Grammar of the Nyimang Language

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GRAJ.!l:I.AR

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OF

THE

]f"l."!t,1LUTG

LATTGUAGE.

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4

R·{'. <;~~ , 1138'

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lj

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,1(,',';;/:',;;', /:.!::~~:'>\~;~{

GRAlIg!AR

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", },!,;';'.. :)?)\,:,':,,{~i.:';,<:,'

L, " :; ",tj'1>( , ,')i;~CE/'~tnotARY OF nlJWfG SOUNDS ~·~/';' ."-':'::::'" 'J~'!"\'. '.-.'

I f

PAGi, 1

Vowels - Diphth~ngs Oombinations of Vowels - Conso~~ts Consonants - Division of 8,.11a ~ Words of Special Difficult,. _ y~

I

'HOIETIO SUMMARY:

... Other' - Flapped Tone ,.;.

"1

l

'lrrta GREETI.l'IIU'U

..

,&;1;·

,

tl'r

_. _:,:

!'/,

1

,

h,<;·";,""i:.:,

CHAPTER I. NOUNS INTRODUOTION: N~l' - Col~~o:t1ve Form - Gendel' - Size - Noun-Formation' _,,; Definite and IndetiniteArtic1es Exel'cises 'I & 2

25

CHAPTER 11. DEOLENSION OF NOUNS: ' - Accusative Genitive - Locat1ve ." ~.

'" .... ( ...."., '.! . "" .. '

,Accusative

,;.~\:~}';~:ti·.r,;,i~,~~~~s. ~

, ;r:,'/':.: " <~.:,

,

Ge'n1t1ve Exerc1ses 4

-

-

-

-

-

&: 5 -'

-

-

-

-

-

-

- 26

-

_

-" - -',' 31 _ _ 81-33

_

- - -

..

33

_ _

.. 34

-

_ 35

-. _ - ---- - - .. ---

The Dependent Genitive EX91'oises 6, 7, 8 -

Ablative Exercise 9 Locat1ve Exercise 10

-

'..

D~b.

•

-

.

q!t~~:-;iJ.+Xi... O~E-ENDINGS OF NOUNS

'.'i,,";,',"'''''' ,'"

Case - The Nominative Dative - Ablative

-

-_

_ _ _ _ _ _

....

.......

--- --- ---

Propel' Names, etc. Plaoe-Names Exero1se 11

-

~

-

-

... 36.:.37 - '37-38 38-39 - 39..40

40r~:~1

".

".',

'.',,:-::.'

-, "~41~42 - ...;\4~'-4a ..', .. " '.,'"' '"r ':( ','

-

-

-

-

--

-

j'

-43;;;'45'

- 45p46 ....

-

- 47

Conversation Summal'Y of Dec1ens1on of Nouds

1tl.

, (;f.(NPri£{(

,

_

_

List:ot Nouns for-StUdy and Reference

\

\

,. .

_

_

48-51

,

52-55

"

J~

.:'

/

, 'CHAPTER

Vi., ADJECTIVES , C~llec tive Form ;,Ao'chisative - Exercises 12 &: 13,

56

Declension

Genitive Dependent Genitive 'lxercise 14

-

-

_ -

Nominative '56 -56.-57 58-59, _

- ':';";;~'''59

.-.:.; 60'

- 60-61

Dative Exercise 15

61"

- --

Ablative Exercise 16

-- -

'62, '

-

Locative .....is. 17

-

-

-

64 - 64 '

-

Conversation a~ry .~

.

of DeClension of Adjectives

Co~pari8on

of Adjectives

---

List'of Adjectives

- 65-67

-'

68 -69-71

CHAPTER VI. lfUDRALS: Cardinals - Declension of Oardinals - Ordinals - Iteratives Distributives -Division-Fractions Time - - - _ 72 Exercis$ 18 -

-

CHAPTER VII. DEMONSTRATIVE ADJEOTIVES Bc PRONOUlfS:' Declension - Demonstrative Suffixes -, Exercise 19

75 77'

- '-

CHAPTER VIII. PERSONAL PRONOUNS: Declension and Cases '- Possessive with Nouns ot Relationship Reflexive Pronouns - Reciprocal Construction 83 Exercise 20

--

CHAPTER IX. A. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS &: ADJECTIVES: Declension - Sentences

\'

90

B. INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS

93-

C. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS -

96

Exercise 21

L,

89

98

OWT~,':i*

, .... , ;' . '

POSTPOSITIONS: 'GOvel'tl1ng Two Cases

Governing one Case .. - Addi tiona1 Sentences

99

-

- 103

INTRODUCTION: THE NYAMANG VERB SYSTEM General Remarks Moods and Tens es - Othe!' Vel'b Forms: Extensions of the Stem Mood and Tense-Forming Particles 01assification of Verbs

104-119 104 -105

CHAPTER

n.

VERBS:

-107

-

109 118

GROUP I: ,CONJUGATION OF VERBS IN -UN - -'120-133 Formation of Moods and Tenses - 123 List ot Verbs in -un - - -la4, 130 Irregutar Verbs - - - - - - 125 Sentenoes illustrating Verbs in -un - - 131 Exercises 23 & 24

133

--

\'

OONJUGATION OF VERBS IN -3 List of Verbs in -~n !rregular Verbs - - - Oompounds of she - Sentences illustrating Verbs in -;>n Exeroises 25 & 26

-

-

-

-

-

-

134-152 - 136 .. 139 147 - 148

-

-

152

CONJUGATION OF VERBS IN -N -153-161 Irregular Verbs in -n - 154 Principal Tenses ot other Verbs in -n - - 157 Sentenoes illustrating Verbs in· -n - 158. Exercises 27 & 28

161

GROUP 11: CONJUGATION OF VERBS IN -OU, -AU Prinoipal Irregular Ne andW;J FAlf and A Sentences

162-17'

Tenses of Regular Verbs Verbs .. - - .;. - - FAlf -

-

-

-

-

-

-

..

163 163

-

165 167 168

illustrating Verbs in -ou, -au -

Exercises 29 & 30

-

-

-

-

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON VERBS -

-

-

-

-:e

-

_

-

170 171-172

i

•

.~.

I \

.I

aH4P~ nI. ADVERBS:

List of Adv6rbs- - Declension _ Sentences illt.strating Adverbs' Adverbial Particles - • - 173

---

Exercise 31

- 176

OHAPTER XIII. OOllJUNOTIONS: List - Conjunctional Partioles _ Subordinate Clauses - ,',-". Exercise 32 OHAPTER XIV.

_

_

_

-

-

-

-

-

INTERJECTIONS & ONOMATOPOEICS

-

",,' - 179

,-

177

-

ISO

i

--_

REFERENCE ;:---"-' SUMMARY OF NY.!MAHG.. SOUNDS. "'"

""''':','

IIY;,<"i.)<·,:~';:.

T~e :f'oi~g~~ sounds

• are found in NytIna.lJg.

see the Phonetic summary.

For full details

m .. .. .. .. .. . ....... ...

a

similar to the English vowel

b

pronounced more strongly than in English ••••••..••••••• bow

d

dental, as in French••••.•••••••••• alveolar, as in English ••••••••••••••

e

closed, as in French.

................

.....
•••••••••

e •••••••••••••••••

et~

open, as in French •••••••••••••••••.••.••••••••.••••• 6tais with lips protruded, as in English••••.•••••••••••••• Phewt g

hard "as ~.n,Engli sh. • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • . •••••••••••••••••• go od .- :;;::'. ~~~'~"';., ;:~. ::'~': '.

:l;:': ~~~~1:,~ .- :'...'.,'

h

(in'worQ.s borrowed from Arabi c) ••••••••••••••••.••••••• hot

i

long

,as, in·<'French••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••pire .

.'

short, as in English••••.••••.••••••.••••••••••.••••• mill .

... •••••••••• {'~~Kagyar

j

palatal, like gy in

k

as in English

1 1

stronger than in English••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••• " •law flapped (see p.13)

ID

as in English••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••.•• '••••••••make

n

as ion Engli sh

ny

as ni in onion, or Cbetter) as gn in French •••.••• montagne

IJ

as ng in English••• " • • ••••••••••••••••••.••••••••• singing

o

clo sed, as in French. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• beau

&>

resembles the vowel .in English ••••••••••••••••••••••••• for

r

rolled, as in Scottish pronunciation mf••••••••••••••• rate

...tl ) ..

. 0

0

••••

•••

..........

It

It

.........

••

l<.ill

e • • • • • • "• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

not

<~ ,-

ii flapped; s

(se~

p.13)

pronounced strongly, resembling s in French••••••••••••• serai

sh as in English••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •• short dental, as in French. t • •toit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It • • • • • • • •

lit

•••

1

alveolar, as in English •••••••••••••••••••••••..•••••••••• tie

u

long, as in French •••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• tout short, as in English••• · · .. ·

.: ". full

w

soft, as in French•••••

y

as in English....................... ..........•........... .. yet

••••• •

',1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Diphthongs resembling English sounds ai

~for

othess, see

• .oui

pp.4-5~:-·

au

as .in'. •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••• aisle as in. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . •••how

ei

closer than in

Oll

closer than in. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• '" .bowl

"i

closer than in••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• boil

.•. tl(.

way

1 ~o

SUEMARY~_

NET I C I.

VOWELS.

l\fyamang has eight vowel sounds, represented by the letters

a, e, i,

0,

u, e,

Front

::>,

6.

Their relative positions are as follows:-

i

Back

u

e

o

a

a

is an open back vowel, slightly more open than the vowel in 1 but' • Examples: a",

I

neck people cotton not ~, asa'l three tabar, white

taJJa, wa!L abaIJ ,

aba, aya, ata, arba, kwa, t~,

kadaI.} ,

father mother mother two go eat hoe

It is a little longer in monosyllables before r:bar, .war, e

cow want

fa bar, do not put kar, female

is a close vowel, as in French el.o, kire, j e."

'1Nedi, teIJ , mwe,

;;. .

. i,

~ ..

milk foot hair guest above vvaist

/

'ltt'

ele, she, meo, .t beshi, wel, dem, ,/

tooth do yesterday home house break

El~lish

2

e

has~,~pen

sound, like the French

Engli{3h' t well' : nSj-

msg.s,

fedi, e, en, ·te, The

followi~

fs, ker, kera, kel, bel, tete,

~fJ' wel,

el~,

~.

above house remove . 'I say disperse cattle lead out

·i ~.

-eel),

wsl,

te, wen, we, kie, elc:m,

~

"

.

ti, dia, 1i,

»Utl~.'a-.r."i::_:e~ee ~7'mill':,

it' fJ/

ir, tir,

. ~ ,iI t .~

•

wind rainy season the Plough jo, milk elo, gwoso, bull

t.:t:<; ~ t

Al,.).,,!~erl,.,.;) ~j'

.) "'~~;. ,'f" ,.,j

l . G--'f f"'~""'1 Le/"I:~·<.'".t'6t r~,,
~ (. ~;J.f.' "\)

.ie~i~l?~an~

-N" \--.

11

~.

f

I,

'.,"' f,"',./ ,rw~, "'",f';i1
~,'

A

I

"I.

."

(h't-(;/'OIC ;.fc. /V,./,;'{c"; .' .:.i b-1l~ ~.(~ '~ , J .1"

}1,') ) \/t"}

irno, buro, kwon, tows,

"

I / '. '\ .. /-.. /

aniIJe, when . C) wimur, small spoon a&ime, sad k~jer, young

iro,

('f'

~~r--' ..... ....../ ~).} (

vh th '.f ./\ , th~'n.g .. ~ Wel ' . . ,, . ::'..J ~ WJ.', driIlK J} ani, they nyi, you (pl.)·

0,

:~ ..:

t1 "f .P

'''I('!

is very close, as in French 'beau r:_

[I

;

s normally the shorter sound of English ."'; \

kire, foot kidi, cloth ijilda, laughter ani~, my son

mo, boro,

"

::i·::-::;~?,:iii:;\.,',.

calabash entrance open I see illness with cattle take away

.

hold big place ni, hit kwir, pot nieta, because ~A ~i, you (s.)

0

divide woman girl earth also flat

is;,,.lIlbJ,'clQser than in English 'beat' ,,~'J.t~~'J',i'~ '\",

t:,;,

purer than in '

pairs of words should be carefully

te, wen, wEP- , kie,

i

is hill find and he, she open

'b~te',

to-morrow and in the morning on the road meat build

&

..J

.,

:'-

.}

.. ,

....

.:

.)

J

r ''

-

'!

~ ". '

,I

.,~

.

#

•. ",.,.

,., "

"

,)

-)

/ i

'

,;

:;.

.. :

,~

,j

·:.A "

':~

,.

.J'

.:

, .. ,)

:.

...

'

. ,,;

_~

'

I • ., ~;

j

.J

(

•.1, ••

. - ....

~

.e•

. -'. .-,)

.i"

~

.~

,

' J •••.

.

....

'

'"

..1,

.

'.~' e ·

') .. I

,', ;

'-'~''''''''-

..

-

-,-"'-""'--'

--) "

~ '

.....,..

3

, ,.10;

mud that to1:, come wl)r, bird mordu, horse here ron,

gvr.J, 'W8,

n,t),

to, bes;, , ~wl)r,

d;'l,

frog have on the ground at home ear there

Distinguish between the following:gwoso, bull ~s;" mo, wind mo, elo, milk elo, k'Wo, emphatic kwn, particle'

cut get up lead out leaf

sk~U;,~rl is at.. centraliz.ed#;vo~el, ;/::.

U

,

6di,

closer than the sound in 'bird','curd':-

guest

old

~",i;;'~ i~":atCI0S\9 back vowel, as ~n French 'tout', i.e. closer than in En:gl~sh 'too',' pool' : ~ ~..;., ;--. --~ '.,,_.., ~. .. (

.;JIil'" "'!~lSepn' £C.",) .

lU, fur, ju, abu,

spirit basket body lung .

RA/'",. ~~'c.~~~tI~

nyu, your (pl.) mul, five kwu, come tuno, at night fu she, blow

"'l

0;.. . . . . .

'"

'"

~!n-elo6ed Sj:D:as*ee; it has a shorter sound as in English 'pull':nyun, your (s.) ilun, between amudu,. nose kwiyum,knee wun, where tushi, guinea fowl

l!rt.. ~'

Nasalization. Before 1), t'> is very slightly nasalized. necessary to indicate this in the orthography:water above upon

b;'lJau, in the water m;,n;:>Ij, millet k:wDrolJ, crops

It is not

'

.' . II.

The

f()llOWi~ ai,

ai

diphthongs occur:-

an,

as in English

ei,

eu,

:>u.

I tai, go know kadai! go away! man aiy, aij i, hand with wood

,

,'. .'.'

as in English 'how', 'plough';laul kwau,

come here! in the crops a,iyau, in the ,~\l,

ei,

:>i,

Oll,

'buy', 'aisle':-

ai, mai, kwai, tomai, au

DIPHTHONGS,

hand

(he) 'Was

auvdo, tSI,lau,

long ago in the calabash nsarau, on this side of wau, (he) had

closer than am:bl English 'obey', 'may':ei, yes teiIJ, West ka lswei, it is cooked

kweima, having many children wei, disperse ka nyigei, it is set right

eu leu, ou

cook

is pronounced more closely than in English 'low', 'bowl', with much lip-rounding, nou, bou, woun,

~i

(I)

(I) was put my

wou, louno, kinou,

Cl} had in the evening listened

is much closer than English fboil' , d~iny, t~ig,

remains t~ile, go and shut ;>iji,

sees dew

ki~;)u , a s k

sl;)u,

staff Iou, at the bid:;,u, cattle enclosure

~u, lroI'OU,

Ill.

a'i

take away in a place at the well

OTHER OOMBINATIONS OF VmVELS (not diphthongs).

ma' in,

know (Dual)

Lt

. t tU:/ i ~~~ {f/~ :J~f~i}

eo

meo,

yesterday

ia

tta,

sleep

ie

kie, ka~e,

cattle with food

gie, with dij ie, with work

ii

biiI;) ,

calf

tiig,

give

io

auwio, long ago

iu

kiu,

of cattle·

liu,

of a place

is

kis, .

with cattle

gamie, with an egg

-

damio, egg (Ace.) iau

ilidiau, in the middle

oa

Toana,

oe

moe,

oi

O"

Of.

0;> ua

Tendia (a Nyamang village) wi th the wind t~ th~e}' d

, ~.1L ~ lua, died ,

~~

)

,

(Plur.)

.

::', .

6

ue

jtue,

wi th the body

lui,

about to die

juo,

of the body

jut),

body

so

aIJ eo ,

of the eye

sa

mea,

I don1t kpow

8i

Ijei,

to the sons

lJs~,

with the sons

wet),

illness (Accus.'

; ;~. "

ui uo

se

.~

"." .

(Accus. )

with mud

Other combinations occur, but will be noted later. They are found especially in the declension of Nouns and Adj ectives.

~~~~~l C:"

(J

{F


~1J:1" {/d;M}

le WI'JI'.~ (~.,:.w)

wr.4

w-x.tt

(?~

(~

WKJ..,J~ (~$'~)

o .(

U

l<ww~

C~)

clVl.!f:J.)

f(~)

7

IV •

CONSONANTS •

" The Nyamang consonants are represented by the following letters:

w, y.

b, d, g, f, g, j, k, 1, 1., m, n, ny, 1), r, 1:, s, sh, t, !" h occurs in words boftrowed from Arabic.

.', .'

tt~·

Ta,ble.

.\'

JBilabiaJ.:t-DentA. Alyeolar Fla.pped PAlatM Velar G12tctM Plosive

b

,

t, d

J

~#(WH1 NAsal

m

.~ ny

n

Lateral

1

1

Rolled

r

1:

FricAtive •

IJ

(h)

Semi-Vowel w

b

k, g

y

is a stpong plosive, in forming which the lips are putfed ou"t slightly. It does not occur in a final position. bar, bidi, biiIJ , ber,

cow well calf break

b::>l), aba, bel, besm,

water father also home

t and d have two pronunciations: (1) dental, i.e. made with the tongue against the upper teeth, e.g. French te, de, toit, doit. te, ata, tai, twil, tete,

toma,

(i.

'.1

in order -to mother go drink flat tree

dU, demonstrative enclitic ada, or diji, work dos::> , food d::>l, there dif'u, dark

8

,

,. ki

teg, tagi,

give what see

tiiile,

ka4a1J, ed(uJ ( ~UJ'

hoe eight

nine

11 does not occur finally. tJ:,. like all Uyamang final. conso~ts, is an incomplete plosive,i.~ the tongue is placed agai,nst the

teeth to form the d-stop, but is not withdrawn irmnediately to release it, and the d remains unexploded. Compare the complete plosive in English 'fed', 'wed' with the incomplete plosive in the sentence 'Re led me', 'He waited for mer,'i~e' where d is fojhlowed by another consonant. .' . ",~" ,

(2) alveolar, i. e. made with the tongue against the . .teet~~Ii!qge,

as in English. Not many words have these soundf,and.'tit.ey have be~n distinguished here by using the letters 1, g. The underlining may qe omitted when the words containing alveolar t and d have been committed to memory. kwegr, kegiIJ, wigeIJ, :kager, kwegi, ~u, '~,...

strong small child very sheep sow~ ]I1IW~

gpiny, gr, mingr, g:>u,

g,ulo,

remain dislike, refuse stone staff, stick run away

~in,

colour abstain from 1i g ifa, halfbUd, bring prepared forth fruit beer toga 1oga, decrepit 1iiny, qrops around house . -

j£,uger, !egege,

These sounds are not found at the end of words. Reference list of other words containing g and 1: children slriI) , wosli, elbow knot amaslu, gre, mushroom g:>w:> , draw water mi(n)dr stone; song egg gami, slU':>}- also heavy kvroslu, kvrogp, saddle owl g,uiny, vrolg:>IJ, big bell £1oli, bright star vrogai, sew waslig, give a small w~gair, wooden piece needle g,igima, ostrich gifa, type of gigiI) , thick, . stick closely packed g,~u, forked lightning deg, marsh tortoise domunda(g) collect gian, would that together m:>gag, tie, bind

ka,g:>IJ ,

InaDy

kadi, stiff millet porridge £1emeo, d~ before yesterday: gire, day after to-morrow £1in&le, three days hence goura, hedge Q.aIJ, kiDdof

chameleon gulaJ,}, type of pot

9

be quiet galJga, gofa:Q, gena, ~l,

~tZ7 f

small. yellow flower metal armlet type of white ant bore hole

k~

gideriIJ,

little goathorn .

giija,

base of spine snap, break

~em,

~~

fAr4I

jA

It-b..c.~q~r:;-0_~~j· . isAfo:rmed bi-.*-ab~ll.• w~. th the :I;.ips protruded as in blowing out a match. (fu~ IWr~#A~;--).

fur, fvmre, fedi, kafel, g

iuno , run away (PIuI') (cf. tune, at night)

basket ribs find clean

fweo, for, fedaQ, lofo,

mud away earthenwax'e bowl vleak

initially and medially is as in English 'good': gil, gwura, tege, eIJgi,

dog scoop give (Imper) vds:::> .. of straw

gum,

gidai, tandiget tigile,

hole on behalf of speald vle-ah

Final g is an incomplete ploeive (see under Cl, above). Compare the ~p~lish 'lagged', 'big dog', \TI1ere the g-stop is retained until the following consonant. (in these cases d) is formed. teg, mogag, beg, leag, J

(T) give tie, bind pour out ride

tawendeg, (1) speal<: fall 'badig, put in plod along juag, ., :nu.fag,

~hfj.';1dis a voiced palato-alveolar s;('£=j e",li:e. In forming it, the blade of the t0l1.ocue is placed against the back part of the upper teeth-ridge, while the front of the tongue lies flat against. the hard palate. On being released, the resplting sound ks~ar to '9:.:Y:.}ronOUnced together quickly. ( It resemb!es~&¥:_'in Magyar. Care should be taken not tb give this souna the value 0 an English j •

je, jen,

hair, tail show

ju,

jojo,

body little by little

· jzt~",'

leave, let go disappear j i~"':JiiJ, very young ls.ia"J'~

Jd.jer, young jimidsg, try kwij iIJaIJ' five-stringed instrument .....

'

; ... ,'

k

is as in English. It occurs only at the beginning of words, except when obliged to appear medially by the reduplication of an ~nitial syllable. kw is a co~on initial cq.~Qi~tioii; the w :LS pronounced very softly and :LS often diffic~~to detect, especially before back vowels. '." kel, earth kanysr, .new kil, hear, understand kesneny, thin kegitJ, small

bur, ", . kVia,' p',;,

moon

ker, kire,

woman

kasol,

ne,

griij,

kwu,

1'ltwnr,' ' hen kweshil, cold

cat.tle little children

kekegi~,

kwini,

go

foot true

spirit come

kwai, man kweshir, dirty ,

1

is slightly more "sonorous 'than the"Englisb iirlt'ial.l o'f flaw', 'leap'. 0 ,

m

is more sonorous than in English when initial and medial. Final, it is an incomplete plos,ive (see under d and g, above).

mo, m~s~l,

wind sesame

mul, fi~ mist mamanaIJ, eat tarn., n

is as in English 'now' •

ru:m, ne,

ni·, wun,

tan,

here is hit where went

mede , mai, mwe, amudu, nyum,

hill know waist nose fat (noun)

Final, it is an incomplete plosive. n~,

ani,

tana,

woun, wen,

this they pasture my see

'

.-

'o.J __

o '.:", ~

/

",

~',~,

. --

.~~.

t,:J, " ,: ".

..........' - .: 'j

. ,,'j'

- :;

•

-

. ~ .... _~:".~~') ~~_._

.. '..; .' . .:;,~,:'.T i. "~ . ~ .I

.:;';·,.. ·~3· .. ....

,.'

•.

,

"l~

_ .... _,l..

_

....

:\

-,,;

)

U¥~, ..

..,-)

: ...,.l._-

...j".,M

.'

• .1'- .

•., '.,''\

),.

~

""<'.

"

.,

:~.1: .j~ l.c::.~~

, ... :'; ':.

-

..

• ~}-~-' ;.

.....

~"

~,.,;; ~) ,:.:~.)

G'-~;':'

'\ .. ' "

..... ',

.. ).' i. ',i

_ . . . ~...-.

...

':"'»

....

I

......:.

.. ~

••.•• ;. ..::., ... .J •• • ... -1 •• -

• t.

,

(

,

_~'

~.

, .... ::.> '.>..; :'f ~ .... L~ . ·::~:; ~~

_.

;

j }

...... , ..

,:

-,'.),.'

;~Y·::":'.:I

'.

c

-

.4

_

_r

"

-

,.:'.'. ;;.)

' •.

+".

'fWOSO

T

!'<

;,

s ~ J,! (!),~~!';:-f1; ';_,,~ "e--:Mc: a-L:k L s :i:,0/} I~ ~,C£~~'J~j

4rt...

-'- .'._-

_•.~,: :.). i. ~J

;.

.; r

:;.,

"~Y,i

.....

._.

.....'.:._,.: .•~.,

. .,: .-:~ ~.~.. .

.~.

,.

w.,")

-"."

,;) .,j' ..:

..,.,

<,·::tp

.. -._--.,,~ . : '._', .' ~

{~.

.,,~

.)

,~ <,'~

,t__' ''''

'") (4

","

.",

- ..)

.. '.

",

. ,;.

.'

,"

" , .. ) ..

• J.J _ .•

(~) ..; ' J . ,....

?WOS ... ~

~ ""OS -

....'

Ja

"

•.•

•

.,I

U.

• _.~:l1{)~~. ~ ,

~ ~

( et.J {.!~ }

.;

......;tw//

J.eA. .'

~:'.A

-.

( ;

•••

,I

......

.. ~

··r ..... ~ .i .L,

I, ..... ·.-1 ••

..,1.':'

..... '.

... : .....

'" .1 . •. j

,.

~

,)

.'.

~i

.'

":;jc:,:~;'rr-

is a pa1.at.al nasal, like the .-., f @] .paJ.ha~ in .lid 1 ;4 •• French and Italian gn. It is incomplete when :final (ef" d,

g,'·m, ,n) • "

1..-/ "

ny~;\'

a certain ear :ny-ala, one kanyer, new , power winy, d~i:ny, remain

you (plur.) ,your fathel;' " . "' nyig, set right, tidy.up nyemara, live kweny, face kesheny, thin IVi, nyufa,

nye>w:>r,

IJ

is a velar nasal, as ng in JjE:,

IJal, IJoJjolio, aIJ e , nyiIJatJ, taiJj, ,fideIJ , ,1i~IJ , &~i, l'

son mouth

alw~s

eye sun be a:fraid be absent calabash wisp of straw

to fear side friend hot twenty

asa, swir, asag,

snake three outside remember

rfi:Ds~rt.

!Jeshi, !Jer,

smoke ulcer ~idi, roots, medicine aIJi, we ax;er, . name wOUIJ, pur b~IJ , water d~~ , upon . , ~1it)'';' ~ L/ '::J I u...

H-N:-

ir, ara, vror, bar, aran,

It does not occur elephant bullrush millet bird cow near

is pronounced more sharply than in English. the teeth are kept qu~te close together. s~m,

sh

singer', not, as in

is rolled., 'as in Scottish pronunciation. at the beginning of a word. aI', faIJara, mor, kabar, taraf,

s

I

Sulu, SaIJ,

tOBu, kaus,

In forming it,

Arab look for thick male (of animals)

is pronounced further forward than the English sound, with with considerable lip-rounding. In the pronunciation of many it is replaced by s. shil,

asm,

kweshe,

WbUr

cool beer rope

she re , herdsman abwushi, undo, release tushi, guinea :fowl

11

12 ''.':;(,

',sba.,

say

IrL"t~$ae',:;'~~{~(,WOrdS sh

she,

do

pala~aJ.iz,ed,

is often slightJ.y i.e. a between ah and the vowel following. Thus aha is of"ten"heard as sbya 'and shea, and she as shye,~!.;s¥e.

vowe1-g1ideo:~pears

w

'~~;~:~;'~~G>:' '

is much softer than its English counterpart, and is sometimes' difficult to detect, especially follovdng a consonant.

In several words w has developed from g, e.g. mogur, mowur, and mour (monkey) are heard in different districts. A final, gin,the Present Tense of many verbs weakens to w in tbe :ra~t,,~en~e, e.g. ' .

'

.... ,

Pre:s';" '- teg , give Past: 'lwe:rn.eg, pour away , .badig, put in

tawn

twernevron badevron

u is replaced by w between vowels, stick

y

with a stick

exists in a few words as a develppment 'from j • biji~, biyi~,bii~, bi~

aiji, aiyi, aiy

j:>~,

Y:>1J

I t is also found in

::(

'calf band

you (Accus.)

qa (also at-a),

mother

13 FLAPPED ::CONSONAJllTS •

',::",!:~i~~:>te~}~~~ped

consonant is given to certain kinds of r aJ).q:.;~;,~".~sO\lnds;UJAd.e by curling up the tip of the tongue and then flapping it dowti'quickly; on thw way, the \,Ulderside of the~tQngv.e touches the teeth-ridge, making one tap." (Westermann &W.:r,g:,','" Practical Phonetics for Students of African Languages, 1933Y"·· ", There are two sounds of this type in Nyamang, denoted by the symbols and 1:, which appear to be separate phone~~.~. ;,<'

1.

.

"·:':.:V:'-'··', . <'.

.... ~ . • . ,' ..

.,. is made by curling up the tongue so that the uno"e1;side of th~ ,tip touches the back part of the teeth-ridge. It':::i~. then withdrawn suddenly and flapped down to the normal position. The air escapes laterally. The result is- a sound which lies between d and 1 made qUickly, put tending to be l-like. With 1: the point of' contact is further back; the underside of' the tongue-tip touches the centre of the hard palate, and when withdrawn gJ.ides towards the back of the teeth-ridge before going . ba~k to its~orma1 position. It has a gentler and less plosive effe~,.>"f~~"~~',u'~,{fl,.,.""',,appedl~. r has a Sligh~ly different ~ffect on the~ ".' " .0 " 'J.pg' to whJ.ch vowel follows ~t, e.g. when J.t precedes U 01"0: .' ,'ithdITNIl from the hard palate slightly sooner than is necessar,ywhen it has toaccomodate itself to an e or a following. cf.

'ketu, f~,

vro!,o,

tutu,

good ten head noise

with

fau:ar; , &re~,

,

.

,~

tat'a, jara,

drum

back buy roof

normally 1 0 ccurs before ...... vowels i, e and t' before E a, 0, u - a fact which may cause doubt a.s to whether they are ; separate phonemes. However the following paiI'/of words,~ .i$, distinguished by flapped 1 and l ' alone:' " .' shila, Note also:

mil:i,

not yet before Words conta.ining f!a:pped 1:wul,i,

sot,i' fi a, ti e,

grave

hereditary chief

youth tadpo,le call

'.

miri,

wuli,

~.

-

to the fire wrong fermented dough to-day day

14

'i:'f?~IVISION OF SYLLABLES.

. .:';'.:

';I:"(,-::i.~.·~-'.\ _

' ..... ,~,

'.,'

',"-'! ,":.'.'.\;.

. ):W;i,th~irtQ.~i;;':#rican languages the underlying p:rinciple of' that each syllable must end with a '. vowel. This principle does not apply entirely in Nyamang, as" m~p,~AA"';:\::;i', consonant groups are divieed, and most consonants may en?i':iWQ'r,d~·L:· sy1lable'aiv1'~10n is

,'/'.".

!,I.i .. _ . ' , . :

"

Thus: Q.n.Lsyllqole :

ti, bar, teg, mo, winy, dOIJ, tarn, kil ':'~~r~/<;

Two syllable§:

ta-IJa, a-taIJ, nyi-IJa1h ko-mur, ar-ba, :~~~wen• •t'

Four syllables:

shi-la-gi-di, i-li-di-au, ko-mur-gi-di

Fiye syllables:

ta-wen-di-di-deg, nyi-gi-de-ro-win.

", .;,.. ,:.

'::~

..

STRESS.

"

: ."

Word2-0f two or three syllables on the £irst sijlable, e.g. But

",

a-ma-du, ta-wen-de~, bU-da-rau, gi-li1J~iIJ~.

Three sylla.bles:

. . >,~,~.;. .~> ',,:,/,~~ ',"

,i,.."

normally have the stress

ta-IJa, ko-rour, ar-ba, a-rna-du, b'li-da-rau, lO:u.. . I:l!f..

k.&.". StIt .... ~

'.'. ",.,,,~.

(1) Syllables ending in -IJ always. bear the stress. ;If\ t:h:e~e. are two such syllables, the stress is borne by the'se~~nd ... '

of them. e.g.

a-t~, nyi-ij&J, wi-dt~, ke-glIJ, ke-ke-d!IJ, gi-liij-!IJ,

it..

yJ~'_"O )

(2) The reduplicated forms of nouns and adjectives retain

their e.g.

origir~l

stress.

15

Note: There are a number of' exceptions to the above IUJ.~S, e.g. fa-1:aJJ (drum), ku-rWn (maize), beeh! (home)'; a-sAg ( I'emembe r)

a-ljt-ne (brother) Some

~airs

of-words

ariijs, kashel, ttmel, beshi,

~re

distinguished' by stresA:

sk;y, rain sVlieet few full to overflowing

ari]jt, . kashtl, temt1, besh!,

bed rr.ale axe home

In word§ Qf '"more than three syllables, the stress nOI~lly falls on the second:syl;l,(ible. Notes (1) to (3) above also apply • .:: .:'.~. '"'" ~<:;: It.;\:::;:-~;···.

~'.g~ ,shf...iA-gi-di,

"",-" ,:"f

~

',,'

';

1

Syllables in

i-l!:tdi-au,

ko-mt'lr-gi-di

.

~:tJ:

Reduplicatives:

k'li-su-do

ku-kl.'l-su-do

Verb stems:

ta-wtn

ta-vflti'ille-ag

Consonantal verb stems bear the stress on the second syllable of an extended stem in tense-forms of more than three syllables: e.g.

nyig (to set right)

Plur.Pres. ny!~gi-di .

ny!ger? (I usually . nYig!de~o (r usually. set set rJ.ght - one thJ.ng) rJ.ght- many thJ.ngs) ta-wMn-di-di-dtg has a prinmr,y stress (marked with two accents) and a secondal~' stress (one accent). This occurs in other verb for~llS of five syllables. Exception§.:

16 TOJ}l::& •

. ·;>;>;,:~. \:)i;) , ';".yamang~s"\not

. " /',,.

a full:>,-fledged tone language, though it no doubt was at one time. Tone, intonation and stress have . , become intermingled, and there are now relatively few w:oi:'d$'~;!:iX. distinguished by musical tone alone. N;yamang tones ha"e;);io't,: " yet been fully invettigated; the indications given here ar~ . therefore of an very elementary nature. . ':'"

:,.,.,:~'f:<, ~:;'>'.'.).;. ,;"~;.: :~/:-

There are two significant tones: high (marked -:-'l\'~;'@d·: .." low (_). In addition to these, syllables may bear a r~sing;,
,,/

k"J~

(-)

forehead ~tl'1~

:br.:>r(- ):GGawer

er "

.

'

1!"".'~:'j.i~.'.

41.

W

•/

by~~

._. r

(fc{) war (-)

.

fat (moun) giraffe

001' (_)

ft~~'CJ) kw"l L)

palate hen strea..m

ju

C) .

body

'~r

(_)

year

do not have

war L)

want

stranger

'" C) bar

cow

bwer (_)

no

bird

"-

,.

kwudu

t!:<> \..-

'\~"'7

come ":':".

",,roman

roof,..t 04

kU'(j)' (~MJt()

,

w~dt~

'- ke4 «

[--J

dJ,j.

w~.l9p ~J[--]f ~

18

WORDS' OF SPECIAL DIFFICULTY• .):<.~. ,y§:~:(.,:?,: ." . . ._~ .." .1·;,.7'.. ;<::/< -

I.'c'Word.s;cir~t.:ihguished by e and e

(see P.2)

II.'wordS

(see p.3)

did~K~iSh~d by

0

and :>

Ill. Words distinguished by Stress

(see p. 15)

IV.

Words distinguished by Tone

(see pp.16-7)

V.

Words

ve~

§imilgr:',,':.....

Ama(du), amudu, amudu,

Nyamang nose knot

orgol, worgol,

inside door of compound outside dOlO'r of comp,ound .

elo, el:>,

milk lead out $~;)ll;"'" ,; ,,·,'take away ~i1.}.\i , . pu'to Ollt

owir, road bwer C- J, iron bwer L), no

drive to (speaker) drive from (speaker) go a~d drive (to) prevent, keep away i;VOr;OU take away '~'lUra go out wule (pI. vrurde) So in \lIsle come out (or in) \101a (pl. words.)

.,(-,

abwashi, abvJUshi,

~lellow

undo

hagl:iA-.. tre e kViortlm, gnaw' '1V' kurum, maize kUl:1!un, (--) kind of black ant kw::)"y':>m . kwot:>m C_) razor

klttgi (-~):.,sheep k\V2~i ( __ ) kujur's shelter kwedi forest kwerdi, large shelter kwedi, craftsman kwedu, slave kwedu, 'adopted' parent of one to be circumcised worshai Vlorshe wOI'shag

woun, ":'I'''f!!1: wouIJ ,;,;
kwogo, kv,rogu, kworc10,

goat saddle heavy rich

:c\vende, kVlendi,

hoof' duraba

k'lNOdo,

l'S'1'i61 e , g,Yele,

old species grass ".

of

long

aui,

we put e:/e a'Ji, aJJgi, eIJgi,

aui, aIJe,

'Vvisp of stra'.'\T •

19

INTRODUCTION. \~

.... lIDMBER. . ' Dua,i:a,nd

Plur~l. num1?er are indicated in Nyamang.

.~OtlI?-S,

however, und.erg~ no rnodJ.fJ.caiaon to ~ress t:.hes~. They;.,..;\~:n.!;!.l..\~,.:.~.:.);...\S:.fi.;,9.;,.;m.':.i:" by other words J.n the sentence. [qC. f<;c.;.~~:':::f/jfpir'j7lf1 There is no definite or indefinite article,thus

I

may mean the (or a) small pot

kwir k4girJ

(the) small pots

Plurality of ac Noun 1ndicCl;ted by other word§ in the (1) liumera.l§ (follow the noun)

kwir kegiij arba, toma kwudu, ·gami. ',' .:" .''l,'

;.~ : ..',:,:/, '. _r,~ :,} .:.::-~";.~ -,.:,",::

f~,

two J"&1J. pots four trees ten eggs

';; 'i" .':,

'J:;'(~)EnumerMive§

such as kago1) (many), kweren or kWer8IJ (all),

/\::; temsl· (;f'ew).:Born kagoIJ wa kweren bar ternsl

many snakes

all the people, everybody few cows

(3) The y,rb takes Dual and Plural SUffixes, agreeing with the subj ect of an intransitive verb, and with, the obj ect of a transitive verb. bar nyala ne bar arba nen bar asa nedi

the;re is one f'.Jow there are two cows there are three COWS

wel toidi wel a toideni wel a toididi

shut the door (entrance) shut the two doors shut the doors

a bar a wen a bar a wenden a bar a wendi

I see a cow I see two COWS I see COWS

' . ' i ""3~.,

,

.>.'

GREETl1'rGS. (in the'''n101J.ning)IIave :'ou slept well?

i keru ka tia ~

ei, a ka tia e nyun

jUQ

woso

ei, a tia a ka tia keru nyi ke-cu ka tidar? ei, aIJ i[:.'-a tidal"

f;

Yes I h?-ve'slept well and greyt,You (li t . yourself) , ;

r

Yes, I have l?lept well

t

Have you (pl.) slept well?

t

Yes, we have slept well

r

a tidal" ~a tidal" ket"'i..l

a ymJ!~a vIi shi ! a

yo~

ka wishi bel!

xP kern

lea doiny?

, (meeting on the road) I greet you! r

I greet you tool

t

Are

~TOU

well?

(do iny, stay, remain)

nyun wa ke-rl1. ka tuag? i la::ru

'2:",

ka sor?

,

Ye s, __ e.rn well

8.. 3:::8.. C~uil1.Y

ei, ani 1::a tua.::; ei, a

SOl"

(on somenBe t s retu i-on) I-Iave yot: returned well (SOl", pI. used instead of tor, come).

, Yes, the:' are (well) ( t

:tes, I he.ve returned (v/ell)

Fare','Jel1 : b'~~4i. sb.i n~ralai doin~ri!

o\'r:i.shi

n:~e,lai

-cueit

• t bviishi nye,lai •Kaaal.

, Rest '::rith a whole heart! sta:rin.g) t :?{est ':lith a -;;hole ~lea:'t!

Go

'Ji th

e. whole heart! ("OJ'1 ' c, .. 1C "'c.~'

bwishi nyalai tied! bv;isl1i IT"""l:::'-; ,,0. c._ -:::,ic1are!

Sleep well!

, 31ee}? vIell!

(to someone

(pIur.) (to someone

(to ena person)

(to me.ny ]eo)1e;

s~~/ ktu-'S·tt.d.D"1iu'$' ~ kWO-l'vs-k~ ,,' .>,,::;~ ~/~ /;-t~l' "".=::::'

V'iJf£<

1'b.~

.....

"'"

:c. • ,.

~~

se;

~o

I
~J:e.

6t§'lk; ~~ ~f<)

1tftt4 ,

r

,


t.-~

kt'lo· (.

. (

'

..

.. '

;

\."

.~ • • •

• .1

" •• !

•_

<:

.,

1..0'

", I,'

.! ••.•

J .: ' \

"

.'.. '

./...... I

:.r. /

p

-

4. . -,.

'c'

~.'

-' )

~.

I : ~.

;.:

,

(\

••

\,

J

•

~

-'..

.'

-! .

i.

•

;'

•.

~~(

I'

.

, ,

,

"

,

..

.

.

:

20

wadaIJ


wa

wigeIj

(child)

griI} (children).

kwii

(man)

wa kash!l (men)

ksr

(woman)

wa mar

(people)

(women)

COLLECTIVE FORM. Nouns, by reduplicating their first ~Yllable, make a collective or generalised plural, which has three closely allied meanings:(1) all the •••

.', .:.,. . .

meds (hill) bidi ,(well) :", ':<"~~: "~. :'::~'{~::. :.:!. ~. ~

msmeds, bibidi,

all the hills all the wells

.. ~W1l.e:ri:~a;n·· adj,e ct i ve is present the noun need not necessarily be're(iupl;.CAtea.: all the wa~ dia, a great man, elder - wa didia elders wawa didia

griij ksks~iIJ gudrilJ keksgij]J wadaIJ gw81e, old person

-

children

wa gwagw61e old people wawa gw8gw81e

Wa didia may be translated by 'the elders', 'the ,class of elders'; similarly gri1,) ksksdiIJ comes to mean ' the children' or.} children',' . and wa gw8gw61e 'the old people" or l o1d people'. Thesef'orms"are: very common - the second of the alternatives given above 'are not used very frequently. The collective form normally takes a siDoq:J.lar verb: gagami amainy ne, eelo amainy ne,

all the eggs are rotten all the milk is sour

(ne, is)

is usually expressed by kweren or kwereIJ following the noun, as above. 1~\l11

; :. ... '\,

...

'

.

21

(2) di;t:fi:r:~nt <.kings of) ••• , sepArAte •••

;c.a'~()~~~.a wendi,

see different kinds of trees a keU4.~~'kagpIJ swaidi, I hoe several different fields memsde :kwel'llll tor, The (people of the) separate hills came together I

(3) PQrtions of •••

kadi,

millet porridge (Nyamang staple food)

kakagi,

portions o,f ,'. millet pom~e" ,;t.

,~~/ ' .."':..';'~'~;:/

(

el0, milk bDIJ, water

ee10, bDbDIJ'

GENDER. Grammatical gender does not exist. For persons, sex is expressed either by a different word or by the addition of kashel (male), kar (female), e.g. kwai,

man

.. ',_ father azli:o' 'la~she 1, son

,:.:~p~,

'.w~ge:Jj· kashel,

boy

ker, woman aya, ata, mother a.niIJ kar, daughte r wig81J kar, girl

Where the senee Is clear, wigeliJa boy or girl, and daughter. '

anilJ~

son or

For animals, etc., different words exist in a few cases to express sex; in others kaus (male), kar (female) are a#ded, e.g. k'wudumul, cock bull gwoso, gifi kaus, lion gil kaus, dog tushi kaus, male guinea-fowl

kw::>r, hen bar, cow gifi kar, lioness gil kar, bitch tushi ka;t', female guinea-fowl

,.,

In the normal way, gifi,gil, tushi, etc., are used without the adjectives to indicate the male; when it is necessary to speak of the female, kar is added. Dimiyijtives are formed by the suffix -iIJ' the noun to SIZE. which this is added often undergoing phonetic change • Ama,tNyimanit. Sulu, Arab kwnr, hen gil, dog kudur, pig

AmadilJ' SUluiIj, kweriIJ , gilitJ, gi1iIJiIJ , kwederilJ,

•

child Arab child chick. . puppy Ny~ng

piglet

22 kieIJ, young of cattle tergenyiIJ, little donkey lawiij, . gi~ass seed (also used for a~ kind of seed) tumiI), fruit (of all trees)

~Jtie.,!. ,',' cattle t'e:rg~ny, donkey ',,:

l~w~J{\,:

, ·,',·"t;..,. toma;

grass

"",';;:'''',

tree

No augmentative form has yet been found. NOUN-FOl\IVIATION.

(1) The use of kwedi. kwedi, a craftsman or expert, follows a noun "in the Genitive Case to for.m a noun agent, 'e.g. wadu kwedi, .. story-teller fi;l:raIJ0 kwedi, drum-maker ari~6 kwedi, bed-craftsman kweshu kwedi, rope-maker

from wada, sto~ fat"aIJ' drum ariIJ! ,- bed ...;' . .k.:~;she , rope

(2)§be:re:,a herdsman is used in the following:baru shere, cowherd kwudu shere, goatherd kiu shere, . cattleherd

from .. bar, cow kwt»do, goat kie, cattle Noun-forming

-eR

suffixe~

is used in names of toals and instruments wuruner, heavy hoe for from WLl'L"U, stalk removing stalks swaier, light hoe swai, to hoe Wt:>gair, wooden.ne~ w:>gai, to se~

at£JA" mwe: r,

N.B.

a

'';~n ,l'tii,;er :for' tirTi~~~

rJIM:,..'

" • . , '.. ' ...

R'~U ~ S~.I U~ J!~~~Jt1A. r "~ f,~"'"

-DA

for::~V~~1T~t ~ ~"; ~)r~v...~~ ~glt- (f~{~:r~t;,If:') IJilda, laughter warda, love nufagida, fall nyigida, weeding

. ;.

~ '.

from

IJil, to laugh war, to love nufag, to fall nyig, to weed

23 taj~4i,

from

fear

tai!.) , to.fear

\:,1:'

-DI

indicates noun agent Abradi,

the Creator

from

abran she,

denotes dominion of, realm

-GIDI

shiJ.agidi,

kingdom

;murgid:,"~. -LI

indica~

ac~'or:u~

agelili,

bathing place

from

tigsle,

to bathe, wash

-WIN'irio.·icat~~····:lthe house of', 'at the house of' Aminawin,

(at) the house of Amina

anwin, 'It. (atl their houses, ~J.J.ra.w~ (,AJ f:t,... ~ . denotes 'father of' Kwishe lma,

father of Kwishel

Belfema,

father of Belfe

k"lveima,

father of many .~tlA

dJ (' vvyJ

- AL

,...

(

~V'- d..

.I

from

T

4.;)" '1 'Or.-) VL

~

.t-eA {r

S>t5hS

.rjj from

ano, their

kwai,·

(?f . S::~(})} ..

num) . .

'(

~'

,

24

DEF!NI!J:EAND.. INPEF!NITE ART! CLES • .

.

,•. ~.~.

'.

':',". :.. '~/.:.~A+ These do .not exist as such in ..

N~r~ng;

their equivalent is denoted

in other 'ways:-: r .' Definite Article: The demonstrative suffix -du often app~o~i,inate$ to a definite article, and is especially usedin l1arrative':ijt~5'~':\':'::;~,(;., define nouns, e.g. kwur9:1:i ka vvola,

-

the

moon~

shiladu ka feadi.

the chief tharuced him

ata9:1:i ka tUtU

my mother vrept

wada kvmdu sheredu

the. stOIJr of the goatherd

.

wa~

weriu ka telai,the

gildu ka mo ,e ka tai,

It~

people!gO'~to

the dog got up and went away

(This<particle .is more f'lJ.ll;-/ explained Inde:finite -_ ...

e.g.

_-

Article': ..

_-~--_

a

som

there is

n..J~81

"'mda wideD 511

laVIau ne,

plO)

~cel'tain)

2..

man

~'" com~

,--_..... ~ ...'"

sTl.c:..1ke in the grass

aI,Jidu meo l:ildi,we heard a story yesterday

n~r~

~

en

fa cert.ain' often does dut;;/ fo:-c this, . "-IJ-f

wadarj nya ka tor, l1Y~

the crops

ka nufa8, a boy has fallen dovm

b01:;]au a ne, a dog is in the ",';ater

','

".

ker nz?c meo l·;:a tor, a ~ertain) ';;oman car-ne yesterday

• it..

25 EXERCISli:S.

small

a •••• a wen, I see (one thing: . . y '<:,'F' , : ( 11 "'11 i\ ~ •••• a wen, .G.Ju'·/~~,e!: "'" old a •••• a wendi; ", =4:-"$;e·~>,!~,xna.~Y) one i •••• a wendi, You see"(' 11 ) two :nA) it . . ne, that •••• is three no ki tagi ne a?:{;,wh~t:,il3 . .,':':y: ·t'hA.j<") ten ' \i = ..c,{:.. '.,.. ,.... all no (af~er nou~)!.~:;;{thatr
~.

J;.J.Q,

Exercise A" (1)' (2) (3) (4·.))' {5

1 Translate: bar ma 'nedi a? bar. fOt"U nedi i kwir no a wendi? e~ . Ma nedi a" kwir asa nedi i wel no a wen? ei, a wel no a wen no ki.tagi ne a? rolgami ne ker:J:lO dia ne, wiQelJ no kegiIJ ne .. (6)' itoina kweren a wendi? ei, kagoIJ nedi <;(7)wadaIj no gitl~le ne? ei, wadaIJ no gv'{~le ne .. (8)kwir temel nedi, bOij kago~ ne (9) nntker kediIJ ne, noflwadau dia ne' (10) a wel nyala a wen, toma asa a wendi

a.

i3~ (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (61 (7) (8)

Can you see the cow? Yes, I can see the cow That is an egg, that is a pot What is that? That is milk Itow many houses are there? There are ten houses Row many cows are there? There are three cows That child is big, that child is small Is that person small? Yes, that person is small I see ten big cows <{le} That is water, that is milk (10) Do you see the house? Yes, I see the house

~~erci~

(more advanced exercise'on Chap.l) wel a toididi (2) griIJ kekegill (3) (4) aniIJ kar (5) gifi kaus (6) (7) kweshu kwedi (8) kiu shere (9) (10) tergenyiIJ

/l.(l)

13.. (1), (4) (7) (10)

the Creator boy cock all the hills

(2) goatherd (5) lioness (8) old people

(3) (6) (9)

kakagi kwederiIJ komurgidi mother chicken grass seed

26

DECLENSION OF NOUNS •

"';/ mAPTER ',:'11 • .-

'.

-

,

"

~.

CASE:" The relation between a noun and other words in the sentence

is ind.ic~:te~ by case:endings for the. oblique case,s. - the,!i,8ffi~~:!?iye . has no d~st~nct sUff'J.~. For convemence~ tI;e La,t~n case":."~~~,:~1~y,;e, been used, but the NYima,ng uSag,e and ,#,h: L,at,~n ~rsJ~,0 DC)'t"~aJ.ways,,' C)jrre~p~~ (erg. Locativ7Ja)~i1J..,,~ 'K.~~,~ "'1' L,,',

r~~

~ ~1IA..~7#·, ..4'."~~)

'!~----~-!

, :Before the case- en~J.ngs ar~ consiaered, a brief su:r.vey,o~;t:.',;i;,':; the usages of each case w~ll be g~ven. ' ",' ,.;; , T;b;e Nominative Case denotes the sUbj ect of a verb, or by the verbs 'to bet, tto become t • gil .... doso ka tam,

the dog is eating food

kwedile ka f'idsij,

the salt is finished

E

J:a -/ldi, .

the people are dancing

sndu' shil~ ka ta,

he became king

en.

he is an Arab

a ~ ne,

b~r

.

i~: ~overIl~Cl',}·';!;;;:\:,

the cow is big

dia ne,

The ACQu§ative Case indicates the object of a transitive verb. a gilo a wen,

I see a dog

a lli>u twil,

I am drinking water

kwonn ls\"1S,

cook the meat

en a eloo twen,

he is bringing milk

sn a miro ka tushe,

she has lit the fire

wadaI,J timi:l:.o. tows,

the man is making a wattle door

A double Accusative is used in phrases like the following:tergeny a1J

~

wa!'sn, the donkey kicked me on the hand

mordu wadaJJ kire waren, the horse kicl<ed the man on the foot

27

Th§ Gen:Ltiye;·'Cae§ denotes: (i) the ·possesso~. In Nyamang the word indicating the possessor precedes. the word indicating the thing possessed. gilu ami a

it is the dog's bone

ng,

wadaJJQ ~rdu wun ne a?

'Where is the man's horse

a Mm tel) fa wen,

I

shi12 wel dol fan,

the chief's house is

m turu dia ns,

the noise of the wind is great

do not see the woman t s caJaba.sh ','.

over~~er~

wideJJQ kwodo ka gUlo, the child t s goat has run off The following may be translated into English by: (a) a noun "7

ariIJo kwl;

Cb)

'fat of the sky'

a cloud

bweru te:rgeny, 'an iron donkey'

'a wheel

an adj ective lawu li,

'a place having grass'

- a grassy place

nyi1jar.JO li,

'a place having sun'

- a sUIUly place

kweowu bwir,

'a road having sand'

- a sandy road

(ii) purpose wiu geder,

a pot for making sauce

elou tetJ,

a calabash for milk

nya1.o sawer,

a pot for flour

drivo temer,

small calabash for children

kYiQny le:wer,

pot for meat

,

"

~

(wi, sauce)

28

The DtW,ridept, Gei4't ive will be explained on p. .;:' . t··

.'

..

. ~ ";', \ "~ ,.

,

.

'.

:,

""::-,,,

.

•

":.:;:; " { ~ "':':". '."

The D41;iXe'::Ca.iJr~s used (i): as the object of verbs of giving, taking away, aSki~~,;:,:,t.;~ll;Ag:,

~

eloo tege,

Give milk to the

dOg"';'~i5'"

a shila; bar teg,

I gave a cow to the chief

1ergeny:L b~lJ tege,

Give water to the donkey

endu eloi ele nou,

She takes away the sharpness from the milk

ytadEijJ§ kilml1J'e,

Ask the man

a w.idsJJlka kilou,

I have asked the child

: .. ';

.'"

j;

~Wi

tandige,

"". i,i,j:,awendeg

Tell the chief Re said to the woman •••

":",,~ .~ba ... ',' a~ka,t~dig,

u.J.~

fdt.P-r

I.:bave,toldtnel:eop"*.e

/(a. W~

~

kr-

/~~.~~

~'l

~)jyliJ)ooti!J

(ii) to denote 'for', tfor the good of', 'on behalf of': kerdu anasheli kagi ka tawo, the woman stirred porridge for her husband endu anasheli kwuroIJ swai,

~l~l tweni,.

The AbMtive (i)

~x

she clears the crops for her husband ' Bring a calabash for the Chief'

anedu aneDeus ka nin

They

~ill~d

it for their brother

has the following uses:

acCOmpanying(a~~~) a,1Ji a

~Ale

kwen,

f'

I am going with the dog

",

(lit. we VJith-the-dog are-going - a Dual verb: the Nyamang speaker is Ultra-logical, and at once visualises the two going along togetherl)

29 .'

'('''iq~i:"f;}, . m;Uve kwen,

",~~:,;l~;i"~ .~Z:~

I am going viith the horse

kwen,

You are going with the kuj ur

\;",;)~:,,",~:;··tiii~j~~~;b, wr

~

I get up with the sun The birds fly with the Vii~,;;;;::;:,:;"'i,~t

a telai,

In this sense the Ablative is used only with singular nouns. When DUc:-l . and ~lura~ nouns are used, they are followed br!-~~'" Postpos~t~on g~e, w~th (see p. ). ';,']'i':" , aJ)i

a shila gie a kwel, I am going with the chiefs"," ,,[:

a~i

a wa gie a kwol,

I am coming with the people

(ii) the means by which a thing is done (Instrumental), a kid::>

110

mwe:re she,

I am doing this with a stirrer

~n a ,gw~sP kworaie nin, Re killed the bull with a spear '.- . •

",endU

i.:

~lJ,~ nin,

He beat him viith a stick

endu toma 'temtl& kironun, Re cut dO'l,vn the tree with an axe ~,

she,

1~e

ker a fwiji eloe she,

it with water

The woman is making porridge vdth milk

~ ~ c- .I."". '; rM.. "~hJAI I .,L -~ "~'ttt1 ~ ~u~~ ~ )'~("~"'~-"""1 /<4,~' Pxl.. A

t

(iii) the manner in which a thil1g is done, winye tandige, The Locative

Ca~~

Speak lOUdly

(with force)

expresses

(i) motion to: a kwau kwa,

I am going to the crops

ker bid:b, ka tan,

The woman has gone to the well

a beshi kwa,

I am going home

4minaJ.. kadai,

Go to Amina

wa di,iau ka telan,

People have gone to work

"'..,i.IiI ;:01 ~

lriff(4

i -P.fl Jf4//it'I\"j"'j

'

30

(i1) rest in ·"".a

o~at1.

I am in the crops

~.ns,

b~1J

ts SAAU • ne,

The water is in the large

gi~

a bouau ne,

The dog is in the water

l?o~ ....,:~~.

~~ en a busa.u kusudo ne, He is angry (bad in his stomach)

birisha.u de bi,

",i':

Put it on the mat

Hold it in your hand WOI'

a tomacu ne,

The bird is in the tree

(iii) motion from:

a

kW§Ja

I

kWu,

'a;'·A.V;u.fAl ka tor,

" , wadu woro1! kvrol,

8~

coming from the crops

I have come from YOUD father The people are coming from the cattle-~nclosure

(iv)

father has come from home

aba v"{?lau ka kwu,

My

en a bidou kviJU,

She is coming from the well

Ilearn~;froml; 'l? W''''i\.!~>! ,~~ fUlfPM, a amadu wada

~bibil

of."

almsn she

•

I learn Nytmang from , Habib

wide~ kardu qninal she almen ()L

:.the VQ.Qative

The girl iaarned that from her mother u.. L:L'rJ ~/J. ~.,.. j~~1A 0 fI.._ ~.~. I.. " ~ ~,~m

-vl~llbe

dealt with under

Interjecti~~~'ff.,if!:i

31

-.

Accusative:

-0

Genitive:

-tU

Dative:

-I

Ablative:

-8'

Locative:

-AU

.

-,.'. ".',

The maj ority of nouns do not take all of these inflexions, but take at least one or two variant endings. The latter are dependent upon phonetic rules, no') yet fully worked out. The other inflexions which occur are:m;omina:t:~V(;!;:

Accusative :. !"

-0, or no inflexion

.~.' .,: "

i"

•

Genitive:

-0

Dative:

-8, -E.

Ablative:

-E? -I

Locative:

-ou, -r,

.'

-8

Names of' Persons, Place names, and a few other nouns different type of declension (p. ) - .

bave .-

a.

-~--. . .'

The inflexions will now be dealt with in turn. ACCUSATIVE. (1) Noun~ vTILich twce -n e.g.

Consonant Stem§.: kwon (meat) mnr (friend) kel (earth) kweny (face) -

(

tergeny kwono; mnrn; kelo; kvrenyo.

(donkey) mir (fire) snm (snak:e) wnr (bird)

tergc:nyn; miro; snmo; vilDrn;

:.-~~

..

"

."

•.{

.~

32 ',',':iVqyte'l Stem~: (seve~al ,drQP"'"t-he

kwai (man) dami (egg) voweii<:::of tJ;H~,';~om.) kidi (cloth), , ',:";>'. ijeshi (smoke)-

,

kwaio· elo (milk) dami;); we (illness)kid;) ;' IDede (hill) :o&:sho; woro (head) -

elo::>; we::>; msjo; vr.:>t::> • '.~

'...,!

(2) NQyn§. which take -0 ~Co~n:.;.St.:,,;o~l~laOll=l1.:;.:!t~S~t=em§.:

e.g.

gil (dog) - gilo; moul" (monkey)- mouro;. kvvur (moon) - kvmro; kwi~'Ur (kujur).:,.· kwiyu'ro;mingr (stone) - rlingro; U bmumx ";3i: ',CII'. timil (100r of branches) timilo·'·.. ""·· ".~.;;',J'.:,,}~:

:.'.

. <' . • ,{

Vowel Stems:

Dildi (tongue) - IJildo; kwedu (slave) - 'kwedo;, vvedi (gu.est) - vledo ju (bod;y-) jUo; , 6di 6do.

(3) l~ouns which_~.sL.nQ._infl~KiQ..l1, i. e. the Aqcllsative remains the

same as the Nominative,

tem?: e g ,.,. '.·.'C.'nn.soIla.A~.':':;:S.· v '" '.. (a) Nouns. ending ·.,wadaJj(man) . , ' bth) (water) fa-raIJ (drum) kadalJ (hoe) •

•

,:'

--11:,

_

in -r;pwige:lj (child) tSrJ (calabash) kvr.:n"';)rj (c rops) nyiIJaIJ' (sun)

(b) Kouns ending in -r:ksr (woman) mvrer (stirrer) ,bar (cow) wer (enclosure) bwer (iron)

griD (children) kwelelJ (fly) kweneIJ (mosquito) bi (j) iIJ (calf) kwir (pot) bwir (road, path)

(c) Nouns endiI~ in -1:viel (house) temtl (axe) Vowel St~mQ: bidi (well) shila (chief) 10 (mud) li (place) kie (cattle) dou (s·tick) bwishi (abdomen) mo (wind) kagi (porridge) soli (youth) kweni (knife) kenya (rat) 'beds (neck) doso (food) kweou (sand) kweshe (rope) ~xamp~

. TJssho to~lt timilo non bi en a tergenyo de miro tushe bof,J twili

kera (girl) mordu (horse) aIJe (eye) dij i (work) kvlO (leaf) kire (foot) ije (so~, daughter) beshi (home)

look at the smoke put the door here he is hitting the donkey light the fire . drink water

33 ',}'\"·wel, tows "':a~#Htivro ,.;' aW":ii2n a wen

'a 'wei('m>

kweshe ire dij i kW&gI' s1}e i do s~ ka troti? teJ;) nyOni a kweni war ita ka~aD fa twen endu kwono ka nyop. a wigel) a mai elo::> tweni a mego fa wen

build a house I dig a hile ,1 can see the boy 1 am ill (have illness) pUll the rope work hard ".,;.....6 ,"," " Have you eaten your food?'::\': ,""'/y,:.,' take away the calabash 1 want a knife you have not brought the~*'e' he took the meat I know the child bring milk 1 cannot see the hill

-----------_._--EXERCISES. Revision. ".
;'.

·.~I

~:t'i1J , kwai, sh.ila, \Wr, gil, bwir,

ch$ldren man 'chief biI-d dog road

a ••••• 'lllro,

i ••••• VI::>, a ••• wedi, i ••• wedi, a ••••• a mai, i •.•.. a mai, a ••••• 0. maidi, i ••••• a maidi,

tergeny, donkey illness mege, hill kel, earth, field teIJ, calabash mir, fire 1 have (singular object) You have (singular object) I have (plural obj ect) You he.ve (plural obj ect) I know (singular object) You'know (singular object) 1 know (plural obj ect) You know (plural obj ect) .

we,

ExerciQe 3 •. A. (1) i weo w::>? ei, a weo wo (2) no ki tagi DE a? no a~e ne (3) i bwir no a mai"( ei 1 a bwir no a mai (4) i teIJ kagoIJ wedi? ei, a teIJ kagoIJ wedi (5; griIJ ma nedi a? griIJ f'oru nedi (6) i gilo a wen? ei, a gilo a wen (7) gil no dia ne, WOI' no kedin ne: (8) wadaIJ no 8hila ne (9) a miro a wen. i miro a wen? (10) a bwir kagoIJ a ma~d~. B. (1) Do you see the dor~ey? Yes, I see the donkey. (2) Do you know the child? Yes, 1 know the child (3) Do you know the children? Yes, I know the children (4) Have you a field? Yes, I have a field. (5) I have three dogs (6) Do you know the man? Yes, I know the man (7) That cow is big, that dow<ey is small (8) I have one egg, you have ten eggs (9) Have you a dog? Yes, I have a dog (10) The houses are many, the trees are few. _

d

•

•

34

r~~E~\:;;~tl~"]ake -u, ;': ~~' ~~~ :;:,.',~h~·:~~~:~~, ~_.~/t:)~::~ r.·~-~S>,~J ':;":i .,-.~ e.g.",C9h§()~/:S1;ems: ,

tergeny (donkey) -' tergenyu; - manu; ker (woman)- ~!'U; " mir (fire) miru (or meru); wor (bird) ~,:',';;>~;;tj<:~,': som (snake) - somu; gil (dog) -1- gi~u ?,,{~~Q~~'fi,~;;t';:.<'/,

""(kw-on (meat)

Vowel

Stem~:(ma:ny

dropping the vowel of the Nominative) elo (milk) - elou; kagi (porridge) - ~~~u; d.iji (work) ~ diju; kidi (cloth) - ki9:~;i<' ': '" , kire (foot) - kiru;' beshi (home) - be~'4~;' '.' ", .':; , kwai~) - akwaiJu; kie (cattle) kiuf"(' e-t:-c~ soli (youth MS svrelu. ::::'

(2) Nouns which take -0,

e,g,

Consonant Stems:(nouns in -Ij) wadaJ;)o; wide~ (child) - wideIJo; wadaIJ (person) driIJo ; te~ (calabash)- te~o' ~riIJ (chidren) nyiIJaJ,) (sun) nyiIJaJJ o ; bi(j)iij (calf)- bi(j;iIJo, .,!:', ... : .

.' :'V6weJ:::;St~Ih~: ':~;/.,:we'

(illness) - weo; toma (tree) - tomo; .' ";, :shila (chief) shilo; kvr.:rra (spear) - kvror o ; ju.Cbody) - jUo; lu (shadow) - luo; age (ey-e) - aIJeoi ari~e (sky, rain) - ariI)o; ariIJ! (bed) - ariIJO,

bwishi (abdomen) has buso, Examples:

kern kidi gilu kire S<>InU jU

kwaif':! kweQ.i kiu shere beshu warda wideIJo IJal shila kW<>1;a tome w<>t: 0 miru I)eshi wadaIJo lu barn el0 g,riIJo tefe tomo kw<> swelu diji ariIJ6 toma

, I:

the woman's cloth the dogls foot the snake's body the man I s sheep a cattle-herd love of home the child's mouth the chief's spear the top of the tree the smoke of the fire a personts shadow (or spirit) the cow's milk the children's game the leaves of the tree the youth's work the wood of the bed

35

EXERCISES. , .U .-'.

ReVisiQh"Voca'bY~ry, etc. ',.'" .". ".

'. "

. ',',:,".'.,;",.... ~

.

'; ..

'kidi, . . , cloth DJ.:)rdu, horse ariIJI!, bed kire, foot btu, good ~t\ aiy, hand (inserts a befbre ne) w:Jt'0 , head1. k'Usude, bad kwedi, sheep kabar, hot; painful kW:Jdo, goat d~, that /' . wada, word(s),talk (as adjective, follows nQU#) dij i , ta-lk '1 e, and tweni~ bring (j oins phrases) \.Imperative) . i aIJid:J a war? what do you want? I want ... (singular object)' a ••••• war 'You want ••• (singular object) i ••.•• war I want... (plural obj ect) a •••wardi You want... (plural obj ect) i ••• wardi

t'iJt,

!

.,:'

EXE1fcise i. A. (lj~'ari.1Ji nO itq:u a ne, e ariIJ! d~ kusudo ne (2) i atJid:> a war? a diji war (3) i kweg.,i,wardi, a kvrod~ wardi (4) wi~IJo kire kabar ne {5} shilo wada keru a ne (6) i ketu a ne? ei, a ketu a ne (7) i lmrdu W:;)? ei, a m~r'du kag~lJ wedi (8) keru aiy kabar ne (9) wada n~ kusudo ne (10) i wige1jo kida a wen? ei, a wigsIJo kido a wen

B. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (lO)

Vfuat doyeu want? I want a horse I have many horses The child's hand .is painful ... Do you see the bed? Yes, I see the bed T"ne man's head is painful Work is good Bring a calabash Bring milk Bring water This is a sheep, that is a goat This horse is big, that donkey is small Have you work? Yes, I have work

Exercise 5 (on the Genitive). (l) the man's hand (2) the horse's head (3) women's work (4) the child's foot (5) the calabash of water (6) the calabash of milk (7) the chief's house (8) a person's words (9) the Rheep's head (10) the woman's cloth.

WilL

"

36~

'

THE ~~~~~ GENITIVE,

When a noun in the Genitive is governed Dative, Ablative, or Locative, -I is added t~ t¥~>f~i1l~it~,i:~e~t~on-u or -0. ~is form is here given the name"e£,~/~~e,?~,~r~~ GenJ.tJ.ve'.

by

anq:tllet\1iri,:lo~};jn the

>.

•

•

I ,';~, ,·1.:- ','

:..... " l~~:: /: ":.'::;'

e.g.'Cff GeDiiive dependent upon Dative: §bilog kafiri tandige, a !riijon

_.'. :. :'~;, ,~::.'.f..,·:;,:",:

Speak to the

chieff~ Wit:~hm.an ..

I' .

shilai~tandig,

w.adauon tergenyi bO]J tege, :"'",i,

;.'

,

~,'.

(2) Genitive dependent upon A:blative:

aJJi a wadaDon morde kwen, en a gwoso §hilon

kWD~aie

I

am going with the man' s horse

nin, Re killed the bull with the chief's spear I am do ing this with the woman's stirrer

;:;:

(3) Genitiye depend~nt upon Loca;tive:

a shilonkwau kwudu,

I

am coming from the chief's crops

a §.hilo:g kwau kwa,

I

am going to the chief's crops

a sni10n kwau ne,

I

am in the chief's crops

barun worau

in the cow enclosure

§.omun juau

on the snake's body

tomon wvr:au

at the top of the tree

wi,del]on IJalau

in the boy r s mouth

kerun aIJau

in the woman t s eye

a kiun sheredau kwa

I am going to the cattle-herd

kweo'W'l.!n burau (or buro) ,on the sandy road driijon telJau

: hV"

in the children's calabash

37

When a noun in the Genitive is dependent upon a noun in the AccusaUve, or upon another Genitive, the simple Genitive fOnn in . -u or· -ore. .ns .in use. . , e,g, Cl} Genitiye dependent upon AccusatiY.,St: a gill! ami a wen,

I

a kern teIJ wo,

I have the VlOman I s calabash

en a· §hilo endu

~ra

~

wo,

see the dog's bone

Re has the chief's spear

kwono ka. nynn, lie took the man's meat

(2) Ggniti~e d~endent upon gnothel' Genitive:

ani

~

sheredu wada ka kildi

w;J.Q. aneIJtno mordu ka gUlo

ehilo welu li

the

they heard the cattleheard's words the chief's brother's horse has run away

~lace

of the

chief~s

house

DATIVE,

(1) lIouns whiclL..ta);e -i (most nouns)

e,g,

Consonant Siems.: ker (woman) kel'i; kEmt Qiu~ K kJa:ai;: mor (friend) - mori; kel (earth) - keli; tergeny (donkey) - tergenyi; roil' (fire) - miri; som (snake) somi, etc. yowe:b Stem§: kwai (man) - kwan"t elo (milk) - eloi; kera (girl) kerai~ shila (chief) - shilai o mnrdu (horse) - mord~; li(place) ~ lii. ' gvfOsO (bull) has gVfeshi

(2) NounQ which tMe -e. e.g.

Conso.n.ant_ S~grn.1?: (some in -IJ) wadaIJ (person) - wadaJJe; dri~ (children) dri1Je; teij (calabaSh) - teDe. Vowel Stema: we (illness) - wee· ariue (sky, rain), alje (eye), a~ene (brothel'~ do not change. .

(3) Nouns which take -e.

Vovlel Stems:

mege (hill)

ari~t

(bed

,

'.J'

38

'. , '.>-:.

Give water to the boy Put water in the ~ot .l~~ .,' '" giye vlater to the pot) .~'.~:},., ' .' endui)wadaIJe sandug~ ka tsg - He gave the box to':.:t:ne'man· keri tandigs Speak to the woman"" , driIJe kil~we Ask the children nyeIJens she Do it for your brother . , ' ,.. ! " . endu keri tS!J n Jr onul1 He took the calabash (X'o;nr<:;the " woman Take it from the man· C,

-EXERCISES . Rgvision

Vocabula~r, •

,".

etc

L

k:vror, hen ju, doso,. food aIJs, l~w:a., ;', grass 'lJ~, ,monoIJ ,millet k'VtTe she, gum,' hole, pit nyoni, b\l'ler~ no bi, non \fan)- (is)here •••• wun dol (fan)-(is)there i aQido ::

. . • • • ) •••••• ,

A.

a •••• a she, i •••• a she, a •••• a shidi, i •.•• a shcld1,

body eye mouth rop e take away (Imperative) put, put dovin ( " ) ne a? w~ere is •••• ? a she a? ~nat are you doing (or making) I 8~ doing (or making) (singular object) You are do ing (" ") I am doing (plural obj eet} You are doing (It U, ):

Exercise 6. A.Cl) i aQido a she a? a diji a she (2) i gumo a shidi? ei, a g~~ asa a shidi (3) shilo wel vmn ne a? dol fan (4) n~ ki tagi ne a? no a lawa ne. e no? no a monol) ne (5) doso nyoni eloo nyoni bOIJ nyoni (6) kwor 'It,tun ne a? non fan (7) lawo bi mOImIJ nyoni (e) wig,el'Jo arje kabar ne (9) toma no ke1;u a ne, kwe she do kusudo ne. (10) kwon n~ kusudo ne? bwer, kwon no keru a ne T:That are Jrou doing? I am making food. That is women I s work. Bring meat bring water brine millet: Put the wood here put the grass there tfJ vVhere is the man l s house? Do you see the house? Yes, the house is there.

B. (1) (2) (3) (4).

39 <:p);:',:~:iS"';f~e.~1i, is

good, that egg is bad. (6~,:<~,e
8. (on the Dative) wideIje tandige 12) keri ny~ni (3) tergenyi b~IJ tege shilai kil~vre (5) wadage she Give it to the woman (7) Do it for the children Ask the man (9) Give millet to the horse (10) Give grass to the donkey. (1) (4) (6) (8)

ABLATIVE.

(1) Mouns whic:Jn..take -e. '.

e.g.

Co'nsonant Stem§.: wadaJJ (person) - wac1alJe; ker (woman)- kere; wideIj* (child) - wigeije; ~ri~ (children) - ~riIJe; tergeny (donkey) - tergenye; JIIifaIp(tmiSila> - ._; b~IJ (water) b~IJe, etc. Vowel Stem§.:

kwai (man) - kwaie; gami (egg} ,- gamie; m~rdu (horse) m~rde ~ g~u (stick) - gowe; l~ (mud) l~e; we (~llness) - wee, etc., ariIJe, ariIJt, aije, aijtne do not change; li (plac~) becomes le; kwora (spear) becomes kvr.:>!'aie.

(2) Noun§which take -e.

e.g.

Consonant Stem.g: kwiyur (kujur) - kwiyure; Ijal (mouth) -IJale; gil (dog) - gile; gum (hole) - gume; mour (monkey) - Btrire· kwir (pot) - kwire; timil (door of branches1 - timile; kvmr (moon}-kvmre; mindr (stone) - mingre, etc~ Vowel Stems: aiy (hand) bwishi (abdomen) kagi (porridge) -

aiye; me~e (hmll) - mege; bwishe; teshi (large pot)-teshe; kagie; ju (body) - jue, etc.

40

(3):i'i;RQijIiS .wbi,gh· take -i. e .'~,/;'·'\iOW@l'·~t.~S (some nouns in -a) : shila (chief) shi1ai; .', .: "']rsra (girl) - ksrai; toma (tree) toma~; lawa (grass) - 1awai; gaIJa (mud) -.' g~aJ.." " ? (Nouns in -a take i to avoid the combination -ae_o:t:'~*s.e,{ , .. -'... ...., ;" '. .. which is foreign to l\fyamang). .

ExamPles:

'.

:,;.,',;' '

': ~ -'~":. ~. ' .' '

..: .,.. '

aIJi a wigsIJs kwen, a kido no gile she,

I I

am going with the boy.,,: .., '.,', am doing this with the,,'helpof

a dog ,i-i,·.. I,:' " .. ,'_, anedu wel gaJJai tows, 'fhey are building the house, of IllUd",c;' •. '" aJ,Jidu kU-,;Wno warai tsg, We are carrying the maize in baskets nyi a shilai kwen, Xou are going with·the chief • tomai she, Do it with wood wadaij& kadai, Go with the man'

EXERCISES. Revieion Vocabulary, etc.!.. kwo~a,

spear ariijs, sky, rain timi1, door of' branches mo, wind ~ou, stick kws~r, strong tsmt1, axe 10fo, weak rowSI', wooden stirrer kido 00, that (thing) mindtit, stone a tor, I am coming '(",k", k:i,e, cattle (_ ,. i a tor, You are coming' ' ; I am going \ I-'~v-.N CUJi a sor, We are coming (., '\ a .tai, i a tai, You are going '" nyi a SOl', You (pI.) are coming , ( " agi a telai, We are going~\~i,a••• kwen, I amgoing·with•• nyi a telai, You (pl.)are,,)nyi a ••• kwen,Yout;Lre going with. going " .,. ,

E~ercise

A.(l) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) ( 10)

9.

mo kws~r ns, ariIJs a tor~ i a tai~ ei, a tai nyi a telai? ei, aQi a ts1ai i kido no £lows a she? bwer, a k.ido no mwers a she shilo kwora kwsgr ns, wadaJJo gou lofo ne i a tor? ei, a tor nyi a sor? ei, aiji a sor kie ma nedi a? kie foru nedi , k.ido no tomai a she, i kido no mingre she timil no dia ne, s mwer no ksdi~ ne a.IJ i a kwiyure kwen

41 .. ,: . ;//;,,< .-'.":.:," ..,,J: :B. (l):The'b;Lr
(2)"t\1""eyo,utgping with the chief? Yes, I am going with the chief'. (~J ~t'~oj'Y'ou want? I want an axe'. (4}Canyousee the cattle? Yes, I can see the cattle. (5) What is that? That is a stone. '" /." ". (6) Where is the stirrer? The stirrer is th ',"'.':' (7) Are you making that with milk? No, I ame~ing i't'~ith water. C8} Bring a stiEk. (9} Put the spear there. .,'/:. (lO)T11e horse 'is strong, the goat is weak. "

LOCATIV~.

With a few exceptions, all

~ouns

Consop:?,nt Stem§.: wig.eij te:rgeny

e.g.

Vowel Stems: ;,t,',:'

-

shila aIJe diji

take the termination -au.· -wigeIjau terge:nyau

b~IJ

shilau aIJau dijau

aiy kie a!!iJJ e -

aiyau kiau ariIJau

soli -

swelau

gil

-

-

b~JJau

gilau

A few undergo vowel-change:-

bwishi mo -

busau m~au

In a few nouns in frequent use the principal meanings of the Locative. Cm.otion t~, rest ~ an~ iu~ motion rf;{) o~'P1ve bemt;:.e.__. d....,R-..., ." distingu' J.shed by dJ.fferent terrnJ.natJ.ons: (, di P
t.

bidi (well)

we!' t~nclosure2

.

.

lam going to the well'

a bidi kwa' a bidau ne a bid~u ne a bid~u kWl.1

I am in the well I am at the well I am coming from the well

a wiri kwa a w~rau ne a vmr~u ne a womu kwu

I am going to the enclosure I am in the enclosure I am at the enclosure I am coming from the enclosure

42

11 (;Rltgqel: \/)'",a .1i kwa . ,::ti:'i~:>U ne: ;,~,::'itlu kwu

I I I

am going to the place am ~ the place am coming from the p~ace

a burau kwa a bwiri kwa

I I

am going to the road am going on the road (to; a!l9:t'}.1.e~

a burau ne a boro ne: a burau kwu

I I I

am (staying) on the road'" :,' ,,' " am (walking) on the road am coming from the road ,/ '" ",'",

(',

',:.

'{

":" . J ~):_\.;'-::

The

-0

ElW'lllles:

.':'

.:".

,'",hil1;)';~"';;<:::r:,"

j' ';:f~-'" ~·./·.;.;.t~ _:1 'T.~;:,-;/- ;\~~~.:'·\:'r~'

"

termination of buro is adverbial (see Adverb~}:'}~,.i13~l);/"J>··'

w~r~u~:\"r;u ne

;n

) '::::' , '

lfee

i;:-:'\:J ,"

i~O~~~;'W~~lt~~ ~~~lt:~~"j'i\'

lit. stomach) We are going to the crops aIJ i kwau kwe1 W. are coming from the crops aJ.J i kwau kw:>1 kerdu beso ne The woman is at home Let us go to work dij~u ants1ai en',a:'swe1au ka tan He went to the youth e10 'a tSJ;Js,u ne The milk is in the calabash \

EXERCISES,..!.

Rroz;isiQn Vocabulazy, etc.... biiIJ' calf kibel) , kid wer, compound, enclosure.

~~~ ~~~p~rom

•

lis".:...

t.'~ rt'I~tt~

li, J nin, dil, t:>rtt

place " here (hither) there (thither) comet

~~:~; k~~~

,

a~eryoli' g~i~?

kwau, Where bidi, well' i \'lUll:> kvm? Where have you come kagi, millet porridge from? kwedile, salt a ••• kwa, I am going •••• a ••• kWU, I am coming •• i ••• kW'a, You are going ••• i ••• k\VU,You are coming.aQi a ••• kwe1, We are gOil~••• aIJi a kw:>l •• , We are nyi a ••• kwel, Youxare going ••• coming. • (pI.) nyi a ••• kwol •• , You~ are coming••• Exercise 10. A.(l) i aI)ido a war? a kwedile war (2) biiIJ wun ne a? biilJ worau ne (3) i kibeIj a wen? ei, a kibelJ a wen. bidou ne a dil kwa (4) i WUill> kwa?

Wun ne a?

kibeIJ

43 (51,.n'~iMEl,;;)i1uno kw:> 1?

(6);?atC:kaq;a:U

~ni

~"

a kwau kwol

(7)'/n~Q:i<',~~\~ a? kagi a te1Jau ne ($1/ ,i:W:Ui).l),;,'!~? a burau kwu

(9J'ny'fa'<1:i:j~au kwel? ei, aIJi a dijau kwel (10) i a dil tai? ei, a dil tai

Vfuere are you going? I am going home Come here? ~TIere have you come from? Vfuere is the woman? The woman is at the well We are going to the~crops ",..:r The calf and the kid are in the enclosure ,The salt is in th~calabash>,/;'" Are you (pI.) going home? (Fut.) Yes, we are going:Q.om,e': The cattle are in the compound ',' " ",' I have come from the cattle We are going (Fut.) to 'the place "I

'

---------'----

PROPER NAMES, etc.

Pro~~~ tlaJne,sand a few nouns denoting family relationship have the following,terminations (these are pronominal, see p, ):_ c'.

.

Nom: Acc: Gen: Dat:

-UIJ -UN -UI)

Abl:

-IN

Loe:

-IL

Names ending in a vowel the tei1ffiination. e.g, Nom:

Eabib

Amino.

Ace: Gen:

nO!~lally

Sabo Sabo],]

:·Iabibun

:Jat:

retain this and drop u and i of

aba aya DyUfa (father) (mother) (your father) abarJ ayruJ nyuf'aJJ

Ar:1inun

Sabun

aboun

ayoun

nyuf'oun

l\.mil1aJ}

Sabol]

ab8.lJ

aY8JJ

nYUf'8JJ

Abl:

Habibin

Aminan •

Sabon

aban

ayan

n;Y1.J·f'an

Loe:

Habibil

Aminal

Sabol

abal

aY8.l

nyuf'al

DeQ1i:r.L~d

like...J2,.R.a,C?SQ: anuf'a (his, her father) ~ nyi.'Ja Croar mother) ani!,Ja (his, her mother), IJemo. (f'ather of' sons).

, 't '

l..,

Wo. (peop~e)

·:.':;,3F;·~~m.: :;i '..

,

Ace: Gen: Dat: Abl: Loc:

J

44

;".

has the

followiD~

declension:

',"\/,:wa

'WaJJ

wanu

(Dep. Gen.

wanun)

wani wo. gie wanau

Examples:

Acc:

Gen:

a waQ a wendi a Kabaru!J tile a nyufaQ ka toilg en a abaij ka toile a SaboIJ war abaIJ tili, aboun wada Aminun bar jW~UkworOIJ

. ,' iJeIili:>un" wa.da

Hab:i.btiri'beshi

.'ay.,~. ,t&?!J

I see the people call Kabar have seen your father He has seen my father I want Sabo Call my father I I

Ny father's words .Amino. 's cow The people's crops The story of the father of many sons Habib' s' home By mother's calabash

Dep.Gen: (-un forms remain unchanged) I am going to Amina's house a Aminun beshi kW'a Sabon beshi kadai Go to Sabots house a wanun kwau k'lsvu I have come from the people's crops aboun beso In my father's house Kabarun tergen;)ri b01J tgge - Give 'Iilater to Kabar's donkey pyufoun kwau In your father's crops I give a COVl to Eabib a Habibu1i,J bar teg Give the milk to your father eloo tege Speak to Sabo . SaboB tandige endu KabaI'UIJ te!J nJronun - He took. the calabash ,from Kabar Do it for my mother . aYaIl she your father Ask nyuf'aJJ kilowe

nyufa~

aIJ i a Aminan kw-en

aIJi a wo. gie kiNOl anedu anufan kwen Habibin kadai Kabarin tore a:lJi a ayan kwen

going with mnina coming with the people He is going with his father Go with Habib Come with Y..abar I am going with my mother I mn I am

45

';"'aSappl k:wu a'ama
I am coming from Sabo I learn Nyamang from Kabar The girl was taught that by her mother I am going to Amina He is'going to his father Go to Habib

----------'---PLACE-NAMES.

The declension of some place-names in and near the Nykmang district~ and some Sudan tovnns. In a few cases it is necessary to use the, nouns wa (people) and li (place), according to which is needed. Each is headed by the Arabic name. SALARA

TIDIDIA

&J!JIT.TI

Nom: ,,', S,!~r~; l?a~o li

K~QUlJDl

Acc:

Salo li (or wag)

K~du!m1.u

Gen:

Salo

K~QulJu1u

Dat:

Salon wani

K~du1Ju1un

wani

T~anun

wani

Abl:

Salon wa gie

K~dulJulun

wa gie

T~anun

wa gie

Loc:

Salau

-

1i

" (Wal])

T~anu

1i

(waIJ)

T~anu

T~anau

KELARA

NITIL

DILLllifG

Nom:

Ktlra;Kelo li

IJidil,

D~iny

Acc:

Y.;.elo li (waD)

I)idilu 1i

Gen:

Kelo

I)idilu

D~inyu

Dat:

KElon wani

I)idilun wani

D~inyun

wani

Ab1:

Ke10n wa gie

lJidilun wa gie

D~inyun

waqie

Loc:

KElau

I)idili IJidi1~

"

'~

(Wa.Ij)

(to N.) (at,from

D~inyu

DDinyi

1i '(waIJ)

N.)D~inyou

(to D.) (it,from D.)

46 JOIClJBA

EL

OB]~;;rn

Ovrandal Hills) W~Q:a

:Nom:ma."l~

l' (WaIJ)

W~Qu

AI-Bed

Ii (WaIJ)

Al B.edo

Ace:

Maleo

Gen:

IvIa1eo

Dat:

MaIeon

Abl:

:Maleon wa gi e

Wogun wa gi e

Al Bedun wa gie,

Loc:

N~lei

Wogau

Al Redi

,'-",

Al Bedu W~9:.un

Vlani

.(to M.)

l\lfaleou ( in, :from . M.) KHARTOUI\J!

wani

AI Redun '1Nani

(to .El 0.)

OMDURMjUif

K.ATLA

Nom:

Kardum

Durman

Kagul

Ace:

Kardum~

Durmano

KaguIu li (waJ.;J)

Gen:

.. ·Ka.rd1,1DlU .

Durmanu

KaduIu

,

,:

Dat:

Kardumun wani

Durmanun wani

Kagulun wani

Abl:

'Kardumun wa gie

Durmanun wa gi e

Kagulun wa gi e·

Lac:

Kardumi (to K.) Kardumo (in,:from

Durmanau

Kagili

1(. )

. '

AI Bedou (at" from El 0". J

Kagulo

(to

K.)

(at, from K.)

47 EXERCISE;;~

,wa, "people 'karto-nhoe , .............1, .. " :beni ,knife t&g&, Give (Imper.) Nouns on p.43

a ••••• teg, I give {singular obj ect) 11 ) 11 i a ... teg, You give ( tandige , kil;:,we,

Speak Ask

(Imper.) (" )

Exercise 11. A. (JJ (2) (3) (4) (fi) (6) (fJ)

(8) (9) (10)

i wun;) kwa? a Salau kwa nyi a wuoo kwol?' aJJi a D;)inyou k v r o l " " Habibu1j tandige nyuf;)un kadaJ) tweni i a KabaruJ) kwedile teg? ei, a KabaruI.} kwedile teg Amina wun ne a? Amina Do;i.nyou ne a fjidili kwa\ i a ~Qu1J:ulo kwa? Bwer, a Malei kwa i a Sabol kvru.? Ewer, a Aminal kvro. nyi a telai? ei, aJJi a Kardumi telai wan! kilowe

B.(l)"Where is the knife? Th~i:fe is there. (2) Where is Kabar? In AJnina I s house. (3) Speak to my father. (4) Your mother ms going to the crops. (5) Ris father is going to El Obeid. (6) I have come from Omdurrnan. (7) I want the hoe. Bring the hoe here. (8) The people of ~~ndal are in the crops. (9) hi;;r fathe I' I S \NO I'd 1"" S are good. (10) Are you going to Tendia? Yes, I cD soir.cg viith my mother

cmWERSATION ~ I. COWERSATION

A. A kera, a (kwai)

on

yo~

7d:S RQAD.!.

lQl wishi! f

A.O woman" (man)

I greet you!

B.(woman)

0 mo.n, I greet you also!

f

B.(ker) A kwai,a bel! A.

I ksru Jr..a tia?

B.

Bi, a ka tia e

woso!

yo~

ka wisni

n~run

f

juo

r

A.

:;:-Iave

.w.

D

Yes, I have, and greet you •t

A.

':ihere are you goi:t1..g? I

A.

I v/uno kVfa?

B.

A we riIJ kwo.

"D

A.

Ketu a ne!

A.

B.

I

A.

A Aminul1. beshi kvra. 8n a

·f

.;..J

n

kwa?

VI}Ul1.0

.~

beso ne? B.

"i:1C?~deJJ

_4.:fa nlai.

di

~

,

l~ilov;e. 1

c·

.

am going to the crops

Good! '~V11ere

A. "" I .,..,

slept v/ell?

~ro'l:

are

~rou

goi:l1g'?

8J!l [;0 inL: to .·li'nina' [1e e.. t ~.10Il1e7·

Is

D.

: don f t knov;.

C.

I greet

shot:. se.

Ask that' man.

f

1\

... ""'.

(""",1"1 ......,j,Jw, '"1"'\ "li<.;.v~O

1"-,,,,,,-; _"",,,IIV,,_,

-i~,...

Co c.l,

vrisn.i!

c.

A YOlJ k2.....Jishi bel; ~,:irJ,o

' I

~rou

A.

something (in

C.

C.

kJid.o ne?

A.

AmJ.na beso ne, l a mal.

..?

A.

::8

C.

3i, beso ne.

I eil kwo.?

C.

Yes, he is.

A.

.

too 1

k . . .';a? '

A.

C•A BwaU± qa:ka:iczk A 'b e shi kYla f

C.

a dil l-c;;.s.. J:

Y,'"L,1:0

Arl1ine. at l'lome, do :rou know?

Are

~rou

going there

.:..es, I arn.

~r

..L

am going !lome.

f

1t.

Bwishi. nyulai kadai.

I

f.

....;,. 0'

I

C.

P"v'!ishi

-""l'v" a 1o -- ....... i

'y

' r'1 • Ka""al.

I

c.

Goocl-bve cl Good-b~re •

one heart)

48

..........<

•

Ho truly satisfactory method of gro~ping into declensions has 'been found. For present purposes, nouns are classified acc~rding to the final letter of the J:.Tominative. ' " ' ; ,.r

~ret

'"

C01if30NiUTT _§~EMS (1)

~_

l{ouns e.ndiM in

:-m~!l~ -ny.

These 118.ve the regular terminations. (snake)

(meat)

(c.onkey)

Nom:

snrn

kwon

tergeny

Acc:

snrn.,

kwonn

tergenyn

Gen:

snmu

kwonu

tergenyu

Dat:

s.,mi

kwoni

tergenyi

Abl:

s.,me

kwone

Loc:

snmau

kwonau

(2) in

gum (hole) has -e in Abl.

tergenyau

-n ~

(person) :r;om:

e.g. also: kwnrnm (black ant), tulum (chest), kweny (face).

(t>" )

(sun)

';'vadaJJ

nyiIJaIJ

',Ace:

wadaI)

nyiIJaIJ

Gen:

wadaIJo

nyi1JaIJo

vat:

v,radaIJe

nyilJaJJi.

Ab:J.:

vradaJ}e

nyiIJaIJe

Loe:

vvadaIJau

l1;)riIJ Cl.!) aU

Q~c_lined._lik~L. .ll1ag...9Jl :

te!J (calabash), griij (children). 1J~ige1J (child) has -e in Dat.

DeclinejLlil~e __nY.~:

biiIJ (calf), abarg (cotton). bn1J (water) has -u ,in Gen. kwnroIJ (crops) has Dat. kwereui, ~bl. kwere1Je, Loc. kwau.

49 ....

(3) in ,,-I'.

Of

th.efour,~ypes,

(friend)

ID;)r ete. have regular terminations.

(woman)

(pot)

(kujur)

:Nom:

m;)r

ker

kwir

kwiyur

Aee:

ID;)r;)

ker

kwir

kwiY\tro,

Gen:

m;)ru

keru

kwiru

kwiyuru

Dat:

m;)ri

ker:i.

kwiri

kwiyuri

Abl:

m;)re

kere

kvrire

kwiJrure

Loe:

morau

kerau

It

t4.".. ic-:vnrau

kwiyurau

\

\

'.,','

(

"

x' '

',!:'t

Deelineg like mor:

mir (fire), w;)r (bird) Deelinedi~ike.~er: bar (eow) , mwer (stirrer) Decline~like kwir: bwir (road), wer (enclosure) has Loc. wiri, . . worau, Vlorou (see p.41). Dec=bin§d lik;e' kwiJ~;r:: mo~r (monkey); k\'JUr (moon), min~r (st,one; song) • (4) in

-h

The ksl type is regular. (earth)

(mouth)

Nom:

kel

I) 0.1

Acc:

kelo

I] 0.10

Gen:

kelu

ljalu

Dat:

keli

1J a1i

Abl:

-kele

iJale

Loc:

kelau

lJ a1au

Like Da1.t ashel (mJr husband) , nye shell (;)TOUr husband), o.nashel (her husband) . wel has no termination in Ace., Loe. \\'Olo.u. g~l (dog) and timil (door of branche~ have -0 in Ace.

50 VOVlEL STEMS.

(1) in

~at

(chief) Nom:

shila

Acc:

shila

Gen:

shilo

Dat:

shilai

Abl:

shilai

Loc:

shilau

Like shil§c: toma (wood), kera (girl):; . - gar.Ja (rm.ld, wall), wara (large basket). has Abl. kvrot:aie. (spear) . lawa (grass) has Ace. law~.

k.Vv";:)'!:A

(2) in -e.

(bed)',"

(hill)

liTom:

arilJ!

mege

Acc:

ariIJE

meg~

Gen:

ari!J6

megu

Datf

ariIJt

mege

Abl:

ari!JE

Loe:

ariIJau

(3)

in -i and (man)

Like arint: ariIJe (sky, rain), aJ,)tne (brother), "k'tl61u~"ilJ"lRQ8i), a.r;)e (eye). . . , ..... ~e (sons) has Dat. ~ei. we (illness) has Ace. we~.

medau ::..~

... :6tibngue)

(youth)

(stomach)

(place)

5'"

Nom:

kwai

:gildi

soli

hwishi

li I .&,

Ace:

kwai~

IJi1do

soli

bwishi

1i ; &

Gen:

kwaiu

1Ji1du

svwlu

buso

1iu

Dat:

kwaii

!Ji1di

soli

bwishi

1ii

Abl:

kvraie

I)'i1de

swele

bvlishe

le

Loe:

kwaiau

IJi1dau

swe1au

busau

li l:>u

i

,.".

(see p.42)

51

'...

Lite

kwa~ (regula~

dami (egg). kidi (cloth) drops i before suffi~e{ teshi (large}pot) is like ~idi, but has Abl. teshe. Ca) no suffix in Ace: beshi{home), bidi (well), 8di or wedi (guest), kwendi (duraba), k.wuli~i,.~eh{l.:r90al). beshi has Loe. beshi, bes~; bidi has Loc'. piai, bidau, bid~u.- see p.41. diji (work) has Abl:dijie (b) do not drop i of l\1lom: wi (sauce) 1 IJoli (day), ' '. ami or ambi (bone), ashi (beer;, wili (blood), . kadi has no ,suffix in Acc. . . . . .'

Like Dildi:

..

terminations):

~

,~" Of

Other

• •: • • '.

decJ..~nsi.ons:

(hand)

( e?-ttle)

(foot)

lITom:

aiy,

aiji

kie

kire

Acc:

aiy~,

aij~

kie

kire

Gen: . aiyu, . aiju

kin

kiru

kiei

kirei

aiji

Dat:

aiyi,

Abl:

aiye, . aije

kiE!

'" kire

Loe:

aJyau, aijau

kiau

kirau

(4) in

-0:J:....::.ou~1h.-::.g.!!.

(horse)

•

'.

(wind)

(stick)

(sand)

(slave)

(bull)

Nom:

mordu

mo

gpu

kV'leou

kwedu

gwoso

Ace:

mordu

me

dou

kweou

kvredo

gwoso'

Gen:

mordu

mo.

dOll

kweovm

kwedu

gwosu

Dat:

mordi

moi

$lowi

k.weowi

kwedi

gweshi

Ab1:

rnorde

mee

gOVJE

kweo\'J'lB

kvredi

gweshe

Loc:

mordau

naau

gowau

kweowau

kwedau

gwosau

Lik.Lmrdg:

woro (head) has Ace. wor o ; (mud), do so (food). elo (milk) has Acc. eloo; jU (body) has Acc. jUo, Abl. jue.

10

'(';

52

CHAPTER.· "'/,:?'\(": .

LIST

. ,(I:"~~:,l',~1·"··

N01JNS

FaH

STUDY

&

REF:3H.ENCE _.

:"1

bW1tshf',... kvr.:>'t"~m

OF

:",7 abdomen

(--)

temtl

- ant (black) - axe bed

ashi

kwedi

- craftsman, expert

kvror~!J

crops

Ijoli

day

gil

- millet beer

tergeny

- bird

timil

- dog

•...

donkey .".

\\'"1.1i

,"

- door (o:fbranch~s)

- bihood

ju

body

ami (_-)

- bone'

'- brother

al'Jt;rie •

- ear kel

- earth, ground

~ami

- egg

gwoso

- bull

wer

- enclosure, compound

te~

- calabash

wel

- entrance (of house)

bi(j)iD

- calf

aQe

- eye

kie

- cattle

kweny

- fac e

kvmlidi

- charcoal

aba

- my father

tU.lum

- chest

n~~fa

- your father

wige~

- child

anufa'

- his, her father

kidi

- cloth

shil~idi

- fever

!riDo kwol

- cloud

aiy iliryer

finger

kvrudumul

- cock

. m~r

....' ~~re,

abaIJ

- cotton

bar

- cow

'f'

- flow'er

kweleJ']

1'" .... ~5n~

53

doso

~

kire

:food

mordu

horse.

:foot, leg

v;fel

house

ashel

m:y l+qsbang"

Sulu

- 1neigner, Arab

mor

- friend

nyeshel

JTO~r'hi1~b~

te:fe,dumedi

- games

anashe 1

her;husQand

- girl (small)

we

illness

'.' '..: ,;':-' .,"

kwodo

bweI' G.Od

$

kuldu wed~,

tfdi

tueh1 mundaJ.) je ai;y, aiji

.~~_.~.

~-'-$'~,1f-A..o.~

- iro,n

kiben -.1

- grass

kwiJ~un,kwijum

- ground nuts

k:v-:eni

- l:ni:fe

- guest

kwo

- lea:f

-

.

..,,.,

gu~nee.-I

kU"f:'1!!.r.1

hair, tail - hand,

knee

- locust

QVIJ..

. - gun

-'1;...·-,·,

- maize

- man

2.rI:J.

- head

wilu wel

- heart

D\'iishi

- heart (netapJ:r.) lit. abdomen. - hen

- millet

ara

- bUllrush millet

.

:.-•• 't •.., 1"'"

-'""-"."""

- hill

moon, month' - mosquito

kada:EJ

-~,hoe

aya, ata

- my mother

gum

- hole, pit

nyiIja

- your mother

beSh!

- home

ani1)a

am(b)i (--)

- honey

ereb~1:t

his,her mother - mouse

"'mouth

mud

kvveou

sand

vii

sauce

VliJnon

s carpi '?~;'""'i, "

EUJer

- name

bede, taJJa

- neck

twin

- night

, kvlef1i

tutu

- noise

tendi

a.rrIll.du

- nose

",

,. "

mosol

".~.'-

":;::"

sesame - Shf3~p'.i

sho,e',' (sand~iJ . ,

.

._.

'.,: .... l~'"

':.

- skin, hide"

- lJyamang

"' .... s"'n--i ;,Je;,

wa

- smoke

SOLt

wadaIJ

- person

kUdur ' . '":

- pig

.}:"

kwiyur

mi(n)g,r

k1.l.jur

- son, daughter • - song

- spear

- place

mVler

- spoon (stirrer)

f'wiji

- porridge (liquid)

kworsile

- star

kadi

- porridge (stiff)

QOU

( sta:;? 1 e

stcd':f

n " IOOCt)

}:,::viir

stone

mi:6n)dr

"

moau

- water-pot

fJ. ri1J e

- rain,

kenya

- rat

- sun

- re.zor

- tilief'

- x'oad, ;atn

- 'tllillG

k\JVVCOill

DuiI' lc'~'~Tie

k\veshe

kriedile

L_)

- straw

sk~,r

- stream

roof' - rO:i.Je salt

throat IJ;J.."1"' eLl."

cle

-

toot:'~

(seasoncJ.J-~

55 .

,~'

tree, firewood ,

gaIJa kfA.£

bOIJ

bidi If.

mo

~

.

,;"

IreI'

lilOlii1aIl,

vdfe

.

- ulcer

wada

wall; Dud .- ~ t~) - water

diji

well

soli

- .,"lords, talj.:, +.~age , \vo;-J:e';;,~;~,',~:(;;;:"~,, "" ,

-

~rear

_

~ro'l.:tJ!lg,man\'

c

,

,(unma,rrfed) , - young·1l6lflaIl' ,

(unmarried)

: t I '

.\;':~lr'~ii~v. I

PNE~IVES.

56

AClj'~'cti.ve:s ;:t'qllow the :Noun, Dual and Plural nUInben is not expressed, 'e,g. kwir kediIJ may mean small pot or small pots. " , ': :."'~'- <·;':r:}:,,~r'~,.~··(.:: '. COLLECTIVE FO:i~M. This is analogous to that of the Nouns ($ee\:p"~':(!Q), and is formed in the same v;ay, b~T reduplication. In normal ' '

conversation, hOI'{ever, the only reduplicated forms heard are those of 'the adj ectives dia (big), kediJ] (small), gwtlle (old.). E~:ples"t~\ ' these have been Givcn on p. 20. Occe.sionall;y t~:['.t of ka~~ti,':(rnanY}'!is heard, e. C. r:lege kakaQ..::>iJ uecl.i, there are lnan~r hills' (in diff,erent -'--""'ces)' ~~~ ,"

.

I'l

DECL;]]TSION.·

,A6.j ectives

:12VC

the Sa,C8 c..ecle::'1sion S~Tste,m as nounS(p~3l).

7~D.61;-~a'-Iloun and an a:.1j ective a:r'e, in cO:'l7:i::'-:cc:ticn, in all cases but the

Accusative, the noun remains in the Eominative 'liJhile the adj ective is declined. It! botl1 are in the Accu2ativ(;:; the noun, if it has a SUffix, retains it, and the adjective also is declined. e.g.

:'.' ',.

,.:,

a timilQ

\'/0

a bid::>u kw'L'!. a bidrc.iau kvm

'.

JD[[NATIVE .~

I have a door l'lc:we a neVl (":.001"

a timilQ kanysrQ 'VY::>, I

I e..n1 coming from ~0:~le l':el1 I e.m co.r:c.ing from tl::.e bi[; \'Jell

Examples of ad.j ectives qualifying nouns in the Nomina.tive: .

hot, 'Hat.er a big dog k~do ke~i:Q a. small goa.t wada kusudo bad talk, ~vil kw~d kanyer 'new man' (after initiatiQn) toma t,o'wur,u a tall tree k'v'reni ai e-ram a sharp knife kidi t,abar a 'whitA~ clot,h d~u shels a short, stick wadal) l::>f'o a weak -:')E'rson wada kaf'::>r ns the talk is idle v,rork is good diji kst;U a ns:: kvrir anyuai ns the~ot is full vrige!l: kwec,lr ne the boy is strong d::>u keshsny wun ne a? - Vrnere iR the thin pole? b~n

kabar'

gil dia

ACCUSAT~

(1)

Aq..i Gctives ;,rh; ch Consonant 9tem~~ tabar· (white) ternsl (few)

t.~kEL -~!.,

kesheny (-thin) - keshsny~; kasol (true) -ka.solo tabarn: kaf'el (clean} - kafel~; temeln~ 'kabar (hot) kabaro:

57 ~shi],.

(cold)

');, ,

kweshil~;

ke.nyer (new)

k.a.nye~.

,

B.B. ,1dshel" (~weet) ,lta~htl (male)

M.shel~ kashtl~

kar (-) (female)-

kar (_) (bitter)-

ka~

ka~

kegiIj (small) may have Ace. keQ;iIJ~, but ,is usually heard without suffix. ka9:.~l] (many) has no suffix in. Ace. YOWE'~J,.

Stems:

tu (warm)

(2) Ad,; ect,ives l;\Th~ch takP.

e.g.

Co,nso:pant Stems:

tost(..(thick)

-0.

kwe~r

Y:9w~;I,-l3j:.em~: afele ~gu (heavy)

tuo

(strong)

-

kwe!lro

(light - of' weight.) a1'eleo; kv~~uo; towu!U (tall) to~u~o; toso;

a.k.vru.tuf'u (so1't)

a.k",rul:u'fuo.

',,'

\'.

~ ", '"

(3) Ad'; ectives which h;ave no inf'lAxiQ.!l1!.

e.g.

gonsonant Stems: kV\!&,l:'en or kweren (all): kilen (full): kad~l] (many): ksgiIi] (small), usually: '

yowel ~tems: tebio (black): kusudo (bad): shele (short): dia [big): gv~le (old): ke~u (good): tegili (red)~ ab1!Tashi (bro"'r.n, yellow).

Ex,.')!ID)les: -... .. "" ~------

a 'Hel die. war a bar kanyero wo en a wade. ka.sol~ wen a furo kilen wo bon

kabe.~

tyreni

nesho tebio toil~

a. pumo kanye I":) t i 1f/'O en a timilo k'vlOduo V,TO tSIJ k:w£shi:ro ~ni elo;> k.a:t'sl-o tweni i dosn kwsrsn ka. tam? wadaIJ gwtjle,tili Q..ou kwe:dro tweni

'i:

'

I v,;ant 8. bip-' house I have a new cow He s'P~al\.s true wolilds I have Et full b~sket

Bring ho+, water

Look at the black 8moke I aE ~igging Et new hole Re has a heavy door Talce a.. ·ray the dirty calB.be.sh Bring clean milk Have you eaten all the 1'ood? Call the old man

Bring a strong stick

58 EXERCISES.

i[OCABULARY"(revi~e' ad:i ect,ives ,- ',-;,.

;,.

"

\

.:

,,'

given in nrevious vocabl11aries)

......"'\ .

."

kweshil,

cold t,all short

tOiJ'lTUt:U, shsle, kanyer, ti ~xerci~J~-12

tebio, tA~gili,

ta.bar, abwas'hi,

nww

hold (Inmer.) ada,

DETIJl. ito

black, blue

red

wId te, bright yellow ' ,. or

b.~L~a...c.ti~~d T1dth t~cher) ~

,

'

...

',

.'

","

,;,1,"' .'

(use coloured sticks or ~encils)

.": ,"

~.

.,' ··f:

.

no ki tagi ne a?

dOll

shele ti.

dOll to\lTUl:o ti. no ki

ta~i

ne a?

no Q.ou t.,egili ne:,

dnu

tebio tie

dOll

tegili tie

g;:m abwashi ti.

Q;ou shels nyoni.

1~u

shele bi.

d:au towut'O nyon:i.•

dOll

towul:O bi.

nn

~nu

tebio nE.

n..'") Q..ou ab'1 Tashi ne.

9:.0u. te:bio nyoni.

gou a.bwashi

n~mni.

gou tebio bi. 9c0U

t,e:pili hi.

QOU

ab'!Tashi. bi.

~~:h_ge 13~.

A. (1) (?) (3) (4) ( 5)

(6 ) (71

(8) (9)

(10)

B.(l) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

"Tideij' no die. ada kes::1:i.IJ ne? vri(lel1 no keq,iiji ne bOij 'no k'reshil ada ka.b.9.r ne? bOI) no kabar ne a dOll tebio war. gou tebio tweni. a bar g\v81e \110, j. bar kanyero ""IT;). ..~ a 11":-..ab a.ru:r;;l k\,f).d aD. t o "..nJt"0 ' teg. ? . a. 1>.8.0aruij ,-r " 1~a.d H1J t ovm:r. AJ., o tsg !o1ami 00 ke-r.'U a ne ada kuSlldd ne:? Q9.mi no ku sudo ne.

teIj no gvl61e ne.

teIJ kanyero tweni.

no kweni die. ne:~ no kweni ke:g,iIJ ne. no abwashi ne? bwer, no te:gili ne. a bar kagoIj vredi, a b~odo temelo wedi.

I am cold. Are you cold? Yes, I am cold. Do you see the fire? Yes, it is bright. This milk is bad. I 'we.nt ;:-tcod milk. Take away thA bA.d milk. Brin.£:t rtood milk. Vfuere is the n0W mil10t? Brinp it here. This boy is t,8.11, that. boy is 8ho:.'t.•

59 (7).i'1~~~oh~Il,.is brovm., that hen is white. (8J"Ji:0WID:at'::{Q.o~ou want?

I want cold water. We are going to Kurmit1. (lO},:.·~Can·yq4;:~~e the white cow? Yes, it is over there, in the e:nclo su re • (9)., .,,~ere.,a:r,e')you going?

,

"

. ":

:

,\~:

GENITIVE. (1) Adjectives which e.g.

t~e -Ut

Conson.aJ±t Stems; kweshil (cold) - kweshilu; 'tabar. (whit·e5,·\~ tabarui kanyer (ne'l;r) - kanye:ru; kweg,r (strong)- kWSgru; temel \ few) ~ temelu. . ' :V:owel_Stem.§.: l"fo (weak) - lofou; abwashi (brown) - abwashiu.

(2) Ad'; ect;ives which take

e •g. .,£onsonant

et em.§.: •

tebio (black.) - tebiu;

-0.

keflilJ (small) - keg,ilJo; kafloB (many) -

····:,"~·kagoiJo

dia (big) - dio; shele (short) - shelo; Vowel StemS: gw61e(01d) - gvr610; tegili (red) - tegilo; Q;ua (poor) g,uo.

kusudo (bad) tosu (thick)

keru (good) "

~

gil dio am(b)i shila dio wel a nedi QrilJ };:ekeQilJo tc::fc: '\,[el g,'"W~no timil bO)J ka~elu tS!) som tc:biu elel toma to~~ru wor o ".r-idC'n '~\'IC'('1·....,; <:>·i\~ ~V.J"" V":J J.~ v ..... .1. v. C'~"'-;;

;e,l 'No. kf,QO;JO kwo:co!J

\

're> vC.{.-('1"; ..... _

d' -i_

0

,I,I....,loo.

...tlJ S-'1C' L v 11!) _.

1re .<-\. ~ .,.-, _

ri -j .; .j -,,-~--

o0,r te,b3r~~ f::l0 ni:c tabaru li ""0('1

~n ];e"'~t~ .... l,. ..

~JO"_.'~'J·

.

, ; '.

,.,."

~.

':;0.':::.2.

tOVl1rc1.l (long)

the big dog' s bone those are the great chief's houses the children's game the door of the old house the calabash for clean water tll.e black Sl11;:xe' s poison t:-ne top of tn8 tall t:cee the strong boy's arm tne elders' houses ''1'''' '],,,. D eo,)l e ,. cro·'" LK.·· ,.1.1; ;; .i! •.'" 'the 1.';"ori.:: of a feu ";:o;,-no:'], C'

Q

tl'.. s

~~·4"j~.it.c COY!'!

>

s r~iil.l:

the place of the [)]7:1.'=;:\"::' f:3.rc tJ.1e

60 Pl~P]1;tIDgNT

GENITIVE. This is f'orIi.1ed in the Sa:'JG "\;a;;r as vdth YOUl'!.S (?36);; i. e. -n.Ss added to the Genitive tC:TI;}i:L":.at:;_oD. (-"'J. or -0) •

"

Example.s: . wadaD dian TIidsDe tandige a kido no ker gW~lon mwere she sorn tebiun juau Dalau toma towurun wo~au a shila gvl~lon k~au ns

wi~eD ~egiDon

!

Speak to the greatmant:.s son I am doingthi~with the old Vloll:an l s stirrer 011 tl:.e black snake's body in the little boy~s.mouth" at the top of the tall .tree I '81D. in tJriEe old chief's crops

Vo cabula.r;r " clean kafel, gun mundaIJ, guinea-fowl .... k..weshir, dirt;y tushi, . ke sheny , thin dukhn (bullrush millet) ara, thick mosol, tosu, sesame a a mai, I know (sing.~, obj.) .i a mai, You know (11 11) l 1 • oOJ. "' ° ) a . ... a ma~Od'~, J.. ,r:novr lI.P i •••• a maidi, You know (pI. o'bj.) a fa mai, I don't YJ10W i a fa med, You don't know i Da kiraD? ~~at is your na~e? a ••••• kire.,XJ, "j;.7y name is •..•• ]]1xercjsQ.. 14.!,. A.(l) vdQeIJ kegilJo te!J b'IC~shir ne, ker gli:Blo teIJ kafel ne. (2) m.undaIJ iQVani, tushi tweni. (3) no 1<.:i tagi ne a? i a mai? bwer, a :fa maiD (4) Sabo vmn ne a? Sabo shi1a dion kwau ne (5) iwadaJ;) no a mai? ei, a wadaJ;) no a maiD (6) i J;)a kiraD? a Tour kiraJ;J. (7) toma no kesheny ne, e tonm do tosu ne. (8) wor toma tosun w0t:aune (9) no mosol ne, e no are. ne, e no monoij ne i a maidi? ei, a kvreren a maidi. (10) bar tabaru e10 temel ne, bar tebiu e10 kagoD nedi. U

.l.J.

(1\ ';'Jhat is your nanle? I.l~r name is '.Venc1a • 1)0 you knov: those people"? ITo, I don't k:c.OVl t1:..ose people. ( 2) ,...,\ ( 0/ ':!here do you come from"? I c01-:le a from Jol\:uba. )

(4) Bring a calabash of clean water. This ~ater is dirty. ( 5) Ask the old i;roman' s son. (6) Hovl many COVIS are ti.l.ere"i I don't kno·,·v. -:]here arc they? They are in the chief's enclosure • ..

~"

61 :(7) There is,: a snake here.

Bring a thick stick.

(8lts the ,..<;J>m:pounc1 clean? Ho, it is dirty. (~:'Wherear~' you (pI.) going? We are going to the old chieffs

'::' ,:,'cro:ps~':'(i':,"'i (10) Tgis boy is strong, that boy is weak.•

DATIVE. (1) :Most ad,jec:tiy.§.§._.take -i,.

e.g.

Consoggw.t Stems: kVleren (all) - kwereni; temel (;few)-t8l:4S1i ; tabar (white) - tabari; kag,ory (J:nany) - kado:g i;. ,,', " , kw-sQ.!' (strong) ,- kweg,ri; kesheny (thin.) - kf:shenyi'.·' Vowel Stems: dia (big) - diai~ dua (poor) - ~uai; , lofo (weak) - lofoi; ksr:u \good) - ke-ri; kusudo (bad) kusudi~ towu.;;U (tall) - tovJ1,r;;i;tegili (red), abwashi (broV'Jn) do not change. 1\djectives which take :-e • .':keg,il) (small) - kegiIJe.

shele (short) does not change.

(3)';.- Ad.j ectivesvrhich tgaJ5JL-e. ..' .. -

e.g.

Consohggt' Stems: k"weShire; }[OW~h

.Stem.§.: change.

kafel (clean) - kafele; kweshir (dirty) -

tebio (black) - tebie;

gl.'fBle (old) does not

EXPJIlples: Speak to the old woman Give the salt to the poor man I am giving something to the children. . Ask the elder wadal) diai kilowe Take it from the tall man wadal) to\vuri nyoni endu ker g~Ble te~ nyonun - He took, the calabash from the old WOIDa,n. Do it for the weak boy wig,el} lofoi she Put water into the clean pot bOl) kwir kafeli tege (lit. give water to •• ) Speak to the great chief shi1o. dio.i tandige f

ker gwBle tandige kwedile wadaQ Q.uai tege a dril) keke~il)e kido teg -

----------------------

','

..

~

62

EXERCISES.

i,,'.:,:

VocabUlary.

fatar.i\ '

gaIJa,

drum

mud; wall

a •••• a kil, I hear (or understand) • ':" 'h.''"'' ..,,)" "', ( S:Lng .,Cl)IVW,,~!,,':, " ,,"

tendi, shoe (sandal, i •••• a kil, You hear, 'e1;,cfZ,'i;;(lSt:n:g ~ ~ wil, locust a •••• a kildi, I hear (pl.obj.) wonon, scorpion i •••• a kildi, You hear (pl.obj.) i aJJido a she a? What are you doing? she ~Ci:Q),(ImI?e~.) "'h.t..C.Jo

Exercise 15. A.(l) dijau antelaiI i a kil? ei, a kilt (2~ i wada no a kil? ei, a kilo (3) wil 0 wonon kusudo nedi. (4) i wil no a wendi? ai, a wil no a wendi. kag,0IJ nedil (5) i aIJido a she a? a kwedile g,riIJ kek.e~iJje teg. (6) no wadaI;) gw~Uo tendi ne. wadaIJ gw81e tege. (7) i waIJ didia a kildi? ei, a w~ didia a kildi~ (8) gaJJa no kwegr, galJ!a do lofo ne. ( 9) wids1J Jre1!iIJ& she. (lQ)shiladiai tandige. ..

"

I

, ,~

"

.... ', '~".:

~;.:

"

Speaktoc,;the old man. (2), Give t.he drum to the elder. (3) Can y,ou' hear the children? Yes, I can hear the children. (4) Where is JIlie father's house? Don't, you imow? }To, I don't

]B:. (1)

know.

(5) VJ.here are you going? I am going to Sabots house. (6) Do you know this man? No, I don't. (7) Here is a scorpion. Bring a stick or a shoe. (8) Give the old woman some salt - you have some salt. (9) ~Vhere is the man's house? You don't know? Ask the chief. (10) Are those sandals new? No they are old.

----------------ABLATIVE. (1) Adj~ctives which take -et e.g.

Donsonant Stems: kedi!] (small) - kegixJe~ kabar (hot)- kabare; k8.nysr (new) - kanyere; kij er (young; -, kijere. Vowel Stems: keru (good) - kercs; lofo(weak) - lofoe; shele (short) does not change.

(2) Ad.jectives which take -e. e.g.

Consonant Ste~~: k\veshire; ~tems:

kweshil (cold) -

kw~shile;

kvreshir (dirty) _

towur u (tall) - tOVv'll'Ce; kusudo (bad) - kusude; ;...10 (black) - tebie; tegili (red) - tegile;

Vowel

63 , "J'\'

,.,' ., ~

~.

•...

~"'S~ (thick.) - tose; gw~le (old) does not change.

(~)li)':4~,$ct~~, wh~ch take \"',.

.' .\",!

-i.L

'<:~/""~~:}

dia'(big) - diai;

~ua

(poor) -

~uai. ..,-.

'~.'

Examples; ,

mWEr towtlre she Do it with the long .atirrer aIJi a wadBIJ diai kw-en - I am going with the elder '. ">-, anedu wel gBIJa tegile tows - They are buildi:r.tg:'theJii.Ouse .• '" ,. ' of' mud wadaJJ gvfl'le kadai Go with the old man' . "{, toma kwedre. she. Do it with strong wood aIJi a wi~e!J keg,iIJe klrfen - I am going with the little boy. BIJi a mnrdu tebie'kvmdigen - I am coming with the black horse.

VQcAQula:ry:. borgol, moau, wi,

thief water-pot mtIJ..[b (sauce)

annile, iro, toiltt

to-day to-morrow lookt

msOipo..;;' "':.·'~'~"'8~H;M'&iF"

k:wudu, mul, lei.vt, tushe , twili, tali, badige,

four five cook. (Imper.) light f'ire (Iroper.) drink (Imper.) eat ( " ) put, put in (Imper.)

ExercisuSh A. (1) dosn she mim tushe - bnIJ rairau badige kwirau badige l~wolli) lewt. (2) i iro a she? ei, a iro a she. (3) i a tai,{ ei, aIJi a wadaIJ gvf~le kwen. (4) driIJ kwud1\ ada mul nedt? mul nedi. (5) i vdo a she? ei, a wio a she. (6) moau VJUll ne: a? wolau ne (7) nyi annile Al Bedi a telai? bwer, aIJi a iro (8) mir no tabar ne. i a wen? ei, a wen, dnl (9) i aIJidn a she a? a dosn a she. (10) bnIJ vmn ne: a? dnl fan, mirau. nin tweni e B.(l) Lookt there is a thief' in the compoundt (2) Go with the old woman.

-

kwono

telai. fan. te:ge:.

Do you see?

64

(3) Bring the white horse. (4) Eat the ,meat and drink the milk. CS} 4Iere are fou.r goats. I want five. (6) Make it with black mud. (7) Bring the black mud here. Put it in the house. (8) Light the fire and make the food. (9) ..a: am going with the great chief. (10) ~~e the stick of strong wood.

The termination is -au in all cases. e.g.

kegiIJ (small) tabar (white) dia (big)

kegilJau tabarau diau

kwegr (strong) temel (few) 1cetu (goo,d)

kVfegrau temelau

bran

loft) (weak) and dodo (steep) add this to the Nominative, thus loft:>au" dodoau. Example~:

ade wel kaf~rau tan bar li shilau nedi , wa bwir dodoau digilen a shidi kvdr tebiau bi elo a teIJ diau ne m~rdu tabarau kadai a toma towu~au ka .tor

kawe!s, ill shilaQidi, malaria

I went into the empty house The cows are in a cool place The people are neeting on the steep road. Put i:lh in the black pot The milk is in the big calabash Go to the white horse I have come from the big tree

ataJ), bUdarau,

no",; afterwards, then

17. A.(l) i kaw8r;e ne? ei, a shilaIJidi wo. (2) tergeny diau kadai. (3) i auido a she a, annile? a ataQ doso she, e budarau a bidi tai. (4) wa mul bvvir gW61au nedi. (5) i atar; Salau kw-a? bwer, a ata}J Toanau kwa. B.(l) Spe~c to the old man. (2) v~ere are you going now? (3) I am going to the crops now. AfteYwards I am going home. (4) Go to the chiefts house. (5) VThere is the meat? It is in the big pot on the fire. Do you see it?

E:x;erci~e

11 • COIN~ATIaN ON T1I:~ ROJ.D. A. (lOfrai) A kera, a

Y~lJ

ka wishi!

A.(man)

kwai, a

Y~IJ

ka wishi

B. (woman) 0 mant

B. (ker)

A

bel!

0 woman, I greet you!

! greet you too!

r.

A.

\Vhere are you going?

A kwau k\va •

B.

I am going to the ,crops.

A.

Nyum k ...v~ r~lJ sau a nedi?

A.

Are your crops far?

B.

Bwer, aran a nedi.

B.

No, they are near.

A.

'Nun nedi a?

B.

I

A.

Mede shele

B.

Bwer, mSQ;8 towru a fan. I a wen?

A.

Ei, a ka wen.

B.

Woun k:V'ror~1J meQ;e niun aran nedi. ]\

A.

I

B.

VJun~

kwa?

med~ d~

a

t t

JenUlJ •

1

'Hen? d~l

Show me.

f

.1

fan?

B.

A

A.

Bwi shi nyalai kadai.

B.

dil tai,

Bwishi nyalai

DQ you see

A.

The

B.

No, the high hill. Do you see it?

A.

Yes, I can see it.

B.

My crops are near this hill.

A.

Good.

B.

I

A.

Good-bye

B.

Good-bye (Stay. with one

r.ill?

10\'1

hill over there?

f f

1" 1

t

a~~J

tp~t

B.

1

d~inyi.

am DO ing there

-------------------

110\;1.

(Go with one heart)

..

hear~

65 ",

SUMMARY-OF DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. _.'~\'''-''':''.:' I:·...: "

'

An attempt is here made to classify Adjectives in accordance with the arrangement adopted for Nouns (p.48). .

,~~.

CONSONANT STEMS.

(1) Adj ectives ending in -nJ.._-ny! These have regular terminations.

:!

(thin) \,

Nom:

k2:sh2:ny

Acc:

ke:shenya:>

Gen:

k2:shenyu

Dat:

kashenyi "

Abl: LOc:

,

'"

e.g., also

. ':r§.>

,

,

ke:shenys kesgenyau

(2) in "'9· (many)

(small)

Horn:

kag,oI)

lr...egiIJ

Acc:

k ag,o I)

ksg,iIJ(o)

Gen:

kaQo1J o

' kegiIJo

Dat:

kaQoIJi

keg,iIJe

Abl:

kado 1J e

keQiIJe

Loc:

kaQo1Jau

kegilJau

~vere:n (kwere~)

(all)

66 (3) , iri;~~'r:;

(strong)

(dirt:l)

lfom:

kwagr

l'Cwsshir

Aee:

kwsgro

kwsshiro

Gen:

kwsgr'U

k'ilsshiru

.

,,~

\..

~~

,,"

Like l~r: kar (-) ("female), . kar (_) (bitter), tabar (white), kabar (hot). :! .

Dat:

kwsgri

kweshire

Abl:

kvredre

kweshire

Loe:

kwegrau

kwsshirau

(4) in -1.

(elea.n)

(few) <.

Nom:' .' temel

kaf'sl

.,

Ace:

tsmsl0

kaf'elo

Gen:

temslu

kafslu

Dat:

temeli

kafele

Abl:

tsmsle

kafsle

J-,oe:

tem81au

;:;:af'elau

( 1)

ir:-- a~..!.. (biC)

iJora:

c1ia

<"; '\ ( 'JI

Like t8r~elt kU8shil (oold), . kashtl V.2ale) , k~.shel (svleet).

•

In -8. ~·"O~~ ( i~,J..l _ v~

she le

Ace: tegilo

8en:

Dat:

diai

shele

Abl:

diai

shsle

tegili

gw61e

----------------------------'~

;,.

(4) in

-0,

67

-u ot

-0.

(bad)

(bl~)

('·,rea}r... '\J

~'Tor1:

kusudo

te15io

lofo

to \'l'l..:q.,"U

k.el:'J.

Ace:

k.usl).do

tE:bio

lofo

t,o~m'i:0

keru

Gen:

kusudu

tE:biu

loi'ou

tOViU1:U

k.8(:;u

Dat:

kusudi

tE:bie

loi'oi

to\vur i

ke-",; ~-

Abl:

kus1.J.de

tebie

lofoe

tOV1U1.. . e

"'...

Loe:

kusudau

tebiau

101"00.'1.::.

tOVJ1J:r au

leer'au

w~

(tall)

(good)

l-e-" . . .

(.., Co

hike J&'Ufaudo: Like tebio:

L'Ik'e ""=!:ofo ;"

1ik§., toyMCY: ...

tosu (thick);

k\':o~u (heavy) adds terminations to :Nom•

68

,;<:,:,;!:;;'<'

',COMPARISON

,!' ".;, ' . " .

"',

:..i·:.:,,~/}~~.:~ . .\..,,_,

,:

OF

ADJE91'IVEf3..:..

,,":.<';.'

' >~,.
COMP~±IvE. ,';,': There is no distinct comparative form ot' the Adj ective in NYamang. The Positive form of the Adj ectiv:e.,is used, and the thing compared is in the Locative 6ase. "":.' e.g.

m::>rdu a tergenyau dia ne

.. \

the horse in-relation-to:...the;" donkey is big, i.e. the horse is bigger than the donkey.,,/ "

'1'he IJocative of the noun thus co'rresponds to Englisl'l than+1Toun.

~::>U

tebic g::>u tabarau

ke~iD

wadaQ n::> shilau tovmru ne nyufaanufal gwtlle ne .. ,.,:

..\;~. :;" /.:

'more thAA' is expressed b;'l

kag~:)!J

ne -

the black stick is smaller than the white stick. this man is taller than the chief. your father is older than his father • the compound is cleaner than the house iron is heavier than wood

vdth the Locative:

endu girsho nyufal kag::>!) Vi::>

he has much money compared with your father, i.e. more TIoney than your father.

For the Comparative form of Pronouns, see pp. §'QP:2.:I{LATIV)I:. To express the Superlative" kweren (alII has usuali;1'" to be employed: e.g.

toma n::> dia ne e toma kwerem tido - this tree is big and surpasses all the trees, i.e. this tree is the biggest.

A Superlative idea may sometimes be expressed by the reduplicated form (p.56): e.g.

kakaso:ih ns didia ne

, I ~'

it is ver-J true it is ver'J big

69

LIST OF ADJECTIVES. (arranged with opposites) alive

kal,

dead

akwanyou,

beautiful

amigifa,

ugly

dia,

big

kediIJ ,

small

tabar,

bright

difu,

dark

kafel,

clean

,Kwes h·~r,

dirty

tur,

stupid·

"., ~'.

very yotmg sau,

distant

aran,

near

af~r,

dry

kwojedu,

wet

adC'a.1J,

fat

kesheny,

"""" tete,

thin

flat

anyuai, kilen, beshi,

full " (level) fI (heaped)

kafor,

ernpty

good

kusudo,

bad

/

round

sheshem, kwokwe,

happy

agili1J,

hard

ak'Nurufu,

soft

high

sllele,

low

heavy

kalal, afele,

light

hot

kV!E:shil,

cold

hungry

me riIJ'ei,

thirsty

left

tedimer,

right

,

long

shele,

short

kashtl, !caus,

male

kar (-)

female

"?:

( towu"u , ,kw~Qu,

kabar,

lr";SJ:ln .......~)'

.I.). ...... ,

,

tOV~11J.:rU

i (..

.f

fI

-.".'f'

(

animal s)

•

70

kwo:>rdo,

many

temel,

few

new

gwBle,

old

rich.

g.ua, l?oor... barnIJO:>l,f'~.~

.. "

".,'

tete,

same

bibile, nyabarf,

different

aieram ,

sharp

digirma,

blunt

tatar,

straight

akwo:>do:>IJ,

bent, crooked, .crouch,ing ,".

kvvegr,

strong

10:>1'0:>,

'ITeak

kashel,

sweet

kar (-)

bitter

lalaIj,

swift

bwishe,

slow

towuru,

tall

short

tosu,

thick

;::g' "ICe sheny ,

thin

kasol,

true

tire',

false

tu,

warm

shil,

co4\l

keru,

well

kawers,

ill

abo:>liny, adofa, .

vdde;~.

togura,

narrov,r

young

gw-Ble,

old

~~.>

kegiIJ'l

tkij8r,,~

Oth.Ei~e cti\[Sill.;"

to:>1;]O:>e.u,

blind

tur,

insane

miniIJ,

deaf

~eny,

feeble

tor,

lame

aragar,

kafo:>r,

idle

cleds,

ashedi,

tired

so:>10 ,

lazy

te,

sufficient •

kweren, kwereIJ,

all

:;q . . .

irritable~spi~fu.l

~i.~?:.?~3~

_ _J

71 boiling

amainy, kwosou,

rotten (of food)

tete,

level

dodo,

steep

ajegifag, kafor,

naked

tat'i,

pregnant

bar (-)

strange, foreign

nawor,

bal'"'ren;

:awalai,

,. ~~po~ent;,,:,, .-:"

.

close together

Cattle colours:

wururu,

...'iafiEsi.; Grain colours:

.

spotted

abwadai,

striped

grey

tegilo afigi, reddish-grey

:~"'.

arai,

dukhn colour·

(ara, dukhn, bullrush millet)

amosoliijei, speckled (like sesame)(mosol, sesame) (lawa, grass)

alawai,

grass-green

tebio,

black, blue

tabar,

abwJshi,

bro\~, yellow.

tegilr,

tegilj.( asgri, afigi, Adjectival

pink

grey

~

v'lhite red

tegilo afigi, reddish-grey tebiu afigi,

bluish-grey

~hrases:

endu busau keru ne endu busau kusudo ne

he is happy, glad (well in his heart) he is sad, angry (ill in 11fs heart)

72

NUMERALS.

CHAPTER VIi

:;"t;;&d'}:o':,}':':f:',,,",:,j\:j; (:';

,

CARDInb~G::',"\.,:~~:j)~igher

numbers are built upon the vigesimal system, " i.e. coun:ting' by: twenties, but Arabic numerals are increasingly employed. 1

nyala

2

arba asa

3 4

(Mandal Hills, armba)

kwud~

5

mul kwarsh(e) 7 kwalad(u) 8 ed(u) 9 wed(u) 10 f::>ru 11 f::>ru d::>~ nyala (i.e. one upon ten) 12 f::>ru d::>~ arba 13 f~ru d::>~ asa 14 f::>ru d::>IJ kwuda etc. 20 tarat'; tamyala ;21 . taraf t::>Ij nyala (i.e. one above twenty) '22 '. . taraf t::>I) arba , etc. . 3Q,' •teJ,raf t::>IJ f:::>!'U ; 31 " .. taraf tOIJ fotu f'oriJJi tOlJ nyala . '. or ·tara.f' t~Ij f:::>!U f'ot"iIji teIJer nyala (fol:ilJi: ?set of ten; i.e. ten above twenty, one above the set of ten) 32 taraf t::>!j f::>!'U f::>rilJi(t::>IJ arba l.te!Jer arba 40 tararba 50 tararba t::>~ f::>ru tarasa . 60 70 tarasa t::>!j f::>ru 80 tarkwud'I!L 90 tarkvmd'l1 t::>IJ tarkwudu t::>Ij 99 6

tarnn.tl

100 200 300 400

tarf'::>~~

tarfo-cu teIjer tarmul tarfoforu arba (tV/o 200 r s)

~Nhen necessary, 1000 is expressed by Arabic alf. would be tarf'of0t'u mul (five 200' s) •

In liTyamang this

The~ forms

of the numerals 6-9 and, thmir compounds are used W h e n ~ , .' . Ret... __ #.A ~ .e.ril;~_fJI:J/" . ~/ 7~ . . ,4:.,,-. lh\.-."" . -""",-,~~;p~eR .. ,·j,~, '<,

--

,,.,.,

•

Tarnyala is used in counting by twenties tarasa ••••• ,1 . ;'i,' ... '

,

tarnyala, tararba,

.',;

.

,.: ..

',

73

. ~~, . ,q~~i~!~~tand after the noun, and after a qualifying adJ ect,~'t~ : , ",;"",},:;,~:}:~;{ ,'. ", :;gr~lJ":arba two chi1:dren "w~>'didia mul five elders ~ni aieram asa three sharp knives toma tOWUtll f::>1,"U ten tall trees They are declined as follows:':,}'" : ::'

Nom.

•

Ace.

G~n.

~

Abl,

Lo,c, ,

nyala

nyala(ij)

nyalo

nyalai

nyalaijt

nyalau

arba

arba(IJ)

arbo

'arbai

arbai

~

asa

asa(I;J)

aso

asai

asai

asau

kwud\\

kwudd

kwudu

kVJUdi

kwude

k:wudau

mul

mul( ::>!J '::

mulu

muli

Imlle

mulau

kwarsbeo kwarshei

k'lliTar SM

kwarshau

kwaladu k:.llaladi

kwalade

kwaladau

edu

edi

ade

edau

wedu

wedi

wede

vredau

f::>ru

f'::>1;i

f::>·C e

f'::>!'au

tarafu

tarai'i

taraf's

tarq.i'au'

,(~WUQp ), "

kwax;'sh(e)

~

kwarsHf'e)

,

(kwa:X;Sh;)Y) kwalad(ur kwalad{u: kwalad::>I.) ed(u) ed(u) (ed::>Ij) wed(u) wed(u) (wed::>1J) f';)(CU f'::>(;U tarai'

(f'~r:::>~) taraf' OIJ)

'.

"

The Accusative termination -m:j, -IJ is seldom heard. The Dependent Genitive is f'ormjllgby adding -n to the Genitive. Exanrple~:

ads vvaIJ gwBle asa kwau wsndi a griIJ kwarshe i'a wsndi shila asc wel toma mulu kilt) a wa mulun kwau kwa tome. arbon w::>{;au

'!

I can see three old people in the crops I cannot see the six children ~ The houses of ~ chiefs The leaves of five trees I am going to the crops of five people At the top of two trees

74 l'vQd~ wa"kwudi a tiige Sheg)l~waladi,tandidige

Giye the goats to four people Speak to the seven sheikhs I am doing this with five st.icks Go with one heart (salutation tn· one going away} , Go to. the ten people ov-er--there The mek's wiveex occupy eight houses

.i\.d&kid~;n&)~~u mule she Bwisbi·nyalaikadai

kadai d~l fan Megun liter wel edau nedi

Wa

f~t;au'

Except for 'first' and 'second' th.€lse are formed by adding BJ.ldu to the Cardinals:

O.]DlNALS.

1st 2nd 3rd

4th 5th

wU-CUg6 , wur;U buduro ~~ asagudti -~. kwudugudu mulgudu

Th~e the e.g.

etc.

noun they qualify:

asagudu k.er, the third wife kwarshegudu wi~e1J), the sixth child

ITERATIVES. Once, twice, etc. used adverbially are eXJ;?ressed by-the'" Cardinals 01' by the form uth. suffix -gudu. noted above. Either of the~ may be preceded by kire, a foot or pace: en (kire) kwud~ t~r en (kire) kwudugudu.

t~r

J He

came four times (four paces)

Mu1 tiplic.ation of numbers is denoted by may also be used -

arba (kire) nyala arbarba (kire) arba arbarba (kire) asa 2,ISTRIBUTlVES. 'One by one 1, by repeating the Cardinals: arba arba a lI.B.

't,"lNO

tig~di

a nyala nyala a she

reduplicating;~e

twice one twice two (two, two paces) twice three by two 1,

I

in twos t

is indicated

Stand in twos I am doing it little by little

, J I

75 DIVISION 'is eXpressed by the Dative Case: .

~

--:."

.....

,

a wadatJ mali kag;.i ka f'e&>n

-

I divided the porr;dg~~o~ five men. (lit. to f'ive men) ". :-'-',

F-M.9_TIONS.

keri, half', is the only fraction, keri tege, ffi&>n;:>J;}o keri,

e .. g"

\

"

Give (him) half Half' of the mr:hlliat

.. T I 1VT E. -. ;

Point of time and dulltlltion of time is e"-"pressed by the Ablative. e.g.

sa kvrude, at four 0' clock a sa kwalade ID;:>, I went out at seven o'clock ltJ)oli mule, On five days or For five days . t.win kwude, For four nights (used also for 'days') a kvmr arbai nin fa k:vvudu, I have not been here for two months·

N.B. ijoli dil arba,

Two days hence

------ _---....

sa, :lJoli, twin,

hour day night tegide,

tU1:U , noise maIJe , how much, hoVl many sa ~ie a? ~mat is the time? Give (Imper. plur.obj.)

Exercise 18. A.(l) i tUt41 no a kil? ei, a tu~u no a kilo (2) sa maije a? sa kwarshe ne, (3) kvr::>r tarafu doso vmlau ne:. (4) a kid;:> n4) mUlgudu a she, (5) a wo. forun kVlau kwa. (6) dou kwudu te:gide:, (7) tararba tOliJ forn. (8) foru dOij asa. (9) arbarba kire mul. (10) ryoli arbai.

,

76

B.(l)

Bring the five white horses.

(2)· .. Three by three. (3}' Give the bull to six people.

(4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

.,

Do this first and this second. The eighth boy. Twenty-four. I came at five o'clock. On the road for three days and three nights. I am going with six people. Water is in five wells over there •

,',

"

,';~ ;t;:

.

,

.<:.,. ~..'

.I" .~.

.·n· t

.

n·~

, ...-

\

77

I

.

\

,

i .~ ~

,"

.

D~DNSTRATIVE

;:

"\

I

ADJECTIVES & PRONOUliS.

no,

this, these

do,

that, those

(nearby)

dol,

that, those

(distant)

nya,

a certain, cer~ain.J* $~

These always follow the noun. e.g.

So,

wadaIJ no, wadaIJ dO, wadaJJ dol,

this man, these men that man, those men that man, those men

kEr no, ksr dO, ker dol,

this woman, these women that woman, those women '(nearby) that woman, those women (over there) these people, t~ose people, etc. this spear, these spears, etc. that sheep, those sheep, etc.

wa no, wado, kwor a no, kwe~i do, wada:t'} nya, ker nya, wa nya, k'v,"O!,a nya, kweg,i nya,

p.wtJ.t:4 '~')

(nearby) (over there)'

a certain man, certain men a certain woman, certain women certain people a certain spear, certain spears a certain sheep, cer~n sheep ~ s£.ilJ;

nya may often be translated by the Indefinite article (see p.24) j).~1 DECLEl\fSION. dol nya do no Nom: ~v,~

do

Acc:

no

Gen:

niu

"diu

Dat:

ni

di

Abl:

P..E:

de

Loc:

neau

deau

The Locative di:l; indicates motion

dol

n:fa

delu

nyaiu nyai

'l I

78

Examples:

'",,\~; "

~\"tabar nz,

Nom:

gou do tebio ne - this stick is white, that stick is black. toma d~ shele ne, toma dol towuru ne - that tree (nearby')" is low, that tree (over there}:is ~. wadaJ:J nya~ka. tor - a (ceraain) man has come' , beshi nya a certain village "

Acc:

toma do tweni wadal) dol tili kwdo n::> irde e100 m twili

~-

Bring that womd Call that man (yonder) Drive out these goats Drink this milk

Gen: (with no, do. dol, the thing possessed precedes the possessor) wel be shi niu wel beshi diu wel beshi delu beshi nyaiu wel

-~

The The The The !t

kwroIJ wa diu te rgeny wadaIJ niu kwo toma delu Dep. Gen: cf.

Dat:

houses houses houses houses

of of of of

this village that village that .village (yonder) a cer~ain village

2D

The crops of those people This man l s donkey The leaves of that tree

(-n added to Gen. The normal o~der - possessor before thing possessed - is followed) a beshi niun wolau k1;va

I am going to the houses village a beshi diunvlolau kwa I am going to the houses village a beshi delun vlolau kwa - I am going to the houses village (over there) a beshi nyaiun wolau kwa- I am going to the houses ce:r1lain village

ker ni tandige a bar wadaIJ di ka teg a bar wa dig ka fedon a vdg,eI) nyai ka tandig

j(

tilt·

of this of that of that of a

Speak to thitis woman I have given a cow to that m~1 I have divided the cow between those people (there) I Sl)oke to a certain child

I am gping'with thisboYr' Do it with tllatlo~\:~t,i;ofr»:,:.;· >• •: "

. ,,(over ,th~~e')Y.'/"

I,'

I

,-

I

i Ii

, Do At At On

it with t~~t{l~~b~~pTI~;~~;'>",:: ' this time ~",,(\.:.:. tllat time ',., that day

I

I

Loe:

I am going to.,.. 1i:{<··' We are eoming,~ >", He is going to' She is at some·W~'.;' Gc to that place"

a beshi neau kwa 'atJi a wel dol kwol &n a beshi dil

~Na

en a bidi nyau ne li deau kadai

lp, do, dql as DemQnstrat:Lv~ Pronouns. (.:;f)+~~~I'.rotabar :tie? "~~{~

tabar ne

"""'dr tabar ne? ;a;:,,;$iIndr tabar ne

(:tl.'!'t~t!l'\i,~~~~I,~-

- I s that stone whit'a?, That stone is white, ~ Is that a white stone? That fs a white stone

~. i~erted

a verbal particle between the noun, unless the latter begins

theDemonst~ativepronounand

with: e..) ,

"

no a dia ne, do a kediU ne no a mindr tabar ne, e do a 'ming,r tebIDo ne

TI1is is big, that is small This is a vrhite stone, that is a black stone

no ariIJt ne

This is a bed

~o

ki tagi ne a? no a teIJ ne e nodu? (for -du see p.80 no a mosu ne dol mege ne

no mos::>l ne? ei, no a mos;)]. ne

u;)

"" ... ;";"

toma kegiD ne? ei, !do a tOilla kegi:lJ ne

)-

: ";'~':.1···

,.,/.,;.}..

~:tgsFiilll~rll~t: That (over ·tliere)':;{s~'.~r·-hii'J.

~

Is thit sesame? Yes, thas i~ sesmae f.

Is that a small tree? Yes, that is a small tree .... ,

80 ?EMONSTRATIVE SUFFIXES -DU1-DO, -De.

THE

;.;

,', .;- ....q..... ,

""

.=Q!I is an" emphatic demonstrative enclitic vlhich Il'l8.y be suffixed to Nouns, Adj ectives and Pronouns. Sometimes it correspondst.othe, .. English Definite Article (see P.24), out usually it canno~ betr~slated. It serves to emphasize the vrord to vlhich it is attached, and is found chiefly in narrative style. It is not used in recording conversation _ (see "-de, below): n~du ki tagi ne a? e n~du? Vlb.at' s~? and~? ,

C

gil~

ka

m~

e •...

And the dog go,t .u:p;anci• ••

engy, tal.rendeg e sha ••'. mir~

Wadu

.

Ee (spoke and) said •••

ka tushe

The people lit a fire

idu biiJIJ kekedilj ird::> e •••

You take away the little calves and. Ace rtain ruan.. 0

WadaIJ nyagu•••••

0

0

•

lilld the man said •••

• • oe k.zrgy, bUdarau kadi ko8. taw~ -

tuJ,+b-~~4. ~ ~ t:J.~ (tt:i..J 1)t:> k cIA,

'0 •

and . the vlolna.naftervlards

s~ed tlk- ~idge

~ ii.~tl~)' (~~}ip.h?J

same

'

is used in the way as -du, mnt solely in quoting someone r S ~ords, or emphasizing the speaker's words. It r1aY be suffixed to verbs. -DS

cn a tavieD e sho., "L.de ne lcid::> n~ she" 'was '[OU "llho did

ende - vlada ku sudo she .' 'No. n::>de kv:edi gv;e sh Ade kido

!If)

Kadai~

t

Those people are cutting dovm trees I can see that with my o.. .m. eyes

lounun aIJe toile -

e te kwnreiij smJag -

Ta\de HaribuD tilag

r

He has done 'wrong

'..

En tawen e sha "'NideIJ n;;radc:: •• 11

He said to me "It tha.~'~.

-

He said IlA certain boy ••• tI

Go and look for a kid Go and call Hareeb

I

I'

t

I , 1.

I

81

,:;' .·'1,tA;k;k;lfi.:~il~'~;:~~;;';;{:i;::,dU" "!{ JYi ob;J,;1'qU:e'ir::Cases of -du and -de are the same:-

Accjl~,~i~~'I,ii~(~~DU;

Dep. Gen:

Loc:

-DUN;

Dat: -DI;

AnI:

-DAU.

\

i

Kvrod~~ irde

~

::~~dU sheregg -:ei:t:::::h:a:::th~lji'~;Jillllti .

I

f I' t I: {

A kiu sheredun kwau kW'a - I am going to the cattlehet'd, t s ' . ':

!

I

crops Anufa irno aneij 1reg,iIje kV1]'udun sheredi tavrendeg e

I

!

I I

!.

Drive out\the goats

sna. •••

The :father in the morning spoke to his little son, .'. . ' , ,: .. tJ:.le goatherd, and said.•••

'~~~~~~fiI~Ndau .'

':

.,.~.

.'

>.

;

: •...

,

"

.~

kwa

Iam going to the cattleherd

.>.. :-..:

-DOis'iJ:lterrogative in its use. It is attached only to PronCldUlS. It queries,. or expresses surprise at, a preceding remark. It has a low tone. e.g. i a ne kido no she It is you who did that

le i ne kido no she?

Did you do that?

le nin. toret

Come heret

I?

.

(i. e. 'Are you speaking to met

82

A. (1)

ara tilfu neau badigs, mosnl li deau bi. (2) ~ wo. kwarshei fe. (3) i wuno kwa? a beshi dil kwa. (4) wada:g ni dawa tege, g wadatJe: tandige uDQade: twili. fl (5) nnn d::linyi, 8 kvrornIj nn swait. ,(91"h~ nyadu beshi 9.n l k"WUdu.

:i~~:~tij;Ji~I~~;:~:1~' {,:",;(lOJ, . ~.~.:. ,t::.·:.;·~:)\~~~:/·"

D.{l)

','~~f;.ldrt

'-,.".

,"

(5) (6) (7)

(8) (9)

(10)

dil kadai e nin tweni.

.

A (certain) man is on the road over there.

that man. (2) (3) (4)

ei, a wen. e: 1rer dig tege: •

Speak to

There are many mosquitoes in this village. This spear is long, that spear is short. Is this knife sharp? Yes, this knife is sharp. This knife is sharper the.n that. TJUs man is older than that man. • This is clean cotton, that is dirty cotto:n., , ' c , ) , " " , Make the food with this millet. This millet~s';'~,~i~~I,h':,.:',,' that millet is d.irty. , ,: "'L\::';',:,::~:,:>" ~~;i~~i~h~O~~~~: =~r~:s:~:o~i;~r. ' ', ../.:' ,,:;,';-',::'::;::)~<'{'" Go to those men over there. ,,' i · i ' , . , ;

~.~. Q LI"-A;;~ .:' ."~), ~~. 4

''''', .. "aaAP~ER VIII.

DEcrl~~~r~;'r~;l;\i;" ,', ','

You

Yom:

a, ai

Acc:

aJJ

Gen:

Dep .G:wQunun,

nyi

Y~IJ,

a.n::>lJ

at.

nyi

nyun

anun

nyunun

anunun

wowun

:nyID]

anon

~

nyi

ani

anin

aJJi gie

nyi gie

ani gie

aniJ.

alj il

IrJil

aniJ.

IliJin

Lo c,i"l;!t1'~~(~i,<~I?k?,;' :;:J.l

ry):

You

aIJi

jOij,d::>!J

aJJin

We

en

·~IJ,

aJJ

Abl:

PLURAL

Re,She,It

i

jOlJ,doij

ViOun

Dat:

PERSONAL PROnOU1iS.

SINGULAR

I

t't~" ~u;::n~~i1'

~OMIHATIVE

e.g.

83

(~ ~; ~-.r~~ or

emphaticall~;r

AM.

•

i a ki17

Do you understand? Yes, I understand en a lJil Re is laughing or she.is J.au¥hing en a tUtU She is weeping or he ~s ·vvee:pJ.lilg en a \'rolau ne It is in the house or he, she is in the house aJJi ashedi nedi We are tired nyi a 6::>1'7 Are you coming? ani vmn nedi a 7 Where are they? ei, a kil

Are you there?

i a ne?

ai a ne

ACCUSAIIVE. Sing.J. 2 3

I

am nere

aJ)

ynllJ (j :n\Jl ,dnB)

ano);]

Plur.l

~i

nsri

2. 3 ani

The forms jmh 40TJ are heard much less frequently than ynliJ. only for persons - , it' and.' them' (indicating things) ani J are either omitted or denoted by ~ or kidn llQ. (this tning aJO;<:)IJl&~used l·:.

'::4~~f1i;}~~1W-tiC forms of the. Nominative pron?un~ witJ:1 -du .".J~,it" i~;;~J precede Accusat~ve p::onouns beguuung WJ. th a, t1;i.:.i I;;";, . ,~ffs.~he former words ~s el~ded, as follows:

"')~;;!',~;~):n}\~~\::)~JJ\;;;:?~~l¥~i, end r ai.l,

Examp~es

end r 8.lJi

etc.

of the Accusa.tive p..:r:onoun.§:

en alJ ka de

Re struck me I greet youl a nyi ke: wishidiI I greet.youl an~nJ tili Call him en a]jl i a wendi He sees us en ani a wendi He sees them a 00 a mai I'know it

a.~Jij

lea wishiI

(a common

(Plur.)

Dual pronouns are indicated 'by the Dual form of the verb: He sees us (two) en aIJi a wenden en a nyi a wenden He sees you (two) en ani a wenden He sees them (two persons)

'. :;/~;~t~li:~;~('i::·,';X3.';'··;';'·;,·.; . . '.

GENITm··"·THEPOSS:-;1SSIVTr1 PR9NQUNS.&

.,,,:'C;\?!}'·,j:'·:',:,;7i't:':>:?":,· . . ~ --.~~ c'::Sin,g.l:,'woun, .2 3

nyun,

anun,

my, nune

your, j'ours his her, hers its

ADJl~s:;r.IVES

Plur.l

WOWj,

2

nyu,

3

ano,

•

our, ours .your ,JTours their, theirs

A.dj ective§

e.g.

woun beshi nyun doso anun bar WOUIJi

aba

wa ano dri:lJ

n~l1.1

Pronoun§ e.g.

My home Your food His covies) etc. Our :father Your people Their children

kW0lra no woun ne bar do nyun ne kwegi anun nedi mosu anun ne mosol wouIJ ne l~w&m no :nyu nedi kadaij ano nedi

This spear is mine That cow is yours The sheep are his The waterpot is hers The sesame is ours 'rhese knives are yours The hoes are theirs

85

PIur.J.

wowun

2

DyU!J

anon

3

wowun

bes~

nyumm aJJere

anunun aiyau dijau nyun bidau anon beshi ' VlOwtm

I

DATIVE.

This takes the same form, as the Accusative:

(

,I

at my house in your name in his, her hand ' at our work in your well from their village

Sing~J.

I

aJlJ

2

yc>:g, j

3

alIDIJ

~l!) ,d~!J

~

Plur.J. 2

nyJ. ani

3

•

kCb"~

He .gar.r.e me some milk I told you He gave him a cow' Gll~us t~ wood I~you~esterday

He spoke to us (two) He spoke to them (many) In some cases the pronoun has become fused with an Imperative: e.g.

tOijt~

Give (it to) me!

tandu~!

Tell me!

a tiytlI] ! Give (them to) me t

ABLATIVE!..!. Sing.1 'aJ.)in 2 nyin 3 anin

Plur.l 2 3

aJJJ;i gie nyi gie ani gj.e

The Singular forms noted above are derived from the Plural Nominative pronQuns; the const,ruction used with the Ablative Case requires Plural Pronouns only (see pp. 28-9) • e.g.

endu a~in a toren nyin tir tein anin tir a kwodani aJ,Jianin tir toren a~i

"

He came with me We went vlith you Go away with him I came with him

(tir, together)

86

I will go with you Come out with us She is going vrlth them LOCATIVE., Sing. 1 2 3

al il anil

Plur.l 2 3

a1Jil nyil ani 1

e.g. mo·tion towapds

.. ;,

a1 nin tore Come to me here endu i1 ka toron He came to you aiji anil toron We came to him Bring us .a!Jil tweni

>!. ";~'~~':\; i.~':·;~<:':rY:';<:.: .~.:,~

.

:anildil"kWodai ta anil dol tig . '801' mn·tore e ta al non tig

- . Go and stand next to him Come and stand next to me

motionf'rom aryi1 Y~dai . Go away from us ani1 fwire a tai Go away from him anil fwire a tudarei Go away from them

ani1 doinyi

Stay with him

In the plural the Ablative is used, kadai nyi ta ani gie tir tigidi

Go and sta"i.r with them. tJ

a il dia ne I am bigger than you I a~ bigger than he a anil dia ne nyi a aIJdl didia nedi You are bigger than 'we are C!Jj;il dia ne kweren - lIe is the biggest of all of us

~t1A ~4. J Iwb~ W::J

l.e.arn-fr.~ht....fronL

a i1 kido war

-

lie ~ ~ ~~,' . I

I vrant something from you

$7.

(woun) aba

(wou:Q.) ata, aya

(woun) ani:g

Your

nyufa

nYiIJ'a

nyinil';J!

Ris,&c

.anufa

aniIJa

anelQ!

My

~

WOU1J'

BROTHER

ata; aya

WO~

ani:q.

n;yu nyiIJa

n;yu nyinir,]

ano .aniJ;J1a

ana

h.'USBA\~

ane~

~

IW (wo un)

ar.1 Ene

Your

nyeijen

( woun) ashe 1,_ swel- (woun) aliI /k nyesheI ....,~r~ nyiI , 'I-.

His ,&e.

anl!.J~~n

anasheI l

Our

'~WoUU aijtne

~~,",I,

$W'~

'JIlt

wO'UJg:

asheI

aniI

~i'

WOU1J:

atiI

Your

nyu nyt':lJlen

nyu nyesheI

n;yu nJril

Their

ano ?-ntijen

ane anasheI

ano anj.I

FRIEND My

(woun) amor

Your

nyuf'or

His

anuf'::>r &c

."

.

. :';" ....

:"',

878.

To express four fathers f I,our ~" f type tak:e the suffix -(a)~i..L~ mOGners, etc., nouns of this ...... --e.g. WOUl) Cl,bat;] i You l' fat11ers ano anufalJi ·,'/OUl)

ateJJi

ano aniDaDi

Their

motbo~a

/IC.-. ~ /; ~"A.I'<"";""

~__

Ah't.-r? ~'4~~~ ~3'r (~~). ~~t7i (~~) a I d}' (~,;.,,-(~)

ahc~~' (~~)

().A.. p

tJ.-.JLA L

cI~' (~ "'~~

4~'(~ ~~)

~~.(~~k)

88 nyum ker, etc.)

~but

aneIt:er (his

.....

thus:

The possessive pronouns qUalifying ju, body, 1'ZD

'

woun ju, nyun ju,

anun ju, wou!.) ju, nyu ju, ano ju,

myself yourself himself, herself. ourselves yourselves ,themselves

These are declined (see declension of ju, p.51.} I wash,myself

e.g.' "',, ,awoun juo tigile ,,' ,pi';,i}>t.U", ai,iuJil,,:auo tigile t \", • • " ",,' ,: ~tnm', a.J:1UIJ;'Juo t.,J.le :"L,,:'i<:"::~~';:,~~~':N~'UO tDilde ~,','

i.

'."

.

He washes himself He sees himself They see themselves

).':.','\1- "'~

'-'.',

','

,

In the common greeting:

.,.

i kern Ita tia? ei, a ka tia e nyun juo ~'" . .

Have you slept well? '

Yes, I have slept (v.rell) a..nd greet ~ou (;Toursel:f)

WOSD

"

r~~~'~~J;"'~~:»

RECIPROCAL CONSTRUCTION.

\,

,

A Reciprocal pronourix (each other)

,

doesnotexistji~~:;ij,;/;;,:,:'~'

construction is met by a derivative :form of the verb,):,~>~"·J'J;ag~(;r',:: !.

ani wada weneag ani ka t"ildeag ani ka gvve sheag

" "',' .

.. :\!.) .~-;.. _~,:< ~.;:~"," '. ,

.

: ,':'

. - .~.,

,

(. .. .

l\)j;;1'

I

·~1:~t~·~:';;:?·":.;:;:'::··.~\~:·f·E~~:~.<·,~:·:.f:;;",_~ ::~ ,",'{",

they speak to eachoth~~"": they see each other they wrestle with each other

.

89 EXERCISES

A. DJ .(2) ( 3) (4) (5)

(6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

IJidi m> woun :nz, IJidi a nyi ka wisl1idi 1 .

(on._GPap,VIII)~

d~ nYllln ~

a Y~:EJ ka tand&w~n

sndu agin a

t~ren

a wowun beshi kwa, a il amadu wElda she aJ.me:n nyeshe1 VI1U!l ne a? a.a8&1 besl:> ne, nyi a agi1 didia nedi a i1 kid~ war? i aJJid~ a war? amI' kwail a1 nin t~re!

i

wt:tm>

kwa?

(1) . Bring me my stick. (2) Are you coming with me? Yes, I am coming with you now. (3) What are you doing? I am washing myself. (4) They.are wrestling with each other. '·.ii~. ;~~;\:~.~!;.;~.0f.:.:,~:j.:.~.;;;f.i.\'P.. ,.;L. g er than you, he is bi~ger than me • .'i:~~§lI{{~Y:}$.Q:g~'", His father. Our t J.n-laws t , Your brother. ~t;~~1;;J'!{fr'(ltlie,~ir,;::,J:i'lJ~bands. Your mother, . Your (pl.) friends. \···~!,71i·;:;·:My
]3'.

:,g..

~~~;T. 'INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS

'ADJECTIVES.

IJang? (sing.. )

ijaJJi? (pluT.. )

Wbat?

ki tagi?

IJina kif

'Which?

w:>nda?

1l]a?

e:ijim'1~\;;:;L;! .

. ,'. ~',

tagi?

DECLENSION.

Nom:

J:mQ1.( sing.)

~? (plur.. }

JD!~)

JrJaJQ1 i

-VlHAT? Jd. tagi

Acc:

kid~ tagid~

:gwun

gie

ll]a

1IJa, ete.

w:>nda

agid~ ilJid~

Id. tagidu

oIDJu

WCi>ndu

1d tagidi

atJi

wendi

ki tagide:

at'J&

vronde

ki tagidau

alJ!au

ki tagi~ vn1at thing, and is used vn~en a definite object is mentioned,

cf.

!ID

Id tagi ne

a~

What is thiB?

(lit. this thing . . what is - S!& indicat~s .. ~.:qlJ(~~~ion)

~.:,

~:lt: ~ X.:

i ajIid" a she a? What are you doing? ':.. :s···.:,:.::\?;... . tagi.. what, which, and may qualify aIW, noun, "', '. .n,~#~~;f0c., e.g. kwir tagi? - which pot't what p o · t ? · . / t&l'J .. t~gi? - )1hich calabash;) what c.ala.JbaSh? ~ _ . . t1I {;,.~ft'I>;.Lf .. ~ . .'~" .'. . 80\ ~.nr.l.. tJ4- tr4 ~~ tJ. ~l4q/ ~ Vk ::,:-r"if:..1· -!J,[~~H~ , Sentences: "t~ b-tf/Ji .r':"" 'r . r.:.·.:..:.., ..'.:.:,·!.:..':.'.'.:.' ,..\.'.. .;. ,•..

.

T

••

, '

-Jr-r__

/lie

IJanz nyufa ne?

Who is your father?

IJane wada no wen a?

1'flho said that?

IJam a VladaJJ IJaJ!)i . m:di? ';: ". ,h

...

",~;~.. ,

;

. ' .' I

...

~.

~du?

Who is that man? i;Jho are those people?

91 Who are those "two people?

Who l.ives here? Who wants me?

[

.

IJa.ll& mJi wardi?

'Nho wants us?

Dams

Who did this?

kid~ ~

she~n?

I lJJane?

IJaJlE meg besm mlu ne? I lJJaij~ t~i1z '( I lIJ1a:q))~ de?

~~om

I 1!»a1!)1~ war?

'Whom do you want?

. . We!.,,~ ·llJ)woun ne a?

~1~~I~l::s?

." "\'\~"'Wi~ltJJ m:> rJIN~un ne?

did you hit? '

\Vhose house is this? Vfuose is that? ~Vhose

are the crops?

Whose child 'is this?

Kit.alb. m J]vroun ne a?

~Those

I

To whose crops are you going?

~\rounun

kwau a tai?

book is this?

To W"h€lID did JTou give the goat?

I girisho

Nyi

",'

,',

ija1'J:)

Baij~

tiig a?

·\ivenderen?

To wl'lom (pI.) , did,y()q:,,~~y~.·:;,~~e;

,money?

To whom were you

':\~":< '\:';"/J~0;:;,Y ,~

,spea.ki:hg?:;':~Y;,:",': , ~.:~~/::~ !~:>~ :~<\}!;.;:~:.r~}.~.i·,,·-;.:·>·~;. /i.~. i~. _:

I IJcu,P diji a shin?

For whom are you vmrking?'"

Nyi IJa.nz teinun?

With who·m (s.) did you go?

Nyi Da gie telan?

With whom,Cpl.) did you go?

IJane kwen a?

With whom is he going?

I IJlale kwudu?

From whom have you come?

I :IlJ,ale tai a?

To whom are you going?

.,'{ ...

i',

. 92'

"".;.,

a?

What is this?

a?

What are you doing?

~

r' 8J)idn she a?

What are you

I IJa kira.!J a?

'What is your

I iJJido a vro? Idn iIJidn art

8IJina ki tarabesu dn]] Wada tagi

11£

d~iny?

what

~v.hat happened? (lit. talk is it-did) What is it? Wha:t is the matter?

she?

IJa :ne a? . 8'JJJiP.E YOllJ) ti!J.il?

Vfuat amuses you?

)~¥Ji~~~~f!~~;\;r~ma tagi nedi?

What trees are those?

.,;.. ,.!.,.l\f~fa)Ja,,~·kJ.raJj a? ';~';,~~Y{i~;;i~;:.,~;'~t;'t agidu ne1 Ou:£lU mOIIDltj i

::: ::~:::::::i~~~~I&~:~\ What is your father's name? What kind of basket is this?

war?

\Vhat grain do you want?

IaJJe a she a?

With what are you doing it?

lfu !lOIJa.r] au ne a?

What is the millet in?

Kwir no vlel tagidu kwir ne?

Vlhat house does t14's.. :PP\t,belo;~'tCi

I £lou tagido twen?

'Yhat pole did you ,lJ:fii;lg?,: ;:,<,';;:::«,'

lifyi wadro] tagidi teinun

.'· .·{.•,~:f:it}/i~{~;;<.~':·.::;:.;':,;:.(:5\:::: "

. 'i/tf";J'('k:)'Y '::'. ':'J}9;:::~~'~:ff;:::

.

swir?~'J11at

man did you •

Nyi wada.1 tagidi tandunun vrada? ~

,go~i:Qtlt;Wit~?",;'~"" •

.•

:~

• C"',

,

:'

VJhat man did you speak to?

Vfuat village did you go to?

I beshi -tagidau a tor?

~fuat

Kvdr w:)ndo ne

village have you come from?

Vfhich house is it?

DB?

8.

1:a nyon?

•

"

I beshi tagidau a tan?

. '.vel vronda

• I ••,:. :_ " : ' : ' . , :

YIT'lich pot 8h:3.11 I tak.e? ';'Thich tree did ;ypu cut dO',m?

93

'~!~_'J;r

With which axe did you cut it? gvroso?

1lhich does

be2ongto?

.

Iwel:·wO:n.dau a d~iny?

I

t~is

:~:: :s:i:r:O:O:e~);~;,Ji~)~~~.

wadau wendi ka tandig?

B. IlJTEHJ.110GATIVE ADVE~fk.

Where? ".

\vun?

\'ttmta? (emphatic)

°UlrJvlodU? What time?

sa

~!e?

(sa, hour) e nYirJaIJ maJJ ? (nyi!JaJO) , sun) nyiij alJ \'!Undel? -. ma.IJ(e)? OUQU

ma?

gidai?

(for uhat - see

°UIJwL1.dai?

Row?

J;Jada?

V/hither? . Vv'hence?

viU.n(,,)?

MEg 'wun ns a?

J

4t-,

)

.,

'l(A.aCt,4,. '"

vvunta? (emphatic)

~Vhere

is the mek? '.

Sheg 'I.'JUn ne:di a? I

gidai,~.

.I'~..

a vmn bi a?

Girishi vmn ne a?

~bere

is the money?

Bar vmn nedi a?

~bere

are the cows?

Bwir ,\'vun· ne a?

VThere is the road?

D~u

Brillb the stick.

tweni. - Vrunta ne?

En \V'Unta kVla?

~n1ere

is he going?

Where is it?

94

Where are you going? Vrhere have you come I

oUijwodu tai a?

VVhen are you going?

I

oUijwodu tor a?

Vlhen did you come?

I

°lliJ wodu tan a?

'lfThen did

~/ou

go?

(Ka) oUijwodu tor a?

1JVhen will he come?

Ani (ka) °WJvlodu sor a?

<1\f.hen will they corner

I

oU!Jwodti. sheon a?

Vlhen did you do it? 1Vhen will you do it?

I oU1Jwodu she a?

:~~~~~~i~fa~ ':;·::£t<'OH1JvioQ.l1::,:tar

\!:Jhen did you break it? h~en

a?

',:>:':;;Y"';'; i, ' ,<''''': ':'> , ' '~Ari1;)e

,ke..',·iOUljwodu tor a?,

did you bUy it?

~Vhenwill

the rains come?

8ndu oUljwodu luan?

VThen did he (or sbe) die?

I ka wel oUijwodu towe?

VtlIen are

:rfyb]e.ij wundel ne i ko. I nyi!J aJj maIJe mo a? I a sa ma;l:Ji:; mo a? I a sa malJe 1(;0. mo? I nyiBau

mao

mOf}". 'Nhat

ne a tor a? etc.

:'{OU

going to build the house?

time will you leave?

' ~1hat

time did you come

?:'''~D.X,:{·'\',i

':~'~/('::";';'

.

,

:

EnnyiJ:)aIJ wundel ne a mo a? ':Nhat time is he g0ing?

,

many bo;rs are there in the school?

DriD madraSaU{ma ,nedi a? mSJJ nedi a?

HOYT

Wo. ma nedi a sor?

How many people have come? Rovl much salt is there?

, ", ~ -. !

95

maJJU; I girisho A

yo~

IDaQO w~4

kwedile

IDaijO

maui;

Dat.

Abl.

ma1J;

Loe.

:~9JJau.

a? teg?

I \'la mat] i ts g? I beshi IDauau a tai?

WamaJju (gidai) ns? Doli 'IDalJ ruz i non doinyou? 'H.ov'lmny clays have you been here? I Doli

I

IDaIJe

IJ~l~!l'J41J~

i

d~irrJ?

suluau

a tai D~inyi?

jl~ll~~~' :';': '.'"f:,,:~:... ""':::

.',. ':-";';:' :::,

._

Ho'i'[ long vdll you be away?

Eow often do you bO to Dilling? EO':l

much is it?

"

I'OUIJll gidai a she a?

Vlhy are you doing that?

OlUJU gic1ai mE. bu sall. e,

ku sudo

TIS
~;'/hat ~~~r

I

OU;)

s~c1a~ El.

I kido no I

OUij

OU1J

nyb;,1?

gic.1ai

a tV;eI1?

I oU!J'ltludai a kwa swir"','

I kido

~TOU

'Thy have

tak.e it

;';"OU

n~

IJada a she?

).)ao,?,..'ne: ",i wada no ','len? ' .• ,'•. , '.'

-.

- f ' . :.

brought

':Th~"

a1.. . e ;)rou staying thore?

·:r:J..~r

did you go away?

(hovl') may often be translated b:r

I lJada \:-[en a? ,. ~. '.. ' ••~' .\';',.; .:.:.. ,'. ,;,"".

hasn't·he come?

'.Ib.y did

gidai a eoiny dol?

~

:Ls the talk about over

why, what.

How do you do that? TNhat d:f.cl~rou say? EO'il

do

J"OU

Gay that?

t~lere?

'tj.·.~:· . ~

··,99.....

",,',

.\

..

x.

CH.AP~ER

POSTPOSITIONS.

~l:i};

L··.'·

~~

- W-I'f\.

,r:::c• .

The rimction of sh prenositions· is carried out in : .Nyamang by Postnosl.tl.ons, -, rhich follow the nouns they govern, The nouns so ~Qy~rned are i: n various Cases, as sho~n below: ••

I

I

..

~.

.

FOSTPOSITI01'IG GOVEP.lill'IG ONE CASE.

yr.:>' ~,

"

like, resembling.

(

mir \10, mosol vro, wil V~, faralJ yl5,

li.ke a fire liJ~e sesame '~ike locusts like a drum

i

m,

'~

·1

,

:"

Wit:,,h, accom:pa.ny~\·ng. Used vlith plural nouns, or with nouns a series (see under terre) •

in

"

.

driIJ pe, 'Via gZe', aIJi kie, ani ~e, ..

--

~ , .........

with with with with

the children the people us them

..

tege, wit,. -1, fccompa."'lying. Used "rith nouns in a series. also ttied in this sense.

Gie is

t

.J..

l

.•

,~.'~':1] JcC'~sh§l Itr=:ge,

",

\.

rt?,~ '., Ot ° G -eml.ve:·

191. e

dri:;} r,.ar [t~gee,,. , With the boys, girls •• 19i

,;.' '~~."•

,

..','

.

.-

ariQb dOij, on a bed

kitabu do~, on the 'book ·b:>IJu dOlJ, on the water "i I

.. J.

.~~ "

\

'

a mordu dO!J l.eag, I .rideon a .;horse . '. a mordu dO!). ka nasa,· ~have dJ.SInounted. from a horse .' (the original. posit;i.on 'of the rider is .. thought of) .' . '. . : ' ~

•

/If

Also note: buro IJal dOl), .on the edge of the road, at· the . side of. the road (IJal, mouth)~ 1 bOIJU' IJal dOl), at the water sedge,· . · .

'.

,:',

It

lOO'

~:riIJ6 dOl) tSIJer, on the bed };Jnegu 'do:g teIJ8r, on the hill

"

': '
..

tediJh under.

I

ariIJ6~t&diIJ , t&IJo tsdiIj,

I

under the bed under the calabash under the stone

mingrut~~

~,

behind., at the back of'. timilo arsIJ, welu at'sIJ, kwiru areIJ,

a1;&ij as a noun..

at the ba'ck of' the bebind the house behind the pot of'. on on on on

this this this this

side side side side'

of' of' of' of'

the the the the

well book hole hill

d&liO' de&rau, on the other side of, beyond. vlelu~delir,J,

Duro delilJ, It)oIju dearau, megu dearau,

"

on the on the beyond on the

other side 01 the house other side of the road the water other side of

~pendent Geni1iv~

I -~,

budau, bUdarau, behind.

I

gaIJon buda(u), behind the wall fa~aQon buda(u), behind the drum tomon buda(u), behind the tree kitabun bUdarau, behind the book welun budarau, behind the house

~Ol"

w~r:ay:,

at the top of, on top of. welun vrorau, on top of the house tomon vr.::>r;au, on :top of the tree kitabun w01;au, on top of the book

w~tIDh

in front of .. welun 1frorc:>U,

gilun~rou,

wanun \J\r.:r!::c:>u,

in front of the house 'in front of the dog

in front of the people

f'NJ~?'1f1f.f&:r~u, f.swara. mo;r:-garag, on this side of.

~{t~~f1I\~~i~"~elunf~araC~:~au

doinyi,

.tsiti~ra' desiriiii;; on the other side of• •..• : . . . .

• ...

.'.~r

welun

fa.oa.~a

S~eo~o;~;~ side of

f~ara

dearau doinyi, Stay on the other side of the 11ouse.

dc:>U, on a level with. galJon faJJara d<:>1}, on a level with the:W-~+:L)' ming.run faIJara d<:>IJ, on a level with the'.~.!st.9:n~>

.;."'..:\\{\~~.~/: }\\.'~-:.(!. . ~::i,;U-":':;'\.'.

:.: ';:·~
Abl:a.tivll

:'-.".:..

a m<:>rde

di~

tene,

I mount (on to) a horse

aCQ., inside. kwirau ato, kelau arc, .. 'b<:>1Jap: arc, ~.

."

.

inside the pot right in the ground completely in the water

,:~~r\;' ,:"i ~',\' ~'.~:/;'i."

;' 1 /

'.

'PRNING TWO .CASES L

k~~Vfa:

:.: i~}'f~:f':tt~::;:;~::~.~~;'<·f'~:.~:?~;:~·' (~'-'~~'~r;:: tt~::}:\~·:\~ ;'

giciAi'{witJi Nom.), like,

resembling~

mir gidai, like fire toma gidai, like wood Ha:bib gidai, like Habib wil gidai, like locusts

.1

I'

'",PN,,,,,,,,,1(1t

"'i' no a mirn gidai, that is for fiI'e (i. e .tomake:firey'y·::.,: no a wilu gidai, that is :eor locusts (i.e. to catch locusts) . Habibun .gidai, for the sake of Habib . woun gidai, for my sake .' ". .. .wC).!,lu gidai. she, Do it for the people .,....:;.:):.{,j,',~ . ;.·~. .~;~::. .
f"il:"~~'·"·'~"':r"f.~h~,.

j'"''~_''' "

·;;;f~,i~';W~::!.!",):;,:)i,~Af~i');'iH:}6;:t·

_

.

,

- - - _.. _..

. arin'1,::{~~i..~t;hVD·~p:~Gen.~, near. .' ,."

'

.

'

~

gu~n aran, near the hole beshun aran, 'near the village bODun aran, near the water tomon aran, near the tree

(with Lac.), beside. gumau aran, beside the hole

tomau aran, beside the tree al aran tagi, Stand beside me gilau aran, beside the dog

.e.ml (viith D ep • Gen. ), :far :from.

gilun sau, msgun sau, tomon sau,

:far from the dog far :from the hill far from the tree

(with Loc.), a short distance from, not gilau sau, wanau sau,

"i~Wki~'/tt;~t;',~~fomon sau,

ve~J

far from.

a short distance from the dog not ve~r far :from the people a short way from the tree

103

He worked

~

me

They ha e the crops fqr ,,~~e, ,.wek Wnrdu welu dnD leag,

bird ia aitting~:.tl
8ndu a1 MSm· tag,

Re stood beside me

Wnrdu tome dnJ.Ol mdi,

:::::::: :~l~ilrll'~~\

Miru

dQD.

bi,

Agi e. Habib tege, Tour tege, Kabar ~ kwel, Dri~

.welun budarsu nedi,

Idu tomon wnrnu ka tag,

";~;·:i~~~d;,~~~:~.:?;~<,;,,:

:';;~"b~id~;t~dp~ilY tomon aro ... :.... ,'.' '. . .~ .:

; ..

'-,"

.. -.,.:- ... ~.:-

_

~':\,:,~

'.

"'.

a yn~ wada nya te~er f'a Wn

+-.. ~ ".£ J~L"

~,

We are going Y.d.:!JlRabib,:'Tour, and Kabal"

The children are behi~ the hOUse You stood in

f'r~nt

of the tree

On §ccount of this In heaven above

N.B';:i':Arilj'e.,;[d~J":lJ;,\tti;g ·':t./i'\'i:'~:::;~;:'J':,'.,;\<: :',,;,:,:,i .

,

:t

I sat down under the tree I

trust in Jrou

(lit. I have VI~~~}Ore you)

. ~~o ~ ~~~.~.~~.

----- ----------------------

.

~

EXERCISES. (on Chap .. X).

I

E:~~:~aeg:~u aran d"inyi. (2) endu vmu ne a? endu~~~t\;;;';L;;: budarau ne. Nyuf'a wun ne a1 AriIJO dnIJ (3)

(4)

(6)

(9) B. (1) (3)

(6) (9)

dninyt~f);'>.':,Y:';.

Vloun gidai she. (5) Mingrun f'aIJara dnIJ.<'" Bo~au ar o • (7) Teijo tediIJ. (8) Wanun wnrnu. W£gu are~. (10) Welu neli~.

.:,.' . . .'

On the other side of' the house. (2) Like locusts. With the people. (4) On the water. (5) Above the water Stand beside me. (7) In heaven above. (8) For his sake Near the village. (10) On top of' the house.

./

I

VERBS.

,

)

EY.A.MA.NG

VERB SYSTEM.'

"i,:"P/U";":;"'~~ ,', . ";'llY~ang/ilVerbs:are complicated, aoo\i1ItUdy of' in its earliest stages. The present OQ'~.:maY b.e' a pre'liminary survey. . . . "':'\11\')\".,.:".;,/,/;, ,,"

General ReJ.Oa.rk.§.: (I) , Singular, Dual, and Plural Number is

No distinction is made for Person. a tarn,

I am eating He is eating tamin, You (two) are eating .tamid~, We (many) are eating tamidi,You (manJ') are eating tamidi,They (many) are eating

en a tam, nyi aIJi nyi ani

a

a a a

\~r~I~~~I;II{r~;s~;;e~:;~;::~~:i;:~~~~~t: (3)

With 'intransitive verbs, the suffixes for number refer to the .§.u.12ieet of the verb: ker a fideIJ, ker a fideIJen, ker a. fideIJidi,

1 I

inf1,exion';.

The woman is absent The (two) women are absent The women are ab8ent

With transitive verbs, the suffixes for number

obj~of'the verb: (see also p.19) a wad!3JJ a

wen,

a Wt=lrilr:l wenden, a w~a wendi,

'".

can see the man I can see the (two) people lean see the people

I

Slight exceptions to -the above will be noted later.

;l-i'"

J.05 MOODS:,AJ[jj TENSES.;'

Preseni:'

'indib~i~'s (according

to the particle employed)-

Ca} continuous present'action (particles ~ and ka) or §tate en a twil, he is drinking i aIJido a she a? VJhat are you doing? ka turu, She is weeping ka sha... He says ••• i kitabo a wen? Can you see the book? wadu kworoIJ a swaidi, The people are hoeing the crops nyi!J aTJ a wola, The sun is ris ing a YOIJ{~a wishi t I greet you! (b)

habitual qC~S .and-indefilLlt~stateme~t~ (no particle) tA4A4 1l£,'&ar, He '~'" ~u~~dia likes'Ime

•

wadu kido tibildi, People dance wadu kworoI) swaidi" People hoe the cflops a ~vedile war, I want salt ~riIJ amio lidi, Children eat honey , fWllShi ka~1J, degi, The s,mith forges. h~es ~ !"!f-' ...IItut.4 KId"", '1t.'( , ~ b'J ~t (c) £Qmpleted gction (Patfect) (particle~)

ttr:

i keru ka tia? ei, a ka. tia ka a tai a ka fedi endu ka lua en a doso lea she (d) future t.ime

,

Have you slept well? Yes, I have slept (well) He has gone I have found it He has died She has made food

(generally with ko., separated from the verb)

i iro non doiny? Are you staying here to-morrow? endu ka iro tor? ~ill he come to-morrow? aIJi bUdarau swaidi, '/Te shall hoe (the crops) later Pqat: (often with

!~)

endu bOIJ ka t~ilun, He dran..lc vrater end r aJJ ka til~, He called me ~riDdu meo madrasau The children went to scDhol yesterday ka telan, fjane to ron"\" ':lh,o c2.me? ade nyi kweren toildun, I saw you all a YOIJ ka tande~on, I told you

106

In temporal sentences, this tense may express a Pluperfect: en aka tt)lun aniIJe anui'or miri kwodarau, He had seen him before his friend came. Imperative:

positive comwands Kadai! Kin tore! Hin a sore! A kildi! LalaIJ she! Miro tusl1e

Go away! Come here! (spes$ing to one person) Come here! (speaking to man~l) Listen! (speaki~~ to many) Do it quickly! Light the fire nege.tive com,'11aros -

Fa ando doinyar Fa bOIJ lear Fa k\~ono kltrar --A:fa taiIJidar! Fa I)J.lar! Fa nyonar!

Do not stay here Do not driruc the water Do not cut up the meat Don't be afraid! (specl~ing to many) Don't laugh! Don't tclce it away

Dependent Presen~; The term 'Dependent' is here used to indicate the tense employed in temporal clauses (introduced by 'When', 'after' etc.) and conditional clauses (introduced b~r 'if'). Q~sen~_9l~__;0J-tUl:$l__t.;j,._mg

(Present tense+-e, -0):

en a kelo no nyige, at]tne busau keru ka to. If I hoe this ground, my brother will be pleased Q..E\st tiEle

(Past tensei--o): en a, meo dil ka tano, a kl'lOnO ka talun If I had gone there yestero.ay, I should have eaten meat

__..£1d=. : Eebitu2' ~

a \;oun lcelo lJOl]olio :!.1~riLEro, ::L ",.l·:Ja~rs hoe a k':'lono lE\'Jero i I al'.'iays cook the mee.t'

E1~T

field

107 . ~.n action ab?1J.t to talce plac~ (ve::"b. stem +-ali, -3.13. - frOTll 13., to a place;. Used W3.tn vel-'bs of motion; a doso tamili kwa, I am just goin6 to eat ITv food a doso Ram±~ sali kwa, I Q~ EoinS to Dake food

Immed;iate pu:t,1J£Q:

lr!IDledill~_ls.&1:

a:::1 2.ct~on t}1at J.'laf'. just tak.. en ]lac e, (verb stem +-e.l~:m,-::Llou from lou, fr'oD a ~)l2.ce) •

U.

'"'

I:~.ceo

t:::T.ilou :;:-"ru :I

8..

l:e10

1'12/'ig~1DU

k:lU.

,

!

::J.2,.V8 c.,;.! 'i";""I-~Co·!.... v e~~teIl •T....·cJ 1. :'lL~'te jtlS~0 ~'weG t"0 ......

l~T

..

~

fo'od field

Ea§f.l!1fe7~

~sent

(-ei, -ai) kwcm ka levlei,

ka a fedai, ka n;yigei,

the meat is cooked it is found it is weed.ed

pqs:t. (-eiun, -aiun) kwon ka lSi'leiun, kel ka n~rigeiun, ka a fedaiun,

.Q..ons .fl£.1J.:.tive:

the meat has been cocked the gX'ound }J.c.z 'been y,reec.f';c. it has been found, it was found

used in final c12.t~ses aftel" a ve:r.'b of motion. -ag is suffixed to the present anc ~ast tenses of ~ne Indicative. If they have a final vowel, this is dropped. fc;di (find) fedun (found)

fec1ag fed.ul1ag

kadai e te fedag Go and find it endu 1<0. tan e ka :fedune.g Tie 'ilent and found :!..t El.Deau ka telai vTOroIJo dij i ko. shidag 7he~r go out tto do their Vlork in the crops The verb of' motion need not necessaril~" appear: idu bar beshi worshag

('-'0 6 and) drive the flome

"lro'" .J:.. -~

COVIS

108

f..articiples: There is no present-J2,atlicip4..e., pnglish participial clauses being expressed by the past tense: e.g.

a wadar,} nyadu ka tolun, endu dOll demun I saw a n~ breaking a stick (lit. I saw a man, he broke a stick) a wadaIJ ka fe:dun, endu t8rg8nyo:> deun u_ .... man hitting the dorrJ:ey I found t'~ C>

a wigeD ke. fedun, endu fine a tWJau I found the child sleeping The J29-&t pa,rticil?l~. has the same form as the present tense (sing.). It is declined, as it is an adjective.

Cf.

kwon a leu 11-e , dos&:> a tam ne, b&:>IJ - a li ne, moroIJ a nyon ne,

the the the the

Q;O:>u a dem ne,

the stick is l)roken -the stick has been broken (oy someone)

do:>u a demei,

meat is cooked food is eaten water is drunk awa:r ) millet is gone (taken ,

i do:>u a demo k:a VIen? - Do ;you see the broken stick?

This takes the suffix -(i)da, e.g.

n:,,rigida, vreediIl8 eating t~rnida, doir..g shida, k.;.wa~a.a, ." going coming kwoda, cutting kirda,

t'rom

nyig, vJeed tarn, eat she, do go k~Na, come ki:vl...1, kire, cut

dcsu shida I'm karu di -ri ne, Cookill":'; food is ',,'omen Ts tlOrk beshu kv'iOda ki "ke-ru a~e, Coming hOIne is ple2,san t tome kirda wa kashtlu diji ne, Fellins trees is menTs work

"

'

,.-.

(;;~ o/r~fj4:.4-td;
';';NiJ

.~~kA.

~,I!it,'

!: rJ;.

. -

q

,

.~ . u--~? . ... '

~ \

*'

...

i,: ff.,,,,,It-r. 4MJ-w . .;;.". fr~-'

~ ~t? 4,_

.. ...

'It- ~~f.

..

.

..

SU-~ ? .... ~iJ{~) Aa?

SOu.a ')1£ .

.

»'rh (~)~, . ,

;

..

,

,

'

109 MOOD AND TENSE-~~G P4RTICLE~.!..

The examples 'in the previous section give some idea of' the particles used with each mood and tense. It is now proposed to amplify'these and to consider each particle in detail. It should be noted at the outset that their use does not alwa~rs correspond vd th English tense usages. One particle may be translated'by two or more English tenses, accordi~€ to the context in which it-is used. To translate a single English tense Uyamang may employ a number of particles.

(1)

As

e. m..a;rk._..Qf the Continuous Present (some speaker$ Use a.tJid~

i

Cf. i

aQid~

sa

she a? she a?

Vfl1at are you doing? Vlhat are you going to do?

ne.

(It is) good; all right

ketuf~

~

-

a 1lQ. sha ••• a ".Qa tawena •••

I

en

Re can see me

5:1 wen

a.J\j

sa

en

Are you coming?

tor?

~

say •••

Do you understand?

i £1 kil? i

'Qg,)

Doe s he kno.. .; ?

mai?

The moon is shining a~i

aba

s .a

shilon beshi kwel

We are going to the chief's house

my father is in the crops

kwau ne

The water is hot (now)

b()IJ £1 kabar ne ani tan;;rari

~

s shidi

The~r

are performing a ceremony ~t!\d,

Vmen a direct object is present, the particle is placed~in frofft of the verb; in other cases, after the SUbject. This mo~ be seen from the above examples. ':men a compound verb (:formed vrith a noun +s1'1e, to do) is present, a often appears twice - after the SUbject, and before the auxiliary: kw~r

a kegen

-.1i,_,("

~

she

The hen is clucking

110

,rnen the sUbject is included in the verb, immediately in front of the verb: b~JJ

s

kabar nE; f

ei, kabar For the use of

s

s

. ..." .w. 1t..~6r ~.

is placed

Is the water hot?

ne

wit.h

s

Yes, it is hot ~;1 see

J

below •

(2) In the Dual and Plural of the Imperative.

kili! a kilinit a kildi! .

(3)

Listenl Listen! Listenl

(addressing one person) (addressing two people) (addressing n~y people)

wel 2$ toidi wel. a toideni wE;l a toididi

Shut the door Shut the two doors Shut the doors (many)

a fa lewarl a fa 1uderen!

Don't cook it! (to many people) Don't sow them! (to two people)

To give additional forse to an

Imperativ~

Here it; follows the verb. Kadai a!

Go

Te a!

Tak e ~"t away.r

THE PARTICLE

avray!

KA~

This is an emphatic and descriptive particle with IDaIlJT shade~' of meaning. It can be used with all moods and tenses except the Imperative and Negative Imperative.

Con-tin-g.ons present._qction, a[.!.d...1?tat6..!. Its use in this sense is sometimes difficult to distir16uish from ..that of 9., and in many instances English would give the seme renderil~ for both. Compare the following: I greet :rou 1

III endUb;;>IJ{.~

.

Re is drinking water

.tWil

&1 :"

~.

en amai':.>

He knows'

~

ROVlever ka is more de:finite and has more :force. C:f. i a kil? ei, a kil

Do you understand? Oh yes, I understand

i ~ kil?

ei, a

~

Do you understand?(i.e. are you sure you do?) Yes, I Q..Q.

kil

i kide:> no £1 wen?

ei, a wen

Do you see that? Yes, I see it

i kid;;> ro ka wen? Can you see that? ei, a ~ wen Yes, I can kwedile genU? bwer, B! :fideIj

Is there any salt? (lit. Is there VEesent •• ?) No there isn't (lit. it is absent)

i ~ war?

Do you want it? Yes, I do

ei, a

~

kwudumul a g

war ~

turu

tai

endu :furo

The cock is crovdng I

~

am going

ny;;>n She is carI"Jing a basket

The emphatic demonstrative particle -de may be attached to wa n;;> :fidenidi?

Are those 'people absent?

.£l,de :fideIJ idi

They are absent

kade g\'iesheag ......-

They are :fighting

"

~

ta:

is used in narrative to emphasise an habitual act:

e.g.

Irno kwe:>run tUle kerdu ~ m;) e mire:> ~ tushe e kwir ka bou e be:>IJ ka badig In the morning, at cockcrovl, the housewife gets up, lights the :fire, puts the pot on, and :fills it with water. .

.. ' .;

112 ... CQmpJ::ei;,'ed action (Perfect):

see examples on p.105.

Additio~l' sentences:-

a lea t::>r

I

have come

a keru

I

am C= have become) better

i ~

~

kal't~ta

t::>ile?

lIave you seen it?

is sometimes used alternatively~ occasionally no particle is employed: Have you slept well?· i keru ~ tia? ei, a tia a ~ tia

Yes, I have He

In the 3rd Person

e.g.

~~

end

has come

~ ma~T

be used together:

ka s t::>r

He has come (or en· g

~s

s~r

They have come (or en

£\$1

tai

He has gone

s

J&Q,.s telai

The~T

(or en

t::>r) ~

s::>r)

~

ta;)

s

s

have gone (or en ka telai)

s This form is preferred in answer to a question. question itself s may precede ka: Cf.

'i ka tai? ei-,-a !ill tai en (a) ka tai;'

ei, ka ••to.i

en kviQ.u S lea

ei, ke. en no

m~?

$1 mo

§.

ka bi?

In the

Are you go ine? Yes, I am going Is he goi:gg? (or Eas he gone?) Yes, he has gone is goigg

Eas he come from tne crops? Yes, he has come Has he put this (thing) dov.n? (i .. e. left it here) Yes, he has left it

113 ~ with the Present maJT often be translated by the English Po.st 1 as it is used in preference to the Past tense ( in -on, -un, etc.) in conv~rsation:

shiladu

~

feadi

The chief tharuced him

a yo::f.a toile

I

aiji kw?ro nyala ka ni

We killed one foul

a

I called the women

V'~

~aro

ka tilidi

saVI you yesterday

The Past tenses of the above are:

,

shiladu ka feadun a yo~a tolun, o.lJi l~~ro nyala ka nin a waD karoka tilidon To express the futur~, ka is separated from the present tense of the verb by its obj ect or by o.n an adverb: a ka. i arji

1"0

kvrouo ta1'f\.

ka budarau

SOl"

I shall eat meat to-norrow ne shall come later

If an adverb such as iro (to-morrovf) is present, ka is frequently omitted: \'la

kar iro ku-Ct'lm ludu -The women vrill ple.nt maize to-morrow

This construction of ka may also indicate 'begin to' (Inceptive): a ka kvrono te.l

.-

begin to eat I;.:eat

I

lea emphasizes the nor.mal ;ast

endu :eeo

f.~

te~o.se.

lue.n ):)'l.:'.. :co

rOG.d

-

called us

:-,p

ads :me,;'Un kG. tolun

I

endu doso ka .sheon

She

sa~'!

the mek

made food

114 ~ with the past tense in a temporal sentence ma~r often be translated by an English pluperfect - see exroDple on p.l06.

Immediate future: (separated from v,:;rb of motion) ~

a

tamili

I am E,"oing to have

kVla

my food

Habitual: (:;.~xamples of otller tenses on pp .106-7)

~ is placed ,e.t the bec;il11'li:.'lS 0:.' :.':inal clauses c:.el'Jenc1ent on v8r~Js

than +1"'·ose of ma""lcY> v . verb is in the 1st Person. O -'c"her" .LJ:.

a war.

.1.

~

M

\.)-

"-....

"-.1.."1-v

-;", _\-.

kwono tal

i=lcC>c"oc~ ...... I......... '0"

" .... .;.;.......

Cl

I want to

... !!.

':'~'a1: +~'O ''''r l Ii1P,··'Y ..J~-_C ~ ........ ~.....:._ . \;1_1.\",.. __

eat meat

a war i Qkworu:> tal

I want you to eat meat

kerdu g~mra ka tigile en ~ kadi IJardsn

The housewife cleans the scoop so that she may scrape out tlle porridge

endu bo~ anasheli ka teg en 1
She gives v;e.ter to her husband in oruer that he may clean his :-ilOtl..t}-~ It

If the vrish, ete •. is unfulfilled, the Dej,-::endent tense is used: a meo ka vrarowo e ka kvvono taluno, I vranted yesterday to eat _. meat (but did not) :In this sense ka is a eon.;'L~:''le·~ion Subordinate Clauses, ~'";:p.

see 2.lso ConjuD.ctioIlS and

115 Tlill lJEGATIV:S

FA •.

This precedes the verb: a mai,

I

know

a

I

have

V1o),

do not know

I

a fa wo,

I .have not·

e~ kil, jIe understands-endu fa kil, He does not understand ~ In the ,~217-~~~ent it. :t'eJ?l~.c~s the particles g and g before tne ver~. Compare tne 'bilo~~ng wltn the sentences on p.109 f'f. H.E. fa-inC:. fan.

i

kil?

~

Dontt.you

u~derstand?

i fa tor?

Arentt you coning?

en fis mai?

:Joesntt he know?

kwur a woridu fan

The moon is not shining

aiji a shilon oeslli i£ kwel -

~,

~e

are not house

aba e. kvrau fan

"'< #'-·"u'

borJ

The vJater

f

l:.abar fg,n

L·'H'

fD~tl1er·

gOil1g

is not ~~ c~U

i!l

to the chiefts

the crops

nolt llOt

The hen is not clucking ~;i1:en

the subj ect is includedJin the ve:r'b,

s

is retained:

It is not good hOIj

a kabar ne?

Is the water hot? It is not hot

ani tanyari fa shidi

They are not

per~orming

a ceremony

Ee is not drinking v:ater

116

ewer, a .tA kil

i ig, kil?

Don't you understand? No, ): don't unders-tand

i kido no

fa wen? bwer, a fa WEn

Don't you see that? No, I don't see it

i fg. vlar?

Don't you want it? I don't want it

a , f§. war

The cock. :Ls not crovring a fg tai

I am not going

endu furo fa n;;on

She is not carr:,"ing a basket·

The particle -de may be attached to .is: tAde gwesheag Completed

They are not fighting

~9ti~(Perf'ect):

a fik fedi

I

en a o.oso g i

she

lw.ven't~founc1

She has not made food .,..,.

fa toile?

it

.c:.aven

,....

L".

;you seen it?

In the 3rd Person, ~ replaces ~ only:in the negative of' sentences vihich use ka and ~ togetl1er. (p.112)

ill. a tor

Ee 11a8n' t come

fa a

':C:l1.e;; have not come (or En iQ

SOl'

~

a tai

He has not gone

f~

a telai

They he.ve

en a f9. tai? byrer, fe. a tai en

kVI8.U

a

b','ler, g a

If"

g mo? lJ.l0

(or en ;ha tor)

(or

got~Qne

en~

(0:;:'

en

SOl')

tai)

~

tslai)

t he gone? No, he hasn't

~Iasn'

Er.an't he come from the cro:)s? ITo, he 'hasn't

117

In the Future., ka is omitted in the negative.

a iro bvano fu tam aJji

budarau fa SOl'

Cf. with p.113:

shall not s.;at meat to-morrow

I

We shall not come later

In the Negative Imp:e.~gtiY.§., ~ b : g m precedes an obj ect, adverb, etc. In the Dual and Plural it is preceded by ~. fa bOTJ lear

Do not drink the water

fG

Do not tell him

ano~

wada wendeg

Do not stay here Do not cook the meat nay; a fg kvrelt

Examples o't

~

Don't go!

with other tenses:

a yOJJ'fa tandewon

I

ar.""ledu ff1 telan

They d5.d not go

kwon fG lev'rei

The meat is not cooked

didn't tell you $'

It has not been found Q.ou a dem fin

/

The stick is not broken

118 CLASSIFICATIon ._ OF_'LI[!gBS....!.

Verbs may:be divided into ..~e groups, according to the suffix of the Past tense.

ki1 nyonj de fedi tvril nyig toidi

(hear) (take away) (strike) (find) (drink..) . (weed) (shut)

leu nasa fe sal) tile J;1al te

(cook) (climb C!.ovm) (divide) (look for) (call) (yawn) (open)

nason feon saJjon tilon IJalon teO!1

1u

Iua ti

(die) (sow) (hold)

lun

in -ou:

mai war Dil ne wo dr ire· taiIJ doiny

(know) maiou warou (want) (laugh) IJilou nou (be) (have) VIOU (not to 'I.'lant) flrou irou (pull) (fear) taiIJou doinyou (stay)

in -au:

ereIJ fidEl) main

(be present) eraIJau (be absent) fidEIJaU (know how to;) maina.u

in -un:

in -on:

in "'n:

.,------.,

kilun n;)ronun de-un

fedun tVlilun nyigun toidun lev~"On

luan tin

119 Included in e~ch group are a few verbs possessing various' Singular and Plural formed from different" stems, Past and other tenses formed from different stems, phonetic change. 'Some have been given in the above list. These irregular verbs will be dealt \Vith under the group to which thElY belong. ' irregularitie::b"e~g.

Examples of irregularities: P~esosingo

doiny . Past. sing. do inyou

pIur. plur.

tuag tuou

tarn (eat)

Pres.sing. tam Past. sing. talun

plur. plur.

tamidi taldun

badig (put in)

Pres.sing. badig Past. sing. badewon

plur. pIur.

badidig badidewon

d~iny

(stay):

(In several verbs final -g changes to -w-in the Past.)

120

;,,,\

"

nyig, to we ed .,

, ,

\

SUbject:

'ti

.. ~J 1 )

t

s.

PHESElJT:

t

c:" P.

,Plur. nyigin

fyig ,

f

,

t

nyigidi

t

nyig

t t

Dual.

qing.

f

nyigidin

f

nyigidun

f

s.

PAST:

&

P.

Dual.

n;)rigYn

nyigynun

nyigyn

nyi81J:l1un

n;;rigidumm

.

'.','

IMPERATIVE: SiigX : "

Dual.' Plur. NEGA'l'IVE

Sing.

t t f

t

t

~

nyigini

il nyigi

§.

,.9. nyigidi

, ;f§.

g ~ nyig~

Dual. r

nyigidini

Q nyigi:d::i:.

t

t

DJiPli;Hil.TIV3 :

Plur.

nyig!

t

.9.

fa

nyig~ r .9. f~

g fi\ nyig?re:q

g :lll nyigar

r

nyigida~

nyigideren

a fik nyigida:t:

r DEPElID}~:tJ'l' P?C:~SEl'JT: r t

DEPEIIDENT PAST:

As Pre sent -+e

(nyigidi ~ nyigide)

t

t

J

t

t

As Past +-~ r

r r r

t

lvlBITUAL:

S~&

P.

t

nyiggQ,

Dual.

;;

r

nyigidero

t

f

nyigeroin

t

n;yigideroin

121

Object.

t

Subject:

IMMEDIATE FUTURE:

• f

Sing. r Dual. As Present +-ali (nyig also -+ nyigili) r nyigidi ......nyigidali '

IIvllJJEDIATE PAST:

(nyigidi ~ nyigidalou)

As PResent +-al:>u r

,

PASSIVE PRESENT:

S. & P. '

PASSIVE PAST:

f

nyigei.

'n;yigein

nyigei

nyigein

f

Dual. S. &

Dual.

J

,

, P.', , , f

f

nyigidei· .

f

nyigidein

nyigeiun

nyigeinun

f

nyigeiun

nyigeinun

. f

As Present , +-ag

f

r

nyigideinu.n

, f

As Past +.. . ag

f

nyigid§..iun

(nyigidi-tnyigidag)

1

CONSECUTIVE PAST:

, t

PRESENT:

CONSECUTIVE

Plur.

f

~------------~--------------~-----------------_.

PAST PARTICIPLE:

nyig

V:8RJ3AL lJOU1iJ:

nyigi..d.a

(i.e. as Present)

----_._----------------.--_._-Vovrel Stem: Object.

Sybj,ect:

Dugl.

Sing" PF~0ElJT:

S

(~

P

de

I:,lu±:A,

deig

dedi

dein

dedin

f

PAST:

Dual.

de

S & P

deu!!

de!d!!1Y1

Dual.

de1ill

de~

1

r

1

dedun dedunun

Subj ect.

Obj ect....

§ing..

"'·Y,.

IMPERATIVE: Sing. ,'

ILJP:2~RATIV}I::

.a ', .a

de:ini

Plur.

de!

Sing.'

Plur.

deini

a

dedi

~ de~ ~ de:~

r~ r

fa dsSll:

Dual.

a

~

deI!!!

r

: s I

, As Present+-o ,.

fid~n

sa.:.t:a de:dc;r

(the i is dropped) t

t

, , ,

As Past+-o ,

t

P

f I I

t t

DEPENDENT PAST:

~ de:d~r

'a

r

DEPENDIDfr PRESENT:'

S&

oS

I

Dual.

1LW1W.AL:.

r

Plur.

de:~ni

I

Dual. '

\

NEGATIVE

Dual.

,

de!

122

I

t

de~

deroin

t·

de!:Q:.

de roin

deg,ero

t

I

11ThmDIATE FUTURE: IIillilEDIATE

I

PAST: t

PASSIVE

S

P.

I._i~

deal

P

PR8S:E:l~"T ;

:Jual.

,

degi,

f

PASSIVE PAST:

S 8: P

dea-iun

Dual.

deaiul1

CONS3CUTIVE PRZSE}JT: CONS:;;CUTIVZ

As

Present~-ag t

As Past ,

PAST:

L

~

PAST PARTICIPLE;

de

vs.1.131U.. N(; tJ N

dtdl)...

-

+-ag ~

(Final i dropped)

,r

L

_

L23 FORMATION OF MOODS lllill TEfI§;8S. From the foregoing paradigms it will be seen that all moods and tenses, except the Dependent Past, are built uJ?()n the Present Singular. Verbs which are formed from different stems are . exception~. Irregularities in other verbs will be noted as they occur. In regular verbs, if the Present, singUlar is knovm, any Person in any mood or tense may be ascertained. DiffiCUlty is crea.ted, kPmumpin some tenses b~r alternative terminations, the rules for which he,ve not ;)ret been fUll~~ V!o::'ked out. The HIP3l!\.TIVE rulEB ma;y be stated:

ma~r

(;:1.0. in -i or -e.

The following general

CA) Verbs whose Present tense ends in a diphthong, -8, -0,

-0,

-g,

-~

take -e.

(b) Other verbs take

l.

Exceptions will be notec: ""u::..c.c::.' sa Cl::" ConjL1.gC,tion.

The

D=?~~~J)I~I;T l;;1~S~~~I~TE ~:1f::"

·,,'~-1~ose El::'tli'fix -8.

V '2:-'"'1::s I

Tl~e

I

J

~.: 0 :~[Co"J. lJ~

r'e::_1ai:':c~e:'

P':lGS8rlt Eing& enc.s

D3P:i:~1'L:J:~~I'::T

:Pl1.ST

G:lG.

al'vV'a:ls i1':.

-0

and -ero

es?8ctivel;y' . D.TlC: IT.Tl.::D:C..;~~~'Z

P.;\8SI113 e:n.c~s. in -e

~:-:.e

Ei~:Z;.

?l1C

1::;:~~-~;3~:~I,~~r

sl::f:f:'~(

F.i1.SSI73 PAST is

to t'l:e ?e.ssive

?_itS~

in -ili and -ilou

el'ld.

S0111e 'Jer:)s tcl;:.e -·ali and -alou.

cases.

rla:. cnd iYl -·ei or· r

-ale

\l'el"lDS vIll.ose Pl'esent

-·a:!-.

:fO!'l";'18Q.

iD. e,11 Conjugations

b~r

(?,ddi:ng -un

}'J:·CS821.t.

r.:ost verbs e:ndinz.; in a '/o"'::el,-l,

S'-).ffix of the VZ1\il:1L

:::()::~}:·T.

.,:r~,

-:r,

-!l~P

(.;.::'0:;; "~>e ,;, 0:': -:::';.:'8

124 The remaining tenses are formed as shown in the paradigm. VERBS 11-T _-UN• Sine e the mode of formation of' the various tenses has been explained, the siD6~lar and plural of the Present, Past, . and Imperative only vvill be given. Irregular verbs vlill be. given as fully as nee8ssa~J.

( S'I'\ Pregent , bite

f

("~g

\

bwidun b..-Jididun

D'v'ddi a bvddidi

ti'V,;un ti"vudun

ti\ve a tiwede

T

t

tiwo tiwodo

r

shibu shibudu

\. cover fashion,. make

(p. )

(p- )

bwidi b'wididi

t

Impe:t:?tivSi (s.)

~ (s. )

ep. )

r

kwoidi kii'lOididi

t

feed from mother (animals)

r

fill

t

f·

t f

r r

, t

shibun Shibuc.un

f

t t

kwoidun kVloidic1un

I I

shibi a shibidi kwoidi a kVIOididi tose a toside

tosu tosuclo

tosun tosudun

anytJ.ai anyu.aidi

an;yuaiun anyllaidun

find

fedi f'edidi

:fedun f'edidun

forget

VTO"·~ r:'<:> ., t.6""

i aidi w;:rrg

worgaiun 1··0".,.r,.~ t,. oC'" irun ....... .1._ ~i

W'o(;gaie a vr.J!'gaide

to!;] t01Jidi

t;:>:!jun tOlJuc1un

''-;:>r.d· Lt "" a tOlJidi

tur t . . . . rdi

tt.... . :rwu.n t.urdu:rl

turi et turdi

1uger 1ugercii

iug,erun tuderdun

iugeri a 1ugerdi

roast

t\'lOj i tvroj idi

twojun. twojidun

tVloje a tVIOj ide

~.t1W.J

it:t~

/.~ . "', .. -.~~ .

f

f.

r

mar!:;, receive refuse t

fJA-

~~$'I~

Llq

i:;

'.'~

~AJJ~

an;yuai a a~ruaidi

J;?J:lCGUL~R Vl~li.BS:

tarn, "GO

e~h

T'nis verb has tYro stems, tam- and tal-.

a Future tense.

SUbjeCk:

It llE'.s also developed

Ob,:.ie.ct. I

Sing!..

I

Qv-al.

I

P:::;:SS~!j:rT :

FUT"lJlill:

Elur.

S & P

tarn

tamin

tamidi

Dual.

tarn

tamin

tamidin

&P

te.l

talin

taldi

Dual.

te.l

talin

taldin

S

SUbject:

, f'

Sing.

r

Ob;j ect.

r

Dual.

f

PAST: .

S & P

talun

Dual.

talun

f

126

PluI:, - taldun

taIunun talunun

taldu.nt1b.L

taleni

taldi

a taleni

a taldeni

f

IMPERATIVE: Sing. o

Dual.

tali

,, I

PIuI'. '

t

a taleni r

a taIi

DEPENDENT PRESENT:' DEPENDENT

.

fa tam&n

fa tamidar

'a fa-tamen f·

r

a fa tamidar

tamo, &c. , f

tale, &c. f f

talun~,

&c.

I

f

f

I

FJ..ABITUAL:

a fa tameI'en

f

f

f

a taldi

a fa tamar ,'a fa tame1"en

t

DEPEIIDEIlT PAST:

,

t

FUTURE: ,'

a taldi")

,~\

NEGATIVE Sing.' fa tama~ IMPERATIVE: Dual. ,la fa tamen

PluI'.'

at:x::bddOc

tamero,

,

c:c.' f

I

t

Il,lEEDIAT3 FUTURE;:!\

ta.mili, &c.

, f

tamulou, &c!

,t PASSIVE

PP~SENT:

taIei, &c.

f

· (), f eJ.un, c~c. ,

PASSIVE PAS1':

t aI

CO£JSECUTIV~ F:.1ESEl\j'T:

talag, &c. ' f

COlfSECUr.rIVE PJI.ST:

'

talawon, &c. (fulfilled); talavrono (unililfilled)

~-------------~--------------~--------------------

PAST PARTICIPLE:

tam

VERB.AL NODI\)":

tam.ida

127 twil, to drink. t.. ",J..

1i-"le-~

This verb . also possesses two stems:- twi1- and .

\

~. :

SUbject:

S & P

PRESENT:

Dual.

, , , , 1

Sing.

Dual.

f

twil

•

"r

Flut•.

f

,

twilin

twildi

I.

twilin

twildin

"

,

~

~ tvlilun

twilunun

twilun

twilunun

twildunun

tvdli

twileni

tvlildi

Dual. ,'

a twileni

a twileni

a

Plur. '

a t'llili

Cl.

Sing. '

fa lear

fa lien

Dual. '

a fa lien

P1ur.

a fa lear

t

S &P

PAST:

, f

twil

t

Object.

f

r r

Dual. IMPEP..ATIEE: Sing. '

•

twildun

tWi~eni

a twildi

twildi

, NEGATIVE HJIPERATIVE

t.

I

I

t

,

fa ledar

a fa lien a fa ledar

f

r t

DEPE}IDENT PRESE1IT:'

t""dle~

&c.

t

t

tvriluno, &c

DEPEliDENT PAST;

, I

S & P

Dual.

I

r

,

11IlJiSDIAT:'~

FUTURE:

'

lien

li li

r

leo.1i, &c. t t

PAST:

lealou, &c!,

P=-\~Sl~};JT:

tvrilei, &c!,

Il:]t=-~DIATE

P1\SSIV3

PASSIVE PAST:

,
twileiun, &c. ,

lien

t t

lid!

lidin

"

SUbject:

Object. Dual,

Sing, t

f

CONSECUTIVE PRESENT: r

twi1ag, r tU1ag &c • '

t

, r

t

CONSECUTIVE PAST;

128

Plur!

J

L

PAST PARTICIPLE:

twilum, &c.

r l

, 1

1i

_

1eda

VERBAL NOU1r:

---------_.------------t~ile,

.to

~ook §ct~

Some of the tenses of this verb are supplied b Jr wen, to see. SUbj. PRESENT:

S & P

r

r t t

Dual.

Sipg.Q1lli,.

p-U:.gl Obj .,

r r

PluI'.0.lllt.

t.,i1e

t.,ilen

r

t.,ilde

t.,ile

t.,ilen

toilde:n

tal ( un,'i

tolunun

toldu(n)

tol(un)

tolunun

toldunuJi

t.,ilt

toileni

toilde

a t.,ileni

a toileni

a toildeni

a t.,ill!:

a toildt

a toildt fa wendar

r

PAST:

S & P Dual.

ILPERJ~IVE:

f

Sing. Dual.

f

Plur.

,

r.

ITEGA'J.'IVE

Sing.'

fa vle:ndar ;

f

fa v;enden

Dual.

a fa vve:nden

I

a fa wenden

a fa wendar

I

a fa i'lenden

HIPJ:!;RATIVE: r

r

a fa

t·

Plur.

DEP~~lJDENT

PAST:

... !

t

a fa vfendar

toile, &c.

t

toluno, &c.

t

,r

Subj. HABlTU~:

S & P

,

129

§..O.

D.O.

wen

t

Bt.-at.

t

wen

t

,

weno.en

t

wenden

vrendi T t

weno.in

t

t

t

D'IMEDIATE FUTURE:

vrendili, &c.

f f

t

IMl\!'"'JEDIATE PAST:

w~ndil~u,

8::cr

t

I

f

PASSIVE PRESE:N""T :

t t

T f

T

PASSIVE PAST: t t

CONSECUTIVE PRESENT:

t~ ilag ,

&c.

t

t

CONSECUr:PIVE PAST:

tolunag, &c.

1

~---------------~---------------~----------------PAST PARTICIPLE::

weno.a

._---------._-------------------------,----------s}101i len/i: j id~ en

bring twen svreren

J:QmQYJ?

(D) ... J

hee.d: kil k:l.lc1i

I:~

( s) (p)

kilun kilo.ul'l

jenu1 .. J~c. u n

t'.'Ienun svrsrenun

ny~nun

Inroer.

( s) (-0; ...

kili a kildi

jeni

tvreni

a jidideni a swe:::-eni a te

Irroni v

tigelii e~ a t'~ge.J.'0.'

}:.or;ru.clige.D. jididtsnan k'::oluen

8 s1d ar

Present ( s)

~~ . ,. £!..§K!J.-,jn;.)

Cp)

0

Cs \) .=:£ of' 'Llnar . 9.

fa ldndar

~

j enall

n;:,~~n\

te te~n

n:rO:"'lar +... ~•

w§,§.g

tigele; gel tigelde;gelo.s :tigelun tigeldun

gele;!"

138

ADDENDA: OTHER VERBS IN -UN. r

,

drive out

,

Pre~.

(s) (p.}

tilwai tilwaidi

f

t

germinate leave over pierce

(1)

f·

Imper. (s)

PAsteS)

(p)

(p)

f

t

tilwaiun tilviaidun

wade wadide

wadeun wadidun

lushi lushidi

1ushun lushidun

son sondu

sonun sonc1un

r

tilvlaie a tilwaide wade a wadide

t

r

lushi a lushidi

'som.

a sondi

t

point

turshe turshide

turshen turshidun

tilililJo n tililiIJudon

tililiIJonun tililiBoni tilili!J,udonun I a tililiIJudoni

turslie a turshide

t

tomun tomundu

return

tomunun tomundun

,

tomuni a tornundi

t

roast

r

sev;, stitch

, ,r , , t

temalai temaldai

,

teraalaiun temaldaiun

teIJ'..a,Ul.ie a temaldaie

vlodaiun

vlc)daie a uog,aide

f

wodai viOgaidi

I

wo~aiclun

gishin gishindi

tigishUl1 tigishidun

stumble

shigi shigidi

s11ig1.1n shigidun

shigi a shigidi

swal1o\'l

tumtili tumuldi

tumulun tumuld1.ui

tumuli a tumuldi

VJllra wu.rdare

tornn tion

a tie

tur ti

tu run tion

80'\'1

broadcast

take

awe:;;~

(1)

tigisne a tigishide

tori

r t

ti

torun tion

tori a tie

abrmshi abYl'Ushic1i

abrmshl:2l. abTI';Us:hidun

ab';,1lshi a ab,;mshidi

v!ir

untie, free

turi a tie

,-

131

i kaki1.? .

Do you understand?

ei, a ka kil

Yes, I understand

bwer, a fa kil

No, I don't understand

i ka toile?

Can :'lOU see it? (Are you looking at it'J

ei, a ka toile

,,'.:..e " s , .,..' .L can

endu fura nyonun

She carried the basket

endu furo teon

,She carried the ba.skets

i woun kido gelde?

Are you washing my clothes?

kiride twen

Eeis bringing straw

g,ou a swe re.ni 1

Bring sticksl

kwor

Rens eat millet

mono~a

lidi

afa toma kwoluent

Don't bring vloodl

wo. kar toma a sweren

The women are bringi:ng firewood

anedu kido kTIoduo te

rn'''''Le~r -!-~lre f".·\r,'"a... - ! J ',)' \.J 0.;'.. . : ' ; ' . .'T

t,'l,-p_-i_~ lo·_q.c~.'_s _ __ _.... ._ . _. _

Shovr :me the hoe f"i'tl shi

kac.a1] dedi

abadu £V.ro

k~oididi

The smith forges (strikes) hoes L:y

father mal:es 1)8.skets

a ka war e ka 8.noD toils I want to see him

en a kire ka dem 8.1) i

He

wal;) r.Q1.J.l to Id.un

.;il 8.l:J bvJidun Bom

atalJ

":.'fe SEW! f:tve r;len

The dog bit me A snake oitray motl"'.3r

bYlid1;.n

I

adc: woro tc:gili

broke his leg

}c::;.do:~ :.C-3.

S::".'.I :'01.1

all

toilde - I sa'.,'!

r::an~r

::ced birds

131.

Have

~rou

seen it?

T _ h aven It

bwer, a fato1

'T l~O,

endu dou ka dem

1:e broke a stick

ade megun 1:.:a to1un

I saVI the mek

endu kwodo ka twenun

Ee brought a Goat

a lw. fc:di

I have found it

kadai c: tc: nyigag

Go and ueed it

I 2,n .::;cing to eat food ':fa kar kido a ge:li1i te:lai 'I'l!.e '.'Tonen 2.re goi.ng to wash clothes

c.:oso tweni ata:t;)

kido tige1ei

kido a tige:lc.ei

:::"ock at n:.e :\:,G.1'::i tali

..1...... ' " VVoI.cj

.,••; .... ;

,

u .... O.J...e

lear

JOY1't

Don't fill the can tocdil

'Jlcl

fa v;01;;;aiar l k.e~

n;yigeiun?

IA.trtl-

411;.

wei

Shut tile door!

Don't

forset-~

fo~

me

Exercrs~ 23.

A. (1)

gumo tiwe

i no kG. fc:o.un? bVle:c, El. fa fEuun bijiry ka tosun? ei,ka a tosun doso no tali, :fa 0.050 do tamar i 1:8. tam? e i , El. ka tarn ( 8 )' kadai e te kas;li talag i kvmn 1:a -tv>loji? ei, a 1:0. t"loji. (10) a tigidi, kvreren~ (2)

(3) sumo kW$ren a shibidi (4) (5) f'aralJ k'o'lOidi VIoun gidam (6) (~)

(9<)

\

~-l.GlVe

the Present (s), Past (s) and Inperativc (s) of nyig, de, tarn, t'Vril, toils, jen.

D. Give the Present (p), Past (1') and

I::r,;(?r2:tiv(~

, o-P...

-:1"1 ( .;.,"

nyon, jen,

D. Tl'lc..:i1.s18..te: ",.~ <J~~

a

t t. . e.;

\-0. ,··J..... ·:~f.:"al·"TI· ~~ '''''t.o ".--~ ..... ~ ..... C~"'l· ~ I c..Io,"", '~c.A, c.

Pl 'l

n~rl'r:co.,-.o· -v bC, ... ,

CO"-,... 1_~ ;:].!n,n",·:o ,c,..l 1\.·cL 1._1.J.. - •.1 r...1.J..J.j:

0

'\-"'T"'';;;8° iJ~_ ...... _~.,

n C ...

-P", ';"(;.l,o

,,·,~.,.,("ll·l';· .'~J..!.U. ... ,

I • n,rl' C'-""rCO"Cl ~ 6(J w"J..,

a

lrp ~~

tud"'r o ""

~

t . . . :t·ldcon' t a·\..I v .........

CONJUGATION OF VERBS IN -:)N. §§J,),

to, look

S.Obj.

...

f

saIJ

l

t

saI)

f~

P.Obj •

P ,Obj:.

SalJin

SaIJ idi

sUIJin

.

1

saJ]ip.in

f

1

I

I

saIJt:>n

f

SaIJt:>n IMPERATIVE: Sing. Dual.

I

I

a saIJini

a saJ]ini

f f

•

PRBSEHT:

.

#:

a SaJJe f

~

".

"

Cl.

a saJJ ide

J

f

.o'!'>

.L

~.

salJeren

a fa saIJideren

a fa saIJeren

a fa saTJddar

t

I

saIJ ero , &c.

f

J'

f

IIv1MEDIATE FUTURE:

t

SaJJ ili , &c.

t

PASSIVE PRESENT:

1 I

1

SaL';) ilt:>u,

Dl.ffi.ffiDIATE PAST:

&c.

1

I

1

1

1

I

saiJei, &c.

r f

PASSIVE PAST:

1

I

I

a saJJ ide

a fa salJeren

sa1Je, &c.

1

ru\BITUAL :

a seJJ idini

fa sa..')idar

t

.

sarJide

I:

fa sa'tJar

saIJono, &c..

I

.1

. f

I

J :i !

SaIJt:>donun

I

1

.\

SaJ,Jonun saijini

"- ... lTEGATIVE Sing. t fa sar;;ar IMPERATIVE: 1 Dual. ( a fa sa1Jeren

D3PEN~~NT

saijod;:,n

s~TJe

I

Plur.

sOJJ;:,nun

1 f

f

Plur.

I

1

I

1 t

SaIJ eiun , &c. 1 I

CONSECUTIVE PRESENT:

CONSECUTIVE PAST: { saJJ:ag~n saJJaw~n,

PAST PARTICIPLE:

VERBAL lJOUl\f:

saIJ

&c.

saJjida

- - - - - - - - - - _....-------------_._-,----Vowel stem: S1.1b j.

leu, to cook, ,

S.Obj,

PRESENT: S «( P n

.f

leu

D.Obj.

P .Ob;l,

lewin

l13widi

l13wiilL

lswidin

T

Dual. ,....

PAST:

leu

f

8: P

lsv/on

Dual,

lswon

i:I

f

l13wonun I

f·

levlodon

le'Nonun

l13v.. od~l1un

l13we

'" lswini

levdde

a lewini

a l13'1.'/ini

a l13"iridini

a lewe

a l13wids

a l13.. .J ide

fa lsv/eren

fa lswidar

T

t

UJIP3RATIVE: Sing.

r I

Dual.

T

I

Plur.

I I

:'-;::GGATIVE Sing. f fa lsvlar I r IMPEHATIVE: f t Dual. a fa lSY,'srsn

r

I

Plur.

f

a fa lswar

I ~----

Sinr;. of. other

a fa lswidersn

a fa leweren L

a fa lswidar l

_

te~~etc~

HABITtJi\L:

D3P~rmENT

PAST:

lswono

II;J:r~DIATE

EAST;

lswilou

lSVIsro lsvlili

PASSIVE

a :fa lsvlsren

PIBS]:~?TT:

PASSIVE PAST:

le':!eiun

CONSECUTIVE PR3SJI:lTT: lsv/ag

PAST. PAHTICIPLE:

lsu

lS'lllida

136 VERBS IN -J:H.

PI'e§(s)

Past (s)-

(p)

give birth

SU1J~

sU1J odo boil

(tr. )

break

tavlalai ta\'falidai beI' be rdi

burn

(intr. )

chew

.l'fW-, tt;

M·

clean clear climb

:dP~

count cut

r I

toweon towidson

a tOI'lide

swion swidon

a s'wide

tandi tandidi

tandon, tandidon

tandi a tandidi

tun~ra1Je

tun;yaDon 'tun;y"aIJ idon

ttulJr a1Js a tunye.JJide

tushon tush:.c.on

tushe a tusl:.ide

' ~j ..,.11"-....,. ~ f::Jl. d~")

.' /I!p;, • I

r r

f

tushe

I

tushide

I

tishon WOC.OVlOl'l

rJodido·,vo::l

vlOdowe: a. wodid.owe

tends

tenon ~ tendon

a tends

L1e,;:;i fJegidi

:mezon Els3'idon

megi a !!Isgidi

lcire ::irds

Idron kirdon

kirt a kiY'd.t

vrodou . wocUdou

nsne

Jsibildi::', pI." ...,,,,

~ I\;II"~

:fe :;:80\..1.

,e.

.Icis}~e

e. ':,ishide

ti~Jile

r

swi

tl. shi c"lon

l--i

...\ - -

r',~J.· . C\r

,

tens

lr'i r<:>'i,,-,., 'l ~_","",...s....;

..\0-_

I

(~'iv';de ...... -- -

towt

f

swi ~Sh.,.n.) swide

(Passive: dance

tawalaie a tawalaide beri a berdi

tishe tishic1e a't/la~;;r

sU:lJ~n

sU1J~d;:m

beron be rdon

tunYalJid8 clap ha.nds

(p)

tavralaion ta'..\ralaidon

r

tOYle ~ ~ 'r' towids

( .P.,... .. f..,_ . )

burn

I 1\

,

U

build

Imper. (s)

(p)

I

ti'iJilon Jc,ibildoIl

a

=eon :"eC!.on

a :C80:';e:

ti.bile tib~lde

£'8

Fres. (s) (p)

t

P§,st (13)

IllTiJer:. (13) (p)

(p)

I'

137

T

draw water mak e to drinl
f

T

L

I'

t

twe1e twelde

f

g,oVlon dowod::m

adowe .Q;owide

I'

twele a twe1de.o

tVlelon tVle1d;:>n

t

drive (f'roIl1 a place)

'.-"

T

vv'orshe 'N"orshide

vforsh-on vlorshid;:>n

1

\;\Jorshaion , .

1

I

r

I'

vr,)rshai worshidai

drive (to a pJ.ace, o

'\

~.

VforSllJ.o.a~on

\

'

.,:

Vlorshe a Vlorshide

vr,)rshai a worshidai,

1 1

fear

r

tai1J to.iIJudo

tai!Je' a tai1Jidi

tailJ~:m

taiJ;)udon

I I

tvmre tYlerde

feed

.I

t':leron twerdon

graze

t'ilere

a tVlerc1e

tarie,on

t2~ria)id;:)n

f

grind

buse a ;JG.SUC.8

ouson

(1)

t~) ~o

bwishi hwishidi

()1.18011.

busudon I

rrr:i'l;_ S:-l.on

hoe

r

')

(knead!' "-.,.

lic:k

t

tee: o ·terido tinal0 ti~Clalc.:o

:~::~(·f'l:"

sI: e

sVlaie a swaide

s':faior. sVlaidon

sv;ai swaidi

f

1 I

t

ter e a tec:ide

I

r r

tin.9.10:::1 tir:.aldon

tilm(j')J ~I*O t :- :'r.~"L: (2~ 0

tinale a tinalde til:mc a t, i

lr~~1..: cl c

saWD

sav;~):n.

sa.Vlf.

2 .:?::rLVJ.:)

ec:s\..!.clon

84 sav~d.E

\

"

i'~J1J)

:?0 ";,,~::; z:. -E0~~'~~:'2;):~

138 Pres.(s) f

pray; tha.nk

1 .

r

feadi feadidi

::'f~ad~n fee.dicl~n

tit~~

Drepare merissa'

lf~~~~ ~nt..f~~ I

Past (s) Cp)

~

(p)

I

kc:ri a kc:ridi ~lt-jer~

\

'no vre;;:on .,... .:.3..

~

ide

~

•.•""""';::' 11 0>'1 ~11 '''f.,. ....... .....,;. ... __

jic10n j. :'clid.n:n.

~t:t~f~)

til::t.ld~

<j.

"::,;h~

ke1."'on }:8(."'ic101'1

j. ic1:"d(;

:c-llb .

fee.di·'

a feac1idi

.r~""$'Y

~)crape

out

tilfudon

tUl~l:SO

-~ :::'I:ll::. S t) rl

tt:musu.Cc

·t ~:r..1l: S"J.C_0:~

. .

;}9.~;)~

~a~c..~0:l

send

era

stir

tawo tavmdo ;:·:~EG~:~ !Ji8:~ :JiGi(,~i

ta.won "tavJudo:r:.. r

iJ~'sl'l8 i:CS}1ic..8·

j- r"she 0 r~" irsl1:"c:Oll I

wag

I

-t:,"<:b'on

'v,"odag

vroda.:;::m

S~:2.0U

E;:lmaVlon sllic1o'''lon

S2l.idou

:--:e·L~O'f'J·l;)~:'

fc:";.:idoi,Yor..

vomit

fU';~uclc:

f'lrCudol1 ful:ududon

'"

ftrCt:dt:. de

---------------l-------

: :,.(.

~

~

l

_

139

Press (s)

.,...

.t:'e S

',1,

,r

wind rope (1)

(

IJ

,

IL.'1;J e

S)

~ (p)

(p)

walk

.L.

(p)

laidi laididi

laidnn 1aididnn

laide

tujai tUjaidi

tuj ainn tujaidnn

tujaie a tUjaide

wujai wujaidi

a laidide

Supplied from tujai I

yawn

1> ( s )

:':]al

IJalc1nn

..... Lo

...__ ...~

', a 1]aldi IJa1 ~

X;) 8.1011

l;}o.ldi .......

'

.....

.. _ _....

_

she, to do !.

,PAST:

S er: p

sllidon

Dual.

sni.O..Ol1UTl s:~idi

lT3G.l\.7ITv.Z I2/~:P3P~\TIV~~

~ualo

a shideni

Flur.

a shidi

SiIlg·

0

rei. s:1,idar

.

:

Dual. 8~

__ L

~-------_---

she, {:c. ~-IABITUiU.J :

sl'1e ro,

t:c.

~

fa

sh:Lcle~r~

l

_

shonnn, &c.

140

II/ITJIEDIATll: FUTURE:

sa1i, &e ..

PASSIVE PRESENT:

shei,

CONSECUTIVE PRESENT: sheag,

sal~u,

PASSIVE PAST: f,:c.

tee.

sheiun, Gce.

C01ilSEC""LITIVE PAST: {sneagon

sneavron, &0.

PAST PA...'1TI CIPLI~:

she

- -. .- - - - - - - - - · - - - ·

Sub;i 0••

V:r~:RBAl,

NOUN:

...... v _ _ ...... _ _ ' •

S .Ob.i •

shida ....

w _ _ ... . . -_ _

:;) •OJ.')j ••

~

PRE$EIJT: S

PAST:

r?"'P ...

ball

Dual.

bou

bm:dn

a];]o'win

S &. P

bowon

bov:onun

alJoV10n

bOViOl1

CO\\·VI1tlY1.

eJ} OV!O m:~I1~

•

e.TJowe

~~

Dual.

It

n,'LE:i:RATIVE: Sing.

bows

Due.l.

a bonov;s

Flu;!:'.

a bows

' I

,bov:ill

bOnOV:T8

a bonov;e

a

aDo\':e

L

~-------------~--------

_

bov;;"ono EABITUAL:

bouro bowali

PASSIV~ PRES~~IT:

bO\'J'ai

CONSEaYfIVE PRESENT: PAST PARTICIBLE:

bO\'J8.g bou

It

L

.·t.

oc'::aiU::l CO~·~S2Cl~~2IV~ I~·. .~1S11:

V •IJC "Cl"[ : i

bouda.

141

t S?~J-.1Q...Ei v e • Sub.j.

S,Ob:i.

D.Obj.

T

P,Obj.

I

PRESENT: S & P

teg

tegenig

Dual.

teg

tegenig

tiig I

tiigin

r t

PAST.

S Cc P

teWf:)n

tewf:)nun

Dual.

tewf:)n

ts'wonun

'tiiwonun

tege

tegenigs

tiigs

ILIPERATIVE:

Sing. Dual.

I .

r

a tegenigE I

a tegenige

a tegs

a tiige

r

PluT.

I

'. tiiwo:p.

a tiigs I·

t "

Sing. I:,'D?ERATDlE : R Dual.

:DGATlVE

Plur,

t.

:fa

ton

fa tonuno

I. I

a fa tonuno

a fa tonuno

I

a fa ton

a fa tonuno

, r

fa tideg

a fa tide.§=; L

~-------------~---

_

tegs

jJ3FBITD~~lJT

tonali

Hl1:ED lATE PAST:

PltST:

tsvrono

EABITUill.l : IEMEDIATE FGTUllii;: PASSIVE

FRSS31~:

PASSIVE PAST:

COHSECUTIVE PRl2:S3FT:

teg

PAST PARTICIPLE:

te:g

to:!;) l

tonalou

CONS~CUTlVE

PAST:

Give me ~

-------.------------------------._-~----

teg(i)da

242

Y{endeg, to tell, speak;.

f

S.Sub.j.

f

PRESENT:

We~f!,g)

t f

tawen(deg)

I

:FUERE:

D.Subj.

f

I

tandig

I

t t

f

tandzwn

IMPERATIVE :

tandinig

J

,

f

I

tandige:

t

f

t t t

t t

J

PAST:

W2nd2~U;} tawende - .. g

t t

P .SU]Jj.

I

tandewonun tandini

' t

NEGATIVE

fa Mfndig

IMPERATIVE:

~-----------

DEPENDENT PRESENT:

wendege

ILlIJ3;ITU.AL :

wendero

IMMEDIATE FUTURE:

wendili

tawena aeg)

tandi,p.ig tandidswnn

t t I

l'

W2nd~~·

t.andidige:

t

fa Wfindinig

____ l ________________

f

t ~

faWindid~ __________________

DEPENDEh'"T PAST:

tandewon::>

Il\11lBDIAT:2: PAST;

wer...c3.ilou

VBBBiUo NOUJT:

------_ _-•..

Tl1e defective verb tQ.y;en~, say Sin5. ta-i~-eno.:

S • SUbj..

n " VE..:.""n"'O rp-r --."_ ••

r

C, 18 4.;;---'1-'-

has the fol1oYJing

+0 v

S':'l"\"" ::;'0.1'

a ba s!.!.al et ba taT,'Jsna l

_~_. ,~_ ==-j'"'_11~."'_"....1'_-"__' _.?" ~_. ..:_~'-" _._, __,

J

f'O:::'!llS

in the Pres.

143 PRINCIPAL TENSES OF O~HER IH.Pl.-E9ULAR v::m~s IN -IN.

Verbs whcrse irregularities include the Negative Imperative: ask

caU

fall

l!Rsd out

(p)

kilvu kildvu

tile ti1ide

nuf'ag nufudag

elv irde

( s)

kilvwvn

(p)

kild~vJ"Dn

til::m tilidvn

nUf'ag~n

nu:fu.dagon

e10n irdon

tile tilide

nUfage: nUfudage

ile irde

kwidar kwididar

nufar nufudar

endilo irdoro

open

throw

prevent

te tede

bijeg tornepg

vvo:codou

Presg"n....t. (s) fqs~

Imoer~

• I l>:e8.

"'IT

( s)

(p)

kil~ws

a

kildowe:

mu. ().o S .J..a

kinou (p)a fa kindorv

Present ( s). (p)

leave, let go. jeg jsgide

\

\

4J'

W1 Impar.

(st (p)

(s)

(p)

Neg. Imp, (s) (p)a

jegC)n jegidC)n jege a jegide fa jsgsnar fa jsgidar W:iIUlOW.

Present (s) Cp)

twie twide

~

(s) (p)

twi:::m twidon

Imper..

(s) (p)

twie a twids

Neg. Irmt.. (s) fa wSar (p)a fa wsdar

wO!'vU

te;;)n tedon

bij~~..,bijev~

wo'/;'owon W6>fodown

te teds

bijege

tornsfjlegs

w0t'owe: wo"!:'odows

teanar tsndar

bijsnar wornar

vrotunar vrorundar

tOI~~~C)n, tor.n~un

1.44 r

•

.,

,

'

a vmke .

I

,

:

,:'

It/fJ:·ke )

CV//.
~~~ breabhe

'

kwideI)ig ~wideIJidig

t

r

.... .... ~

(1)

f

mag mudag tu.lidig ('tUlididig

t

, ,

t

1Jvwso t ,

Impe;r. (s)

t

(p)

lfde1Jidovmn

t

t

r

kvdde1J8 a kVlide1jide

t

tulidiwon tulididiwon

,r

1Jwoson IJwosWon

'0.'~ IJWOS~

(2)

~ideIJowon

mawon mudagon

,

r

,

(p)

(p)

f.

answer

~ (s)

~.(s)

• hi lJwt DV: 'hidi

Supplied'i'rom 1]\'10 so • r

br1ng ,_~I (l)badeneg badideneg r(2)telan t tsldan

tela:'1011 (tiivlOn)

telani a teldani

r (3) vmrshig ,r livt1.rshidig

,,'mrshi'iion vffirshidiwon

vmrshige a vmrshidigc:

,

climb down ct:'.. t do;;m, neVi

kiu kivlidi

give a ;iece greet

nasa nasidar gvresh.; gwoson

cLig

enter

(1)

badenege a badidenege

badeneVlon badidenewon

".}wti.~ roS :@a~r

r r r

,

, r

gw08011

gweshe a 8,'1'/0 sone

tiwon tiwidon

tiws a tiwids

"vule vmrde

vmlton vmrdon

vm~ig

waaidig

waaiV10n vragidivmn

v/oso wosudo

wo son vmsudon

wishi 'Nishidi

I

, r t

vmls' a wurds wagidi w::m a wag,idige wo so 2, 'v'iosudo

Supplied from \1Oso.

~W'!~4 ~JWf.>r ~~#p'

p~

tJJ.# ~tl/JQ''''

Eres .. .cs) (p)

,

145

Past (s)

Imp er .. ( s )rv;e5/ dI"'<.. (p)

(p)

11......

f

r

guard

, ,

help

t t

twerc: ""'. a tuyurde

..

L . $lt~

r. gk~ .4f' . .

w.riwon vvoridiwon

f

I

lose, waste

t f

pour awa~~

to rnewon torll.idewon

beg ~didsg

bewon badidew'on

badig badidig

badewon badidewon

.0

...DO~ out a littleI

put in, pour in

torner; tornideg

I

put on (clothes &6) elig I ·badidig

( I

elivlO11. badidewol1

I

put one thing under another

irdeg irdideg

e1igc: a badidige' I

irdewon irdidswon

t

irdege

I

a irdidege

t

remeInber

asag ashindar

asawon asbindar

asage a ashindare

ride

leag lidag

leav:on 1idavlOn

lewe a lewidc:

VlLl1ig

VJU1iv[;:>u vmlidiwon

vJU1ige a \vulidige

~u~~"~

badei ~ I

badtge a {badtge

badei

~adegt

shieg shide§;

serve out

~ing

t

r

\ shar;:Jen ...

t

'!

shisw-:>n sbide'won

1i IJag e 1iIJagudo

shic:.ge a shidc:gc: :t,ilJaQ.C: a :t.iTJ:adidC:

tiram,:m tiramodon

146 ~

,r

Pres. (s)

E.~ (s)

(p)

r

stir (porridge,&c) f

r

gedi gsdidi

ImQ6:r:. (s) (p)

(p)

r r , t

tawon (p.138) tavrudon

r

take off; divorce'

r

\ <,

t/4: § 4 .£ " r

'.

! "j"

,d

"d"

,~'

'

~,

tawe ~ tawide

'. ~

'~.

." .....

: . l~

.

.

.)

"

\..

it,

l4T COlvIPOlJNDS 0 F SHE • _----------...... -

..

Many verbs are made up of nouns ~ adjectives. or specific adverbs +~, to' do. ~ The following are the most important: to ftimtn

she,

amen she

finish

teach; learn

:::'u slle

blow

fu:fu. sne ~~st..e

olow hard

j era\).

tear

se-d

sl~e

saluEn she

l~~~(i",)

digilen she

assemble

SI18 shsm

make ;'lapp;y

81;.e

be

lignten ligl:ten veIJr rm.::..ch

haI)p~r

kVlOkws she

c:-" ........ Cl

\

~

[ogoso she

2.tis'ho she

snesze

-t-

1''''\ ...... n~··.

...........................

tU:Ct):\, (-'c:;:'.)

tea:'

.

c ..··, (\. :2';: 1:'"t io-I........... ~: . . ::. 8 ~ S

:r..

t:'t

.'

&""_ ........

8VJ89.. t

r: -. Co t.... _- _

.J8

a dij i a she, ' ';:or::

silent

148 endu dij. i a she

He is

aDi diji a shidi

We are working

ani fllin£iro 1iIJads

They are singing a song

alJ idn Kabaru·IJ saIJ

~'le

endu gum:::> kiu

He is digging a hole

Sj.'ldu wel irshe

7e is sweeping the house

VTe

\"10

rking

are looking for Ka.bar

are grinding

He has sharpened the knife wa n:>du birishi a shidi

Those people are me.king mats

ads kweshe a vmjai

I am vlinding rope

anedu kwedi

r2he~r

~vesh

anedu gaDa tows:>n mir

Cl.

are" cutting do',',':!:, trees

rhe;/ built e.

\'18.11

ka tandi The people have hoed their cro]s

anedu

f~sjsn

e~

kc. 112. f'i

e.

;:':8.

a shidi

They c.re tired

I fall

nura,:;

I :fe.lJ. (f:;'·Or.1 e,:Jove) .',7e

andn

g06080

c:ua'C. mile a

.

a sbe

l:8.

torneg

..,.

.,.

})Y·ca-c.J.£

;" .. 0 ...........

i

='~e

is spittinz

r.:;

c ougl:mng

, 2.1 KlGO se..XJ ~

a f'inie.u ~~a ma5 Cl.

ani ka

tandide~on

~Q\ tu. Rtl .$ ~ . ~~ "t.... rs:ke CL

.L.: '~~

149

TIle woman cooks meat

kerdU kwono ka 1eu

She grinds corn endu bOIJ gC)wag

ffi~e

goes to fetch

endu 1i irshe

She

s~;ieeps

~later

the ;)rard

(lit. place)

'Vvadli. ikic10 tibildi wadu \tibi1di anni1e 1:1adu kido fa tibi1di D~ a~to ~timin

T'ne~" do not dance to~day

a she.

is finished

8JJi kweren to ko. shidin ~Je have fiIdshed eveI"Jthil1g

to a ko. shet {ka she tt:>t

Finished!

en a !,]alo teon

I-~:e

ker a IJe sUIJon

The woman bore a child

ari!,]8 giu sheo1'1

It t'h1..uldered

anedu

WOW) kvort:>~

a

tooar' sllidi 8

opened hi s mouth

They destroyed our crop8

slleon

ndu do so

?i e ViO rl:.ed

end\.'. t",ri!'O 1<:0. teg

~~rgo.

shilai Ze gave the chief

shiladu ka feadi

':::'he

end t an 2-;::2. tile

~Ie

e.nedu ani }:;:a tilidon

The~r

.~

<J

1:8. t:Llidon

chi ef

tl:.a:r.lced

.L;

him.

called us

called us

:':e called us (t';:o)

a wa!,] 1:0.1'0 l;:a tilidi

I h2,vO cal~_ed tIle

.1.11,.: ..

leo~ard-skin

nas calJ-ec1 me

S11Clt:

Hi

2

WOrD.en

150 snd r (t!J giri sho te,,'>-on "'f');:,

, >

...

.

. ,sndtaIJ kido, fa teg .

"

He gave me money

He has given me nothing

.

sna kafnr a tandig

He told a lie

fa kwono ataD lewar

Don Tt cook the meat no\,;

fa anoD wada wendegt

Don't tell

fa ani wada wendidegl

Don't tell them!

fa taiIJar

Do not be

afraid

(addressing one person)

li fa taiIJidar

Do not be

afraid

(addressing many)

"nJ.ill.r

fa aShiIJ wada no asar Do not do it again Come a.nd help mel

to. aIJi weridigl

Come o.nd help usl

annIJ tile!

Call

ani

tilide~'

'nJ.f:.. '. "T0

Call theml

fa ani kwididar!

:Jon't call them!

tandige e fa tor

Tell him to come come in

',,'}oun ';rel ;:e,11 an.do, ic1u

';',"ule

Come in! dij i kvreg,r she

i diji

ke~u

ko.

she

miro :f1..:fu she

Blo~

hard on the fire

girisho anoIJ tege

C:~ive

him the noney

Sing a song 7e11 me bOD bad:i.ge • r Jege.

rnll

Leave off!

T .t..L

et 6r·o'

0

151 bar vrorshide

Drive away the co.. ."s

toma deIJ te:ne:

Climb up the tree

wadu digile:n ka shidi

11te people have collected together

bOIJ torne:ge

Pour out the water

lalaJ) she

Do it ql:dckly

kwed4Le wiau badige

Pu:t salt in the mlllaf'h

a ka bade:won

I have put it

vdo t"IJ

Give me the mGla~

a YOIJ k8. tevtfon

I have given it to you

a ni ka tiivlon

I have given it to them

kid., n., tOIJ bowe

Put that on top

a ka bo\V&>n

I have put it on top

bar irde:

Lead out the cows

fa v,rel te:anar

Do not

ope~

fa 'V'fe:ar

IDo not

'.~·innoY!

.

,

).';:2,

~

oer.f

. L~(J.M..u{~) ,

•

(

the door

or.\. ka berail I he.ve built the house

};:wocio a meBidi a monoD 1:80

Com"lt the goats

fe~n

I have shared out the millet

tome. kirt a 'Ii:adalJ

Cu.t the \':ood

n~rBJ.a

ka e ron

I he.ve sent one man

kido elige

Put on

kido elo"J/E

Take off

nasal

.

~

•

_L

~rour

clothes

~rour

clotl1es

I b.s.ve 10 st a k::ife I

a ne.SlCCatllt.

152 EXE~::;'CISE.§

(on verbs il1 -on) •

Exercise 25. A.Cl) kwsni saQs; kwsni saD~n~ (2) a kwono lswili'kwa (3) wigsD do beshi neau ka suryei (4; wa aiyo a tushide (5) a m~noD ka buson (6) sndu bar ka tilmudon (7) biiD fsrov~ (8) i ashio l
Donft fall~ (2) Throw a stone. ~o not throw a stone (3) Ask Habib (4) Pour out a little ~ater (4) Do ...,FOU (;')1.) remember? 'Ffe do not remember ... (5) Run~ (S) Stir the porridge, (7) I have just strrred it " (8) He has served out the merissa (9) The locusts have destroyed the millet (10) I woke 'up at four Of clock.

.

E~erci§e

26.

A. Give the Pres.(s), Past (s),

and

Imperative (s) of

leag, sau, tujai, vmle:, bUso, tawalai. B. Give the Present (p), Past (p),'

nasa, c.

Give

tne

twsre,

~srsn,

Im:;;Jerative (p) of'

badig, lsdar,

i~am,wendeg.

Kegetive Isperative of

Jsg, tile, te, :J.

e':na.

V10-;:OU,

twis, bijsg, v:sndeg, she.

Tre.nslate ,hvsren aijou; "a; da'Ka ...van~~g; ~'. S~~ alJi lea 1iTJadudon; a ka j imidsv:on.

"

'-,""

en a bouro;

15j CONJUGATION .0:[ V:0::PJ3S IN -N &

lu, to sov;

SUbj.

PRESENT:

S.Obj.

D.Ob.i •

P.Obj.

iu

iuin

t'Ud~

Dual

iu

1uin

1t.udin

S &: P

.tun

!:,unun

ludun

Dual.

1un

:Ji,unun

ludunun

1ui

!:,uini

1uidi

a tuini

a luini

a

Plur.

aX:tui

a 1uidi

a luidi

Sing.

fa 1uar

fa 1ueren

fa lunar

S

8- P

.I

,

. ,.I

,PAST:

I

I1TERATIVE: Sing.

Dual.

IJ::GATIVE:: IUFE~Q.ATIVE

I

:

Plur.

l

a fa tueren

a fa 1ueren

fa luar

a fa lueren

0.

-----~

~

~uid:Lni

a fa .:!akdar ~

". j. ~i

'.

TLWI'Y0AL:

PliSSIVE P:BS3ITT:

PAST PAR7ICIFL3:

.(

luali

IIJ:LmIATE PAST:

lual~u

1uci

FASSIVL :eAsrr;

1ueiul1

\8=:lBATJ HOlIJ:

_

154 AlL verbs ef this conjugation are vowel stems, most a:'e irreE.,ular in sorl:(e.itenses~' 'iu is regular. IRREGULAR VERBS IN -·B.

12i, tp put. Sub.i ,

D.Obj,

P .Obj.

t

,.'

J

&P

bi

bin

aIJi

Dual.

bi

bin

aIJ in

S 0: F

bin

S

PR3SENT:

I

,

S,Obj.

•

I

,

PAST:

Dual.

•

t

I

binun

bin

binun

aIJunun

bi

bini·

aIJi

Dual.

a bini

a biI'li

a aIJini

Plur.

Cl.

I I

Il/iPERATIVE: .Sing..

bi

I

I;-EGATIV3 IT,'~3~B_ltTIV~;:

Sin5~

:)E2.l. Plur.

"

2"

~

fa

bal~

-f"", c.:,;"

berin

..J_

Cl.:fa bar

.

fa berin

~

Cl.

:f.s, bcrin

alJar

l

a fa ar;;.ar ~

_

bie bi8I'o

"ball biai

biaiul1

ba;; PAST

L'I.::1TICIPL:~:

lI.B.

The stel:'l Qd-

. ,·.·.-A),

J. I; .. {

~

',"

bawon 'J:':aS1J..J lTOli1T:

is ?ronounced also

oio.2. B~[-

•

155

SUbj.

§..O"bj.

D.Obj

t

!.

P.Obj •

-I

PESSENT: S & P

ti

tin

buo

Dual.

ti

tin

buon

r.

&lp

tin

tinun

buon

Dual.

tin

t:;.nun

Duenun

PAS'f:

Cl

I.

II:PE=·L\.TI~-r~:

SinG·

1

ti

ti11i

bue

a tini

a tini

a bueni

a ti

?.v

I

DU2.1. 1\ I

Fl-;,.. _\:,A._ • I I

U:GGATIVE IMPERATIVE:

c'

u~ng.

I

fa

.I- •

.,

v~Gar

I

Dual.

a bue

bue

f~

tiden

a fa tiden

a :;:8, tiden

a fa t:).c1a::;·

a :fa t·i_ (1............ J.J.,

:fa

buar

a fa buaren


P1ur.

I

t

hl"'"\

a

..;.Q n -0.

buar

~------------~-------------~----------------

t::.no

........

:\] lG.Q.L:"

. ,It'"

IJic:a101.1.

156

711e yerb~...2.io go' given together. group in -on:,: but Euffixes refer to

and 'to cone I • T:'lC verbs :(\"1'0. and ~~;;iU are 118:):'e K\'~~ b;/-v"Irtue o~ its F[:st tense, liclongs ·~o tIle is Given 118:;:'8 fa::.' CCT:7C~:5.,?:.-:c'2. :::ote ·t:-.at tIle >l-1J. r> C'11:.... i e c1' 0 -C' .t. ") '"' '\1 r. rb v ~ J?:.:~",,_._~~ •. lJ .... ~ ~ •

s.Subj •

D.SUbj •

P.Subj.

kW'en

kwel

PRESENT:

lava

"C"lfTtl'ltTD Tj1 • J: v.w.VJ.I.J.:J.

tai

tein

te:lai

PAST:

tan

tenun

tc:lan

t

r

a

~(.a 8.aIli 1:,\',"0 r.l~:l::

a

kViodai

antclai

Ltrt us go

:N-"EGATIVE D.1PERATIVE

[~

:fa kwa L

l

fa

lc~vel

L

_

tai

'~, . . '\..'

.:;.;....'...;...:.t:.J-...

r"l

r ..

.;. '.)~_ ~C ~J.: ""-16 ..t __ .!t...

a ••:...: . . .

..

..

b·

r

2..~:';_2J...!.

YLJTURE:

,

kwu(d.t-t)

PRESEnT: r

tor r

IMPERATDIE;

tore

t-

1(EGATIVE IMPERATIVE:

fa

,

kViUdigen

kVlOl

toren

sor

toren

sor

o. toreni

I

._.

.....1. •• _.__ -

"'r'. '1-'7·' ~.:.-

--,

"i'

':,

a sore

a fa :'\:v,Udigzn ,T a fa

lC\vu ( dar) ,

p.-J

P.Subj •

t

-:,oron)

L

D. Su..l~\~ •

I

..:~

r;

.. ' ,,:j,.~.J _

-.~

1;:.\"[01

_. _ .••• _. __ ! ....._.. - _._ --- - - _ ........~ ... -- .. -.

Cl -' •

~,

..-.

P •. . , ' .....: . -•

,.J ',~.,J.

t.,'"

.1

.-..

,~V

_.ir..,

~

"

-.

'!')"

/'._1-

15'7

ggt

up

die

liv~

lli.e.2-

lua'

nyemara n;(emardar

tia' tidal"

( SI\

m:>

(:9)

mudo

€:,f'Vf& she

~

( s)

Ino:>n mudo:>n

luan nyemaran £i;:e ~;l.l eun IDJemardaron

tiaif' \

Cp)

Im}2~_:w.

Cs}

:cr_',re

I'··...,·:

:n~-8~1'ai

fiai'

(;;;)

a f;.l\':iCli

,-:',. . .,....... ('.......... -.. ~i w v·ie. Q .... t:;;.

r~;:;·8:::.c;;.l'da:. . . c::

tid9-. r8

Presen~

}l~,g 9 ImR.

1".:..1-... -

fa mar Cp) a fe. mudar

( s)

Other tenses

of~:

tUJj,ar tUIJiag"

IElIn.:CUt. tUIJali ~ Jail. Fast. becone

ni gweshe

ta tudar

( s,'i

nin

(p)

g1'-lsshon

.tan tudaJ."1,;.n

( s) (p)

ni C':lI!lshs

2,

=a nar'

a fa g:;osar t

-i

Cl

mo£a ~':1ofiudar

mogan ::::oQuc.aron ( s) (~') ) ...

su\i

leja Iejidar Iejan Iejidaron

.,

. .

.I_8Ja~

lejidare

ta-car S1:i.l,ar

1ejar' 1ejidar

j8&a j-zg:tdag

dula 1uno

nodudc~r8

fa mogarfa r.1ogu4dar

gUlon tunpn

v:olan \";ordan

moc.ai a

ta-ca

~oi nA

( ')\ I

V.l{. tUIJi.

difia121..')t;Zar, ~

tai tuda:::"c; t"J.!'Udar

tUJJal~,)U;

...:.. ..... " :.-:......=.

( \ '- Si '.1=

Impel".

Iua!' gVlOsag

strike,ki1~

Irese:qt (s) (PI

tidarun

wordai \'!ond1.... . 1ar vloraars

jc:gti jegidei.

jsgalt' o.,l".."-","Ci,.J,, J·8,..,.·ir'f!::l'"

gLlIe

1w'ine

gular .tul1ar

158

-::'iDen ........f:.12!3 s §.!!:t (s ) (p)

tena tendar

tee..

Pa,st

teno.n tendarun

tean

tenai

";rage;

tendarE

tedare

(s) (p)

Imperative (s (;

tedar tedo.r.,n

(

..e;>",_,.,

J..u ... ,

o. """"'v'r 1 "-"\"I

e.g~

i

l·

.. ,.,

VlUn.,· k";18.?

""'n'" l.-\·'!./C~ll1\ ."v.. v """~ '~~/

(..., \ ';' \(;;... , .

.:11ere

2.1"8

:rou soir..g?

'.:>.. ere

a:~e

~rou

or"'::.i2~C

112.ve

~rou

come

".'.11ere have

:"01..:

,pI) cone :::C'OT:l?

"ie c.!'e c=r..c.u

f;)~'" l~.

ei, ko. i (~·1 - _ ..

2.

cor:~n..;

( p_. -, ,\ c.;oingri fl'"lOYl1(

together

tan?

"tar...

a ,

enC..u

t~.i ..

-:'). <;.,

UGO

ka to::'(;)n; (jl:st come)

a118c1u

'.-, (

.... ,.'.\..

ka

13;)1'

<)'

,

159 Wa l1.;)du k:ulc..u 1udi

T110se people 2.re so,\ying Ground-lluts

v;ith a ',;holo heart! (to one "about to sleep)

bwishi nyalai tiail tidarel aIJi a beshi kwel

The sun is ris il16

I have ~ot well (from an illness)

atade at2J) ke'Cu ka ta

T~:r

mother is v;ell now

Put tne book here

kitab;) and;) bi ar,)i ffi;)n;)!) ];wC~

ta-t:an

<;""" ..... C!r'-h

.1-~

Li..1.

endu kada"J ka buo

a l:.e..

1.' t

I (-i

__ '0'1 .I.':'

•

'rou" t.J _

Oh ",'n r l"\ ..... v.,.i.J;.\..lo.,/

~-le

is holding a hoe

;:18

is

.,.

~101diD-6

110es

Tr.:.O

wadu k:.'au lee. mudo tc:t;)

'.'Te solei millet

1-e.

1.. aiyau t'l

endu ka6.a:t;) ka

hc.s laic.'.. an egg

~leD.

'='11e

•

!T,~'e !

'"SG:J z. T.1',;idi t

~L'11o

::eo:./J.o are conin,; from t'l1e c:co:JS

"I, . . . . . t ....., _ \ot ~"'+ v...t'" •

(tc one Derson) ...

Ge"'c- u?l

(to

~an-,;r) ••• <1

anedu ka tidar

':rac-aD bar t;)r;)n

J. str2.TI0 er cene

\,;a "bar s;)r;)n

c,te. suuu 1:8, tan

It"

:1:.ot"hcr

b.as Gone to market

I bought one

ani ka:::ea nyala ka ni

cO'v','

killed 01:"8 monke;:r They killed noru:cys

.....

__._._._--.....".---

.

160

anwr meo ka luan

l~y

friend died yesterday

eMU beshi

~e

came from the to\1n

1;,.a t~r

endu ka lua

He is dead

ar,)tne kashtldu meo

t~r(~n)

J\C~1

brother came Jresterday

....

gril:Jdu meo madrasau 1talan The bO:TS vvent to scnool yesteJli1ay endu ka

Has he come?

t~r?

bv/er, fa a tor

lTo,he hasnft

Dane

~1T'no

tor~n?

has come?

WadaIJ fa toron

ITa

I

Have you been to Khartou1n?

Kardum~

ka tan?

alJi tUIjali k;wel endu

ta~n

one ha.s come

Ve are going to sleep

tade fa

k~a'

:::-:e sa:ls he viill not go

tandige e fa tor

Tell hin tp come

dil ~Naida kusudo ne, e nin kw~da keru a ne

Going (there) is hard, coming (here.) is pleasant

fa swir k:v,-a

Do not go out

nin

~orel

nin a

dil kadaiI k\'i~dai t

kadai lit

sore~

.come here ~ (to onc; to

dil a kashereit k"'108herei l tore lil

somo nil

Go over there (to one; to many)

Go awayt

Come herel

Kill the snakel

So\,,. the seeds kido no ti

::101d

this

Sell it to me dami~

sUlige

Go o..nd bu;;," the e5gs Bu~r

kido kweren o9.ndo

1;1a.n~l)

some salt

Put everythins

161 EXER~ISES

(Qn

ve~~.n

-n),

Exerci:se*27~

A. (1) c:ndu ka nyc.:mara ade. ka lua? (2) for a tUdarc:, aIJi (a) fa kido no buar (1) ka 1ueiun? ei, a meo ka ~un

(5) kitabo non bi, fa dol bar

a tidal'

(6) a tu~al~u k~m

(7) a fa tc:rgc:nyo g~osar (8) nin torc:1 k~eshe (9) c:ndu ka gUlo (10) wo. kw&rc:n ka vrorda

mogai

B. (1) They have all run away (2) Go and tie up the horse (3) He has disappeared (4) EveIjrone is going to the crops

(4) vVhere are you (pI) going? Ve are going to the well (5) I \'lent to the ":le11 ;resterda~r . (6) Jon~t 50 in! (7) lIe has become mek (S) Get up l Go to Yiorkl ( 0\ "'J Let us go to the lTl...arket (10) Pu.t on ~~our clothes.

t

~~grci~.28.

A. Give the Pres. (s Bc 1)) c.nd Past (s (~p) of'

mo, bi, :tu, B. Give the l;regB~tiv8 Impe~ative· of

tar-a, ti, gp-Io,

":'10 le. ,

mogas

162

8u.b.j • PRESEl:TT: S &. P

S.Obj.

D.Obj.

mai

main

P .Obj.

maidi l'

...

,

mai

:Jual.

w.aideren

main

,*.

'1

'l~'

..

PAST:

P

maicu

maiowin

:maiderou

Duo-I.

maiou

maiowin

maiderowin

maini

maidi

a maini

a maidini

S

,~:

,

,i

nIP=~RA1IV3:

Sing. t

mcd

1

1

a maini

Dual. ' f

:NEGATIVE ILlPZR.4.TIVE:

Plur. ' 1

et

::TIai

Sing. I

fa maiar

a maidi I

:fa

lJlaieren I

:Jua1. 1

Cl

fa maieren a fr:>

,

'

r[la~eren

1

I

1

~lur.'

fa

maidar

I

1

a

~a

maiar

1

a. fa maideren

a fa mameren' a

~a lna~dar

~------------~-------------~------_._---------

maioVlO

l

maiero

i

.'

"

Il
maie.li

ILn:.==§)I.AT:~

PAS'l':

maialou

PASSIV3 PAST: COI~SECUTIVi.!:

mai

PAST':

maiagon, maiawon

.

~

:l1a~aa

163

This conjugation differs from the verbs in -un, -on, -n, chiefly in having the terminations -(e)rou, -Celrau in the Past tense (Plur. object).

I

I J I

P..zGULAR VERBS In -0"Q.:.-=..A.U: Principal Ten§es.

164 t

Prega (s)

Pqst (s)

(p)

(p)

kin

listen f

pUll

be 'quiet

1r" .~~nag

kinou kinderou

ire irinde

irou irinde

1~~'ragi

1wefierou 1y;egiderou

l,",vagidi

V

IID:2e..t. (s)

(p)

kini t t

a

t

tude:::'dul1 ...,,~.Ill'-.~,.

tugeri a tuderdi

sl:..inat.1. S:lindau

a

t

quieten

l'.'Jaf1i l\';agidi

refuse, not to t want, di slike '

Qrou ",r\;.,,,,~I'~'''f..,~,·,,'1t

,:

return

h" s__

~n

shind~(g) t t

,

see

speak.

.

>:ren

·~'{~ndou·

wendi

vronderot:

wen

YiUuc1e rol..l

s~we

"

7'

Cl.

e.g.

tl.:OU,

kG.. tuau, m~'4' ~)ossibl~r

i

".···....L-t··· .

t.:nde taneei

a l:a doinyou, I stayed • ::I endu lea doin:rau, ,....He s"tayea.

ka (2)

shind~wE

El.

,;;e

sta:ired

t}:1.c;;.." stayed

derived from lllai, indicates

rne.i?

:Do ;;..rou YJlou?

I

I do not know f

;\0,

I don It

165 UE , to be. S. SUbj,.•• I

PRESENT:

,

' nen

ne:

f

nedi

I

I

!

P .Subj.

D.Subj!

F'UTUR7o'.

na

nan

PAST: 1 & "c.. P. 3rd P I

nou nau

now'in na-wen

nedero'U nede: rau.

II.U)=:";I:-1.ATIVE:

nai

a p..a.ni

a nede:re

:0J-=~G • D,IFVE :

:fa nar

a :fa nen

a :fa nedar

D3P. PnES:

ne

.

..:Je

,

nedar

nen

ned~

novtine

nederOViO

I'

nowo

:JJ:P. PAS'r:

,

~-------------~----------------~-----------------

neda

VRRBAL NOIDI:

---_._-------

'VlO

:01..1.0.1'

,

I';en

viedi

Vlen

\'lederen \"radar

we. Dual', ? AS~ ~ 1 C:. 2 pI S c: p t

Dual.

wa

VJ2.in

wadaren

':rou

vTodercu

','lOU

''''''d'''' ~t v "c, .1.•. I'O 'vIlen .- ..

I

3rd. P(S ('2) Vlau I

wal.:.

j,;. .

. ) \ ( .. : t-~

YJaviin

"'J2.darau

166

S.Obj.

SUbj.

lliPERATIVE:Sing

,r

wai

1

a wai

Dual r

a wai

I:

1

wani

wadars

a wani

a wadareni

a wadire

a wadare

,fa wen

fa wadar

,I'

fa war (- )

,Sing r,

IUP:::;?",-t.\.TIVZ :\,

P .Obj •

t

Plur Ir:~GA'J:'lVZ

P-,Obj.

1

,I

Dual a :fa wan

a fa wadaren

a fa. wen

1

Plur

So

i'i

fa War

a fa wen,

a fa wadar

f

1 ~~

~L

_

~

, 'livOUV10

YlOWO

vrali

a:~,;IBDIAT}~

'V'lalou

vlada (,-) weda

VERBAL NOUN:

---------------------~-----'-----'---_.

empD2sisee

~

PAST:

Cl.

noun or

~ronoun

__._-'---

after ;ihich it stands:

IJe.ne tan a?

1. v:ent l

C. g§.

kic:,o no she

:!ou Die:'

-

bEl.r ne toron

c3:i'~

tlw. t t1::at?

It, is a stranger

~fl~o

has called

'.

.

167

The negativ'e of the Pres .. sing. 0-:': the ve:-::ob 'to be' iD.dice.tes 'is not I only when it is p:-::oeced'ed b~".a (see p .115). "Jithout a particle it means 'there is', 'it is'. .

e.g.

_

keru· ~ keru s fan

T+ ... T·" -- v

. k.U8Udo fC1:I1 " kusudo .s fgn n~

n;yun {fan lne

n~

n;)run f:1

;

is good is not .sood

It. is 1)0/'::' It is r..ot bad

T"'nis is

fan

~rours

. This is not

:~ours

It is used frequentl:r VIi th aclve:-::ob13 ;

fan n.,n f.PJ1 ando

.a

non

fan

It

and~

f.~1

or

:r.:Tl."..:D.

It is :':1ere not J:.ere

dol

b ':."ir p.on fan

la :non ne; f:e~!l

g~

fill1

f'a.ll£

(f~ M

te!)

nu

tS 1J :no • ..t.. ..I. U

~

is occasionall~/ uscc.:

'--8'1';1"1 ~ ~":"_"I,J ...

•

'I •

.:~Skl~

~:e~n

'"

~

:-::'2:1 1.... ,...... '_ 1....-

t.

1!

en!'

;..:. __........ .r-

::"0"(,

lC8

nyi aDido a wardi? aD i fd~.,,!~ \"Tar

'.'le vrant medicine

1) ~CI.J.

':-:"1 "'1'1~ J.._ c~.....

Are

_

Sit :--,'f""'1 .....i VI _. .:;

_~

)cople present?

tDOS2

."

... '-1"' r."' '--,

•... {::

10-0 .....

(~ " .... '""!

·, .... v

01../

·

T

.

(~dcressip~

one ?crson)

many;

Ca , __

V""..,"'" rol':"\'.i.

',"\ a~ ".,-7 ".-.j

nc'~

-"

enc.l.:'

. . _c:

_ _ -r>'; " ( -{'·r

J.~...I..#

_ ::..ca

et fa

do n8..'L"'..

-{li --'-...

[;.b~-'S

,

e,

169 'wadu

ai~lo

fildi

The people clap their hands

wadu aiyo fildarau

~he

Ari!Js ke.

It is raining

people clapped their hands

fa bwide doinyar gri1J

ardi

}~a

The children are afraid

\

a nf)

n1ai

I

knov," that

a no a main

I

knovl ho'\': to do that"

a wo.

~

know those people

I

kne";l those people lon;; ggo

C'.

a maicli

ll,f)

a auvlio

'ila

no maidsrou

a gr

I

1:0. gr

a!J i a flridi kwsshe irel anedu ka

sh:~ndo

ancdu meo ka shinaau

iLL).

~efi'~e'

.J,.-

.....,

~

don't

~..~nt ~

it

170

-:;;xercise 29

to

A. (1) i wada wen? ei, a we.da Vien. (2) i bar no a we:ndi?' ei, a v!f::ndi. (3) a lvragidi l (4) nyi a kil1ag? ei, aIJi a kinag. ( 5) sn no J.r...a wau. i no ];..:a ViOU. ( 6) tabar' fan? bv;er, tabar a ran. (7) ani 1::.a tude:rdun. (8) fa and::> doin:{ar (9) aneuu tlr nawen (10) ani fa-~~nderou. ?hc~r have not retu~:'ned, I have :'1ot see:n ~:lem. (2) They 'iie:c'e laughing. (3) ::Ie i;.8.d fiv-e :hoes. (4) We-had t\'iTO sticks. (5) Don't be afraidl (6) :<e knoT;iS it by heart. (7) Do ~rou (::?1.; refuse? Yes, ~·. . e refuse. (8~ ,:L like tho'se :;?eople. (9) You "\,·. .antec~ salt. Ee ','ie.nted salt. (10) J. \'!as ill. -:,T e (t"ro) "'0'1"0 lOll -~:e '-'ere' -; 11 m'lc"'-r "-'''''''''e .; 1 1 eo -_e .LJ. tI v.I,,;;;.r..k

B. (1)

~f

•

~i ...... _

.....

.1

A. Give the Pres.Cs n '"

<J ,

n,_~,. -

..J.';ve

~ -

t~e .U

T'''''' •• V

lil

&~) ,

~~~o~a~';ve .L.J.•..t:"~_ \.I .... '

_

\oh'

_.

.J.._

and Past (s. [: ?) of

m'" -j ,.c-._,

re

..

.i:!;-, ;:1_"

~ J:;', ~,

'--

of

ne, ViO, tOill<::.,in, IJil,shin, Yren, fir,

iy:agi (be Gouiet and

-----'--------------,-------------

':'lu~.eten).

c:"oin~rt

ire,

171 SUPPLEWIENTARY NOTZS OlT

V~nBS.

':Om DUAL.' pThe Dual forms given in all the verb paradigms are not always used; the SiI1[;"Ular or the Plural forms are used instead. Although the Dual forms have been given fo!' the sake" of completeness, they are gradually going out of use. Thus one may say: afJi a morde kvra (instead of kwen) - I am. going with ,the horse. wadaIJ lJe arba vr::> (instead of "v'len) - The man has two sons •. This may be declined, as follows: Gen. lu; e.g.

Dep.Gen. -un;

Abl.

Dat.

-s;

Loc. -aUt

lua (irreg.) and'dem: broken

Nom:

lua

dem

Ace:

I&>

dem&>

Gen:

Iu

demu

~)8,t :

li

demi

Abl:

le

deme

I,oc:

lau

dcmau

I':~~/

brother is c.ead

I loved my dead brother

That ,;as my dead brother's ~:Je

killec, a goat for nw dead r:1eon ',"ras WiJili

vIadalJ no am'do aX)tne ;;'.a lau That man Vlent ka tan e sha ••• a.no. said ..•

0;J.C8

u:r to

bl~other

dead broti'ler "i~T'.l

dGad

brot~(ler

172 i

Q~u

a

dem~

ka wen ando?

Do you see the broken stick here? -

I found the :neat eaten

VERBAL DERIVATIVES. Advg~ge or disadvantage is indicated by tIle suffix the normal tenses of the verb.

I

~,

=n,

to

Vl::rrod f aIJ kabar ne!! vrof.:o kabar !l2!!

1[~r

kired l aD kabar neg kired I a.1J kabar ned:i,.n

1,;'r v

bwishid t aD' kabar ne!!

I have a pain in my stomach

llead aches Eis head aches M~l

foot hurts me feet are painful

Omitting the pronoun, one ma~r also sa;y= bwishi kabar ne w~t:0 kabar ne kire kabar ne

1[ have a pain 1:~'" :.!.eac: '':.c1:.es

"

~".;.

",- -?c"'" .... v +-v .~.

in :w.1;/' stomach

-;')1 1 -~·t c ..:. ... t"..'~""'" Q

Also note:

8ndu g\vura };:a tisilc: en. ka ::13.9)· \J2.rdfn She cleans the scoop se that she may sc~pe out the porridge.

e.g.

mo, to get up twil, to drink wid8lJ ka mo,

to caus e to get up twele, to m~(e to drink.

TD1.1. ,

the

~a~

gets up.

the Jna.iI J:"lc.::.'2S tl-:c ·~::..e l:or~se

I

.._--'-

_-~~--_._-a:;'"-~_.~._-

.

'{~'1~~~t8r

get

<1.:nirl~.:8

t£:8

~LoIlse

e

173 CIL-I\.PTER XII.

!J)VZRBS.

Adverbs may be derived from adjectives without change, e.g.

"i,

.. ',,'

'

!'\

i diji

ka she?

Rave you worked well? bad1~r

endu dij i kusudo ka she

E:e has "Wo:rked

a kr.:!y-'ka tia

I have sle?t well

.'

"

meo, ("a"lm~le ~and~le iro irno tuna budarau diIJor o auvrio ata1J mir i "leeo

~resterda~r

Q;enee

to-day

g,emeo n;'/ai gire

to-morrow in the morning at night. then, afteJ1l:fards in due course long ago

£:.inQ:9

now no;17; yet in a little ~::o::;:' a time

S<:l1J

r

~l~

J

\~ile

here (hither) . . . . .~·~

wu··~

Ol!..

this side

up~~'larllS

tOrJ

to ti

niDa ' i tec:'il t . ". J I ~J) i1un

1

ilidiau. (ge)ger e 1J

n;lai TJo!]olio

de1Jc1eIJ aShi!J laf1an nyalabiden

louno

\

(non lando nin nen ::1e12JJ nearau tmJ

~inde

barbol'Jo

f~
dil del de1il) dEarau der;)

above, over on the ground to the ground underneath undern.eath in the mic.c.le

are teIJer for

around

buda v:lJ.l.i

su10 suro sviir

dp.~r befo"re ;lestGtday three days %0 clay after to:...morI'OW three days hence four days hence alviD:;/s never ._ .~" __ again "'~)1 ~lf~

earlv-} " " at once" SUddenly .

,

in the even~ng at rr1ic.c1a~'"

,there

1

there (thither)

on that side elo vlIr:;ards

outside outside out, outwards, outside inside on top a",,~."'a;;r

behind in front

174 aran tir nyi!JaIJ o

near

kvmdau .r. •

~J.

(3)

sau buro tedime:re kiSaJje

together in the sun tio:rth, south east

far on the road on the right on the left

fjt~1t ~el'!llL~-,-et&...2. '-~ teilJ

west

sosueren

in ranks on one's back seated on all fours, crQuching

bebeleD bwide

J

~u~g

JUJu

teny \

littl~

kediIJiniD

ve~J

kedi~

1

r!-~

~ ';i

enough

1

teata kager de.dar deg lagin komuro sheD 10.10.10. bubu bubide

little quickly SlOVll;r perhaps

lal~'

bwishe alwsn

te

,Sl{~t(~}

ve~J

in ve.in straight, directly of course on the point of death gently violently s'lowly aJ.l.d' gently alone, only

ttill,&·~.

k:>k:>

It will be seen that several adverbs are derived from other parts of speech by im~a?s 3f t,h~ff'i':. -:o,~ A , , ~., ." ' .\ ~ ~ t1..L, ~~t "W~!"·'·V ~<J,.p.~J (f'. rom ' t'.,,'-J.u, ' . "t'J a I.J nJ.g...:. w nJ.gn., t uno, I -l-'

. . _.J.,

-:

; ~"r"c "1""0 .. l..,J..t., 10

.."

i 11

I.oP'

m _L 0 -rn;ng'" -:-

( i_.1-I,~" """un "'10 "'~J..J..J..~o' -j C" 'I y\

"Yl'Y)

tl,c -r,e'" (lo"",-n e- i 1e"-"-' -nr.o\ __0. n~reI"-' '__ .J._,,:,.-.o ) 9 just alive, on the (kOI:lu:,", e.livc) point of deat~1. . .", -,-__

komurc,

II

"'1 e

-IVJ. ••

-l-

~""",,:':..L..i.'

11

J..J..J-J...J.

F~ _~ a~~E ,~~;.qJ j)~~~:~~.;~OJ.~'~

;~CL~er~slr~a,~ b~ "a~;~~J.~~C1.~

"ilVc.l.b.::> e:nc.~.n,..) ~~~ C,"

1J ,-,a~,,~

.0

_1.

.... _8

(I...

.1 .L~e c.eCl,j.,n;J.,On:Ls regular. ~,en.Lt.J.veld'J&d ~-,tJt",).-

cg~""'" ' IJ'3ave it for to-no:::'row ., , ". arml'1U ~;l.r . dC.J.. o..J.J:' YIor}: fo::.' to-da~1" inl sidai j

iri ashi e~ui\'l ne

~~le beer is ~~lf ready for to-morrow '':l.,

te"r'ero

~'ri!rr

.:- -: nu ''1-1 Tl,V

'\

"]:)0"'0"1)<:'

.

!"'bcv'"

aTlr':l

...... 0'··"'.,...'"

bel O~'r

~ "~~-;;.;:;-~:-- -, "~~j.L;';;" ~.~

,·tws>l~~M ~')'

~W~(~tutc,;/h.t~ ~~6}'J~~!1(~

~.' ~~7p.<~
,.

"'It-,

'

,

175

en ka gire tor

Ee nill come the

a bebe:le:lJ tie.

I sleep o!:. :r.t back

madrasau deg kadai

Go straight to the school

1agin idtaD ka tolun

Of

e: neu' l:oLmro', tU))

::le

da~r

af'te::::' to-morro\'!

r

COllI'se ~rou

saw

rc.e

o·£'

death

irno laflan "tors she

I he.vG not

~rct

':lone

lale)J lcadai; Put

KWO is used in emphatic

i'~

a~fil~Qationf

nyi bel kwo maidi

inside

usuallJr ·;:it:h Frcs. or Perfect.

You kno":! also

-.lhat is it?

:t is a sne.J:ce Do Jc.l:.is

I've

,

r'

s.c'.e ~

-Po~ r:rr .... ..:.~

sake

176 §.U (or K.AI) gives the idea of coq;?letion,

soinz

on untiJ. ai'l act is

:firri shed.:

anedu ka ta1c1i 2 i

n ee.t it UJ:'

anedu kasC,)r [:ai anedu

~oli

se r:.z'ht of'f hOnle

kvalace

11;,s~- [;0 C:'l :?la~-i!1G

sever:

?hey utterly destroyed ou:.:' crops.

a .Jvob:,r

ashi!j tandi.;e sndu godo1J l~v;e..

(3; a :880 S::8 (5) 2.'2..~:;e:,-· s".. ~~:'"'..(~.~:·2 ..t~. ~~S'..:: b-! (7'\/ ' :rJ-r~""I~1=t,-~~--.".. (,:.~ P'ii,;-1" J-'J.... " (.. _.( .•• '..• C,.c ,.,.. e -,,_ .. _ ..." -\·."'~lal. ,"". n·u""l4''l''\ QOu to ka doizol;:/ (1(.) a:'1sc.u a1;,:G.~_8 ;::0:'.

(2) 2. ;:;;'. .1':::_0 ::0. s:--:,:::

1\\t8~e:"G1..:

r<'"f-

:? • (1)

(3)

1,4

j

I,.

., ..

for

c:.Q~·s

<J

j,

177

"

CHAPTER XIII .~

CONJUNC~):QNS•

The chief Conjunctions are the following: and (joining phrases)~ but .and (j cining single words)

e o bel } r'l -

\

also,

~.,~u

lJaJ. ada

or

nieta

because, since

:~a

before after; lest 'v:hen, 'while

en

J.J.

ana t aniiJB 5

• ..p

ts:di!l..8 until gie.n. }, vmuld that ....

amere . IJai ••• IJai aa.a ••• ada

bot1:- ••• e.nd ej_tl~el"" ••

• Ol·

:::;;:x;p.m;pl es :

a 0\1 ase.

0

~:ou

l::ii.udt.

e ::lC:U{O el

c..,du

and. I

,

(lit. I

;;~oU)

'fhree e.ne. :four

::e also

2Jai T"his

01"'

t1::at

~~ait u~til

I

come

anc.., sJ::!.e, :Ldu 6.il kac1ai, ~;J11.ile I am doinz tll.is 3..1.8-:::'C, you So ove:.' the:re. ~r,"",",,:,

IJ V" v

T r II.'"

Often

8.

t~"Y"l."'~ ~~

'
("..' o,

_··':"J.C ....,~ 0'-..!.

p tel"]- "ro tI

10-'\6-

Cll

c~unction is usec.1. "in each pa:-'t of t::.e sc~tel1ce:

"

,;

•

178 QONJUNCTIOJlIAL PARTJj:CLES ~ TA, Te indicates Purpose aftel"' a'verb of motion. IA l's nor.m.all;;" used when the verb stem contains s alone; te in other eases.

Bar

e:f.

Drive them (i.e. cows) idu beshi wurshag E: te worau badig hOI:1c and put them in the enclosure. them irde lIJha.~ ~ to pasture tE:lan E: fa 1& lavla talc~i Di!:dtoc. v/eri!J to eat grass. kadai E: tE:

c1.oin"l.-

c~ul

Go e.nd stay ove:' there

Go and see the house

kadai e tc: vlel toilE: kadai e ];~dai

~

Go and put that over there

kido no dol bag

Go an6. eat the m.eat

E: 1& kwono tal

TA is also used emphaticall;'l before IL1~c:"'at:Lves: :::~ol.;l

to. til

it!

FA indicates Furpo·se after at,her vei'1m, anC'. also has tLe sense of t]r.:>t ........ ,

c.",1"1C,··I. . . -:-_ •• 11

.,

0

~... J..

s11il to.

let

a raec tolun no a

DE:

c OV/~S

:~.is

wadaJ)

no

t11c~r Iaay stand there t~e place be cool

Sc tl".at

.'.;:.0.t

rt"

l8 0

~~lJ.at is ·tllC r:1an \fb.occ a 8.Dun ba~ raeo toldun J~ se.. \V :re S~l~ erd2\t:;,r (l~ ~,.. that is tl~e :ne.n, I sao::

CO~:I!"S ~i';2[:."t·~~;11~.2;,:r) ~.n s ()

i~ e :rl.'LlTl

rI'11£1t

:~s ~t:le lJaIl J.~ J-es"I~(21~c.u:r It

..it

179

Ex~rcise

32.

A. (1) Both Habib and Tour. (2) Either this or that. (3) I am going because my father is ill. (4) I eJ11 going but he is not going. (5) If ;,/ou are going, 1. shall go too. (6) Wait until I~come. (7) ~Nhen I go I vIill tell you. (8) After.I return I will speak to you. (9) I aJ11 ~orking and he is re~~ining idle. (10) You and I.

180

CHAPTER XIV. Assent and denial. yes

no

\

or post-velar click • .,' I

Excl~tionfu.

mmmm. ~ "

(vrith closed lips)

ora!

quiett

haul

whoa!

o abal

o Father!·

o atat

o MotherI

ku •• k-u •• ku

kyul

expressing

Used also in invoking a spirit.

eT~ressing astonisru~ent

to send a person away

tul

Qli6mato:2 o eic.

s11i •• s11i •• 811i

tap!

J

dud! .

drizzle o£' rain

an~" sudden' action

f'u •• i'Cl

blo'.dnJ

r.r.r.

l~p~ing

tu" • tu "{

k.IlO cl:.i!lg

quickly

ta •• ta~

grrs11

~onder

sound of YJ1eading

181

pleaset aVlUd6t

thank. ,rou t ,;

\ \ I

Vocative. In calling a peT'son, tIle name is preceded in the first instance b~r a or ..§.. It is then repeated with the suffix -0: e.g.

(

I

i

P,.;

e Eabibl

:-~abibo 1

a Tov.rt

Tourot