student.
v^ ..y^y^.y jyp
a- bu ,,.
-
-
bil
T
-
a- bu 4.
-
e
(K. 2861).
-
JT-
--T -
kliu
an
nar
-
e
-
bil
V sa
-
li
ina
ti
ili
-H^
-^T< -
di
-
ic
^ Vru
-
bu
-
^r tav
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
10.
^bu
ru
M
cu
-
-
du
t--
lu
uz
-
-
ik
bu
u
la
-
-
ni
-
gab
uc
ni
-
la
^-T
-Til
^^ ^- ^t
Hf= -
sic
tfr
kar
sa
-<2<<
luv
-
^
^ V
^jn ^}<]^ -
READING LESSONS.
-
ma-
a
-
ni
lu
ba
1
illl
V
H
ru
sa
mes
-
23"
-!!
ri
-
ti
j^^< Vsac
i
-
nu
u
-
NOTES. 1.
edt//i,
3rd pers. masc. aor. (with /termination) "he rules," from ^njr another form of ^^2,
'edissi-szi.
5.
6.
7.
he alone," anomalously formed from adverb
"
Nannar,
the luminar}'," a
name
Ure, gen. of Ur, the city of
samulli
age
=
"
(in
Accadian
of crowns
of Sin, the Moon-god.
Uru (now Mugheir).
=
SIR-GAL)
" ;
9.
suclulu, Shaphalel pass. part, of tidic,
"image."
Heb. 700.
was borrowed from Accadian). " come (referring to the moon's motion).
(the Semitic root
" to stibu, Shaphel pass. part, of t^ii 8.
^di's.
"supreme."
tsiru, 2.
"
W
"
to
be
able,"
"
to prevail."
noun with prefixed
construct sing, of a (Tiphel)
t,
from ddcu
(= Heb.
niDl).
inaddikhu 10.
=
"
he
bu-ru, or buhru
ikdu
=
=
"mighty"
mesriti = "
"the
will drive."
"brilliance" (as in Ar.) (of
feet
"
Accadian
origin).
or "limbs."
coat of mail," which in
Dr. Schrader compares the Heb. "^"W " the artery" or "nerve." signifies
Aram,
= " habitations." ucm = " marble (probably of Accadian origin). Norris compares Heb. aizbtJ = "beauty." " " " /ala = to fulness," from Accadian (see Syllabary). sicni
"
11.
D2^p.
lal,
fill
READING LESSONS.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
124
Hunting Inscriptions of Assur-bani-pal (W.A.I. The '
Tf
^T -T
2.
^
<-^H
.
^
T?
-^
I
A\}
r^ .
^fci
tyyyt sy
..!.. VHA<
A\ -^
.
^TTI^ ^^ ^^^^T ty
3-
t-ET -TTT
.
5f^T
.
5:2=; tit
^y<
.
^ETT
.
&!!
E^f -^11 'H-
^yy^ ^y
ty
^S .
7).
pi.
text to be transliterated by the Sttcdent.
T-IA^pT?
.
I,
y
.
.
^
<-tH
.
-0 ^y
.
.
Tf
-T<
.
T
.
-TI <J1
^y? ^^-f:^y
.
.
V -\A .
.
.
^eT
<:z
'^I?
^^s^^T
^y??
^
::;:^T
i
.
.
.
-IHET
.
^
.
.
I
.
NOTES. 1.
>^>^y-<^
"the good god," became the usual designation of Assur.
>->-y j^>-^y ,
J^YTT
"the lady of the abyss," or "underworld," was a
title
of Beltis.
of the substantive 'emucu, " a deep intelligence," " a divinity
'emuci, pi.
'*
(Heb. pnv). 2.
"
yusatlimi4!sy
they conferred on him," 3rd
with the possessive pronoun "
Jjy *^^II great adducu, Heb. (IDI
;
dog," was the Accadian
name
" of " the lion (Ass. nesu).
notice the tense.
5^ means
$=1 ^-
5-
masc. aor. Shaphel of talamu, contracted from ^-^^ pi.
"
an
altar,"
with the D. P. of wood and the phonetic
complement ami, but the reading of the ideograph adj. Cp. Heb. Vj^. ;
izzitu, >->-y
3.
;
"the goddess ^Yjf
azkup, root
15,"
symbol of
Istar.
f)pt
mukhkkuru, "an
offering,"
sun, contracted for sunu.
from T\t2
"
to present."
is
uncertain.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. The >
3.
^
-^T
T?
^
.
ty
T
.
^^
.
-grr
-
1.
2.
.
.
.
JI
tt
.
I
^ETf
NOTES.
-
.
*<^
.
.XS
sa
=
Cp. Heb. DDiT (Aram.
^D:^^)
.
-
<
--T4
MH"
.
-^TT
A*
.
I
.
.
-
"renown," fern, abstract from the Iphteal a noise," with / before t for s.
tsir,
"to
make
"battle,"
from
_part. of, n^^tl^
"to tread," "oppress."
"of whom."
"back"
tuculti
=
takhazi,
"
.
(Ar.^).
.
,
.
service."
weakened from
ynD. 3.
Tf
miiltahtiy
i^^u, "fierce;"
^^5
text to he transliterated by the student.
HA sp
x.\Y f rf
READING LESSONS.
takkatsi,
for takhkhatsi {tamkhatsi) .
^
-
^
^
,
D.P. aimare, "spears;" Cp. Heb. "I^DD "a nail." "I pierced" (Cp. Heb. pi "a dart," pit "to shoot forth")... aziiik printed text gives azkhul, which must be wrong.
=
zimiur,
The
"body;" ideograph of "body" or "skin," with phonetic complement mur, Delitzsch compares the Talmud nillO^i "wind in the stomach."
The
2.
3-
READING LESSONS.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
126
^ -
y.
.
^ft ^r<
.
^y ^y<
^m
^y< ^y
text to he transliterated by the Student.
H
.
^^-fr^y
tey?
.
t-l
tt]}
.
Ity ^^eh
.
tU
.
.
--T
V
.
<>^IT
t^-^?
.
.
I
.
-
-] h-
.
.
...
NOTES. 2.
" " " mehilli ruhiti the action or right of sovereignty
from 77y 3.
cibit
=
"
command
^^y<,t:yy ^icli
4.
"
=
to act" (especially "
(with
weakened
7UuJMha
= =
;"
melulti, fern, abstract
to act wonderfully").
guttural from T^2p}^
Nergal.
"ministers;" same root as
D.P. khutbale
"
titcidtu.
"ropes," Heb. ^nn.
"over"
(of
U7naUi\ ist pers. aor. Pael,
"
Accadlan derivation). I
stretched."
Ar. \;^ "to stretch a cord."
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
From
the Black Obelisk of The
.00.
>o.
-
.
-?T
<
^S
-T
^'-
-^TT
.
^^ifcy^
.
-^TIT
"5^
4 AVi -!I
}^
cyf
.
I-
-^fci
.
T} T?
166.
^y yj yy
-.<
tyyy
V ^T
'" J^TjE^? I
.
T?
.
.
I .
,
IdJ ^1
^! -T
1
.
^
.y
.
^yyy
.
5^
.
y
.
Insc. pi.
.
I
.
.
^IT
96
1.
159.)
Sff^
y ^yyy
^yy
-tyy ^yy^
.
4^
im
m
y
^yyy^
-^TT
^ETT Jf^
i^m- ^^^?H} KIT
.
4!f
.
.
^TTT
giy<^
^y yy yy
,
.
^\
.
^TTT
-
<^
^m
.
.
.
.
v
.
4
i.yyj
.
-^r ^T
-^T
s^TIT
h- ss
>--\\
.
- JJ^
^^yy
-^H^^.ii^iWA. ET
-
.
^T t^m
.
^y^Ey ^^yyy< ,\\^\, ^yyy IC5.
,
41}
^?
.
a^PT
1
^- ^\
Shalmaneser (Layard's
127
text to he transliterated by the Student,
.
.
READING LESSONS.
-I<
.
.
I .
-^ITT^
I
.
V JI .
I
.
.
.
^
.
.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.^READING LESSONS^
128
-T
.68,
109.
--i^T^
.^H^-
.
Tf "^TT
4 ^m
- =^tT
.
-^n
.
T
:w JT
S W ^t^
.
.
^jn
.
-ElT
.
t^TTT
-^T<
.
^l
^-"
.
.
I
.
T? Tf
THT^-
.
.
NOTES. "
159.
In
The ci
my
30 campaigns"
=
"
In
my
Calah of Scripture.
city of Calkhi represents the
utsbacuni
"when
was stopping,"
I
with conditional suffix
D2J1
"
Dayan-Assur,
30th campaign."
Assur
is
ist pers.
sing.
Permansive Kal of
ni.
was the name of the Tartan
judge,"
("
strong
chief ") or generaHssimo. 160.
("host-many")
-^f -s^ yj
panat,
"
urged on" (Heb.
I
The Upper Zab -
16 r.
V3/r " lib
=
Read
is
middle
'alani
"
to.
the middle of a thing). (the heart being
from alu (Heb.
d after
^n
plural sign
icdarrib, Iphteal of carabtt
'
"in^).
here referred
shows how the
,
-
crossed."
I
"
"
"armies."
fem. construct of pmtu.
pi.
umahir
=
"
attakhar
163.
uttuiir
"
I
to
be read. '
to
l^ip), t
being changed into
"gift;" for mandattu
{mandantu), from
approach" (Heb.
c.
madahi "tribute," literally nadanu (Heb. "jHi).
162.
is
"tent"); the phonetic complement ni
received
" ;
Iphteal of
"I departed;" Ittaphal of (Cp. Heb. "1DD).
"^Pfu.
"IDI,
another form of vassaru "to leave"
READING LESSONS.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
165.
These are the Minni of the Old Testament. namurrat,
166.
fern. sing,
ippar "he fled
uva^Hr ; see
"
Cp. Heb.
;
" napisti eli
in
to see."
Assyrian replacing
b.
line 163.
" life
p
"^IV,
"
namaru
construct from
suzub, Shaphel pass, verbal
167.
I
the plural sign
;
" he went up
artedi, Iphteal
noun from 1\V
"
from
from
is
"
to save."
not to be read in Assyrian.
Hvi^.
rm
(Heb.
"I*!*")
"to descend."
sasu "spoil" (Cp. Heb. HOtr?).
=
mani 168.
for
asrup 169.
countable number."
"I strew down" (Heb.
^<5^^/
dgur
"
"
"
aggur I burned
limetuirom Tvh acsud
"
I
(Heb. HiD).
^Qi),
" I
dug up
(Heb.
"Ipi).
"
(Heb. "
f)ntr).
to cleave to."
took," with phonetic
complement
ud.
10
29
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