Allergies - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

LLERGIES A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright Ó2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright Ó2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Allergies: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83550-0 1. Allergies-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on allergies. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications.

Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ALLERGIES ................................................................................................ 3 Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 3 The Combined Health Information Database ................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Allergies...................................................................................... 22 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 22 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed................................................................................ 26 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ALLERGIES .................................................................................... 107 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 107 Finding Nutrition Studies on Allergies .................................................................................... 107 Federal Resources on Nutrition................................................................................................. 111 Additional Web Resources......................................................................................................... 111 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ALLERGIES .............................................................. 119 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 119 The Combined Health Information Database ............................................................................ 119 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine ............................................... 120 Additional Web Resources......................................................................................................... 126 General References..................................................................................................................... 152 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ALLERGIES ................................................................................ 153 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 153 Dissertations on Allergies ......................................................................................................... 153 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 154 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND ALLERGIES .......................................................................... 155 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 155 Recent Trials on Allergies ......................................................................................................... 155 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 168 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON ALLERGIES........................................................................................... 171 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 171 Patents on Allergies................................................................................................................... 171 Patent Applications on Allergies............................................................................................... 315 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 357 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON ALLERGIES .............................................................................................. 359 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 359 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies ........................................................................................... 359 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers ........................................................................................ 361 The National Library of Medicine Book Index........................................................................... 371 Chapters on Allergies ................................................................................................................ 373 Directories ................................................................................................................................. 377 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON ALLERGIES ................................................................................... 379 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 379 Video Recordings....................................................................................................................... 379 Audio Recordings ...................................................................................................................... 380 Bibliography: Multimedia on Allergies ..................................................................................... 381 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ALLERGIES ................................................................ 383 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 383 News Services and Press Releases ............................................................................................. 383 Newsletters on Allergies............................................................................................................ 387 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 387 Academic Periodicals covering Allergies................................................................................... 388 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES.......................................................................................... 391 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 391

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Contents NIH Guidelines ..........................................................................................................................391 NIH Databases ...........................................................................................................................393 Other Commercial Databases .....................................................................................................396 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ...............................................................................................397 Overview ....................................................................................................................................397 Patient Guideline Sources ..........................................................................................................397 Associations and Allergies .........................................................................................................416 Finding Associations ..................................................................................................................419 APPENDIX C. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................421 Overview ....................................................................................................................................421 U.S. Pharmacopeia .....................................................................................................................421 Commercial Databases ...............................................................................................................425 APPENDIX D. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................427 Overview ....................................................................................................................................427 Preparation .................................................................................................................................427 Finding a Local Medical Library ................................................................................................427 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada .................................................................................427

ONLINE GLOSSARIES ................................................................................................................433 Online Dictionary Directories ...................................................................................................442 ALLERGIES DICTIONARY.........................................................................................................443 INDEX...............................................................................................................................................521

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with allergies is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about allergies, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to allergies, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on allergies. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to allergies, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on allergies. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ALLERGIES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on allergies.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and allergies, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “allergies” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: ·

Treating the Patient With Multiple Cosmetic Product Allergies Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 107(7): 70-72,75-77. June 2000. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the treatment of the patient who has multiple allergies to cosmetic products. Sensitive skin is a problem for men, women, and children of all races living everywhere in the world. Physiologically, sensitive skin has one or more of the following cutaneous characteristics: heightened neurosensory input, enhanced immune responsiveness, and diminished barrier function. Basic skin care for people who have sensitive skin involves using skin care products that contain the fewest ingredients and avoiding products containing common allergens and irritants. Cosmetics can also cause problems, so patients who have sensitive skin should discard cosmetics that are more than 3 months old. In some cases, advising patients about general skin care and safe products may not

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be enough to avoid serious skin reactions. In these cases, a more sophisticated approach is needed. This approach covers a 2 week period and involves discontinuing the use of all topical skin products; using only synthetic detergent soap; using a bland moisturizer; discontinuing all topical prescription medications; eliminating sources of skin friction by wearing loose, soft clothing; and discontinuing sports or other activities that cause repetitive skin rubbing. At the end of the 2 week period, the skin is examined for the presence of any underlying dermatoses. If a dermatosis is found, it should be treated for at least 2 weeks beyond the disappearance of visible disease. Once the acute problem subsides, the patient can begin using one facial cosmetic of low allergenic potential each week, beginning with lipstick and followed by face powder and powder blush. All other cosmetics and skin care products should be individually tested on a small area for at least 5 nights. All data from the tests should be analyzed and results presented to the patient so she or he has a clear understanding of ingredients to avoid. 3 tables and 6 references. ·

Allergies and Vocal Fold Edema: A Preliminary Report Source: Journal of Voice. 13(1): 113-122. March 1999. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. Summary: This article describes different tools that can be used to determine the etiology of vocal fold edema. The authors report on the complete voice assessment that is used in their Voice Center. This includes patient history, acoustic analysis, laryngeal videostroboscopy, otolaryngology consultation, allergy testing (from a companion Allergy Clinic), and gastroenterology consultation as appropriate. Inhalant allergy can be a hidden, yet very common cause of chronic laryngitis. Respiratory allergies can also cause decreased pulmonary function; excessive secretions in either the lower airway, trachea, bronchi, or in the upper airway of the pharynx; edema of the vocal folds themselves; and unusual resonance characteristics of the pharynx or nasal cavity due to congestion of the membrane in those areas. Voice patients with a history of seasonal hay fever, a history of allergic reactions around cats or dogs, or a strong family history of allergies should be allergy tested. Screening tests for allergies are available. Once specific allergens are identified, recommendations for therapy or other intervention can be made. Straining the voice, in combination with the above conditions, can increase the voice problem. The authors describe the histories, allergy test results, and voice laboratory evaluations of several patients. Identifying these voice patients and treating their allergies are important in keeping these patients healthy and maintaining a clear, good voice quality. The authors conclude that the multidisciplinary approach in voice disorders is indispensable in diagnosis and treatment of these disorders.

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Role of Food Allergies in Behavioral, Developmental Delays Source: Advance for Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists. 5(9): 5. March 6, 1995. Summary: In this brief article, the author explores the role of food allergies in behavioral and/or developmental delays. The article reports the work of Dr. Richard Layton and Kelly Dorfman, a nutritional consultant, in this area. Topics covered include the possible connection between allergies and behavior disorders, autism, pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), and attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD); diagnostic tests used to determine food allergies and sensitivities; children with autism and food

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allergies; the role of oral motor problems in dietary choice; taste deficiencies in children with developmental disorders; food cravings; interventions for children who test positively for allergies; gluten-and casein-free diets, including withdrawal problems when the diets are first introduced; the use of supplements for nutritional balance; and the need for additional research in these areas. The contact information for both researchers is included. ·

Food Allergies Source: Nutrition Action Healthletter. 28(3): 10-13. April 2001. Contact: Available from CSPI. 1875 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20009. Fax (202) 265-4954. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.cspinet.org. Summary: This article reviews food allergies and food intolerances. Food allergies occur when the immune system overreacts to certain proteins in food. Although more than 200 food ingredients can provoke an allergic reaction, the vast majority are caused by eight ingredients: nuts (like walnuts and almonds), peanuts (which are legumes), milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, soybeans, and wheat. Typical symptoms are nausea, hives, skin rash, nasal congestion, and wheezing. For most people with food allergies, allergic reactions to food are a temporary discomfort, but for many the result is anaphylactic shock, a quick reaction in which their throats may swell enough to cut off breathing. The author reviews the typical pattern of a study of 32 fatal reactions; all but two reactions were triggered by peanuts or nuts. Most of the victims were teenagers or young adults who had asthma, and most knew that they suffered from food allergies; 27 ate the food away from home, and only three were carrying emergency self injectable epinephrine. Most reactions to food are caused not by allergies but by intolerances, which are less severe. The author reviews intolerances to lactose (milk sugar), sulfites, monosodium glutamate (MSG), red wine, chocolate, and food colors. The article concludes with a discussion of four reminders regarding food allergies: offending foods may show up where they are not expected; trace amounts can trigger a reaction; foods can be contaminated with allergens; and labels do not have to disclose allergens in flavors. Appended to the article is a list of websites and resource organizations for readers wishing to obtain additional information. 1 figure. 6 references.

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Children and Food Allergies Source: Digestive Health and Nutrition. p. 7. January-February 2000. Contact: Available from American Gastroenterological Association. 7910 Woodmont Avenue, 7th Floor, Bethesda, MD 20814. (877) DHN-4YOU or (301) 654-2055, ext. 650. Email: [email protected]. Summary: This brief article reviews food allergies in infants and children. The author notes that milk and soy allergies are very common, and that eggs, wheat, peanuts, and tree nuts may also create problems for children. The associated allergic reactions can be very severe, even deadly. Though it may be possible to prevent allergic reactions, there is no known way to keep children from developing food allergies. The article concludes with a list of dietary precautions that may postpone the onset of allergy symptoms, thus preventing severe early deficiencies in growth and development. The suggestions include: avoid highly allergenic foods while breastfeeding a baby; plan to breast feed the baby for as long as possible, preferably for at least 1 year; do not give solid foods to the baby until he or she is at least 6 months old; when age appropriate, introduce solid foods one at a time, beginning with those least likely to trigger allergies (i.e., rice cereal and bananas); do not give the child milk or eggs until he or she is at least 1 year old; and

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do not give the child peanuts until she or he is at least 3 years old. One sidebar notes that the most common signs and symptoms seen in food allergic children, including flushing, nausea, hives, itching, abdominal pain, sneezing, diarrhea, and vomiting. The article refers readers to the resource link for the Food Allergy Network (www.foodallergy.org). ·

When Your Food Bites Back: Food Allergies and Intolerances Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 16(4): 106, 108, 110, 112. July-August 1999. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Summary: This article, written for people who have diabetes, describes food allergies and intolerances. The author notes that the obvious treatment for food allergies and sensitivities is to avoid the food in question. However, eliminating a food or entire group of foods from one's diet without making appropriate dietary substitutions can create nutrient or calorie imbalances or deficits. A food allergy, also known as a food hypersensitivity, is a reaction by the immune system to a substance that is generally regarded as harmless. Symptoms of a food allergy often involve the skin, respiratory system, and intestinal tract. A food intolerance, in comparison, does not involve the immune system. Food intolerance is generally described as a metabolic disorder in which the body has difficulty digesting or tolerating a certain food or food group. The physical symptoms of food intolerance usually involve the gastrointestinal tract and may include abdominal pain or diarrhea. There is no evidence to suggest that people with diabetes have a higher incidence of food allergy than the general population, although people with type 1 diabetes are at greater risk for developing an intolerance to gluten, a protein in wheat and other grains. The author reviews the diagnostic tests that may be used to confirm a food sensitivity or allergy, and offers basic strategies for coping with a food allergy. The author stresses that people with a food allergy should work with a nutrition professional to learn how to eat healthfully and avoid food allergens that cause symptoms. The article is appended with a list of resource organizations that can offer more information about food allergies, gluten intolerance, and related issues.

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Milk, Eggs and Peanuts: Food Allergies in Children Source: American Family Physician. 56(5): 1365-1374. October 1, 1997. Contact: Available from American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: True food allergies are much less prevalent than is generally believed. They are more common in infants and children under age three than in older children and adults. This article reviews food allergies in children, focusing on the common allergies to milk, eggs, and peanuts. Infant colic generally is not caused by a food allergy. In infants, urticaria, eczema, or gastrointestinal bleeding may be due to foods such as milk and eggs, but clinical tolerance usually develops within a few years. Peanuts, tree nuts, seafood and seeds, as well as milk and eggs, can cause anaphylaxis in highly allergic children, and reexposure to such foods presents the risk of life-threatening reactions. Immediate-reacting allergy skin tests and in vitro IgE antibody tests can be used to screen for food allergy. Only food challenge, however, can confirm a reaction to a particular food. Management of food allergy, once the initial symptoms are confirmed, consists of avoidance of specific foods, sometimes for a lifetime. All children at risk for food anaphylaxis should be identified, and their parents or caretakers should be

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prepared to administer epinephrine before taking the child to the emergency room. 3 tables. 49 references. (AA-M). ·

Medication Use, Self-reported Drug Allergies, and Estimated Medication Cost in Patients with Epileptic versus Nonepileptic Seizures Source: Journal of Epilepsy. 11(4):191-194, July-August 1998. Summary: Researchers investigated the relationship between numbers of medications consumed, numbers of self-reported drug allergies, and whether patients admitted to an epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) had epileptic seizures (ES) or nonepileptic seizures (NES). They calculated estimated minimum antiepileptic drug (AED) costs for the two groups as a method of defining the minimum scope of the financial burden AED therapy places on these groups. Of the 226 patients in whom prolonged monitoring provided a diagnosis, 74 received a diagnosis of NES and 152 of ES. Patients with NES took more medications than patients with ES, although fewer of those medications were AED's. The NES patients also self-reported more drug allergies than the ES patients, perhaps reflecting an increased tendency to perceive themselves as ill. The cost of AED therapy was high in both groups, with minimum estimated AED costs of about $70 per month to NES patients and about $100 per month to ES patients. 2 tables, 11 references.

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Latex Allergies: How They Affect the Dental Profession Source: Journal of Practical Hygiene. 7(6): 51-56. November-December 1998. Contact: Available from Montage Media Corporation. 1000 Wyckoff Avenue, Mahwah, NJ 07430-3164. (201) 891-3200. Summary: Although latex gloves have been proven to be a dependable source of protection against bloodborne pathogens for health care workers, they are also the cause of several dermatologic problems. As more health care workers began to wear gloves, the number of allergic reactions increased, and dental professionals are no exception. This article discusses different types of reactions due to latex exposure, the process used to confirm a latex allergy, and strategies for the prevention of these complications. The authors describe the recommended protocol for the testing of latex allergies. Individuals are considered to be at high risk for latex allergy if they are health care workers, latex industry workers, children with spina bifida, or if they have a history of specific risk factors, including previous allergic reaction to latex, previous unexplained anaphylaxis, hand eczema, allergic reaction from cross reactive foods, or multiple surgeries in childhood. The article concludes with the telephone number of the FDA Problem Reporting Program (800-638-6725), for health care workers to report incidents of sensitivity to latex or other material used in medical devices.

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Managing Latex Allergies Source: Access. 9(2): 8-9. March 1995. Contact: Available from American Dental Hygienists' Association (ADHA). 444 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. (800) 243-2342 or (312) 440-8900; Fax (312) 4408929; E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.adha.org. Summary: This article, from a journal for dental hygienists, discusses latex allergies. The article stresses that diagnosis, documentation, and communication are key to the appropriate management of latex allergies. Topics covered include risk factors for latex allergy, notably exposure; the symptoms of latex allergy, i.e., contact dermatitis; the prevalence of latex allergy among health care workers; the route and extent of exposure

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to latex and how said exposure impacts on the symptoms that result; OSHA requirements for reporting and documentation; Workers' Compensation benefits; and the possibility of future labeling of latex content on products and medical devices. The article concludes with information about a listing of products that contain latex, as well as the contact information for two additional sources of information about latex allergy. ·

Allergy for the Otologist: External Canal to Inner Ear Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 31(1): 157-173. February 1998. Summary: This article reviews the immune and allergic activity of the ear. The authors suggest mechanisms by which a classic allergic or autoimmune response may result in the production of otologic symptoms. Various treatment modalities, including specific allergic testing and treatment techniques, are described. Specific topics include immunology, allergic symptoms in the external or middle ear, inner ear symptoms (Meniere's disease, dizziness, tinnitus), patient history, physical examination, testing for allergies (including food allergies), and allergy treatments. Treatment options covered are pharmacotherapy, including that with antihistamines, decongestants, cromolyn sodium, corticosteroids, and immunotherapy; and dietary modification. The authors conclude that although the otologic manifestations of allergy are not by themselves diagnostic, the history, including family history and associated symptoms in other target organs, will often help lead to the correct diagnosis and institution of therapy. 1 table. 47 references.

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Role of Allergy in Meniere's Disease Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 30(6): 1007-1016. December 1997. Summary: This article reviews the role of allergy in Meniere's disease. The author notes that many of the clinical characteristics of Meniere's disease suggest an underlying autoimmune etiology. Its propensity to wax and wane, becoming active again after long periods of remission, suggests an inflammatory component. It is bilateral (both ears) in a significant number of cases. The author discusses immunology, treatment options (drug therapy), allergy testing, and immunotherapy techniques that may be useful (serial endpoint titration, in vitro testing, food allergies). The endolymphatic sac is the seat of immune reactivity in the inner ear. Repeated inflammatory reactions can produce sac dysfunction and the eventual production of Meniere's disease. When the stimulation is allergic, patients will not do well until the underlying antigens are recognized and treated. The author concludes that, while environmental control and judicious pharmacotherapy certainly play a role in treating Meniere's disease, significant labyrinthine symptoms of allergy respond best to specific immunotherapy or dietary elimination. 38 references.

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Manifestations of Food Allergy: Evaluation and Management Source: American Family Physician. 59(2): 415-424. January 15, 1999. Contact: Available from American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This article focuses on the clinical manifestations of food allergy, defined as adverse immunologic reactions to food. Food allergy is usually mediated by IgE antibody directed to specific food proteins, but other immunologic mechanisms can also play a role. The primary target organs for food allergic reactions are the skin, the gastrointestinal tract, and the respiratory system. Both acute reactions (hives and

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anaphylaxis) and chronic disease (asthma, atopic dermatitis, and gastrointestinal disorders) may be caused or exacerbated by food allergy. The foods most commonly causing these reactions in children are milk, egg, peanuts, soy, wheat, tree nuts, fish, and shellfish; in adults, they are peanuts, tree nuts, shellfish, and fish. The diagnosis of food allergy requires a careful search for possible causes, confirmation of the cause(s) with supporting tests, including specific tests for IgE (i.e., skin prick tests, radioallergosorbent tests) and, in some cases, oral food challenges. Treatment consists of elimination of the causal food(s) along with medical treatment, including the prompt self-administration of epinephrine in the event of a serious reaction. 1 figure. 3 tables. 40 references. (AAM). ·

Immune Mechanisms of Food Allergy Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 14(6): 498-503. November 1998. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 227 East Washington Square, Philadelphia, PA 19106. (800) 638-3030. Summary: Food allergy occurs in 1.5 to 6 percent of the population. This review article on food allergy focuses on recent investigations concerning the diversity of pathophysiologic mechanisms, extraintestinal consequences of allergic responses, genetic advances, and diagnostic tools available to the clinician. The authors note that confirming the diagnosis of food allergic disorders is often difficult because of the lack of reliable, convenient testing, and the incomplete understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. Rodent models have elucidated several mechanisms of mast cellmediated responses and antigen transport. Although it had been suggested that certain allergic disorders have a genetic predisposition, investigators are now identifying genomic mutations associated with specific atopic conditions in humans. A novel endoscopic method may provide insight into diagnosis, as well as pathophysiology of allergic disorders. 1 table. 29 references (10 annotated). (AA-M).

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Formula Allergy and Intolerance Source: Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 24(1): 1-25. March 1995. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company, Periodicals Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 654-2452. Summary: This article reviews the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of two major types of adverse reactions to infant formulas: formula allergy/hypersensitivity, which is an immunologic response; and formula intolerance, which is a nonimmunologic response. Formula intolerance can occur in infants with an underlying congenital or acquired enzyme deficiency (disaccharidase deficiency, galactosemia, hereditary fructose intolerance). The author discusses the appropriateness of the use of a variety of infant formulas. Guidelines for the prevention of allergic disease are described as well. 4 figures. 9 tables. 87 references. (AA-M).

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Food Allergy: Manifestations, Evaluation, and Management Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 93(2): 191-196, 201. February 1, 1993. Summary: For several reasons, food allergy may present a diagnostic challenge. Patients and physicians can blame a wide range of symptoms on certain foods. Food allergy and food intolerance are sometimes indistinguishable, and results of common diagnostic tests may be inconclusive. In this article, the authors describe the typical symptoms of food allergy, discuss evaluation and diagnosis, and examine appropriate preventive and

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treatment measures. One sidebar discusses the mechanisms of food allergy. The authors note foods most often implicated in allergic reactions include eggs, cow's milk, nuts, wheat, soy products, whitefish, and crustacea. Gastrointestinal, respiratory tract, and dermatologic symptoms, as well as systemic anaphylaxis, may develop. 1 table. 19 references. (AA-M). ·

Allergy Tests For Milk Source: Newsletter for People with Lactose Intolerance and Milk Allergy. 1992. p. 6. Contact: Available from Newsletter for People with Lactose Intolerance and Milk Allergy. P.O. Box 3129, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-3129. (313) 572-9134. Summary: This brief article reviews the current thinking about allergy testing in children, particularly those used for identifying food allergens. The author conveys the information that, while allergy testing for food allergens is unreliable, testing for environmental allergies is both reliable and useful. Identifying and treating environmental allergies, thereby reducing sensitivity to known allergens, will have a very positive effect on general health that will strengthen the immune system.

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Allergy To Foods Containing Concealed Milk Proteins Source: Research Resources Reporter. 16(5): 5-6. May-June 1992. Summary: This article reports on recent research that is exploring milk allergies, particularly allergies to concealed milk proteins. Topics covered include new labeling requirements; the presence of milk proteins in foods labelled dairy-free; the effect on the immune-system of interaction with foods determined to cause sensitivity reactions; and why people react to certain foods and how some people outgrow allergies. The presumed milk-free foods found in the research study included bologna, hot dogs, tuna, and non-dairy frozen desserts. 4 references.

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Questions and Answers: Food Allergy and Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Elective Appendectomy During Abdominal Surgery Source: JAMA. Journal of American Medical Association. 265(13): 1736, 1738. April 3, 1991. Summary: This brief article, one of a regular series of questions and answers, addresses two issues of interest to digestive diseases professionals. The first exchange discusses the possible role of food allergy in triggering or exacerbating irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The responding author discusses the difference between food allergy and IBS, mentions research support for this hypothesis, and concludes that food allergy as a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of IBS is valid. The second exchange involves elective appendectomy during abdominal surgery. The responding author notes that there is little, if any, morbidity and that there is apparent benefit gained from incidental appendectomies, provided certain contraindications are taken into account. 7 references.

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Role of Hydrolyzed Formulas in Nutritional Allergy Prevention in Infants Source: Southern Medical Journal. 90(12):1170-1175, December 1997. Summary: The author reviewed the scientific literature dealing with the subjects of allergy prevention in infants and hydrolyzed formulas. Although human milk should be the first choice, in those cases where breast feeding is impossible, adapted infant formulas are best. However, about 2 to 3 percent of infants will be allergic to the

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proteins in cows' milk. In infants with a family history of allergy, a hypoallergenic formula may reduce the risk of allergy. Native proteins can be reduced by hydrolysis with digestive enzymes. Free amino acids (complete hydrolysis), however, have a high osmolarity and an extremely bad taste. Therefore, partially hydrolysate infant formulas (PHFs) were developed. These are less bitter and cheaper than complete hydrolysate formulas (CHFs), which have been available for 40 years. Different hydrolysate formulas based on whey and/or casein, soy proteins, or beef collagen have been developed. Free amino acids are added to soy-based formulas, to increase the nutritional value, as well as maltodextrin to change the osmolarity. Generally, PHFs cost 25 percent more than standard infant formulas. Because of the split proteins and iron supplements, the stools are in many cases green in color and rather soft. It is important to test every hydrolysate formula with regard to its source protein, which should be reduced by 100-fold. It is difficult to understand why current literature virtually exclusively mentions beta-lactoglobulin, the primary allergen in whey-based protein, as the standard of comparison in the detection of residual allergenicity. Nutritional aspects of PHFs are discussed, with regard to urea production, growth rate, and digestion. Finally, the indications for hypoallergenic infant formulas are discussed, including family history and 'double' family history. The determination of cord blood immunoglobulin-E has proven to be of little predictive value. The author concludes that, while a firm recommendation is not yet possible, physicians might consider partial hydrolysate formulas in high-risk infants if parents can afford the higher-cost option. 70 references. ·

Unusual Symptom of Lidocaine Allergy Source: New York State Dental Journal. NYSDJ. 68(10): 24-25. December 2002. Contact: Available from Dental Society of the State of New York. 7 Elk Street, Albany, NY 12207. (518) 465-0044. Summary: The incidence of lidocaine allergy is rare, with only 1 percent of all reported incidents representing true antigen antibody allergic reactions. This article presents a confirmed case of antigen antibody reaction to lidocaine. These immunoglobulin Emediated responses can include anaphylaxis, urticaria, hay fever, and asthma. This case is further distinguished by the unusual presence of blurred vision in the patient. The author reviews the other reported adverse reactions to lidocaine and their causes. The author stresses that reported symptoms alone do not affirm a case of lidocaine allergy. It is immunological testing and the onset time of symptoms that confirm the true antigen antibody reaction. 7 references.

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Enhancement of Submicroscopic Damage of the Nasal Epithelium by Topical Allergen Challenge in Patients with Perennial Nasal Allergy Source: Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology. 110(3):236-242. March 2001. Contact: Available from Annals Publishing Company. 4507 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63108. (314) 367-4987. Email: [email protected]. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to clarify whether damage of the nasal epithelium (the lining of the nose) exists in patients with nasal allergy, and how the morphology (shape) of the epithelium changes after topical allergen challenge. Electron microscopy revealed 2 characteristic features in the nasal epithelium of patients with perennial nasal allergy (an increase in the number of epithelial cells with cytoplasmic vacuoles, and markedly widened intercellular spaces) although these changes were unclear under light microscopy. The density of vacuolated cell

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significantly increased 24 hours after allergen challenge. Further, the number of eosinophils that were associated with vacuolated cells was significantly higher in patients with nasal allergy than in controls. These morphological changes, thus, were considered to be types of damage to the nasal epithelium associated with nasal allergy. The authors conclude that such changes may be among the causes of nasal hyperreactivity, which is an important feature of nasal allergy. 3 figures. 1 table. 18 references. ·

Dental Metal Allergy in Patients with Oral, Cutaneous, and Genital Lichenoid Reactions Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis. 12(3): 146-150. September 2001. Contact: Available from American Journal of Contact Dermatitis. W.B. Saunders Company, Periodicals Department, P.O. Box 628239, Orlando, FL 32862-8239. (800) 6542452. Summary: The subject of lichen planus (LP) and dental metal allergy has long been debated. An overwhelming majority of the existing literature focuses on mercury and gold salts in relation to oral lichen planus. This article reports on a study undertaken to expand current knowledge regarding LP and lichenoid lesions (LL) and dental metal allergy by investigating more metals and investigating cutaneous (skin) and genital disease in addition to oral disease. The study included 51 patients with known LP or LL who were patch tested to a series of dental metals. Patients chose to replace their dental metals or make no revision. A telephone survey was conducted after 1 year to determine disease state. The results showed that 38 of 51 patients (74.5 percent) had at least 1 positive reaction; 25 of 51 patients (49 percent) showed sensitivity to at least 1 mercurial allergen. Prevalence data for patients patch tested by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) from 1996 to 1998 was available for chromate, cobalt, gold, nickel, and thimerosal. The prevalence of positive reactions was higher in this study group than in the NSCDG group for all 5 of these allergens; statistical significant was achieved for chromate, gold, and thimerosal. Of patients who had a positive patch test reaction to 1 or more metals, 100 percent (9 of 9 patients) reported improvement after metal replacement, whereas 62.5 percent (15 of 24 ) reported improvement without metal replacement. The authors conclude that sensitization to dental metals is more common among LP and LL patients than in routinely tested patients, and might be an etiologic or triggering factor in the disease. 2 figures. 4 tables. 25 references.

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Work-Related Asthma and Latex Allergy: Sorting Out the Types, Causes, and Consequences Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 105(7): 39-46. June 1999. Summary: Asthma, related to the workplace, is a growing problem, accounting for up to 15 percent of all case of asthma. More than 200 occupationally related agents have been implicated, and the list continues to expand. In the last few years, latex allergy has also been found to affect more and more patients and health care workers, causing cutaneous (skin) and respiratory symptoms as well as anaphylaxis. In this article, the authors review the diagnosis, pathophysiology, and management of these work related problems. Topics include the types of asthma that might occur in the workplace, the common signs of immunology and irritant induced asthma, and the diagnostic approaches used for latex allergy and other types of occupational asthma. The author notes that diagnosis of occupational asthma needs to be proved as objectively as possible because of the medical, medicolegal, social, and financial consequences.

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Medical management is the same as for nonoccupational asthma, but cessation of exposure to the specific agent is necessary to improve long term prognosis. A diagnostic algorithm for diagnosis of occupational asthma is provided. 1 figure. 2 tables. 19 references. ·

Latex Allergy: What You Need to Know Source: RN. 62(9): 40-42, 45. September 1999. Contact: Available from RN. P.O. Box 57140, Boulder, CO 80328-7140. (800) 284-8945. Website: www.rnweb.com. Summary: This article, from a professional journal for nurses, reviews the issue of latex allergy. The author stresses that nurses can minimize the risks associated with latex allergy by knowing who is at risk, how latex allergy is diagnosed, and how to reduce the amount of latex in the workplace. Topics include latex allergy compared to other types of reactions, including irritant contact dermatitis (non immune), chemical sensitivity dermatitis (delayed hypersensitivity), and latex allergy (immediate hypersensitivity); the use of skin and blood tests to confirm a diagnosis; managing latex allergy in patients; and how nurses can protect themselves from latex exposure. The author concludes that the prevalence of latex allergy is not as great as first thought, but that latex allergy can still cause significant problems in the health care setting. One side bar compares latex gloves to vinyl gloves. 1 figure. 15 references.

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Latex Allergy: Everyone's Concern Source: Journal of the Michigan Dental Association. 80(5): 30-42. June 1998. Contact: Available from Michigan Dental Association. 230 North Washington Square, Suite 208, Lansing, MI 48933-1392. (517) 372-9070. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: This article reviews the problem of latex allergy, particularly in the health care setting. The author emphasizes that all health care professionals need to know about latex allergy, the potential hazards it poses, and how to manage it effectively if encountered. The article begins with a series of questions to elicit information from the patient about potential latex allergy; the author notes that merely asking if the person is allergy to latex is not sufficient. The author then briefly considers the many theories that have been posed to explain the increasing prevalence of latex allergies. The main theory states that the cause is increased exposure to latex gloves, due to the increased demand for personal protection in response to the AIDS crisis. Other topics include the types of latex reactions, including irritant contact dermatitis, delayed hypersensitivity, and immediate hypersensitivity; risk factors; latex allergens and diagnosis; how to treat the latex allergic patients; consumer products that often contain latex; items used in dentistry that may contain latex; treating the latex-allergic dental worker; proper hand care; glove selection; and potential legislation, Federal guidelines, and research in this area. One chart summarizes reactions to natural rubber latex, including the cause, intervention strategies, percentage of population affected (prevalence), time to onset of symptoms, potential for respiratory involvement, facial involvement, systemic involvement, and recommended action. 3 tables. 34 references.

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Latex Allergy: A Review of Considerations for the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 56(12): 1426-1430. December 1998. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Periodicals Department, P.O. Box 628239, Orlando, FL 32862-8239. (800) 654-2452.

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Summary: This article discusses the clinical and immunologic features of latex allergy and describes preventive and therapeutic strategies for patients who present with this condition in the surgical or anesthesia setting. The authors note that it can be expected that many persons with latex allergy will present to the oral and maxillofacial surgeon for treatment. Topics include the chemistry of latex, three types of clinical reactions to latex products (irritant, delayed or type IV hypersensitivity, and immediate or type I hypersensitivity), risk groups, prevalence of latex allergy, sources of latex, the diagnosis of latex allergy, treatment of latex allergy (avoidance is the cornerstone of treatment), and guidelines for the management of persons with latex allergy. The authors conclude that recognition of the sources of sensitization, development of strategies to lower the allergenic content of latex products, development of better latex substitutes, and increasing public awareness about the issues are needed. 3 tables. 9 references. ·

Latex Allergy: Implications for Oral Health Care Professionals Source: Journal of Dental Hygiene. 72(3): 25-32. Summer 1998. Summary: This article educates the dental hygienist about the seriousness of latex allergy and provides background information necessary to treat the patient with latex allergy. This background information includes basic immunology, hypersensitivity reactions, latex, and natural rubber latex. The authors discuss the symptoms of latex allergy, the different types of reactions, and methods of exposure. Symptoms can be immediate or delayed with sensitization occurring over a period of time. People are exposed to latex via mucosal, physical, and airborne contact. Early symptoms include erythema, rash, pruritis (itching), or similar skin problems. The authors present methods for achieving a minimal latex environment, along with information on how to treat the patient with latex allergy. They conclude that, because the number of latex allergic individuals increases daily, a thorough understanding of its diagnosis and implications is necessary for all oral health care workers. 4 tables. 47 references.

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Allergy Sometimes Fits Hand-in-Glove Source: CDA Journal. California Dental Association Journal. 25(12): 828-829. December 1997. Contact: Available from California Dental Association (CDA). 1201 K Street, Sacramento, CA 95814. (916) 443-0505. Summary: This brief article familiarizes dentists and other dental care professionals about the issue of latex allergy. The author reports on federal recommendations to protect health workers from possible allergic reactions caused by job-related exposures to natural rubber latex in gloves and other products. Latex allergy can result from repeated exposures to proteins in natural rubber latex through skin contact or inhalation. Once sensitized, workers may experience the effects of latex allergy. Studies indicate that 8 to 12 percent of health care workers regularly exposed to latex are sensitized. Symptoms of latex allergy include skin rash and inflammation, respiratory irritation, asthma and, in rare cases, shock. If latex gloves are chosen as appropriate protection, they should be reduced-protein, powder-free latex gloves. Powder used as a lubricant in some gloves can increase exposure to the allergy-causing proteins in natural latex through skin contact and inhalation in dental staff as well as in patients. Dental office staff members showing symptoms of latex allergy should consult a doctor experienced in treating the problem. Individuals with a known allergy should avoid latex exposures, wear a medical alert bracelet, and follow their doctor's advice for dealing with allergic reactions.

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Latex: Users Search for Allergy Answers Source: AGD Impact. Academy of General Dentistry Impact. 23(2): 20-21. February 1995. Contact: Available from Academy of General Dentistry. 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611-2670. (312) 440-4300. Summary: This article discusses problems that health care workers, including dental professionals, may encounter with latex allergies. Topics covered include a brief report on a recent conference aimed at solving the problem of latex sensitivity and reducing exposure to health care workers and patients; the incidence of latex reactions; long-term problems caused by latex allergy; latex allergy symptoms and the three common types of irritation; methods to reduce exposures to health care workers; labeling of latex products and the concomitant regulatory oversight that would be necessary; measuring the risks; developing standardized testing procedures; and steps that health care workers can take to minimize exposure to latex.

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Latex Allergy Test Cleared for Marketing Source: Medical Devices Bulletin. 13(3): 3-4. March-June 1995. Contact: Available from Center for Radiological Devices and Radiological Health. FDA, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857. (301) 443-6119. Summary: This newsletter article describes recent FDA action on the first test to measure latex antibodies in blood. The test, which was cleared for marketing, can be used to help identify individuals who are allergic to latex. Topics covered include problems caused by latex allergy; how the new test, the AlaSTAT Latex-Specific IgE Allergen Test Kit (Diagnostic Products Corporation, Los Angeles), can help to diagnose latex sensitivity; the research data upon which the FDA decision was based; and the prevalence of latex allergy.

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Rise in Latex Allergy: Implications for the Dentist Source: JADA. Journal of the American Dental Association. 125(8): 1089-1097. August 1994. Summary: This article discusses latex protein allergies and anaphylactic reactions and clarifies the risks of latex allergy through a review of the literature. The author notes that atopic individuals (those with an inherited tendency to develop allergies), those who have undergone many surgical procedures, and health care workers are at higher risk for latex protein allergy. Topics covered include latex allergy and natural rubber products, latex production, allergy development, identifying allergies, anaphylaxis and its symptoms, non-anaphylactic allergic reactions, preventing anaphylaxis, and treating anaphylaxis. One chart summarizes recommended substitutes for latex dental products. 1 figure. 4 tables. 55 references.

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Identifying True Lidocaine Allergy Source: JADA. Journal of the American Dental Association. 125(9): 1362-1366. October 1994. Summary: This article discusses the importance of diagnosing and verifying allergies to local anesthetics, notably lidocaine. The authors present a case report of a suspected allergic reaction to a local anesthetic administered during dental treatment. They note that sometimes an apparent allergic reaction can be brought on by anxiety. Commonly used and available allergy tests also are reviewed. Specific topics covered include

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allergic reaction mechanisms, anaphylaxis, urticaria, hay fever, and asthma. 2 figures. 8 references. (AA-M). ·

Environmental Risk Factors for Allergy and Socioeconomic Status in a Birth Cohort (BAMSE) Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 13(3):182-187, June 2002. Summary: Researchers conducted a prospective birth cohort study to assess the importance of various risk factors for asthma in early infancy, with a focus on parental educational level and the possible interrelationships between risk factors. The cohort included 4,089 infants born between February 11, 1994, and November 22, 1996, in central and northwestern parts of Stockholm, Sweden, in both urban and rural districts. The researchers enrolled families on their first visit to a Child Health Center, on average when the baby was age 2 months. Parents completed a questionnaire that assessed various environmental factors, including (1) housing characteristics, such as heating system, ventilation, carpeting, and dampness; (2) indoor environmental exposures, including smoking and pets; and (3) health of parents and siblings. The researchers divided the cohort into three strata based on educational level. Results showed that (1) there was no consistent association between the occurrence of parental atopic disease and parental educational level; (2) one or both parents of 30 percent of the infants had atopic disease; and (3) among mothers, 13 percent reported smoking at any time during pregnancy, and 8.2 percent smoked at least one cigarette daily throughout pregnancy. Other results showed that (1) a mother's educational level and smoking during pregnancy were negatively related, with the highest rate of maternal smoking during pregnancy, 22 percent, associated with short maternal education; (2) 28 percent of mothers who smoked at the beginning of pregnancy stopped smoking during the second or third trimester; (3) 41 percent of mothers quit smoking when their baby was born; and (4) smoking cessation was associated with the two highest educational strata. The researchers conclude that these results indicate the need for a greater understanding of what determines lifestyle in different socioeconomic groups in order to identify effective smoking prevention and cessation strategies. 4 tables, 37 references.

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Do Parental Smoking and History of Allergy Influence Cord-serum IgE? Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 6(4):213-215, November 1995. Summary: Researchers in Turkey investigated the associations between parental smoking, family history of allergy, and cord-serum immunoglobulin E (cIgE) levels in newborn infants. The study population consisted of all 1,251 infants born during 1992 at the Cukurova University Hospital in Adana, Turkey; 160 (13 percent) of the infants were born prematurely and 1,091 (87 percent) were at term. Information about parental smoking habits during pregnancy and family history of allergy was obtained through standardized questionnaires and interviews with the mothers. Family history of atopy was considered positive if a family member or close relative had asthma, allergic rhinitis, or eczema. At the time of delivery, a cord-blood sample was obtained and total IgE levels were measured by the microparticle enzyme immunoassay method. Smoking was reported by 178 mothers (14 percent) and 477 fathers (38 percent); both parents were current smokers in 128 families (10 percent). Among mothers who smoked, 119 smoked 10 or fewer cigarettes per day and 59 smoked more than 10 cigarettes daily. Among fathers who smoked, 138 smoked 10 or fewer and 339 smoked more than 10 cigarettes per day. The mean cIgE level was slightly higher in infants of mothers who smoked than in infants of mothers who did not smoke, but the difference was not significant. Family history of allergy was positive 143 families (11 percent). No

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relationship was found between cIgE and family history of allergy. The mean cIgE level was significantly elevated only in infants with both a positive family history of allergy and mothers who smoked more than 10 cigarettes daily. Among infants of mothers who did not smoke, the mean cIgE level was significantly higher in boys than in girls. The researchers concluded that maternal consumption of more than 10 cigarettes daily is associated with higher cIgE levels only in infants with a positive family history of allergy. 15 references. ·

Maternal Smoking Influences Cord Serum IgE and IgD Levels and Increases the Risk for Subsequent Infant Allergy Source: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 78(5, Part 1):898-904, November 1986. Summary: Researchers investigated the effects of parental smoking on immunoglobulin E (IgE) and immunoglobulin D (IgD) levels in cord serum and subsequent infant allergy, studying a population of 186 European newborn infants. Researchers wanted to determine whether elevated cord serum IgE was predictive for subsequent development of allergy before 18 months. Parents responded to mail or telephone questionnaires on their own and their infants' allergy symptoms and signs of allergy. Parents were asked if they smoked. All histories were taken 18 months after birth. Based on questionnaire data, the allergic state of the infants and parents were decided totally independently from the cord IgE and smoking data. Infants were classified as definitely allergic, probably allergic, doubtfully allergic, or negative. IgE and IgD in cord serum were measured in duplicate by particle counting immunoassay with results expressed as GM in international units per milliliter. Smoking was reported by 41 mothers (22 percent) and 69 fathers (37.1 percent). Maternal smoking caused a significant rise in both IgE and IgD. This finding was most apparent in newborns with a negative biparental history of allergy. Newborn infants of nonallergic parents had a more than threefold higher incidence of elevated cord IgE (greater than 1.20 IU/ml) and a fourfold higher risk of developing definite or probably atopic disease before 18 months if the mother smoked than if she did not. Paternal smoking did not influence cord IgE or later allergy but increased cord IgD among newborns with a negative family history even after controlling for maternal smoking. Results suggest that parental smoking in some way affects the fetal immune system, probably via tobacco smoke substances. Maternal smoking in particular seems to predispose even low risk infants to subsequent sensitization, probably in synergy with a later acquired mucosal damage that would facilitate penetration of foreign matter. Pregnant women and mothers should be encouraged to stop smoking to help prevent allergic disease in their infants. 3 tables, 38 references.

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Allergic Reactions in the Middle and Inner Ear Source: Current Opinion in Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 8(3): 245-248. June 2000. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 637-3030. Fax (301) 824-7390. Website: www.lww.com. Summary: This article reviews the role that allergies may play in the production of middle and inner ear symptoms, an issue that continues to raise controversy in the medical community. Controversy also exists as to where the anatomic target organ of an allergic reaction capable of producing a middle ear effusion (fluid) would lie. Data continue to accumulate that suggest that patients with Meniere's disease and allergies

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treated with specific methods of allergy immunotherapy or dietary avoidance will have an improved clinical outcome for their Meniere's disease. Objective diagnostic tests, including electrocochleography, have shown promise when combined with allergy testing modalities in helping to identify those patients with Meniere's disease who may have an allergic etiology for their symptoms. The prevalence rate of allergy in patients with Meniere's disease appears to be much higher than has been reported for the general population. 24 references. ·

What Do We Do When the Patient is Allergic To Our Products Source: Hearing Journal. 52(3): 56, 58. March 1999. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Customer Service, P.O. Box 1175, Lowell, MA 01853. Summary: This article offers suggestions for hearing aid dispensers who are working with clients who have allergies to the plastics used in hearing aids. The author notes that, whenever an ear refuses to heal, even with conscientious medical (ENT) intervention, there is a good possibility that an allergic reaction to the plastic is involved. The author outlines strategies to take to address this problem. The first step strategies include daily care issues, medical history, and the use of hypoallergenic coatings or materials. The next level of care involves consulting with an allergist or a dermatologist, the use of gold coated or other shells for the hearing aid, and switching the type of hearing aid being used. The author briefly describes how hearing aids are molded and how to avoid some of the allergic problems that can arise. Fortunately, severe allergic problems are rare.

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Allergic and Immunologic Aspects of Meniere's Disease Source: Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 114(3): 360-365. March 1996. Contact: Available from Merion Publications, Inc. 650 Park Avenue, Box 61556, King of Prussia, PA 19406-0956. (800) 355-1088 or (610) 265-7812. Summary: Meniere's disease, although idiopathic by definition, has been ascribed to a variety of causes, which more recently include autoimmune factors. Interest in the role of allergy in Meniere's disease has also increased. This article reviews these two etiologic factors in Meniere's disease. The symptoms of Meniere's diseases are thought to be produced by a sudden influx of fluid into the endolymphatic sac. The endolymphatic sac is capable of trapping antigen and generating its own immune response. It has a highly vascular subepithelial space containing numerous fenestrated blood vessels that are peripheral and 'leaky'. The author describes at least three mechanisms by which allergy may play a role in the production of fluid in the endolymphatic sac: the endolymphatic sac itself might be a 'target organ' of mediator released from systemic inhalant or food reactions, deposition of circulating immune complex may produce inflammation and interfere with the sac's filtering capability, and a predisposing viral infection in childhood that produces a mild impairment of endolymphatic sac function may interact with allergies in adulthood. The author reiterates that the endolymphatic sac is the seat of immune reactivity in the inner ear. Repeated inflammatory reactions can produce sac dysfunction and eventual production of Meniere's disease. 1 figure. 4 tables. 27 references. (AA-M).

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Allergic Colitis in Infants Source: Journal of Pediatrics. 126(2): 163-170. February 1995.

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Summary: This article addresses allergic colitis (AC) in infants, a condition characterized by inflammatory changes in the rectum and colon as a result of immune-mediated reactions to ingested foreign proteins. Topics include etiology; clinical features, including patient population, symptoms and signs, and diagnostic considerations; pathologic features; treatment; natural history; and new mechanisms of pathogenesis. The authors conclude that the specific factors that influence recruitment, activation, and degranulation of eosinophils in AC, and the mediators released by eosinophils in this condition have not yet been identified. 2 figures. 64 references. (AA-M). ·

Association Between Pre- and Postnatal Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Allergic Sensitization During Early Childhood Source: Human and Experimental Toxicology. 18(4):241-244, 1999. Summary: Researchers examined the effects of prenatal and postnatal passive tobacco smoke exposure on the incidence of allergic sensitization in 342 children at the age of 1, 2, and 3 years. Parents were asked about their smoking habits at the birth of the children, at age 18 months, and at age 3. They were also asked whether they exposed their child or took special care to reduce the child's environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Prenatal exposure was defined as maternal smoking during pregnancy, and postnatal exposure was defined as maternal and/or paternal smoking at home after birth. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that during the first 3 years of life, prenatally and postnatally-exposed children had a significantly higher risk for sensitization to food allergens, compared to children never exposed to tobacco smoke. Sensitization rates to food allergens were significantly higher in children exposed to a smoking mother, compared to nonexposed children or children only exposed to a smoking father. For inhalant allergens, no significant influence of tobacco smoke exposure could be demonstrated on specific sensitization. 2 tables, 19 references.

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Consistent Effects of High Socioeconomic Status and Low Birth Order, and the Modifying Effect of Maternal Smoking on the Risk of Allergic Disease During Childhood Source: Respiratory Medicine. 92(10):1237-1244, October 1998. Summary: Researchers analyzed data from the 1970 British Birth Cohort (BCS70) to examine the effects of birth order, maternal and gestational age, birthweight, maternal smoking, and social class on the incidence of allergic rhinitis, eczema, and asthma during childhood. BCS70 was a study of perinatal mortality of all children born in England, Scotland, and Wales during 1 week in April 1970, involving a series of followup surveys performed when the children had reached 5, 10, and 16 years of age. Researchers used data on more than 6,000 children with complete data at every stage. Details on the occurrence of wheezing, eczema, and hay fever among the children were collected through interviews with the parents. Details were also collected on a number of factors implicated as increasing the risk of hayfever, eczema, and wheeze, such as maternal smoking during pregnancy and at the time of the interview, birthweight, gestational age, parity, and maternal age at birth, and duration of breast feeding determined at age 5. The Social Index (SI) was derived from details of the father's occupational social class, parental education, and housing information collected at the 5year point. The independent and interactive effects of sex, maternal smoking during pregnancy and at age 16, birthweight, gestational age, parity, maternal age, breast feeding, and the SI on wheeze, hay fever, and eczema by and at age 16 were assessed by multiple logistic regression techniques. SI was the only factor that was statistically significantly related to all of the conditions (hayfever, eczema, and wheeze) either at or

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by age 16. The strongest associations were for hayfever and eczema, which increased with increasing SI. Wheeze by age 16 showed a different relationship with SI, with an insignificant trend towards an increased risk in the more disadvantaged. Birth order was also significantly independently associated with hayfever and eczema risk, the risks being greatest for first-born children, compared to those of fifth or greater birth order. Birth order had little influence on wheeze. The effects of the remaining factors were less consistent across the three conditions. The risks of eczema and wheeze by age 16 were linearly positively related to the duration of breast feeding, compared to bottle feeding. Wheezing by age 16 was inversely related to duration of breast feeding. In children of nonsmoking mothers, the risk of wheezing decreased linearly with increasing birth order, whereas an inverse relationship was seen for children of smoking mothers. For mothers who smoked more than 15 cigarettes a day, the risk of wheezing increased regardless of birth order. Researchers concluded that of all of the various risk factors associated with allergic disease, high social class and low birth order are the factors most consistently associated with allergic phenotypes. Maternal smoking is an additional risk factor for wheeze. 3 tables, 2 figures, 42 references. ·

Parental Smoking and Allergic Sensitisation in Children Source: Thorax. 53(2):117-123, February 1998. Summary: Researchers conducted a systematic review of the literature concerning the effects of parental smoking on immunoglobulin (IgE) levels, skin prick positivity, and allergic rhinitis or eczema in children. Asthma was excluded in order to distinguish more clearly the effect of passive smoke exposure on allergic sensitization. They identified 36 relevant publications after consideration of 692 articles selected by electronic search of the Embase and Medline databases. The search identified 9 studies of IgE in neonates, 8 of IgE in older children, 12 of which included prick tests, and 10 describing symptoms of allergic disease other than asthma or wheezing. Researchers conducted a quantitative meta-analysis for skin prick tests. Several large studies failed to confirm early reports of a substantial or statistically significant association of maternal smoking with concentrations of total serum IgE in neonates or in older children. No consistent association emerged between parental smoking and allergic rhinitis or eczema. Few of these studies adjusted for potential confounding variables. The quantity and quality of evidence was greatest for skin prick tests, and studies of parental smoking during pregnancy or infancy were broadly consistent in showing no adverse effects on prick positivity. There was much greater and statistically significant heterogeneity of odds ratios relating current parental smoking to skin prick positivity. The researchers concluded that parental smoking, either before or immediately after birth, is unlikely to increase the risk of allergic sensitization in children. 2 tables, 1 figure, 44 references.

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Childhood Antecedents of Allergic Sensitization in Young British Adults Source: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 99(1, Part 1):6-12, January 1997. Summary: Researchers examined possible childhood antecedents of allergic sensitization in young British adults. They took data from the National Child Development Study, which included data on 18,559 persons who were born throughout Britain during 1 week in 1958. The cohort for this study consisted of 1,050 members of the cohort with a history of asthma, wheezing bronchitis, wheezing, or pneumonia, and 319 with no history of these disorders (controls) who provided data at birth and in 1965, 1969, 1974, 1981, and 1991, when they were age 7, 11, 16, 23, and 33. Skin prick tests with extracts of mixed grass pollen, house dust mites, and cat fur were performed between

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August 1992 and July 1993. Wheal diameters of 3 millimeters (mm) or greater were considered a positive response to the tests. The responses to the tests were compared with information on birth characteristics obtained from perinatal records and socioeconomic and demographic characteristics and family compositio n at the 7 and 11year followups. Information on the subjects' own smoking habit s and cooking fuels used in the household at age 11 were obtained through interviews at age 33 or 34. Associations between a positive skin test response and the perinatal and followup data were assessed by multiple logistic regression analysis. Among all 1,369 study participants, 730 (53 percent) had a detectable skin prick reaction to at least one of the three aeroallergens tested and 457 (33 percent) had one or more reactions with a wheal diameter of 3 mm or greater. The proportion of patients with one or more positive reaction s was 38 percent (395 of 1,050), and the corresponding proportion of control subjects was 19 percent (62 of 319). The prevalence of positive skin test reactions was significantly and independently related to male sex, smaller number of older siblings, and higher socioeconomic status during childhood. Current smoking and maternal smoking during pregnancy were significantly and independently associated with a decrease in the prevalence of positive skin test reactions. No significant independent effects were found for adult social class, maternal age, birthweight, or any of the other examined factors. Researchers concluded that factors related to small families and relative affluence in childhood promote atopic sensitization to a variety of aeroallergens in later life. These findings are consistent with the view that early infections may protect against later allergic disease. 4 tables, 19 references. ·

Parental Smoking, Breast Feeding, and Respiratory Infection in Development of Allergic Diseases Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 62(4):338-344, April 1987. Summary: Researchers in the United Kingdom examined environmental factors as determinants of clinical disease in a 5-year prospective study of 73 children born to atopic parents. Clinical followup for evidence of eczema and wheezing was combined with regular skin testing, immunoglobulin assay, and respiratory viral culture where appropriate. Parents of the children kept diaries of their feeding methods and smoking habits and social classification was recorded. All babies were examined at birth, at 3, 6 and 12 months, and annually thereafter. Parents kept a daily record of respiratory symptoms and skin problems and clinicians examined the infants' skin and respiratory tracts at each medical visit. Children are regarded as atopic if they developed eczema or had at least one positive result of a cutaneous prick test during the study. At each hospital visit skin testing for hypersensitivity was done by prick testing with six common allergens. Direct viral culture was tried whenever respiratory symptoms were notified. Thirty-six children developed eczema, which was often associated with a positive result of a skin test to ingestants in the first year and inhalants by the fifth years. Thirty-two children developed one or more episodes of wheezing. Fifteen children wheezed once only and not all of these developed atopy. No pattern of respiratory infection of early life was characteristic of children with recurrent wheeze. There was a significant difference in parental smoking habits between children with and without episodes of wheezing by the fifth birthday. No protective effect of breast feeding was found. The development of allergic disease in susceptible children is influenced by many environmental factors. Advice to families about reducing environmental allergens is problematic, but parents should be advised to avoid smoking in their child's presence. 6 figures, 3 tables, 28 references.

22 Allergies

Federally Funded Research on Allergies The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to allergies. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to allergies. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore allergies. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for allergies: ·

Project Title: ALLERGIES

HONEY

MEDIATED

ORAL

TOLERANCE

TO

SEASONAL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Rajan, Thiruchandurai V. Chairman and Professor; University of Connecticut Sch of Med/Dnt Bb20, Mc 2806 Farmington, Ct 060302806 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-DEC-2000; Project End 0-NOV-2001 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “allergies” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for allergies in the PubMed Central database: ·

A critical role for eotaxin in experimental oral antigen-induced eosinophilic gastrointestinal allergy. by Hogan SP, Mishra A, Brandt EB, Foster PS, Rothenberg ME. 2000 Jun 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=18701

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html. 4 With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 2

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Allergic airway sensitization induces T cell activation but not airway hyperresponsiveness in B cell-deficient mice. by Hamelmann E, Vella AT, Oshiba A, Kappler JW, Marrack P, Gelfand EW. 1997 Feb 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19794

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Allergy associated with ciprofloxacin. by Burke P, Burne SR. 2000 Mar 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27310

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Anaphylaxis induced by gabexate mesylate. by Matsukawa Y. 1998 Dec 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28736

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Anti-peptide autoantibodies and fatal anaphylaxis in NOD mice in response to insulin self-peptides B:9-23 and B:13-23. by Liu E, Moriyama H, Abiru N, Miao D, Yu L, Taylor RM, Finkelman FD, Eisenbarth GS. 2002 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151146

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CCR3 is essential for skin eosinophilia and airway hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of allergic skin inflammation. by Ma W, Bryce PJ, Humbles AA, Laouini D, Yalcindag A, Alenius H, Friend DS, Oettgen HC, Gerard C, Geha RS. 2002 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150891

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Characterization of lymphocyte responses to peanuts in normal children, peanutallergic children, and allergic children who acquired tolerance to peanuts. by Turcanu V, Maleki SJ, Lack G. 2003 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152580

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Circulating Nerve Growth Factor Levels are Increased in Humans with Allergic Diseases and Asthma. by Bonini S, Lambiase A, Bonini S, Angelucci F, Magrini L, Manni L, Aloe L. 1996 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38265

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Conformational and Linear B-Cell Epitopes of Asp f 2, a Major Allergen of Aspergillus fumigatus, Bind Differently to Immunoglobulin E Antibody in the Sera of Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis Patients. by Banerjee B, Greenberger PA, Fink JN, Kurup VP. 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=115968

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Current status of the Asthma and Allergy Database.. by Immervoll T, Wjst M. 1999 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=148138

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Differential responses of mast cell Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in allergy and innate immunity. by Supajatura V, Ushio H, Nakao A, Akira S, Okumura K, Ra C, Ogawa H. 2002 May 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150977

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Effect of experimental influenza A virus infection on isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae and other aerobic bacteria from the oropharynges of allergic and nonallergic adult subjects.. by Wadowsky RM, Mietzner SM, Skoner DP, Doyle WJ, Fireman P. 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=173127

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Enzyme potentiated desensitisation in treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: double blind randomised controlled study. by Radcliffe MJ, Lewith GT, Turner RG, Prescott P, Church MK, Holgate ST. 2003 Aug 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=167158

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ER-27319, an acridone-related compound, inhibits release of antigen-induced allergic mediators from mast cells by selective inhibition of Fc[var epsilon] receptor Imediated activation of Syk. by Moriya K, Rivera J, Odom S, Sakuma Y, Muramato K, Yoshiuchi T, Miyamoto M, Yamada K. 1997 Nov 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=25030

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Evidence for the presence of immunoglobulin E antibodies specific to the cell wall phosphomannoproteins of Candida albicans in patients with allergies.. by Kanbe T, Morishita M, Ito K, Tomita K, Utsunomiya K, Ishiguro A. 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=170425

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Exposure to foodborne and orofecal microbes versus airborne viruses in relation to atopy and allergic asthma: epidemiological study. by Matricardi PM, Rosmini F, Riondino S, Fortini M, Ferrigno L, Rapicetta M, Bonini S. 2000 Feb 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27285

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Food allergy. by Sheikh A, Walker S. 2002 Dec 7; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=137812

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Hospital admissions for acute anaphylaxis: time trend study. by Sheikh A, Alves B. 2000 May 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27386

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IL-10 is necessary for the expression of airway hyperresponsiveness but not pulmonary inflammation after allergic sensitization. by Makela MJ, Kanehiro A, Borish L, Dakhama A, Loader J, Joetham A, Xing Z, Jordana M, Larsen GL, Gelfand EW. 2000 May 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=18549

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IL-18, although antiallergic when administered with IL-12, stimulates IL-4 and histamine release by basophils. by Yoshimoto T, Tsutsui H, Tominaga K, Hoshino K, Okamura H, Akira S, Paul WE, Nakanishi K. 1999 Nov 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24173

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Immunological Characterization of Asp f 2, a Major Allergen from Aspergillus fumigatus Associated with Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis. by Banerjee B, Greenberger PA, Fink JN, Kurup VP. 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108645

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Interference between Host Resistance to Listeria monocytogenes Infection and Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Responses in Mice. by Mizuki D, Miura T, Sasaki S, Mizuki M, Madarame H, Nakane A. 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=98097

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Interleukin-4 receptor alpha gene variants and allergic disease. by Hall IP. 2000; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59533

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Intranasal corticosteroids versus oral H1 receptor antagonists in allergic rhinitis: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. by Weiner JM, Abramson MJ, Puy RM. 1998 Dec 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28740

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Is electrodermal testing as effective as skin prick tests for diagnosing allergies? A double blind, randomised block design study. by Lewith GT, Kenyon JN, Broomfield J, Prescott P, Goddard J, Holgate ST. 2001 Jan 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26588

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Latex Allergies: A Review of Recognition, Evaluation, Management, Prevention, Education, and Alternative Product Use. by Binkley HM, Schroyer T, Catalfano J. 2003 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=164902

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Microarray profile of differentially expressed genes in a monkey model of allergic asthma. by Zou J, Young S, Zhu F, Gheyas F, Skeans S, Wan Y, Wang L, Ding W, Billah M, McClanahan T, Coffman RL, Egan R, Umland S. 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=115222

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Mimicking microbial 'education' of the immune system: a strategy to revert the epidemic trend of atopy and allergic asthma? by Matricardi PM, Bonini S. 2000; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59551

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Novel transglutaminase inhibitors reverse the inflammation of allergic conjunctivitis. by Sohn J, Kim TI, Yoon YH, Kim JY, Kim SY. 2003 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151832

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Peanut allergy: a growing phenomenon. by Burks W. 2003 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152593

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Peanut allergy: an overview. by Al-Muhsen S, Clarke AE, Kagan RS. 2003 May 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=154188

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Prevention of Th2-mediated murine allergic airways disease by soluble antigen administration in the neonate. by Hogan SP, Foster PS, Charlton B, Slattery RM. 1998 Mar 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19368

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Pulmonary Colonization by Chrysosporium zonatum Associated with Allergic Inflammation in an Immunocompetent Subject. by Hayashi S, Naitoh K, Matsubara S, Nakahara Y, Nagasawa Z, Tanabe I, Kusaba K, Tadano J, Nishimura K, Sigler L. 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=120249

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Randomised controlled trial of butterbur and cetirizine for treating seasonal allergic rhinitis. by Schapowal A. 2002 Jan 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=64514

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Randomised controlled trial of homoeopathy versus placebo in perennial allergic rhinitis with overview of four trial series. by Taylor MA, Reilly D, Llewellyn-Jones RH, McSharry C, Aitchison TC. 2000 Aug 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27460

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Resolution of peanut allergy: case-control study. by Hourihane JO, Roberts SA, Warner JO. 1998 Apr 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28527

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Specific immunotherapy in Albanian patients with anaphylaxis to hymenoptera venoms. by Mingomataj E, Priftanji A, Qirko E, Dinh QT, Fischer A, Peiser C, Groneberg DA. 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128821

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src homology 2 domain --containing tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 controls the development of allergic airway inflammation. by Kamata T, Yamashita M, Kimura M, Murata K, Inami M, Shimizu C, Sugaya K, Wang CR, Taniguchi M, Nakayama T. 2003 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151831

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Th2 cytokines and asthma --- The role of interleukin-5 in allergic eosinophilic disease. by Greenfeder S, Umland SP, Cuss FM, Chapman RW, Egan RW. 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59571

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The tripeptide feG ameliorates systemic inflammatory responses to rat intestinal anaphylaxis. by Turesin F, Sadr A, Davison JS, Mathison R. 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=126222

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Thioredoxin-linked mitigation of allergic responses to wheat. by Buchanan BB, Adamidi C, Lozano RM, Yee BC, Momma M, Kobrehel K, Ermel R, Frick OL. 1997 May 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24685

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Use of ultramolecular potencies of allergen to treat asthmatic people allergic to house dust mite: double blind randomised controlled clinical trial. by Lewith GT, Watkins AD, Hyland ME, Shaw S, Broomfield JA, Dolan G, Holgate ST. 2002 Mar 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=67767

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with allergies, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “allergies” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for “allergies” (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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8. Occupational asthma and allergies. Author(s): Bardana EJ Jr. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 February; 111(2 Suppl): S530-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12592299&dopt=Abstract

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A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. VI. Early development, sleep problems, allergies, and handedness. Author(s): Comings DE, Comings BG. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1987 November; 41(5): 822-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3479017&dopt=Abstract

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A deficient capacity to produce interferon-gamma: is it a risk for asthma and allergies? Author(s): Halonen M, Martinez FD. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 November; 27(11): 1234-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9420124&dopt=Abstract

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A double blind, randomized, controlled investigation of electrodermal testing in the diagnosis of allergies. Author(s): Krop J, Lewith GT, Gziut W, Radulescu C. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 1997 Fall; 3(3): 241-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9430327&dopt=Abstract

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A genetic-epidemiologic study of human immune responsiveness to allergens in an industrial population. II. The associations among skin sensitivity, total serum IgE, age, sex, and the reporting of allergies in a stratified random sample. Author(s): Freidhoff LR, Meyers DA, Marsh DG. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1984 April; 73(4): 490-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6707392&dopt=Abstract

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A modified determination of coenzyme Q10 in human blood and CoQ10 blood levels in diverse patients with allergies. Author(s): Ye CQ, Folkers K, Tamagawa H, Pfeiffer C. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 1988 December; 1(4): 303-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3255359&dopt=Abstract

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A patient with multiple allergies: what anesthetic to use? Author(s): Sidon MA, Aldrete JA. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1971 February; 82(2): 366-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5275699&dopt=Abstract

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A prospective study of allergy in a pediatric population. The role of heredity in the incidence of allergies, and experience with milk-free diet in the newborn. Author(s): Brown EB, Josephson BM, Levine HS, Rosen M. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1969 June; 117(6): 693-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5818902&dopt=Abstract

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A review of paediatric allergies. Author(s): Kuzemko JA. Source: Midwife Health Visit Community Nurse. 1979 October; 15(10): 390-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=258270&dopt=Abstract

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A survey of airborne pollen and spores in Auckland: its use in the diagnosis of seasonal allergies. Author(s): Hillas JL, Wilson JD. Source: N Z Med J. 1979 January 24; 89(628): 37-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=285371&dopt=Abstract

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A survey of respiratory infections and allergies in Canberra. Author(s): Bridges-Webb C. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1971 March 27; 1(13): 714-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5553826&dopt=Abstract

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A survey of respiratory infections and allergies in Canberra. Author(s): Sands CC, Derrick EH, Nock B. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1971 February 13; 1(7): 364-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5553136&dopt=Abstract

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ABC of allergies. Allergy and the skin. I--Urticaria. Author(s): Greaves MW, Sabroe RA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 April 11; 316(7138): 1147-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9552957&dopt=Abstract

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ABC of allergies. Asthma and allergy. Author(s): Neuman Taylor AJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 March 28; 316(7136): 997-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9550963&dopt=Abstract

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ABC of allergies. Avoiding exposure to indoor allergens. Author(s): Woodcock A, Custovic A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 April 4; 316(7137): 1075-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9552913&dopt=Abstract

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ABC of allergies. Diagnosing allergy. Author(s): Rusznak C, Davies RJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 February 28; 316(7132): 686-9. Review. Erratum In: Bmj 1998 April 4; 316(7137): 1078. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9522798&dopt=Abstract

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ABC of allergies. Good allergy practice. Author(s): Kay AB. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 February 14; 316(7130): 535-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9501719&dopt=Abstract

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ABC of allergies. Pathogenic mechanisms: a rational basis for treatment. Author(s): Howarth PH. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 March 7; 316(7133): 758-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9529415&dopt=Abstract

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ABC of allergies. Perennial rhinitis. Author(s): Mackay IS, Durham SR. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 March 21; 316(7135): 917-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9552846&dopt=Abstract

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ABC of allergies. Summer hay fever. Author(s): Durham S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 March 14; 316(7134): 843-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9549458&dopt=Abstract

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ABC of allergies. The epidemiology of allergic disease. Author(s): Jarvis D, Burney P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 February 21; 316(7131): 607-10. Review. Erratum In: Bmj 1998 April 4; 316(7137): 1078. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9518918&dopt=Abstract

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Acute myelocytic leukemia and prior allergies. Author(s): Severson RK, Davis S, Thomas DB, Stevens RG, Heuser L, Sever LE. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1989; 42(10): 995-1001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2809658&dopt=Abstract

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Age of entry to nursery and allergies in later life. Author(s): Xu B, Pekkanen J. Source: Lancet. 1999 June 5; 353(9168): 1969. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10371592&dopt=Abstract

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Age-sex incidence in symptomatic allergies: an excess of females in the child-bearing years. Author(s): Wormald PJ. Source: J Hyg (Lond). 1977 August; 79(1): 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=267667&dopt=Abstract

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Aging, arthritis and food allergies: a research opportunity revisited. Author(s): Moment GB. Source: Growth. 1980 September; 44(3): 155-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7429283&dopt=Abstract

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AIDS, HIV-positive patients, and allergies. Author(s): Marshall GD Jr. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 1999 September-October; 20(5): 301-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10566099&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollutants might aggravate athletes' asthma, allergies. Author(s): Prescott LM. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1984 May 18; 251(19): 2496. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6716569&dopt=Abstract

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Airway diseases and allergies in East and West German children during the first 5 years after reunification: time trends and the impact of sulphur dioxide and total suspended particles. Author(s): Kramer U, Behrendt H, Dolgner R, Ranft U, Ring J, Willer H, Schlipkoter HW. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1999 October; 28(5): 865-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10597984&dopt=Abstract

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Alert to allergies. Author(s): Darby Y, Scaddings G. Source: Nurs Times. 1999 October 13-19; 95(41): 62, 65. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10786608&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies a la carte: is there a problem with genetically modified foods? Author(s): Eubanks M. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 March; 110(3): A130-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11882488&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies and agricultural exposure as risk factors for multiple myeloma. Author(s): Gallagher RP, Spinelli JJ, Elwood JM, Skippen DH. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1983 December; 48(6): 853-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6652026&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies and air conditioning. Author(s): Feinberg SM. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1966 June; 66(6): 1333-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5176759&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies and anaesthesia. Author(s): Seigne R. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1997 June; 78(6): 778. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9215047&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies and asthma. Don't overlook the missing link. Author(s): Opperwall BC. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2000 September; 8(9): 34-8. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11761548&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies and infant feeding. Author(s): Challacombe DN. Source: Midwife Health Visit Community Nurse. 1986 May; 22(5): 164-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3637600&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies and problem students. Author(s): Glines D, Rapp D. Source: Health Educ. 1988 April-May; 19(2): 34-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3152219&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma by subtype. Author(s): Briggs NC, Levine RS, Brann EA. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2002 April; 11(4): 401-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11927501&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies and skin testing: a Nairobi experience. Author(s): De Souza M. Source: East Afr Med J. 1994 July; 71(7): 473-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7828505&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies and their management. The clinical uses of sodium cromoglycate. Author(s): McWilliam P. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1977 September 8; 145(10): 23-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=408799&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies and vocal fold edema: a preliminary report. Author(s): Jackson-Menaldi CA, Dzul AI, Holland RW. Source: Journal of Voice : Official Journal of the Voice Foundation. 1999 March; 13(1): 113-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10223679&dopt=Abstract

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'Allergies' article needs updating. Author(s): Bevill TV. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1998 April; 98(4): 200-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9594481&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies associated with medical gloves. Manufacturing issues. Author(s): Hamann CP, Kick SA. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1994 July; 12(3): 547-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7923952&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies correlated to adverse reactions induced by non-ionic monomeric and ionic dimeric contrast media for contrast enhanced CT examination. Author(s): Aoki Y, Takemura T. Source: Nippon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi. 2002 September; 58(9): 1245-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12520220&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies ignored: routine versus thought. Author(s): Fisher TL. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1968 November 2; 99(17): 854-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5685890&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies in breastfed babies to foods ingested by the mother. Author(s): Gerrard JW. Source: Clin Rev Allergy. 1984 May; 2(2): 143-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6428733&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies in children: recognition. Author(s): Bridgewater SC, Voignier RR, Smith CS. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1978 April; 78(4): 613-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=246694&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies in children: teaching. Author(s): Bridgewater SC, Voignier RR. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1978 April; 78(4): 620-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=246696&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies in children: testing and treating. Author(s): Voignier RR, Bridgewater SC. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1978 April; 78(4): 617-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=246695&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies in leg ulcer patients. Author(s): Vowden K. Source: J Wound Care. 1997 April; 6(4): 172. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9256716&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies in North India. Author(s): Kumar L. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1981 September-October; 48(394): 653-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7327662&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies in school children. Author(s): Mandell M. Source: Ann Allergy. 1987 March; 58(3): 222. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3826773&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies in the oro-facial region. Author(s): Moskona D, Fundoianu-Dayan D, Littner MM, Kaffe I. Source: Refuat Hashinayim. 1983 June; 1(1-2): 29-32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6586334&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies may be a cause of inner-ear reactions. Author(s): Taub SJ. Source: Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1972 March; 51(3): 108. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5060935&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies may lead to minimal brain dysfunction in children. Author(s): Taub SJ. Source: Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1975 April; 54(4): 168-99. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1123023&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies may lead to minimal brain dysfunction in children. Author(s): Taub SJ. Source: Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1970 August; 49(8): 373-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5481621&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies of the dental pulp. Author(s): Adamkiewicz VW, Pekovic DD, Mascres C. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1978 December; 46(6): 843-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=310531&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies of the skin: expected versus actual incidence possible explanations for the difference, and therapeutic approaches. Author(s): Samter M. Source: Adv Biol Skin. 1971; 11: 337-43. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4950202&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies or colds? Author(s): Hagglund H. Source: J Okla Dent Assoc. 1984 Fall; 75(2): 30-1, 34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6598475&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies to cross-reactive plant proteins. Latex-fruit syndrome is comparable with pollen-food allergy syndrome. Author(s): Yagami T. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2002 August; 128(4): 271-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12218365&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies to dental materials. Author(s): Wiltshire WA, Ferreira MR, Ligthelm AJ. Source: Quintessence Int. 1996 August; 27(8): 513-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9161254&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies to ear moulds. A study of reactions encountered by hearing aid users to some ear mould materials. Author(s): Cockerill D. Source: British Journal of Audiology. 1987 May; 21(2): 143-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3594016&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies to human insulin. Author(s): Berke L, Owen JA Jr, Atkinson RL Jr. Source: Diabetes Care. 1984 July-August; 7(4): 402-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6381011&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies to multiple antiseizure medications: a relationship to ANA and SSA. Author(s): Attarian HP, Berg MJ, McBride MC, Erickson SM, Erba G. Source: Neurology. 1999 July 22; 53(2): 434-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10430449&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies to transgenic foods--questions of policy. Author(s): Nestle M. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1996 March 14; 334(11): 726-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8594435&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies to wheat, yeast and royal jelly: a connection between ingestion and inhalation? Author(s): Baldo BA. Source: Monogr Allergy. 1996; 32: 84-91. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8813187&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies, mediators and asthma. Author(s): Bryant DH. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1984 September 1; 141(5 Suppl): S2-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6434910&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies, upper respiratory tract infections, and asthma. Author(s): Abramson M, Pearson L, Kutin J, Czarny D, Dziukas L, Bowes G. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 1994; 31(5): 367-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7928932&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies. Author(s): Frazier CA. Source: N C Med J. 1984 June; 45(6): 415. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6588302&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies: protective against cancer but predisposing to heart disease. Author(s): Rozencwaig R. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1982 September; 72(3): 42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7122342&dopt=Abstract

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Allergies: silent sufferers. Author(s): Iveson-Iveson J. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1980 November 27; 151(22): 38-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6905119&dopt=Abstract

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Allergy and modern society: does 'Western life style' promote the development of allergies? Author(s): Ring J. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1997 May-July; 113(1-3): 710. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9130472&dopt=Abstract

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Alternative medicine in allergies - prevalence, patterns of use, and costs. Author(s): Schafer T, Riehle A, Wichmann HE, Ring J. Source: Allergy. 2002 August; 57(8): 694-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12121187&dopt=Abstract

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Alternative milk formulas in allergies to proteins in cow's milk. Author(s): Botey J, Eseverri JL, Dordal MT, Andreu J, Marin A. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1993 March-April; 3(2): 100-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8281334&dopt=Abstract

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Alternatives for health care workers with latex glove allergies. Author(s): Hamann C. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1993 May 12; 269(18): 2368. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8479059&dopt=Abstract

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Alternatives in the diagnosis and treatment of food allergies. Author(s): King HC, King WP. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1998 February; 31(1): 141-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9530683&dopt=Abstract

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An exploratory study from the patients' perspective of living with allergies. Author(s): Zernike W, Corish T, Henderson S. Source: Journal of Clinical Nursing. 1997 September; 6(5): 371-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9355471&dopt=Abstract

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Anesthetic drug allergies. Author(s): Watkins J. Source: Anaesthesia. 1993 July; 48(7): 639-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8346790&dopt=Abstract

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Antibiotic allergies. Author(s): Weisman MI. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1979 March; 98(3): 366. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=283154&dopt=Abstract

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Antibiotic allergies. Author(s): Bennett AH. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1965 November 1; 194(5): 569. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5897376&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-idiotypic antibodies in the treatment of allergies. Author(s): Hebert J, Boutin Y. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1996; 409: 431-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9095278&dopt=Abstract

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Are latex allergies 'disabilities' under the ADA? Author(s): Wolfberg D. Source: J Emerg Med Serv Jems. 2002 March; 27(3): 129. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11913178&dopt=Abstract

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Ascorbic acid versus allergies. Author(s): Jackson JA. Source: N Y J Dent. 1972 August-September; 42(7): 216-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4504853&dopt=Abstract

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Assay of factors of the kinin system in plasma from patients with specific exogenous allergies. Author(s): Briseid K, Qvigstad EK, Engelstad M, Lagerlov P, Lange-Nielsen F. Source: Acta Allergol. 1976 August; 31(4): 297-311. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1086050&dopt=Abstract

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Assessing possible allergies to wound care products. Author(s): Young T. Source: Community Nurse. 2000 September; 6(8): 65-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11982126&dopt=Abstract

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Association of giant papillary conjunctivitis with seasonal allergies. Author(s): Begley CG, Riggle A, Tuel JA. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 1990 March; 67(3): 192-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2320363&dopt=Abstract

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Association of house-dust and grass-pollen allergies with specific IgA antibody deficiency. Author(s): Stokes CR, Taylor B, Turner MW. Source: Lancet. 1974 August 31; 2(7879): 485-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4136547&dopt=Abstract

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Associations among familial sinistrality, allergies, and developmental language disorders. Author(s): Bulman-Fleming MB, Bryden MP, Wyse DM. Source: The International Journal of Neuroscience. 1996 November; 87(3-4): 257-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9003986&dopt=Abstract

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Asthma and allergies among children in West and East Germany: a comparison between Munster and Greifswald using the ISAAC phase I protocol. International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Author(s): Duhme H, Weiland SK, Rudolph P, Wienke A, Kramer A, Keil U. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1998 April; 11(4): 840-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9623686&dopt=Abstract

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Asthma and allergies at school--a Swedish national position paper. Author(s): Borres MP, Abrahamsson G, Andersson B, Andersson B, Brakenhielm G, Fabricius T, Haag C, Rinne-Ljungkvist L, Foucard T; Association of School Physicians, Sweden. Source: Allergy. 2002 May; 57(5): 454-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11972488&dopt=Abstract

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Asthma from childhood to adulthood: asthma severity, allergies, sensitization, living conditions, gender influence and social consequences. Author(s): Kjellman B, Gustafsson PM. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2000 May; 94(5): 454-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10868709&dopt=Abstract

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Asthma, allergies, and school. Author(s): Richards W. Source: Pediatric Annals. 1992 September; 21(9): 575-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1359499&dopt=Abstract

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Asthma, nasal allergies, and multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Neukirch F, Lyon-Caen O, Clanet M, Bousquet J, Feingold J, Druet P. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 February; 99(2): 270-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9042063&dopt=Abstract

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Asthma: laboratory workers and animal allergies. Author(s): Osman S. Source: Occup Health (Lond). 1989 March; 41(3): 72, 74. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2740032&dopt=Abstract

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Asthmatic allergies. Candida albicans as an atopic allergen. Author(s): Itkin IH, Anand SC. Source: J Kans Med Soc. 1968 October; 69(10): 483-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5705540&dopt=Abstract

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Auto-allergies of the central nervous system: a review. Author(s): Thomson JD. Source: J Iowa Med Soc. 1969 December; 59(12): 1085-92. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4901764&dopt=Abstract

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Biogel Skinsense N: surgical glove management for latex allergies. Author(s): Tanner J. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 2001 May 24-June 13; 10(10): 682-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12048469&dopt=Abstract

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Black henna tattoo reaction in a person with sulfonamide and benzocaine drug allergies. Author(s): Arroyo MP. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 February; 48(2): 301-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12582412&dopt=Abstract

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Blood tests for allergies. Author(s): Li TM. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 August; 89(2): 218; Author Reply 2189. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12197583&dopt=Abstract

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Breast is best for preventing asthma and allergies--or is it? Author(s): Sly PD, Holt PG. Source: Lancet. 2002 September 21; 360(9337): 887-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12354466&dopt=Abstract

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Bronchial asthma in infants and children due to food and inhalant allergies. Author(s): Rowe AH, Rowe A Jr, Sinclair C. Source: J Asthma Res. 1967 March; 4(3): 189-95. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4290491&dopt=Abstract

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Bronchial asthma: food, inhalant, drug and chemical allergies in its etiology. Author(s): Rowe AH, Rowe A Jr. Source: Minn Med. 1967 September; 50(9): 1321-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6059021&dopt=Abstract

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Can immunoregulatory lactic acid bacteria be used as dietary supplements to limit allergies? Author(s): Cross ML, Gill HS. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2001 June; 125(2): 112-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11435727&dopt=Abstract

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Caring for patients with latex allergies. Author(s): Thurlow KL. Source: Home Healthcare Nurse. 1999 October; 17(10): 625-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10818836&dopt=Abstract

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Causative allergens and the results of specific hyposensitisation in nasobronchial allergies. Author(s): Shah AC, Merchant HC. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1983 September; 81(5-6): 77-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6674335&dopt=Abstract

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Changing the course of latex allergies. Author(s): Clappison RA. Source: Oral Health. 1998 June; 88(6): 17. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9667191&dopt=Abstract

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Charles Robert Richet and some milestones in the history of allergies. Author(s): Mazana J, Arino MR. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1991 April; 1(2): 93-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1669573&dopt=Abstract

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Children and allergies: some effects and treatment. Author(s): Galvin ES, Keim RE, Conway TP. Source: Children Today. 1984 January-February; 13(1): 31-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6705597&dopt=Abstract

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Children with allergies. Terfenadine suspension versus placebo. Author(s): Lockhart JD, Maneksha S. Source: Practitioner. 1983 August; 227(1382): 1313-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6137814&dopt=Abstract

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Chinese herbal medicine in the treatment of asthma and allergies. Author(s): But P, Chang C. Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology. 1996 Fall; 14(3): 253-69. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8932956&dopt=Abstract

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Ciliary activity in patients with nasal allergies. Author(s): Ohashi Y, Nakai Y, Kihara S, Ikeoka H, Takano H, Imoto T. Source: Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1985; 242(2): 141-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4062661&dopt=Abstract

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Clean-air video will interest MDs who treat patients with allergies, respiratory problems. Author(s): Rafuse J. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1996 March 15; 154(6): 912-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8634972&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical aspects of allergies to animals: overview and definition. Author(s): Slavin RG. Source: N Engl Reg Allergy Proc. 1987 May-June; 8(3): 163-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3477683&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical experience with treatment of allergies with T cell epitope containing peptides. Author(s): Norman PS. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1996; 409: 457-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9095281&dopt=Abstract

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Cockroach and other inhalant allergies in infantile asthma. Author(s): Wilson NW, Robinson NP, Hogan MB. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1999 July; 83(1): 27-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10437813&dopt=Abstract

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Coexisting allergies to latex and to muscle relaxants in a primigravida. Author(s): Ayeko MO, Smith NJ. Source: Hosp Med. 1999 April; 60(4): 311. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10396446&dopt=Abstract

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Community management of severe allergies must be integrated and comprehensive, and must consist of more than just epinephrine. Author(s): Hourihane JO. Source: Allergy. 2001 November; 56(11): 1023-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11703213&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of asthma prevalence in the ISAAC and the ECRHS. ISAAC Steering Committee and the European Community Respiratory Health Survey. International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Author(s): Pearce N, Sunyer J, Cheng S, Chinn S, Bjorksten B, Burr M, Keil U, Anderson HR, Burney P. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2000 September; 16(3): 420-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11028654&dopt=Abstract

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Complications of allergies to latex urinary catheters. Author(s): Woodward S. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 1997 July 24-August 13; 6(14): 786-8, 790, 792-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9283302&dopt=Abstract

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Conditioning factors of respiratory allergies in Bogota, Colombia, S.A. Author(s): Sanchez-Medina M. Source: J Asthma Res. 1969 March; 6(3): 135-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5813619&dopt=Abstract

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Contact allergies in healthcare workers. Results from the IVDK. Author(s): Schnuch A, Uter W, Geier J, Frosch PJ, Rustemeyer T. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1998 September; 78(5): 358-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9779255&dopt=Abstract

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Contact allergies in patients with familial benign chronic pemphigus (Hailey-Hailey disease) Author(s): Reitamo S, Remitz A, Lauerma AI, Forstrom L. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1989 September; 21(3 Pt 1): 506-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2528572&dopt=Abstract

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Contact allergies induced by TTS-treatment. Author(s): Eichelberg D, Stolze P, Block M, Buchkremer G. Source: Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1989 March; 11(3): 223-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2725120&dopt=Abstract

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Contact allergies to nickel sulfate, gold sodium thiosulfate and palladium chloride in patients claiming side-effects from dental alloy components. Author(s): Marcusson JA. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 May; 34(5): 320-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8807223&dopt=Abstract

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Contact allergies to topical corticosteroids. Author(s): Hisa T, Katoh J, Yoshioka K, Taniguchi S, Mochida K, Nishimura T, Kanetomo H, Kono T, Hamada T. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1993 March; 28(3): 174-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8462297&dopt=Abstract

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Contact allergies to topical corticosteroids: 10 cases of contact dermatitis. Author(s): Dunkel FG, Elsner P, Burg G. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1991 August; 25(2): 97-103. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1834432&dopt=Abstract

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Contemporary problems of epidemiology and treatment of respiratory allergies and bronchial asthma. Author(s): Zavazal V. Source: Czech Med. 1980; 3(4): 255-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6785056&dopt=Abstract

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Controlling allergies by assessing risks in the home. Author(s): Huss K, Vessey JA, Mason P, Aschenbrenner DS, Huss RW. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 1996 September-October; 22(5): 432-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9087076&dopt=Abstract

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Controlling allergies by controlling environment. A big help for your patients. Author(s): Klein GL. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1992 March; 91(4): 215-8, 221-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1546012&dopt=Abstract

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Convertible automobile touring and seasonal allergies. Author(s): Nobel RE. Source: Lancet. 1987 April 11; 1(8537): 872. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2882283&dopt=Abstract

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Cooccurrence of latex and fruit allergies. Author(s): Freeman GL. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 1997 March-April; 18(2): 85-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9134065&dopt=Abstract

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Correlation of applied kinesiology muscle testing findings with serum immunoglobulin levels for food allergies. Author(s): Schmitt WH Jr, Leisman G. Source: The International Journal of Neuroscience. 1998 December; 96(3-4): 237-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10069623&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic allergies: what goes on under your makeup. Author(s): Taub SJ. Source: Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1976 April; 55(4): 133-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1253945&dopt=Abstract

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Costs of beta-lactam allergies: selection and costs of antibiotics for patients with a reported beta-lactam allergy. Author(s): MacLaughlin EJ, Saseen JJ, Malone DC. Source: Archives of Family Medicine. 2000 August; 9(8): 722-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10927711&dopt=Abstract

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Could parasitic infections protect aboriginal children against asthma and allergies? Author(s): Prociv P. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1997 April 7; 166(7): 391-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9137292&dopt=Abstract

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Counseling patients about drug allergies in the inpatient setting. Author(s): Johnson V, Croft C, Crane V. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2001 October 1; 58(19): 1855-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11596705&dopt=Abstract

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Cromolyn DSG effects in hyperkinetic and psychotic children with allergies. Author(s): Simeon J, O'Malley M, Tryphonas H, Graham D, Mastronardi M, Simeon S, Griffin J. Source: Ann Allergy. 1979 June; 42(6): 343-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=110179&dopt=Abstract

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Cross-sectional associations of asthma, hay fever, and other allergies with major depression and low-back pain among adults aged 20-39 years in the United States. Author(s): Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1999 November 15; 150(10): 1107-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10568627&dopt=Abstract

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Cross-sensitization patterns in acrylate allergies. Author(s): Jordan WP Jr. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1975; 1(1): 13-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1235066&dopt=Abstract

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Current comments on cutaneous allergy. Management of antibiotic allergies. Author(s): Fellner MJ, Ledesma GN. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1991 March; 30(3): 184-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1828059&dopt=Abstract

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Current status of immunotherapy for allergies and anaphylactic reactions. Author(s): Norman PS. Source: Adv Intern Med. 1996; 41: 681-713. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8903602&dopt=Abstract

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Cutaneous positivity in patients with respiratory allergies to 42 allergenic extracts of airborne fungi isolated in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Author(s): Mohovic J, Gambale W, Croce J. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 1988 November-December; 16(6): 397-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3242377&dopt=Abstract

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Daniel's allergies. Author(s): Wells D. Source: Nurs Times. 1982 May 19-25; 78(20): 827-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6919905&dopt=Abstract

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Data regarding the problem of physical allergies. Author(s): Brassai Z, Hadnagy C, Horvath E, Nagy L. Source: Allerg Asthma (Leipz). 1970; 16(3): 68-74. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4396149&dopt=Abstract

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Delayed contact allergies in patients with photosensitivity dermatitis. Author(s): Hannuksela M, Suhonen R, Forstrom L. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1981; 61(4): 303-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6173984&dopt=Abstract

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Demonstration of spice-specific IgE in patients with suspected food allergies. Author(s): van Toorenenbergen AW, Dieges PH. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1987 January; 79(1): 108-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2433321&dopt=Abstract

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Dental anesthesia with lidocaine hydrochloride for children with intractable asthma and associated allergies. Author(s): Gottlieb SJ, Falliers CJ. Source: J Oral Ther Pharmacol. 1967 May; 3(6): 468-72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6051004&dopt=Abstract

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Depression and allergies: survey of a nonclinical population. Author(s): Bell IR, Jasnoski ML, Kagan J, King DS. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1991; 55(1): 24-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1866437&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of IgE antibodies to a wide range of insect species in subjects with suspected inhalant allergies to insects. Author(s): Baldo BA, Panzani RC. Source: Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1988; 85(3): 278-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3350607&dopt=Abstract

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Detergent allergies: an urban legend. Author(s): Rockoff AS. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 July; 49(1): 161. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12833037&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of factors of the plasma kinin system in plasma substrate specimens from patients with specific, exogenous allergies. Author(s): Briseid K, Dyrud OK, Lange-Nielsen F. Source: Acta Allergol. 1968 December; 23(6): 413-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5757086&dopt=Abstract

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Development and validation of a brief pediatric screen for asthma and allergies among children. Author(s): Wolf RL, Berry CA, Quinn K. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2003 May; 90(5): 500-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12775131&dopt=Abstract

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Development of allergies and asthma in infants and young children with atopic dermatitis--a prospective follow-up to 7 years of age. Author(s): Gustafsson D, Sjoberg O, Foucard T. Source: Allergy. 2000 March; 55(3): 240-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10753014&dopt=Abstract

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Development of food allergies with special reference to cow's milk allergy. Author(s): Foucard T. Source: Pediatrics. 1985 January; 75(1 Pt 2): 177-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3880887&dopt=Abstract

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Diabetes mellitus and Graves' disease in pregnancy complicated by maternal allergies to antithyroid medication. Author(s): Bruner JP, Landon MB, Gabbe SG. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1988 September; 72(3 Pt 2): 443-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3405562&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosing allergies. Author(s): Taub SJ. Source: Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1975 March; 54(3): 126-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=234856&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosing allergies. Author(s): Taub SJ. Source: Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1973 March; 52(3): 108-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4704962&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosing allergies. The hows and whys. Author(s): Walls RS. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1993 November; 22(11): 1937-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8304849&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosing allergies: when to test, when to refer. Author(s): Wood RA. Source: Contemp Pediatr. 1994 September; 11(9): 13-4, 17-24, 26 Passim. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10150285&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis and treatment of food allergies. Author(s): Anderson JB, Lessof MH. Source: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1983 June; 42(2): 257-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6889311&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis of food allergies and intolerances in the study of prophylaxis and control groups in infants. Author(s): Hamburger RN. Source: Ann Allergy. 1984 December; 53(6 Pt 2): 673-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6507956&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis of multiple inhalant allergies in children by radioimmunoassay. Author(s): Hoffman DR, Haddad ZH. Source: Pediatrics. 1974 August; 54(2): 151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4858837&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic approaches to the patient with suspected food allergies. Author(s): Burks AW, Sampson HA. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1992 November; 121(5 Pt 2): S64-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1280298&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic efficacy of in vitro methods vs. skin testing in patients with inhalant allergies. Author(s): Corey JP, Liudahl JJ, Young SA, Rodman SM. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1991 March; 104(3): 299-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1902930&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic value of culture procedures and provocation tests in suspected mold allergies. Author(s): Liebeskind A. Source: Acta Allergol. 1971 April; 26(2): 106-16. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5109835&dopt=Abstract

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Diet and asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic eczema symptom prevalence: an ecological analysis of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) data. ISAAC Phase One Study Group. Author(s): Ellwood P, Asher MI, Bjorksten B, Burr M, Pearce N, Robertson CF. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2001 March; 17(3): 436-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11405522&dopt=Abstract

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Dietitians face the challenge of food allergies. Author(s): Beker L, Koerner CB. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2000 January; 100(1): 13-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10671109&dopt=Abstract

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Difficulties generated by allergies. Author(s): Baker BM, Baker CD. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1980 December; 50(10): 583-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6160318&dopt=Abstract

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Dissection of the grass allergen-specific immune response in patients with allergies and control subjects: T-cell proliferation in patients does not correlate with specific serum IgE and skin reactivity. Author(s): Wurtzen PA, van Neerven RJ, Arnved J, Ipsen H, Sparholt SH. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 February; 101(2 Pt 1): 241-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9500758&dopt=Abstract

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Dissociation of house dust allergies. A comparison between skin tests, inhalation tests, specific IgE and basophil histamine release measurements. Author(s): Pauli G, Bessot JC, Hirth C, Thierry R. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1979 April; 63(4): 245-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=85649&dopt=Abstract

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DNA-based approaches to the treatment of allergies. Author(s): Spiegelberg HL, Raz E. Source: Curr Opin Mol Ther. 2002 February; 4(1): 64-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11883696&dopt=Abstract

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Do allergies protect against the effects of a rhinovirus cold? Author(s): Busse WW, Gern JE. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 May; 105(5): 889-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10808166&dopt=Abstract

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Do only European cattle protect from allergies? Author(s): Braun-Fahrlander C. Source: Allergy. 2002 December; 57(12): 1094-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12464036&dopt=Abstract

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Do you believe in allergies? Author(s): Singh JN. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1988 May 15; 138(10): 889. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3365622&dopt=Abstract

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Does farming provide protection from asthma and allergies? Author(s): Braback L. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2002; 91(11): 1147-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12463307&dopt=Abstract

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Does passive smoking affect the incidence of nasal allergies? Author(s): Tsunoda K, Ohta Y, Shinogami M, Soda Y. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1995 July; 85(7): 1019-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7604903&dopt=Abstract

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Drug allergies among patients with borderline personality symptomatology. Author(s): Sansone RA, Gentile J, Markert RJ. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 2000 July-August; 22(4): 289-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11023365&dopt=Abstract

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Drug allergies in the surgical population. Author(s): Hung OR, Bands C, Laney G, Drover D, Stevens S, MacSween M. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1994 December; 41(12): 1149-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7867107&dopt=Abstract

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Drug allergies, adverse drug reactions, and the patient record. Author(s): Pleasants RA, Kessler JM. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1993 July; 50(7): 1363. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8362869&dopt=Abstract

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Drug allergies. Author(s): Gruchalla RS. Source: Primary Care. 1998 December; 25(4): 791-807. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9735119&dopt=Abstract

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Drug allergy and protocols for management of drug allergies. Author(s): Patterson R, DeSwarte RD, Greenberger PA, Grammer LC, Brown JE, Choy AC. Source: Allergy Proc. 1994 September-October; 15(5): 239-64. Review. No Abstract Available. Erratum In: Allergy Proc 1995 January-February; 16(1): 53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7835691&dopt=Abstract

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Drug allergy and protocols for management of drug allergies. Author(s): Patterson R, DeSwarte RD, Greenberger PA, Grammer LC. Source: N Engl Reg Allergy Proc. 1986 July-August; 7(4): 325-42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3475548&dopt=Abstract

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Drug therapy for those annoying allergies. Author(s): Simon GI. Source: Occup Health Saf. 1981 March; 50(3): 69-70, 74-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6111058&dopt=Abstract

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Drug treatment of allergies. I. The pathophysiologic basis of allergy. Author(s): Blumstein GI. Source: Semin Drug Treat. 1973 Spring; 2(4): 353-65. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4122216&dopt=Abstract

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Early reaction type allergies and diseases of the respiratory passages in employees from persulphate production. Author(s): Wrbitzky R, Drexler H, Letzel S. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 1995; 67(6): 413-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8567091&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of prior medication on intradermal test response in patients with respiratory allergies. Author(s): Agarwal MK, Gaur SN, Chaudhry S. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 1988; 25(5): 275-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3182592&dopt=Abstract

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Effectiveness and safety of fexofenadine, a new nonsedating H1-receptor antagonist, in the treatment of fall allergies. Author(s): Bronsky EA, Falliers CJ, Kaiser HB, Ahlbrandt R, Mason JM. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 1998 May-June; 19(3): 135-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9642436&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis or tetanus vaccination on allergies and allergyrelated respiratory symptoms among children and adolescents in the United States. Author(s): Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2000 February; 23(2): 81-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10714532&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of immunotherapy in nasobronchial allergies in children as judged by mucosal sensitivity tests. Author(s): Kumar L. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1977 June; 14(6): 461-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=604274&dopt=Abstract

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ELASTIC and ALERT: help for nurses and others with latex allergies, help for those who work with latex. Education for Latex Allergy/Support Team and Information Coalition. Allergy to Latex Education and Resource Team. Author(s): Jezierski M. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 1997 April; 23(2): 43A-45A. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9216304&dopt=Abstract

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Environmental factors versus genetic determinants of childhood inhalant allergies. Author(s): Ownby DR. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1990 September; 86(3 Pt 1): 279-87. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2212404&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology of asthma: ISAAC--International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Author(s): von Mutius E. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 1996; 7(9 Suppl): 54-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9156730&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology of latex sensitization and allergies in health care workers. Author(s): Garabrant DH, Schweitzer S. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 August; 110(2 Suppl): S82-95. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12170248&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology of type IV allergies to rubber chemical additives. Author(s): Bayrou O. Source: Clin Rev Allergy. 1993 Fall; 11(3): 421-5. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8118785&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluating chronic urticaria patients for allergies, infections, or autoimmune disorders. Author(s): Wai YC, Sussman GL. Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology. 2002 October; 23(2): 185-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12221863&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of metal allergies in patients with coronary stents. Author(s): Hillen U, Haude M, Erbel R, Goos M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 December; 47(6): 353-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12581282&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of the MAST CLA allergy system for diagnosis of allergies to house dust mites and cats. Author(s): Ho TM, DeBruynne J, Ahamad M, Darussamin H. Source: Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 1997 September; 15(3): 123-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9438543&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence for the presence of immunoglobulin E antibodies specific to the cell wall phosphomannoproteins of Candida albicans in patients with allergies. Author(s): Kanbe T, Morishita M, Ito K, Tomita K, Utsunomiya K, Ishiguro A. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 1996 November; 3(6): 645-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8914753&dopt=Abstract

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Exercise-induced allergies: the role of histamine release. Author(s): Silvers WS. Source: Ann Allergy. 1992 January; 68(1): 58-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1371041&dopt=Abstract

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Exposing late allergies. Author(s): Fritsch DE, Pilat DM. Source: Nursing. 1993 August; 23(8): 46-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8361697&dopt=Abstract

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Exposure to pets and allergies in children. Author(s): Holscher B, Frye C, Wichmann HE, Heinrich J. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2002 October; 13(5): 334-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12431192&dopt=Abstract

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Familial benign chronic pemphigus (Hailey-Hailey disease) and contact allergies. Author(s): de Wit FS. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1990 September; 23(3 Pt 1): 532-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2145330&dopt=Abstract

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Farm environment in childhood prevents the development of allergies. Author(s): Kilpelainen M, Terho EO, Helenius H, Koskenvuo M. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 February; 30(2): 201-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10651772&dopt=Abstract

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First survey from the “Allergy Vigilance Network”: life-threatening food allergies in France. Author(s): Moneret-Vautrin DA, Kanny G, Parisot L. Source: Allerg Immunol (Paris). 2002 June; 34(6): 194-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12134641&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies and bowel disease. Author(s): Walker-Smith JA. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1985; 78 Suppl 5: 3-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3973897&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies and hypersensitivities. Author(s): Trevino RJ. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1988 January; 67(1): 42-4, 46-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3366086&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies and kissing. Author(s): Hallett R, Haapanen LA, Teuber SS. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 June 6; 346(23): 1833-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12050352&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies and label reading: a healthy relationship. Author(s): Bendelius J. Source: School Nurse News. 2002 May; 19(3): 24-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12046165&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies and migraine. Author(s): Stevenson DD, Dalessio DJ. Source: Lancet. 1979 July 14; 2(8133): 103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=87954&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies and migraine. Author(s): Hawkins C. Source: Lancet. 1979 May 26; 1(8126): 1137. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=86853&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies and migraine. Author(s): Grant EC. Source: Lancet. 1979 May 5; 1(8123): 966-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=87628&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies and other adverse reactions to foods. Author(s): Panush RS, Webster EM. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 1985 May; 69(3): 533-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3892190&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies and other food sensitivities. Author(s): Mermelstein NH. Source: Asdc J Dent Child. 1986 July-August; 53(4): 296-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3461019&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies and sensitivities. Author(s): Taylor SL. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1986 May; 86(5): 599-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3700921&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies associated with birch pollen: comparison of Allergodip and Pharmacia CAP for detection of specific IgE antibodies to birch pollen related foods. Author(s): Straumann F, Wuthrich B. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2000 May-June; 10(3): 135-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10923587&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies can masquerade as throat cancers. Author(s): Taub SJ. Source: Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1969 October; 48(10): 589-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5394658&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies in children affect nutrient intake and growth. Author(s): Christie L, Hine RJ, Parker JG, Burks W. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 November; 102(11): 1648-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12449289&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies in children. Author(s): Burks AW, Sampson H. Source: Curr Probl Pediatr. 1993 July; 23(6): 230-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8404010&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies in Spain: causal allergens and diagnostic strategies. Author(s): Martin Esteban M, Pascual CY. Source: Pediatr Pulmonol Suppl. 1999; 18: 154-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10093129&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies may cause sick feelings. Author(s): Crook WG. Source: Pharos Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Med Soc. 1980 Summer; 43(3): 33-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7192409&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies, asthma, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Author(s): Scahill L, deGraft-Johnson A. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing : Official Publication of the Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nurses, Inc. 1997 April-June; 10(2): 3640; Quiz 41-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9257632&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies. Author(s): O'Leary PF, Shanahan F. Source: Current Gastroenterology Reports. 2002 October; 4(5): 373-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12228039&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies. Author(s): Sampson HA, Metcalfe DD. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1992 November 25; 268(20): 2840-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1433699&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies. Author(s): Zanussi C, Pastorello EA, Schilke ML, Stocchi L. Source: Bibl Nutr Dieta. 1988; (42): 101-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3060098&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies. Author(s): Parker C. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1980 February; 80(2): 262-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6898386&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies. Author(s): Frankland AW. Source: R Soc Health J. 1970 September-October; 90(5): 243-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4925101&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies. Author(s): Mayer J. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1970 June; 47(6): 230-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5419603&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies. Identification and prevention techniques. Author(s): Peters S. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 1997 December; 5(12): 45-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9460019&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies. What is meant by this expression? Is there an advantage in a marketing duty for allergic persons? Author(s): Steinhart H. Source: Die Nahrung. 2000 October; 44(5): 297-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11075369&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies. When food becomes the enemy. Author(s): Formanek R Jr. Source: Fda Consumer. 2001 July-August; 35(4): 10-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11692877&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies: diagnosis and management. Author(s): Dickerson JW. Source: Prof Nurse. 1987 April; 2(7): 203-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3108899&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies: how common are they? Author(s): Wille J. Source: Iowa Med. 1993 December; 83(12): 447-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8300369&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies: immunological reactions to food. Author(s): Butkus SN, Mahan LK. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1986 May; 86(5): 601-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3517113&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies--keeping kids safe. Author(s): Putman H. Source: Rn. 2002 June; 65(6): 26-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12087596&dopt=Abstract

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Food specific IgE antibodies: a comparative study of AlaSTAT and Pharmacia RAST Phadebas CAP systems in 49 patients with food allergies. Author(s): Moneret-Vautrin DA, Halpern GM, Brignon JJ, Nicolas JP, Kanny G. Source: Ann Allergy. 1993 August; 71(2): 107-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8346861&dopt=Abstract

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Frequency of certain allergies in young children. Author(s): Leonida D. Source: Sch Health Rev. 1971 April; 2(2): 16. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5206302&dopt=Abstract

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Frequency, spectrum and occupational relevance of type IV allergies to rubber chemicals. Author(s): von Hintzenstern J, Heese A, Koch HU, Peters KP, Hornstein OP. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1991 April; 24(4): 244-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1831104&dopt=Abstract

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Fungal allergies. Author(s): Nolard N. Source: Mediators of Inflammation. 2001 December; 10(6): 294-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11817665&dopt=Abstract

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Gas chromatography: an investigative tool in multiple allergies to essential oils. Author(s): Dharmagunawardena B, Takwale A, Sanders KJ, Cannan S, Rodger A, Ilchyshyn A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 November; 47(5): 288-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12534533&dopt=Abstract

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Genetics of asthma and allergies. Author(s): Huss K, Huss RW. Source: Nurs Clin North Am. 2000 September; 35(3): 695-705. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10957684&dopt=Abstract

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Geographical comparison of the prevalence of childhood asthma and allergies in Singapore. Author(s): Chew FT, Goh DY, Lee BW. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 1999 December; 19(4): 383-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10716034&dopt=Abstract

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Geographical variations of asthma and asthma symptoms among schoolchildren aged 5 to 8 years and 12 to 15 years in Palestine: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Author(s): El-Sharif NA, Nemery B, Barghuthy F, Mortaja S, Qasrawi R, Abdeen Z. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2003 January; 90(1): 63-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12546340&dopt=Abstract

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Glove allergies: research and practice update. Author(s): Trevelyan J. Source: Nurs Times. 1996 October 16-22; 92(42): 42-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8932173&dopt=Abstract

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Guidelines for the management of latex allergies and safe use of latex in perioperative practice settings. Author(s): Shoup AJ. Source: Aorn Journal. 1997 October; 66(4): 726, 729-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9337478&dopt=Abstract

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Hay fever, eczema, and wheeze: a nationwide UK study (ISAAC, international study of asthma and allergies in childhood). Author(s): Austin JB, Kaur B, Anderson HR, Burr M, Harkins LS, Strachan DP, Warner JO. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1999 September; 81(3): 225-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10451395&dopt=Abstract

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Head pain secondary to nasal allergies. Author(s): Moore GF, Massey JD, Emanuel JM, Huerter JV, Roh LH, Jones DT, Yonkers AJ. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1987 December; 66(12): 502-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3322793&dopt=Abstract

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Health and safety. New evidence reveals scale of latex glove allergies. Author(s): Coombes R. Source: Nurs Times. 2001 August 16-22; 97(33): 8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11957637&dopt=Abstract

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Health and socioeconomic consequences of occupational respiratory allergies: a pilot study using workers' compensation data. Author(s): Yassi A. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1988; 14(3): 291-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2973231&dopt=Abstract

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Helping families cope with milk, wheat, and soy allergies. Author(s): White JE, Owsley VB. Source: Mcn. the American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing. 1983 NovemberDecember; 8(6): 423-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6417440&dopt=Abstract

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Hidden respiratory allergies in voice users: treatment strategies. Author(s): Jackson-Menaldi CA, Dzul AI, Holland RW. Source: Logopedics, Phoniatrics, Vocology. 2002; 27(2): 74-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487405&dopt=Abstract

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Histamine receptor--bearing peripheral T lymphocytes in patients with allergies. Author(s): Verhaegen H, De Cock W, De Cree J. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1977 March; 59(3): 266-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=300084&dopt=Abstract

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History of allergies among adults with glioma and controls. Author(s): Wiemels JL, Wiencke JK, Sison JD, Miike R, McMillan A, Wrensch M. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2002 April 1; 98(4): 609-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11920623&dopt=Abstract

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History of allergies and autoimmune diseases and risk of brain tumors in adults. Author(s): Brenner AV, Linet MS, Fine HA, Shapiro WR, Selker RG, Black PM, Inskip PD. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2002 May 10; 99(2): 252-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11979441&dopt=Abstract

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HLA associations with occupational sensitization to rat lipocalin allergens: a model for other animal allergies? Author(s): Jeal H, Draper A, Jones M, Harris J, Welsh K, Taylor AN, Cullinan P. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 April; 111(4): 795-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12704360&dopt=Abstract

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House dust mite allergies in military personnel. Author(s): King MJ, Stock M, Betts LS, Sonenshine DE, Matta JF. Source: Military Medicine. 1985 January; 150(1): 19-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3920552&dopt=Abstract

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House mites and allergies: their control in the house. Author(s): Helson GA. Source: N Z Med J. 1970 December; 72(463): 417-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5278265&dopt=Abstract

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Human basophil degranulation in dermatophagoides allergies: 93 cases. Author(s): Dry J, Leynadier F, Luce H. Source: Ann Allergy. 1980 May; 44(5): 308-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7377643&dopt=Abstract

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Humanization of a mouse anti-human IgE antibody: a potential therapeutic for IgEmediated allergies. Author(s): Kolbinger F, Saldanha J, Hardman N, Bendig MM. Source: Protein Engineering. 1993 November; 6(8): 971-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8309946&dopt=Abstract

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Hypnosis in a dental patient with allergies. Author(s): Weyandt JA. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1976 October; 19(2): 123-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=983979&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of soybean proteins responsible for respiratory allergies. Author(s): Gonzalez R, Zapatero L, Caravaca F, Carreira J. Source: Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1991; 95(1): 53-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1917110&dopt=Abstract

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Identifying food allergies in children. Author(s): Garvey J. Source: Nurs Times. 2003 January 21-27; 99(3): 45-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12617013&dopt=Abstract

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IgE and IgG4 antibodies in specific allergies. Author(s): Berrens L, Koers WJ, Bruynzeel PL. Source: Lancet. 1977 July 9; 2(8028): 92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=69179&dopt=Abstract

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IgE and IgG4 antibodies in specific human allergies. Author(s): Bruynzeel PL, Berrens L. Source: Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1979; 58(3): 344-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=570557&dopt=Abstract

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IgE in respiratory tract allergies. Author(s): Mogi G, Maeda S, Yoshida T, Watanabe N. Source: Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1977 March-April; 84(2): 272-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=898500&dopt=Abstract

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IgE studies on respiratory tract allergies. Author(s): Mogi G, Maeda S, Yoshida T, Watanabe N. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1977 May; 103(5): 251-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=857786&dopt=Abstract

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IgE, allergies and helminth parasites: a new perspective on an old conundrum. Author(s): Bell RG. Source: Immunology and Cell Biology. 1996 August; 74(4): 337-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8872184&dopt=Abstract

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I'm concerned that my young son might become allergic to our cat, but recently I heard that the cat might actually protect him from developing allergies. Should we keep the cat or not? Author(s): Rosen DS. Source: Health News. 2001 May; 7(5): 10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11851150&dopt=Abstract

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Immediate skin test reactivity to common aeroallergens in patients with respiratory allergies: a comparative analysis of allergen-induced skin reactions and their histamine controls. Author(s): Lopez LR, Noriega Y, Losno R. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1988 June; 81(6): 1143-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3379226&dopt=Abstract

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Immune responses to allergens early in life: when and why do allergies arise? Author(s): Hamelmann E, Wahn U. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 December; 32(12): 1679-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12653155&dopt=Abstract

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Immunization and symptoms of atopic disease in children: results from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Author(s): Anderson HR, Poloniecki JD, Strachan DP, Beasley R, Bjorksten B, Asher MI; ISAAC Phase 1 Study Group. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2001 July; 91(7): 1126-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11441744&dopt=Abstract

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Immunoglobulin deficiency in gastrointestinal allergies. Author(s): Gryboski JD, Kocoshis S. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1980 March; 2(1): 71-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6889618&dopt=Abstract

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Immunoglobulin E activity increased in many allergies. Author(s): Taub SJ. Source: Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1970 July; 49(7): 330-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4098236&dopt=Abstract

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Immunological asects of Lomudal treatment in pollen allergies. Author(s): Berg T, Engstrom I. Source: Acta Allergol. 1975; 30 Suppl 12: 97-105. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=811071&dopt=Abstract

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Immunotherapy for food allergies. Past, present, future. Author(s): Lehrer SB, Wild LG, Bost KL, Sorensen RU. Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology. 1999 Fall; 17(3): 361-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10597372&dopt=Abstract

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Immunotherapy for inhalant allergies. Guidelines for why, when, and how to use this treatment. Author(s): Portnoy JM. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 2001 May; 109(5): 89-90, 93-4, 99-100 Passim. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11381673&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro diagnosis and mediator assays for food allergies. Author(s): Sampson HA. Source: Allergy Proc. 1993 July-August; 14(4): 259-61. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7693548&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro histamine release from leukocytes in penicillin allergies. Author(s): Saraclar Y, Ciliv G, Ozkaragoz K. Source: Acta Allergol. 1976 December; 31(6): 478-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=65096&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro testing for immunoglobulin E-mediated food allergies. Author(s): Corey JP, Gungor A. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1996 October; 115(4): 312-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8861884&dopt=Abstract

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Inconsistent documentation of drug-related allergies and adverse effects in patient charts. Author(s): Burke CE, Piper J, Calderon J. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 1998 February 1; 55(3): 289-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9492262&dopt=Abstract

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Increased deaths due to endocrine system diseases and allergies among mothers of dizygotic twins. Author(s): Wyshak G, Honeyman MS. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1984 April; 33(4): 375-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6538639&dopt=Abstract

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Indirect immunofluorescent test on spore sampling preparations: a technique for diagnosis of individual mold allergies. Author(s): Popp W, Zwick H, Rauscher H. Source: Stain Technol. 1988 July; 63(4): 249-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3064361&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of asthma or allergies on the utilization of health care resources and quality of life of college students. Author(s): Jolicoeur LM, Boyer JG, Reeder CE, Turner J. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 1994; 31(4): 251-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8040151&dopt=Abstract

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Inhalant allergies in Zimbabwe: a common problem. Author(s): Sibanda EN. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2003 January; 130(1): 2-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12576728&dopt=Abstract

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Inhalant allergies to fungi: reactions to bakers' yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and identification of bakers' yeast enolase as an important allergen. Author(s): Baldo BA, Baker RS. Source: Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1988; 86(2): 201-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3292441&dopt=Abstract

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Inhalant allergies: skin versus in vitro testing. Author(s): Hoang G, Mahon RG Jr. Source: J S C Med Assoc. 1989 September; 85(9): 415-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2796296&dopt=Abstract

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Intake of trans fatty acids and prevalence of childhood asthma and allergies in Europe. ISAAC Steering Committee. Author(s): Weiland SK, von Mutius E, Husing A, Asher MI. Source: Lancet. 1999 June 12; 353(9169): 2040-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10376626&dopt=Abstract

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Interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-beta promoter polymorphisms in allergies and asthma. Author(s): Hobbs K, Negri J, Klinnert M, Rosenwasser LJ, Borish L. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1998 December; 158(6): 1958-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9847292&dopt=Abstract

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International prevalences of reported food allergies and intolerances. Comparisons arising from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) 19911994. Author(s): Woods RK, Abramson M, Bailey M, Walters EH. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 April; 55(4): 298-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11360135&dopt=Abstract

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International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Author(s): Shah AA. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1994 March; 42(3): 265. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7860539&dopt=Abstract

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International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) written questionnaire: validation of the asthma component among Brazilian children. Author(s): Sole D, Vanna AT, Yamada E, Rizzo MC, Naspitz CK. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1998 November-December; 8(6): 376-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10028486&dopt=Abstract

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International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC): prevalence of asthma and asthma-related symptoms among Brazilian schoolchildren. Author(s): Sole D, Yamada E, Vana AT, Werneck G, Solano de Freitas L, Sologuren MJ, Brito M, Rosario Filho NA, Stein RT, Mallol J. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2001; 11(2): 123-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11642571&dopt=Abstract

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International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC): rationale and methods. Author(s): Asher MI, Keil U, Anderson HR, Beasley R, Crane J, Martinez F, Mitchell EA, Pearce N, Sibbald B, Stewart AW, et al. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1995 March; 8(3): 483-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7789502&dopt=Abstract

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International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC): validation of the written questionnaire (eczema component) and prevalence of atopic eczema among Brazilian children. Author(s): Yamada E, Vanna AT, Naspitz CK, Sole D. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2002; 12(1): 34-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12109530&dopt=Abstract

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International study of asthma and allergies in childhood. Results of the first phase of the I.S.A.A.C. project in Pamplona, Spain. Author(s): Fernandez Benitez M, Guillen F, Marin B, Pajaron MJ, Brun C, Aguinaga I, Esteban MA, Garcia B, Martinez Gonzalez MA, Notivol P, Santos MA, Zapata MA. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1996 September-October; 6(5): 288-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8959539&dopt=Abstract

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International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Results on rhinitis of first phase in Pamplona, Spain. Author(s): Carvalho N, Fernandez-Benitez M, Cascante L, Aguinaga I, Guillen F. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 2000 July-August; 28(4): 207-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11022266&dopt=Abstract

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International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood: validation of the rhinitis symptom questionnaire and prevalence of rhinitis in schoolchildren in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Author(s): Vanna AT, Yamada E, Arruda LK, Naspitz CK, Sole D. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2001 April; 12(2): 95-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11338293&dopt=Abstract

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Involvement of T cells in drug-induced allergies. Author(s): Zanni MP, Schnyder B, von Greyerz S, Pichler WJ. Source: Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 1998 August; 19(8): 308-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9745357&dopt=Abstract

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Is diesel exhaust a cause for increasing allergies? Author(s): Salvi SS, Frew A, Holgate S. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 January; 29(1): 4-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10051695&dopt=Abstract

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Is electrodermal testing as effective as skin prick tests for diagnosing allergies? A double blind, randomised block design study. Author(s): Lewith GT, Kenyon JN, Broomfield J, Prescott P, Goddard J, Holgate ST. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 January 20; 322(7279): 131-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11159567&dopt=Abstract

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ISAAC--a hypothesis generator for asthma? International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Author(s): Lewis S. Source: Lancet. 1998 April 25; 351(9111): 1220-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9643736&dopt=Abstract

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It's spring, and thoughts turn to...allergies. Author(s): Metzger H. Source: Cell. 1999 April 30; 97(3): 287-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10319809&dopt=Abstract

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Knowing patient's allergies, pharmacist had duty to warn, says Illinois court. Author(s): Landis NT. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2001 April 15; 58(8): 643-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11329753&dopt=Abstract

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Laboratory animal allergies. Use of the radioallergosorbent test inhibition assay to monitor airborne allergen levels. Author(s): Lewis DM, Bledsoe TA, Dement JM. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 1988; 14 Suppl 1: 74-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3393889&dopt=Abstract

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Late-onset atopic eczema and multiple food allergies after infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Barnetson RS, Hardie RA, Merrett TG. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1981 October 24; 283(6299): 10867. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6794770&dopt=Abstract

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Latex allergies and adverse reactions: a review of the literature. Author(s): Weesner BW Jr. Source: J Tenn Dent Assoc. 1997 April; 77(2): 21-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9520756&dopt=Abstract

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Latex allergies and condom use. Author(s): Allen DC. Source: Nursing. 1993 October; 23(10): 4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8414251&dopt=Abstract

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Latex allergies can affect any of us. Author(s): Shymko MJ, Shymko TM. Source: Radiol Technol. 1997 July-August; 68(6): 552, 551. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9253064&dopt=Abstract

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Latex allergies in children with spina bifida: relevance for the pediatric dentist. Author(s): Nelson LP, Soporowski NJ, Shusterman S. Source: Pediatr Dent. 1994 January-February; 16(1): 18-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8015937&dopt=Abstract

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Latex allergies in dentistry: recognition and recommendations. Author(s): Roy A, Epstein J, Onno E. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 1997 April; 63(4): 297-300. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9125845&dopt=Abstract

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Latex allergies in the health care setting. A review of the problem and some solutions to address the issue. Author(s): Peacock E. Source: Nephrol News Issues. 1998 February; 12(2): 20-5. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9526367&dopt=Abstract

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Latex allergies in the health care worker. Author(s): Tesiorowski CC. Source: Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing : Official Journal of the American Society of Perianesthesia Nurses / American Society of Perianesthesia Nurses. 2003 February; 18(1): 18-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12596131&dopt=Abstract

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Latex allergies in the lab: what are your legal rights? Author(s): Kohn P, Ventura MJ, Celia F. Source: Mlo: Medical Laboratory Observer. 2000 August; 32(8): 40-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11183644&dopt=Abstract

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Latex allergies on the rise among health care workers. Author(s): Ketter J. Source: The American Nurse. 1995 January-February; 27(1): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7856965&dopt=Abstract

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Latex allergies that disable nurse. Author(s): Petroff J. Source: Ohio Nurses Rev. 1996 May; 71(5): 4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8850687&dopt=Abstract

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Latex allergies. Author(s): Albert SB. Source: The New York State Dental Journal. 1998 November; 64(9): 4-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9871394&dopt=Abstract

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Latex allergies. Author(s): Epstein JB, Onno EM, Roy A. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 1997 December; 63(11): 803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9433020&dopt=Abstract

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Latex allergies. Author(s): McCallum G. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 1997 September; 63(8): 575. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9322381&dopt=Abstract

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Latex allergies. Author(s): Burke FJ, Wilson NH. Source: British Dental Journal. 1993 April 10; 174(7): 233. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8461201&dopt=Abstract

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Latex allergies. A growing concern for both EMS providers & patients. Author(s): Criss E. Source: J Emerg Med Serv Jems. 2000 October; 25(10): 42-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11141765&dopt=Abstract

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Latex allergies. Safety issue for patients and employees. Author(s): Benedict M. Source: Health Care Food & Nutrition Focus. 2001 October; 18(2): 10-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11570056&dopt=Abstract

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Latex allergies: a new infection control issue. Author(s): Jack M. Source: Can J Infect Control. 1994 Autumn; 9(3): 67-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7766908&dopt=Abstract

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Latex allergies: how they affect the dental profession. Author(s): Lassiter TE, Panagakos FS. Source: J N J Dent Assoc. 1997 Spring; 68(2): 23-4, 50-4. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9540737&dopt=Abstract

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Latex allergies: management and clinical responsibilities. Author(s): Thurlow KL. Source: Home Healthcare Nurse. 2001 June; 19(6): 369-75; Quiz 376. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11985234&dopt=Abstract

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Latex allergies: overview, prevention and implications for nursing care. Author(s): Blaylock B. Source: Ostomy Wound Manage. 1995 June; 41(5): 10-2, 14-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7612136&dopt=Abstract

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Latex allergies: registered nurses can sue for compensation. Author(s): Petroff J. Source: Ohio Nurses Rev. 1998 September; 73(8): 4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10595145&dopt=Abstract

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Latex allergies: what is your responsibility as a manager? Author(s): Thurlow KL. Source: Home Healthc Nurse Manag. 1999 September-October; 3(5): 11-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10776122&dopt=Abstract

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Latex allergies: when rubber rubs the wrong way. Author(s): Stehlin D. Source: Fda Consumer. 1992 September; 26(7): 16-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10121291&dopt=Abstract

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Latex allergies: where the rubber glove meets the road. Author(s): Souhrada L. Source: Materials Management in Health Care. 1995 December; 4(12): 26, 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10153413&dopt=Abstract

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Latex anaphylaxis in a child with a history of multiple anesthetic drug allergies. Author(s): Sethna NF, Sockin SM, Holzman RS, Slater JE. Source: Anesthesiology. 1992 August; 77(2): 372-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1642356&dopt=Abstract

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Latex-associated allergies and anaphylactic reactions. Author(s): Tomazic VJ, Withrow TJ, Fisher BR, Dillard SF. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1992 August; 64(2): 89-97. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1643748&dopt=Abstract

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Left-handedness: association with college major, familial sinistrality, allergies, and asthma. Author(s): Fry CJ. Source: Psychological Reports. 1990 October; 67(2): 419-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2263690&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Method for monitoring allergies. Author(s): Stock GA Jr. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1974 September; 31(9): 824. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4419996&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Preventing allergies caused by airborne particles. Author(s): Little EC, Odell AL. Source: N Z Med J. 1976 February 25; 83(558): 130-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1063935&dopt=Abstract

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Letters: Drug idiosyncrasies and allergies. Author(s): Shough HR, Maudlin RK. Source: J Am Pharm Assoc. 1973 September; 13(3): 458 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4750842&dopt=Abstract

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Life-threatening allergies. Author(s): Solan TG. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1999 June; 99(6): 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10489546&dopt=Abstract

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Living and working with latex allergies: personal perspectives from a nurse. Author(s): Greer S. Source: Semin Perioper Nurs. 1998 October; 7(4): 254-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9866629&dopt=Abstract

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Living with food allergies: not as easy as you might think. Author(s): Munoz-Furlong A. Source: Fda Consumer. 2001 July-August; 35(4): 40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11692890&dopt=Abstract

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Lypressin nasal spray. Usefulness in patients who manifest allergies to other antidiuretic hormone preparations. Author(s): Mimica N, Wegienka LC, Forsham PH. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1968 February 26; 203(9): 802-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5694174&dopt=Abstract

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Making the grade with asthma, allergies, and anaphylaxis. Author(s): Sander N. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 2002 November-December; 28(6): 593-5, 598. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12593344&dopt=Abstract

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Management of allergies to animals. Author(s): Eggleston PA, Wood RA. Source: Allergy Proc. 1992 November-December; 13(6): 289-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1490619&dopt=Abstract

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Management of children with chronic respiratory allergies. Author(s): Mattikow MS. Source: J Med Soc N J. 1973 September; 70(9): 667-73. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4522248&dopt=Abstract

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Metacarpal fracture fixation with interosseous nylon suture in a patient with metal allergies. Author(s): Haas SB, Savage RC. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1989 January; 14(1): 107-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2656841&dopt=Abstract

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Mild adrenocortical deficiency, chronic allergies, autoimmune disorders and the chronic fatigue syndrome: a continuation of the cortisone story. Author(s): Jefferies WM. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1994 March; 42(3): 183-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8057974&dopt=Abstract

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Modern diets and diseases: NO-zinc balance. Under Th1, zinc and nitrogen monoxide (NO) collectively protect against viruses, AIDS, autoimmunity, diabetes, allergies, asthma, infectious diseases, atherosclerosis and cancer. Author(s): Sprietsma JE. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1999 July; 53(1): 6-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10499817&dopt=Abstract

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Modification of human LDL by in vitro incubation with cigarette smoke or copper ions: implications for allergies, asthma and atherosclerosis. Author(s): Vruwink KG, Gershwin ME, Sachet P, Halpern G, Davis PA. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1996 September-October; 6(5): 294-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8959540&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular mechanisms of CD8+ T cell-mediated delayed hypersensitivity: implications for allergies, asthma, and autoimmunity. Author(s): Kalish RS, Askenase PW. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 February; 103(2 Pt 1): 192-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9949307&dopt=Abstract

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Morbidity incidence of common allergies. Author(s): Taub SJ. Source: Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1966 September; 45(9): 108. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5945582&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple antibiotic allergies. Author(s): Harris RJ, Harris RL. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1978 December; 97(6): 994-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=281442&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple corticosteroid allergies. Author(s): Chow ET. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2001 February; 42(1): 62-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11233727&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple medicament allergies in two patients with chronic leg ulceration. Author(s): Rademaker M, Wood B, Greig DE. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1996 August; 37(3): 151-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8771871&dopt=Abstract

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Mycological aspects of inhalative mould allergies. Author(s): Bunse T, Merk H. Source: Mycoses. 1992 March-April; 35(3-4): 61-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1435848&dopt=Abstract

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Mycological problems in occupational allergies. Author(s): Liebeskind A. Source: J Asthma Res. 1972 September; 10(1): 71-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4654655&dopt=Abstract

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Nail cosmetics: allergies and irritations. Author(s): Baran R. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2002; 3(8): 547-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12358556&dopt=Abstract

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Nickel and molybdenum contact allergies in patients with coronary in-stent restenosis. Author(s): Koster R, Vieluf D, Kiehn M, Sommerauer M, Kahler J, Baldus S, Meinertz T, Hamm CW. Source: Lancet. 2000 December 2; 356(9245): 1895-7. Erratum In: Lancet 2001 January 27; 357(9252): 316. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11130387&dopt=Abstract

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Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in HIV-positive and HIV-negative homosexual men in the San Francisco Bay Area: allergies, prior medication use, and sexual practices. Author(s): Holly EA, Lele C. Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology : Official Publication of the International Retrovirology Association. 1997 July 1; 15(3): 211-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9257656&dopt=Abstract

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Notation of allergies and body weight on patient profiles. Author(s): Zenk KE, Randall RJ, Fukumitsu CJ. Source: Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1984 July-August; 18(7-8): 625-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6745091&dopt=Abstract

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Nothing to sneeze about: allergies and allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Ingram JM. Source: J Ark Med Soc. 1996 July; 93(2): 81-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8800004&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition and food allergies: the dietitian's role. Author(s): Hubbard S. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2003 June; 90(6 Suppl 3): 115-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839125&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition, food allergies, and environmental toxins. Author(s): Crook WG. Source: Journal of Learning Disabilities. 1987 May; 20(5): 260-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3598369&dopt=Abstract

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Occupational allergies and asthma. Author(s): Tarlo SM. Source: Can Fam Physician. 1999 June; 45: 1516-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10386216&dopt=Abstract

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Occupational allergies caused by latex. Author(s): Ahmed DD, Sobczak SC, Yunginger JW. Source: Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2003 May; 23(2): 205-19. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12803359&dopt=Abstract

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Occupational allergies in Finland in 1981-91. Author(s): Reijula K, Patterson R. Source: Allergy Proc. 1994 May-June; 15(3): 163-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7926717&dopt=Abstract

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Ocular allergies: association with immune dermatitis. Author(s): Calonge M. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. Supplement. 2000; (230): 69-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11057357&dopt=Abstract

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Offices manage allergies to latex materials by understanding risks, reducing exposure. Author(s): Miller C. Source: Rdh. 1997 May; 17(5): 43, 56. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9442713&dopt=Abstract

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Oral administration of probiotic Escherichia coli after birth reduces frequency of allergies and repeated infections later in life (after 10 and 20 years). Author(s): Lodinova-Zadnikova R, Cukrowska B, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2003 July; 131(3): 209-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12876412&dopt=Abstract

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Particle size measurement in suspensions: Part 1--A laboratory method for exploring food allergies and sensitivities in illness. Author(s): Pasula MJ, Nowak J. Source: Am Clin Lab. 1999 May; 18(4): 16-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10539096&dopt=Abstract

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Particularities of pollen allergies in Greece. Author(s): Papageorgiou PS. Source: Pediatr Pulmonol Suppl. 1999; 18: 168-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10093133&dopt=Abstract

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Passive transfer of human atopic allergies into lemurs, lorises, pottos, and galagos: possible primate-ordinal specificity of acceptance of passive sensitization by human atopic reagin. Author(s): Layton LL. Source: J Allergy. 1965 November-December; 36(6): 523-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5215234&dopt=Abstract

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Patch testing in ocular drug allergies. Author(s): Marsh RJ, Towns S, Evans KF. Source: Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1978; 98(2): 278-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=155908&dopt=Abstract

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Patient allergies: role in selective use of nonionic contrast material. Author(s): Halpern JD, Hopper KD, Arredondo MG, Trautlein JJ. Source: Radiology. 1996 May; 199(2): 359-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8668778&dopt=Abstract

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Patients' knowledge about their drug allergies. Author(s): Wyatt JP. Source: Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine. 1996 March; 13(2): 114-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8653233&dopt=Abstract

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Pediatric allergies. Author(s): Moore R. Source: Nyssnta J. 1976 Winter; 7(2): 9-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1045058&dopt=Abstract

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Pediatric allergy: a brief review of risk factors associated with developing allergic disease in childhood. Author(s): O'Connell EJ. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2003 June; 90(6 Suppl 3): 53-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839114&dopt=Abstract

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Pediatric drug information: food allergies, food additives, and the Feingold diet. Author(s): Robinson LA. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 1980 November-December; 6(6): 38-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6904961&dopt=Abstract

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Penicillin allergies. Author(s): Hunter DA, Hunter WJ. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1994 August 1; 51(15): 1963-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7942928&dopt=Abstract

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Perceived food and drug allergies in functional and organic gastrointestinal disorders. Author(s): Bhat K, Harper A, Gorard DA. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 May; 16(5): 969-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11966506&dopt=Abstract

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Perspective of purified natural and recombinant allergens in diagnosis and treatment of inhalant allergies. Author(s): van Ree R, van Leeuwen A, Bond J, Aalberse R. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1999 February-April; 118(24): 212-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10224383&dopt=Abstract

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Perspective on the black walnut toxicity problem--apparent allergies to man and horse. Author(s): MacDaniels LH. Source: Cornell Vet. 1983 April; 73(2): 204-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6682363&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacist assessment of drug allergies. Author(s): Tripp DM, Brown GR. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1993 January; 50(1): 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8427287&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacists and allergists: working together to improve the management of patients with asthma and allergies. Author(s): Marshik P. Source: J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash Dc). 2003 May-June; 43(3): 439-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12836799&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacological treatment of allergies. Author(s): De Vos C. Source: Allerg Immunol (Paris). 1992 December; 24(10): 382-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1363195&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacy involvement in the evaluation of drug allergies. Author(s): Glover R, Trottier L. Source: Can J Hosp Pharm. 1977 March-April; 30(2): 38-44. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10304731&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacy-controlled documentation of drug allergies. Author(s): Geibig CB, Mansur JM, Medema PG, Nold EG. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1991 February; 48(2): 260-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2003498&dopt=Abstract

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Photo allergies from benzophenones and beta carotene in sunscreens. Author(s): Burry JN. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1980 April; 6(3): 211-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7389329&dopt=Abstract

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Physical allergies and exercise. Clinical implications for those engaged in sports activities. Author(s): Briner WW Jr. Source: Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 1993 June; 15(6): 365-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8341871&dopt=Abstract

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Physical allergies. Author(s): Horan RF, Sheffer AL, Briner WW Jr. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1992 August; 24(8): 845-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1406166&dopt=Abstract

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Pollen calendar of Seville and its relation to allergies. Author(s): Gonzalez Romano ML, Candau P, Gonzalez Minero FJ. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1992 November-December; 2(6): 323-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1342917&dopt=Abstract

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Practical strategy for the diagnosis of food allergies. Author(s): Rance F, Dutau G. Source: Pediatr Pulmonol Suppl. 1997; 16: 228-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9443285&dopt=Abstract

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Predictive tests for occupational allergies. Author(s): Parish WE. Source: Arch Toxicol Suppl. 1987; 11: 177-81. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3477163&dopt=Abstract

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Preparing school personnel to assist students with life-threatening food allergies. Author(s): Hay GH, Harper TB 3rd, Courson FH. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1994 March; 64(3): 119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8196375&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of asthma and other childhood allergies in Brazilian schoolchildren. Author(s): Werneck G, Ruiz S, Hart R, White M, Romieu I. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 1999 December; 36(8): 677-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10609623&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of asthma and related symptoms in school-age children in Sao Paulo, Brazil--International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children (ISAAC). Author(s): Sole D, Yamada E, Vana AT, Costa-Carvalho BT, Naspitz CK. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 1999; 36(2): 205-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10227272&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of asthma symptoms in Latin America: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Author(s): Mallol J, Sole D, Asher I, Clayton T, Stein R, Soto-Quiroz M. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 2000 December; 30(6): 439-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11109054&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of asthma symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment in 12-14 year old children across Great Britain (international study of asthma and allergies in childhood, ISAAC UK) Author(s): Kaur B, Anderson HR, Austin J, Burr M, Harkins LS, Strachan DP, Warner JO. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 January 10; 316(7125): 118-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9462318&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema in 13- to 14-year-old children in Kuwait: an ISAAC study. International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Author(s): Behbehani NA, Abal A, Syabbalo NC, Abd Azeem A, Shareef E, Al-Momen J. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2000 July; 85(1): 58-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10923606&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of asthma, rhinitis and eczema among children in 2 Canadian cities: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Author(s): Habbick BF, Pizzichini MM, Taylor B, Rennie D, Senthilselvan A, Sears MR. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1999 June 29; 160(13): 1824-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10405666&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of asthma, rhinitis, and eczema in Northern Thai children from Chiang Mai (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, ISAAC). Author(s): Trakultivakorn M. Source: Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 1999 December; 17(4): 243-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10698462&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of food allergies in young adults and their relationship to asthma, nasal allergies, and eczema. Author(s): Woods RK, Thien F, Raven J, Walters EH, Abramson M. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 February; 88(2): 183-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11868923&dopt=Abstract

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Preventing behavior problems in asthma and allergies. Author(s): Richards W. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1994 October; 33(10): 617-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7813142&dopt=Abstract

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Prevention of allergies of infants: breast-feeding and special formulas. Influence on the response to immunization. Author(s): Salvioli GP, Faldella G, Alessandroni R, Marchiani E, Grandolfo ME, Novello F. Source: Acta Biomed Ateneo Parmense. 1997; 68 Suppl 1: 21-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10021713&dopt=Abstract

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Primary and secondary allergies to laboratory animals. Author(s): Goodno LE, Stave GM. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2002 December; 44(12): 1143-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12500456&dopt=Abstract

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Profile of stated drug allergies in hospitalized patients. Author(s): Hardin TC, Mubarek H, Melikian DM. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1981 December; 38(12): 1879. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7325164&dopt=Abstract

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Progression of allergies in adolescents. A four-year follow-up study. Author(s): Freeman GL, Johnson S. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1969 December; 118(6): 886-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5353016&dopt=Abstract

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Prolonged acute exposure to 0.16 ppm ozone induces eosinophilic airway inflammation in asthmatic subjects with allergies. Author(s): Peden DB, Boehlecke B, Horstman D, Devlin R. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 December; 100(6 Pt 1): 802-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9438490&dopt=Abstract

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Psychology of multiple allergies. Author(s): Maberly DJ, Anthony HM. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 December 4; 307(6917): 1497. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8281113&dopt=Abstract

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Racially determined abnormal essential fatty acid and prostaglandin metabolism and food allergies linked to autoimmune, inflammatory, and psychiatric disorders among Coastal British Columbia Indians. Author(s): Bates CE. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1988 February; 25(2): 103-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3357452&dopt=Abstract

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Ragweed pollen proteolytic enzymes: possible roles in allergies and asthma. Author(s): Bagarozzi DA Jr, Travis J. Source: Phytochemistry. 1998 February; 47(4): 593-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9461675&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Multiple corticosteroid allergies. Australas. J. Dermatol. 2001; 42: 62-3. Author(s): Chow E. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2002 August; 43(3): 227. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12185991&dopt=Abstract

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Recombinant allergens expressed in E. coli: benefits and drawbacks in the diagnosis of food allergies. Author(s): Vieths S, Karamloo F, Luttkopf D, Scheurer S, Foetisch K, May S, Muller U, Altmann F, Skov PS, Haustein D. Source: Arb Paul Ehrlich Inst Bundesamt Sera Impfstoffe Frankf a M. 1999; (93): 159-68; Discussion 169-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11487871&dopt=Abstract

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Red card for allergies. Interview by Charlotte Alderman. Author(s): Cameron J. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 1998 October 7-13; 13(3): 22-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9847804&dopt=Abstract

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Relief for patients with severe allergies. Author(s): Putman H, May KR. Source: Rn. 2001 June; 64(6): 26-30; Quiz 31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12032929&dopt=Abstract

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Relieving symptoms of upper respiratory allergies and the common cold: azatadine maleate/pseudoephedrine sulfate syrup versus placebo. Author(s): Kaminszczik I, Barbon L. Source: J Int Med Res. 1983; 11(2): 101-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6133802&dopt=Abstract

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Renin angiotensin aldosterone system and drug allergies complicated with hypotension. Author(s): Karaayvaz M, Caliskaner Z, Baykal Y, Ozanguc N. Source: Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2000 June; 18(2): 81-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10928619&dopt=Abstract

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Resolving arthritis, allergies, & immune compromising disorders with the JMT technique. Author(s): Mellor JM. Source: Beginnings. 2003 January-February; 23(1): 10-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12592973&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory allergies (bronchial asthma and rhinitis) due to sensitization of type I allergy to red spider mite (Panonychus ulmi KOCH). Author(s): Kroidl R, Maasch HJ, Wahl R. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1992 October; 22(10): 958-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1464051&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory allergies and skin test reactivity in high school students in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. Author(s): Garcia-Ramos Alonso E, Fernandez-Caldas E, Seleznick MJ, Lockey RF. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1992 January-February; 2(1): 19-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1342878&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory allergies in a population of medical students in South India. Author(s): Walter S, Mathew V. Source: Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 1985 October-December; 27(4): 211-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3842963&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory allergies in industry: a review of recent advances and current clinical practice. Author(s): Juniper CP. Source: J Soc Occup Med. 1975 April; 25(2): 50-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=162643&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory allergies on the staff of the police force. Author(s): Corrao CR, Roca A, Agolini M, Tomei F, Cordelli A, Farulla A. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2001 April 10; 270(1-3): 175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11327391&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory allergies related to automobile air conditioners. Author(s): Kumar P, Marier R, Leech SH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1984 December 20; 311(25): 1619-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6504096&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory diseases and allergies in two polluted areas in East Germany. Author(s): Heinrich J, Hoelscher B, Wjst M, Ritz B, Cyrys J, Wichmann H. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1999 January; 107(1): 53-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9872717&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory disorders and allergies in tea packers. Author(s): Abramson MJ, Sim MR, Fritschi L, Vincent T, Benke G, Rolland JM. Source: Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England). 2001 June; 51(4): 259-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11463870&dopt=Abstract

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Restoration by levamisole of histamine-inhibited E rosette formation of T lymphocytes of patients with allergies. Author(s): De Cock W, De Cree J, Verhaegen H. Source: Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1977; 54(2): 176-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=324929&dopt=Abstract

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Revisiting latex allergies. Author(s): Magallanes DG, Suarez FB, Shaw I. Source: Sci Nurs. 1999 December; 16(4): 135-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10776334&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factor for irritable bowel syndrome: role of food allergies. Author(s): Addolorato G, Capristo E, Ghittoni G, Ancona C, Gasbarrini G. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 August; 95(8): 2130-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10950079&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors for development of systemic lupus erythematosus: allergies, infections, and family history. Author(s): Cooper GS, Dooley MA, Treadwell EL, St Clair EW, Gilkeson GS. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2002 October; 55(10): 982-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12464374&dopt=Abstract

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Role of allergies in eczema. Author(s): Ratcliffe J. Source: Community Nurse. 1998 June; 4(5): 17-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9763965&dopt=Abstract

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Role of body piercing in the induction of metal allergies. Author(s): Ehrlich A, Kucenic M, Belsito DV. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2001 September; 12(3): 151-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11526520&dopt=Abstract

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Role of T cells in drug allergies. Author(s): Pichler WJ, Schnyder B, Zanni MP, Hari Y, von Greyerz S. Source: Allergy. 1998 March; 53(3): 225-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9542601&dopt=Abstract

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Role of viral infections in the inception of asthma and allergies during childhood: could they be protective? Author(s): Martinez FD. Source: Thorax. 1994 December; 49(12): 1189-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7878550&dopt=Abstract

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Role of viral infections in the inception of childhood asthma and allergies. Author(s): Grange JM, Stanford JL, Rook GA, Wright P. Source: Thorax. 1995 June; 50(6): 701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7503901&dopt=Abstract

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Rosette-forming cells and MIF-producing cells in penicillin allergies. Author(s): Glauser MP, Frei PC. Source: Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1973; 45(1): 304-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4542234&dopt=Abstract

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School readiness for children with food allergies. Author(s): Rhim GS, McMorris MS. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2001 February; 86(2): 172-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11258686&dopt=Abstract

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School readiness for children with food allergies. Author(s): Frieri M. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2001 February; 86(2): 143-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11258681&dopt=Abstract

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Screening and tracking latex allergies. Author(s): Ruttan-Sims N, Callery S. Source: Can Nurse. 2001 February; 97(2): 32-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11865491&dopt=Abstract

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Screening patients for latex allergies. Author(s): Buhr V. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 2000 September; 12(9): 380-3; Quiz 384-6. Review. Erratum In: J Am Acad Nurse Pract 2000 November; 12(11): 466. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11930593&dopt=Abstract

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Separating fact from fiction: the data behind allergies and side effects caused by penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenem antibiotics. Author(s): Leviton I. Source: Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2003; 9(12): 983-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12678864&dopt=Abstract

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Setting the stage. Pregnancy is the ideal time for preventing allergies and asthma. Author(s): Schmierer TL. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2001 January; 9(1): 71-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12416042&dopt=Abstract

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Severe food allergies by skin contact. Author(s): Tan BM, Sher MR, Good RA, Bahna SL. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2001 May; 86(5): 583-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11379811&dopt=Abstract

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Shingles, allergies, family medical history, oral contraceptives, and other potential risk factors for systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Strom BL, Reidenberg MM, West S, Snyder ES, Freundlich B, Stolley PD. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1994 October 1; 140(7): 632-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7942763&dopt=Abstract

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Short communication: Prevalence of suspected latex allergies among a group of South African dentists. Author(s): Nkomo NV, Pretorius E, Bester MJ. Source: Sadj. 2001 June; 56(6): 288-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11494804&dopt=Abstract

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Should my client with a family history of food allergies avoid certain foods during pregnancy or lactation? Author(s): Marcason W. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 July; 102(7): 936. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12146554&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous drug allergies. Author(s): Gonzalez-Mancebo E, Cuevas M, Gonzalez Gonzalez E, Lara Catedra C, Dolores Alonso M. Source: Allergy. 2002 October; 57(10): 963-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12269953&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous p-tert-butylphenol-formaldehyde resin and p-tert-butylcatechol contact allergies in man and sensitizing capacities of p-tert-butylphenol and p-tertbutylcatechol in guinea pigs. Author(s): Zimerson E, Bruze M, Goossens A. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1999 January; 41(1): 23-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9924717&dopt=Abstract

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Skin manifestations of food allergies. Author(s): Martin BL. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1999 March; 99(3 Suppl): S15-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10217917&dopt=Abstract

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Skin testing with natural foods in patients suspected of having food allergies: is it a necessity? Author(s): Rosen JP, Selcow JE, Mendelson LM, Grodofsky MP, Factor JM, Sampson HA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1994 June; 93(6): 1068-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8006311&dopt=Abstract

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Skin testing with recombinant allergens rBet v 1 and birch profilin, rBet v 2: diagnostic value for birch pollen and associated allergies. Author(s): Pauli G, Oster JP, Deviller P, Heiss S, Bessot JC, Susani M, Ferreira F, Kraft D, Valenta R. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 May; 97(5): 1100-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8626988&dopt=Abstract

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Skin tests and blood leukocyte histamine release of patients with allergies to laboratory animals. Author(s): Hook WA, Powers K, Siraganian RP. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1984 April; 73(4): 457-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6200526&dopt=Abstract

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Skin tests in the diagnosis of allergies of the immediate type. Author(s): Slavin RG. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 1974 January; 58(1): 65-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4128904&dopt=Abstract

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Smoking, atopy and certain furry pets are major determinants of respiratory symptoms in children: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Study (Ireland). Author(s): Yarnell JW, Stevenson MR, MacMahon J, Shields M, McCrum EE, Patterson CC, Evans AE, Manning PJ, Clancy L. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 January; 33(1): 96-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12534556&dopt=Abstract

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Specific hyposensitization of respiratory allergies with a new, tetrahydrofurantreated semi-depot extract: a two-year study on effects and side effects. Author(s): Rudolph R, Staud RD, Baumgarten C, Kunkel G. Source: Lung. 1978; 155(4): 297-308. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=732351&dopt=Abstract

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Splenectomy and allergies. Author(s): Wilde W. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1982 October 16; 2(8): 361. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7144669&dopt=Abstract

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Spring pollen and related allergies in southern Spain. Author(s): Dominguez Vilches E, Galan Soldevilla C, Guerra Pasadas F, Villamandos F, Infante Garcia-Pantaleon F, Mediavilla A. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1993 September-October; 3(5): 271-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8298753&dopt=Abstract

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Statistical aspects of preoperative screening for anaesthetic allergies. Author(s): Goutis C. Source: Monogr Allergy. 1992; 30: 192-206. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1454073&dopt=Abstract

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Stinging insect allergies. Assessing and managing. Author(s): Glaspole I, Douglass J, Czarny D, O'Hehir R. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1997 December; 26(12): 1395-9, 1401. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9470293&dopt=Abstract

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Structure and function of proteins involved in milk allergies. Author(s): Sharma S, Kumar P, Betzel C, Singh TP. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2001 May 25; 756(1-2): 183-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11419710&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on the mechanism of multiple drug allergies. Structural basis of drug recognition. Author(s): Pham NH, Baldo BA, Puy RM. Source: Journal of Immunoassay & Immunochemistry. 2001; 22(1): 47-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11486819&dopt=Abstract

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Supporting children with nut allergies. Author(s): Norman S. Source: Community Nurse. 1997 December; 3(11): 20-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9470665&dopt=Abstract

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Suppression of the Th2 pathway by suplatast tosilate in patients with perennial nasal allergies. Author(s): Furukido K, Takeno S, Ueda T, Hirakawa K, Yajin K. Source: American Journal of Rhinology. 2002 November-December; 16(6): 329-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12512908&dopt=Abstract

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Survey of the prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema in schoolchildren from Khon Kaen, Northeast Thailand. an ISAAC study. International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Author(s): Teeratakulpisarn J, Pairojkul S, Heng S. Source: Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2000 December; 18(4): 187-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11316038&dopt=Abstract

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Suspected latex allergies. Author(s): Sharland CE. Source: Sadj. 2001 October; 56(10): 452-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11763613&dopt=Abstract

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Symptomatic management of upper respiratory allergies. Author(s): Moffitt EM. Source: J Miss State Med Assoc. 1968 April; 9(4): 159-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5640510&dopt=Abstract

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Symptoms of respiratory allergies are worse in subjects with coexisting food sensitization. Author(s): Fiorini G, Rinaldi G, Bigi G, Sironi D, Cremonini LM. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1990 November; 20(6): 689-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2083408&dopt=Abstract

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T and B lymphocytes in respiratory pollen allergies (bronchial pollen asthma and allergic rhinitis). Author(s): Gheorghiu M, Popescu IG, Rusu G, Chirila M. Source: Med Interne. 1979 January-March; 17(1): 87-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=311935&dopt=Abstract

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T and B lymphocytes in various allergies. Author(s): Crisci CD, Oehling A. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 1978 January-February; 6(1): 55-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=308300&dopt=Abstract

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T cells and their role in allergies. Author(s): Wilhelm D, Kirchner H. Source: Experimental and Clinical Immunogenetics. 1993; 10(4): 208-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8136178&dopt=Abstract

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Teaching kids how to live with their allergies. Author(s): Bergner M, Hutelmyer C. Source: Nursing. 1976 August; 6(8): 11-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1047202&dopt=Abstract

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Testing for inhalant allergies. Author(s): Banov CH. Source: J S C Med Assoc. 1990 February; 86(2): 119-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2308293&dopt=Abstract

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The appropriate use of gloves to reduce allergies and infection. Author(s): Hampton S. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 2002 September 26-October 9; 11(17): 1120-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12476127&dopt=Abstract

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The athlete with asthma and allergies. Author(s): Kolski GB. Source: Clinics in Sports Medicine. 1982 November; 1(3): 397-407. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6764891&dopt=Abstract

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The challenge of making the school environment safe for children with food allergies. Author(s): Gaudreau JM. Source: J Sch Nurs. 2000 April; 16(2): 5-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11151543&dopt=Abstract

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The clinical effect of lomudal in children with pollen allergies. Author(s): Engstrom I. Source: Acta Allergol. 1975; 30 Suppl 12: 88-96. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=811070&dopt=Abstract

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The contact lens patient and ocular allergies. Author(s): Donshik PC, Ehlers WH. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 1991 Spring; 31(2): 133-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2040576&dopt=Abstract

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The correlation between systemic allergies and radiologically visible periapical pathosis. Author(s): Brummer HJ, van Wyk PJ. Source: Journal of Endodontics. 1987 August; 13(8): 396-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3481809&dopt=Abstract

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The diagnosis of drug allergies. Utilizing in vitro mast cell test and IgE inhibition test. Author(s): Girsh LS, Perelmutter LL. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 1982 May-June; 10(3): 229-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6816053&dopt=Abstract

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The ecological relationship of tobacco smoking to the prevalence of symptoms of asthma and other atopic diseases in children: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Author(s): Mitchell EA, Stewart AW; ISAAC Phase One Study Group. International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2001; 17(7): 667-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12086081&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of sodium cromoglycate (SCG) in patients with food allergies. Author(s): Basomba A, Campos A, Villalmanzo IG, Pelaez A. Source: Acta Allergol. 1977; Suppl 13: 95-101. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=415503&dopt=Abstract

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The evolution of allergies in childhood. Author(s): Peshkin MM. Source: J Asthma Res. 1967 June; 4(4): 253-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6027073&dopt=Abstract

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The general pediatrician's role in managing asthma and allergies. Author(s): Hoekelman RA. Source: Pediatric Annals. 1992 September; 21(9): 529-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1437311&dopt=Abstract

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The human basophil degranulation test as an in vitro method for the diagnosis of allergies. Author(s): Benveniste J. Source: Clin Allergy. 1981 January; 11(1): 1-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7214682&dopt=Abstract

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The immunology of respiratory allergies. Author(s): Frew AJ. Source: Toxicology Letters. 1996 August; 86(2-3): 65-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8711778&dopt=Abstract

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The impact of allergies and allergy treatment on worker productivity. Author(s): Burton WN, Conti DJ, Chen CY, Schultz AB, Edington DW. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2001 January; 43(1): 64-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11201771&dopt=Abstract

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The importance of recombinant allergens for diagnosis and therapy of IgE-mediated allergies. Author(s): Kraft D, Ferreira F, Vrtala S, Breiteneder H, Ebner C, Valenta R, Susani M, Breitenbach M, Scheiner O. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1999 February-April; 118(24): 171-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10224369&dopt=Abstract

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The incidence of antimicrobial allergies in hospitalized patients: implications regarding prescribing patterns and emerging bacterial resistance. Author(s): Lee CE, Zembower TR, Fotis MA, Postelnick MJ, Greenberger PA, Peterson LR, Noskin GA. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000 October 9; 160(18): 2819-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11025792&dopt=Abstract

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The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). ISAAC Steeriing Committee. Author(s): Asher MI, Weiland SK. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 November; 28 Suppl 5: 52-66; Discussion 90-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9988448&dopt=Abstract

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The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC): objectives and methods; results from German ISAAC centres concerning traffic density and wheezing and allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Keil U, Weiland SK, Duhme H, Chambless L. Source: Toxicology Letters. 1996 August; 86(2-3): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8711784&dopt=Abstract

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The involvement of the histamine degradation pathway by diamine oxidase in manifest gastrointestinal allergies. Author(s): Raithel M, Kufner M, Ulrich P, Hahn EG. Source: Inflammation Research : Official Journal of the European Histamine Research Society. [et Al.]. 1999 April; 48 Suppl 1: S75-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10350171&dopt=Abstract

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The management of house dust mite allergies. Author(s): van Bronswijk JE, Schober G, Kniest FM. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1990 May-June; 12(3): 221-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2199059&dopt=Abstract

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The occurrence of multiple physical allergies in the same patient: report of three cases. Author(s): Sonin L, Grammer LC, Patterson R. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1985 June; 75(6): 705-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4008799&dopt=Abstract

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The patient with allergies. Author(s): Bowers DC, Graham WL, Smith HW. Source: Dent Clin North Am. 1983 April; 27(2): 403-17. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6574044&dopt=Abstract

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The potential role of tocopherol in asthma and allergies: modification of the leukotriene pathway. Author(s): Centanni S, Santus P, Di Marco F, Fumagalli F, Zarini S, Sala A. Source: Biodrugs : Clinical Immunotherapeutics, Biopharmaceuticals and Gene Therapy. 2001; 15(2): 81-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11437677&dopt=Abstract

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The RAST principle and the use of mixed-allergen RAST as a screening test for IgEmediated allergies. Author(s): Merrett TG, Merrett J. Source: Methods Enzymol. 1980; 70(A): 376-87. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7421599&dopt=Abstract

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The rationale for immunotherapy in respiratory allergies. Author(s): Norman PS. Source: Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 1977; 89: 119-29. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=309208&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between problem behavior and food allergies: one family's story. Author(s): Fields M, Fields P. Source: J Autism Child Schizophr. 1976 March; 6(1): 75-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=946802&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship of allergies and allergy treatment to school performance and student behavior. Author(s): McLoughlin J, Nall M, Isaacs B, Petrosko J, Karibo J, Lindsey B. Source: Ann Allergy. 1983 November; 51(5): 506-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6139046&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship of allergies to hypertension and other chronic diseases: some methodologic considerations. Author(s): Stebbings JH Jr. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1974 September; 100(3): 161-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4607233&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship of respiratory allergies to croup. Author(s): Laufer P. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 1986; 23(1): 9-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3745106&dopt=Abstract

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The relevance of specific serum IgG, IgG4 and IgE in the determination of shrimp and crab allergies in Malaysian allergic rhinitis patients. Author(s): Sheah-Min Y, Choon-Kook S. Source: Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2001 March; 19(1): 7-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11495303&dopt=Abstract

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The role of the farm environment and animal contact for the development of asthma and allergies. Author(s): Braun-Fahrlander C. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 December; 31(12): 1799-803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11737027&dopt=Abstract

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The spectrum of gastrointestinal allergies to food. Author(s): Walker-Smith JA, Ford RP, Phillips AD. Source: Ann Allergy. 1984 December; 53(6 Pt 2): 629-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6391292&dopt=Abstract

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The use of acupuncture as an alternative dental analgesic in an individual with multiple allergies. Author(s): Gerschman JA, Wikstrom PO. Source: Swed Dent J. 1984; 8(5): 225-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6596756&dopt=Abstract

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The use of Phadiatop in mass-screening programmes of inhalant allergies: advantages and limitations. Author(s): Matricardi PM, Nisini R, Pizzolo JG, D'Amelio R. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1990 March; 20(2): 151-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2357615&dopt=Abstract

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Time and intensity of first pollen contacts and risk of subsequent pollen allergies. Author(s): Bjorksten F, Suoniemi I. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1981; 209(4): 299-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7234505&dopt=Abstract

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Time to manage seasonal ocular allergies. Author(s): Smith SE. Source: J Ophthalmic Nurs Technol. 2000 March-April; 19(2): 68-73. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11075076&dopt=Abstract

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Time to spring into action against. Seasonal allergies. Author(s): Williams RD. Source: Fda Consumer. 1998 March-April; 32(2): 7-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9532949&dopt=Abstract

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Toothpaste allergies. Author(s): Baer PN. Source: J Clin Pediatr Dent. 1992 Spring; 16(3): 230-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1525080&dopt=Abstract

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Topical immunopharmacology of ocular allergies. Author(s): Bielory L, Kempuraj D, Theoharides T. Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 October; 2(5): 43545. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12582329&dopt=Abstract

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Toward optimal health: the experts respond to allergies. Interviews conducted by Jodi Godfrey Meisler. Author(s): Blaiss MS, James JM. Source: Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine. 1999 May; 8(4): 449-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10839697&dopt=Abstract

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Treating allergies: a perspective in family practice. Author(s): Gupta SK. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 2000 March; 98(3): 132-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11016173&dopt=Abstract

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Treating patients with allergies by desensitizing them with minute doses of the allergen diluted in saline. Author(s): Ross T. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1981 February 12; 152(7): 18-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6906820&dopt=Abstract

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Treating the patient with multiple cosmetic product allergies. A problem-oriented approach to sensitive skin. Author(s): Draelos ZD. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 2000 June; 107(7): 70-2, 75-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10887447&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of common allergies. Author(s): Wraith DG. Source: Practitioner. 1985 January; 229(1399): 63-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3991438&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of patients with allergies to dental materials. Author(s): Schneider RL. Source: Iowa Dent J. 1992 October; 78(4): 11-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1340490&dopt=Abstract

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Trends in allergies among children in a region of former East Germany between 19921993 and 1995-1996. Author(s): Heinrich J, Hoelscher B, Jacob B, Wjst M, Wichmann HE. Source: European Journal of Medical Research. 1999 March 26; 4(3): 107-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10085278&dopt=Abstract

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Two observed associations between respiratory allergies and hypertension in nonsmokers. Author(s): Stebbings JH Jr. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1973 January; 97(1): 4-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4684067&dopt=Abstract

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Type A-B behavior and the incidence of allergies in college students. Author(s): Barton S, Brautigam M, Fogle G, Freitas RC, Hicks RA. Source: Psychological Reports. 1982 April; 50(2): 566. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7089141&dopt=Abstract

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Type I allergies to latex and the aeroallergenic problem. Author(s): Heese A, Peters KP, Koch HU. Source: Eur J Surg Suppl. 1997; (579): 19-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9195178&dopt=Abstract

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Uncovering the hidden costs of allergies. Author(s): Collis L, Pellegrini K. Source: Bus Health. 1997 March; 15(3): 47-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10165590&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding allergies and their treatment. Author(s): Hendry C, Farley AH. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 2001 May 16-22; 15(35): 47-52; Quiz 53, 56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12216221&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding drug allergies. Author(s): Gruchalla R. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 June; 105(6 Pt 2): S637-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10856171&dopt=Abstract

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Upper respiratory tract allergies. Author(s): Czarny D. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1979 January; 8(1): 64-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=86348&dopt=Abstract

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Use of altered peptide ligands to modulate immune responses as a possible immunotherapy for allergies. Author(s): De Palma R, Sacerdoti G, Abbate GF, Martucci P, Mazzarella G. Source: Allergy. 2000; 55 Suppl 61: 56-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10919509&dopt=Abstract

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Use of non-latex gloves for children with latex allergies. Author(s): Gleeson RM. Source: Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 1995 February; 10(1): 64-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7891264&dopt=Abstract

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Validation of a rhinitis symptom questionnaire (ISAAC core questions) in a population of Swiss school children visiting the school health services. SCARPOLteam. Swiss Study on Childhood Allergy and Respiratory Symptom with respect to Air Pollution and Climate. International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Author(s): Braun-Fahrlander C, Wuthrich B, Gassner M, Grize L, Sennhauser FH, Varonier HS, Vuille JC. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 1997 May; 8(2): 75-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9617776&dopt=Abstract

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Values of complement, T- and B-lymphocytes and immune complexes in patients with skin allergies. Author(s): Lugovic L, Lipozencic J. Source: Acta Med Croatica. 1998; 52(4-5): 203-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9988897&dopt=Abstract

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Virus-provoked rhinitis in patients who have allergies. Author(s): Fireman P. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 2002 March-April; 23(2): 99-102. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12001797&dopt=Abstract

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Vocal quality, articulation and audiological characteristics of children and young adults with diagnosed allergies. Author(s): Baker BM, Baker CD, Le HT. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1982 May-June; 91(3 Pt 1): 277-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7092048&dopt=Abstract

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Web monitor. Resources for asthma and allergies. Author(s): Woods A. Source: Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing : Dccn. 1999 July-August; 18(4): 45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10640031&dopt=Abstract

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When allergies and asthma complicate pregnancy. Author(s): Lipkowitz MA, Schatz M, Cook TJ, Ford L, Frankel SJ, Gluck J, Leibner D, Leija JG, Luskin A, Ortega-Carr D, Spector SL. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1998 July; 81(1): 30-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9690570&dopt=Abstract

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When latex allergies limit employment. Author(s): Wilburn S. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 2001 August; 101(8): 88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12113013&dopt=Abstract

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Which diagnostic tests for common allergies? Where to start when you face an allergy puzzle. Author(s): Volcheck GW. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 2001 May; 109(5): 71-2, 77-8, 84-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11381672&dopt=Abstract

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Why are allergies increasing? Author(s): Ring J, Kramer U, Schafer T, Behrendt H. Source: Current Opinion in Immunology. 2001 December; 13(6): 701-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11677093&dopt=Abstract

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Wood stove heating, asthma and allergies. Author(s): Kilpelainen M, Koskenvuo M, Helenius H, Terho E. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2001 November; 95(11): 911-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11716206&dopt=Abstract

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Worldwide variations in prevalence of symptoms of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in children: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Author(s): Strachan D, Sibbald B, Weiland S, Ait-Khaled N, Anabwani G, Anderson HR, Asher MI, Beasley R, Bjorksten B, Burr M, Clayton T, Crane J, Ellwood P, Keil U, Lai C, Mallol J, Martinez F, Mitchell E, Montefort S, Pearce N, Robertson C, Shah J, Stewart A, von Mutius E, Williams H. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 1997 November; 8(4): 161-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9553981&dopt=Abstract

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Worldwide variations in the prevalence of symptoms of atopic eczema in the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Author(s): Williams H, Robertson C, Stewart A, Ait-Khaled N, Anabwani G, Anderson R, Asher I, Beasley R, Bjorksten B, Burr M, Clayton T, Crane J, Ellwood P, Keil U, Lai C, Mallol J, Martinez F, Mitchell E, Montefort S, Pearce N, Shah J, Sibbald B, Strachan D, von Mutius E, Weiland SK. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 January; 103(1 Pt 1): 12538. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9893196&dopt=Abstract

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Wrestling with allergies. Author(s): Schen J. Source: Rdh. 1990 April; 10(4): 44-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1975112&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ALLERGIES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and allergies.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Allergies The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “allergies” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on allergies: ·

Food allergy basics: what clinicians should know. Author(s): American Academy of Allergy and Immunology, Milwaukee, WI Source: Atkins, F.M. Auld, E. Nutrition-and-the-M.D (USA). (April 1993). volume 19(4) page 1-3. food allergies heritability symptoms therapeutic diets pregnancy diagnosis mothers diet 0732-0167 Summary: allergie alimentaire heritabilite symptome regime alimentaire therapeutique gestation diagnostic mere regime alimentaire

Additional consumer oriented references include: ·

Babies, bacteria, and allergies. Source: Anonymous Health-News. 2001 June; 7(6): 8 1081-5880

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Food allergies and avoidance diets. Source: Taylor, S.L. Hefle, S.L. Munoz Furlong, A. Nutrition-today. (1999). Jan/February 1999. volume 34 (1) page 15-22.

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Herbs that fight food allergies. Source: Moran, Volume Veg-Times. Mt. Morris, Ill. : Vegetarian Life & Times. October 1989. (146) page 58-60, 62, 64. 0164-8497

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Living with food allergies. Source: Springen, K. Vegetarian-times (USA). (April 1994). (no. 200) page 98, 100-101. food allergies digestive disorders immunoglobulins families genetic inheritance diet 0164-8497

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Milk & food allergies. Source: Buss, David. Nutr-Food-Sci. London, Eng. : Forbes Publications. Sept/October 1983. (84) page 14-15. ill. 0034-6659

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Milk-protein allergy in infants. Source: Tufts-Univ-Diet-Nutr-Lett. New York, N.Y. : Tufts University Diet and Nutrition Letter. June 1983. volume 1 (4) page 7-8. 0747-4105

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Onion juice can cure allergies in the world of homeopathic medicine. Source: Milner, I. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (January 1993). volume 16(1) page 1, 4. onions vegetable juices hypersensitivity homeopathy drugs 0893-4452

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Some new food allergies have nonfood triggers. Source: Platzman, A.D. Environ-nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc.,. May 2000. volume 23 (5) page 1, 6. 0893-4452

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Unfriendly foods: how great is the threat of food allergy? Source: McMann, M.C. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (March 1997). volume 20(3) page 1, 6. food allergies immune response testing diet symptoms 0893-4452

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Unproven “allergies”: an epidemic of nonsense. Source: Nutr-Today. Baltimore, Md. : Williams & Wilkins. Mar/April 1989. volume 24 (2) page 6-11. 0029-666X

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “allergies” (or a synonym): ·

Airway diseases and allergies in East and West German children during the first 5 years after reunification: time trends and the impact of sulphur dioxide and total suspended particles. Author(s): Medical Institute of Environmental Hygiene, Dusseldorf Germany. Source: Kramer, U Behrendt, H Dolgner, R Ranft, U Ring, J Willer, H Schlipkoter, H W Int-J-Epidemiol. 1999 October; 28(5): 865-73 0300-5771

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Allergomimetic reactions to food and pseudo-food-allergy. Source: Pearson, D.J. Rix, K.J.B. Idiopathic, food-induced, and drug-induced pseudoallergic reactions / editors, P. Dukor... [et al.]. Basel : Karger, 1985. page 59-105. ISBN: 3805537980

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Alternatives in the diagnosis and treatment of food allergies. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA. Source: King, H C King, W P Otolaryngol-Clin-North-Am. 1998 February; 31(1): 141-56 0030-6665

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Assessment of allergic potential of (novel) foods. Author(s): INRA-CEA/SPI, Laboratoire d'Immuno-Allergie Alimentaire, Gif sur Yvette, France. Source: Wal, J M Nahrung. 1999 June; 43(3): 168-74 0027-769X

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Epidemiology of food allergy: with emphasis on the influence of maternal dietary restrictions during pregnancy and lactation on allergy in infancy. Source: Kjellman, N.I.M. Hattevig, G. Falth Magnusson, K. Bjorksten, B. Carnat-NutrEduc-Ser. New York : Raven Press. 1989. volume 1 page 105-114. 1049-4901

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Evaluation of the MAST CLA allergy system for diagnosis of allergies to house dust mites and cats. Author(s): Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Source: Ho, T M DeBruynne, J Ahamad, M Darussamin, H Asian-Pac-J-AllergyImmunol. 1997 September; 15(3): 123-6 0125-877X

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First survey from the “Allergy Vigilance Network”: life-threatening food allergies in France. Author(s): Service de Medecine Interne, Immunologie Clinique et Allergologie, Hopital Central 29, avenue de Lattre de Tassigny-54035 Nancy. Source: Moneret Vautrin, D A Kanny, G Parisot, L Allerg-Immunol-(Paris). 2002 June; 34(6): 194-8 0397-9148

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Food allergies in Spain: causal allergens and diagnostic strategies. Author(s): Servicio de Alergia, Hospital Universitario Infantil La Paz, Madrid, Spain. Source: Martin Esteban, M Pascual, C Y Pediatr-Pulmonol-Suppl. 1999; 18154-6 1054187X

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Food allergy and the central nervous system in childhood. Source: Egger, J. Food allergy and intolerance / [edited by] Jonathan Brostoff, Stephen J. Challacombe. London : Bailli'ere Tindall, 1987. page 666-673. ISBN: 0702011568

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Food allergy testing: problems in identification of allergenic foods. Source: Joneja, J.M. Can-j-diet-pract-res. Markham, ON : PG Communications, [1998-. Winter 1999. volume 60 (4) page 222-226. 1486-3847

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Gastrointestinal aspects of food allergy: a review. Source: Hall, E.J. J-small-anim-pract. London : British Veterinary Association. March 1994. volume 35 (3) page 145-152. 0022-4510

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IgE mediated allergy to peanut, cow's milk and egg in children, with special reference to maternal diet. Source: Gerrard, J.W. Food allergy / edited by R.K. Chandra. St John's, Nfld. : Nutrition Research Education Foundation, 1987. page 225-235. charts. ISBN: 0920502679

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Intolerance and allergy to food and food additives. Source: Lessof, M.H. Murdoch, R.D. Young, E. Nutritional and toxicological aspects of food processing : proceedings of an interntional symposium held at the Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy, 14-16 April 1987 / edited by R. Walker and E. Quattrucci. London : Taylor & Francis, 1988. page 345-350. ISBN: 0850664179

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Mechanism and control of food allergy. Source: Hayakawa, K. Linko, Y.Y. Linko, P. Lebensm-Wiss-Technol. London : Academic Press. 1999. volume 32 (1) page 1-11. 0023-6438

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Modern diets and diseases: NO-zinc balance. Under Th1, zinc and nitrogen monoxide (NO) collectively protect against viruses, AIDS, autoimmunity, diabetes, allergies, asthma, infectious diseases, atherosclerosis and cancer. Author(s): Bennekom, The Netherlands. Source: Sprietsma, J E Med-Hypotheses. 1999 July; 53(1): 6-16 0306-9877

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Nutrition and behavior. 1. Allergies and additives. Source: Whitney, E.N. DeBruyne, L.K. Nutr-Clin. Philadelphia, Pa. : George F. Stickley Company. February 1987. volume 2 (1) page 1-11. charts. 0888-3483

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Of allergies, sensitivities, and food intolerance. Source: Taylor, S.L. Sci-Food-Agric. Ames, Iowa : Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. January 1988. volume 6 (1) page 8-11. ill. 0738-9310

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Resolving arthritis, allergies, & immune compromising disorders with the JMT technique. Source: Mellor, J M Beginnings. 2003 Jan-February; 23(1): 10-1 1071-2984

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Retailers reap rewards with food allergy options. Source: O'Donnell, D. Inf-Text-Ser-Coll-Trop-Agric-Hum-Resour-Univ-Hawaii-CoopExt-Servolume Honolulu, Hawaii : The Service. April 1991. (039) page 35-36. 0271-9908

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Role of body piercing in the induction of metal allergies. Author(s): Division of Dermatology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA. Source: Ehrlich, A Kucenic, M Belsito, D V Am-J-Contact-Dermat. 2001 September; 12(3): 151-5 1046-199X

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Soy protein allergy. Source: Eastham, E.J. Carnat-Nutr-Educ-Ser. New York : Raven Press. 1989. volume 1 page 223-236. 1049-4901

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Sublingual immunotherapy and influence on urinary leukotrienes in seasonal pediatric allergy. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Ege University, Bornova-Izmir, Turkey. Source: Yuksel, H Tanac, R GousseiNovember, A Demir, E J-Investig-Allergol-ClinImmunol. 1999 Sep-October; 9(5): 305-13 1018-9068

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The development and certification of substitute foods that eliminate allergenic foods with passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction. Source: Tateno, K. Inf-Text-Ser-Coll-Trop-Agric-Hum-Resour-Univ-Hawaii-Coop-ExtServolume Honolulu, Hawaii : The Service. April 1991. (039) page 20-23. 0271-9908

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The development of elimination diets for patients with food allergies. Source: Kishi, K. Inf-Text-Ser-Coll-Trop-Agric-Hum-Resour-Univ-Hawaii-Coop-ExtServolume Honolulu, Hawaii : The Service. April 1991. (039) page 23-24. 0271-9908

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The role of natural color additives in food allergy. Source: Lucas, C.D. Hallagan, J.B. Taylor, S.L. Adv-food-nutr-res. San Diego : Academic Press, c1989-. 2001. volume 43 page 195-216. 1043-4526

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Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) allergens in pollen-allergic patients. Source: Foetisch, K. Son, D.Y. Altmann, F. Aulepp, H. Conti, A. Haustein, D. Vieths, S. Eur-food-res-technol. Berlin : Springer, c1999-. October 2001. volume 213 (4/5) page 259266. 1438-2377

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: ·

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: ·

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to allergies; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation (some Web sites are subscription based): ·

Vitamins Ascorbic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pantothenic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pantothenic acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,882,00.html Vitamin A Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B12 Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B6 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin C Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin C Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,904,00.html Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Vitamin K Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com ·

Minerals Azelastine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Betaine Hydrochloride Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Betaine Hydrochloride Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bromelain/quercetin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,941,00.html Calcium: Which Form is Best? Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Clemastine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Copper Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cromolyn Sodium Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Quercetin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Quercetin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Quercetin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Quercetin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10053,00.html Sulfur Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zinc Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Zinc Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Zinc Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10071,00.html ·

Food and Diet Apricots Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,45,00.html Artichoke Alternative names: Cynara scolymus Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Beef Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Buckwheat Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,71,00.html Burdock Alternative names: Arctium lappa Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chocolate Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cinnamon Alternative names: Cinnamomum zeylanicum Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Clams Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Coffee Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Corn-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Crackers Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Dairy Substitutes Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Dairy-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Diabetes Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Egg-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Eggs Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Fasting Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Flour Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Flour, nonwheat Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,303,00.html Garlic Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Gluten-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Grapefruit Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com High-Fiber Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hypoglycemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Juices Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Kamut Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Kiwi Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Kumquat Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Lamb and Mutton Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Lemons Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Limes Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Low-Allergen Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Low-Salt Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Milk Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Millet Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,72,00.html Mushrooms Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10046,00.html Mussels Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Oranges Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Oysters Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pasta Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Rabbit Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Rice Bread Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Rice Cakes Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Scallops Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Seitan Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Soy Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Soy products Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,135,00.html Soy-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Special Diets Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Spelt Bread Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Tangerines Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Textured Vegetable Protein Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Tomatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Turkey Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Ugli Tangelo Fruit Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Weight Loss and Obesity Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Weight Management Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Wheat Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Wheat-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Whey Protein Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ALLERGIES Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to allergies. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) is a bibliographic database produced by health-related agencies of the U.S. federal government (mostly from the National Institutes of Health) that can offer concise information for a targeted search. The CHID database is updated four times a year at the end of January, April, July, and October. Check the titles, summaries, and availability of CAM-related information by using the “Simple Search” option at the following Web site: http://chid.nih.gov/simple/simple.html. In the drop box at the top, select “Complementary and Alternative Medicine.” Then type “allergies” (or synonyms) in the second search box. We recommend that you select 100 “documents per page” and to check the “whole records” options. The following was extracted using this technique: ·

Soybeans: Good for Your Heart. Patient Education Source: Advance for Nurse Practitioners. 10(5): 85. May 2002. Summary: This article provides information on the health benefits of soybeans and foods made from soybeans. The possible benefits that soy proteins may have on certain diseases, such as coronary heart disease, menopause, osteoporosis, cancer, allergies, diabetes, and kidney disease, are briefly noted. The article also describes the soy products currently available, including edamame, miso, tofu, soy nuts, tempeh, soy milk, soy sauce, and natto. It lists two Web sites for additional information on soybeans.

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Ginkgo: A Practical Guide Source: Garden City Park, NY: Avery Publishing Group. 1998. 172 p.

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Contact: Avery Publishing Group. 120 Old Broadway, Garden City Park, NY 11040. (800) 548-5757; INTERNATIONAL: (516) 741-2155; FAX: (516) 742-1892. PRICE: $9.95. ISBN: 0895298120. Summary: This book is designed to help consumers use 'Ginkgo biloba' safely and effectively to promote health, prevent illness, and treat disease. Chapter 1 reviews the history of Ginkgo in herbal medicine; and Chapter 2 examines the attitudes toward herbal medicines in Chinese, Indian, and Western cultures. Chapter 3 discusses the science of Ginkgo, including its key active components and its actions in the body. Chapters 4 through 7 focus on specific applications of Ginkgo and its effects in disorders of the brain, the heart and circulatory system, the senses, and sexuality. Chapter 8 discusses the use of Ginkgo in other conditions such as radiation exposure, sun damage, allergies, asthma, and hepatitis; and offers advice to consumers about the reasons for taking Ginkgo, methods of taking it, and how much to take. Chapter 9 summarizes the health benefits of using Ginkgo. The book includes a glossary and an index.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to allergies and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “allergies” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to allergies: ·

A newly developed extract (Ze 339) from butterbur (Petasites hybridus L.) is clinically efficient in allergic rhinitis (hay fever). Author(s): Brattstrom A. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2003; 10 Suppl 4: 50-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12807342&dopt=Abstract

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Allergic contact dermatitis in children: a practical approach to management. Author(s): Bruckner AL, Weston WL. Source: Skin Therapy Letter. 2002 October; 7(8): 3-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12548328&dopt=Abstract

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Altered zinc homeostasis and caspase-3 activity in murine allergic airway inflammation. Author(s): Truong-Tran AQ, Ruffin RE, Foster PS, Koskinen AM, Coyle P, Philcox JC, Rofe AM, Zalewski PD. Source: American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 2002 September; 27(3): 286-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12204890&dopt=Abstract

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Alternative medicine in allergies - prevalence, patterns of use, and costs. Author(s): Schafer T, Riehle A, Wichmann HE, Ring J. Source: Allergy. 2002 August; 57(8): 694-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12121187&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-allergic effect of Perilla frutescens and its active constituents. Author(s): Makino T, Furuta Y, Wakushima H, Fujii H, Saito K, Kano Y. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 March; 17(3): 240-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672153&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-allergic effects of Sanguisorba officinalis on animal models of allergic reactions. Author(s): Shin TY, Lee KB, Kim SH. Source: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 2002 August; 24(3): 455-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12375740&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-inflammatory activity of an extract of Petasites hybridus in allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Thomet OA, Schapowal A, Heinisch IV, Wiesmann UN, Simon HU. Source: International Immunopharmacology. 2002 June; 2(7): 997-1006. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12188041&dopt=Abstract

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CD28 costimulation is critical for experimental allergic asthma in HLA-DQ8 transgenic mice. Author(s): Chapoval SP, David CS. Source: Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.). 2003 February; 106(2): 83-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672399&dopt=Abstract

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Do only European cattle protect from allergies? Author(s): Braun-Fahrlander C. Source: Allergy. 2002 December; 57(12): 1094-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12464036&dopt=Abstract

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Early origins of allergic disease: a review of processes and influences during early immune development. Author(s): Prescott SL. Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 April; 3(2): 125-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12750609&dopt=Abstract

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Environmental control of allergic diseases. Author(s): German JA, Harper MB.

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Source: American Family Physician. 2002 August 1; 66(3): 421-6. Review. Summary for Patients In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12182518&dopt=Abstract ·

Exposure to pets and allergies in children. Author(s): Holscher B, Frye C, Wichmann HE, Heinrich J. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2002 October; 13(5): 334-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12431192&dopt=Abstract

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Food allergies in children affect nutrient intake and growth. Author(s): Christie L, Hine RJ, Parker JG, Burks W. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 November; 102(11): 1648-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12449289&dopt=Abstract

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Functional symptoms confused with allergic disorders in children and adolescents. Author(s): Niggemann B. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2002 October; 13(5): 312-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12431189&dopt=Abstract

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Gas chromatography: an investigative tool in multiple allergies to essential oils. Author(s): Dharmagunawardena B, Takwale A, Sanders KJ, Cannan S, Rodger A, Ilchyshyn A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 November; 47(5): 288-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12534533&dopt=Abstract

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House dust endotoxin and allergic sensitization in children. Author(s): Gehring U, Bischof W, Fahlbusch B, Wichmann HE, Heinrich J. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2002 October 1; 166(7): 939-44. Erratum In: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003 January 1; 167(1): 91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12359650&dopt=Abstract

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Inhalant allergies in Zimbabwe: a common problem. Author(s): Sibanda EN. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2003 January; 130(1): 2-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12576728&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibitory effect of mast cell-mediated acute and chronic allergic reactions by Dodutang. Author(s): Shin HY, Yun YB, Kim JY, Moon G, Shin TY, Kim HS, Kim HM.

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Source: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 2002 November; 24(4): 583-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12510792&dopt=Abstract ·

Inventing probiotic functional foods for patients with allergic disease. Author(s): Laiho K, Ouwehand A, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 December; 89(6 Suppl 1): 75-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487210&dopt=Abstract

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Management of food allergies. Author(s): Fogg MI, Spergel JM. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2003 July; 4(7): 1025-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12831331&dopt=Abstract

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Methylsulfonylmethane as a treatment for seasonal allergic rhinitis: additional data on pollen counts and symptom questionnaire. Author(s): Barrager E, Schauss AG. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2003 February; 9(1): 15-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12676029&dopt=Abstract

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Methylsulfonylmethane as a treatment for seasonal allergic rhinitis: more data needed on pollen counts and questionnaire. Author(s): Gaby AR. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2002 June; 8(3): 229. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12165181&dopt=Abstract

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Novel probiotics for the management of allergic inflammation. Author(s): von der Weid T, Ibnou-Zekri N, Pfeifer A. Source: Dig Liver Dis. 2002 September; 34 Suppl 2: S25-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12408435&dopt=Abstract

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Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from PEG-4 rapeseed amide in a massage oil. Author(s): Isaksson M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 September; 47(3): 175-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12492561&dopt=Abstract

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Oral administration of probiotic Escherichia coli after birth reduces frequency of allergies and repeated infections later in life (after 10 and 20 years). Author(s): Lodinova-Zadnikova R, Cukrowska B, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H.

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Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2003 July; 131(3): 209-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12876412&dopt=Abstract ·

Paired for life? Controlling allergic rhinitis can improve pediatric asthma. Author(s): Wagner CW. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2001 April; 9(4): 72, 77-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12420440&dopt=Abstract

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Patch testing in allergic contact dermatitis caused by topical Chinese herbal medicine. Author(s): Li LF, Wang J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 September; 47(3): 166-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12492552&dopt=Abstract

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Peristomal allergic contact dermatitis caused by Stomahesive paste: An additional case. Author(s): Gallo R, Ciambellotti A, Cozzani E, Parodi A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 October; 47(4): 633. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12271318&dopt=Abstract

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Pet allergen control measures for allergic asthma in children and adults. Author(s): Kilburn S, Lasserson TJ, McKean M. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (1): Cd002989. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12535446&dopt=Abstract

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Petasins in the treatment of allergic diseases: results of preclinical and clinical studies. Author(s): Thomet OA, Simon HU. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2002 October; 129(2): 108-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12403927&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacological characteristics of Ryokan-kyomi-shinge-nin-to, an antiallergic Kampo medicine. Author(s): Sakaguchi M, Ikeda Y, Kido T, Yuzurihara M, Kase Y, Yamamoto M, Ishige A, Sasaki H. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2002 December; 25(12): 1562-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12499640&dopt=Abstract

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Possible involvement of suppression of Th2 differentiation in the anti-allergic effect of Sho-seiryu-to in mice. Author(s): Ikeda Y, Kaneko A, Yamamoto M, Ishige A, Sasaki H.

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Source: Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 2002 December; 90(4): 328-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501009&dopt=Abstract ·

Pro and anti: the biotics of allergic disease. Author(s): Crane J. Source: Thorax. 2002 October; 57 Suppl 2: Ii40-Ii46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12364710&dopt=Abstract

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Probiotics and food-allergic diseases. Author(s): Paganelli R, Ciuffreda S, Verna N, Cavallucci E, Paolini F, Ramondo S, Di Gioacchino M. Source: Allergy. 2002; 57 Suppl 72: 97-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12144565&dopt=Abstract

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Reactivity to potential cross-reactive foods in fruit-allergic patients: implications for prescribing food avoidance. Author(s): Crespo JF, Rodriguez J, James JM, Daroca P, Reano M, Vives R. Source: Allergy. 2002 October; 57(10): 946-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12269944&dopt=Abstract

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Resolving arthritis, allergies, & immune compromising disorders with the JMT technique. Author(s): Mellor JM. Source: Beginnings. 2003 January-February; 23(1): 10-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12592973&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory and allergic diseases: from upper respiratory tract infections to asthma. Author(s): Jaber R. Source: Primary Care. 2002 June; 29(2): 231-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12391710&dopt=Abstract

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Suppression of allergic reactions by dehulled adlay in association with the balance of TH1/TH2 cell responses. Author(s): Hsu HY, Lin BF, Lin JY, Kuo CC, Chiang W. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 June 18; 51(13): 3763-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12797741&dopt=Abstract

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The GP's role in allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Gray RD, Lipworth BJ. Source: Practitioner. 2003 May; 247(1646): 418-23. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12760131&dopt=Abstract

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The stimulatory effects of nasal discharge from patients with perennial allergic rhinitis on normal human neutrophils are normalized after treatment with a new mixed formula of Chinese herbs. Author(s): Yang SH, Hong CY, Yu CL. Source: International Immunopharmacology. 2002 November; 2(12): 1627-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12469937&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: ·

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.comÒ: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to allergies; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation (some Web sites are subscription based): ·

General Overview Allergic Reaction, Anaphylaxis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Allergic Reaction, Angioedema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Allergic Rhinitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Allergic Rhinitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Allergies Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Allergies Alternative names: Hay Fever Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Allergies and Sensitivities Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Allergy, Food Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anaphylaxis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Asthma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bronchitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cutaneous Drug Reactions Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dermatitis Herpetiformis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Food Allergy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Food Allergy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hay Fever Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Hay Fever Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hives Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Immune Function Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Insect Bites and Stings Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lactose Intolerance Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com MSG Sensitivity Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Photodermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sinus Congestion Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sinus Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sinusitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sinusitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com ·

Alternative Therapy Acupressure Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,662,00.html Acupuncture Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Acupuncture Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,663,00.html

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Allergic Rhinitis Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/a.html Apitherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,669,00.html Aromatherapy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aromatherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,664,00.html Ayurveda Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,672,00.html Bach flower remedies Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,673,00.html Colon therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,682,00.html Detoxification therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10119,00.html Fasting Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,694,00.html Feldenkrais Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,695,00.html Guided Imagery Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Holistic Referrals Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Homeopathy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,703,00.html Hypnotherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,706,00.html Ionized Air (Negative Ions) Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Macrobiotics Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,714,00.html Magnet therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,715,00.html Nutrition Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteopathy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Qigong Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,729,00.html Reflexology Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,730,00.html Traditional Chinese Medicine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urine therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,744,00.html

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Yoga Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com ·

Chinese Medicine Dahuang Zhechong Wan Alternative names: Dahuang Zhechong Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hongyao Tiegao Alternative names: Hongyao Plaster Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

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Homeopathy Arsenicum album Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Calcarea carbonica Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Calcarea phosphorica Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Carbo vegetabilis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Gelsemium Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hepar sulphuris calcareum Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Ignatia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Lycopodium Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Natrum carbonicum Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Nux moschata Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Nux vomica Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Petroleum Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Phosphorus Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Silicea (Silica) Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sulphuricum acidum Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com ·

Herbs and Supplements 5-HTP (5-Hydroxytryptophan) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Acetaminophen Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Achillea Alternative names: Yarrow; Achillea millefolium L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Achillea millefolium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Acidophilus and Other Probiotics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Adrenal Extract Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Aesculus Alternative names: Horse Chestnut; Aesculus hippocastanum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Agrimony Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,833,00.html ALA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Albuterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Alfalfa Alternative names: Medicago sativa Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera, Aloe barbadensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera, Aloe barbadensis, Aloe ferox , Aloe Vera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aloe Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Aloe Vera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aloe vera Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10001,00.html Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alpha-lipoic acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10002,00.html Amino Acid K Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ananas comosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arctium Alternative names: Burdock, Gobo; Arctium lappa L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Arnica Alternative names: Arnica montana L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Arnica Alternative names: Arnica montana Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

134 Allergies

Arnica Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,753,00.html Arnica montana Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Astragalus Alternative names: Astragalus membranaceus, Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus, Huang-qi, Milk-Vetch Root Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Astragalus Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Astragalus membranaceus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Astragalus mongholicus Alternative names: Astragalus membranaceus, Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus, Huang-qi, Milk-Vetch Root Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Australian Fevertree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Baking soda Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,835,00.html Bee products Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,756,00.html Beta-Carotene Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Betula Alternative names: Birch; Betula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Blessed Thistle Alternative names: Cnicus benedictus Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Blue-Green Algae Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Boswellia Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Brahmi Alternative names: Centella asiatica , Centella, March Pennywort, Indian Pennywort, Hydrocotyle, Brahmi (Sanskrit), Luei Gong Gen (Chinese)(Note: Gotu kola should not be confused with kola nut.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Brewer's Yeast Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Bromelain Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Bromelain Alternative names: Ananas comosus, Bromelainum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bromelain Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bromelain Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,760,00.html Bromelainum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Brompheniramine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Bryonia Bryony Alternative names: Bryony; Bryonia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Calendula Alternative names: Calendula officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Calendula Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Calendula Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10011,00.html

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Capsaicin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Capsicum frutescens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Carob Alternative names: Ceratonia siliqua Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cat's Claw Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cayenne Alternative names: Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cayenne Alternative names: Capsicum frutescens, Capsicum spp., Capsaicin, Chili Pepper, Red Pepper Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Celery extract Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10014,00.html Centella Alternative names: Gotu Kola; Centella asiatica (Linn.) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Centella Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Centella asiatica Alternative names: Centella asiatica , Centella, March Pennywort, Indian Pennywort, Hydrocotyle, Brahmi (Sanskrit), Luei Gong Gen (Chinese)(Note: Gotu kola should not be confused with kola nut.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cetirizine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chamaemelum nobile Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chamomile Alternative names: Matricaria recutita Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Chamomile Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chamomile Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,766,00.html Chamomile, German Alternative names: Matricaria recutita Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chamomile, Roman Alternative names: Chamaemelum nobile Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chaparral Alternative names: Larrea tridentata Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cherry fruit extract Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10015,00.html Chili Pepper Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chinese Scullcap Alternative names: Scutellaria baicalensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chitosan Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10016,00.html Chlorpheniramine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cinnamomum Alternative names: Cinnamon; Cinnamomum zeylanicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Coenzyme Q Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,768,00.html

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Coleus Alternative names: Coleus forskohlii Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Coleus forskohlii Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Conjugated Linoleic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Curcuma Alternative names: Turmeric; Curcuma longa L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Curcuma longa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cynara artichoke Alternative names: Artichoke; Cynara scolymus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Cyproheptadine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Dandelion Alternative names: Taraxacum officinale Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Dandelion Alternative names: Taraxacum officinale Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dandelion Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com DayQuil Allergy Relief Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Dextromethorphan Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Digestive Enzymes Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Digestive enzymes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10051,00.html Diphenhydramine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Dong Quai Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Doxylamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Echinacea Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Echinacea Alternative names: Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Echinacea Alternative names: Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida, Echinacea purpurea, Purple Coneflower Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Echinacea Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Echinacea Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,775,00.html Echinacea angustifolia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Echinacea pallida Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Echinacea purpurea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Elderberry Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Elecampane Alternative names: Inula helenium Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

140 Allergies

Elecampane Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Eleuthero Alternative names: Siberian Ginseng, Eleuthero; Acanthopanax/Eleutherococcus senticosus Rupr. & Maxim. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ English Lavendar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ephedra Alternative names: Ephedra sinensis, Ma huang Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ephedra (Ma huang) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,777,00.html Ephedra sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Epinephrine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Eucalyptus Alternative names: Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus fructicetorum, polybractea, smithii, Australian Fevertree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eucalyptus Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,778,00.html Eucalyptus globulus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eugenia Clove Alternative names: Cloves; Eugenia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ EYEBRIGHT Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca

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Fennel Alternative names: Foeniculum vulgare Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Fexofenadine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Fiber Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Flavonoids Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Flavonoids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,782,00.html Foeniculum Alternative names: Fennel; Foeniculum vulgare Mill Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ French Lavendar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and Other Oligosaccharides Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com German Chamomile Alternative names: Matricaria recutita Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ginger Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,787,00.html Ginkgo Alternative names: Ginkgo biloba Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Ginkgo Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ginkgo Biloba Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Ginkgo biloba Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,788,00.html Ginseng Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com GLA (Gamma-Linolenic Acid) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Glucosamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Glucosamine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Glutamine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Glycyrrhiza1 Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Goldenrod Alternative names: Solidago virgaurea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Goldenrod Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Gotu Kola Alternative names: Centella asiatica , Centella, March Pennywort, Indian Pennywort, Hydrocotyle, Brahmi (Sanskrit), Luei Gong Gen (Chinese)(Note: Gotu kola should not be confused with kola nut.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gotu Kola Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Grape seed extract Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,793,00.html Green-Lipped Mussel Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Guaifenesin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Hawthorn Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com He Shou Wu Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Herbal decongestant Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,949,00.html Histidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Histidine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hops Alternative names: Humulus lupulus Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hops Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Horse Chestnut Alternative names: Aesculus hippocastanum Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Horse chestnut Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10037,00.html Huang-qi Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Humulus Alternative names: Hops; Humulus lupulus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Hydrocodone Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hydrocotyle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hydroxyzine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Illicium Alternative names: Star Anise; Illicium verum (Hook, F.) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Indian Pennywort Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Indomethacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Inhaled Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Ipratropium Bromide Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Ivy Leaf Alternative names: Hedera helix Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Ivy leaf Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10112,00.html Juniperus Alternative names: Juniper; Juniperus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Kava Alternative names: Piper methysticum Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Kava Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Kava Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,798,00.html Ketorolac Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Kochia Alternative names: Summer Cypress, Fireweed; Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/

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Kudzu Alternative names: Pueraria lobata Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Kudzu Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,858,00.html Lactase Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Lavandula Alternative names: Lavender; Lavandula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Lavandula angustifolia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lavender Alternative names: Lavandula angustifolia, English Lavendar, French Lavendar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lavender Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,799,00.html Lipase Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com L-Lysine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Loratadine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Luffa Alternative names: Luffa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Lysine Alternative names: Amino Acid K, L-Lysine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ma huang Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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MA HUANG Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Maidenhair Tree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Marsh Pennywort Alternative names: Centella asiatica , Centella, March Pennywort, Indian Pennywort, Hydrocotyle, Brahmi (Sanskrit), Luei Gong Gen (Chinese)(Note: Gotu kola should not be confused with kola nut.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Marshmallow Alternative names: Althea officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Matricaria Alternative names: Chamomile; Matricaria chamomilla Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Matricaria recutita Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Melaleuca Alternative names: Tea Tree Oil; Melaleuca alternifolia Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Melatonin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,804,00.html Melissa Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Melissa Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10043,00.html Milk Thistle Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Milk thistle Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10044,00.html

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Milk-Vetch Root Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mistletoe Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10109,00.html MSM Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,807,00.html Musa Banana Alternative names: Plantain, Banana; Musa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ NADH Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Naringin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10089,00.html Nettle Alternative names: Urtica dioica Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Nettle Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Nettle Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10048,00.html Olopatadine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com OPCs (Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Oral Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Origanum Alternative names: Oregano; Origanum vulgare Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/

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PABA Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10049,00.html Peppermint Alternative names: Mentha piperita Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Peppermint Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Peppermint Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,812,00.html Phenylpropanolamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Picrorhiza Alternative names: Picrorhiza kurroa Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pimpinella Alternative names: Anise; Pimpinella anisum (L) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Plantago major Alternative names: Plantain; Plantago major/lanceolata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Plantago psyllium Alternative names: Psyllium, Ispaghula; Plantago psyllium/ovata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Pollen Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Probiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Promethazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Proteolytic Enzymes Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Psyllium Alternative names: Plantago ovata, Plantago ispaghula Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Psyllium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,814,00.html Purple Coneflower Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Pepper Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Roman Chamomile Alternative names: Chamaemelum nobile Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rosemary Alternative names: Rosmarinus officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rosmarinus Alternative names: Rosemary; Rosmarinus officinalis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Rosmarinus officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Royal Jelly Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Slippery Elm Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Slippery elm Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10056,00.html Solidago virgaurea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Soy isoflavones Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10057,00.html St. John's Wort

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Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com St. John's wort Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,824,00.html Suma Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Syzygium Clove Alternative names: Clove, Jamun; Syzygium sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Tanacetum Alternative names: Feverfew; Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Tanacetum v Alternative names: Tansy; Tanacetum vulgare (L.) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Taraxacum Alternative names: Dandelion; Taraxacum officinale (Dhudhal) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Taraxacum officinale Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tea Tree Alternative names: Melaleuca alternifolia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Thuja plicata Alternative names: Western Red Cedar Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Thymus Alternative names: Thyme; Thymus vulgaris Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Thymus Extracts Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Topical Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Trigonella Alternative names: Fenugreek; Trigonella foenum graecum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Turmeric Alternative names: Curcuma longa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tylenol Allergy Sinus Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Tylophora Alternative names: Tylophora indica, Tylophora asthmatica Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Uva ursi Alternative names: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com White Willow Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Willow Bark Alternative names: There are several species of willow includingSalix alba, Salix nigra, Salix fragilis, Salix purpurea, Salix babylonica, White Willow, European Willow, Black Willow, Pussy Willow, Crack Willow, Purple Willow, Weeping Willow, Liu-zhi Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Yarrow Alternative names: Achillea millefolium Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Yarrow Alternative names: Achillea millefolium, Milfoil Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Yarrow Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Yerba Santa Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Zafirlukast Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Zingiber Alternative names: Ginger; Zingiber officinale Roscoe Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Zizyphus Alternative names: Jujube; Ziziphus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ALLERGIES Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to allergies. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “allergies” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on allergies, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Allergies ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to allergies. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: ·

A Descriptive Study of the Subjective Experience of Psychological Symptoms and Food Allergies by Bartek, Robert Paul, Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1988, 307 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8815210

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Cerebral Allergies an Understanding of the Phenomenon and Its Psychological Implications by Devita, Sabina M; Edd from University of Toronto (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL31487

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Cerebral Allergies: an Understanding of the Phenomenon and Its Psychological Implications by Devita, Sabina Mary, Edd from University of Toronto (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f970469

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Immunomodulatory Roles of Endotoxin and Glutaraldehyde in the Development of Latex Allergy by Howell, Michael D. Phd from West Virginia University, 2002, 194 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3076371

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·

Mathematics Achievement and Inhalant Allergy (allergy) by Burchfield, Patricia Crosby, Edd from Auburn University, 1989, 157 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9109033

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Risky Women: the Everyday Life of an Allergic Woman by Pitcher, Sarah Marie; Phd from Syracuse University, 2002, 195 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3046848

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The Development and Evaluation of a Seminar for Teachers on the Awareness and Management of Allergic Conditions of Their Students in the Classroom (hypersensitivity, Inservice, Health) by Munson, Elwin Charles, Edd from Andrews University, 1984, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8420133

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The Relationship between Achievement for Students and Allergy Inducing Foods by Myrick, John Andrew, Edd from The University of Southern Mississippi, 1983, 118 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8321494

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND ALLERGIES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning allergies.

Recent Trials on Allergies The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to allergies.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. ·

Blood Factors in Mastocytosis and Unexplained Anaphylaxis and Flushing Condition(s): Mastocytosis; Anaphylaxis Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will 1) identify characteristics of bone marrow mast cells in patients with unexplained anaphylaxis and flushing or with mastocytosis and 2) determine whether mastocytosis might be the underlying cause of unexplained anaphylaxis in some patients with this condition. anaphylaxis is a hypersensitivity reaction in which patients may have flushing, hives, stuffy nose, red itchy eyes, difficulty breathing, swelling of the tongue, throat, palms and soles, abdominal cramping, lightheadedness, decreased blood pressure, and loss of consciousness. Although allergens are a common cause of anaphylactic episodes, no cause can be identified in up to 50 percent of patients who have recurrent events. Mastocytosis is a disease of excessive mast cells in tissues such as skin and bone marrow. These cells can release chemicals that result in itching, blisters, flushing, bone pain, and abdominal pain. Patients 18 years of age and older who have episodes of anaphylaxis or flushing with no apparent cause or who have mastocytosis may be eligible for this study. Participants will have a medical history and physical examination; blood tests to identify genetic changes that are important in the growth, development, and functioning of human mast cells; and bone marrow aspiration and biopsy. For the bone marrow procedure, the skin over the hipbone and the outer surface of the bone itself are

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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numbed with local anesthesia. Then, a special needle is inserted into the hipbone and about 1 tablespoon of bone marrow is drawn into a syringe. Another needle is inserted into the same area to collect a small piece of the bone marrow. Additional procedures may include allergen testing, urinalysis, and 24-hour urine collection. Participants will return to NIH for reassessment of disease status in 12 to 18 months. The follow-up evaluation will include a history and physical examination, blood tests, possible repeat bone marrow and aspiration in patients whose clinical signs or symptoms change significantly, and other tests as clinically indicated. First-degree relatives (parents, children, siblings) may be enrolled in limited instances to provide a blood sample for genetic analysis related to mast cell development and function for comparison with that of patients when they have similar symptoms. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00047918 ·

Classical conditioning to treat allergic airway diseases Condition(s): Allergic airway disease Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) Purpose - Excerpt: Most clinicians who care for patients with inflammatory airway diseases such as allergic rhinitis and asthma are aware of the negative effects of certain sights, sounds and smells that can precipitate clinical exacerbations in certain susceptible patients. This is thought to be due to subconscious associations between these observable stimuli paired and actual exposure to allergens that induce clinical symptoms. The severity and duration of these symptoms are typically related to levels of anxiety and/or depression in affected patients. Classical conditioning of the immune response has been described in many animal and some human studies in association with administration of immunosuppressive drugs. In successfully conditioned individuals, subsequent exposure to the conditioning stimulus alone produces immunosuppressive changes similar to those caused by the drugs themselves. Since disease exacerbating conditioning appears to be prevalent in allergic patients, these conditions make an excellent human model for understanding the relationships between classical conditioning, psychological stress (particularly anxiety and depression) and immune regulation. Thus this proposal will seek to examine the hypothesis that antiinflammatory effects of pharmacotherapeutic agents can be classically conditioned and are clinically effective due to changes in immunoregulatory imbalances known to occur in patients with allergic airway diseases. The effectiveness of this therapeutic approach will be significantly affected by levels of psychological stress and individual suggestibility. This will be investigated with the following Specific Aims: (1). Determine the relative effectiveness of classical conditioning by a novel gustatory stimulus paired with immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroid on in vivo and in vitro immune responses (allergen - specific vs. general) of patients before, during and after classical conditioning correlated with level of clinical response; (2) Determine the role of neuroendocrine mechanisms (particularly catecholamines) on the inducibility and duration of the conditioned immune responses; and (3) Investigate the influence of psychological stress levels (including anxiety and depression) and/or suggestibility on baseline immune changes, success and duration of the classical conditioning. These data will help define parameters for classical conditioning in humans, establish a model to

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investigate mechanisms and serve as the basis for development of future interventional protocols for severe inflammatory diseases involving classical conditioning. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00032526 ·

Nasal Irritation Study Condition(s): Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Purpose - Excerpt: This study seeks to document differences in nasal irritant sensitivity within the population. We are interested in knowing whether age, gender, and allergy status (nasal allergies) predict nasal irritant sensitivity. This is important in understanding symptom reporting patterns in air pollution situations (particularly in so-called "problem buildings"), as well as in understanding reflex mechanism of response of the nose to irritants (e.g., nasal congestion). Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00041821

·

Ozone and Rhinovirus-Induced Disease in Asthmatics Condition(s): Asthma Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Purpose - Excerpt: In the U.S., morbidity associated with human rhinovirus (RV) infection represents a major health problem. In asthmatics, up to 80% of asthma exacerbations are associated with upper respiratory infections. Despite evidence that environmental oxidant pollutants, such as ozone, may increase the severity of viral disease, the mechanisms underlying such an effect have not been identified. This study will test the hypothesis that exposure of allergic asthmatic subjects to ambient levels of ozone directly enhances viral disease by increasing infectivity and intensifying virusinduced inflammation. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00013715

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Pollutant altered allergic responses Condition(s): Allergic Rhinitis; Allergy Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Purpose - Excerpt: This study is designed to investigate whether exposure to particulate air pollution increases the allergic response to allergens. Research studies suggest that symptoms in individuals with allergies may be aggravated by exposure to particulate

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air pollution. We sought to experimental determine this by exposing human volunteers to combustion particles, a component of air pollution, and then challenge them with an allergen such as ragweed or oak tree pollen. Using biological tests we can measure whether the allergen response is magnified by prior particulate exposure. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00011440 ·

Reducing Indoor Allergen Exposures in Northern Manhattan and the South Bronx Condition(s): Asthma; Allergy Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Purpose - Excerpt: Controlled trial of an intervention to reduce indoor exposures to cockroach allergens among asthmatic children in NYC. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00023127

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Role of T-Cells in Asthma Condition(s): Asthma Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will examine the movement of T cells (a type of white blood cell) from the blood to the lungs in patients with asthma after exposure to an allergen, such as cat dander or pollen. Asthma is in large part due to inflammation of the bronchi (the breathing tubes of the lungs), causing heat, swelling and redness. T cells play a major role in the inflammatory reaction. A better understanding of T cell migration to the lungs after allergen exposure may lead to improved therapies for asthma. Patients between 18 and 50 years of age with mild allergic asthma may be eligible for this study. In addition, patients and healthy normal volunteers between 18 and 65 years of age may participate in a sub-study (blood draw) of this protocol. Participants will undergo the following procedures: Visit 1 (screening visit) - Blood tests for blood counts and HIV - Urine pregnancy test for women of childbearing potential. Visit 2 - Physical examination and electrocardiogram (EKG) - Prick skin testing - A drop of allergen extract is put on the skin and the underlying skin is scratched with a needle. A positive test resembles an insect bite and may itch. - Intradermal skin tests Increasing concentrations of a drop of diluted allergen are injected into the skin and the allergic response is monitored until a 5-mm swelling (1/4 inch) swelling develops. Methacholine challenge - The subject has repeated pulmonary function (breathing) tests after breathing methacholine, a drug that temporarily (for 5 to 10 minutes) worsens asthma symptoms. - Physician evaluation and repeat pulmonary function test Visit 3 Allergen bronchoprovocaton - This test will be done in patients whose physical evaluation and breathing test permit them to continue with the study. A heparin lock (needle device that stays in a vein to allow multiple blood draws without repeated sticks) is placed. The subject breathes 5 breaths of allergen through a nebulizer (device that creates a mist), followed by a breathing test. This procedure will be repeated with

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increasingly higher allergen doses until lung function significantly declines or for a maximum of 6 doses. Subjects are monitored for 8 hours after the last dose. Blood samples of 50 ml each (3.5 tablespoons) are collected at 1, 3, 5 and 8 hours, and a physician evaluation is done at the end of the 8 hours. Additional 50-mm blood samples are collected the following two mornings. Visit 4 - Physician evaluation, blood test for anemia and pulmonary function test - Serial blood draws - 50 ml of blood will be drawn, followed by salt-water nebulization and another 50-ml blood draw after 1 hour. Additional 50-ml blood samples will be drawn 7 hours later and then on the next two mornings. Participants in the sub-study portion of this protocol will undergo the screening blood test, prick skin testing, breathing test after methacholine inhalation and a 100 ml-blood draw. These tests will be done in three sessions. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001408 ·

Modification of Allergic Immunologic Response by Leukotriene Antagonists Ancillary to ACRN IMPACT Condition(s): Asthma; Lung Diseases Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To examine the cellular and molecular mechanisms of corticosteroid and leukotriene receptor antagonists, focusing on their effects on T lymphocytes during both chronic (18 months) and acute therapy. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00021931

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Nutrition in Pregnancy, Birth Weight, and Childhood Asthma Condition(s): Lung Diseases; Asthma Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To evaluate the role of maternal diet and birth weight in the etiology of childhood asthma and other allergic disorders. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006404

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Recombinant Human IL-4 Receptor Used in Treatment of Asthma Condition(s): Asthma Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Immunex Corporation Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose is to measure the effectiveness of recombinant human interleukin-4 receptor (IL-4R) in treating asthma. Asthma can be caused by the allergic

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response from breathing in certain irritants. IL-4, which is naturally produced by the body, plays a major role in this allergic response. Doctors feel that IL-4 activity may be stopped by giving IL-4R, a product that binds to IL-4, and thereby decrease the problems of asthma. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00017693 ·

Study of TNFR:Fc (Enbrel) in the Treatment of Asthma Condition(s): Asthma Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: The proposed study is a phase II clinical trial of TNFR:Fc therapy in a segmental allergen bronchoprovocation model of atopic asthma. The goal of this study is to assess whether inhibition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) bioactivity can attenuate airway inflammation in mild-to-moderate allergic asthmatics. This protocol will utilize a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial design. TNF bioactivity will be inhibited via systemic administration (e.g., subcutaneous injection) of a dimeric fusion protein consisting of the extracellular ligand binding domain of the 75-kilodalton TNF receptor linked to the Fc portion of human IgG1 (TNFR:Fc, Immunex). The data generated by this study will address the utility of anti-TNF therapy for patients with asthma. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001893

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Assessment of Lung Inflammation in Patients with Atopic Asthma Using Positron Emission Tomography Condition(s): Asthma; Hypersensitivity; Lung Diseases; Wegener's Granulomatosis Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease. We propose to study inflammatory changes in the lungs of subjects with atopic asthma of different severity in vivo using positron emission tomography (PET) with 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG). It has been shown that the uptake of FDG as detected by PET scanning correlates with inflammation in animal models as well as in human disease processes such as sarcoidosis, tuberculosis and abscess formation. In addition, it has been shown that the inflammation associated with allergen challenge in patients with atopic asthma can be visualized using PET scanning with FDG. We hypothesize that the degree of FDGuptake as a measure of inflammation correlates with the severity of asthma as determined by pulmonary function tests and clinical signs and symptoms. In addition, information about the spatial distribution of the inflammatory changes will be obtained. To compare the characteristics of the inflammation in asthma with non-asthmatic

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inflammation of the lung, the images obtained in asthmatic subjects will be compared with images from subjects who have inflammatory changes of the lung caused by Wegener's granulomatosis. Subjects with atopic asthma and non-atopic control subjects will be selected from the community and, if eligible for the study, undergo skin testing against common allergens and pulmonary function testing. Subjects with Wegener's granulomatosis will be selected from a large group of subjects followed with this disease at NIAID. PET scanning with FDG will be used to measure inflammation in the PET scanning facility at the Clinical Center of the NIH and the results of the scanning will be correlated with the severity of the disease. We expect that for the first time this methodology will permit an objective measure of the basic pathogenic process, the allergic inflammation, in patients with atopic asthma. Using this methodology it will be possible to study the efficacy of currently available therapies for allergic inflammation. In addition, this methodology will provide an extremely useful tool for the development of new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of asthma. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001759 ·

Characteristics of Mast Cells in Mastocytosis Condition(s): Mastocytosis Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will determine what growth factors are involved in promoting and inhibiting mastocytosis-an abnormal increase of mast cells in one or more organ systems. Mast cells release chemicals that can cause itching, blisters, flushing, bone pain, and abdominal pain. Little is known about the disease and there is no cure. Steroids and antihistamines can help reduce some symptoms. Patients from birth to 80 years of age with increased mast cells in at least one organ system may be eligible for this 3-year study. Family members may also be enrolled for genetic testing. Patients will be evaluated yearly at the NIH Clinical Center with the following tests and procedures: - Medical history and physical examination. - Blood samples. - Laboratory blood tests, as medically indicated. - Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy - For the bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, the back hipbone is punctured with a sterile needle. Five milliliters (1 teaspoon) of marrow is withdrawn through a syringe and a 1/2-inch piece of tissue is extracted with a special needle. The blood and bone marrow samples will be used for clinical care and for research to determine if mastocytosis is due to mast cell growth factors or genetic changes. Patients who require further evaluation and tests will have recommendations made to their primary physician. Any patient who requires immediate treatment will be admitted to the hospital. Standard medical treatment may include antihistamines for itching; steroids for severe abdominal symptoms such as cramping, diarrhea, and evidence of increased mast cells determined by an upper GI study; and adrenaline for anaphylactic shock. Patients who do not respond to conventional treatment may be offered participation in an experimental therapy study. Participating family members will have a medical history and a blood sample drawn to look for genetic abnormalities. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001356

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Cytokine Production Patterns in Patients with Systemic Mastocytosis Compared with Atopic Dermatitis and Healthy Individuals Condition(s): Atopic Dermatitis; Healthy; Mastocytosis Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: Cytokine Production Patterns in Patients with Systemic Mastocytosis Compared with Atopic Dermatitis and Healthy Individuals Summary: This study will examine how mast cells (cells involved in allergic reactions) migrate and multiply in the skin of patients with mastocytosis, a condition characterized by too many mast cells in the body. The mast cells tend to multiply in the skin, causing dark, itchy skin spots known as urticaria pigmentosa. This study will determine if the skin of patients with mastocytosis produces chemicals called cytokines that cause mast cells to migrate to the skin and multiply. The findings will be compared with those from normal volunteers and patients with atopic dermatitis, a skin disease characterized by recurrent itchy rash usually seen in people with a family history of allergies. Healthy volunteers, patients with mastocytosis and patients with atopic dermatitis 18 years of age and older may be eligible for this study. Participants will have the following tests and procedures: Suction blisters - Two to eight small blisters will be raised on the forearm using gentle suction. The fluid in the blisters will be collected with a syringe to study the chemicals produced by the skin. The tops of the blisters may be removed for research. - Template study - Patients with high cytokine content in the blister fluid may have a template study. For this procedure, a plastic block (template) with holes matching the blister sites is placed over the blistered area. The wells of the template are filled with salt water and the fluid is removed with a syringe at 3, 8 and/or 24 hours. Patients are hospitalized for 24 hours for this study. - Skin biopsy - A skin biopsy will be done to correlate cytokine levels with the number of mast cells in the skin. An area of skin is numbed with an anesthetic and a small circular area about the size of a pencil eraser is removed, using a sharp cookie cutter-type instrument. - Blood draw - About 4 tablespoons of blood will be drawn to compare the chemicals in the blood with those in the blister fluid. The blood will also be analyzed for a complete blood count, clotting factors and substances that may be elevated in people with allergies. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001760

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Disability Among Adults with Asthma Condition(s): Asthma; Lung Diseases Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To identify risk factors for work disability among adults with asthma treated by pulmonary and allergy specialists. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005440

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Factors Involved in Asthma and Airway Inflammation Condition(s): Asthma; Healthy Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: Asthma is the third leading cause of preventable admissions to the hospital in the United States. Deaths and diseases associated with asthma increase every year. Asthma is a disorder of airway inflammation. There are several factors thought to play a role in the process of inflammation. In this study researchers are particularly interested in studying a factors known as TNF (tumor necrosis factor) and the sites where this factor attaches called receptors. Another factor associated with receptor processing is called aminopeptidase-like protein. It may be involved in the relationship between TNF, it's receptors, and inflammation. In order to understand the relationship between these factors, researchers plan to simulate an allergic reaction in the lungs and airways of patients participating in the study. By doing this they can collect and study the factors causing airway inflammation. Samples collected from patients with asthma will be compared to samples from volunteers without asthma. Patients and volunteers participating in this study will not directly benefit from this research. However, the study may help researchers understand the causes and processes involved in asthma. In addition, the study may lead to the development of new treatments for asthma and airway inflammation. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001887

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Mechanisms of Allergen Immunotherapy Condition(s): Asthma; Hypersensitivity Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will examine how allergen immunotherapy (allergy shots) works to reduce or prevent reactions to allergens such as pollen, dust or cat dander. Certain T cells (types of white blood cells) called Th2 cells produce substances that generate allergies. Other T cells called Th1 cells produce substances that have opposite effects. This study will determine if allergy shots change the immune response to allergens by reducing the number of Th2 cells or by changing them into Th1 cells. A better understanding of how this treatment works may help scientists develop more effective allergy therapies. People between 18 and 50 years of age who have had allergic asthma for at least 1 year may participate in this study. Candidates' medical, allergy and medication histories will be reviewed, and they will have a physical examination, including routine blood tests, urinalysis, electrocardiogram (EKG), and lung function test. Blood will also be drawn to test T cell response to allergens, and 12 skin tests (similar to a tuberculosis skin test) will be done to test for sensitivity to various allergens. Participants will be admitted to the Clinical Center for 1 to 2 days for rush therapy (see below). They will have a brief history and physical examination. A heparin lock (thin plastic tube similar to an intravenous line) will be placed in an arm vein. They will then undergo the following procedures: - Rush/Cluster Immunotherapy - An allergen is given in increasing doses over 2 to 5 weeks. During rush therapy, the dose is increased rapidly over 1 to 2 days until a moderate level dose is reached. To reduce the

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chance of an allergic reaction, patients take prednisone, cetirizine (Zyrtec(r) (Registered Trademark)), ranitidine (Zantac(r) (Registered Trademark)) and montelukast (Singular(r) (Registered Trademark)) starting 24 hours before treatment begins until rush therapy ends. After discharge on the third day, patients return to the clinic once a week for the next 2 to 5 weeks for cluster therapy, in which the dose is increased more gradually to a maintenance level. - Maintenance Immunotherapy - Participants receive 12 weekly injections at the maintenance dose. Blood is drawn during one visit between weeks 2 and 7 of maintenance therapy. - Follow-up Visits - Patients return to the clinic 2 and 3 weeks after the last maintenance dose for blood draws and evaluations. In addition, a "late-phase" allergen skin test is done at the 3-week follow-up to compare reaction results with those from the test done at the screening visit. - End-of-Study Visit - 12 to 16 weeks after the last allergy shot, patients return for a final blood draw and brief evaluation. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001910 ·

Phase II Efficacy Study of Aerosolized Recombinant Human IL-4 Receptor in Asthma Condition(s): Asthma; Hypersensitivity Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by reversible airflow obstruction. Fourteen million persons (6.4%) in the United States report having asthma, and from 1980 to 1994 the prevalence of selfreported asthma in the United States increased by 75%. A major factor in the pathogenesis of asthma is the development of an allergic inflammatory response to inhaled antigens. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) plays a key role in this response by promoting IgE production, upregulating IgE receptors, upregulating adhesion receptors such as VCAM-1, promoting Th2 cell development and increasing mucus secretion. Soluble recombinantly produced IL-4R (sIL-4R) has been shown to bind and inactivate IL-4, both in vitro and in animal models. As part of a multicenter trial, 20 subjects at the NIH site will receive 0.9 mg., 1.8 mg. sIL-4R or placebo once weekly for 12 weeks in a double blind placebo controlled study. Study drug will be delivered via the AERx aerosol drug delivery device. The primary objective of the study will be to evaluate efficacy as measured by FEV1. Secondary objectives will include changes in FVC, FEF 27-75, peak flow, bronchodilator usage, asthma symptoms, quality of life scores, immunologic and inflammatory markers, pharmacokinetics, safety and immunogenicity. The study population will consist of moderate to severe asthmatics on (Beta)-agonist monotherapy with an FEV1 of 50-80% of predicted. After 12 weeks of study drug, subjects will be followed for an additional 8 weeks. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001909

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Prospective Evaluation of Airways Reactivity Condition(s): Lung Diseases; Asthma; Lung Diseases, Obstructive; Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: From 1981 to 1991, to characterize the role of allergy and airways responsiveness in modifying growth of lung function in children and young adults in a community-based random population, the Childhood Respiratory Study in East Boston. From 1992 to 1997, to examine the relationship of respiratory symptoms and illnesses, cigarette smoking, airways responsiveness, and markers of inflammation to growth and decline in lung function in two well-characterized and investigated community-based populations of children and adults, the Childhood Respiratory Study in East Boston and the Normative Aging Study. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005282

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Pyrimethamine and Sulfadoxine for Treatment of Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome Condition(s): Autoimmune Disease; Lymphoproliferative Disorder Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will evaluate the safety and effectiveness of an antibiotic called Fansidar on autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS). Patients with ALPS have enlarged lymph glands, spleen and/or liver, abnormal blood cell counts and overactive immune function. Current treatments are aimed at suppressing the immune system and improving symptoms, such as anemia (low red blood cell count) and low white blood cell and platelet counts. These treatments, however, are only partially effective and may have complications. Fansidar is a combination of two drugs, sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine, that is used to treat or prevent parasitic infections such as malaria. Recently a child with ALPS who was treated with Fansidar for a different illness had a marked shrinkage of the lymph organs. This study will examine whether Fansidar can shrink the lymph glands or spleen in patients with ALPS. Patients with ALPS between the ages of 4 and 70 years who have had lymph gland enlargement for at least 1 year and are not allergic to sulfa drugs may be eligible for this study. Candidates will be screened with a medical history and physical examination and blood tests. Females of reproductive age will have a urine pregnancy test. Participants will be evaluated at the NIH Clinical Center in Bethesda, MD, with blood tests and a computed tomography (CT) scan of the lymph nodes. For the CT scan, the patient lies on a table during an X-ray scan of the neck, part of the chest, and, if the spleen has not been removed, the stomach area. When these baseline tests are completed, patients will be given Fansidar pills to take once a week for 12 weeks. The dosage will be increased after 2 weeks and again after 4 weeks. At 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks after starting the treatment and 2 weeks after the last dose, patients will have blood drawn to check for possible side effects of therapy. Women will have a repeat urine pregnancy test at week 6 of treatment. Within a week before completing treatment or after completing treatment, patients will return to NIH for a history, physical examination, blood tests and CT scan. Patients who responded well to treatment will be offered to return to NIH again 3, 6 and

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12 months later to repeat the evaluations. If ALPS symptoms recur during this time, patients will be offered another 12-week course of Fansidar and the procedure, including the 3, 6 and 12-month evaluations will be repeated again. If symptoms recur again, patients will be asked to resume Fansidar for 6 months or longer, with doses adjusted as needed. During this time, patients will be seen at NIH every 12 weeks for evaluation and blood will be drawn by the patient's private physician every 6 weeks or 2 and 4 weeks after the dose is increased to check for side effects. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00013689 ·

Research in Skin Inflammation Condition(s): Psoriasis Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will examine the production of proteins called chemokines in inflammatory skin reactions. It is thought that chemokines attract or recruit white blood cells from the blood stream into the skin when there is a skin injury or infection, causing inflammation. This study will examine chemokine production in induced inflammatory reactions to try to gain a better understanding of how white blood cells are attracted to inflamed areas of the body. Healthy normal volunteers between 33 and 60 years old may be eligible for this study if they 1) have no history of chronic skin disease; 2) are not allergic to eggs; and 3) do not tend to form large irregular scars after trauma to the skin from, for example, cuts, scratches and surgical incisions. Candidates will be asked a short series of questions and have a limited skin examination. Participants will have 10 ml (2 tablespoons) of blood drawn from an arm vein at the start and end of the 5-day study and undergo the following procedures: 1. Day 1 - Participants receive an injection in the right upper arm of mumps antigen (a protein commonly used to tests for immunization against mumps) and an injection of "vehicle" (saline plus the preservatives thimerosal, glycine and formaldehyde) in the left upper arm. 2. Day 3 - Participants who develop a swelling from the mumps antigen larger than 5 mm wide will receive another injection of antigen in the right arm and another injection of vehicle in the left arm. Those whose swelling is not greater than 5 mm will be excluded from the study at this point. 3. Day 5 - All four injection sites, plus another site on the left upper arm will be biopsied. For this procedure the five injection areas are numbed with a local anesthetic. A punch biopsy instrument that resembles a small cookie cutter (about one-third the diameter of a dime) is inserted about one-fifth of an inch deep into the skin and the tissue is removed. Two stitches are used to close the wound. Antibiotic and bandages are applied for 5 days. Nine days after the biopsy the participant returns to NIH for removal of the stitches. New molecular biology techniques will be used to measure changes in chemokine production in the biopsied tissue. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00026741

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Risk Factors For Asthma in Laboratory Animal Allergy Condition(s): Asthma; Lung Diseases Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To identify risk factors which predispose individuals to develop asthma and other manifestations of allergic disease on exposure to laboratory animals in the workplace. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005283

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Statistical Analysis of Vlagtwedde-Vlaardingen Data Set Condition(s): Asthma; Lung Diseases, Obstructive; Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To determine the effects in early adulthood of asthma, increased bronchial responsiveness, markers of allergy and smoking on pulmonary function level and the effects of these same risk factors on subsequent decline in pulmonary function, because these early adult factors presumably profoundly influence the risk for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005425

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T Cell Cytokine Changes During IL-4 Receptor Treatment for Asthma Condition(s): Asthma; Hypersensitivity Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by reversible airflow obstruction. Fourteen million people (6.4%) in the United States report having asthma, and from 1980 to 1994 the prevalence of selfreported asthma in the United States increased 75%. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) plays a key role in this response by promoting IgE production, upregulating IgE receptors, upregulating adhesion receptors such as VCAM-1, promoting Th2 cell development and promoting mucus secretion. A soluble form of the receptor for IL-4 (IL-4R) that has antagonist activity has been developed for clinical use. Soluble IL-4R acts by competing with endogenous cell bound IL-4R for free IL-4, thus inhibiting IL-4 function. IL-4 is required for the development of allergen specific Th2 memory cells. Less well understood are the factors required for maintenance of Th2 responses. The maintenance of polarized Th2 responses to allergens have been postulated to require IL-4 itself, by acting as an antiapoptotic/survival factor or by differentiating naive allergen specific T cells to the Th2 phenotype. Subjects on sIL-4 therapy represent a unique patient group that possess allergen specific Th2 cells, but in which the capacity for IL-4 to promote further Th2 cell survival or differentiation has been blocked. This is a single site adjunct study proposed

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to study subjects ages 14 years and older who are enrolled at the NIH Clinical Center on a multicenter trial of IL-4R in moderate to severe asthma (Phase II Efficacy Study of Aerosolized Recombinant Human IL-4 Receptor in Asthma). A maximum of 40 subjects will be enrolled. We hypothesize that effective blocking of such Th2 priming would result in a decreased frequency of both allergen specific Th2 cells as well as mitogen activated Th2 cells. Determination of the fate of Th2 cell responses during long term IL4R therapy may have important implications both for future development of anticytokine therapies as well as for understanding the T cell biology of allergic diseases and asthma. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001908

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “allergies” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: ·

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON ALLERGIES Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “allergies” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on allergies, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Allergies By performing a patent search focusing on allergies, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

9Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on allergies: ·

(Substituted 2-carboxyanilino)nicotinic acids as inhibitors of allergic reactions Inventor(s): Schwender; Charles F. (Dexter, MI), Sunday; Brooks R. (Hackettstown, NJ) Assignee(s): Warner-Lambert Company (Morris Plains, NJ) Patent Number: 4,179,509 Date filed: September 18, 1978 Abstract: The present invention relates to (substituted 2-carboxyanilino) nicotinic acids which have the capability of inhibiting allergic reactions. Excerpt(s): As used in the above definition for R, alkyl is meant to encompass lower alkyls of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, that is methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, and isobutyl radicals; alkoxy is meant to encompass lower alkoxy radicals of 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and halogen is meant to encompass fluorine, chlorine, and bromine radicals. ... The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the present invention may be prepared by conventional reactions with equivalent amounts of organic or inorganic solutions. As exemplary, but not limiting, of pharmaceutically acceptable salts are the salts of hydrochloric, sulfuric, acetic, fumeric, malic and citric acids, and appropriate bases such as the hydroxides or bicarbonates of potassium and sodium. The compounds of the present invention which are preferred are those in which R of the generic structure is defined as being hydrogen, methoxy, or methyl. ... The compounds of the present invention are synthesized by reacting the appropriately substituted 11-oxo-11H-pyrido[2,1-b]quinazoline with at least two molecular equivalents of a strong base such as sodium or potassium hydroxide. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04179509__

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.omega.9-unsaturated fatty acid compositions for preventing or alleviating medical symptoms caused by delayed allergy reactions Inventor(s): Akimoto; Kengo (Osaka, JP), Kawashima; Hiroshi (Takatsuki, JP), Hamazaki; Tomohito (Toyama, JP), Sawazaki; Shigeki (Toyama, JP) Assignee(s): Suntory Limited (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 5,981,588 Date filed: August 9, 1995 Abstract: A preventive or improving agent for medical symptoms accompanying delayed allergy reactions which contains an .omega.9-unsaturated fatty acid as an effective component is provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a preventive or alleviating agent for medical symptoms by delayed allergy reactions, which contains an .omega.9-unsaturated fatty acid as an effective component, and to a food or drink with a preventive or alleviating effect on medical symptoms by delayed allergy reactions. Specifically, it relates to a preventive or alleviating agent, or a food or drink with a preventive or alleviating effect against medical symptoms by delayed allergy reactions which contains as an effective component at least one selected from the group consisting of 6,9-octadecadienoic acid, 8,11-eicosadienoic acid and 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid. ... Allergy reactions are classified

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into 4 types, types I to IV, based on the antibodies contributing to the reaction, differences in the reaction mechanisms, presence of complement, etc. Of these, type IV allergy reactions differ from the other types of allergy reactions in that antibodies thereto cannot be detected in the blood of individuals in such an allergic state, and it is elicited by lymphocytes. Because at least 12 hours must pass from invasion of the antigen into the allergic individual until appearance of the inflammatory reaction, the type IV allergy reaction is known as "delayed type hypersensitivity". ... The T lymphocytes (sensitized T lymphocytes) of individuals in an allergic condition react with the antigen, triggering the T lymphocytes to release lymphokines (macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), macrophage activating factor (MAF), mitogenic factor (MF), skin-reactive factor (SRF), chemotactic factor, neovascularization-accelerating factor, etc.), which function as inflammation mediators, and the biological activity of these lymphokines, together with the direct and indirect effects of locally appearing lymphocytes and other inflammatory cells, give rise to the type IV allergy reaction (delayed allergy reaction). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05981588__ ·

1,3-dihydro-1-(phenylalkyl)-2H-imidazol-2-one compounds and their use for treating allergic, atopic or inflammatory diseases Inventor(s): Freyne; Eddy Jean Edgard (Rumst, BE), Diels; Gaston Stanislas Marcella (Ravels, BE), Andres-Gil; Jose Ignacio (Madrid, ES), Fernandez-Gadea; Francisco Javier (Toledo, ES) Assignee(s): Janssen Pharmaceutica, N.V. (Beerse, BE) Patent Number: 5,994,376 Date filed: September 29, 1997 Abstract: The present invention describes 1,3-dihydro-1-(phenylalkyl)-2H-imidazol-2one compounds and their use for treating warm-blooded animals suffering from disease states related to an abnormal enzymatic or catalytic activity of phosphodiesterase IV (PDE IV), and/or disease states related to a physiologically detrimental excess of cytokines, in particular allergic, atopic and inflammatory diseases. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns the use of 1,3-dihydro-1-(phenylalkyl)-2Himidazol-2-one derivatives for the manufacture of a medicament for treating warmblooded animals suffering from disease states related to an abnormal enzymatic or catalytic activity of phosphodiesterase IV (PDE IV), and/or disease states related to a physiologically detrimental excess of cytokines, in particular allergic, atopic and inflammatory diseases. The present invention also relates to new compounds having PDE IV and cytokine inhibiting activity, processes for their preparation and compositions comprising said new compounds. ... 1-[2-(3,4-diethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-1,2dihydro-2H-imidazol-2-one and a number of (1,3-dihydro- and 1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-)(1-[2(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propyl]- and 1-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl])-2H-imidazol-2one derivatives are specifically disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,184,460 as therapeutic agents acting on the central nervous system, in particular, as tranquilizers. Synthetic Communications (1985) 15(10), 883-889, discloses a synthetic pathway for the preparation of 1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-[2-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)ethyl]-3-phenylmethyl-2Himi dazol-2-one. In the Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (1980), 28(6), 1810-1813, 1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,3-bis[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-2H-imidazol-2-one and 1,3,4,5tetrahydro-1-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-2H-imidazol-2-one are disclosed as intermediates in the synthesis of a diazasteroid system. WO 94/12461, WO 94/14742

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and WO 94/20446 generically describe a number of 1-(phenylalkyl)-2-hydroxyimidazole derivatives as selective PDE IV inhibitors. ... Unexpectedly, particular 1,3dihydro-1-(phenylalkyl)-2H-imidazol-2-one derivatives show improved PDE IV inhibiting activity over the art compounds. In addition, the compounds of the present invention were found to display cytokine inhibiting activity. In view of these pharmacological properties, the present compounds have therapeutical utility in the treatment of disease states related to an abnormal enzymatic or catalytic activity of PDE IV, or disease states related to a physiologically detrimental excess of cytokines, in particular allergic, atopic and inflammatory diseases. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05994376__ ·

1-arylalkoxy- and 1-arylalkylthioaryl-2-pyrazolines as anti-inflammatory or antiallergic agents Inventor(s): Huang; Fu-chih (Leonia, NJ) Assignee(s): Rorer Pharmaceutical Corporation (Fort Washington, PA) Patent Number: 4,677,210 Date filed: June 19, 1985 Abstract: Z is a chemical bond or an alkylene chain containing up to 5 carbons in the principal chain and up to a total of 7 carbons;X is O or S;R and R.sub.1 are independently hydrogen, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, lower alkanoyloxy, halo, cyano, carboloweralkoxy, carboxyloweralkyl, aryloxy or benzyloxy;R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are independently hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower aralkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, aryl or carboxyloweralkyl;and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof have pharmaceutical activity, particularly as lipoxygenase inhibitors possessing antiinflammatory and anti-allergic properties. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to new chemical compounds possessing valuable pharmaceutical activity, particularly as lipoxygenase inhibitors possessing antiinflammatory and anti-allergic properties. ... R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are the same or different and are each selected from hydrogen and alkyl. ... R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are independently hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower aralkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, aryl or carboxy lower alkyl and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04677210__

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3-(1H-Tetrazol-5-yl)-4H-pyrimido[2,1-b]benzoxazol-4-one compounds exhibiting antiallergic activity Inventor(s): Wade; James J. (Oakdale, MN) Assignee(s): Riker Laboratories, Inc. (St. Paul, MN) Patent Number: 4,476,130 Date filed: September 9, 1982 Abstract: 3-(1H-tetrazole-5-yl)-4H-pyrimido[2,1-b]-benzoxazol-4-ones are disclosed as anti-allergic compounds. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds and methods of using the compounds are also disclosed.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel 3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-4H-pyrimido[2,1b]benzoxazol-4-one compounds which exhibit anti-allergic activity. This invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition containing the compounds, and a method of using the compounds. ... U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,122,274 and 4,209,620 describe 3-(1H-tetrazol-5yl)-4H-pyrido[1,2-a-]pyrimidin-4-ones and the antiallergy activity exhibited by such compounds. U.S. Pat. No. 4,223,031 describes 3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-4H-pyrimido[2,1b]benzothiazol-4-ones and 6-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-ones and the antiallergy activity exhibited by such compounds. Sam and Plampin, J. Pharm. Sci., 53, 538 (1964) describes substituted 2-aminobenzoxazoles and substituted benzoxazolinones which are skeletal muscle relaxants. ... A further aspect of the invention relates to a method for inhibiting the effects of an antigen-antibody reaction in mammals, including humans, comprising delivering to the known or expected area of the mammalian body where said reaction has occurred or is expected to occur an effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Preferably, the method is practiced prior to the antigen-antibody reaction. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04476130__ ·

4-Alkyl-pyrazolo[5,1-b]-quinazolin-9(4H)-ones containing them

and

anti-allergic

compositions

Inventor(s): Sircar; Jagadish C. (Ann Arbor, MI), Kesten; Stephen J. (Ypsilanti, MI) Assignee(s): Warner-Lambert Company (Morris Plains, NJ) Patent Number: 4,261,997 Date filed: January 11, 1980 Abstract: Certain pyrazolo[5,1-b]quinazolin-9(4H)-ones are disclosed. These compounds prevent the allergic response in mammals. Excerpt(s): U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,150,136 and 3,167,537 discloses, inter alia certain pyrazoloquinazolone carboxylic acids which are useful as intermediates for the preparation of dyestuffs. German Pat. No. 1,111,505 discloses substituted 2-carboxypyrazolo-[5,1-b]quinazolin-9(4H)-ones which are useful as photographic color developers. The references do not disclose any pharmaceutical utility for these acids, nor do they disclose the tetrazoles of the present invention. ... The invention also relates to a method of preventing the allergic response in a mammal which comprises administering to said mammal an anti-allergic effective amount of a compound of formula I and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. ... Other methods and reagents for converting carboxylic acids or esters into the corresponding tetrazoles will be familiar to those skilled in the art. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04261997__

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4H-quinolizin-4-one compounds useful for the treatment of allergic bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis atropic dermatitis and the like Inventor(s): Kurashina; Yoshikazu (Matsumoto, JP), Miyata; Hiroshi (Matsumoto, JP), Momose; Den-ichi (Matsumoto, JP) Assignee(s): Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (JP) Patent Number: 4,877,795 Date filed: January 25, 1988 Abstract: This invention provides novel 4H-quinolizin-4-one compounds which exhibit a selective inhibitory activity against IgE-antibody formation, and have utility for treatment of diseases associated with IgE formation in mammals, such as allergic bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, hypersensitiveness, and the like. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel quinolizinone derivatives having utility as therapeutic agents. More particularly, this invention provides 4H-quinolizin-4-one components which exhibit selective inhibitory activities relative to IgE-antibody formation, and which have properties suitable for application as drugs for diseases associated with IgE such as allergic bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, hypersensitiveness, and the like. ... Several classes of immunoglobulin(s) `(hereinafter referred to as Ig(s))` are well known as antibodies concerned with immune response. Most of the Igs, especially immunoglobulin G (hereinafter referred to as IgG) which is one class of Igs, play an important role in self-defense mechanisms in mammals against foreign substances such as viruses, bacteria, tumors, and the like. ... However, immunoglobulin E (hereinafter referred to as IgE) which is another class of Igs, has been confirmed to be primarily responsible for diseases such as an allergic bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, hypersensitiveness, and the like (Journal of Immunology, Vol. 10, pp 445, 1925, Journal of Immunology, Vol. 97, pp 75, 1966). It also has been confirmed that serum concentrations of IgE in most allergic patients suffering from those diseases in general are higher than those in normal ones. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04877795__

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A and D vitamins and their metabolites: A new treatment for seasonal allergic rhinitis and atopy Inventor(s): Buttz; Angelina Pinal (7736 Iroquois Dr., El Paso, TX 79912) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,187,764 Date filed: February 1, 1999 Abstract: The present invention discloses a method of treating seasonal allergic rhinitis by administering retinol and ergocalciferol to individuals suffering from a hypersensitive immunological response to an allergen. Permanent, long-term relief and prevention of the recurring symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis is provided by the dosages and treatment regimens described herein. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the field of immunology. More specifically, the present invention relates to seasonal allergic rhinitis and the use of vitamins A and D for treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. ... Seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR), commonly called hay fever, is a disease which was first described in ninth century Islamic and sixteenth century European texts. In Europe, the first case of hay

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fever was reported in 1595 (Emanuel, 1988). The actual cause of the symptoms in individual predisposed to hay fever was not suspected until 1833. That pollen plant was the sole cause of hay fever was proven experimentally in England in 1877. At about the same time, the pollen of Ambrosia artemisiaefolia, or common ragweed, was found to be the most active pollen which produced hay fever in America. ... Seasonal allergic rhinitis has now reached epidemic proportions. At the end of the nineteenth century in the United States alone, fifty thousand in a population of fifty million inhabitants suffer from seasonal allergic rhinitis. It is now the most common immunologic disorder in humans. Nearly one fifth of the inhabitants of the temperate zone are afflicted. Seasonal allergic rhinitis affects ten percent of children and twenty percent of adolescents and adults. The usual age of onset is between five and ten years and peaks between ten and twenty with males more often affected than females (Emanuel, M. B. Clinical Allergy, 18:295-304, 1988). In 1975, the United States National Health Survey reported twentyeight million restricted days and two million lost school days per year attributable to allergic rhinitis. Medical costs per year exceeded one billion dollars. With an increasing population and the rising costs of health care, it has become imperative to find an alternative approach for the treatment and prevention of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06187764__ ·

Abruquinone derivatives useful in the treatment of inflammation and allergic reactions Inventor(s): Kuo; Sheng-Chu (Taichung, TW), Chen; Sheng-Chih (Taichung, TW), Wu; Jin-Bin (Taichung, TW), Teng; Che-Hing (Taichung, TW), Wang; Jih-Pyang (Taichung, TW) Assignee(s): National Science Council (Taipei, TW) Patent Number: 5,856,352 Date filed: April 29, 1997 Abstract: Disclosed are methods of providing antiinflammatory activity and inhibiting allergic reaction by administering Abruquinones A, B, D, E, or F to a subject in need thereof. Excerpt(s): Cardiovascular diseases, especially the various forms of thrombosis, such as coronary, embolic, venous, and traumatic thrombosis, account for a large number of deaths per year. In fact, it is estimated by the American Heart Association that 54% of all deaths in the United States are attributed to cardiovascular disease. It is therefore important for us to be familiar with the physical, chemical, and clinical aspects of drugs used to treat these forms of thrombosis. Since it is believed that initiation of thrombus formation is dependent of platelet aggregation, inhibitors of platelet aggregation may be prototypes of drugs that can effectively combat thrombosis, which leads to heart attacks and stokes. It has prompted us to search for novel compounds possessing more potent inhibitive activity on platelet aggregation. ... On the other hand, rheumatic diseases are classified as chronic connective tissue diseases and belong to the complex group of active immunity inflammatory conditions. They may disable single or multiple organ systems of the body and affect approximately 20 million Americans. Therapy is not directed primarily to the inflammatory processes. The development of antiinflammatory drugs started with the use of salicylates at the end of the nineteenth century. Interest in the pyrazolones resulted in the discovery of phenylbutazone. The 1950's was the decade of the corticosteroids; this was followed by an effort to find potent non-steroidal substances that do not have the side effects of corticosteroids, which were culminated in

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the 1960's with indomethacin. More recently, many laboratories are engaged in the synthesis and evaluation of compounds belonging to different chemical classes. However, few attention is paid to plant constituents which may possess immunosuppressive nature. The present invention discloses the potent antiinflammatory property of the novel abruquinone derivatives determined by measuring the inhibitory activity on the release of B-glucuronidase, lysozyme, and superoxide from neutrophils induced by FMLP. ... The investigation of the contents of Hsiang-ssu-tzu (Abrus precatorius L.) was performed in some laboratories (Khaleque, A. et al., Sci. Res. 3, 203, 1996; Ghosal, S. et al., Phytochemistry, 10, 159, 1971; Chiang, T. C. et al., J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm., 20, 1197, 1982; Planta medica 49, 165, 1983). Abruquinone A, B, C were isolated for the first time from the roots of this plant by Lupi, A. et al., (Gazz. Chim. Ital., 109, 9, 1979). These authors have tried to synthesize Abruquinones A and B (Lupi, A. et al., Gazz. Chim. Ital., 110, 625, 1980). As to their biological activity, only one paper has described the inhibitory activity of Abruquinone A on the growth of Trypanosoma cruz and Crithidia fasciculata (Goijman, S. G. et al., Experientia, 41, 646, 1985). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05856352__ ·

Agent for the treatment of allergic reactions Inventor(s): Sedlacek; Hans-Herald (Marburg, DE), Seiler; Friedrich R. (Marburg, DE) Assignee(s): Behringwerke Aktiengesellschaft (Marburg, DE) Patent Number: 4,344,938 Date filed: October 23, 1979 Abstract: What are disclosed are a method for the prophylaxis and therapy of allergic reactions and an agent therefor, said agent containing immunoglobulins of class IgG or fragments thereof which have been immunologically modified in their Fc part. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an agent for the treatment of allergic reactions. ... In clinical practice the term "allergic reaction" is used for hyperergic syndromes which occur as a consequence of reactions between an antigen and an antibody (reaction of the immediate type) or between an antigen and an immune cell (reaction of the delayed type) (Heilmeyer: Innere Medizin, 3rd edition; vol. 2, pages 411 to 459; published by Springer, Berlin 1971). It is a feature common to all allergic reactions of the immediate type that they are produced by an immunological fixation of an antigen to specific immunoglobulins--so-called reagins. Said reagins belong predominantly, but not exclusively, to immunoglobulins of class E (IgE). The antigen is fixed via the variable portion (Fab part) of the immunoglobulin molecule. According to the present conception of allergy, the reagin is fixed by its constant portion not fixing antigen, i.e. the Fc part, to the so-called Fc-receptors, which are present at the membrane, of certain cells (for example mast cells or basophilic granulocytes). These receptors are specific for the reagin. After addition and after immunological fixing of the specific antigen to the reagin present at the membrane, mediator substances are set free from the mast cells and basophilic granulocytes. These mediator substances set free take a substantial part in producing the syndromes in allergic reactions. Thus, for example, after contact with the specific immunoglobulin of class E and the corresponding antigen, a number of substances are set free by the basophilic granulocytes and mast cells, namely heparin, histamine, serotonin, kinin, a slow-reacting substance A, a thrombocyte-activating factor (PAP) and a factor cytophilic for eosinophilic granulocytes, which cause the clinical syndromes of allergy. ... In the case of allergic

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reactions of the delayed type, specific antigens are fixed to immune cells, which also results in the setting-free of mediators and the development of inflammations. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04344938__ ·

Allergy test strip Inventor(s): McLernon, III; William J. (22-57 78th St., Astoria Heights, NY 11370) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,319,467 Date filed: April 19, 1994 Abstract: A single allergy test strip is used in determining if a person has allergic reactions to allergens. A perforated layer of non-allergenic material has an adhesive layer on a back side thereof. The perforated layer has a top side with at least one perforation extending from the top side through the material and through the back side adhesive layer. A multilayer pad of allergy test strips contains several test strips each having an adhesive perimeter around the back edges thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an allergy test strip for use in determining if a person has allergic reactions to allergens. ... It is known to test individuals for allergic reactions to various substances that produce these reactions and which are known as allergens. In the past, the testing protocols included applying to a selected area of the person's skin, one or more allergens and to determine what reaction, if any, did occur. Examples of these allergens include dust, mold spores, pollens (i.e., trees and grasses), foods, and insect bites. ... Occasionally the medical person conducting the testing loses track of the location for some of the various allergens previously applied to the skin of the person being tested. This places into jeopardy the accuracy of the tests being conducted. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06319467__

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Allergy testing apparatus Inventor(s): Baik; Jennifer J. (3000 W. Olympic Blvd. #203, Los Angeles, CA 90006) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,322,520 Date filed: July 3, 2000 Abstract: Allergy testing apparatus (10) includes a housing (18) with opposed parallel sidewalls (22, 24) and a pair of pressure plates (30, 32) located therebetween. The surfaces between each sidewall and adjacent pressure plate are configured into shallow openings (28, 36), each set of complementary facing shallow openings forming a cylindrical opening (35). Threaded bolt (38) on being advanced secures picks (12) within individual openings (35). In use, the entire assembly of picks (12) is lifted by the gripping bar (26) and simultaneously pressed against the patient's skin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to human allergy testing apparatus, and, more particularly, to such apparatus enabling multiple simultaneous skin puncturing testing. ... Diagnostic testing to determine which one or more substances a patient may have a particular sensitivity to, typically requires subcutaneously injecting a

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plurality of different biological agents at different test points on the patient. Subsequent examination of the various test sites will reveal to which substances, if any, the patient has a sensitivity or allergy. ... A widely available device for making a test injection is an elongated needle-like member having several spaced apart points. In use, the pointed end is first dipped into a biological substance or extract, and then the pointed end punctures the skin to locate the test biological into necessary reactive relation to the patient. On a sensitivity reaction occurring at the test site, the allergenic substance is accordingly identified. Exemplary of such needle-like test devices are the picks disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,193,794. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06322520__ ·

Allergy testing apparatus and method Inventor(s): Fishman; Henry (5173 Linnean Terr. NW., Washington, DC 20008), Johnson; Gary D. (New York, NY), Smith; Jeffrey G. (Arlington, VA), Holtz; Leonard (Oceanside, NY) Assignee(s): Fishman; Henry (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 5,097,810 Date filed: April 6, 1990 Abstract: An allergy testing apparatus for testing a patient for a plurality of allergies at the same time comprises an actuating member resiliently suspended from a frame member and which is movable relative to the frame member. A plurality of spaced apart substance sources are mounted in the frame member below the actuating member. A plurality of spaced apart needles or the like are mounted on the actuating member and extend in the same direction so as to pierce the respective substance sources during movement of the actuating member toward the skin of a patient to apply the substances to the skin of a patient. According to another feature of the invention, the device is shaped like a rotatable, drum-like device, having a plurality of layers. The needles or the like are covered over by a resilient layer, and substance containing means are mounted over the resilient layer and in registration with the respective needles. When the device is pressed against the skin of a patient, the resilient layer compresses, permitting the needles to pierce the substance containers to apply the substances to the skin of a patient. Adjustable length substance carrying means are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to allergy testing methods and apparatuses, and more specifically to improved methods and apparatuses for testing a patient for a plurality of allergies at substantially the same time. ... Allergy testing generally involves giving a patient a plurality of "prick or scratch" tests. Each prick or scratch test (hereinafter referred to as "test") is applied in order to determine whether or not a patient is allergic to a particular substance, such as pollen, animal dander, dust, foods, etc. A conventional test involves placing a drop of a test substance on the patient's skin and then using a needle to scratch the substance through the skin into a superficial layer of the skin. If a reaction occurs, the patient is generally considered to be allergic to the particular substance. Alternatively, allergy testing involves giving a patient a plurality of "intradermal" tests. Intradermal tests involve placing a small amount of a test substance into the dermis or deep skin layers, either by injection or puncture. ... At present, allergy testing is carried out on an individual basis. Each test substance is dropped, one drop at a time, on the patient's arm or back. Each drop is then individually pricked through the skin with a separate needle. Alternatively, each individual substance is injected or punctured into the intradermal or deep skin layer. Either process is a very time

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consuming process (for both the patient and the practitioner) and very often involves multiple office visits for the patient. This leads also to a substantial amount of patient discomfort, expense and inconvenience. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05097810__ ·

Allergy testing apparatus and method Inventor(s): Fishman; Henry (5173 Linnean Ter. NW., Washington, DC 20008), Johnson; Gary D. (New York, NY), Smith; Jeffrey T. (Arlington, VA), Holtz; Leonard (Oceanside, NY) Assignee(s): Fishman; Henry (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 5,139,029 Date filed: December 3, 1991 Abstract: An allergy testing apparatus for testing a patient for a plurality of allergies at the same time comprises an actuating member resiliently suspended from a frame member and which is movable relative to the frame member. A plurality of spaced apart substance sources are mounted in the frame member below the actuating member. A plurality of spaced apart needles or the like are mounted on the actuating member and extend in the same direction so as to pierce the respective substance sources during movement of the actuating member toward the skin of a patient to apply the substances to the skin of a patient. According to another feature of the invention, the device is shaped like a rotatable, drum-like device, having a plurality of layers. The needles or the like are covered over by a resilient layer, and substance containing means are mounted over the resilient layer and in registration with the respective needles. When the device is pressed against the skin of a patient, the resilient layer compresses, permitting the needles to pierce the substance containers to apply the substances to the skin of a patient. Adjustable length substance carrying means are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This is an improvement of my prior device shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,711,247, issued Dec. 8, 1987 and that disclosed in U.S. application Ser. Nos. 07/113,364, filed Oct. 21, 1987 and U.S. Ser. No. 07/339,863, filed Apr. 14, 1989. ... This invention relates to allergy testing methods and apparatuses, and more specifically to improved methods and apparatuses for testing a patient for a plurality of allergies at substantially the same time. ... Allergy testing generally involves giving a patient a plurality of "prick or scratch" tests Each prick or scratch test (hereinafter referred to as "test") is applied in order to determine whether or not a patient is allergic to a particular substance, such as pollen, animal dander, dust, foods, etc. A conventional test involves placing a drop of a test substance on the patient's skin and then using a needle to scratch the substance through the skin into a superficial layer of the skin. If a reaction occurs, the patient is generally considered to be allergic to the particular substance Alternatively, allergy testing involves giving a patient a plurality of "intradermal" tests. Intradermal tests involve placing a small amount of a test substance into the dermis or deep skin layers, either by injection or puncture. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05139029__

182 Allergies

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Allergy testing apparatus and method Inventor(s): Fishman; Henry (Washington, DC), Olshaker; Robert (San Diego, CA), Johnson; Gary (New York, NY) Assignee(s): Fishman; Henry (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 5,179,959 Date filed: October 29, 1991 Abstract: An allergy testing system, for testing a patient for a plurality of allergies at substantially the same time, comprises a housing containing a plurality of packages or capsules containing an allergen and a needle, the needles being spaced apart from each other. The needles preferably carry the respective allergens on their tips. The housing is placed against the skin of a patient and an actuator is operated to engage the packages to move the needles to pierce or prick the skin of the patient, thereby applying the respective allergens to the pierced or pricked skin of the patient. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to allergy testing methods and apparatuses for testing a patient for a plurality of allergies at substantially the same time. ... Allergy testing generally involves giving a patient a plurality of "prick tests." Each prick test is applied in order to determine whether or not a patient is allergic to a particular substance, such as pollen, animal dander, dust, foods, etc. A conventional prick test involves placing a drop of a test substance on the patient's skin and then using a needle to scratch the substance through the skin. If a reaction occurs, the patient is considered to be allergic to the particular substance. At present, allergy testing is carried out on an individual basis. Each test stubstance is dropped, one drop at a time, on the patient's arm or back. Each drop is then individually pricked through the skin with a separate needle. This is a very time consuming process (for both the patient and the practitioner) and very often involves multiple office visits for the patient This leads also to a substantial amount of patient discomfort, expense, and inconvenience. ... The object of the present invention is to provide improved apparatuses and methods for testing patients for allergic reactions to a plurality of substances, all at substantially the same time. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05179959__

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Allergy testing apparatus with variably spaced test testing sites Inventor(s): Fishman; Henry (5173 Linnean Terrace N.W., Washington, DC 20008) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,735,288 Date filed: September 30, 1996 Abstract: An allergy testing technique for testing a patient for a plurality of substances includes a first member having a plurality of pik engaging portions arranged for selectively engaging respective piks for pricking or piercing the skin of a patient in use. A resilient compressible member is coupled to the first member for controlling a downward movement distance of the first member and for consequently controlling a downward movement distance of the piks. A well tray has a plurality of receptacles for receiving substances for which a patient is to be tested. The first member with the piks engaged thereon, is engageable with the well tray for causing the piks to contact substances in respective associated receptacles, the first member being thereafter removed from the well tray. The first member is then placed against the skin of a patient

Patents 183

and is pressed downwardly (either straight down or with a rocking motion) against the skin of the patient to compress the compressible member and to cause the piks to contact the skin of the patient and to apply the substances at respective spaced apart positions on the skin of the patient. The first member preferably has a plurality of openings therein for selectively receiving elongated pik members in the openings. The first member also has indicia thereon for uniquely identifying the openings, and the well tray receptacles are similarly uniquely identified with indicia. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to allergy testing apparatus and methods, and more specifically to improved apparatus and methods for testing a patient for a plurality of allergies at substantially the same time, and which enables a practitioner to variably space the testing sites on the skin of a patient with great convenience. ... Various allergy testing devices for simultaneously testing a patient for a number of substances substantially at the same time are known, from, for example, prior U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,711,247; 5,027,826; 5,154,181; 5,076,282; 5,097,810; and 5,139,029. An object of the present invention is to provide a further improved apparatus and method for testing patients for allergic reactions to a plurality of substances, all at substantially the same time, and which allows varying the spacing between testing sites on the skin of a patient in a simple and convenient manner, while also using a simplified structural arrangement for the testing device. The invention reduces the time required for testing, enables the practitioner to have complete freedom of choice of substances used in the tests and spacing between the testing substances, and minimizes patient discomfort, expense and inconvenience, thereby improving efficiency and improving the overall testing procedure. ... Yet another object of the invention, is to provide a system having disposable needles or "piks" which are low in cost and which are easily used, and wherein the system eliminates the risk of cross-contamination and spread of infectious diseases. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05735288__ ·

Allergy testing apparatus with variably spaced test using sites Inventor(s): Fishman; Henry (5173 Linnean Ter. NW., Washington, DC 20008) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,588,441 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: An allergy testing technique for testing a patient for a plurality of substances includes a first member having a plurality of pik engaging portions arranged for selectively engaging respective piks for pricking or piercing the skin of a patient in use. A resilient compressible member is coupled to the first member for controlling a downward movement distance of the first member and for consequently controlling a downward movement distance of the piks. A well tray has a plurality of receptacles for receiving substances for which a patient is to be tested. The first member with the piks engaged thereon, is engageable with the well tray for causing the piks to contact substances in respective associated receptacles, the first member being thereafter removed from the well tray. The first member is then placed against the skin of a patient and is pressed downwardly (either straight down or with a rocking motion) against the skin of the patient to compress the compressible member and to cause the piks to contact the skin of the patient and to apply the substances at respective spaced apart positions on the skin of the patient. The first member preferably has a plurality of openings therein for selectively receiving elongated pik members in the openings. The

184 Allergies

first member also has indicia thereon for uniquely identifying the openings, and the well tray receptacles are similarly uniquely identified with indicia. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to allergy testing apparatus and methods, and more specifically to improved apparatus and methods for testing a patient for a plurality of allergies at substantially the same time, and which enables a practitioner to variably space the testing sites on the skin of a patient with great convenience. ... Various allergy testing devices for simultaneously testing a patient for a number of substances substantially at the same time are known, from, for example, prior U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,711,247; 5,027,826; 5,154,181; 5,076,282; 5,097,010; and 5,139,029. An object of the present invention is to provide a further improved apparatus and method for testing patients for allergic reactions to a plurality of substances, all at substantially the same time, and which allows varying the spacing between testing sites on the skin of a patient in a simple and convenient manner, while also using a simplified structural arrangement for the testing device. The invention reduces the time required for testing, enables the practitioner to have complete freedom of choice of substances used in the tests and spacing between the testing substances, and minimizes patient discomfort, expense and inconvenience, thereby improving efficiency and improving the overall testing procedure. ... Yet another object of the invention, is to provide a system having disposable needles or "piks" which are low in cost and which are easily used, and wherein the system eliminates the risk of cross-contamination and spread of infectious diseases. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05588441__ ·

Allergy testing method and apparatus Inventor(s): Fishman; Henry (5173 Linnean Ter., N.W., Washington, DC 20008) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,027,826 Date filed: March 29, 1990 Abstract: An allergy testing method and apparatus for testing a patient for a plurality of allergies at substantially the same time, comprises a carrier for receiving a plurality of allergen applying devices, each allergen applying device including a source of an allergen and a movable pricking needle which is movable from an inactive position out of contact with the skin of a patient to an active position for pricking the skin of a patient and applying its associated allergen to the pricked skin when moved from the inactive position to the active position. The carrier holds and supports the plurality of allergen applying devices with a given spacing between each of the pricking needles, and an actuator is coupled to the carrier for moving the pricking needles from their inactive positions to their active positions to prick or pierce the skin of a patient and to thereby apply a respective allergen to the skin of the patient via the pricking needles. Excerpt(s): U.S. application Ser. No. 07/532,239 filed 5/29/90, allowed, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 07/113,364, filed Oct. 21, 1987, abandoned filed concurrently in the names of Henry Fishman (the sole inventor in the present Application) and Robert Olshaker. ... This invention relates to allergy testing methods and apparatuses, and more specifically to improved apparatuses and methods for testing a patient for a plurality of allergies at substantially the same time. ... Allergy testing generally involves giving a patient a plurality of "prick tests." Each prick test is applied in order to determine whether or not a patient is allergic to a particular substance, such as pollen, animal

Patents 185

dander, dust, foods, etc. A conventional prick test involves placing a drop of a test substance on the patient's skin and then using a needle to scratch the substance through the skin. If a reaction occurs, the patient is considered to be allergic to the particular substance. At present, allergy testing is carried out on an individual basis. Each test substance is dropped, one drop at a time, on the patient's arm or back. Each drop is then individually pricked through the skin with a separate needle. This is a very time consuming process (for both the patient and the practitioner) and very often involves multiple office visits for the patient. This leads also to a substantial amount of patient discomfort, expense, and inconvenience. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05027826__ ·

Allergy testing method and apparatus Inventor(s): Fishman; Henry (5173 Linnean Ter. NW., Washington, DC 20008) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,154,181 Date filed: April 15, 1991 Abstract: An allergy testing method and apparatus for testing a patient for a plurality of allergies at substantially the same time, comprises a carrier for receiving a plurality of allergen applying devices, each allergen applying device including a source of an allergen and a movable pricking needle which is movable from an inactive position out of contact with the skin of a patient to an active position for pricking the skin of a patient and applying its associated allergen to the pricked skin when moved from the inactive position to the active position. The carrier holds and supports the plurality of allergen applying devices with a given spacing between each of the pricking needles, and an actuator is coupled to the carrier for moving the pricking needles from their inactive positions to their active positions to prick or pierce the skin of a patient and to thereby apply a respective allergen to the skin of the patient via the pricking needles. Excerpt(s): U.S. application Ser. No. 06/853748, filed Apr. 18, 1986 in the names of Henry Fishman (the sole inventor in the present application) and Robert Olshaker. Ser. No. 06/853,748 was abandoned in favor of continuation-in-part application Ser. No. 07/113,364 filed Oct. 27, 1987, which was abandoned in favor of continuation application Ser. No. 07/532,239, filed May 29, 1990, which was abandoned in favor of Continuation Application Ser. No. 07/626,236, filed Dec. 11, 1990 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,076,282). ... This invention relates to allergy testing methods and apparatuses, and more specifically to improved apparatuses and methods for testing a patient for a plurality of allergies at substantially the same time. ... Allergy testing generally involves giving a patient a plurality of "prick tests." Each prick test is applied in order to determine whether or not a patient is allergic to a particular substance, such as pollen, animal dander, dust, foods, etc. A conventional prick test involves placing a drop of a test substance on the patient's skin and then using a needle to scratch the substance through the skin. If a reaction occurs, the patient is considered to be allergic to the particular substance. At present, allergy testing is carried out on an individual basis. Each test substance is dropped, one drop at a time, on the patient's arm or back. Each drop is then individually pricked through the skin with a separate needle. This is a very time consuming process (for both the patient and the practitioner) and very often involves multiple office visits for the patient. This leads also to a substantial amount of patient discomfort, expense, and inconvenience.

186 Allergies

Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05154181__ ·

Allergy testing method and apparatus Inventor(s): Fishman; Henry (5173 Linnean Ter., NW., Washington, DC 20008) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,335,670 Date filed: August 17, 1992 Abstract: An allergy testing method and apparatus for testing a patient for a plurality of allergies at substantially the same time, comprises a carrier for receiving a plurality of allergen applying devices, each allergen applying device including a source of an allergen and a movable pricking needle which is movable from an inactive position out of contact with the skin of a patient to an active position for pricking the skin of a patient and applying its associated allergen to the pricked skin when moved from the inactive position to the active position. The carrier holds and supports the plurality of allergen applying devices with a given spacing between each of the pricking needles, and an actuator is coupled to the carrier for moving the pricking needles from their inactive positions to their active positions to prick or pierce the skin of a patient and to thereby apply a respective allergen to the skin of the patient via the pricking needles. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to allergy testing methods and apparatuses, and more: specifically to improved apparatuses end methods for testing a patient for a plurality of allergies at substantially the same time. ... Allergy testing generally involves giving a patient a plurality of "prick tests." Each prick test is applied in order to determine whether or not a patient is allergic to a particular substance, such as pollen, animal dander, dust, foods, etc. A conventional prick test involves placing a drop of a test substance on the patient's skin and then using a needle to scratch the substance through the skin. If a reaction occurs, the patient is considered to be allergic to the particular substance. At present, allergy testing is carried out on an individual basis. Each test substance is dropped, one drop at a time, on the patient's arm or back. Each drop is then individually pricked through the skin with a separate needle. This is a very time consuming process (for both the patient and the practitioner) and very often involves multiple office visits for the patient. This leads also to a substantial amount of patient discomfort, expense, and inconvenience. ... An object of the present invention is to provide improved apparatuses and methods for testing patients for allergic reactions to a plurality of substances, all at substantially the same time. The invention will reduce the time required for testing, minimizing patient discomfort, expense and inconvenience, and improving productivity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05335670__

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Aniline disulfide derivatives for treating allergic diseases Inventor(s): Hellberg; Mark R. (Arlington, TX), Feng; Zixia (Arlington, TX), Miller; Steven T. (Arlington, TX) Assignee(s): Alcon Universal Ltd. (Hunenberg, CH) Patent Number: 6,452,052 Date filed: January 31, 2002

Patents 187

Abstract: Methods and compositions for preventing or treating allergic diseases of the eye, nose, skin, ear, gastrointestinal tract, airways or lung and preventing or treating manifestations of systemic mastocytosis are disclosed. The compositions contain a mast cell stabilizing disulfide derivative as an active ingredient. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the treatment of allergic diseases. More particularly, the present invention relates to therapeutic and prophylactic use of certain disulfide derivatives for treating or preventing allergic diseases. ... Antihistamines and mast cell stabilizers are two types of drugs currently used topically to treat allergic diseases. Antihistamine drugs are used to interrupt the allergic effects that histamine causes after it has been released from a mast cell. Many topical antihistamine drugs are marketed. For example, emedastine difumarate and levocabastine hydrochloride are available for ocular allergies (see Ophthalmic Drug Facts 1999, Facts and Comparisons, St. Louis, Mo., pp. 59-80). ... Mast cell stabilizers prevent mast cells from "degranulating" or releasing histamine and other components or "mediators" during an allergic reaction. Examples of ophthalmic drugs marketed as mast cell stabilizers include olopatadine (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,805) and cromolyn sodium. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06452052__ ·

Anti-allergic bicyclic piperidinamines

heterocyclyl-containing

N-(bicyclic

heterocyclyl)-4-

Inventor(s): Janssens; Frans E. (Bonheiden, BE), Torremans; Joseph L. G. (Beerse, BE), Hens; Jozef F. (Nijlen, BE) Assignee(s): Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V. (Beerse, BE) Patent Number: 5,126,339 Date filed: March 19, 1991 Abstract: Bicyclic heterocyclyl containing N-(bicyclic heterocyclyl)-4-piperidinamines having antihistaminic and serotonin-antagonistic properties which compounds are useful agents in the treatment of allergic diseases. Excerpt(s): The compounds of the present invention differ from the prior art compounds essentially by the nature of the 1-piperidinyl substituent and by the fact that the compounds of the present invention are not only potent histamine-antagonists but also potent serotonin-antagonists. ... wherein Ar.sup.1 is a member selected from the group consisting of phenyl, being optionally substituted with up to three substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, lower alkyl, lower alkyloxy, lower alkylthio, mercapto, amino, monoand di(lower alkyl)amino, carboxyl, lower alkyloxycarbonyl and lower alkyl--CO--; thienyl; halothienyl; furanyl; lower alkyl substituted furanyl; pyridinyl; pyrazinyl; thiazolyl and imidazolyl optionally substituted by lower alkyl; and wherein Ar.sup.2 is a member selected from the group consisting of phenyl being optionally substituted with up to three substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, lower alkyl, lower alkyloxy, lower alkylthio, mercapto, amino, mono- and di(lower alkyl)amino, carboxyl, lower alkyloxycarbonyl and (lower alkyl)--CO. ... As used in the foregoing definitions the term halo is generic to fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo; the term "lower alkyl" is meant to include straight and branch chained saturated hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms such as, for example, methyl, ethyl, 1-methylethyl, 1,1-dimethylethyl, propyl, 2-methylpropyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl and the like; "alkyl" is meant to include

188 Allergies

lower alkyl radicals, as defined hereinabove, and the higher homologs thereof having from 7 to 10 carbon atoms; the term "cycloalkyl" is generic to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl; and "lower alkanediyl" is meant to include bivalent straight or branch chained alkanediyl radicals having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05126339__ ·

Anti-allergic composition containing zwitterionic bicyclic compounds Inventor(s): Blythin; David J. (North Caldwell, NJ), Shue; Ho-Jane (Pine Brook, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (Kenilworth, NJ) Patent Number: 4,782,067 Date filed: July 22, 1987 Abstract: Zwitterionic bicyclic compounds are disclosed which are useful as antiallergic, anti-inflammatory and/or cytoprotective agents and in the treatment of hyperproliferative skin disease. Pharmaceutical compositions and methods of treatment employing such compounds are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to certain zwitterionic bicyclic compounds and to pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use employing such compounds. ... An article by Bowman et al. entitled "The Synthesis of Some Dialkylamino-2-quinolones," Journal of the Chemical Society, pp. 1350-1353 (1964), discloses certain 1-alkyl-3dialkylamino-4-hydroxy-2-quinolones. Mentioned in this article are 3-dimethylamino-4hydroxy-1-phenyl-2-quinolone and 1-benzyl-3 dimethylamino-4hydroxy-2-quinolone. No utility is mentioned in the article for such compounds. ... Certain other 3-amino substituted quinolones are disclosed in Kappe et al., Monatshefte fur Chemie, 99, pp. 2157-2166 (1968); Merchant et al., Curr. Sci., 49(1), pp. 20-21 (1980); and Wittmann et al. Z. Naturforsch., B: Anorg. Chem., Org. Chem., 33B(12), pp. 1540-1546 (1978). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04782067__

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Anti-allergic esters, acetal ethers, thioethers and nitrogen substituted derivatives of bicyclic compounds Inventor(s): Blythin; David J. (North Caldwell, NJ), Shue; Ho-Jane (Pine Brook, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (Kenilworth, NJ) Patent Number: 4,902,693 Date filed: July 22, 1988 Abstract: Esters, acetal ethers, thioethers and nitrogen substituted derivatives of certain bicyclic compounds are disclosed which are useful as anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and/or cytoprotective agents and in treatment of hyperproliferative skin disease. Pharmaceutical compositions and methods of treatment employing such compounds are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to esters, acetal ethers, thioethers and nitrogen substituted derivatives of certain bicyclic compounds and to pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use employing such compounds. ... An article by Bowman et al. entitled "The Synthesis of Some Dialkylamino-2-quinolones," Journal of the Chemical Society, pp. 3350-3353 (1964), discloses certain 1-alkyl-3-dialkylamino-4-

Patents 189

hydroxy-2-quinolones. Mentioned in this article are 3-dimethylamino-4-hydroxy-1phenyl-2-quinolone and 1-benzyl-3 dimethylamino-4-hydroxy-2-quinolone. No utility is mentioned in the article for such compounds. ... Certain other 3-amino substituted quinolones are disclosed in Kappe et al., Monatshefte fur Chemie, 99, pp. 2157-2166 (1968); Merchant et al., Curr. Sci., 49(1), pp. 20-21 (1980); and Wittmann et al. Z. Naturforsch., B: Anorg. Chem., Org. Chem., 33B(12), pp. 1540-1546 (1978). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04902693__ ·

Anti-allergic extract Inventor(s): Grossman; Shlomo (Ramat-Gan, IL), Reznik; Rina (Raanana, IL), Altman; David (Ramat-Gan, IL) Assignee(s): Bar-Ilan University (Ramat-Gan, IL) Patent Number: 5,049,380 Date filed: May 2, 1989 Abstract: The present invention describes a novel material which is extractable from plants of the order Malvales and which demonstrates anti-allergic activity. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to water-extractable plant materials having antiallergic activity, a process for preparing them and pharmaceutical compositions containing them. More specifically, this invention relates to a material isolated from a plant of the order Malvales, which material is characterized by its anti-allergic activity. ... The development of allergy in a patient is a complex process. Allergic responses may be effected by antibodymediated (immediate) hypersensitivity, or cell-mediated (delayed) hypersensitivity or a combination of both. Immediate type, or Type I, hypersensitivity reactions result when immunologlobulin E ("IgE") antibodies bind to mast cells or basophils and an allergan (or antigen) binds to that antibody, thus perturbing the cell membrane and triggering a calcium ion influx across the membrane. Microtubule formation and movement of granules to the cell membrane leads to fusion of granule and plasma membrane (degranulation) and release of granule-associated mediators into the intercellular space. ... Changes in the cell membrane associated with cell activation, i.e., the calcium influx, activates mast cells both to degranulate and to activate phospholipase A, in parallel. Degranulation releases histamines and hydrolytic enzymes into the system. Activated phospholipase A.sub.2 hydrolyzes free arachidonic acid, a fatty acid, which then acts as a substrate for two enzyme systems which form the mediators; for example, leukotrienes and prostaglanins. Prostaglandin A.sub.2 and thromboxane A.sub.2 (cyclo-oxygenase pathway), and SRS (which is leukotriene LTC.sub.4 +LTD.sub.4) and chemotactic LTB.sub.4 (lipoxygenase pathway) are among the newly synthesized products which result from the metabolysis of the acid. An alternative route independent of phospholipase A.sub.2 is believed to lead to the production of histamine, proteolytic enzymes, heparin and chemotactic factors. Of the products of these processes, at least histamine and/or leukotrienes are believed to mediate allergic diseases 5-lipoxygenase acts as a catalyst in the hydrolysis of aracidonic acid to form leukotrienes. Leukotrienes are mediators which are far more active than histamine or prostaglandins. These mediators have potent contractile effects on the respiratory tract. Sneezing and respiratory problems are caused by contractions of smooth muscle of the respiratory tract. Other symptoms are a result of inflammation caused by increased vascular permeability and the attraction of leukocytes. The metabolism of arachidonic acid has been suggested as part of the mechanism of other

190 Allergies

diseases, i e., rheumatism and psoriasis. 5-lipoxygenase activity may affect these conditions, as well as inflammatory responses. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05049380__ ·

Anti-allergic five membered heterocyclic ring containing N-(bicyclic heterocycyl)-4piperidinamines Inventor(s): Janssens; Frans E. (Bonheiden, BE), Torremans; Joseph L. G. (Beerse, BE), Hens; Jozef F. (Nijlen, BE), Van Offenwert; Theophilus T. J. M. (Vosselaar, BE) Assignee(s): Janssen Pharmaceutica, N.V. (Beerse, BE) Patent Number: 4,634,704 Date filed: June 27, 1984 Abstract: Five membered heterocyclic ring containing N-(bicyclic heterocyclyl)-4piperidinamines having histamine and serotonine antagonistic activity which compounds are useful agents in the treatment of allergic diseases. Excerpt(s): The compounds of the present invention differ from the prior art compounds essentially by the nature of the 1-piperidinyl substituent and by the fact that the compounds of the present invention are not only potent histamine-antagonists but also potent serotonin-antagonists. ... wherein Ar.sup.1 is a member selected from the group consisting of phenyl, being optionally substituted with up to three substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, lower alkyl, lower alkyloxy, lower alkylthio, mercapto, amino, monoand di(lower alkyl)amino, carboxyl, lower alkyloxycarbonyl and lower alkyl--CO--; thienyl; halothienyl; furanyl; lower alkyl substituted furanyl; pyridinyl; pyrazinyl; thiazolyl and imidazolyl optionally substituted by lower alkyl; and wherein Ar.sup.2 is a member selected from the group consisting of phenyl being optionally substituted with up to three substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, lower alkyl , lower alkyloxy, lower alkylthio, mercapto, amino, mono- and di(lower alkyl)amino, carboxyl, lower alkyloxycarbonyl and (lower alkyl)--CO. ... As used in the foregoing definitions the term halo is generic to fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo; the term "lower alkyl" is meant to include straight and branch chained saturated hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms such as, for example, methyl, ethyl, 1-methylethyl, 1,1-dimethylethyl, propyl, 2-methylpropyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl and the like; "alkyl" is meant to include lower alkyl radicals, as defined hereinabove, and the higher homologs thereof having from 7 to 10 carbon atoms; the term "cycloalkyl" is generic to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl; and "lower alkanediyl" is meant to include bivalent straight or branch chained alkanediyl radicals having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04634704__

Patents 191

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Anti-allergic methods using pyrazolo(1,5-A)pyridines Inventor(s): Irikura; Tsutomu (Tokyo, JP), Nishino; Keigo (Oomiya, JP), Nagatsu; Yoshio (Koga, JP) Assignee(s): Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 4,654,349 Date filed: March 7, 1984 Abstract: The present invention concerns the pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine derivatives which are antiallergic agents, referred to as SRS-A release inhibitors, and useful for treatmetn of allergic diseases. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with certain novel pyrazolo[1,5a]pyridine derivatives which are useful for treatment of allergic diseases, and with compositions containing them. ... It is known that chemical mediators are released from certain cells such as mast cells in response to antigen-antibody reaction and induce allergic disordors. The mediators, histamine and SRS-A (slow reacting substance of anaphlaxis), involved in immediate allergic reaction are of importance to medicinal chemists and the SRS-A is particulary noted in allergic asthma. ... Accordingly, most major companies have attempted to develop allergic mediator release inhibitors or antagonists against the mediators for treatment of allergic diseases. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04654349__

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Anti-allergic pharmaceutical composition for ophthalmic topical administration Inventor(s): Ohmori; Hitoshi (Okayama, JP), Ogawa; Takahiro (Nishinomiya, JP), Tokumochi; Fuminori (Kobe, JP), Okumura; Atsushi (Nishinomiya, JP) Assignee(s): Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd (Tokyo, JP), Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 5,475,033 Date filed: May 12, 1994 Abstract: The present invention provides an anti-allergic pharmaceutical composition for ophthalmic topical administration comprising an IgE antibody production inhibitor as an active ingredient. The present invention also provides a process for producing an anti-allergic pharmaceutical composition for ophthalmic topical administration, which comprises mixing an IgE antibody production inhibitor with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an anti-allergic pharmaceutical composition for ophthalmic topical administration. Specifically, the present invention relates to an anti-allergic pharmaceutical composition for ophthalmic topical administration comprising an IgE antibody production inhibitor. ... Allergic reactions include four types of reactions, i.e., types I, II, III and IV. The type I (immediate-type, anaphylactic) allergic reaction is associated with immunogiobulin E (hereinafter referred to as an IgE antibody). The reaction steps can be divided roughly into the following three steps. The first step is a sensitization step involving IgE antibody production and binding of the resulting IgE antibodies to mast cells or basophils. The second step involves degranulation of the mast cells or basophils and release of chemical mediators. The third step involves onset of effects of the released chemical mediators on the target organs. Thus, the type I allergic reaction against foreign antigens leads to onset of symptoms

192 Allergies

through the above reaction steps. ... Only symptomatic treatments by inhibiting the above second and/or third reaction steps have been carried out to treat allergic diseases. That is, the treatments are carried out by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators accompanying the degranulation and/or by inhibiting allergic reactions induced by the released chemical mediators. These symptomatic treatments have been known to be effective not only in systemic administration of antiallergic agents but also in topical administration of them to eyes or the like. However, the effects of the treatments are limited because the treatments do not inhibit IgE antibody production which is the basic first step of the type I allergic reaction. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05475033__ ·

Anti-allergic-3-carboxy-isocoumarin compositions and methods of use Inventor(s): Buckle; Derek Richard (Redhill, EN), Cantello; Barrie Christian Charles (Horsham, EN), Smith; Harry (Maplehurst, near Horsham, EN) Assignee(s): Beecham Group Limited (EN) Patent Number: 3,975,535 Date filed: September 30, 1974 Abstract: 3-Carboxyisocoumarins, 2-thiaisocoumarins and related isocarbostyrils are useful anti-allergic agents. Several of these compounds are novel, and a process for their preparation is provided. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compositions which are useful in the inhibition of the effects of certain types of antigen-antibody reactions and are therefore of value in the prophylaxis and treatment of diseases associated with allergic or immunological reactions, e.g. certain types of asthma and hay fever, and also in the treatment of rhinitis. A number of the compounds comprising these compositions are novel, and a method for their preparation is provided. ... or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in which formula X is O, S, or NH, R is hydrogen or an alkyl group; R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 are independently hydrogen or alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclic, halogen, carboxylic acid groups or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or amide derivatives of carboxylic acid groups, or acyloxy groups, and any two of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 taken together may represent the residue of a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring system, have useful activity in mammals in that they inhibit the effects of certain types of antigen-antibody reactions. In particular, they appear to inhibit the release of mediator substances, such as histamine, which are normally released after antigen-antibody combinations and which appear to mediate the allergic response. ... 1. Boll. Sedute Acad. Gioenia Sci. Nat. Catania, (1960), 6, 625, F. Duro and P. Condorelli. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03975535__

Patents 193

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Anti-asthmatic, anti-allergic, anti-cholinergic, bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory 1-[(benzoylphenyl)-lower-alkyl]piperidines and analogs thereof Inventor(s): Zenitz; Bernard L. (Rensselaer, NY) Assignee(s): Sterling Drug Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,339,576 Date filed: August 24, 1981 Abstract: 1-[(3- or 4-Benzoylphenyl)-lower-alkyl]-[(CH.sub.2).sub.n --N.dbd.B]substituted-piperidines, useful as anti-asthmatic, anti-allergic, anti-cholinergic, bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory agents, are prepared by alkylation of an appropriate substituted piperidine with a (3- or 4-benzoylphenyl)-lower-alkyl halide or tosylate; by reaction of a 1-[2-(3- or 4-lithiophenyl)-lower-alkyl]-[(CH.sub.2).sub.n -N.dbd.B]-substituted-piperidine with benzonitrile and hydrolysis of the resulting benzimidoyl compound; or by reduction of a 1-[.alpha.-(3- or 4-benzoylphenyl)-loweralkanoyl]-[(CH.sub.2).sub.n --N.dbd.B]-substituted-piperidine. The analogous carbinols are prepared by reduction, with an alkali metal borohydride, of the ketone. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to 1-[(3- or 4-benzoylphenyl)-lower-alkyl][(CH.sub.2).sub.n --N.dbd.B]-substituted-piperidines and analogs thereof, useful as antiasthmatic, anti-allergic, anti-cholinergic, bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory agents; to certain 1-[.alpha.-(3-or 4-benzoylphenyl)-lower-alkanoyl]-[(CH.sub.2).sub.n -N.dbd.B]-substituted-piperidines, useful as intermediates for the preparation of the former, certain species of the former also being useful as analgesics and certain species of the latter being useful also as anti-inflammatory agents; and to certain 1-[(3- or 4halophenyl)-lower-alkyl]-[(CH.sub.2) n--N.dbd.B]-substituted-piperidine which are also useful as intermediates for preparing the final products. ... British Pat. No. 1,508,391 discloses certain 1-[(3-benzoylphenyl)-lower-alkyl]piperidines, which are either unsubstituted in the piperidine ring or which are substituted by various hydrocarbon groups and which are disclosed as being useful as anti-inflammatory agents. ... French Pat. No. 1,549,342, delivre Nov. 4, 1968, discloses certain 4(benzoylphenylmethyl)morpholines useful as anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic agents. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04339576__

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Apparatus for examining electrochemical effects of in vivo metal implants causing allergic symptoms and/or inflammation in a living organism Inventor(s): Vukan; Gyorgy (Budapest, HU), Vass; Zoltan (Budapest, HU), Krisko ; Zoltan (Budapest, HU), Kiss; Laszlo (Budapest, HU), Sziraki; Laura (Budapest, HU), Varsanyi; Magda Lakatosne (Budapest, HU) Assignee(s): Dentimpex Kft. (HU) Patent Number: 5,978,692 Date filed: February 10, 1998 Abstract: An apparatus for examining the electrochemical effects of (in vivo) metal implants causing allergic symptoms and/or inflamation in living organism, the apparatus containing two probes and a signal processing circuit connected thereto. One of the probes is a reference electrode (1) provided with reference electrolyte (34), which is connected to the soma tissue near the implant while the other probe is a measuring

194 Allergies

electrode (2) provided with a metal contact tip (6) to be contacted with the implant. The reference electrode (1) and the measuring electrode (2) are connected through an amplifier (20, 27) to one of the inputs of a comparing unit (22, 28). The other input of the comparing unit (22, 28) is connected the output of a memory (24, 30) containing data concerning the metal to be examined, and one of the outputs of the comparing unit (22, 28) is connected the display for the measured data (11). Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an apparatus for examining the electrochemical effects of in vivo metal implants causing allergic symptoms and/or inflammation in a living organism. ... Recent research has demonstrated that metal implants in living organism can cause allergic symptoms as a result of ionic migration from the metal alloys implanted in vivo toward the living tissues. These migrated ions easily connect to protein bodies at the temperature of the human body. As a result, in the organism already implanted with metal, allergic symptoms can appear, i.e. local or long-distance mucosal and cutaneous reactions, eczema, dermatitis, dermatosis, etc. Under certain circumstances, this effect can cause extraordinary serious altercations, and the risk exists until the anaphylactogemic factor, i.e. the metal implants which can be dental prosthesis, filling of a tooth, screw, nail, etc., is removed from the organism. ... It has been found in practice that during the application of the mentioned known apparatus, the ion migration causing the harmful effects cannot be explored to the extent necessary. During the application, it has been also demonstrated that the measured values cannot be reproduced consistently, and that the measurements obtained are influenced by numerous parameters and by chance as well. Also, the measuring unit is embedded in a relatively large instrument case, so that its application becomes difficult. A further problem is that more than one person is required to perform the measurement, to accomplish suitable location of the probes and their connection, and for reading the measured values on the instrument. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05978692__ ·

Apparatus for treatment of the common cold and allergic rhinitis Inventor(s): Lwoff; Andre (Paris, FR), Yerushalmi; Aaron (Rehovot, IL), Cohen; Irun R. (Rehovot, IL), Moshe; Gideon B. (Rishon Le Zion, IL), Pennell; Jack (Sutton Coldfield, GB2) Assignee(s): Yeda Research & Dev., Co., Ltd. (Rehovot, IL) Patent Number: 4,369,777 Date filed: May 8, 1981 Abstract: Apparatus for delivering a stream of heated humidified air to the nasal mucosa for treatment of the common cold or allergic rhinitis comprising a container adapted to contain water, apparatus for producing a supply of air under pressure, pressurizing apparatus for applying at least a part of the supply of air under pressure to the container for causing a pressurized flow of water to issue therefrom, a remote outlet member receiving at least a portion of the supply of air under pressure and the pressurized flow of water from the pressurizing apparatus and the producing apparatus via a flexible conduit, the outlet member comprising apparatus for heating at least a portion of the supply of air and apparatus for supplying the pressurized flow of water to the supply of air after heating thereof for providing a humidified heated stream of air. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to apparatus for medical treatment generally and more particularly to apparatus for treatment of ailments associated with the nasal

Patents 195

mucosa, such as the common cold, (viral rhinitis) and allergic rhinitis. ... The present invention seeks to provide apparatus for producing a stream of heated and humidified air to the nasal mucosa for the treatment of viral rhinitis and allergic rhinitis. ... Therefore, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided apparatus for delivering a stream of heated and humidified air comprising a container adapted to contain water, apparatus for producing a supply of air under pressure; apparatus for heating at least a part of the supply of air and providing a stream of heated air; apparatus for applying at least a part of the supply of air under pressure to the container for causing a pressurized flow of water to issue therefrom and apparatus for combining the pressurized flows of water and heated air. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04369777__ ·

Arachidonic acid analogues as anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic agents Inventor(s): Nelson; Peter H. (Los Altos, CA) Assignee(s): Syntex (U.S.A.) Inc. (Palo Alto, CA) Patent Number: 4,497,827 Date filed: August 30, 1982 Abstract: Novel compounds of this invention are tetrazole, acylhydroxylamine, hydroxymethylketone and amide derivatives of unsaturated fatty acids which are selective inhibitors of the enzymes lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase involved in the production of pain, inflammation, bronchoconstriction and allergic reactions. These compounds are beneficial in the treatment of a number of inflammatory and/or painful conditions and allergic reactions. Excerpt(s): This invention concerns novel tetrazole, acylhydroxylamine, hydroxymethylketone and amide derivatives of unsaturated fatty acids and, where applicable, their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, their use in the prevention and treatment of inflammatory processes, pain and allergic reactions, and pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds and methods of their preparation. ... Arachidonic acid is the biological precursor of such pro-inflammatory agents as prostaglandins and leucotrienes, or the platelet aggregation inducers thromboxanes. Compounds of this invention show selective inhibitory activity on the enzymes involved in the metabolic synthetic pathways of prostaglandins, leucotrienes or thromboxanes. These compounds will be beneficial in the prevention or treatment of inflammatory and painful disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, or in the prevention or treatment of disorders of allergic origin, such as bronchospasm in asthma. ... Those compounds closest in structure to those of the present invention are 2-descarboxy-2(tetrazol-5-yl) prostaglandins disclosed in Dutch Pat. No. NL-7,211,860Q; N(hydroxyalkyl) aliphatic amides disclosed in Belgium Pat. BE No. 785,292Q; Vitamin F compounds disclosed in French Pat. No. 2,264,522; long-chain fatty acid amides disclosed in French Pat. No. 2,140,369Q; unsaturated fatty acid amides disclosed in British Pat. No. 1,074,693 and 16-24 carbon unsaturated fatty acid amides disclosed in Dutch Pat. Neth. No. 6,604,058; quarternary ammonium hydroxamates are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,427,316, and N-substituted fatty acid amides as cholesterol lowering agents are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,995,059. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04497827__

196 Allergies

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Aryl-substituted naphthyridine and pyridopyrazine derivatives, useful as antiallergic agents Inventor(s): Blythin; David J. (North Caldwell, NJ), Shue; Ho-Jane (Pine Brook, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (Kenilworth, NJ) Patent Number: 4,760,073 Date filed: December 23, 1986 Abstract: Aryl-substituted naphthyridines and pyridopyrazines are disclosed which are useful in treating allergic reactions, inflammation, peptic ulcers and/or hyperproliferative skin disease. Pharmaceutical compositions and methods of treatment employing such compounds are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to tricyclic naphthyridine and pyridopyrazine derivatives and to methods for their preparation. ... each Y substituent is independently selected from --OH, hydroxymethyl, alkyl, halo, --NO.sub.2, alkoxy, --CF.sub.3, --CN, cycloalkyl, alkynyloxy, alkenyloxy, --S(O).sub.p --R.sup.4 {wherein R.sup.4 and p are as defined above}, --CO--R.sup.5 {wherein R.sup.5 represents --OH, --NH.sub.2, -NHR.sup.4, N(R.sup.4).sub.2 or --OR.sup.4 in which R.sup.4 is as defined above}, --O-D--COR.sup.5 {wherein D represents alkylene having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and R.sup.5 is as defined above}, --NH.sub.2, --NHR.sup.4, --N(R.sup.4).sub.2 {wherein R.sup.4 is as defined above} or --NHCOH. ... Compounds of formula I in which W is oxygen or a covalent bond are preferred. Also, A is preferably oxygen, while X is preferably CH. The group --B--W-- preferably represents an alkylene or alkyleneoxy group, preferably --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --, --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --, --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 O-- or -(CH.sub.2).sub.4 O--. Other suitable --B--W-- groups include --CH(OH)(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --, --CH.sub.2 CH(OH)(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --, --(CH.sub.2)CH(OH)CH.sub.2 --, -(CH.sub.2).sub.3 CHOH--, --CH(CH.sub.2 OH)(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --, --CH.sub.2 CH(CH.sub.2 OH)CH.sub.2 --, --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 CH(CH.sub.2 OH)--, -CH(OH)(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --, --CH.sub.2 CH(OH)(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --, --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 -CH(OH)(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --, --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 CH(OH)CH.sub.2 --, --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 CH(OH)--, --CH(CH.sub.2 OH)(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --, --CH.sub.2 CH(CH.sub.2 OH)(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --, --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 CH(CH.sub.2 OH)(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --, -(CH.sub.2).sub.3 CH(CH.sub.2 OH)CH.sub.2 --, --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 CH(CH.sub.2 OH)--, --CH(OH)(CH.sub.2).sub.2 O--, --CH.sub.2 CH(OH)CH.sub.2 O--, --CH(CH.sub.2 OH)(CH.sub.2).sub.2 O--, --CH.sub.2 CH(CH.sub.2 OH)CH.sub.2 O--, --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 CH(CH.sub.2 OH)O--, --CH(OH)(CH.sub.2).sub.3 O--, --CH.sub.2 CH(OH)(CH.sub.2).sub.2 O--, --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 CH(OH)CH.sub.2 O--, --CH(CH.sub.2 OH)(CH.sub.2).sub.3 O--, --CH.sub.2 CH(CH.sub.2 OH)(CH.sub.2).sub.2 O--, -(CH.sub.2).sub.2 CH(CH.sub.2 OH)CH.sub.2 O--, and --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 CH(CH.sub.2 OH)O--. The letter n preferably represents zero and m is preferably zero. Q is preferably phenyl or Y-substituted phenyl, and in the latter case each Y substituent on the Q phenyl ring is preferably selected from chloro, nitro, methoxy or trifluoromethyl. The most preferred orientation for nitro, methoxy and trifluoromethyl substituents is in the meta position. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04760073__

Patents 197

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Automatic allergy detection system Inventor(s): Kraft; Thomas L. (Houston, TX), Vick; Howard A. (Missouri City, TX), Meador; James W. (Houston, TX) Assignee(s): KVM Engineering, Inc. (Houston, TX) Patent Number: 4,819,657 Date filed: June 16, 1987 Abstract: Disclosed herein is an automatic allergy testing system. The system includes an electrode capable of testing up to eight different allergies and an associated electronic unit. The electrode includes apparatus to transcutaneously deliver an allergen to the patient without puncturing the patient's skin. The electrode also includes a temperature sensor for sensing the skin temperature in the area surrounding the delivery of the allergen. Electronic apparatus is provided for processing the sensed temperature and storing data related thereto for subsequent print out to an output device. The allergy testing system is controlled so that periodic temperature readings are made at thrity second intervals over approximately a fifteen minute testing span. The data can be printed out in a graphic format to allow the physician to easily and quickly make more accurate diagnosis. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an automatic allergy detection system, and more particularly to such a system in which an allergic reaction is automatically tested by measuring the temperature of any wheal surrounding the allergen application and thereafter processing the sensed temperature data for output in a useable format. ... Allergy testing in the past has generally been accomplished by the use of some skin test, the most traditional method being a scratch test, in which a small scratch is placed on the skin and an allergen in placed over the scratch. The allergen enters the area of the body beneath the skin and if the person being tested is allergic to the substance of the allergen, a reaction occurs. This reaction is identified by a large wheal or welt occuring in the area surrounding the reaction. The physician diagnoses an allergic reaction by visually inspecting the back and noting the particular wheals formed. It is difficult for the physican to measure qualitatively the degree of the reaction by the normal observable diagnosis techniques used. The physician may have a general idea of the degree by noting the size of the wheal, but little else is available to assist the physician in accurately diagnosing the degree of reaction occurring. ... Other techniques used in the past to diagnose allergy include an injection by a needle puncturing the skin of the allergen. The diagnosing techniques are quite similar to those discussed above with respect to the scratch test. However, the amount of allergen can be more accurately controlled by this technique and the doctor is able to obtain better qualitative analysis results of the degree of reaction. This particularly is true where the doctor injects a plurality of different concentrations or amounts of allergen at different points on the patient. The final prior art technique used to diagnose allergic reactions is the RAST test, which is a blood test run on blood serum. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04819657__

198 Allergies

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Birch pollen allergen P14 for diagnosis and therapy of allergic diseases Inventor(s): Valenta; Rudolf (Theresienfeld, AT), Duchene; Michael (Vienna, AT), Pettenburger; Karin (Vienna, AT), Breitenbach; Michael (Vienna, AT), Kraft; Dietrich (Vienna, AT), Rumpold; Helmut (Vienna, AT), Scheiner; Otto (Mariaenzersdorf, AT) Assignee(s): Biomay Biotechnik Produktions Und Handelsgesellschaft m.b.H. (Linz, AT) Patent Number: 5,583,046 Date filed: June 6, 1992 Abstract: The invention provides recombinant DNA molecules which code for proteins or polypeptides that exhibit the antigenicity of a P14 allergen of birch Betula verrucosa and other plants of the order Fagales, and for polypeptides comprising at least one epitope thereof, as well as nucleic acids which under stringent conditions hybridize with such DNA sequences or are derivable from such sequences by degeneracy of the genetic code. A method is provided that permits purification of P14 allergens or cross-reactive allergens by means of binding to poly(L-proline). In addition, methods are described for making the proteins and polypeptides coded by these DNA molecules and their use in the diagnosis or therapy of allergic diseases. Excerpt(s): The invention provides recombinant DNA molecules which code for polypeptides, and the polypeptides per se, that have at least one epitope of a P14 pollen allergen of a tree of the order Fagales, particularly birch (Betula verrucosa), or the entire P14 allergen protein, and exhibit the same or similar antigenicity as a P14 allergen. The invention also provides replicable microbial expression vehicles and microorganisms for use in processes for producing such allergenic polypeptides. Methods are provided for purification of P14 allergen as well as for the diagnosis and therapy of allergic diseases using the synthetic polypeptides of the invention. ... In the springtime large parts of the populations of Central, Eastern and Northern Europe, America and Australia suffer from allergic symptoms (rhinitis, conjunctivitis, dermatitis and pollen asthma). Proteins which can be isolated from pollen of trees of the order Fagales, in particular from pollen of birch, alder, hazel, hornbeam and oak, are responsible for most of these allergic symptoms (1). ... At least 10% of the population suffers from pollen allergies at various times and to varying extent. These allergies are mediated by IgE antibodies which react with pollen proteins. The possibility exists for a therapy for pollen allergies by hyposensitization, i.e., by the regular and slowly increasing administration of the proteins producing the allergy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05583046__

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Canine allergy therapeutic recombinant chimeric anti-IgE monoclonal antibody Inventor(s): Lawton; Robert L. (Gorham, ME), Aiyappa; Ashok P. (Scarborough, ME), Liu; Wendy W. (Shaker Heights, OH), Mermer; Brion (Cumberland, ME), Guo; Hongliang (Scarborough, ME), Krah, III; Eugene R. (Portland, ME) Assignee(s): Idexx Laboratories, Inc. (Westbrook, ME) Patent Number: 6,504,013 Date filed: June 12, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides methods and compositions for decreasing IgE levels in dogs. The methods and compositions are useful for treating allergic symptoms in dogs. The invention may comprise chimeric canine anti-IgE monoclonal antibody

Patents 199

compositions and methods for using the compositions in the treatment of allergy. In preferred embodiments, the compositions of the present invention may act by binding soluble IgE in plasma, or by inhibiting IgE from binding to receptors on mast cells, B cells, and basophils. Excerpt(s): The present invention provides compositions and methods for decreasing IgE levels and for alleviating allergic symptoms in canines. The compositions comprise chimeric canine anti-IgE mAbs and the methods are useful for treating allergies in canines. ... It is estimated that up to 30% of all dogs suffer from allergies or allergyrelated skin disorders. Specifically, allergic dermatitis has been estimated to affect between 3% and 15% of the entire canine population. Given the prevalence of allergies in dogs, there is a need to develop methods and compositions to properly diagnose and treat, canine allergies. ... The substances most likely to cause an allergic reaction vary from species to species. Common canine allergens include fleas, pollens, molds and dust. Allergy to fleas is believed to be the most common dog allergy. Typically, a flea's saliva is the allergen, and a single fleabite can cause substantial itching. An additional form of allergy in dogs is termed atopy. Atopy is a condition where a dog. is allergic to inhalants such as pollens, molds or microscopic mites found in house dust. Current treatments of canine allergies often focus on the use of steroids which cause undesirable side effects or allergen-mediated desensitization which requires a different treatment for each type of allergy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06504013__ ·

Certain [3-(1-hydroxy hexyl-tetrahydro)naphthalenes], the naphthalenes having anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activity

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Inventor(s): Musser; John H. (Malvern, PA), Chakraborty; Utpal R. (Orangeburg, NY) Assignee(s): USV Pharmaceutical Corporation (Tuckahoe, NY) Patent Number: 4,778,931 Date filed: November 29, 1985 Abstract: The invention relates to several aryloxy-alkane alcohols, for example 1-(3-(1hydroxy-1-methylhexyl) phenoxy methyl)-2-methoxy-naphthalene, 2-(1-(3-(1-hydroxy2,2-dimethylhexyl)phenoxy)ethyl naphthalene, 1-(3-6-phenoxy-1hydroxyhexyl)phenoxy methyl)-4-methoxy naphthalene, 2-(3-(1-hydroxyhexyl) phenoxymethyl) naphthalene and 2-(3-(1-hydroxyhexyl)phenoxymethyl)-1,2,3,4tetrahydro naphthalene, methods for their preparation and their use for treating inflammatory and allergic conditions in a mammal. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to new chemical compounds possessing valuable pharmaceutical activity. More particularly, the invention relates to novel lipoxygenase inhibitor compounds possessing anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities. ... n"=0, 1 or 2. ... In the foregoing description, the lower alkyl and alkanoyl groups contain up to 6 carbon atoms which may be in the normal or branched configuration, including methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, amyl, isoamyl, hexyl, and the like. The aryl group is preferably phenyl, and aralkyl is benzyl. The alkanoyl group is preferably acetyl. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04778931__

200 Allergies

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Clear non-alcoholic sinus and allergy medication Inventor(s): Bapat; Swati (Willowdale, CA) Assignee(s): Warner-Lambert Company (Morris Plains, NJ) Patent Number: 5,534,552 Date filed: March 2, 1994 Abstract: A clear, hypoallergenic sinus and allergy medication is orally administered in an aqueous, liquid dosage form. The formulation provides effective sinus and allergy relief without alcohol or dyes which adversely affect many allergy sufferers. Said relief is provided while still maintaining aesthetic appeal or pleasant taste and texture. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to allergy and sinus medications which are orally administered in liquid dosage forms that are easy to swallow, taste good and provide immediate and long lasting relief. Such medications generally contain as the active ingredient an antihistamine which is otherwise bitter tasting and unpalatable yet is effective in clearing up blocked sinuses, and itchy, watery eyes. The medications then must contain numerous taste modifiers, color enhancers and dyes which are necessary to make the medication more appealing, particularly with respect to children. ... One of the major problems that exists in the art of pharmacy is that many patients, particularly young children and older adults, are unwilling and/or unable to swallow tablets, capsules or other solid dosage forms of medication. Liquid cold/sinus preparations are admittedly not novel and numerous commercially available formulations exist in the marketplace. Benadryl.RTM., Vicks.RTM., Sudafed.RTM., Dimetapp.RTM. and others are all well known liquid cold remedies that are easily swallowed and do not possess the problems inherent in swallowing a tablet which causes difficulty for young children and older patients. These cold/sinus remedies vary with respect to what actives are present, but many include a decongestant, an antihistamine, an expectorant, an analgesic and the like either singly or in combination depending upon the relief sought. ... The problem that exists with respect to many of these actives is that they are not very soluble in water and therefore require some type of organic solvent such as alcohol for dissolution and dispersion throughout the liquid formulation. Another problem that is inherent with these cold medications is the bad taste of the actives and therefore measures must be taken to flavor the liquid in some way so as to taste-mask the active and prevent its perception by the patient. If these drawbacks are not resolved, high degrees of patient compliance cannot be assured. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05534552__

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Combination of PAF antagonists and LTD.sub.4 antagonists for the treatment of allergic reactions Inventor(s): O'Donnell; Margaret (Clifton, NJ), Welton; Ann (North Caldwell, NJ) Assignee(s): Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. (Nutley, NJ) Patent Number: 5,227,378 Date filed: March 9, 1992 Abstract: The invention relates to compositions comprising combinations of a PAF antagonist and a LTD.sub.4 antagonist which combinations synergistically provide protection against allergic reactions such as antigen-induced death in mammals.In

Patents 201

another aspect, the invention relates to the use of the referred to combinations in the treatment of allergic reactions. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to compositions comprising combinations of a PAF antagonist and a LTD.sub.4 antagonist which combinations synergistically provide protection against allergic reactions such as antigen-induced death in mammals. ... In another aspect, the invention relates to the use of the referred to combinations in the treatment of allergic reactions. ... The invention relates compositions comprising the synergistic combination of platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonists with leukotriene D.sub.4 (LTD.sub.4) antagonists and the use thereof to treat allergic reactions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05227378__ ·

Combined use of dopamine and serotonin agonists in the treatment of allergic disorders Inventor(s): Hitzig; Pietr (1319 Blue Mount Rd., Monkton, MD 21111) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,502,080 Date filed: November 1, 1994 Abstract: Allergic conditions are treated and allergic symptoms mitigated or resolved by the administration of a dopamine agonist such as fenfluramine and/or 5hydroxytriptophan administered concurrently or in association with a serotonin agonist such as phentermine. Excerpt(s): By distinguishing between self and non-self, the immune system mediates the individual's relationship with his or her environment. When the immune system is working properly, it protects the organism from infection; when it is not, the failures of the immune system can result in some of the most challenging and serious diseases encountered in medical practice. The nervous and immune systems have evolved with an exquisite capacity to receive and respond to specific forms of stimulation from the internal or external milieu. ... Central nervous system neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine and prolactin modulate the immune system by both stimulating and inhibiting various aspects of the immune system. Medications that increase central nervous system dopamine and serotonin have been found to act in tandem in controlling addictive cravings and psychoneuroses. Stress, or the state that occurs when the individual has his customary environment disturbed, has been increasing. Its increase is the price mankind is paying for disturbing man's natural environment. Low central nervous system dopamine and serotonin has been found to occur in chronically stressed animals. The addition of dopamine and serotonin results in immune enhancement. ... This invention provides therapeutic intervention to disorders of the immune system to restore the patient generally and particularly the immune system to its previous degree of competence. Diverse conditions suited to the procedures of this invention include, but are not limited to, immunodeficiency states such as AIDS and HIV-related diseases, lymphoma, and multiple carcinomas; autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis and inflammmatory bowel disease; allergic diseases including rhinitis, asthma, atopic conditions, urticaria, anaphylaxis such as allergen specific, exercise induced and idiopathic, angioedema, and neurodermatitis; and miscellaneous conditions including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, chronic hepatitis B, C or D, and dermatologic and arthritis psoriasis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05502080__

202 Allergies

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Complete antigen drug and a process for producing it for nonspecific allergic disease therapy Inventor(s): Kokubu; Tadao (2-3, Ooi 2-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,457,913 Date filed: February 19, 1982 Abstract: An antigen drug or a process of producing it available for the oral, the percutaneous and the permucous membrane immunotherapies with autoimmunization equilibrium induced in feeling of cold, what is called "HIESHO" in Japanese, contracting nonspecific allergic diseases caused from auto-antigen-antibody reaction by atypical antibody. The antigen drug is available in the liquid type and the ointment type which are effective to the percutaneous and the permucous membrane immune therapies of non-specific allergic diseases. The antigen drug is made from urea of normal and healthy person. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an antigen drug and a process for producing it and making it available for oral, percutaneous and permucous membrane immunotherapies through autoimmunization for the syndrome identical with "the feeling of cold" in English (so called "HIESHO" in Japanese) i.e., contracting nonspecific allergic diseases caused from auto-antigen-antibody reaction. ... Until recently such nonspecific allergic diseases have never been differentiated exactly from specific allergic diseases, although the latter criteria for the latter of genesis and mechanism have been studied thoroughly from ancient times. ... In this paper the term "nonspecific allergy" is used often without discrimination. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04457913__

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Composition and method for treating allergic diseases Inventor(s): Shih; Neng-Yang (North Caldwell, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (Kenilworth, NJ) Patent Number: 6,221,880 Date filed: October 6, 1999 Abstract: The present invention is directed towards a pharmaceutical composition useful for the treatment allergic rhinitis, asthma and related disorders. In one embodiment, the composition comprises, in combination, a therapeutically effective amount of at least one neurokinin antagonist, and a therapeutically effective amount of at least one 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to compositions and methods for treating allergic rhinitis and other respiratory diseases. It specifically discloses compositions which comprise (i) combinations of antagonists of neurokinin receptors and antagonists of leukotriene receptors, and (ii) combinations of antagonists of neurokinin receptors and inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase, as well as methods for treating the above-noted diseases using such compositions. ... Neurokinin ("NK") receptors such as the NK.sub.1 and the NK.sub.2 receptors are found in the central nervous system and the circulatory system and the peripheral tissues of mammals, and are involved in a

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variety of biological processes. Antagonists of the neurokinin receptors are, therefore, expected to be useful in the treatment or prevention of various mammalian diseases such as, for example, pulmonary disorders such as asthma, cough, bronchospasm, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and airway hyperactivity; skin disorders and itch, for example, atopic dermatitis, and cutaneous wheal and flare; neurogenic inflammatory diseases such as, arthritis, migraine, nociception; CNS diseases such as anxiety, emesis, Parkinson's disease, movement disorders and psychosis; convulsive disorders, renal disorders, urinary incontinence, ocular inflammation, inflammatory pain, and eating disorders such as food intake inhibition; allergic rhinitis, neurodegenerative disorders, psoriasis, Huntington's disease, depression and various disorders such as Crohn's disease. NK, receptors have been reported to be involved in microvascular leakage and mucus secretion, and NK.sub.2 receptors have been associated with smooth muscle contraction, making NK.sub.1 and NK.sub.2 receptor antagonists especially useful in the treatment and prevention of asthma. NK.sub.1 and NK.sub.2 receptor antagonists have been reported such as, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,798,359; 5,795,894; 5,789,422; 5,783,579; 5,719,156; 5,696,267; 5,691,362; 5,688,960; 5,654,316 (all assigned to Schering-Plough Corporation, Madison, N.J.); and in "Recent Advances in Neurokinin Receptor Antagonists", by C. J. Ohnmacht Jr., et al, Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, A. M. Doherty Ed., 33, 71-80 (1998). ... The products of the 5-lipoxygenase ("5-LO") pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism, particularly the leukotrienes, can mediate bronchoconstriction, mucous secretion, airway mucosal edema, chemotaxis and mobilization of cells into the airway in the inflammatory process of asthma. Therefore, inhibition of 5-LO should help cure, reduce or prevent such diseases. Similarly, leukotriene ("LK") antagonists play a role in treating the multitude of symptoms associated with diseases of the respiratory tract, such as season allergic rhinitis, perennial allergic rhinitis, common colds, sinusitis and concomitant symptoms associated with allergic asthma. The symptoms of such diseases may include sneezing, itching runny nose, nasal congestion, redness of the eye, tearing, itching of the ears or palate, and coughs associated with postnasal drip. A discussion of leukotriene receptors may be found in R. Robertson, Prostaglandins, 31, 395 (1986), and a discussion of leukotriene antagonists can be found in J. Musser et al, Agents and Actions, 18, 332 (1986), J. Piwinski et al, Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, 22, 73-76 (1987), and R. Bell et al, Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, 32, 91 (1997). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06221880__ ·

Composition and method for treating allergic diseases Inventor(s): Shih; Neng-Yang (North Carldwell, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (Kenilworth, NJ) Patent Number: 6,262,077 Date filed: January 12, 2001 Abstract: The present invention is directed towards a pharmaceutical composition useful for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, asthma and related disorders. In one embodiment, the composition comprises, in combination, a therapeutically effective amount of at least one neurokinin antagonist, and a therapeutically effective amount of at least one 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to compositions and methods for treating allergic rhinitis and other respiratory diseases. It specifically discloses compositions which comprise (i) combinations of antagonists of neurokinin receptors

204 Allergies

and antagonists of leukotriene receptors, and (ii) combinations of antagonists of neurokinin receptors and inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase, as well as methods for treating the above-noted diseases using such compositions. ... Neurokinin ("NK") receptors such as the NK.sub.1 and the NK.sub.2 receptors are found in the central nervous system and the circulatory system and the peripheral tissues of mammals, and are involved in a variety of biological processes. Antagonists of the neurokinin receptors are, therefore, expected to be useful in the treatment or prevention of various mammalian diseases such as, for example, pulmonary disorders such as asthma, cough, bronchospasm, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and airway hyperactivity; skin disorders and itch, for example, atopic dermatitis, and cutaneous wheal and flare; neurogenic inflammatory diseases such as, arthritis, migraine, nociception; CNS diseases such as anxiety, emesis, Parkinson's disease, movement disorders and psychosis; convulsive disorders, renal disorders, urinary incontinence, ocular inflammation, inflammatory pain, and eating disorders such as food intake inhibition; allergic rhinitis, neurodegenerative disorders, psoriasis, Huntington's disease, depression and various disorders such as Crohn's disease. NK.sub.1 receptors have been reported to be involved in microvascular leakage and mucus secretion, and NK.sub.2 receptors have been associated with smooth muscle contraction, making NK.sub.1 and NK.sub.2 receptor antagonists especially useful in the treatment and prevention of asthma. NK.sub.1 and NK.sub.2 receptor antagonists have been reported such as, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,798,359; 5,795,894; 5,789,422; 5,783,579; 5,719,156; 5,696,267; 5,691,362; 5,688,960; 5,654,316 (all assigned to Schering-Plough Corporation, Madison, N.J.); and in "Recent Advances in Neurokinin Receptor Antagonists", by C. J. Ohnmacht Jr., et al, Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, A. M. Doherty Ed., 33, 71-80 (1998). ... The products of the 5-lipoxygenase ("5-LO") pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism, particularly the leukotrienes, can mediate bronchoconstriction, mucous secretion, airway mucosal edema, chemotaxis and mobilization of cells into the airway in the inflammatory process of asthma. Therefore, inhibition of 5-LO should help cure, reduce or prevent such diseases. Similarly, leukotriene ("LK") antagonists play a role in treating the multitude of symptoms associated with diseases of the respiratory tract, such as season allergic rhinitis, perennial allergic rhinitis, common colds, sinusitis and concomitant symptoms associated with allergic asthma. The symptoms of such diseases may include sneezing, itching runny nose, nasal congestion, redness of the eye, tearing, itching of the ears or palate, and coughs associated with postnasal drip. A discussion of leukotriene receptors may be found in R. Robertson, Prostaglandins, 31, 395 (1986), and a discussion of leukotriene antagonists can be found in J. Musser et al, Agents and Actions, 18, 332 (1986), J. Piwinski et al, Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, 22, 73-76 (1987), and R. Bell et al, Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, 32, 91 (1997). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06262077__ ·

Compositions and method for treating painful, inflammatory or allergic disorders Inventor(s): Bernstein; Joel E. (Deerfield, IL) Assignee(s): Cisco Limited Partnership (Lincolnshire, IL) Patent Number: 5,063,060 Date filed: December 19, 1989 Abstract: The invention relates to a method of treating painful, inflammatory or allergic disorders comprising treatment with an effective amount of a composition comprising

Patents 205

cis-8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide. The invention also relates to compositions for use in the inventive method. Excerpt(s): Capsaicin (trans-8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is a compound derived from plants of the Solanacea family, commonly known as hot red peppers. Capsaicin has been utilized over the last two decades to study the neurophysiology and pharmacology of pain, as well as for the treatment of certain types of neuropathies and skin disorders. Such use is disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,486,450, issued Dec. 4, 1984, and entitled "Method Of Treating Psoriatic Skil And Composition," and U.S. Pat. No. 4,536,404, issued Aug. 20, 1985, and entitled "Method And Composition For Treating Post-Herpetic Neuralgia;" both patents issued to the applicant herein. ... While capsaicin is useful in treating painful neurological and other disorders, its utility has been limited by a troublesome adverse reaction which almost invariably accompanies its use. This reaction is a localized stinging and burning sensation, which can be quite severe, on application of capsaicin topically to skin or mucous membranes or on injection into tissues such as the dermis, the cerebrospinal canal or into blood vessels. ... Attempts to reduce or eliminate this adverse effect have had only limited success, and include the incorporation of an anesthetic into the formulation. Since the stinging and burning have been thought to be directly linked to capsaicin's effects on neuropeptides in nerves, and these capsaicin effects on neuropeptides are thought to be crucial to capsaicin's efficacy in relieving pain, it has been considered impossible to significantly reduce the stinging and burning without greatly reducing or eliminating capsaicin's effectiveness. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05063060__ ·

Compositions containing a benzamide disulfide derivative for treating allergic diseases Inventor(s): Miller; Steven T. (Arlington, TX), Hellberg; Mark R. (Arlington, TX), Feng; Zixia (Arlington, TX) Assignee(s): Alcon Universal Ltd. (Hunenberg, CH) Patent Number: 6,492,418 Date filed: April 25, 2001 Abstract: Methods and compositions for preventing or treating allergic diseases of the eye, nose, skin, ear, gastrointestinal tract, airways or lung and preventing or treating manifestations of systemic mastocytosis are disclosed. The compositions contain a mast cell stabilizing disulfide derivative as an active ingredient. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the treatment of allergic diseases. More particularly, the present invention relates to therapeutic and prophylactic use of certain disulfide derivatives for treating or preventing allergic diseases. ... Antihistamines and mast cell stabilizers are two types of drugs currently used topically to treat allergic diseases. Antihistamine drugs are used to interrupt the allergic effects that histamine causes after it has been released from a mast cell. Many topical antihistamine drugs are marketed. For example, emedastine difumarate and levocabastine hydrochloride are available for ocular allergies (see Ophthalmic Drug Facts 1999, Facts and Comparisons, St. Louis, Mo., pp. 59-80). ... Mast cell stabilizers prevent mast cells from "degranulating" or releasing histamine and other components or "mediators" during an allergic reaction. Examples of ophthalmic drugs marketed as mast cell stabilizers include olopatadine (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,805) and cromolyn sodium.

206 Allergies

Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06492418__ ·

Compositions containing histamine H2 agonists and methods of use in treating allergy and inflammation Inventor(s): Miller; Steven T. (Arlington, TX), Gamache; Daniel A. (Arlington, TX), Yanni; John M. (Burleson, TX) Assignee(s): Alcon Laboratories, Inc. (Fort Worth, TX) Patent Number: 6,225,332 Date filed: October 20, 1998 Abstract: Compositions containing histamine H.sub.2 agonists and methods of use for treating allergy and inflammation of the eye are disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to compositions containing histamine H.sub.2 agonists and methods for their use in treating allergy and inflammation. The H.sub.2 agonists of the present invention stabilize human conjunctival mast cells. The compositions are used to prevent allergic responses while also treating existing allergic conditions present in the eye. The invention is also directed to methods of preventing and treating allergic responses with the compositions. ... The eye, particularly the conjunctiva, has a relatively large number of mast cells. When allergens are present, they can bind to immunoglobulins on the surface of these mast cells and trigger the release of cellular contents, known as degranulation. Upon degranulation, mast cell components, including histamine, are released into the environment outside the mast cell. Through a variety of mechanisms, these components can be responsible for symptoms associated with allergic responses such as itching, redness, lid swelling, vasodilatation and chemosis. ... Various therapies have been pursued in order to treat the symptoms of allergies. For example, such therapy has included the use of antiallergics and histamine H,-receptor antagonists (anti-histamines). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06225332__

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Compositions for treating allergic and other disorders using norastemizole in combination with other active ingredients Inventor(s): Woosley; Raymond L. (Washington, DC), Aberg; A. K. Gunnar (Westborough, MA) Assignee(s): Sepracor Inc. (Marlborough, MA) Patent Number: 6,384,054 Date filed: September 20, 2001 Abstract: Methods and compositions are disclosed utilizing metabolic derivatives of astemizole for the treatment of allergic disorders while avoiding the concomitant liability of adverse effects associated with the astemizole. The metabolic derivatives of astemizole are also useful for the treatment of retinopathy and other small vessel disorders associated with diabetes mellitus and such other conditions as may be related to the antihistamine activity of astemizole. For example, the metabolic derivatives of astemizole are useful for the treatment of asthma, motion sickness, and vertigo, without the concomitant liability of adverse effects associated with astemizole. Furthermore, the metabolic derivatives of astemizole, in combination with non-steroidal anti-

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inflammatory agents or other non-narcotic analgesics, or in combination with a decongestant, cough suppressant/antitussive or expectorant, are useful for the treatment of cough, cold, cold-like, and/or flu symptoms and the discomfort, headache, pain, fever, and general malaise associated therewith, without the concomitant liability of adverse effects associated with astemizole. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel pharmaceutical compositions containing desmethylastemizole, 6-hydroxydesmethylastemizole and norastemizole. These compositions possess potent antihistaminic activity and are useful in treating allergic rhinitis, asthma and other allergic disorders while avoiding adverse effects associated with the administration of other antihistamines, such as astemizole, including but not limited to cardiac arrhythmias, drowsiness, nausea, fatigue, weakness and headache. Also, these compositions, in combination with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents or other non-narcotic analgesics, are useful for the treatment of cough, cold, cold-like, and/or flu symptoms and the discomfort, headache, pain, fever, and general malaise associated therewith. The aforementioned combinations may optionally include one or more other active components including a decongestant, cough suppressant/antitussive, or expectorant. ... Additionally, these novel pharmaceutical compositions containing desmethylastemizole, 6-hydroxydesmethylastemizole and norastemizole are useful in treating motion sickness, vertigo, diabetic retinopathy, small vessel complications due to diabetes and such other conditions as may be related to the activity of these derivatives as antagonists of the H-1 histamine receptor while avoiding the adverse effects associated with the administration of other antihistamines, such as astemizole. ... Also disclosed are methods for treating the above-described conditions in a human while avoiding the adverse effects that are associated with the administration of other antihistamines, such as astemizole, by administering the aforementioned pharmaceutical compositions containing desmethylastemizole, 6hydroxydesmethylastemizole and norastemizole to said human. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06384054__ ·

Compound and method for the prevention and/or the treatment of allergy Inventor(s): Saint-Remy; Jean-Marie (Grez-Doiceau, BE), Jacquemin; Marc (Sart-Bernard, BE) Assignee(s): Leuven Research & Development VZW (Leuven, BE) Patent Number: 6,602,509 Date filed: July 29, 1999 Abstract: The present invention is related to a compound for the prevention and/or the treatment of allergy consisting of:at least one allergen antigenic determinant which is recognized by a B cell or an antibody secreted by a B cell of a non-atopic individual to said allergen, andat least one antigenic determinant of an antigen different from said allergen which triggers T cell activation. Excerpt(s): This application claims Foreign Priority under 35 USC .sctn.119 (a-d) of EPO Application No. 98870167.8 filed Jul. 30, 1998. ... The present invention is related to a new compound and a new method for the prevention and/or the treatment of allergy and/or diseases of allergic origin, particularly immediate hypersensitivity allergy. ... Immediate hypersensitivity is a form of allergic reaction which develops very quickly, namely within seconds or minutes of exposure of the patient to the causative allergen. This immediate reaction can be followed by a second reaction of delayed onset that can

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lead to inflammatory changes in the target organ and manifests itself by chronic symptoms such as asthma or atopic dermatitis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06602509__ ·

Compounds and methods for treatment of asthma, allergy and inflammatory disorders Inventor(s): Scannell; Ralph (Hopkinson, MA), Chatelain; Pierre (Pierre, BE), ToyPalmer; Anna (Arlington, MA), Differding; Edmond (Louvain-La-Neuve, BE), Ellis; James (Boxford, MA), Lassoie; Marie-Agnes (Brainele-Chateau, BE), Cai; Xiong (Belmont, MA), Hussoin; Sajjat (Lexington, MA), Grewal; Gurmit (Natick, MA), Lewis; Timothy (Framingham, MA) Assignee(s): UCB, S.A. (Brussels, BE) Patent Number: 6,451,801 Date filed: March 24, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides 1,4 substituted piperazines, 1,4 substituted piperidines, and 1-substituted, 4-alkylidenyl peperidines compounds. The compounds of the invention are dual acting molecules having both leukotriene inhibition properties as well as antihistaminergic properties. The compounds of the invention are useful for treating conditions in which there is likely to be a histamine and/or leukotriene component. These conditions include preferable asthma, seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis, sinusitus, conjunctivitis, food allergy, scombroid poisoning, psoriasis, urticaria, pruritus, eczema, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, thrombotic disease and otitis media. Also provided are methods of treating asthma and rhinitis by administering an effective asthma and rhinitis-relieving amount of the compounds to a subject in need thereof. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the field of 1,4 substituted piperazines, 1,4 substituted piperidines, and 1-substituted, 4-alkylidenyl piperidines. ... Leukotrienes are potent local mediators, playing a major role in inflammatory and allergic responses including arthritis, asthma, psoriasis, and thrombotic disease. Leukotrienes are straight chain eicosanoids produced by the oxidation of arachidonic acid by lipoxygenases. Arachidonic acid is oxidized by 5-lipoxygenase and ultimately converted to leukotrienes A4, B4, C4, D4 or E4. 15-Lipoxygenase is responsible for the conversion of arachidonic acid to various biologically active metabolites including 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE). Both of these mediators have been implicated in the pathogenesis of airway and allergic diseases such as asthma by contributing to bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion, and eosinophil migration. A mixture of one or more of such leukotrienes are known to be potent bronchoconstrictors. Thus, leukotrienes have been shown to play an important role in the pathology of asthma. Rigorous proof for the role of leukotrienes in asthma has been provided by several pivotal clinical trials in which orally administered 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) inhibitors (or LTD4 receptor antagonists) produce clear therapeutic benefit in asthma patients. These benefits include reduction in the use of classic asthma therapies such as beta agonists and corticosteroids. ... It is well known in the art that certain hydroxyurea- and hydroxyamide-substituted aromatic compounds can function as 5-LO inhibitors. For example, WO 92/09567 and WO 92/09566 disclose a wide variety of N-hydroxyurea and hydroxamic acid compounds as inhibitors of the lipoxygenase enzyme. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06451801__

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Compounds for the treatment of inflammation and allergy Inventor(s): Johnson; Malcolm (Ware, GB3), Whelan; Clifford J. (Ware, GB3) Assignee(s): Glaxo Group Limited (London, GB2) Patent Number: 5,283,268 Date filed: March 4, 1992 Abstract: The present invention provides a new medical use for the dichloroaniline 4amino-3,5-dichloro-.alpha.-[[[6-[2-(2-pyridinyl)ethoxy]hexyl]amino]methy l]benzenemethanol and its enantiomers, and physiologically acceptable salts and solvates thereof in the treatment of inflammation, allergy and allergic reaction. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a new medical use for the dichloroaniline compound 4-amino-3,5-dichloro-.alpha.-[[[6-[2-(2-pyridinyl)ethoxy]hexyl]am ino]methyl]benzenemethanol, physiologically acceptable salts and solvates thereof and pharmaceutical compositions containing them which are disclosed in published UK Patent Specification No. 2187734A, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, and allergic reaction. ... Acute inflammation is the result of a number of processes including the activation of inflammatory cells and their accumulation in tissues; the local release of pro-inflammatory and chemotactic mediators; and vascular permeability changes which lead to plasma protein extravasation (PPE) and oedema formation. ... One particular clinical condition with which inflammatory processes are associated is bronchial asthma. As reported by S. T. Holgate, Postgrad. Med. J., 64, 82-95 (1988), bronchial asthma is a multifactorial disease characterised by episodic bronchoconstriction, airway hyper-reactivity, inflammation and mucus abnormalities. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05283268__

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Compounds which inhibit human conjunctival mast cell degranulation for treating ocular allergic-type complications Inventor(s): Miller; Steven T. (Arlington, TX), Hellberg; Mark R. (Arlington, TX), Yanni; John M. (Burleson, TX) Assignee(s): Alcon Laboratories, Inc. (Fort Worth, TX), Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,225,327 Date filed: October 7, 1998 Abstract: Composition and methods for treating ocular allergic reactions are disclosed. In particular, the invention is directed to compounds which inhibit human conjunctival mast cell degranulation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compositions comprising compounds which stabilize human conjunctival mast cells. The compositions are used to prevent allergic responses while also treating existing allergic conditions present in the eye. The invention is also directed to methods of preventing and treating allergic responses with the compositions. ... The eye, particularly the conjunctiva, has a relatively large number of mast cells. When allergens are present, they can bind to immunoglobulins on the surface of these mast cells and trigger the breakdown, or what is known as the degranulation, of the cell. Upon degranulation, mast cell components, including

210 Allergies

histamine, are released into the environment outside the mast cell. Through a variety of mechanisms, these components can be responsible for symptoms associated with allergic responses such as itching, redness, lid swelling, vasodilatation and chemosis. ... Various therapies have been pursued in order to treat the symptoms of allergies. For example, such therapy has included the use of anti-allergics and anti-histamines. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06225327__ ·

Coumarin derivatives for the treatment of allergies Inventor(s): Buckle; Derek Richard (Redhill, EN), Smith; Harry (Maplehurst, near Horsham, EN), Cantello; Barrie Christian Charles (Horsham, EN) Assignee(s): Beecham Group Limited (EN) Patent Number: 3,974,289 Date filed: April 15, 1974 Abstract: Pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of allergies are produced using coumarin derivatives as the active agent. Certain of these compounds and their salts are novel. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions which are useful in the inhibition of the effects of certain types of antigen-antibody reactions, and are therefore of value in the prophylaxis and treatment of diseases associated with allergic or immunological reactions, e.g. certain types of asthma and hay-fever and also in the treatment of rhinitis. The invention also includes a number of new 3-nitrocoumarins and a method for their preparation. ... and the salts of compound (I) are also active. In formula (I) R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are each hydrogen or alkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aralkoxy, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclic, hydroxy, nitro, or halogen groups or any two of the groups R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached complete a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring system. However, a search of the chemical literature has revealed that not all the members of class (I) are novel compounds. ... Although the above compounds have been reported in the literature, no form of useful biological activity has been ascribed to them. Likewise there has been in the literature, no suggestion that such compounds are likely to possess any form of useful biological activity and in particular the discovery that they have anti-allergic activity has not been predicted in any way. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03974289__

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Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) treatment in allergic disease Inventor(s): Armstrong; Hepburn T. (Vista, CA), Wise; John A. (San Marcos, CA), Armstrong; Ernest T. (San Diego, CA) Assignee(s): Allergy Limited (Costa Mesa, CA) Patent Number: 6,255,294 Date filed: December 28, 1999 Abstract: Vitamin B.sub.12 is administered to allergy patients via mucosal membranes in a series of lozenges and other patient friendly transmucosal modes of delivery given repeatedly over a period of time to reduce the symptoms and IgE antibodies associated with allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis (hay fever), and allergic asthma.

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Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the use of nutritional supplements to treat disease. It relates particularly to treatment of IgE-type allergies, such as allergic rhinitis (hayfever) and allergic asthma, by the repeated administration over a period of time of vitamin B.sub.12, preferably cyanocobalamin, to reduce the symptoms associated with such allergic diseases. ... The symptoms of allergic diseases, such as allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and allergic asthma, can be caused by a variety of atopic allergens, such as grasses, trees, weeds, animal dander, insects, molds, drugs and chemicals. These allergic diseases are mediated by an antibody known as immunoglobulin E, or simply IgE. AntiIgE medicines that reduce IgE levels are attractive treatments for allergy patients. ... IgE bonds to mast cells and basophils. Upon combination of a specific allergen with IgE bound to mast cells or basophils, the IgE may be crosslinked on the cell surface, resulting in the physiological effects of IgE-antigen interaction. This may result in the release of histamine, serotonin, heparin, a chemotactic factor for eosinoplylic leukocytes and/or the leukotrienes, C4, D4 and E4, which cause prolonged constriction of bronchial smooth muscle cells. These released substances are the mediators which result in allergic symptoms. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06255294__ ·

Cysteine protease inhibitors for use in treatment of IGE mediated allergic diseases Inventor(s): Johnson; Tony (Ely, GB), Hart; Terrance (Cambridge, GB), Laing; Peter (Cambridge, GB), Shakib; Farouk (Nottingham, GB), Quibell; Martin (Cambridge, GB) Assignee(s): Peptide Therapeutics Limited (Cambridge, GB) Patent Number: 6,034,066 Date filed: February 26, 1998 Abstract: The invention provides compounds for use in the treatment of allergic diseases including juvenile asthma and eczema. The compounds can inhibit IgE mediated reaction to major environmental and occupational allergens and can also have a prophylactic effect against allergic disease by preventing allergic sensitization to environmental and occupational allergens when administered to at-risk individuals (e.g., those at genetic risk of asthma and those exposed to occupational allergens in the workplace). The compounds are also useful for inactivation or attenuation of the allergenicity of allergens in situ. The invention provides compounds and ligands per se, pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds, processes for producing the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions, and methods for using the compounds and compositions in treatment or prophylaxis of IgE mediated allergic diseases and in inactivation or attenuation of allergens in situ. The invention also enables the reduction or destruction of the viability of allergy-causing organisms. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to compounds for use in the treatment of allergic diseases including juvenile asthma and eczema. ... Compounds of the invention can inhibit IgE mediated reaction to major environmental and occupational allergens. They can also have a prophylactic effect against allergic disease by preventing allergic sensitisation to environmental and occupational antigens when administered to at-risk individuals (e.g. those at genetic risk of asthma, and those exposed to occupational allergens in the workplace). The compounds of the invention can also be useful for inactivation or attenuation of the allergenicity of allergens in situ. The invention provides novel compounds and ligands per se, pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds, processes for producing the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions, and methods for using the compounds and compositions in treatment or

212 Allergies

prophylaxis of IgE mediated allergic diseases and in inactivation or attenuation of allergens in situ. The invention also provides means for the reducing or destroying the viability of allergy-causing organisms. ... The invention is made possible by our new understanding of the role of the low-affinity receptor for IgE (FceRII), also known as CD23, in IgE mediated allergic diseases. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06034066__ ·

Derivatives of N-phenylbenzamide with anti-ulcer and anti-allergy Inventor(s): Makovec; Francesco (Monza, IT), Peris; Walter (Milan, IT), Rovati; Angelo L. (Monza, IT) Assignee(s): Rotta Research Laboratorium SpA. (Milan, IT) Patent Number: 5,232,937 Date filed: August 19, 1991 Abstract: Derivatives of N-phenylbenzamide with general formula (1) in which R.sub.1 is a cyano, nitro, halogen, hydrozy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl methyl, methoxy or tetrazol-5yl group, R.sub.2 is hydrogen, hydroxy, or methoxy, R.sub.3 is a tetrazol-5-yl group or hydrogen, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are hydrogen if R.sub.3 is tetrazolyl but are independently selected from the group consisting of carboxy, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl and carbamoyl if R.sub.3 is hydrogen, and R.sub.6 is hydrogen or methyl. The derivatives have an anti-ulcer and anti-allergy activity. Excerpt(s): R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are hydrogen if R.sub.3 is tetrazolyl or R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are independently selected from the group consisting of carboxy, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl and the carbamoyl if R.sub.3 is hydrogen, and R.sub.6 is hydrogen or methyl and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. ... These compounds show interesting pharmacological properties in mammals. One of these properties consists of a high degree of regulatory activity on gastric secretion, particularly activity against the secretion of acid when the secretion is stimulated by various agents such as histamine, carbachol and pentagastrin. Another property consists of a protective and healing activity in relation to the gastro-enteric mucous membrane. A further property is that of inhibiting the release of chemical mediators responsible for allergic or immunological reactions. These compounds can thus be used to advantage in the treatment of various disorders in man such as disorders of the digestive system, such as those resulting from gastro-secretory disorders or lesions, that is peptic ulcers, gastro-duodenitis or colitis; or may be used to treat various pathological conditions which can be attributed to hypersensitivity to allergens such as, for example, bronchial asthma, rhinitis, or allergic conjunctivitis or other pathological conditions of other organs or areas. ... a) in the case of compounds in which the R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 substituents are independently selected from carboxy, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl and carbamoyl groups and the R.sub.3 substituent is hydrogen, reacting 1-R.sub.4 -3-R.sub.5 -5-amino-phenyl wherein R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 have the above meaning in an equimolar ratio with the chloride of the suitably-R.sub.1, R.sub.2 substituted benzoic acid, in which R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 have the meanings given above, at a temperature of between about -5.degree. C. and about +20.degree. C., preferably about +5.degree. C., in the presence of an alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate (which serves both to salify the carboxyl functions of the 5amino-isophthalic acid and as an acceptor of hydrochloric acid) or in the presence of a tertiary organic base. The acid chloride can be added as it is or dissolved in a solvent miscible with water (e.g. dioxan, acetone, tetrahydrofuran). The reaction time may vary

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from about half an hour to 24 hours; the reaction can generally be considered to be complete after 12 hours. At this point the reaction mixture is acidified and the desired products are isolated by filtration and purified by crystallisation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05232937__ ·

Device and method for allergy testing Inventor(s): Maganias; Nicholas H. (Reston Medical Bldg., 1712 Club House Rd., Reston, VA 22090) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,802,493 Date filed: February 17, 1987 Abstract: A method for allergy testing is carried out by: applying to the skin of a patient test strip formed of a thin, flexible strip of adhesive tape a portion of which carries on its adhesive side at least one skin-penetrating lance carrying an allergen; pressing the test strip against the skin to cause temporary adhesion of the strip to the skin and to cause the lance to penetrate the skin to a depth less than the subcutaneous tissue thereby carrying the allergen into the skin and maintaining contact between the allergen and the thus-traumatized skin cells; and leaving the strip in place for a period of time sufficient for the patient's skin, if allergic to the allergen, to produce a visible allergic reaction. The test strip may be transparent so that the skin reaction can be observed through the strip. The strip may include a plurality of closely-spaced lances or a single lance. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method and device for allergy testing the skin of a patient. ... Testing the skin of a patient for an allergic reaction to any of a variety of allergens is a known technique involving penetration of the allergen into a small area of the skin and subsequently visually observing the reaction, if any, of the skin to the allergen. Known procedures for applying the allergen include the scratch test, the prick test and the intradermal test. The scratch test is carried out by applying a few drops of the allergen to the skin and slightly abrading the skin by scratching at that location. The prick test is similar except that abrasion of the skin is effected by making a plurality of pricks with a sharp needle. The intradermal test is carried out by injecting the allergen into the skin. ... U.S. patents relating to the introduction of biochemical substances into the skin include Krug et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,289,670; Kravitz et al. U.S. Pat. Nos. Re. 25,637, 2,817,336, 3,062,212, 3,136,314 and 3,351,059; Wager et al. U.S. Pat. No. 2,893,392, Ganderton et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,814,097 and Gerstel et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,964,482. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04802493__

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Dihydropyridine anti-allergic and antiinflammatory agents Inventor(s): Cooper; Kelvin (Deal, GB2), Parry; Michael J. (Deal, GB2), Cross; Peter E. (Canterbury, GB2), Richardson; Kenneth (Birchington, GB2) Assignee(s): Pfizer Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,788,205 Date filed: July 20, 1987 Abstract: Certain 4-aryl-5-carbamoyl-1,4-dihydropyridines useful in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions in mammals.

214 Allergies

Excerpt(s): This invention relates to dihydropyridines, specifically to certain 4-aryl-5carbamoyl-1,4-dihydropyridines which are useful in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions in humans and animals. ... A number of 1,4-dihydropyridines have been previously described as antiischaemic and antihypertensive agents. These compounds are able to inhibit the movement of calcium into cells and are thus active in the treatment or prevention of a variety of cardiac conditions or as antihypertensive agents. (See for example EP-A-No. 100189.) However the compounds of the present invention are potent and selective antagonists of platelet activating factor and as such they have clinical utility in a quite different area, namely for treating allergic and inflammatory conditions such as asthma and arthritis respectively. ... Platelet activating factor (PAF) 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine) is an ether phospholipid whose structure was first elucidated in 1979. It is produced by, released from and interacts with many pro-inflammatory cells, platelets and the kidney. In addition to potent platelet aggregating activity, PAF exhibits a wide spectrum of biological activities elicited either directly or via the release of other powerful mediators such as thromboxane A.sub.2 or the leukotrienes. In vitro, PAF stimulates the movement and aggregation of neutrophils and the release therefrom of tissue-damaging enzymes and oxygen radicals. These activities contribute to actions of PAF in vivo consistent with it playing a significant role in inflammatory and allergic responses. Thus, intradermal PAF has been shown to induce an inflammatory response, with associated pain, accumulation of inflammatory cells and increased vascular permeability, comparable with the allergic skin reaction following exposure to allergen. Similarly, both the acute bronchoconstriction and chronic inflammatory reactions elicited by allergens in asthma can be mimicked by intratracheal administration of PAF. Accordingly agents which antagonise the actions of PAF and, consequently also prevent mediator release by PAF, will have clinical utility in the treatment of a variety of allergic, inflammatory and hypersecretory conditions such as asthma, arthritis, rhinitis, bronchitis and urticaria. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04788205__ ·

Dihydropyridine anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory agents Inventor(s): Cooper; Kelvin (Deal, GB2), Steele; John (Sandwich, GB2), Richardson; Kenneth (Birchington, GB2) Assignee(s): Pfizer Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,859,686 Date filed: January 6, 1989 Abstract: 4-Aryl-3-alkoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-5-carbamyl-2-triazolylalkoxymethyl-1,4-dih yd ropyridines as anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory agents. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to dihydropyridines, specifically to certain 4-aryl-5carbamoyl-1,4-dihydropyridines which are useful in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions in humans and animals. ... A number of 1,4-dihydropyridines have been previously described as antiischaemic and antihypertensive agents. These compounds are able to inhibit the movement of calcium into cells and are thus active in the treatment or prevention of a variety of cardiac conditions or as antihypertensive agents. (See for example EP-A-100189.) However the compounds of the present invention are potent and selective antagonists of platelet activating factor and as such they have clinical utility in a quite different area, namely for treating allergic and inflammatory conditions such as asthma and arthritis respectively. ... Platelet activating

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factor (PAF) 1-0-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine) is an ether phospholipid whose structure was first elucidated in 1979. It is produced by, released from and interacts with many pro-inflammatory cells, platelets and the kidney. In addition to potent platelet aggregating activity, PAF exhibits a wide spectrum of biological activities elicited either directly or via the release of other powerful mediators such as thromboxane A.sub.2 or the leukotrienes. In vitro, PAF stimulates the movement and aggregation of neutrophils and the release therefrom of tissue-damaging enzymes and oxygen radicals. These activities contribute to actions of PAC in vivo consistent with it playing a significant role in inflammatory and allergic responses. Thus, intradermal PAF has been shown to induce an inflammatory response, with associated pain, accumulation of inflammatory cells and increased vascular permeability, comparable with the allergic skin reaction following exposure to allergen. Similarly, both the acute broncho-constriction and chronic inflammatory reactions elicited by allergens in asthma can be mimicked by intratracheal administration of PAF. Accordingly agents which antagonise the actions of PAF and, consequently also prevent mediator release by PAF, will have clinical utility in the treatment of a variety of allergic, inflammatory and hypersecretory conditions such as asthma, arthritis, rhinitis, bronchitis and urticaria. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04859686__ ·

Disposable allergy skin testing kit Inventor(s): Wiley; Fred R. (11735 Shadowglen Rd., El Cajon, CA 92020), Brandon; Milan L. (2800 Third Ave., San Diego, CA 92103) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,104,620 Date filed: July 30, 1990 Abstract: A disposable allergy skin testing kit that is formed from a top layer sheet, a membrane sheet, and a bottom layer sheet. The bottom sheet has a plurality of recesses formed at predetermined locations to form chambers into which a predetermined antigen has been deposited. The membrane sheet covers these chambers and forms a liquid tight seal. The top layer sheet has an aperture formed in it above each of the antigen chambers. A pushbutton needle assembly is mounted in each of these apertures and it has a disk-shaped pushbutton with a needle extending downwardly from its bottom surface. Flexible support arms attached to the edge of the apertures and the disk-shaped pushbutton allow it to be depressed a sufficient distance in order to rupture the antigen chamber and travel downwardly entirely through it so that the needle penetrates into the patient's skin taking antigen with it. A protector sheet is removably received between the top layer sheet and the membrane sheet prior to the allergy skin testing kit being used. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to allergy testing and more specifically to a disposable allergy skin testing kit. ... Presently most allergy testing is done by the prick test method or the intra-dermal test method. The prick test involves putting a drop of antigen on the skin of a person, then pricking the skin just enough to break it and let the antigen be absorbed into the tissue to see if a reaction occurs. The intra-dermal test method requires the antigen to be injected under the skin into the dermal layer, which is a deeper layer of skin. ... One of the most prevelant type of prick test equipment uses disposable allergy test needles whose tips have been dipped into a tray that holds up to 96 wells of antigen extract.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05104620__ ·

Disulfide derivatives useful for treating allergic diseases Inventor(s): Feng; Zixia (Arlington, TX), Hellberg; Mark R. (Arlington, TX), Miller; Steven T. (Arlington, TX) Assignee(s): Alcon Universal Ltd. (Hunenberg, CH) Patent Number: 6,500,864 Date filed: May 22, 2002 Abstract: Novel disulfide derivatives useful for preventing or treating allergic diseases of the eye, nose, skin, ear, gastrointestinal tract, airways or lung and preventing or treating manifestations of systemic mastocytosis are disclosed. The disulfide derivatives act as mast cell stabilizers. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel disulfide derivatives useful for treating allergic diseases. ... Antihistamines and mast cell stabilizers are two types of drugs currently used topically to treat allergic diseases. Antihistamine drugs are used to interrupt the allergic effects that histamine causes after it has been released from a mast cell. Many topical antihistamine drugs are marketed. For example, emedastine difumarate and levocabastine hydrochloride are available for ocular allergies (see Ophthalmic Drug Facts 1999, Facts and Comparisons, St. Louis, Mo., pp. 59-80). ... Mast cell stabilizers prevent mast cells from "degranulating" or releasing histamine and other components or "mediators" during an allergic reaction. Examples of ophthalmic drugs marketed as mast cell stabilizers include olopatadine (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,805) and cromolyn sodium. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06500864__

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Disulfide derivatives useful for treating allergic diseases Inventor(s): Feng; Zixia (Arlington, TX), Hellberg; Mark R. (Arlington, TX), Miller; Steven T. (Arlington, TX) Assignee(s): Alcon Universal Ltd. (Hunenberg, CH) Patent Number: 6,506,802 Date filed: May 22, 2002 Abstract: Novel disulfide derivatives useful for preventing or treating allergic diseases of the eye, nose, skin, ear, gastrointestinal tract, airways or lung and preventing or treating manifestations of systemic mastocytosis are disclosed. The disulfide derivatives act as mast cell stabilizers. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel disulfide derivatives useful for treating allergic diseases. ... Antihistamines and mast cell stabilizers are two types of drugs currently used topically to treat allergic diseases. Antihistamine drugs are used to interrupt the allergic effects that histamine causes after it has been released from a mast cell. Many topical antihistamine drugs are marketed. For example, emedastine difumarate and levocabastine hydrochloride are available for ocular allergies (see Ophthalmic Drug Facts 1999, Facts and Comparisons, St. Louis, Mo., pp. 59-80). ... Mast cell stabilizers prevent mast cells from "degranulating" or releasing histamine and other components or "mediators" during an allergic reaction. Examples of ophthalmic drugs

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marketed as mast cell stabilizers include olopatadine (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,805) and cromolyn sodium. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06506802__ ·

Drug for treating affections provoked by a too high histamine level, of the gastroduodenal mucosa and allergic affections Inventor(s): Niebes; Paul J. (Grez-Doiceau, BE), Matagne; Daniel M. (Taviers, BE), Hanon; Etienne P. (Saint-Gilles, BE), Roba; Joseph L. (Dion-Valmont, BE), Lambelin; Georges E. (Forest, BE) Assignee(s): Midit, Societe Fiduciaire (Vaduz, LI) Patent Number: 4,507,314 Date filed: July 20, 1983 Abstract: Drug for treating affections provoked by a too high histamine level in the body, for treating affections of the gastroduodenal mucosa and allergic affections, comprising the reaction product of (+)-catechin with at least one basic amino-acid, which is more particularly selected from the group consisting of L-lysine, L-arginine and L-ornithine. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a drug and a method for treating affections provoked by a too high histamine level in the body, affections of the gastroduodenal mucosa and allergic affections. ... According to the invention the drug comprises the reaction product of (+)-catechin with at least one basic amino-acid. ... According to a particular embodiment of the invention, said drug comprises the reaction product of (+)-catechin with said basic amino-acid and further at least one other organic or inorganic acid. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04507314__

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Effects of misoprostol on allergic responses Inventor(s): Alam; Rafeul (14910 Wilderness Cliff, Houston, TX 77062), Grant; J. Andrew (2914 Beluche St., Galveston, TX 77551) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,252,602 Date filed: October 11, 1991 Abstract: Methods for treating and preventing late-phase allergic reactions with misoprostol in a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient are provided. Tablet forms of misoprostol may be administered at doses of between 100 .mu.g and 300 .mu.g. The preparation may be administered alternatively as an aerosol. Late-phase respiratory and cutaneous reactions to dust mites, food and occupational allergens, pollen, weeds, grass, drugs, animal dander and chemicals may be treated with the described misoprostolcontaining agents. Urticaria, contact dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis and anaphylaxis are conditions which may be treated according to the presently disclosed methods and pharmaceutical agents. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of methods for treating and preventing late-phase allergic reactions, such as late-phase cutaneous allergic reactions.

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The present invention also relates to the field of treatments for inflammatory diseases, allergic rhinitis, asthma, contact dermatitis, anaphylaxis, and urticaria. The present invention also relates to the field of pharmaceutical agents, as a pharmaceutical antiallergy agent for treating a late phase allergic response in an animal is also provided. ... Prostaglandins (PGE) have historically been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammation. This group of chemical mediators are known to have a variety of diverse functions, including the modulation of inflammatory cells. For example, the E series of prostaglandins inhibits the activity of many inflammatory cells. PGE prevents the synthesis of cytokines by monocytes and blocks the release of mediators from polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) and basophils. They also affect the function of lymphocytes. ... Theories surrounding the current understanding of the pathophysiology of allergic diseases has changed significantly in recent years. Initially considered as a disorder of mast cells, it is now increasingly recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease. The involvement of eosinophils, lymphocytes, basophils, monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils has also been recently appreciated. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05252602__ ·

Electrode for non-invasive allergy testing Inventor(s): Kraft; Thomas L. (Houston, TX), Vick; Howard A. (Missouri City, TX), Meador; James W. (Houston, TX), Johnson; Corrine () Assignee(s): KVM Engineering, Inc. (Houston, TX) Patent Number: 4,809,707 Date filed: April 12, 1985 Abstract: Disclosed herein is an electrode for performing a plurality of allergy tests on a patient undergoing tests. The allergy electrode consists of a plurality of individual testing electrodes and a single common electrode. Each of the testing electrodes includes allergen delivery apparatus and a temperature sensor. The allergen is contained in a removable allergen impregnated pad. If a dry allergen is used, it may be hydrolized with a drop of distilled water prior to application. A small electric charge charges a charge plate on one side of the allergen pad and a common ring on the electrodes is grounded in circuit with the charging plate, thereby causing electric field to transfer the allergen through the pores of the skin. The area surrounding the allergen delivery area is sensed for temperature by a thin film temperature sensor and a rigid temperature conducted base. A thermistor or other temperature to voltage transducer converts the sensed temperature to an electric voltage which is applied through appropriate differential amplifiers and multiplexer to an analog to digital converter. The digital data is then stored by a microprocessor in random access memory. An output device can be connected to receive the stored data and the time at which it was stored so as to manifest to the physician the change in temperature of the tested area with respect to time. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an electrode for allergy testing and more particularly an electrode of the type for non-invasively providing an allergen transcutaneously into the patient's body and thereafter automatically determining whether an allergic reaction has occurred and the degree of any such reaction. ... Testing for allergies has been the standard medical technique for many years. In recent years it has become more important as many patient disorders have been found to be based on some type of allergic response. Traditionally, testing for allergies have included the traditional skin test and more recently the RAST test. The traditional skin test is

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exemplified by either a scratch test or a needle injection test. In either case, the skin is fractured and an allergen substance of the allergy being tested is placed on the skin puncture. Where an allergic reaction occurs, the area around the puncture swells and turns a reddish color. Generally, the degree of the allergic reaction is measured by measuring the diameter of the wheal or red mark on the skin. However such measurement is only semi quantitative in that different reactions quantitatively do not generate sufficient differences in the diameter of the wheal in all instances. The RAST test is widely used where the allergy is a IgE mediated allergy. This type of test is very expensive and is performed on the blood serum. ... Both of the prior art types of testing have several draw backs. First and foremost with respect to the traditional skin test some patients risk infection, undergo great pain and even can go into shock as a result of an allergic reaction to the injected allergen. This risk can of course be reduced by utilizing very small amounts of allergen, but then many allergic reactions will not occur. Thus, it will be necessary to perform the traditional skin test a multitude of times with increasing amounts of allergen. Such a solution is both expensive and painful to the patient as well as time consuming. Other disadvantages of course, are the pain the patient suffers generally both as a result of the testing procedure due to puncturing the skin as well as the resulting allergic reaction wheal which is formed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04809707__ ·

Glyco/proteinaceous materials derivable from beef liver and other tissues useful for the treatment of toxic and allergic conditions Inventor(s): Karler; Arthur (933 Shevlin Dr., El Cerrito, CA 94530), Ream, deceased; Milton R. (288 Miramontes Rd., LATE OF Oakland, CA), Ream, executor; by Allen K. (288 Miramontes Rd., Woodside, CA 94062) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,169,139 Date filed: July 6, 1976 Abstract: Mucoprotides (i.e., complex compounds of protein with carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives) derived from animal tissues, for example, mammalian liver by a succession of extractive steps including treatment with acetone to produce three layers or phases of which the upper two are separated and further processed, the bottom layer being discarded. The retained layers are further treated to purify and deantigenize them. The product is useful for treatment of allergic conditions, as a detoxicant and for treatment of narcotics addiction. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to certain derivatives of animal tissues, notably mammalian liver, but also certain other organs, such derivatives having biological activity including de-toxifying effects, utility in the treatment of allergic conditions, and the treatment of narcotics addiction. ... The invention relates also to similar naturally occurring materials derived from other sources such as yeast. Such materials are identifiable by their infrared transmittance spectrum. ... This invention relates more particularly to proteinaceous derivatives of mammalian liver (and of other sources) which has a protide component as the principal component but which also has a significant carbohydrate component hereinafter referred to as mucoid, the biological and therapeutic properties of these derivatives being dependent on the chemical combinations of protide and mucoid. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04169139__

220 Allergies

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Human leucocyte pepsin-like enzyme as a therapeutic agent for treating allergic disorders and immune complex diseases Inventor(s): Ohnishi; Haruo (Funabashi, JP), Kosuzume; Hiroshi (Yokohama, JP), Suzuki; Yasuo (Kawaguchi, JP), Mochida; Ei (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 4,591,504 Date filed: May 26, 1983 Abstract: This invention provides a human leucocyte pepsin-like enzyme and a therapeutic agent and method for treating allergic disorders, immune complex diseases and tumors, the agent containing the enzyme as an effective ingredient. The human leucocyte pepsin-like enzyme of this invention is a protein of human origin and, therefore, a therapeutic agent containing said enzyme as an effective ingredient shows extremely little adverse reactions such as anaphylaxis and thus is highly safe. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a human leucocyte pepsin-like enzyme, method for preparation of the enzyme, and method and a therapeutic agent for treating allergic disorders, immune complex diseases and tumors, said agent containing said enzyme as an effective ingredient. ... Allergic disorders are caused by an allergic reaction which, as a result of an antigen-antibody reaction, brings about a pathogenesis in a living organism. The mechanism of pathogenesis of allergic disorders is believed to follow the following course. When exposed to a pathogenic antigen, a living organism produces antibodies. The second attack of the same antigen causes an antigen-antibody reaction and, as a result, chemical mediators are released from the cells. These mediators damage tissues and/or the formed antigen-antibody complexes are deposited on the tissues, causing allergic disorders or autoimmune disorders. Among various pathogenic antigens are included xenogenic antigens, such as inhaled allergen, food allergen, drugs, contact allergen, and allogenic or autolous antigens which originate from autologus components of the tissues or organs denatured for some reason and thereby behaving as foreign substances. ... So-called allergic disorders caused by enogenic antigens, such as bronchial asthma, food allergy or urticaria, are classified into four types according to their symptoms or causes. That is, they are classified into Type I allergies (anaphylactictype) resulting from tissue-depositing antibodies and characterized by increased capillary permeability and smooth muscle contraction, Type II allergies (cytotoxic-type) resulting in the presence of complements and characterized by cell damage, Type III allergies (Arthus-type) resulting from the deposition of antigen-body complexes on vacular walls and subsequent participation of complements and polymorphonuclear leucocytes and characterized by inflammatory reactions, and Type IV allergies resulting from cell-mediated immunity and characterized by the appearance of delayed hypersensitivitiy such as Tuberculin reaction. Among the allergic reactions, Types I, III and IV allergies participate in, for example, bronchial asthma and each of these reactions is considered independently or in combination to cause asthma attack. The pathogenic mechanism of these allergic disorders can be considered to act as follows. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04591504__

Patents 221

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IL-4 receptor for the therapy, prophylaxis and diagnosis of allergic, viral, and bacterial diseases and of fungal infections Inventor(s): Enssle; Karlheinz (Marburg-Michelbach, DE), Kurrle; Roland (Niederweimar, DE), Lauffer; Leander (Gladenbach, DE), Seiler; Friedrich-Robert (Marburg, DE) Assignee(s): Aventis Pharma Deutschland GmbH (Franfurt am Main, DE) Patent Number: 6,210,661 Date filed: August 5, 1996 Abstract: The IL-4 receptor for the therapy, prophylaxis and diagnosis of allergic, viral, parasitic and bacterial diseases and of fungal infections. The invention relates to the il-4 receptor or variants thereof for the therapy, prophylaxis and diagnosis of allergic, viral, parasitic and bacterial diseases and of fungal infections. Excerpt(s): The therapy and prophylaxis of many allergic, viral, parasitic and bacterial diseases remain a serious problem. The invention relates to the use of the IL-4 receptor or of derivatives thereof for the therapy, prophylaxis and diagnosis of such diseases. ... It is known that in the course of some parasitic, viral and bacterial diseases there are changes in subpopulations of lymphocytic and monocytic cells. This relates, for example, to the increased occurrence of so-called T-helper cells of type 2 (called TH2 cells hereinafter). T cells can in general be divided into subpopulations on the basis of surface markers and on the basis of their function. Thus, for example, T-helper lymphocytes carry CD4 surface molecules and, after their activation, secrete cytokines. ... Analyses of the cytokine pattern of cloned T-helper cells from healthy mice or mice stimulated with allogeneic cells revealed that these cells produce interleukin-2, interleukin-4, gamma-interferon, interleukin-5, interleukin-6, interleukin-10 and lymphotoxin (T-helper cells of the so-called THO type). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06210661__

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Immunoactive peptides and antibodies and their use in anti-allergy treatment Inventor(s): Stanworth; Denis Raymond (Birmingham, GB), Lewin; Ian Victor (Tamworth, GB), Nayyar; Sarita (Wolverhampton, GB), Jones; Valerie (Gwynedd, GB) Assignee(s): Peptide Therapeutics Limited (Cambridge, GB) Patent Number: 5,955,076 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: An immunogen comprising a residue of a histamine-releasing peptide comprising a cationic N-terminal head and a hydrophobic C-terminal tail, together with a residue capable of eliciting antibodies against said peptide whilst inhibiting histamine release by said peptide is useful in anti-allergy treatment. Preferably the histaminereleasing peptide is of formula:Lys-Thr-Lys-Gly-Ser-Gly-Phe-Phe-Val-Phe,optionally amidated at the C terminal.Antibodies to the histamine-releasing peptide are useful for passive immunisation. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed towards the inhibition of interactions which would normally cause the release of histamine and other mediators between cellbound IgE linked to an allergen and the cell. ... Allergic symptoms are brought about through the release of vasoactive amines (mediators), notably histamine, from cells into the surrounding tissue and vascular structures. Histamine is normally stored in special

222 Allergies

cells known as mast cells and basophil leucocytes. The mast cells are dispersed throughout animal tissue whilst the basophils circulate within the vascular system. These cells manufacture and store histamine within the cell unless a specialised sequence of events occurs to trigger its release. ... Active sites, depending on their function, may already be exposed and therefore able to bind to cellular receptors. Alternatively, they may be hidden until the antibody binds to the antigen, whereupon the antibody may change in structure and subsequently expose other active sites which can then trigger a specific immune activity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05955076__ ·

Immunoanalysis of basophil-containing blood fraction for diagnosing parasitoses and allergies Inventor(s): Leynadier; Francisque (Paris, FR), Luce; Herve (Paris, FR) Assignee(s): Institut Pasteur (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 4,640,897 Date filed: May 2, 1983 Abstract: The reagent is constituted by a suspension of basophil granulocytes bearing specific IgE's, containing from 300 to 1000 basophils per mm.sup.3. This suspension is obtained from a blood sample taken from a human or animal patient, by means of a liquid of density 1.079-1.085. It is deposited in the various wells of a diagnosis read-out slide or the like, for diagnosing parasitoses or allergies. The diagnosis method is applied particularly to worm parasitoses which causes an increase in the circulating specific IgE's. The diagnosis may be carried by using ready-for-use kits. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a diagnosis reagent for parasitoses and allergies, to a method for the preparation of this reagent, and to a method of diagnosis of parasitoses and of allergies, notably worm parasitoses which causes an increase in the circulating specific immunoglobulins, such as IgE, IgG.sub.4 IgM, by means of this reagent. ... Protection of man and of domestic animals against parasitic diseases represents one of the great world problems in the field of public health. If the developed countries have resolved a certain number of their parasitological problems, without, however, having entirely eliminated them, parasitoses still constitutes a major obstacle to the economic development of many countries, and in particular of countries in the hot regions of the globe, which are those which must reckon with the greatest human proliferation. ... It is essential, in order to undertake an effective fight against the scourge represented by parasitoses, to be able to carry out a positive, reliable and early diagnosis of parasitoses. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04640897__

Patents 223

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Immunoglobulin E receptor .alpha.-chain inhibits IgE production and secondary allergic responses Inventor(s): Ra; Chisei (14-13, Hanazono 2-chome, Hanamigawa-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, JP), Naito; Koji (Osaka, JP), Hirama; Minoru (Osaka, JP), Okumura; Ko (Chiba, JP), Yanagihara; Yukiyoshi (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Ra; Chisei (Chiba, JP), The Green Cross Corporation (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 5,874,404 Date filed: May 3, 1994 Abstract: Disclosed is an antiallergic composition comprising, as an active ingredient, a peptide which is capable of binding to human IgE, more specifically the high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptor .alpha.-chain or a soluble fragment, which is capable of binding to human IgE, or the high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptor .alpha.-chain. The composition is clinically useful for blocking allergic responses. An animal model for use in the screening of prophylactic and therapeutic compositions for IgE-related diseases is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions containing, methods of producing and methods of using peptides which are capable of binding to human immunoglobulin E (IgE). More particularly, the invention relates to a prophylactic and/or therapeutic composition for allergic diseases which comprises a high affinity immunoglobulin E receptor .alpha.-chain (Fc.epsilon.RI.alpha.) or a soluble fragment of such a high affinity immunoglobulin E receptor .alpha.-chain (sFc.epsilon.RI.alpha.) which is capable of binding to human IgE. The present invention also relates to a method of preventing or treating an allergic response in human, a process for producing sFc.epsilon.RI.alpha. using genetic engineering techniques and an animal cell carrying a DNA coding for sFc.epsilon.RI.alpha.. The present invention further relates to an animal model for use in the screening of prophylactic and therapeutic compositions for IgErelated diseases. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a method of inhibiting production of IgE. ... Type I allergy is an inflammatory response which is elicited as the invasion of exogenous agents into the body triggers release of various enzymes and chemical mediators, such as histamine and leukotrienes, from mast cells and eosinophils, which in turn induce tissue-damaging inflammations. The allergic response, when generalized, can lead to a systemic and often life threatening reaction known as anaphylactic shock. ... The agents which trigger an anaphylactic shock response include various drugs such as penicillin and insulin, sources of desensitizing allergens such as ticks and fungi, dietary allergens such as eggs and peanuts, iodinecontaining contrast media, local anesthetics and so on. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05874404__

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Immunotoxin therapy of allergy Inventor(s): Whitaker, Jr.; Robert B. (R.R. 1, Box 936, Turner, ME 04282) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,714,759 Date filed: December 2, 1985

224 Allergies

Abstract: A product and process for treating allergy are described. An immunotoxin specific for the IgE isotype is used to eliminate the IgE producing B-lymphocytes responsible for allergy. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to immunotoxins and more particularly to immunotoxin therapy of allergy. ... Allergy is a hypersensitive state induced by an exaggerated immune response to a foreign agent. The body's allergic reaction to the foreign agent can range from minor inflammation and discomfort to death. Allergy affects the lives of millions, often dictating what people can eat, touch and smell and even where people can live. ... Current treatment for allergy focuses on two approaches. One treats only the symptoms of allergy, utilizing drugs such as antihistamines. This approach often entails repeated doses and can involve undesirable side effects. Moreover, it acts only to treat symptoms, not the underlying condition responsible for the hypersensitive state. Another approach, desensitization therapy, involves injection with specific allergens. Patient-specific allergens must first be recognized. Then the patient is injected repeatedly with low doses of the allergens. This approach can involve discomfort and can require as many as 50 visits to a doctor. Moreover, the allergen to which the patient is hypersensitive cannot always be identified, making desensitization treatment impossible. Neither of the above approaches, in addition to the drawbacks already cited, can guarantee the elimination of the hypersensitive state. Likewise, neither can protect against the development of a hypersensitive state. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04714759__ ·

In vitro method for determining allergic hypersensitivity Inventor(s): Marinkovich; Vincent A. (Palo Alto, CA) Assignee(s): GTE New Ventures Corporation (Stamford, CT) Patent Number: 4,031,197 Date filed: July 7, 1975 Abstract: Allergic hypersensitivity of a number of patients to a large number of allergens is determined by coating a sheet of cellulosic material on both sides with an adherent hydrophobic material so as to leave a plurality of uncoated islands on one side of the sheet which are in register with a plurality of uncoated islands on the other side of the sheet and with the islands so placed that they lie in horizontal and vertical rows on the sheet, contacting each vertical row of islands with a separate identified allergen, contacting each horizontal row of islands with the serum of a patient, contacting all of the islands with an anti-IgE specific antiserum labeled with either a fluorescent material or a radioactive material and then identifying the islands containing fluorescent or radioactive material. Apparatus for carrying out the determination is described. Excerpt(s): Approximately ten percent of all human beings can be designated allergic or atopic. They have become sufficiently hypersensitive to substances commonly present in the environment to experience significant symptoms of exposure to these substances. The majority suffer from readily identifiable allergic symptoms such as hayfever, asthma, eczema, hives and localized swellings. Regardless of symptoms, the preferred methods of therapy are either to remove the patient from the substance to which he is sensitive or, failing that, to treat the patient with increasing doses of the substance and thereby elevate his threshold for reaction. The allergic symptoms are induced by the presence of allergens in the substances to which the individuals are sensitive. An allergen may be defined by first defining an antigen which is a substance that can

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stimulate the production of antibody in an animal, the produced antibody is specifically reactive with the antigen. An allergen is a special antigen which stimulates a synthesis of a class of antibody which causes allergy. Before either of the methods of therapy noted above can be applied, it is necessary to identify the allergen. Currently, allergic hypersensitivity is determined by direct skin tests on patients. In the skin tests minute quantities of various allergens are injected into or under the skin, visible but usually readily tolerated lesions will appear on the skin of the patient at the point of injection of an allergen to which the patient is hypersensitive. The skin test has limitations. It does not work well in either the very young or the very old, there is some risk to the patient during skin testing and there are relatively few physicians expert in performing and interpreting skin tests so that this method cannot be made widely available and the method is a costly one. An in vitro system for assaying allergic hypersensitivity would be simpler, safer and cheaper than the skin test method. Such a system has not heretofore been available. ... Pursuant to the present invention hypersensitivity to a large number of allergens is determined in vitro by testing a small sample of the blood serum of the patient. Briefly, the method consists in bonding a plurality of separate allergens to an elongated porous support body to form a series of narrow bands of bonded allergen separated by narrow bands of allergen-free support, then contacting the allergen bonded support with blood serum of the patient, then contacting the support with anti-immunoglobulin E specific antiserum labeled with either a fluorescent material or with a radioactive material, washing the support to remove unreacted immunoglobulin E anitserum and then identifying those bands containing the fluorescent or radioactive material. The presence of either fluorescent material or radioactive material on a particular band indicates that the allergen initially placed on that band is an allergen to which the patient is hypersensitive. The method may be varied to permit the testing of sera from a number of patients to determine hypersensitivity to a number of allergens by coating a large cellulosic sheet with a water impervious coating but leaving a plurality of uncoated islands on the sheet. The islands are so arranged that each island lies in a vertical row of islands and also in a horizontal row of islands. Each horizontal row of islands is contacted with a separate allergen with the result that the islands in each vertical row are each impregnated with a different allergen. Each vertical row of islands is then contacted with the serum of a different patient to permit allergen-sera reactions. The sheet is then washed and contacted with labeled anti-immunoglobulin E specific antiserum. The sheet is then washed and read. Each island in a vertical row that shows the presence of the labeling agent indicates hypersensitivity of the patient whose serum contacted that row to the specific allergen with which that specific island is impregnated. ... The appended drawings illustrate three methods of preparing bodies of cellulosic material having narrow bands of separate identified allergens distributed along the length of the body of material. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04031197__ ·

Indolopyrones having anti-allergic activity Inventor(s): Brown; Richard E. (Hanover, NJ), Unangst; Paul C. (Ann Arbor, MI) Assignee(s): Warner-Lambert Company (Morris Plains, NJ) Patent Number: 4,188,326 Date filed: March 20, 1978 Abstract: This invention relates to novel substituted indolopyrones which have utility in preventing allergic and asthmatic reactions in mammals.

226 Allergies

Excerpt(s): The reaction is conveniently carried out in a polar aprotic solvent as, for example, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, phentydrone and the like. ... The substituted indoxylic acid esters are known compounds and are easily prepared by the methods described in the literature for this class of compounds. In structures II and III, R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are as before defined; R.sub.6 is a lower alkyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms. ... In the second step, the .beta.-ketosulfone of Structure III is treated with a lower alkyl halide or tosylate having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the presence of a strong base and is thereby converted to a compound of structure III wherein R.sub.4 is lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04188326__ ·

Interleukin-2 stimulated T lymphocyte cell death for the treatment of allergic responses Inventor(s): Lenardo; Michael J. (Potomac, MD) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Department of Health (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 5,989,546 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: A method for the treatment or prevention of allergic disorders is provided, comprising inducing the death by apoptosis of a subpopulation of T lymphocytes that is capable of causing such diseases, while leaving substantially unaffected the majority of other T lymphocytes. Cell death is achieved by cycle(s) comprising challenging via immunization these T cells with antigenic substance at short time intervals, or by immunization followed by administering interleukin-2 (IL-2) when these T cells are expressing high levels of IL-2 receptor so as to cause these T cells to undergo apoptosis upon re-immunization with the antigenic peptide or protein. These methods are applicable to the treatment of allergic disorders such as hay fever, extrinsic asthma, or insect bite and sting allergies, and food and drug allergies. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the treatment and prevention of diseases that are primarily due to T cell immune responses. In particular, it relates to the suppression or elimination of certain autoimmune diseases, graft rejection, and allergic disorders by treatment with interleukin-2 (IL-2) and the specific antigen involved, thus allowing the killing of the subpopulation of T cells that recognizes this specific antigen. In this manner, IL-2 pretreatment sensitizes T cells to undergo programmed cell death following T cell receptor engagement. ... Stimulation of the .alpha..beta. antigen receptor of mature T lymphocytes can lead to either proliferation or programmed cell death (1-4). Programmed cell death, termed apoptosis, is one mechanism for the clonal deletion of both thymocytes and mature T cells that establishes tolerance (5-9). A minor population (approximately 5%) of T lymphocytes of unknown function, termed .gamma..delta. cells, has been shown to undergo apoptosis following IL-2 treatment and antigenic stimulation (28). The role of apoptosis in the normal immune response, and the mechanism by which a mature T cell selects between proliferation and death, were not previously understood. ... The present invention arose from the discovery that IL-2 programs mature T cells for antigen-driven death. The T cell death caused by IL-2 followed by antigen stimulation has the hallmarks, such as DNA fragmentation and sensitivity to cyclosporin A, of "programmed cell death" or apoptosis. Thus, IL-2 acts as a death cytokine that will cause the demise only of T cells that are specifically stimulated through their antigen receptor. This novel use of a previously undiscovered property of

Patents 227

IL-2 will allow the specific elimination of certain classes of antigen receptor-bearing T cells, forming the basis for new clinical applications of IL-2. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05989546__ ·

Interleukin-2 stimulated T lymphocyte cell death for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, allergic responses, and graft rejection Inventor(s): Lenardo; Michael J. (Potomac, MD) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Department of Health (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 6,083,503 Date filed: September 15, 1993 Abstract: A method for the treatment or prevention of autoimmune diseases, allergic or atopic disorders, and graft rejection is provided, comprising inducing the death by apoptosis of a subpopulation of T lymphocytes that is capable of causing such diseases, while leaving substantially unaffected the majority of other T lymphocytes. Cell death is achieved by cycle(s) comprising challenging via immunization these T cells with antigenic substance at short time intervals, or by immunization followed by administering interleukin-2 (IL-2) when these T cells are expressing high levels of IL-2 receptor so as to cause these T cells to undergo apoptosis upon re-immunization with the antigenic peptide or protein. These methods are applicable to the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as, for example, multiple sclerosis, uveitis, arthritis, Type I insulin-dependent diabetes, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Grave's thyroiditis, autoimmune myocarditis, etc., allergic disorders such as hay fever, extrinsic asthma, or insect bite and sting allergies, food and drug allergies, as well as for the treatment or prevention of graft rejection. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the treatment and prevention of diseases that are primarily due to T cell immune responses. In particular, it relates to the suppression or elimination of certain autoimmune diseases, graft rejection, and allergic disorders by treatment with interleukin-2 (IL-2) and the specific antigen involved, thus allowing the killing of the subpopulation of T cells that recognizes this specific antigen. In this manner, IL-2 pretreatment sensitizes T cells to undergo programmed cell death following T cell receptor engagement. ... Stimulation of the .alpha..beta. antigen receptor of mature T lymphocytes can lead to either proliferation or programmed cell death (1-4). Programmed cell death, termed apoptosis, is one mechanism for the clonal deletion of both thymocytes and mature T cells that establishes tolerance (5-9). A minor population (approximately 5%) of T lymphocytes of unknown function, termed .gamma..delta. cells, has been shown to undergo apoptosis following IL-2 treatment and antigenic stimulation (28). The role of apoptosis in the normal immune response, and the mechanism by which a mature T cell selects between proliferation and death, were not previously understood. ... The present invention arose from the discovery that IL-2 programs mature T cells for antigen-driven death. The T cell death caused by IL-2 followed by antigen stimulation has hallmarks, such as DNA fragmentation and sensitivity to cyclosporin A, of "programmed cell death" or apoptosis. Thus, IL-2 acts as a death cytokine that will allow the demise only of T cells that are specifically stimulated through their antigen receptor. This novel use of a previously undiscovered property of IL-2 will allow the specific elimination of certain classes of antigen receptor-bearing T cells, forming the basis for new clinical applications of IL-2.

228 Allergies

Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06083503__ ·

Interleukin-4 stimulated T lymphocyte cell death for the treatment of allergic disorders Inventor(s): Lenardo; Michael J. (Potomac, MD), Boehme; Stefen A. (McClean, VA), Critchfield; Jeffrey (Bethesda, MD) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Department of Health (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 5,935,575 Date filed: November 30, 1994 Abstract: This invention discloses a method for the treatment or prevention of autoimmune diseases, allergic or atopic disorders and graft rejection. Specifically, it provides a means of killing a specific sub-population of T lymphocytes while leaving the majority of other T lymphocytes in the population unaffected. The sub-population of T lymphocytes are killed by repeatedly challenging the population with an antigen in conjunction with administration of interleukin-4. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the treatment and prevention of diseases that are primarily due to T cell immune responses. In particular, it relates to the suppression or elimination of certain autoimmune diseases, graft rejection, and allergic disorders by treatment with interleukin-4 (IL-4) and the specific antigen involved, thus allowing the killing of only the subpopulation of T cells that recognizes this specific antigen. In this manner, IL-4 pretreatment sensitizes T cells to undergo programmed cell death following T cell receptor engagement. ... Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in many biological systems (1-5). An apoptotic cell undergoes a specific program of events dependent upon active metabolism that contributes to its own selfdestruction. Distinct morphological changes occur during this process such as membrane blebbing and cytoplasmic and nuclear condensation. These changes are accompanied by fragmentation of genomic DNA into pieces constituting one to several nucleosomes. In the final stages, the cell disintegrates into apoptotic bodies that are specifically recognized and phagocytozed by neighboring cells. ... T lymphocytes are sensitive to apoptotic cell death induced by a variety of stimuli at multiple points in their lifespan. Experimental evidence strongly suggests that programmed cell death normally plays a large role in shaping and maintaining the T cell repertoire. Repertoire here is defined by the number of distinct antigen receptor specificities contained in the entire pool of T lymphocytes in the organism. Each T lymphocyte bears surface receptors for antigen that are all of identical structure on that cell and therefore are said to represent a single antigen specificity. Since each T cell has a unique specificity, the total collection of antigen specificities in an organism is the sum of different individual T cells, thus the T cell repertoire. By eliminating or expanding the number of individual T cells, the responsiveness of an organism to a particular antigen can be either curtailed or enhanced, respectively. These changes have been documented to occur and are known as changes in the T cell repertoire. Alterations in the T cell repertoire occur naturally during T cell development such that only a small fraction of thymocytes (or immature T cells) survive the intrathymic development and selection events that allow emigration of developing T cells to the peripheral circulation (6,7). The majority of thymocytes appear to undergo apoptotic cell death in the thymus because they bear particular receptors. This "editing" of the T cell repertoire is thought to be the result of two processes: lack of positive selection, and negative selection or clonal deletion. The latter is fundamental to

Patents 229

the establishment of self-tolerance as cells expressing potentially autoreactive receptors are actively eliminated. Fetal thymic organ culture (8), in vivo (9), and in vitro (10,11) experiments have shown that the double positive (CD4.sup.+,CD8.sup.+) thymocytes appear to be more sensitive to apoptotic death induced by T cell receptor occupancy than more mature single positive cells. These double positive cells are also sensitive to programmed cell death induced by glucocorticoids (12). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05935575__ ·

LZ-CD23 chimera for inhibition of IgE-mediated allergic disease Inventor(s): Conrad; Daniel H. (Middletown, VA), Kelly; Ann E. (Annandale, VA) Assignee(s): Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, VA) Patent Number: 5,965,712 Date filed: June 19, 1998 Abstract: CD23 is a low affinity receptor for IgE. The extracellular part of this molecule has been linked to a modified leucine zipper. This results in a trimeric configuration, since the stalk region of the CD23 molecule is itself a weak leucine zipper. This chimeric protein, designated LZ-CD23, interacts with IgE in a much stronger fashion than either simply the extracellular domain alone or the intact membrane CD23. This is the result of an increased avidity due to the stable trimeric configuration. The chimera has approximately at 10,000 fold increased ability to block IgE binding to mast cell/basophils, compared to native soluble CD23. At approximately equal concentrations to added IgE, 80% inhibition of IgE binding to Fc.di-elect cons.RI on mast cells was obtained. Thus, the LZ-CD23 chimera provides a new means for blocking and binding which provides benefits in the treatment of IgE-mediated asthma and allergic diseases. Excerpt(s): The following abbreviations are used in this patent specification: Fc.di-elect cons.RII, the low affinity receptor for IgE; sCD23, soluble CD23; EC-CD23, soluble CD23 construct consisting of entire extracellular domain; MBP-CD23, soluble CD23 chimera consisting of the lectin head of CD23 attached to the leader sequence and stalk of Mannose Binding Protein; CD72-CD23, CD23 chimera consisting of the lectin head of CD23 and the cytoplasmic, transmembrane, and stalk domain of CD72; CD72-CD23 neck, CD23 chimera consisting of the same region of CD72 attached to the "neck" and lectin head domains of CD23; human-mouse CD23, CD23 chimera consisting of the lectin head of a murine CD23 attached to the cytoplasmic, transmembrane, and stalk domain of human CD23; C1M, cleavage mutant 1; lzEC-C1M, sCD23 chimera consisting of a modified isoleucine zipper attached to the amino terminus of the entire extracellular domain of C1M; COS, African green monkey kidney cells; CHO, Chinese hamster ovary cells; Fc.di-elect cons.RI, the high affinity receptor for IgE; and a.a., amino acid. ... The invention is directed to a compound and method for treatment of IgE-mediated disorders. ... The low affinity receptor for IgE, Fc.di-elect cons.RII.sup.4 or CD23 (1), is a type II integral membrane protein expressed on murine B cells (2), and FDCs (3). Structurally CD23 consists of carboxyl terminal lectin head, a stalk consisting of four 21amino acid repeat domains, and a transmembrane and cytoplasmic domain (4). Both human (5) and murine (6) CD23 has been found to exist as both a membrane and a soluble protein, the latter is a result of proteolytic cleavage. Through the use of CD23 transgenic (7;8) and knockout mice (9), this receptor has been implicated in the regulation of Ig production, specifically IgE.

230 Allergies

Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05965712__ ·

Means having microbial effect and little or completely abolished tendency to develop contact allergic reactions or toxic effects and use thereof in e.g. skin and wound treatment products Inventor(s): Soderberg; Thor (Ume.ang., SE), Holm; Stig (Ume.ang., SE), Hallmans; Goran (Ume.ang., SE) Assignee(s): Molnlycke AB (Gothenburg, SE) Patent Number: 5,415,865 Date filed: August 18, 1994 Abstract: An agent which possesses antimicrobial properties and a minimum tendency, or a completely discontinued tendency, to produce contact allergic reactions or toxic effects includes a mixture of a compound which produces Zn.sup.2+ -ions and one or more so-called resin acids or other resin compounds or resin acid derivatives present in the purest possible form, and to the use of the agent in preparing skin, wound, teeth and mucus-membrane treatment products, and to such products as insulating material, building material, paper, surface treatment material, disinfectants, cosmetics and like products which contain conventionally different types of resins. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an agent that possesses antimicrobial properties and exhibits a minimum tendency, or a completely discontinued tendency, to generate contact allergic reactions or toxic effects. The invention relates in particular to an agent which because of its antimicrobial properties is suitable for use as a curative constituent of products intended for the treatment of the skin, wounds and mucus-membrane, for example wound dressings and the like, and also for use in, for instance, rinsing solutions for medical use. The invention also relates to the use of said agent in the manufacture of such products, such as the manufacture of wound dressings or the like, or in the manufacture of a rinsing solution for medicinal use. ... Zinc compounds have long been used in the treatment of wounds. The bacteria-inhibiting and local-drying properties of zinc are well known. Colophony has also been earlier used for its bacteriainhibiting properties. ... Colophony is obtained from certain Pinus species and consists of about 90% free resin acids, with the remainder consisting of neutral substances, oxidized terpentines and minor quantities of esters and anhydrides, depending upon the origin of the colophony. The resin acids are a group of mono-basic carboxylic acids, all with a phenanthrene skeleton and all having 20 carbon atoms in the molecule. With two exceptions, dextro-pimaric acids, the resin acids exhibit the same substituents in the same positions and differ only with respect to the number and the positions of the double bonds. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05415865__

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Method and apparatus for the treatment of autoimmune and allergic diseases Inventor(s): Skurkovich; Simon V. (261 Congressional La., #709, Rockville, MD 20852) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,362,155 Date filed: March 24, 1981

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Abstract: A method and apparatus for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and allergy (hypersensitivity of immediate type). The apparatus ulitizes an absorption system to absorb interferon from whole blood, from plasma, or from plasma with leukocytes. When plasma or plasma with leukocytes is to be treated, the apparatus includes a separator for separating the plasma or plasma with keukocytes from the whole blood. Preferably, the separator also separates lymphocytes from the whole blood. Blood from a patient's circulation system is pumped either directly to an absorbent system or to the separator and then to the absorbent system. The absorbent system includes a sorbent that is designed to selectively absorb interferon from the blood, the plasma, or the plasma with leukocytes. Alternatively, the absorbent system utilizes a combined sorbent having a first component that absorbs interferon and a second component that abosrbs or removes antoantibodies. After absorption, the plasma or plasma with leukocytes regions the formed elements of blood and is returned to the patient's circulation system. With the method of treating autoimmune and allergic diseases, blood is removed from a patient, treated to reduce the level or completely remove interferon, and returned to the patient. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the treatment of patients having autoimmune diseases and allergy (hypersensitivity of immediate type). More particularly, the invention provides a method and apparatus for treating such patients by continuously removing interferon from the blood of a patient being treated. ... In 1974, an article was published setting forth the hypothesis that one of the mechanisms of development of autoimmune diseases and allergy is hyperproduction of interferon in a patient's body. The article also suggested treating autoimmune diseases and allergy with anti-interferon immunoglobulin (Nature, 247:551, Feb. 22, 1974). ... In 1975, interferon was discovered in the blood of patients with autoimmune diseases and allergy, and preliminary positive results were obtained in treatment of autoimmune and allergic diseases with anti-interferon immunoglobulin ("The Probable Role of Interferon in Allergy", Annals of Allergy, 35:356, December, 1975). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04362155__ ·

Method and composition for treatment of food allergy Inventor(s): Burton; Albert F. (Comox, CA), Gislason; Stephen (Vancouver, CA) Assignee(s): The University of British Columbia (Vancouver, CA) Patent Number: 5,192,750 Date filed: January 28, 1992 Abstract: This invention pertains to the novel use of N-acetyl glucosamine to minimize or eliminate food intolerance or food allergy symptoms in human beings afflicted with these symptoms by maintaining the integrity and normal function of the gastrointestinal tract in such human beings. A method of alleviating food sensitivity and food allergy in a human being comprising feeding the human being a therapeutic amount of N-acetyl glucosamine on a periodic basis. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to the novel use of N-acetyl glucosamine to minimize or eliminate food intolerance or food allergy symptoms in human beings afflicted with these symptoms by maintaining the integrity and normal function of the gastrointestinal tract in such human beings. ... Food intolerance of some kind is very common in human beings. Food allergies are also common. The majority of human beings have an intolerance of certain constituents of foods. About 5 percent of the population have

232 Allergies

reactions to ingested substances which are sufficiently serious to require medical attention. These reactions can in some instances be life-threatening. For instance, in a widely publicized case, a bride with a chronic peanut allergy died in the United States in 1990 within minutes of consuming some wedding cake that had been baked with peanut oil as a pan grease. ... In recent years evidence has mounted that the basic cause of food intolerance is the absorption of substances which are normally excluded but which in susceptible individuals are absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract because of defects in the tissue which lines the digestive tract (Peters, T. F., Bjarnason, I., Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 1988, 2: 127-132; Olaison et al., Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 1990, 25: 321-328; Hollander et al., Annals of Internal Medicine, 1986, 105: 883-885). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05192750__ ·

Method for blocking allergic responses Inventor(s): Hamburger; Robert N. (La Jolla, CA) Assignee(s): The Regents of the University of California (Berkeley, CA) Patent Number: 4,161,522 Date filed: September 7, 1978 Abstract: A group of relatively low molecular weight polypeptides having from 3 to 10 amino acids block the allergic response. These "blocking" polypeptides have amino acid sequences corresponding to amino acid sequences appearing in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th domains of the epsilon chain of IgE. Certain derivatives of such polypeptides also exhibit "blocking" activity. Specific active "blocking" polypeptides are disclosed and the synthesis and use thereof are described. Excerpt(s): The symptoms of human allergic disease or more properly the allergic syndrome, are brought about through the release into the organism of vasoactive amines, notably histamine. The histamine is normally stored in special cells known as mast cells and basophil leucocytes distributed throughout the organism. The mast cells are dispersed throughout human tissue structures, while the basophils circulate with the blood in the body, i.e., within the vascular system. ... The above-noted cells manufacture and store histamine within their internal structures, and the histamine remains therein unless a specialized sequence of events occur to trigger the release of histamine from within the cell structures into the surrounding tissues and vascular system. ... More specifically, histamine will be released in response to the presence of specific antigens (allergens) that gain entrance into the organism or may be released by the organism in response to some traumatic occurrence. However, the usual release of histamine from the mast cells or basophils is triggered by a necessary sequence of chemical and immunological events taking place on and in the mast cell and basophil structures. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04161522__

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Method for controlling or alleviating the symptoms of respiratory disease and allergies Inventor(s): Viner; Norman (Ottawa, CA) Assignee(s): Synapse Pharmaceutical International (Ottawa, CA) Patent Number: 5,981,549 Date filed: February 14, 1997 Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for controlling or alleviating the symptoms of respiratory disease and allergies comprising administering to a mammal suffering from respiratory disease or allergies an effective amount of an acetylcholine esterase reactivator having an oxime moiety optionally in association with an acetylcholine receptor antagonist. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a method for controlling and/or alleviating respiratory disease or allergies. ... Respiratory diseases are many in number. For instance, bronchoconstriction associated with pulmonary disease is very prevalant and associated with a number of diseases. These diseases include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pulmonary hypersensitivity. ... Asthma is a term given to a condition whereby a person experiences wheezing and difficulty in breathing due to the constriction of the air passages in the lungs. It has been believed that this state is due to an allergic reaction of some sort and generally non-defined. It is estimated, for example, that 5 million children in the United States alone suffer from the symptoms of asthma. It has also been reported that 500,000 hospital admissions and 5000 deaths each year may be attributable to asthma. COPD affects more than 15 million persons in the United States. COPD symptoms include chronic cough, shortness of breath and difficulty breathing, and predominates in two forms, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05981549__

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Method for desensitizing the gastrointestinal tract from food allergies Inventor(s): Neesby; Torben E. (2842 E. Griffith, Fresno, CA 93726) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,735,967 Date filed: August 5, 1985 Abstract: There is disclosed a method for treatment of human food allergies by desensitizing the gastrointestinal tract comprising the oral ingestion of an effective dosage of a chemical composition of short chain fatty acids of molecular composition having from 4 to 12 carbon atoms per molecule in a neutralized state. Excerpt(s): The field of the present invention relates generally to a method for treatment of human food allergies and sensitivities in a human host having human food allergies and sensitivities by desensitizing the gastrointestinal tract and through this treatment, improved nutritional status and glandular and mental functions. ... Food allergies and sensitivities are an important cause of illness in both children and adults. Allergies, including food allergies, remain the leading chronic diseases in patients under seventeen years old. Symptoms commonly known to accompany food allergies include headaches, stomach aches, depression, wheezing, fatigue, irritability, hyperactivity, skin rashes, drowsiness, and circles under the eyes. The incidence of allergy-related

234 Allergies

nutritional deficiencies is also significant due to the necessary avoidance of the offending foods. ... Traditional treatment methods include injections and sublingual dropletss of dilute extracts of the allergens which may cause anaphylactic shock. Food allergy sufferers mav also be instructed to avoid a particular food, often disguised in the prepared foods so prevalent today. These treatments presuppose identification of the offending food. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04735967__ ·

Method for detecting allergy Inventor(s): Lilius; Esa-Matti (Kaarina, FI), Isolauri; Erika (Tampere, FI), Salminen; Seppo (Turku, FI) Assignee(s): Oy Aboatech Ab (Turku, FI) Patent Number: 5,858,690 Date filed: May 30, 1996 Abstract: The present invention comprises a simple way of identifying the tendency towards allergy or allergy already broken out, and showing the probability of allergy in a patient, by measuring the receptor expression of the phagocytic cells of peripheral blood. With a logistic regression model a combination of variables were found which best describe the probability of allergy. Thus the invention relates to a method for detecting allergy and a test kit for accomplishing the method. The invention also relates to a sensitive and specific logistic model for determining the probability of allergy. Excerpt(s): The present invention comprises a simple way of identifying the tendency towards allergy or allergy already broken out, by measuring receptor expression of the phagocytic cells of peripheral blood. A combination of variables is also presented which best describe the probability of allergy. Thus the invention relates to a method for detecting allergy and a test kit for accomplishing the method, as well as to a method for determining the probability of allergy by using a logistic regression model. ... Allergic diseases are nowadays a very large problem of public health, and morbidity to allergy seems to be increasing. Food allergies are usually the first manifestation of allergy, and they are commonest in children under 3 years. After recedence of food allergy another allergic disease can later be developed in the patient. ... The defence mechanisms of foreign substances are specific as e.g. antibody response, or non-specific as e.g. the defence reactions mediated through phagocytic inflammatory cells or complement and other proteins. The mechanisms have mutual regulation. Usually the primary phase comprises phagocytosis and the secondary phase the specific immune response. This is why measuring the parameters related to phagocytosis gives firsthand information of a possible sensitization which leads into allergy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05858690__

Patents 235

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Method for inhibiting an allergic response with a 5c8-specific antibody Inventor(s): Lederman; Seth (New York, NY), Chess; Leonard (Scarsdale, NY), Yellin; Michael J. (Riverdale, NY) Assignee(s): The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York (New York, NY) Patent Number: 6,451,310 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: This invention provides a method of inhibiting an allergic response in a subject by inhibiting T cell activation of B cells, wherein said method comprises administering to the subject an antibody capable of binding to a protein which is specifically recognized by monoclonal antibody 5C8 produced by the hybridoma having ATCC Accession No. HB 10916. Excerpt(s): Throughout this application, various publications are referenced by Arabic numerals within parenthesis. Full citations for these publications may be found at the end of the specification, immediately preceding the claims. The disclosures of these publications are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more full describe the state of the art as known to one skilled therein as of the date of the invention described and claimed herein. ... In a contact-dependent process termed "T cell helper function," CD4.sup.+ T lymphocytes direct the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes and thereby regulate the humoral immune response by modulating the specificity, secretion and isotype-encoded functions of antibody molecules (1-8). The T cell surface molecules that mediate the contact-dependent elements of T cell helper function are not yet fully known (9). ... The process by which T cells help B cells to differentiate has been divided into two distinct phases: the inductive and effector phases (10,11). In the inductive phase, resting T cells contact antigen-primed B cells and this association allows clonotypic T cell receptor (TCR)-CD4 complexes to interact with Ia/Ag complexes on B cells (5, 12-19). TCR/CD4 recognition of Ia/Ag results in the formation of stable T-B cognate pairs and bidirectional T and B cell activation (20-26). In the effector phase, activated T cells drive B cell differentiation by secreting lymphokines (27-30) and by Contact-dependent stimuli (24,31-38), both of which are required for T cells to drive small, resting B cells to terminally differentiate into Ig secreting cells (31, 39-42). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06451310__

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Method for reducing mast cell mediated allergic reactions Inventor(s): Dowell; Tad (Salt Lake City, UT), Norton; Steven D. (Salt Lake City, UT), Araneo; Barbara A. (Salt Lake City, UT) Assignee(s): University of Utah Research Foundation (Salt Lake City, UT), Pharmadigm, Inc. (Salt Lake City, UT) Patent Number: 5,859,000 Date filed: November 7, 1997 Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method for reducing mast cell mediated allergic reactions, including mast cell mediated allergy and asthma. Mast cell mediated allergic reactions, including type I hypersensitivity reasponse to allergens and asthma,

236 Allergies

are reduced by administering a dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) derivative to a patient in a manner which quickly raises blood levels of the active agent. Excerpt(s): The present invention is related to a method for reducing the effects of mast cell mediated allergic reactions, including mast cell mediated allergy and asthma. In accordance with the present invention, these allergic reactions are reduced by administering a dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) derivative. ... The publications and other materials used herein to illuminate the background of the invention, and in particular cases, to provide additional details respecting the practice, are incorporated by reference, and for convenience are numerically referenced in the following text and respectively grouped in the appended bibliography. ... Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a weak androgen, serves as the primary precursor in the biosynthesis of both androgens and estrogens (1). DHEA has been reported to play a mitigating role in obesity, diabetes, carcinogenesis, autoimmunity, neurological loss of memory (2-5), and the negative effects of GCS on IL-2 production by murine T cells (6). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05859000__ ·

Method for suppressing a transplantation immunity and treating an allergic disease and an autoimmune disease Inventor(s): Umezawa; Hamao (Tokyo, JP), Takeuchi; Tomio (Tokyo, JP), Ishizuka; Masaaki (Tokyo, JP), Abe; Fuminori (Tokyo, JP), Fujii; Akio (Kamakura, JP), Nakamura; Teruya (Kusatsu, JP) Assignee(s): Zaidan Hojin Biseibutsu Kagaku Kenkyu Kai (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 4,778,824 Date filed: June 30, 1987 Abstract: This invention relates to method for suppressing a transplantation immunity and treating an allergic disease and an autoimmune disease in a mammal which comprises administering spergualin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in effective amount to the said mammal. Excerpt(s): Various immunosuppressants are currently used in order to suppress rejections and other transplantation immunity reactions that may occur in organ transplantation, and among such suppressive agents are steroid hormones, antimetabolites, alkylating agents and antibiotics. Steroid hormones are effective against a wide variety of allergic diseases, whereas non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents and anti-inflammatory enzymes are commonly used in symptomatic therapy of inflammations that accompany allergic reactions. Gold compounds and chloroquines are used expressly against rheumatoid arthritis. For the treatment of bronchial asthma and unticaria, anti-histamine ae used. ... Existing immunosuppressants generally cause serious side effects when they are administered to humans. It is therefore desired to develop immunosuppressive drugs that act selectively on lymphocytes and other cells of immdnological importance while causing minimum side effects. ... On the other hand, in order to cope with the increasing incidence of allergic diseases such as allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis and pollinoala, the development of effective antiallergic agents is desired. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04778824__

Patents 237

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Method for the determination of sulfidoleukotrienes in tissues and biological fluids and its application in diagnosis of allergies and other inflammatory diseases Inventor(s): de Weck; Alain L. (14, Grand Places, 1700 Fribourg, CH) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,487,977 Date filed: June 1, 1993 Abstract: The method for detecting the sulfidoleukotrienes sLT of the group LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4 by a single immunoenzymatic ELISA assay is based on the interaction between one or several monoclonal anti-sLT antibodies and a sLT conjugated to a revealing enzyme. A biological sample, wherein a content of sLT is assumed, is contacted with a monoclonal anti-sLT antibody bound to a carrier. After the sLTs present in the sample are bound to the said antibody, a conjugate of a sLT with a revealing enzyme is added to the charged carrier. Finally the amount of the conjugate bound to the carrier is evaluated, which amount is in an inverse correlation with the sLT bound to the carrier. The method is useful for in vitro-tests for the diagnosis of inflammatory diseases, as rheumatic diseases, immuno deficiencies, allergies or pseudoallergies. With a priming of the biological samples with cytokines, e.g. with IL3, IL5 or GM-CSF as priming agents, the sensitivity of the method can be increased. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns a method for the determination of sulfidoleukotrienes in tissues and biological fluids and its use in the diagnosis of allergies and other inflammatory diseases. ... The release of inflammatory mediators by various types of blood or tissue cells upon interaction with various stimulants is a common feature of inflammatory processes occurring in various acute or chronic diseases, such as rheumatic or kidney diseases. In allergic reactions, the release of histamine by blood basophils and/or tissue mast cells has long been considered a major feature. The determination of histamine in supernatants from suspensions of isolated blood leukocytes from allergic patients in vitro, following interaction with allergens to which they are sensitive, is a procedure which has been extensively used in allergy research. However, the fact that such determinations require numerous manipulations, cannot be effected in whole blood, but only on isolated cells, and that histamine determination requires cumbersome and expensive fluorometric or radioimmunoasssays have prevented up to now the routine diagnosis of allergies to rest upon blood cellular assays. ... The only current diagnostic method in vitro widely used is the serologic determination of allergen-specific IgE antibodies, by various types of radio-immunological or immunoenzymatic assays (e.g. RAST assay). Such assays, however, only detect the occurrence of antibodies, but do not reflect the most relevant pathophysiological feature of the allergic reaction, namely the production of inflammatory mediators by the reactive cells upon interaction with the responsible allergen(s). For that reason, practical and fiable cellular assays would be most desirable for the routine diagnosis of allergic and other inflammatory diseases. The object of the present invention is to provide a series of novel cellular assays enabling to achieve that purpose. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05487977__

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Method for the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis Inventor(s): Yaniv; Eitan (28 Rambam Street, Ra'anana, IL) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,966,147 Date filed: April 24, 1989 Abstract: A method for the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis in a patient, comprises visually observing the size of the patient's nasal airway, administering a solution of up to 0.5% histamine to the patient's nasal airway, and after a predetermined time interval, again visually observing the size of the patient's nasal airway to determine whether or not it has become substantially blocked, the blocking of the patient's nasal airway indicating the patient is suffering from allergic rhinitis. Also described is a kit for the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis in a patient, comprising a first nasal spray container containing a solution of 0.05% histamine; and a second nasal spray container containing a solution of 0.5% histamine. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method, and also to a kit, for the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis. ... Rhinitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane that lines the nose, producing a watery discharge. It may be caused by an infection (e.g., common cold), by an allergy (e.g., hayfever), or by an unknown cause (e.g., vasometer rhinitis). The diagnosis of infectious rhinitis can usually be done without difficulty, but it is more problematic to distinguish between allergic rhinitis from non-allergic rhinitis. The techniques presently used usually involve measuring nasal airway resistance by equipment which is relatively expensive and requires expertise for operation, and which is therefore generally not available in the offices of physicians or smaller clinics. Failure to distinguish between allergic rhinitis and non-allergice rhinitis also causes difficulties in determining whether or not a particular rhinitis condition is treatable at all, or whether a particular treatment administered to the patient has been effective, particularly in the case of children which tend to deny that they are suffering from a disease. ... An object of the present invention is to provide a method for the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis. Another object of the invention is to provide a kit which may be used for diagnosing allergic rhinitis in accordance with the present invention. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04966147__

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Method for the manufacture of non-allergy creating precious metal objects Inventor(s): Wahlbeck; Hans G. E. (S-150 32 Stallarholmen, Nybble, SE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,902,342 Date filed: September 21, 1987 Abstract: A method and an apparatus for the manufacture of non-allergy creating objects, especially objects of metal for direct contact with the skin of a human body, for instance jewelery, watches, glasses etc. whereby completely pure metals, especially precious metals like gold, silver, platinum, palladium, rodium etc. are alloyed with optimum pure zinc, copper, aluminum, nickel or chrome, and whereby any and all treatments both in hot and cold stage are made without access of air and without any contact with extraneous substances like salts or acids. Preferably all melting and heating is made under a protective gas. An apparatus for executing the method according to the

Patents 239

invention may comprise a movable table (61) for advancing a cold worked object (66) through a heating channel in counter current to a heating gas or a protective gas (70), and in which the heating channel (63) is directly connected to a cooling channel (68) which makes use of the exhaust gases from the heating channel (71, 73) as cooling and protective gas during the cooling operation, whereby the advancing of the object (66) through the cooling channel is made concurrently with the flow of cooling and protective gas. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for the manufacture of non-allergenic creating objects of precious metals. By precious metal objects are meant any type of objects which are completely or partly made of a precious metal or a precious metal alloy, and the invention is especially concerned with such objects which are supposed to get in contact with the skin of a human body, for instance finger rings, bracelets, jewel chains, brooches, amulets, earrings, watches, glasses and sun-glasses etc. The precious metal may be gold, silver, platina, rodium, palladium and other precious metals suited for the manufacture of the above mentioned objects. The precious metals may be solid or may be in the form of double or any other surface covering of some less precious metal like copper, zinc, aluminum, tin or chrome or nickel or any alloy of such metals. According to the invention the object also may be made as a whole of these non-precious metals. ... It is known that many people are hit by different kinds of illness conditions at skin contact with jewels, watches, glasses and many other objects made of the said metals. Special troublesome phenomena may appear when the said objects get in contact with very thin skin with high transmittance ability like for instance rings, especially earrings applied through holes in the ear tip. The illness conditions generally are skin troubles like itching, scorching, eryphema, exanthena, liquid containing blisters or suppuration boils. In addition to such skin troubles more intense illness conditions may appear. ... Tests have proven that the said illness conditions which generally are referred to as allergic affections do not appear if the object in contact with the human skin is made of optimum pure and clean metals of gold, silver, (platinum), rodium, palladium etc. not even if the said metals have been alloyed with optimum pure and clean copper, zinc or tin or even aluminum, nickel or chrome. There are reasons to believe that the said allergic affections depend on impurities in the metals or the metal alloys. It may be assumed that some alloy substances cause serious allergic affections, like for instance alloyed heavy metals like cadmium, lead, mercury, bismuth, antimony, cobalt, etc. Allergic affections also may appear if impure alloy metals are used like impure copper, zinc, tin or any other impure alloy metals. Impurities may appear both when manufacturing the precious metal or the precious metal alloy itself or during the working and the following treatment of the metal or the metal alloy. For instance impurities may be added in the precious metal, the alloy metal or the alloy if treated with an acid during the manufacture or the subsequent treatment. Copper has a great tendency of assimilating many different types of impurities. Without the risk of the appearance of allergic problems, optimum pur and clean copper, optimum pure zinc, optimum pure tin and possibly even optimum pure aluminum, chrome or nickel and other metals may be used as alloy metals. On the contrary it is of great importance that most types of heavy metals and thereby related or similar metals like cadmium, lead, mercury, bismuth, antimony, cobalt etc. are completely excluded from the alloy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04902342__

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Method for the production of conjugates and uses thereof for the prevention and treatment of allergic reactions and autoimmune diseases Inventor(s): Borel; Yves (Vandoeuvres, CH), Schlegel; Werner (Chancy, CH), Gelfand; Erwin (Englewood, CO) Assignee(s): Aventis Behring GmbH (Marburg, DE) Patent Number: 6,537,519 Date filed: January 8, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for the preparation of a conjugate comprising a first and a second polypeptide, said method comprising the steps of (a) incubating said first polypeptide in the presence of a heterobifunctional crosslinker comprising an N-hydroxylsuccinimide ester group and a maleimide group linked via a polyethylene oxide spacer; (b) removing excess heterobifunctional crosslinker; and (c) incubating the reaction product of step (b) with said second polypeptide, wherein said second polypeptide comprises at least one sulfhydryl group.Furthermore, the present invention relates to a conjugate obtainable by the method of the present invention. Also described is a pharmaceutical composition comprising the conjugate of the present invention and, optionally, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or diluent, and the use of the conjugate for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for preventing and/or treating an allergic disease or an autoimmune disease. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for the preparation of a conjugate comprising a first and a second polypeptide, said method comprising the steps of (a) incubating said first polypeptide in the presence of a heterobifunctional crosslinker comprising an N-hydroxylsuccinimide ester group and a maleimide group linked via a polyethylene oxide spacer; (b) removing excess heterobifunctional crosslinker; and (c) incubating the reaction product of step (b) with said second polypeptide, wherein said second polypeptide comprises at least one sulfhydryl group. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a conjugate obtainable by the method of the present invention. Also described is a pharmaceutical composition comprising the conjugate of the present invention and, optionally, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or diluent, and the use of the conjugate for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for preventing and/or treating an allergic disease or an autoimmune disease. ... Immunologic tolerance may be defined as a state of antigen-specific unresponsiveness induced by preexposure to an antigen. If the antigen is an allergen, the immune response is defined as allergy, an adverse reaction with an immunologic basis mediated by IgE immunoglobulin (Sampson (1986), J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 78:212-219). The immune system may also be a cause of disease or other undesirable consequences, when the principle of self/nonself recognition breaks down and the body's own components are recognized as non-self (autoantigens) in which case autoimmune diseases can ensue. ... Interest in immunologic tolerance, discovered by Medawar almost half a century ago (Billingham et al. (1953), Nature 172:603-606), has increased for two main reasons: (1) Several of its mechanisms, such as clonal deletion (Kappler et al. (1987), Cell 49:273-280), anergy (Jenkins and Schwartz (1987), J. Exp. Med. 165:302-319), and regulatory T cells (Gershon and Kondo (1971), Immunology 21:903-914) have been uncovered. (2) Both systemic and oral tolerance (Cremer et al. (1983), J. Immunol. 131:2995-3000; Weiner et al. (1994), Ann. Rev. Immunol. 12:809-837) can be induced to, it is hoped, prevent either autoimmune or allergic diseases. For example, several strategies have been used in trying to prevent allergy, including administration of modified allergen (Lee and Sehon (1977), Nature 267:618-649), allergen linked to nonimmunogenic carriers (Katz et al. (1971), J. Exp. Med.

Patents 241

134:201-203), single peptides (Muckerheide et al. (1977), J. Immunol. 119:1340-1345), or an allergen-antibody complex (Machiels et al. (1990), J. Clin. Invest. 85:1024-1035). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06537519__ ·

Method for the treatment of contact allergic dermatitis Inventor(s): Mannear; Idabelle K. (Montrose, PA) Assignee(s): Mannear; Idabelle K. (Montrose, PA), Mannear; Charles H. (Montrose, PA), Kanarr; George W. (Shavertown, PA), Kanarr; Ruth A. (Shavertown, PA) Patent Number: 4,032,662 Date filed: January 5, 1976 Abstract: A method for the treatment of contact allergic dermatitis, particularly plant contact dermatitis such as poison ivy, which comprises the topical application of acetone to the affected areas. Excerpt(s): The present invention is related to a topical treatment of contact allergic dermatitis including poison ivy. ... A large segment of the population has suffered at one time or another from contact allergic dermatitis, and particularly from plant contact allergic dermatitis such as poison ivy. Poison ivy is one of the more common types of plants which cause plant contact allergic dermatitis, and many different types of preparations have been suggested to relieve its symptoms. Most provide, at best, only partial relief and then only after repeated applications. Other suggested treatments are recognized as being effective only if applied promptly after exposure to the particular agent causing the allergic reaction, and thus their usefulness is limited since the patient in most instances becomes aware of his having been exposed to the plant or the like after the appearance of a rash and the onset of itching. Some of the more effective treating compositions such as the steroids are normally only recommended in extreme cases because they may exert actions on parts of the body in addition to the areas affected with the dermatitis. ... Certain preparations including those in the form of injectable compositions have been suggested as a prophylaxis to prevent contact allergic dermatitis. However, these prophylaxis treatments are not effective in treating a patient already suffering from contact allergic dermatitis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04032662__

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Method for treating allergic conditions Inventor(s): Augstein; Joachim (Loughborough, GB2), Ahmed; Maqbool (Loughborough, GB2) Assignee(s): Fisons plc (Ipswich, GB2) Patent Number: 4,804,678 Date filed: October 5, 1987 Abstract: There is described a pharmaceutical composition comprising liposomes and sodium cromoglycate.There is also described an aqueous suspension comprising sodium cromoglycate partitioned between a free aqueous phase and a liposome phase.There is further described a method for making the compositions, and their use in the treatment of allergic conditions, e.g., asthma.

242 Allergies

Excerpt(s): This invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and more particularly it relates to the formulation of substances for inhalation. ... Sodium cromoglycate has been known for a number of years for the treatment of allergic conditions, for example asthma, hay fever and vernal kerato conjunctivitis; however it suffers from the disadvantage that it is of relatively short duration of action. ... According to the invention there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising liposomes and sodium cromoglycate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04804678__ ·

Method for treating allergic lung disease Inventor(s): Carson; Dennis A. (Del Mar, CA), Raz; Eval (Del Mar, CA) Assignee(s): The Regents of the University of California (Oakland, CA) Patent Number: 6,174,872 Date filed: December 15, 1998 Abstract: The invention is directed to a method for treating both the early and late phases of allergic asthma by introducing naked polynucleotides which operatively encode for the asthma-initiating antigen into the host. The antigen-encoding polynucleotides are administered to host tissues which contain a high concentration of antigen presenting cells (e.g., skin and mucosa) relative to other host tissues. Expression of the asthma-initiating antigen encoding polynucleotides of the invention inside of antigen presenting cells (without substantial secretion therefrom) induces antigen tolerance while suppressing IgE antibody formation in the early phase of the disease, and also suppresses cytokine-mediated eosinophil accumulation in the late phase of the disease. Devices and compositions for use in the methods of the invention are also described. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method for treating both the early and late phases of allergic lung disease. In particular, the invention relates to a method for immunizing a host against allergic asthma through use of asthma-initiating antigen-encoding polynucleotide compositions. ... Asthma is one of the common chronic lung diseases of industrialized countries. The airway narrowing which characterizes the disease is associated with antigen stimulated immune system activation, including elevation of antigen-specific IgE levels in the early phase of the disease and eosinophil infiltration of lung tissue in the late phase of the disease. ... Specifically, during the early phase of the disease, activation of Th2 lymphocytes stimulates the production of IgE antibody, which in turn triggers the release of histamine and other immune mediators from mast cells. During the late phase of the disease, IL-4 and IL-5 cytokine production by CD4+ helper T lymphocyte type 2 (Th2) cells is elevated. These cytokines are believed to play a significant role in recruiting eosinophils into lung tissue, where tissue damage and dysfunction result. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06174872__

Patents 243

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Method for treating allergic lung disease Inventor(s): Carson; Dennis A. (Del Mar, CA), Raz; Eval (Del Mar, CA) Assignee(s): The Regents of the University of California (Oakland, CA) Patent Number: 6,426,336 Date filed: October 12, 2000 Abstract: The invention is directed to a method for treating both the early and late phases of allergic asthma by introducing naked polynucleotides which operatively encode for the asthma-initiating antigen into the host. The antigen-encoding polynucleotides are administered to host tissues which contain a high concentration of antigen presenting cells (e.g., skin and mucosa) relative to other host tissues. Expression of the asthma-initiating antigen encoding polynucleotides of the invention inside of antigen presenting cells (without substantial secretion therefrom) induces antigen tolerance while suppressing IgE antibody formation in the early phase of the disease, and also suppresses cytokine-mediated eosinophil accumulation in the late phase of the disease. Devices and compositions for use in the methods of the invention are also described. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method for treating both the early and late phases of allergic lung disease. In particular, the invention relates to a method for immunizing a host against allergic asthma through use of asthma-initiating antigen-encoding polynucleotide compositions. ... Asthma is one of the common chronic lung diseases of industrialized countries. The airway narrowing which characterizes the disease is associated with antigen stimulated immune system activation, including elevation of antigen-specific IgE levels in the early phase of the disease and eosinophil infiltration of lung tissue in the late phase of the disease. ... Specifically, during the early phase of the disease, activation of Th2 lymphocytes stimulates the production of IgE antibody, which in turn triggers the release of histamine and other immune mediators from mast cells. During the late phase of the disease, IL-4 and IL-5 cytokine production by CD4+ helper T lymphocyte type 2 (Th2) cells is elevated. These cytokines are believed to play a significant role in recruiting eosinophils into lung tissue, where tissue damage and dysfunction result. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06426336__

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Method for treating allergic reactions and compositions therefore Inventor(s): Sherlock; Margaret H. (Bloomfield, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (Kenilworth, NJ) Patent Number: 4,628,055 Date filed: October 15, 1984 Abstract: Certain substituted 1,8-naphthyridines and 1,5,8-azanaphthyridines are useful for treating allergic reactions in mammals. Certain of the compounds may also be utilized to treat chronic obstructive lung diseases in mammals.Methods for preparing the compounds and methods for their use are also described. Excerpt(s): Japanese patent public disclosure (Kokai) No. 116495/77, Sept. 29, 1977 discloses various naphthyridine derivatives which allegedly possess analgesic, antiinflammatory, central nervous system depressant and diuretic effects. There is no indication that the compounds disclosed in the Japanese publication have activity

244 Allergies

against chronic obstructive lung diseases such as asthma, bronchitis and the like or that these compounds would be useful for treating allergic reactions. ... or an amine; with the proviso that when X is CH, Y and Z are both hydrogen and R.sub.1 is n-butyl; R.sub.2 is not hydrogen or a cation derived from a pharmaceutically acceptable metal or an amine and with the further proviso that when X is CH, Y and Z are both hydrogen, and R.sub.1 is n-butyl; R.sub.2 is not allyl. ... The preferred value for X is CH. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04628055__ ·

Method for treating an allergic or inflammatory disease Inventor(s): Tsuji; Kenkou (Shizuoka, JP), Yamamoto; Mari (Kakegawa, JP), Kawamoto; Keiko (Shimada, JP), Tachibana; Hirofumi (Fukuoka, JP) Assignee(s): National Agricultural Research Organization (Tsukuba, JP) Patent Number: 6,491,943 Date filed: February 8, 2001 Abstract: This invention is to provide an agent for therapy and prevention of allergic diseases which has no adverse action, shows a high safety even by administration for a long period and is able to be utilized to food and/or beverage, cosmetics, etc. which are used daily. To be specific, it provides antiallergic agent and anti-inflammatory agent characterized in containing at least one polyphenol selected from strictinin and methylated derivatives thereof as an effective ingredient; a method for the addition of an antiallergic agent for oral administration or an anti-inflammatory agent for oral administration which is characterized in containing at least one polyphenol selected from strictinin and methylated derivatives thereof as an effective ingredient to food and/or beverage for prevention, suppression and mitigation of allergic symptoms or inflammatory symptoms. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical agent as well as food and/or beverage and cosmetics containing at least one polyphenol compound selected from strictinin and methylated derivatives thereof as an effective ingredient and, more particularly, it relates to a food having an action of suppressing the immediate-type and delayed-type allergy, to a pharmaceutical agent with an object of improving the allergy and to a cosmetic agent containing the same. ... In recent years, an increase in allergic diseases has been noted and it is reported that, in about one-third of the newborn babies, onset of a topic dermatitis or asthma is observed. A drastic increase in onset of pollinosis has been becoming a big social problem as well. ... It has been believed that changes of environment surrounding us such as westernization of meals, air pollution, food additives and excessive stress are the causes of an increase in such allergic symptoms. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06491943__

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Method for treating late phase allergic reactions and inflammatory diseases Inventor(s): Ahmed; Tahir (Coral Gables, FL) Assignee(s): Baker Norton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Miami, FL) Patent Number: 5,980,865 Date filed: August 4, 1997

Patents 245

Abstract: A method of treating a mammalian patient suffering from or prone to a condition characterized by late phase allergic reactions, airway hyperresponsiveness or inflammatory reactions, e.g., asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic dermatitis, allergic conjunctivitis, inflammatory bowel disease or rheumatoid arthritis, comprising the administration to the patient of an oral, parenteral, intrabronchial, topical, intranasal or intraocular pharmaceutical composition containing in each dose about 0.005 to about 1.0 mg per kilogram of patient body weight of ultra-low molecular weight heparins (ULMWH) or other sulfated polysaccharides having average molecular weights of about 1,000-3,000 daltons. Suitable inhalant and other pharmaceutical compositions for use in the novel treatment method are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to methods and compositions for preventing and reversing the symptoms and manifestations of late phase allergic reactions and inflammatory diseases. ... Chronic asthma can be considered to be predominantly an inflammatory disease with associated bronchospasm. The degree of reactivity and narrowing of the bronchi in response to stimuli is greater in asthmatics than in normal individuals. Persistent inflammation is responsible for the bronchial hyperreactivity or airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Mucosal edema, mucus plugging and hypersecretion may be present; pulmonary parenchyma is normal. Airway narrowing may reverse spontaneously or with therapy. Type 1 (immediate) immune responses may play an important role in the development of asthma in children and many adults; however, when onset of disease occurs in adulthood, allergic factors may be difficult to identify. Exposure to cold dry air, exercise and other aggravating factors also may trigger asthma. ... The general goals of drug therapy for asthma are prevention of bronchospasm and long-term control of bronchial hyperreactivity. Because it is usually not possible for either patient or physician to predict when bronchospasm may occur, patients with all but the most episodic and/or entirely seasonal attacks may require continuous therapy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05980865__ ·

Method for treatment of allergic disorders and immune complex diseases Inventor(s): Ohnishi; Haruo (Funabashi, JP), Kosuzume; Hiroshi (Yokohama, JP), Suzuki; Yasuo (Kawaguchi, JP), Mochida; Ei (Toshima, JP) Assignee(s): Mochida Seiyaku Kabushiki Kaisha (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 4,540,569 Date filed: April 5, 1982 Abstract: Therapeutic agent for the treatment of allergic disorders, immune complex diseases and tumors, which contains a human urinary acid protease as an active ingredient, and a method for treating allergic disorders, immune complex diseases and tumors by administering the said acid protease, which has never been used as a therapeutic agent for allergic disorders, immune complex diseases and tumors. Since the acid protease is a protein of human origin, the probability of adverse reactions such as anaphylactic shock due to the antigenicity of the acid protease is believed to be extremely small. Excerpt(s): An individual produces antibodies after exposure to pathogenic antigen. Secondary antigen exposure causes antigen-antibody reaction and the formed antigenantibody complexes deposit on the tissues, and chemical mediators are released from sensitized cells. Then these mediators and/or the deposited antigen-antibody complexes

246 Allergies

damage tissues. ... Pathogenic antigens are xenogenic antigens (inhaled allergen, food allergen, drugs and so on), allogenic antigens and autologus antigens which are denatured autologus components of tissues or organs, and act as foreign substances. ... (4) Type IV allergy (cell-mediated or delayed-type), in which thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) with specific receptors are stimulated by antigens and release mediators. In case of tissue rejection, these lymphocytes transform to kill certain cells with the histocompatibility antigen of the graft. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04540569__ ·

Method for treatment of allergies using glycerol ethers Inventor(s): Brohult; Sven (Bromma, SE), Brohult; Astrid (Bromma, SE) Assignee(s): Halsoprodukter Lars Karnerud AB (Forserum, SE) Patent Number: 5,173,511 Date filed: November 29, 1990 Abstract: A method for treating a patient to effect the remission of disorders associated with allergies, particularly asthma, by administering to the patient in need of such treatment a glycerol ether in a therapeutically effective amount sufficient to cause remission of such discomfort. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to use of at least one glycerol ether as a compound of a pharmaceutical preparation. The pharmaceutical preparation is for treatment of allergic diseases, especially asthma. ... Glycerol ethers (previously also called alkoxy-glycerols) have shown several important medical effects. Oral administration of glycerol ether in conjunction with radiation therapy reduces the number of harmful radiation effects: leucopenia and thrombocytopenia are partly or fully prevented. In patients having certain tumor diseases a lower mortality is obtained in a group which has been given glycerol ethers as prophylactic treatment as compared to a group which was not given these substances. Experiments both with humans and animals have shown that the glycerol ethers improve the bodily immunity defense mechanism. ... In the human body glycerol ethers are found mainly in bone marrow, liver, mother's milk and placenta. The glycerol ethers are found in larger quantities mainly in shark liver oil. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05173511__

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Method of converting a Th2-type allergic immune response into a Th1-type immune response Inventor(s): DeKruyff; Rosemarie H. (Stanford, CA), Umetsu; Dale T. (Stanford, CA) Assignee(s): The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University (Palo Alto, CA) Patent Number: 6,086,898 Date filed: June 23, 1999 Abstract: Methods are provided for the treatment of allergic and other immune disorders associated with overproduction of Th2 type cytokines by antigen specific T cells. Immunotherapy with adjuvants, as provided in the present invention, greatly inhibits the development of airway hyperreactivity and airway inflammation. Such

Patents 247

immunotherapy is shown to reverse ongoing airway disease, and convert allergic inflammatory responses into protective immune responses. Conditions of particular interest include allergic conditions associated with production of Th2 cytokines and/or IgE antibodies, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and anaphylactic reactions. The addition of adjuvant induces a Th1-type immune response and can redirect an established Th2-type response to a Th1-type response for the selected antigen. Preferably, antigen-specific IgE production is reduced without altering the intensity of the antigen-specific proliferative response. One particularly preferred adjuvant for use in accordance with the present invention is a Listeria adjuvant. Excerpt(s): Allergy or hypersensitivity of the immune system in its different forms affects more than 20% of the human population. Furthermore, man is a highly susceptible species to anaphylaxis. After sensitization with an allergen, a second exposure elicits constriction of the bronchioles, in some cases resulting in death from asphyxia. This allergic reaction is mediated by allergen-specific antibodies, mostly of the IgE class. The antibodies can be directed against a variety of antigens, such as molecules from pollen, fungi, food, house dust mite, hymenoptera venoms or animal danders. The aggregation of mast cell and basophil high-affinity IgE receptors by IgE and antigen causes the release of mediators and cytokines, including heparin, eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic factors, leukotrienes and thromboxanes. ... While our understanding of the inflammatory process in allergic reactions and asthma has improved remarkably over the past decade, our ability to control them remains modest. The prevalence of asthma in industrialized countries has increased by almost 80% since 1980. The specific causes for this increase in prevalence are not clear, but the rise in prevalence may be due in part to the absence of effective therapies that reverse the progression of, or cure, this disease. Currently available therapies, such as inhaled corticosteroids, antileukotrienes or 2-agonists, focus rather on symptom relief, reduction or neutralization of effector molecules and inflammatory mediators. This approach, while effective for acute disease and for relieving symptoms, however, has limited long term salutary effects, since the environmental factors that cause and precipitate asthma are not eliminated, and patients redevelop symptoms of asthma when these medications are discontinued. ... The profile of cytokines produced by CD4.sup.+ T cells during an immune response determines the nature of effector functions which develop and regulates the outcome of an immune response. Production of IL-2 and IFN- during Th1dominated responses is associated with vigorous cell-mediated immunity, the induction of IgG2a and inhibition of IgE synthesis, and with resistance to intracellular pathogens. In contrast, the production of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 during Th2-dominated responses is associated with humoral immunity and protection from autoimmune pathology. Overproduction of Th2-cytokines by allergen-specific CD4.sup.+ T cells can result in the development of allergic disease and asthma. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06086898__ ·

Method of determining food or chemical allergy and intolerance Inventor(s): Ali; Majid (19 Edgemont Pl., Teaneck, NJ 07666) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,309,184 Date filed: May 8, 1980 Abstract: Food or chemical allergy and intolerance is determined by comparing an analysis for a given analyzable constituent of a polymorphonuclear leukocyte with and

248 Allergies

without incubation with the incriminated food or chemical. Allergy or intolerance to the food or chemical under consideration causes the leukocytes to break down releasing the analyzable constituent and permitting its presence to be determined. Excerpt(s): Food and chemical allergy and intolerance are difficult and poorly understood problems in clinical medicine. It has been estimated that up to 10% of the United States population has experienced symptoms attributable to hypersensitivity to food and chemicals and/or aggravation of their symptoms by elements in their diets. The diagnosis of food and chemical allergies remains an unsettled issue and the various tests heretofore employed are subject to numerous problems. ... In addition to the RAST test, the test which has received the most attention for determining food and chemical allergies is known as the cytotoxic food test. This test is based on the fact that structural changes which are observable under the microscope are undergone by the living polymorphonuclear cells of the sensitive patient when exposed in vitro to the incriminated fool allergen. Such changes include cessation of motility, loss of pseudopods, vacuolation, and, in the most severe cases, disruption of the leukocytic cell membrane with the formation of so called "ghost cells". The cytotoxic food test was introduced into clinical use by Black in 1956. There have been several reports, before and since that time, concerning the morphologic alterations in segmented leukocytes induced by exposure to allergies. One notable exception to such reports was the experience of Franklin and Lowell who were unable to observe lysis of leukocytes after their exposure to ragweed allergens in patients with ragweed hypersensitivity. ... In the cytotoxic food test, the polymorphonuclear cells are examined without any histochemical stains. The structural changes are often subtle and the evaluation of those changes is extremely subjective. As a result, wide variations in the results obtained by different observers has been a major source of dissatisfaction with this diagnostic technique. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04309184__ ·

Method of treating allergic rhinitis by delivering medication via the nasal vestibules Inventor(s): Lin; Matthew M. (100 Pace Dr. S., West Islip, NY 11795), Lin; Audrey H. (100 Pace Dr. S., West Islip, NY 11795) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,972,327 Date filed: October 22, 1997 Abstract: A method for treating allergic rhinitis in a patient is disclosed which comprises applying an anti-allergic rhinitis effective amount of a steroid in ointment or creme carrier to the lining of the vestibules of the patient. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to a delivery system for allergy medication and its use. The invention also relates to medication formulations for use in the delivery system. ... Seasonal allergic rhinitis is a problem that many people deal with every year. Common characteristics of this disease are a runny nose, constant sneezing, watery eyes, and general discomfort. Irritation causes itchiness within the nose which is followed by the symptoms mentioned above. Nasal spray and oral medications are presently the most commonly used in medication preventative and ameliorative care, but they are not always effective in treating allergic rhinitis in patients. Oral medication is not effective for all allergy sufferers, may make the patient drowsy and requires substantial delay before taking effect. Nasal sprays deliver the medication deeply into the nasal cavity, for

Patents 249

example, into the atrium and nasal concha. However, if the patient has excessive nasal drip, the medication may not be absorbed at its target but will flow out of the nostril with the nasal fluid. ... We have discovered an effective method for the rapid relief of the symptoms associated with seasonal allergic rhinitis. This is accomplished by application of an appropriate anti-allergy medicament to the vestibules of the nostrils. The general chain of events of seasonal allergic rhinitis begins with itchiness in the nose, especially in the vestibules, and continues with a runny nose and sneezing. We have discovered that by application of the medicament to the vestibules manually, e.g., with the tip of a finger or a padded cotton swab, rapid cessation of the symptoms, e.g., runny nose, watery eyes, sneezing and the like can be achieved. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05972327__ ·

Method of treating or ameliorating the symptoms of common cold or allergic rhinitis Inventor(s): Johnson; Kirk Willis (Camby, IN), Nelson; David Lloyd Garver (Carmel, IN), Phebus; Lee Alan (Fountaintown, IN) Assignee(s): Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, IN) Patent Number: 5,869,497 Date filed: March 7, 1997 Abstract: This invention provides methods for the treatment or amelioration of the symptoms of the common cold or allergic rhinitis which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a 5-HT.sub.2 antagonist. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority under 35 USC 119 (e) over U.S. Application Ser. No. 60/014,038, filed Mar. 15, 1996. ... The present invention is directed to the use of 5-HT2 antagonists for treating or ameliorating the symptoms of the common cold or allergic rhinitis. ... Since the discovery of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) over four decades ago, the cumulative results of many diverse studies have indicated that serotonin plays a significant role in the functioning of the mammalian body, both in the central nervous-system and in peripheral systems as well. Morphological studies of the central nervous system have shown that serotonergic neurons, which originate in the brain stem, form a very diffuse system that projects to most areas of the brain and spinal cord. R. A. O'Brien, Serotonin in Mental Abnormalities, 1:41 (1978); H. W. M. Steinbusch, HANDBOOK OF CHEMICAL NEUROANATOMY, Volume 3, Part II, 68 (1984); N. E. Anden, et al., Acta Physiologica Scandinavia, 67:313 (1966). These studies have been complemented by biochemical evidence that indicates large concentrations of 5-HT exist in the brain and spinal cord. H. W. M. Steinbusch, supra. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05869497__

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Method of treatment for allergic rhinitis Inventor(s): Frost; Phillip (Miami Beach, FL) Assignee(s): Baker Cummins Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Miami, FL) Patent Number: 4,880,813 Date filed: July 22, 1988 Abstract: A method of treating patients suffering from allergic rhinitis comprises the topical administration to the nasal passages of such patients of a liquid solution

250 Allergies

containing from about 0.5 to about 10% by weight of the narcotic antagonist nalmefene or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The solution may be administered in spray form from a squeeze bottle or from a dropper. Administration of from about 10 to about 200 microliters of the solution into each nostril may be repeated from 1 to 5 times daily. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to methods of treating allergic rhinitis. ... Allergic rhinitis is a perennial or seasonal condition characterized by a runny, itchy nose, watery, itchy eyes, congestion, postnasal drip and associated symptoms. The basic cause of this syndrome is environmental exposure to, and inhalation of, allergens. ... The treatment of choice for allergic rhinitis is avoidance of the allergens. Total avoidance of certain allergens, for example tree or weed pollens or mold spores, is virtually impossible, however, and non-specific drug treatment of allergic rhinitis is often utilized. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04880813__ ·

Method of treatment of an allergy to an ingested allergen Inventor(s): Wardell; George (Loughborough, GB2) Assignee(s): Fisons Limited (London, GB2) Patent Number: 4,421,762 Date filed: September 8, 1981 Abstract: There is described a method of treatment of allergy to ingested allergens, which comprises per os administration of a daily dosage of from 20 to 4,000 mg of 1,3bis(2-carboxychromon-5-yloxy)-2-hydroxypropane or a therapeutically acceptable salt thereof to a patient having such an allergy. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a new therapeutic method. ... In U.S. Pat. No. 3,686,412 there are described a large number of bis-chromonyl compounds and their use in the treatment of asthma. These compounds are described as being administered orally, parenterally or more preferably by way of inhalation. These compounds are in general large and highly polar molecules and as such would not be expected to be absorbed through the gut to a sufficient extent to provide therapeutic levels of the compounds in the sub-epithelial tissues. ... Adverse reactions to foods are common, particularly in children, but the underlying mechanisms are to a great extent unknown. In several cases, despite strict diets, eliminating all suspected offending foods, the child is never entirely symptom free and in patients allergic to several basic foods nutritional problems may occur. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04421762__

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Methods and compositions for treating allergic asthma and dermatitis using descarboethoxyloratadine Inventor(s): Handley; Dean A. (Westborough, MA), Rubin; Paul D. (Sudbury, MA) Assignee(s): Sepracor Inc. (Marlborough, MA) Patent Number: 5,900,421 Date filed: February 11, 1997 Abstract: Methods utilizing descarboethoxyloratadine ("DCL"), for the treatment of allergic disorders, while avoiding the concomitant liability of adverse side-effects

Patents 251

associated with other non-sedating antihistamines. Also included are methods for the treatment of allergic asthma using DCL and either a decongestant or a leukotriene inhibitor, while avoiding the concomitant liability of adverse side-effects associated with other non-sedating antihistamines. The invention also encompasses the administration of DCL in a nasal or oral spray. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods of treatment involving the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a metabolic derivative of loratadine known as descarboethoxyloratadine. ... Loratadine is an antagonist of the H-1 histamine receptor protein. The histamine receptors H-1 and H-2 are two well-identified forms. The H-1 receptors are those that mediate the response antagonized by conventional antihistamines. H-1 receptors are present, for example, in the ileum, the skin, and the bronchial smooth muscle of man and other mammals. ... Loratadine binds preferentially to peripheral rather than to central H-1 receptors. Quercia et al., Hosp. Formul. 28: 137-53 (1993). Loratadine has been shown to be a more potent inhibitor of serotonin-induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs than terfenadine. Id. at 137-38. Its antiallergenic activity in animal models was shown to be comparable to that of terfenadine and astemizole. Id. at 138. However, using standard animal model testing, on a milligram by milligram basis, loratadine was shown to be four times more potent than terfenadine in the inhibition of allergic bronchospasm. Id. Moreover, loratadine's antihistaminic activity was demonstrated in humans by evaluation of the drug's ability to suppress wheal formation. Id. Clinical trials of efficacy indicated that loratadine is an effective H-1 antagonist. See Clissold et al., Drugs 37: 42-57 (1989). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05900421__ ·

Methods and compositions descarboethoxyloratadine

for

treating

allergic

asthma

using

Inventor(s): Handley; Dean A. (Westborough, MA), Rubin; Paul D. (Sudbury, MA) Assignee(s): Sepracor Inc. (Marlborough, MA) Patent Number: 5,962,464 Date filed: July 6, 1998 Abstract: Methods utilizing descarboethoxyloratadine ("DCL"), for the treatment of allergic disorders, while avoiding the concomitant liability of adverse side-effects associated with other non-sedating antihistamines. Also included are methods for the treatment of allergic asthma using DCL and either a decongestant or a leukotriene inhibitor, while avoiding the concomitant liability of adverse side-effects associated with other non-sedating antihistamines. The invention also encompasses the administration of DCL in a nasal or oral spray. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods of treatment involving the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a metabolic derivative of loratadine known as descarboethoxyloratadine. ... Loratadine is an antagonist of the H-1 histamine receptor protein. The histamine receptors H-1 and H-2 are two well-identified forms. The H-1 receptors are those that mediate the response antagonized by conventional antihistamines. H-1 receptors are present, for example, in the ileum, the skin, and the bronchial smooth muscle of man and other mammals. ... Loratadine binds preferentially to peripheral rather than to central H-1 receptors. Quercia et al., Hosp. Formul. 28: 137-53 (1993). Loratadine has been shown to be a more potent inhibitor of serotonin-induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs than terfenadine. Id. at 137-38. Its anti-

252 Allergies

allergenic activity in animal models was shown to be comparable to that of terfenadine and astemizole. Id. at 138. However, using standard animal model testing, on a milligram by milligram basis, loratadine was shown to be four times more potent than terfenadine in the inhibition of allergic bronchospasm. Id. Moreover, loratadine's antihistaminic activity was demonstrated in humans by evaluation of the drug's ability to suppress wheal formation. Id. Clinical trials of efficacy indicated that loratadine is an effective H-1 antagonist. See Clissold et al., Drugs 37: 42-57 (1989). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05962464__ ·

Methods and compositions for treating allergic disorders and other disorders metabolic derivatives of terfenadine Inventor(s): Woosley; Raymond L. (Washington, DC), Young; James W. (Still River, MA), Chen; Yiwang (Silver Spring, MD) Assignee(s): Sepracor, Inc. (Marlboro, MA), Georgetown University (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 5,375,693 Date filed: February 2, 1994 Abstract: Methods and compositions are disclosed utilizing metabolic derivatives of terfenadine for the treatment of allergic disorders while avoiding the concomitant liability of adverse effects associated with the terfenadine. The metabolic derivatives of terfenadine are also useful for the treatment of retinopathy and other small vessel disorders associated with diabetes mellitus and such other conditions as may be related to the antihistamine activity of terfenadine. For example, the metabolic derivatives of terfenadine are useful for the treatment of asthma, motion sickness, and vertigo, without the concomitant liability of adverse effects associated with terfenadine. Furthermore, the metabolic derivatives of terfenadine, in combination with non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents or other nonnarcotic analgesics, or in combination with a decongestant, cough suppressant/antitussive or expectorant, are useful for the treatment of cough, cold, cold-like, and/or flu symptoms and the discomfort, headache, pain, fever, and general malaise associated therewith, without the concomitant liability of adverse effects associated with terfenadine. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel pharmaceutical compositions containing 4-[1hydroxy-4-(4-hydroxydiphenylmethyl-1-piperidinyl)butyl]-.alpha.,.alph a.dimethylbenzeneacetates and 1-[p-(2-hydroxymethyl-2-propyl)phenyl]-4-[4-(.alpha.hydroxy-.alpha.-pheny lbenzyl)-1-piperidinyl]butanol. These compositions possess potent antihistaminic activity and are useful in treating allergic rhinitis, asthma and other allergic disorders while avoiding adverse effects associated with the administration of other .alpha.-aryl-4-substituted piperidinoalkanol derivatives, such as terfenadine, including but not limited to cardiac arrhythmias, drowsiness, nausea, fatigue, weakness and headache. Also, these compositions, in combination with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents or other non-narcotic analgesics, are useful for the treatment of cough, cold, cold-like, and/or flu symptoms and the discomfort, headache, pain, fever, and general malaise associated therewith. The aforementioned combinations may optionally include one or more other active components including a decongestant, cough suppressant/antitussive, or expectorant. ... Additionally, these novel pharmaceutical compositions containing 4-[1-hydroxy-4-(4-hydroxydiphenylmethyl-1piperidinyl)butyl]-.alpha.,.alph a.-dimethylbenzeneacetates and 1-[p-(2-hydroxymethyl2-propyl)phenyl]-4-[4-(.alpha.-hydroxy-.alpha.-pheny lbenzyl)-1-piperidinyl]butanol are useful in treating motion sickness, vertigo, diabetic retinopathy, small vessel

Patents 253

complications due to diabetes and such other. conditions as may be related to the activity of these derivatives as antagonists of the H-1 histamine receptor while avoiding the adverse effects associated with the administration of other .alpha.-aryl-4-substituted piperidinoalkanol derivatives, such as terfenadine. ... Also disclosed are methods for treating the above-described conditions in a human while avoiding the adverse effects that are associated with the administration of other .alpha.-aryl-4-substituted piperidinoalkanol derivatives, such as terfenadine, by administering the aforementioned pharmaceutical compositions containing 4-[1-hydroxy-4-(4-hydroxydiphenylmethyl-1piperidinyl)butyl]-.alpha.,.alph a.-dimethylbenzeneacetates and 1-[p-(2-hydroxymethyl2-propyl)phenyl]-4-[4-(.alpha.-hydroxy-.alpha.-pheny lbenzyl)-1-piperidinyl]butanol to said human. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05375693__ ·

Methods and compositions for treating allergic disorders and other disorders using metabolic derivatives of astemizole Inventor(s): Woosley; Raymond L. (Washington, DC), Aberg; A. K. Gunnar (Westborough, MA) Assignee(s): Sepracor Inc. (Marlborough, MA) Patent Number: 6,130,233 Date filed: January 18, 1994 Abstract: Methods and compositions are disclosed utilizing metabolic derivatives of astemizole for the treatment of allergic disorders while avoiding the concomitant liability of adverse effects associated with the astemizole. The metabolic derivatives of astemizole are also useful for the treatment of retinopathy and other small vessel disorders associated with diabetes mellitus and such other conditions as may be related to the antihistamine activity of astemizole. For example, the metabolic derivatives of astemizole are useful for the treatment of asthma, motion sickness, and vertigo, without the concomitant liability of adverse effects associated with astemizole. Furthermore, the metabolic derivatives of astemizole, in combination with non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents or other non-narcotic analgesics, or in combination with a decongestant, cough suppressant/antitussive or expectorant, are useful for the treatment of cough, cold, cold-like, and/or flu symptoms and the discomfort, headache, pain, fever, and general malaise associated therewith, without the concomitant liability of adverse effects associated with astemizole. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel pharmaceutical compositions containing desmethylastemizole, 6-hydroxydesmethylastemizole and norastemizole. These compositions possess potent antihistaminic activity and are useful in treating allergic rhinitis, asthma and other allergic disorders while avoiding adverse effects associated with the administration of other antihistamines, such as astemizole, including but not limited to cardiac arrhythmias, drowsiness, nausea, fatigue, weakness and headache. Also, these compositions, in combination with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents or other non-narcotic analgesics, are useful for the treatment of cough, cold, cold-like, and/or flu symptoms and the discomfort, headache, pain, fever, and general malaise associated therewith. The aforementioned combinations may optionally include one or more other active components including a decongestant, cough suppressant/antitussive, or expectorant. ... Additionally, these novel pharmaceutical compositions containing desmethylastemizole, 6-hydroxydesmethylastemizole hydroxydesmethylastemizole and norastemizole are useful in treating motion sickness,

254 Allergies

vertigo, diabetic retinopathy, small vessel complications due to diabetes and such other conditions as may be related to the activity of these derivatives as antagonists of the H-1 histamine receptor while avoiding the adverse effects associated with the administration of other antihistamines, such as astemizole. ... Also disclosed are methods for treating the above-described conditions in a human while avoiding the adverse effects that are associated with the administration of other antihistamines, such as astemizole, by administering the aforementioned pharmaceutical compositions containing desmethylastemizole, 6-hydroxydesmethylastemizole and norastemizole to said human. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06130233__ ·

Methods and compositions for treating allergic disorders and other disorders using norastemizole in combination with other active ingredients Inventor(s): Woosley; Raymond L. (Washington, DC), Aberg; A. K. Gunnar (Westborough, MA) Assignee(s): Sepracor Inc. (Marlborough, MA) Patent Number: 6,268,382 Date filed: August 30, 2000 Abstract: Methods and compositions are disclosed utilizing metabolic derivatives of astemizole for the treatment of allergic disorders while avoiding the concomitant liability of adverse effects associated with the astemizole. The metabolic derivatives of astemizole are also useful for the treatment of retinopathy and other small vessel disorders associated with diabetes mellitus and such other conditions as may be related to the antihistamine activity of astemizole. For example, the metabolic derivatives of astemizole are useful for the treatment of asthma, motion sickness, and vertigo, without the concomitant liability of adverse effects associated with astemizole. Furthermore, the metabolic derivatives of astemizole, in combination with non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents or other non-narcotic analgesics, or in combination with a decongestant, cough suppressant/antitussive or expectorant, are useful for the treatment of cough, cold, cold-like, and/or flu symptoms and the discomfort, headache, pain, fever, and general malaise associated therewith, without the concomitant liability of adverse effects associated with astemizole. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel pharmaceutical compositions containing desmethylastemizole, 6-hydroxydesmethylastemizole and norastemizole. These compositions possess potent antihistaminic activity and are useful in treating allergic rhinitis, asthma and other allergic disorders while avoiding adverse effects associated is with the administration of other antihistamines, such as astemizole, including but not limited to cardiac arrhythmias, drowsiness, nausea, fatigue, weakness and headache. Also, these compositions, in combination with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents or other non-narcotic analgesics, are useful for the treatment of cough, cold, cold-like, and/or flu symptoms and the discomfort, headache, pain, fever, and general malaise associated therewith. The aforementioned combinations may optionally include one or more other active components including a decongestant, cough suppressant/antitussive, or expectorant. ... Additionally, these novel pharmaceutical compositions containing desmethylastemizole, 6-hydroxydesmethylastemizole and norastemizole are useful in treating motion sickness, vertigo, diabetic retinopathy, small vessel complications due to diabetes and such other conditions as may be related to the activity of these derivatives as antagonists of the H-1 histamine receptor while avoiding the adverse effects associated with the administration of other antihistamines, such as

Patents 255

astemizole. ... Also disclosed are methods for treating the above-described conditions in a human while avoiding the adverse effects that are associated with the administration of other antihistamines, such as astemizole, by administering the aforementioned pharmaceutical compositions containing desmethylastemizole, 6hydroxydesmethylastemizole and norastemizole to said human. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06268382__ ·

Methods and compositions for treating allergic reactions Inventor(s): Mullarkey; Michael F. (1422 Eight Ave. West, Seattle, WA 98119) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,770,401 Date filed: April 14, 1994 Abstract: Methods and compositions for treating allergic reactions, including cutaneous, ocular, nasal and Bronchial allergic disease, are disclosed. Interleukin-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor receptors, and analogues thereof, are employed which bind the respective effector competitively and thereby suppress allergic reactions. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods and compositions for treating allergic reactions, and, more particularly, for treating bronchial asthma, rhinitis, rhinoconjunctivitis, conjunctivitis, and dermatitis. ... An allergic reaction is any abnormal or altered reaction to an antigen (or "allergen"). Typically such a reaction is characterized by hypersensitivity of the body to specific substances, whether protein, lipid or carbohydrate in nature. Allergic reactions may be local, e.g. contact dermatitis, or systemic, e.g. anaphylaxis. ... Among allergic diseases, bronchial asthma is one of the most significant. In most urban hospitals, it is the leading cause of admission of children. Current medical practice accepts asthma in afflicted individuals to be an unavoidable, incurable illness. While suppression of symptoms is achieved to a degree sufficient to avoid death, urgent medical visits, disturbed sleep, and days lost from work are typically unavoidable. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05770401__

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Methods and compositions for treating allergic rhinitis and other disorders using descarboethoxyloratadine Inventor(s): Aberg; A. K. Gunnar (Westborough, MA), McCullough; John R. (Worcester, MA), Smith; Emil R. (Shrewsbury, MA) Assignee(s): Sepracor Inc. (Marlborough, MA) Patent Number: 5,595,997 Date filed: December 30, 1994 Abstract: Methods are disclosed utilizing DCL, a metabolic derivative of loratadine, for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, and other disorders, while avoiding the concomitant liability of adverse side-effects associated with other non-sedating antihistamines. Excerpt(s): The methods of the present invention comprise administering a therapeutically effective amount of a metabolic derivative of loratadine. Chemically, this derivative is 8-chloro-6,11-dihydro-11-(4-piperidylidene)-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-

256 Allergies

b] pyridine and known as descarboethoxyloratadine (DCL). This compound is specifically described in Quercia, et al. Hosp. Formul., 28: 137-53 (1993) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,659,716. ... Loratadine is an antagonist of the H-1 histamine receptor protein. The histamine receptors H-1 and H-2 are two well-identified forms. The H-1 receptors are those that mediate the response antagonized by conventional antihistamines. H-1 receptors are present, for example, in the ileum, the skin, and the bronchial smooth muscle of man and other mammals. ... Loratadine binds preferentially to peripheral rather than to central H-1 receptors. Quercia et al., Hosp. Formul. 28: 137-53 (1993). Loratadine has been shown to be a more potent inhibitor of serotonin-induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs than terfenadine. Id. at 137-38. Its anti-allergenic activity in animal models was shown to be comparable to that of terfenadine and astemizole. Id. at 138. However, using standard animal model testing, on a milligram by milligram basis, loratadine was shown to be four times more potent than terfenadine in the inhibition of allergic bronchospasm. Id. Moreover, loratadine's antihistaminic activity was demonstrated in humans by evaluation of the drug's ability to suppress wheal formation. Id. Clinical trials of efficacy indicated that loratadine is an effective H-1 antagonist. See Clissold et al., Drugs 37:42-57 (1989). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05595997__ ·

Methods for locally-treating allergic disorders with pharmaceutical preparations containing N-acetyl-aspartyl glutamic acid or its salts Inventor(s): Chibret; Henri (Clermont Ferrand, FR) Assignee(s): THEA (Therapeutique et Applications) S.A. (Clermont Ferrand, FR) Patent Number: 5,000,936 Date filed: March 18, 1988 Abstract: Pharmaceutical preparations with anti-allergic activity for local administration, which contains, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of N-acetyl-(alpha, beta)-aspartyl glutamic acid in the form of ophthalmic preparations, nasal solutions, bronchial aerosols, and skin ointments. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to new pharmaceutical compositions comprising: N-acetyl aspartyl (alpha, beta)-glutamic acid or its pharmaceutically acceptable salts which show surprising anti-allergic activity when administered locally, and it also relates to a new method for treating various medical disorders, such as conjunctivitis, rhinitis, bronchial asthma and dermatitis, when they have an allergic origin. ... Originally used in 1906 by Von Pirquet, the term "allergy" means a change in the reactions of the host when in contact with an "agent" called antigen or allergen. Nevertheless, the immunological mechanisms responsible for the signs and symptoms observed in allergic subjects are the normal body defense mechanisms common to all individuals. The difference is that, in allergic subjects, the body's immune response to antigens exceeds the aims of protection and becomes harmful for the subject himself. There is a very marked difference in the sensitivity of the immune response between the allergic subject and the non-allergic subject. For this reason, it is now generally preferred to use the terms hypersensitivity, rather than allergy, to describe the particular reactivity of the allergic subject in response to antigens. The allergic subject actually reacts to very small quantities of substances present in the environment, such as house dust and pollen, which, in the majority of people, do not provoke any particular reaction as they are minimally antigenic. These substances are not dangerous in themselves, but, in allergic subjects, they induce a series of immunological responses resulting in an

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episode of allergy, harmful for the host and for the tissues in which it develops. ... Coombs and Gell have described four types of hypersensitivity reactions (Type I, II, III and IV) but in practice, these types do not necessarily occur separately from each other. The first three types are antibody (immunoglobulin) mediated, and the fourth is mediated primarily by specialized cells. In the recent years, "allergy" has become synonymous with Type I hypersensitivity in which the reactions are dependent on the specific triggering of immunoglobulin E (IgE) -sensitized mast cells by antigen resulting in the degranulation of mast cells and the release of pharmaceutically mediators of inflammation, such as histamine, leukotrienes and prostaglandins that cause vasodilatation, increased capillary permeability, smooth muscle contraction, and eosinophilia. Type I hypersensitivity may be followed by Type III hypersensitivity reaction when antigen meets antibody (primarily IgG and IgA) at body surfaces, for example in the lungs, the nose and eye, leading to the formation of antigen-antibody immune complexes which trigger a variety of inflammatory processes. They can interact with the complement system leading to the generation of anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a which have potential inflammatory effects and cause the release of vasoactive amines from the mast cells and basophils, thus increasing vascular permeability and attracting polymorphs. Activation of the complement system can also lead to the release of cytolytic components that are able to damage tissues. The mechanisms of hypersensitivity reaction involving mast cell degranulation and complement activation are described in detail in the following book; Immunology, I. Roitt (Sections 7, 19, 21 in particular). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05000936__ ·

Methods for treating allergic disorders and other disorders using norastemizole Inventor(s): Woosley; Raymond L. (Washington, DC), Aberg; A. K. Gunnar (Westborough, MA) Assignee(s): Sepracor Inc. (Marlborough, MA) Patent Number: 6,187,794 Date filed: January 12, 2000 Abstract: Methods and compositions are disclosed utilizing metabolic derivatives of astemizole for the treatment of allergic disorders while avoiding the concomitant liability of adverse effects associated with the astemizole. The metabolic derivatives of astemizole are also useful for the treatment of retinopathy and other small vessel disorders associated with diabetes mellitus and such other conditions as may be related to the antihistamine activity of astemizole. For example, the metabolic derivatives of astemizole are useful for the treatment of asthma, motion sickness, and vertigo, without the concomitant liability of adverse effects associated with astemizole. Furthermore, the metabolic derivatives of astemizole, in combination with non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents or other non-narcotic analgesics, or in combination with a decongestant, cough suppressant/antitussive or expectorant, are useful for the treatment of cough, cold, cold-like, and/or flu symptoms and the discomfort, headache, pain, fever, and general malaise associated therewith, without the concomitant liability of adverse effects associated with astemizole. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel pharmaceutical compositions containing desmethylastemizole, 6-hydroxydesmethylastemizole and norastemizole. These compositions possess potent antihistaminic activity and are useful in treating allergic rhinitis, asthma and other allergic disorders while avoiding adverse effects associated

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with the administration of other antihistamines, such as astemizole, including but not limited to cardiac arrhythmias, drowsiness, nausea, fatigue, weakness and headache. Also, these compositions, in combination with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents or other non-narcotic analgesics, are useful for the treatment of cough, cold, cold-like, and/or flu symptoms and the discomfort, headache, pain, fever, and general malaise associated therewith. The aforementioned combinations may optionally include one or more other active components including a decongestant, cough suppressant/antitussive, or expectorant. ... Additionally, these novel pharmaceutical compositions containing desmethylastemizole, 6-hydroxydesmethylastemizole and norastemizole are useful in treating motion sickness, vertigo, diabetic retinopathy, small vessel complications due to diabetes and such other conditions as may be related to the activity of these derivatives as antagonists of the H-1 histamine receptor while avoiding the adverse effects associated with the administration of other antihistamines, such as astemizole. ... Also disclosed are methods for treating the above-described conditions in a human while avoiding the adverse effects that are associated with the administration of other antihistamines, such as astemizole, by administering the aforementioned pharmaceutical compositions containing desmethylastemizole, 6hydroxydesmethylastemizole and norastemizole to said human. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06187794__ ·

Methods for treating allergic disorders using norastemizole Inventor(s): Woosley; Raymond L. (Washington, DC), Aberg; A. K. Gunnar (Westborough, MA) Assignee(s): Sepracor Inc. (Marlborough, MA) Patent Number: 6,124,320 Date filed: December 16, 1996 Abstract: Methods and compositions are disclosed utilizing metabolic derivatives of astemizole for the treatment of allergic disorders while avoiding the concomitant liability of adverse effects associated with the astemizole. The metabolic derivatives of astemizole are also useful for the treatment of retinopathy and other small vessel disorders associated with diabetes mellitus and such other conditions as may be related to the antihistamine activity of astemizole. For example, the metabolic derivatives of astemizole are useful for the treatment of asthma, motion sickness, and vertigo, without the concomitant liability of adverse effects associated with astemizole. Furthermore, the metabolic derivatives of astemizole, in combination with non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents or other non-narcotic analgesics, or in combination with a decongestant, cough suppressant/antitussive or expectorant, are useful for the treatment of cough, cold, cold-like, and/or flu symptoms and the discomfort, headache, pain, fever, and general malaise associated therewith, without the concomitant liability of adverse effects associated with astemizole. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel pharmaceutical compositions containing desmethylastemizole, 6-hydroxydesmethylastemizole and norastemizole. These compositions possess potent antihistaminic activity and are useful in treating allergic rhinitis, asthma and other allergic disorders while avoiding adverse effects associated with the administration of other antihistamines, such as astemizole, including but not limited to cardiac arrhythmias, drowsiness, nausea, fatigue, weakness and headache. Also, these compositions, in combination with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents or other non-narcotic analgesics, are useful for the treatment of cough, cold, cold-like,

Patents 259

and/or flu symptoms and the discomfort, headache, pain, fever, and general malaise associated therewith. The aforementioned combinations may optionally include one or more other active components including a decongestant, cough suppressant/antitussive, or expectorant. ... Additionally, these novel pharmaceutical compositions containing desmethylastemizole, 6-hydroxydesmethylastemizole and norastemizole are useful in treating motion sickness, vertigo, diabetic retinopathy, small vessel complications due to diabetes and such other conditions as may be related to the activity of these derivatives as antagonists of the H-1 histamine receptor while avoiding the adverse effects associated with the administration of other antihistamines, such as astemizole. ... Also disclosed are methods for treating the above-described conditions in a human while avoiding the adverse effects that are associated with the administration of other antihistamines, such as astemizole, by administering the aforementioned pharmaceutical compositions containing desmethylastemizole, 6hydroxydesmethylastemizole and norastemizole to said human. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06124320__ ·

Methods for treating allergic disorders using optically pure (-) cetirizine Inventor(s): Gray; Nancy M. (Marlboro, MA) Assignee(s): Sepracor, Inc. (Marlborough, MA) Patent Number: 5,698,558 Date filed: January 27, 1997 Abstract: Methods are disclosed utilizing optically pure (-) cetirizine for the treatment of seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis in humans while avoiding the concomitant liability of adverse effects associated with the racemic mixture of cetirizine. The optically pure (-) isomer is also useful for the treatment of allergic asthma. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel compositions of matter containing optically pure (-) cetirizine. These compositions possess potent activity in treating seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis, the symptoms of allergic asthma, chronic idiopathic urticaria, some types of physical urticaria, and other disorders including those that would benefit from an inhibitory action on eosinophil function. (-) Cetirizine inhibits eosinophil chemotaxis and function and the generation of cytotoxic mediators by blood platelets, providing therapy in immunologically-induced asthma with particular utility in the late phase of the disease episode. Optically pure (-) cetirizine provides this treatment while avoiding adverse effects, including, but not limited to, sedation and somnolence, headache, gastrointestinal disturbance, anticholinergic effects, dizziness, cardiac arrhythmias and other cardiovascular effects which are associated with the administration of the racemic mixture of cetirizine. Also disclosed are methods for treating the above described conditions in a human while avoiding the adverse effects that are associated with the racemic mixture of cetirizine by administering the (-) isomer of cetirizine to said human. ... The active compound of these compositions and methods is an optical isomer of cetirizine, the preparation of which is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,525,358 (Baltes et al.). The medicinal chemistry of cetirizine is described by CampoliRichards et al., ›Drugs 40, 762-781 (1990)!, Snyder and Snowman ›Allergy 59 II, 4-8 (1987)!, and Rihoux and Dupont ›Annals of Allergy 59, 235-238 (1987)!. Chemically, the active compound is the (-) isomer of 2-›4-›(4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl!-1-piperazinyl) ethoxyacetic acid, hereinafter referred to as cetirizine. ... (-) Cetirizine, which is the subject of the present invention, is not presently commercially available; only the 1:1 racemic mixture is commercially available as its dihydrochloride salt.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05698558__ ·

Methods of preventing or treating allergies Inventor(s): Isolauri; Erika (Raisio, FI), Metsaniitty; Leena (Helsinki, FI), Korhonen; Hannu (Riihimaki, FI), Salminen; Seppo (Turku, FI), Syvaoja; Eeva-Liisa (Espoo, FI) Assignee(s): Valio Oy (Helsinki, FI) Patent Number: 6,506,380 Date filed: May 29, 1998 Abstract: The present invention provides method of making a protein hydrolysate formula and protein hydrolysate formulas made thereby for downregulating hypersensitivity and for promoting gut immune barrier, and methods of preventing or treating allergies, especially cow's milk allergy by combining the protein with probiotic gastrointestinal bacteria, especially Lactobacilli. The probiotics make it possible to influence the immunological balance, whereby allergy can be prevented by affecting the initiation mechanism of allergy. The present invention makes it possible to develop a person's tolerance of proteins by actively promoting a tolerogenic immune response. In addition, present invention provides for administering fragments of an allergen modified by probiotic gastrointestinal bacteria in order to desensitize a immune response to systemic hyporesponsiveness. Excerpt(s): This patent application claims priority on Finnish Patent Application No. 952926, filed Jun. 14, 1995. ... The present invention relates to methods and means of suppressing food-induced hypersensitivity reactions in patients suffering from food allergy. Particularly the invention provides methods of preventing or treating allergies, especially cow's milk allergy in infants. The invention also relates to development of specific formulae for allergic infants with impaired gut barrier function. ... Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is defined as an immune-mediated adverse reaction to cow's milk proteins. The present treatment of choice is the complete elimination of cow's milk antigens. In infants with CMA, it is necessary to use a substitute formula when human milk is unavailable. Hydrolysed formulae, based on cow's milk-derived whey or casein, are used to provide adequate nutrition with a reduced antigenic load. The preliminary heat treatment of cow's milk mainly affects the conformation of proteins and facilitates their hydrolysis. Subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis with pepsin, trypsin, pancreatic extracts and extracts from the intestinal mucosa causes progressive destruction of sequential epitopes and refines the formulae into the least antigenic and allergenic form. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06506380__

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Methods of treating or ameliorating the symptoms of common cold or allergic rhinitis with serotonin 5-HT.sub.1F Inventor(s): Johnson; Kirk Willis (Camby, IN), Phebus; Lee Alan (Fountaintown, IN) Assignee(s): Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, IN) Patent Number: 5,962,473 Date filed: August 5, 1997

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Abstract: This invention provides methods for the treatment or amelioration of the symptoms of the common cold or allergic rhinitis which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a serotonin 5-HT.sub.1F agonist. Excerpt(s): Since the discovery of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) over four decades ago, the cumulative results of many diverse studies have indicated that serotonin plays a significant role in the functioning of the mammalian body, both in the central nervous system and in peripheral systems as well. Morphological studies of the central nervous system have shown that serotonergic neurons, which originate in the brain stem, form a very diffuse system that projects to most areas of the brain and spinal cord. R. A. O'Brien, Serotonin in Mental Abnormalities, 1:41 (1978); H. W. M. Steinbusch, HANDBOOK OF CHEMICAL NEUROANATOMY, Volume 3, Part II, 68 (1984); N. E. Anden, et al., Acta Physiologica Scandinavia, 67:313 (1966). These studies have been complemented by biochemical evidence that indicates large concentrations of 5-HT exist in the brain and spinal cord. H. W. M. Steinbusch, supra. ... With such a diffuse system, it is not surprising that 5-HT has been implicated as being involved in the expression of a number of behaviors, physiological responses, and diseases which originate in the central nervous system. These include such diverse areas as sleeping, eating, perceiving pain, controlling body temperature, controlling blood pressure, depression, schizophrenia, and other bodily states. R. W. Fuller, BIOLOGY OF SEROTONERGIC TRANSMISSION, 221 (1982); D. J. Boullin, SEROTONIN IN MENTAL ABNORMALITIES 1:316 (1978); J. Barchas, et al., Serotonin and Behavior, (1973). ... Serotonin plays an important role in peripheral systems as well. For example, approximately 90% of the body's serotonin is synthesized in the gastrointestinal system, and serotonin has been found to mediate a variety of contractile, secretory, and electrophysiologic effects in this system. Serotonin may be taken up by the platelets and, upon platelet aggregation, be released such that the cardiovascular system provides another example of a peripheral network that is very sensitive to serotonin. Given the broad distribution of serotonin within the body, it is understandable that tremendous interest in drugs that affect serotonergic systems exists. In particular, receptor-specific agonists and antagonists are of interest for the treatment of a wide range of disorders, including anxiety, depression, hypertension, migraine, compulsive disorders, schizophhrenia, autism, neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinsonism, and Huntington's chorea, and cancer chemotherapy-induced vomiting. M. D. Gershon, et al., THE PERIPHERAL ACTIONS OF 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE, 246 (1989); P. R. Saxena, et al., Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 15:Supplement 7 (1990). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05962473__ ·

Methods of treating or ameliorating the symptoms of common cold or allergic rhinitis with serotonin 5-HT1F agonists Inventor(s): Johnson; Kirk Willis (Camby, IN), Phebus; Lee Alan (Fountaintown, IN) Assignee(s): Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, IN) Patent Number: 6,380,201 Date filed: March 4, 1999 Abstract: This invention provides methods for the treatment or amelioration of the symptoms of the common cold or allergic rhinitis which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a serotonin 5-HT.sub.1F agonist.

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Excerpt(s): Since the discovery of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) over four decades ago, the cumulative results of many diverse studies have indicated that serotonin plays a significant role in the functioning of the mammalian body, both in the central nervous system and in peripheral systems as well. Morphological studies of the central nervous system have shown that serotonergic neurons, which originate in the brain stem, form a very diffuse system that projects to most areas of the brain and spinal cord. R. A. O'Brien, Serotonin in Mental Abnormalities, 1:41 (1978); H. W. M. Steinbusch, Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Volume 3, Part II, 68 (1984); N. E. Anden, et al., Acta Physiologica Scandinavia, 67:313 (1966). These studies have been complemented by biochemical evidence that indicates large concentrations of 5-HT exist in the brain and spinal cord. H. W. M. Steinbusch, supra. ... With such a diffuse system, it is not surprising that 5-HT has been implicated as being involved in the expression of a number of behaviors, physiological responses, and diseases which originate in the central nervous system. These include such diverse areas as sleeping, eating, perceiving pain, controlling body temperature, controlling blood pressure, depression, schizophrenia, and other bodily states. R. W. Fuller, Biology of Serotonergic Transmission, 221 (1982); D. J. Boullin, Serotonin in Mental Abnormalities 1:316 (1978); J. Barchas, et al., Serotonin and Behavior, (1973). ... Serotonin plays an important role in peripheral systems as well. For example, approximately 90% of the body's serotonin is synthesized in the gastrointestinal system, and serotonin has been found to mediate a variety of contractile, secretory, and electrophysiologic effects in this system. Serotonin may be taken up by the platelets and, upon platelet aggregation, be released such that the cardiovascular system provides another example of a peripheral network that is very sensitive to serotonin. Given the broad distribution of serotonin within the body, it is understandable that tremendous interest in drugs that affect serotonergic systems exists. In particular, receptor-specific agonists and antagonists are of interest for the treatment of a wide range of disorders, including anxiety, depression, hypertension, migraine, compulsive disorders, schizophhrenia, autism, neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinsonism, and Huntington's chorea, and cancer chemotherapy-induced vomiting. M. D. Gershon, et al., The Peripheral Actions of 5Hydroxytryptamine, 246 (1989); P. R. Saxena, et al., Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 15:Supplement 7 (1990). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06380201__ ·

Mineral and vitamin combinations for the treatment of stress and allergies Inventor(s): Piper; Edwina M (Balgowan Cottages, By Leven, Fife, GB) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,299,886 Date filed: April 25, 2000 Abstract: The treatment is by means of nutritional supplements for the adrenal glands, liver and mast cells. The supplements may include potassium, magnesium, Vit B.sub.6, Vit B.sub.5, Vit C and EFA. A biological mechanism linking stress and allergies such as hayfever or other perennial or seasonal respiratory allergies is proposed and the effect of the treatment thereon is discussed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel treatments for allergies such as hayfever and other seasonal and perennial respiratory allergies which the inventor believes are triggered by stress. ... The invention is set out in the claims herein but simply stated the inventor has devised a method of treating stress and/or allergies, such as hayfever and

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other seasonal or perennial respiratory allergies, by the co-administration, either simultaneously or sequentially, of ingredients comprising potassium, magnesium, Vit B.sub.6, Vit B.sub.5, Vit C and an n-6 or n-3 essential fatty acid (EFA) particularly GLA or DGLA. These ingredients (hereinafter "active ingredients") alone are effective but optionally may be combined with other synergistic nutrients. ... The invention also extends to compositions comprising those active ingredients in unit dosage form, effective in the treatment of those conditions, and the use of those active ingredients in the manufacture of a medicament, as a single composition or as sub-compositions for co-administration, for treatment of those conditions. The method composition and use of the invention may be applied to the treatment of a human or non-human (preferably mammalian) animal body. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06299886__ ·

N-(4-piperidinyl) bicyclic condensed 2-imidazolamine derivatives useful in treating allergic diseases Inventor(s): Janssens; Frans E. (Bonheiden, BE), Torremans; Joseph L. G. (Beerse, BE), Diels; Gaston S. M. (Ravels, BE) Assignee(s): Janssen Pharmaceutical N.V. (Beerse, BE) Patent Number: 4,897,401 Date filed: April 18, 1988 Abstract: Novel N-(4-piperidinyl)bicyclic condensed 2-imidazolamine derivatives and their pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts having anti-histaminic properties, compositions containing the same, and methods of treating allergic diseases in warmblooded animals. Excerpt(s): In the U.S. Pat. No. 4,219,559 there are described a number of 1-substituted N-heterocyclyl-4-piperidinamines as compounds having useful anti-histaminic properties. ... Further series of N-heterocyclyl-4-piperidinamines as compounds having useful anti-histaminic and serotonin-antagonistic properties have been described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,556,660, 4,634,704, 4,695,569 and 4,588,722. ... The compounds of the present invention are substituted in a previously undisclosed manner and show favourable pharmacological properties. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04897401__

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N-1H-tetrazol-5-yl-2-thiophene carboxamides, N-1H-tetrazol-5-yl-2-pyrrole carboxamides, N-1H-tetrazol-5-yl-2-furan carboxamides, and anti-allergic and antiinflammatory use thereof Inventor(s): Cetenko; Wiaczeslaw A. (Ann Arbor, MI), Connor; David T. (Ann Arbor, MI), Mullican; Michael D. (Ypsilanti, MI), Sorenson; Roderick J. (Ann Arbor, MI) Assignee(s): Warner-Lambert Company (Morris Plains, NJ) Patent Number: 4,748,183 Date filed: March 18, 1987 Abstract: The present invention is for compounds having the formula of N-1H-tetrazol5-yl-2-thiophenecarboxamides, N-1H-tetrazol-5-yl-2-pyrrolecarboxamides, N-1Htetrazol-5-yl-2-furancarboxamides or analogs of each of the carboxamides. The

264 Allergies

compounds are useful for the treatment of allergic or inflammatory conditions or diseases. Thus, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use are also the invention. Processes of preparation for the compounds are also the invention. Excerpt(s): The present invention is for novel carboxamides of two ring systems in the same compound not previously known. One of the rings in each compound is a tetrazole. The other is thiophene, pyrrole or furan. The carboxamides have activity useful for treating allergic and inflammatory conditions or diseases. Thus, the invention herein also relates to pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use therefor. ... Previously known compounds having a tetrazolyl substituent include benzothiophenes and benzofurans disclosed in copending application U.S. Ser. No. 790664, filed Oct. 28, 1989 which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 680108 filed Dec. 10, 1984. The compounds of these applications prevent the release of mediators including histamine and leukotrienes from basophils and mast cells, and prevent respiratory burst of neutrophils and thus also have antiallergic and immunoinflammatory activity. European Patent Application 0146243 discloses benzofurans and benzothiophenes of which selected compounds include a tetrazolyl substituent as well. The EP No. 0146243 discloses 5-lipoxygenase activity. ... Thus, the known compounds described above do not include the combination of ring systems now the present invention. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04748183__ ·

Naphthyridine derivatives and method for treating allergic reactions Inventor(s): Blythin; David J. (North Caldwell, NJ), Siegel; Marvin I. (Woodbridge, NJ), Smith; Sidney R. (Ridgewood, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (Kenilworth, NJ) Patent Number: 4,916,131 Date filed: July 20, 1988 Abstract: 1-Substituted naphthyridines and pyrido-pyrazines are disclosed which are useful in treating allergic reactions, inflammation, peptic ulcers and hyperproliferative skin diseases and in suppressing the immune response in mammals. Pharmaceutical compositions and methods of treatment employing such compounds are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to certain 1-substituted naphthyridine and pyridopyrazine derivatives which are useful in the treatment of allergies, inflammation, peptic ulcers and hyperproliferative diseases and which suppress the immune response in mammals. ... Carboni et al. in Farmaco, Ed. Sci., 1973, 28(9), 722-732 disclose 1-benzyl7-benzyloxy-[1,8]naphthyridin-2-one and other compounds, but indicate that such compounds were tested as antibacterials and found to be inactive. ... European published application No. 0 172 058 discloses certain 1-phenyl-3-alkyl[1,8]naphthyridin-2-ones as having anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04916131__

Patents 265

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Natural product composition for decreasing IgE production and treating secondary allergic responses Inventor(s): Hebert; Rolland (Seattle, WA), Shanmugasundaram; Edayatimangalam Raja Bhavani (Chennai, IN), Shanmugasundaram; Kalathkal Radha (Chennai, IN) Assignee(s): Pharma Terra, Inc. (Marcer Island, WA) Patent Number: 6,451,354 Date filed: October 25, 2000 Abstract: A salt-spice-herbal composition known as Amrita Bindu that is clinically useful for reducing IgE production and treating secondary allergic responses is disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions and methods for decreasing IgE production and IgE levels in mammalian subjects and treating secondary allergic responses. ... Allergic reactions include four types, i.e., types I, II, III and IV. The type I (immediate-type, anaphylactic) allergic reaction is triggered by the reaction-relatingfactor immunoglobulin E (hereinafter abbreviated as an IgE antibody). The reaction steps can be divided roughly into the following three steps. The first step is a sensitization step involving IgE antibody production and binding of the resulting IgE antibodies to mast cells or basophils. The second step involves degranulation of the mast cells or basophils and release of chemical mediators. The third steps involves onset of effects of the released chemical mediators on the target organs. Thus, the type I allergic reaction against foreign antigens leads to onset of symptoms through the above reaction steps. ... Only symptomatic treatments by inhibiting the above second and/or third reaction steps have been carried out to treat allergic diseases. That is, the treatments are carried out by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators accompanying the degranulation and/or by inhibiting allergic reactions induced by the released chemical mediators. These symptomatic treatments have been known to be effective not only in systemic administration of anti-allergic agents but also in their topical administration to the nose, etc. However, the effects of the treatments are limited because the treatments do not inhibit IgF antibody production which is the basic first step of the type I allergic reaction. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06451354__

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Nonsedating formulations for allergic rhinitis which possess antihistaminic and anticholinergic activity Inventor(s): Weinstein; Robert E. (229 Berekely St., Boston, MA 02116), Weinstein; Allan M. (3301 New Mexico Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20016) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,086,914 Date filed: March 12, 1999 Abstract: It is perceived that the newer antihistamines, which have been developed so as to be less sedating relative to the "first generation" antihistamines, possess diminished anticholinergic effects on rhinorrhea, compared to first-generation antihistamines. It is also perceived that no oral medicinal formulation is presently available for treatment of allergic rhinitis that provides both antihistaminic and anticholinergic actions and is unlikely to produce sedation. This invention provides such a formulation.

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Excerpt(s): Unrelated to their function of binding to H1 histamine receptors, the firstgeneration antihistamines produce sedation, an unwanted side effect, but also provide anticholinergic effects, which are helpful for reducing secretions and controlling rhinorrhea. Second-generation antihistamines, which are relatively nonsedating, have been developed but are lacking in anticholinergic efficacy. Despite the abundance of presently marketed formulations for addressing the symptoms for allergic rhinitis, no medicinal formulation is presently available which provides both antihistaminic and anticholinergic actions in an essentially nonsedating manner. ... Allergic rhinitis refers to a common inflammatory condition of the nose caused by allergies and affects at least 15% of the United States population. The typical symptoms of allergic rhinitis include: sneezing, itching nose, nasal congestion and rhinorrhea ("running" or "runny" nose), often accompanied by watering and itching eyes, and post nasal drip. As related to a patient's quality of life, rhinorrhea is reported as the most prominent and distressing symptom of allergic rhinitis. ... The release of histamine is an important mechanism underlying some of the symptoms of allergic rhinitis. The symptom of rhinorrhea, however, is largely attributable to a neuronal mechanism; specifically, to the effects of acetylcholine on nasal cholinergic receptors, rather than to the action of histamine. This can be demonstrated by observing that histamine challenge on one side of the nose produces an increase in nasal secretions, on the other side as well. The reflex increase in secretions on the non-challenged side can be inhibited by premedication with an anticholinergic agent, i.e., an agent which acts to blocks the action of acetylcholine on cholinergic receptors. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06086914__ ·

N-Tetrazolyl benzamides and anti-allergic use thereof Inventor(s): Erickson; Edward H. (Woodbury, MN) Assignee(s): Riker Laboratories, Inc. (St. Paul, MN) Patent Number: 4,474,792 Date filed: December 3, 1981 Abstract: Amides obtained by condensing aminotetrazole with optionally substituted ortho-alkoxybenzoic and ortho-methylthiobenzoic acids are potent anti-allergic agents. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to physiologically active compounds which are amides obtained by condensing aminotetrazole with optionally substituted ortho-alkoxybenzoic or ortho-methylthiobenzoic acids. The invention also relates to anti-allergic compositions containing the compounds and to an anti-allergic method which comprises applying a compound of the invention to a mammalian organism in need thereof. ... Phenol derivatives which may be named 2-hydroxy-N-(tetrazol-5yl)benzamides are known to exhibit anti-allergic properties (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,146,631). Other less closely related derivatives of aminotetrazole are also known to exhibit antiallergic properties, e.g., the 8-(1H-tetrazol-5-ylcarbamoyl)quinolines and salts thereof described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,147,694 (and assigned to the assignee of the present invention), the amides of aminotetrazole and quinaldic acid described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,932,416, and the amides of aminotetrazole and acids of chromone, xanthone or anthraquinone described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,887,574. ... n is zero, one or two; provided that when n is two, the R.sup.2 groups are selected from halo, methoxy, and alkyl and there is a total of no more than 6 carbon atoms in the R.sup.2 groups. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04474792__

Patents 267

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Nucleic acids encoding signal transduction inhibitors of allergic reactions Inventor(s): Vonakis; Becky M. (Fairfax, VA), Metzger; Henry (Chevy Chase, MD), Chen; Huaxian (Bethesda, MD) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Department of Health and (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 6,353,097 Date filed: July 3, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides an isolated polypeptide consisting of amino acids 1-66 of the human tyrosine kinase, Lyn A, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and an isolated polypeptide consisting of amino acids 1-45 of the human tyrosine kinase, Lyn B, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The present invention also provides isolated nucleic acids encoding the above-described amino acid sequences, as well as vectors comprising the nucleic acids and cells comprising the vectors. The present invention further provides a method of treating or preventing an allergic disorder in a subject, comprising administering any of the above nucleic acids to a cell of the subject under conditions whereby the nucleic acid is expressed in the subject's cells, thereby treating the allergic disorder. Additionally provided in this invention is a fusion protein comprising either a polypeptide consisting of amino acids 1-66 of the human tyrosine kinase, Lyn A or a polypeptide consisting of amino acids 1-45 of the human tyrosine kinase, Lyn B and a ligand which binds to and is internalized by cells which express a high affinity receptor for IgE on the surface. A method of treating or preventing an allergic disorder in a subject is also provided, comprising administering an effective amount of the above fusion protein to a cell of the subject, whereby the fusion protein treats the subject's allergic disorder. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to the prevention and treatment of an allergic disorder. In particular, the invention relates to the administration of polypeptides of the unique domain of the tyrosine kinase, Lyn, to the cells of a subject having, or at risk of having, an allergic disorder. The polypeptides act within the cells to bind the cytoplasmic domain of the high affinity receptor of IgE (Fc.epsilon.RI) and inhibit signaling through the receptor which would result in release of histamines and other substances associated with an allergic reaction, thereby preventing or treating an allergic disorder. ... The family of proteins known as the "multichain immune recognition receptors" includes the antigen receptors on B and T-lymphocytes and Fc receptors including the receptor with high affinity for IgE (Fc.epsilon.RI ) (1). Highly homologous in structure, all these receptors utilize, at least in part, a common mechanism to initiate cellular responses: multi-valent interactions with antigen leads to aggregation of the receptors and is followed by enhanced phosphorylation of tyrosines, in the Immune-Receptor Tyrosine-based Activation Motifs (ITAMs) within the cytoplasmic domains of the receptor itself, by a receptor-associated Src-family kinase (2). ... Aggregation of the Fc.epsilon.RI on mast cells initiates a cascade of events leading to degranulation and release of mediators responsible for the symptoms of atopy. Among the earliest events in the Fc.epsilon.RI cascade is the phosphorylation of tyrosines in the ITAMs on the .beta. and .gamma. chains of the receptor by the Src-family kinase, Lyn. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06353097__

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Ophthalmic anti-allergy compositions suitable for use with contact lenses Inventor(s): Yanni; John M. (Burleson, TX) Assignee(s): Alcon Universal Ltd. (Hunenberg, CH) Patent Number: 6,375,973 Date filed: January 24, 2001 Abstract: Topically administrable anti-allergy compositions comprising olopatadine and a polymeric quaternary ammonium preservative are suitable for use by patients wearing contact lenses. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to ophthalmic anti-allergy compositions. In particular, the present invention relates to topical anti-allergy compositions that can be safely applied by a patient wearing contact lenses. ... Ophthalmic formulations generally contain one or more active compounds along with excipients such as surfactants, comforting agents, complexing agents, stabilizers, buffering systems, chelating agents, viscosity agents or gelling polymers and antioxidants. Ophthalmic formulations which are intended for multidose use require a preservative. Benzalkonium chloride ("BAC") is the most widely used ophthalmic preservative. ... Topically administrable multidose ophthalmic products are generally not suitable for use with contact lenses because the active or the preservative may bind to or accumulate in the contact lenses, causing irritation or toxic effects. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06375973__

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Oral hyposensitization in the treatment of allergies Inventor(s): Booren; Jack C. (Denver, CO) Assignee(s): Immunotec, Inc. (San Diego, CA) Patent Number: 4,822,611 Date filed: December 9, 1986 Abstract: A method of treating allergies whereby hyposensitization to allergens to which the patient has been found to be sensitive by skin testing and history is induced by sequentially scheduled oral administration of titrated amounts of allergenic extracts in a liquid vehicle comprising defined proportions of a selected hexose monosaccharide and ethyl alcohol in water. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the treatment of allergies, and more specifically to immunotherapy by administration of allergenic extracts by the oral route as an alternative to injection therapy. ... Unusual susceptibility or hypersensitivity in humans to any offending substance is commonly termed an "allergy", and the offending substance is termed an "allergen". Concentrated solutions of allergens used for diagnosis or treatment of allergic disease are known as "allergenic extracts". ... Types of allergy have been divided into four subdivisions based on type of reaction. The simplest reaction, called a Type I or anaphylactic reaction, is the category into which most cases of simple allergy fall. These cases include seasonal rhinitis or hay fever, stinging insect bite, some food and drug allergies, extrinsic bronchial asthma, and some cases of urticaria. The present invention relates to this type of allergy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04822611__

Patents 269

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Oral therapy for the treatment of allergies and method of manufacture Inventor(s): Michael; J. Gabriel (Cincinnati, OH), Litwin; Allen (Cincinnati, OH) Assignee(s): University of Cincinnati (Cincinnati, OH) Patent Number: 6,174,529 Date filed: October 11, 1997 Abstract: An orally administrable therapeutic protein is provided by combining the therapeutic protein with a stabilizing agent in an aqueous solution. The solution is coated onto nonpareils and microencapsulated with a water emulsifiable enteric coating composition. The microcapsules are orally administered. The coating protects the protein as it passes through the stomach. Upon reaching the small intestines, the basic pH of the intestinal juices will dissolve the coating, allowing the protein to be released and induce antigen specific immune response which has the specificity of the native molecule. The stabilizing agent protects the therapeutic protein from denaturation during the encapsulation process. In addition to being immunogenic, when administered orally, encapsulated allergen has a therapeutic effect in the treatment of human allergies. Excerpt(s): Immune response in mammals, including humans, is most predictably induced by parenteral (injectable) administration of a protein antigen. Oral administration of a protein antigen is usually an ineffective route of immunization. Indeed, oral administration of a protein may be immunosuppressive rather than immunogenic (Mowat, A. M. 1987, "The Regulation of Immune Responses to Dietary Protein Antigens," Immunol. Today, 8:93). Thus, development of a method for efficient oral immunization would be extremely desirable. Immunization has beneficial therapeutic effects in many areas of clinical medicine. Specifically, antimicrobial vaccines consisting of bacteria, viruses and their products are beneficial in preventing and combating infections. Also, allergy immunotherapy, a treatment in which injections of small doses of allergens results in alleviation of allergy symptoms, is important in therapy of inhalant allergies, venom allergies and anaphylaxis. Finally, treatment of autoimmune diseases with autoantigens or their components can alleviate the autoimmune diseases, as discussed in PCT application WO92/06708. Luciano Adorini, et al., Approaches Toward Peptide Based Immunotherapy of Autoimmune Diseases Springer Seminar in Immunopathology Immunoprotein (1992) 14:187-199. Further, rejection of transplanted organs can be reduced by injection of MHC Class I and Class II antigens. Mohamed H. Sayegh, et al., Induction of Immunity and Oral Tolerance With Polymorphic Class II Major Histocompatibility Complex in the Rat, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sc. USA (1992) 89 7762-7766. ... Collectively, we refer to these proteins as therapeutic since they exert a therapeutic effect through activating the immune system of humans and mammals. These immunotherapeutic proteins are all susceptible to proteolytic enzymatic digestion and other denaturing and degrading processes such as acid pH digestion. ... Immunization by oral administration of therapeutic proteins has been quite ineffective in the past. It is believed that these proteins are damaged or destroyed by gastric and intestinal juices, thus losing their immunogenicity by the time they reach the lymphoid (immune) tissue in the gastrointestinal tract. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06174529__

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Patch test materials for the detection of metal allergies Inventor(s): Kawahara; Haruyuki (Moriguchi, JP) Assignee(s): G-C Dental Industrial Corp. (Tokyo, JP), Kawahara; Haruyuki (both of, JP) Patent Number: 4,904,448 Date filed: July 22, 1988 Abstract: A patch test material for the detection of metal allergies which contains a dental metal, noble or base, with which an allergic reaction aid such as a biological high molecular weight compound, e.g., a protein is present. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a patch test material for the detection of metal allergies in dentistry, which is used to make simple and highly accurate determinations of whether or not metal allergies are developed in the presence of a dental metal (a pure metal or a metal alloy) to be topically applied with an allergic reaction aid. ... Metal allergies refer to an allergic phenomenon caused by a metal, which is an incomplete antigen (called hapten) that becomes an antigen only when the metal bonds to tissue proteins. In other words, upon directly contacting the skin, a certain metal has a primary influence upon the structure of a cell and the process of an enzymatic reaction, thus causing contact dermatitises. Included further in allergic diseases developed as antigen-antibody reactions are skin ulcers, stomatitis, conjunctivitis, sensitive pneumonia, bronchial asthma, pneumonic fibrosis and so on. ... Metals included in dental metallic materials and responsible for metal allergies are not only base metal elements such as Be, Ni, Co, Fe and Cr but also noble metal elements such as Au, Pt, Ag, Cu and Hg. Referring in detail to the metal allergies as mentioned above, a metal is present in the form of three phases, i.e., a metallic vapor, a metal salt and a pure metal or a metal alloy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04904448__

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Peptides for anti-allergy treatment Inventor(s): Stanworth; Denis Raymond (Birmingham, GB), Lewin; Ian Victor (Tamworth, GB) Assignee(s): Peptide Therapeutics Limited (Cambridge, GB) Patent Number: 5,945,104 Date filed: June 27, 1997 Abstract: Peptides of the above-mentioned sequence wherein Xaa is any amino acid residue, but most preferably Val or Ile, and their simple derivatives, including those chain-extended at the N-terminus or C-terminus, are useful in anti-allergy treatment. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to peptides, believed novel per se and to their use in a vaccine against allergies. ... Amino acids and amino acid residues are represented herein by their standard codes as identified by the IUPAC-IUB Biochemical Nomenclature Commission and represent D and L amino acids, their analogues or derivatives. ... It is a problem to extend the range of peptides useful for an anti-allergy vaccine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05945104__

Patents 271

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Pharmaceutical composition for preventing and treating allergic diseases and a method for preparation thereof Inventor(s): Kim; Hyung-Min (Cheollabook-do, KR), Jang; Chul-Ho (Jeollabook-do, KR), Hwang; Woo-Jun (Cheollabook-do, KR), Park; Eun-Jeung (Cheollabook-do, KR) Assignee(s): Daehan Biolink Co., Ltd. (Chungbuk, KR), Biomedpark Co., Ltd. (Yongin, KR) Patent Number: 6,524,627 Date filed: March 20, 2002 Abstract: This invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising Platycodi Radix, Scutellariae Radix, Ponciri Fructus, Schizonepetae Herba, Bupleuri Radix, Angelicae dahuricae Radix, Paeoniae Radix alba, Cnidii Rhizoma, Angelicae gigantis Radix, Ledebouriellae Radix, Forsythiae Fructus, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Lonicerae Flos, Taraxaci Herba, Trichosanthis Radix, Ulmi Cortex Radicis, Astragali Radix, Atractylodis Rhizoma alba, Rehmanniae Rhizoma, Zanthoxyli Fructus, Magnoliae Flos, Xanthii Fructus, Mori Cortex Radicis, Pinelliae Tuber, Cimicifugae Rhizoma, Puerariae Radix and Menthae Herba as the active ingredients for preventing and/or treating acute and/or chronic allergic nasal diseases (including chronic paranasal sinusitis), allergic dermatitis, allergic otitis media (including recurrent otitis media with effusions), allergic conjunctivitis, allergic asthma, etc., and to a method for preparation thereof. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for preventing and treating allergic diseases and to a method for preparation thereof. Specifically, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising Platycodi Radix, Scutellariae Radix, Ponciri Fructus, Schizonepetae Herba, Bupleuri Radix, Angelicae dahuricae Radix, Paeoniae Radix alba, Cnidii Rhizoma, Angelicae gigantis Radix, Ledebouriellae Radix, Forsythiae Fructus, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Lonicerae Flos, Taraxaci Herba, Trichosanthis Radix, Ulmi Cortex Radicis, Astragali Radix, Atractylodis Rhizoma alba, Rehmanniae Rhizoma, Zanthoxyli Fructus, Magnoliae Flos, Xanthii Fructus, Mori Cortex Radicis, Pinelliae Tuber, Cimicifugae Rhizoma, Puerariae Radix and Menthae Herba as the active ingredients for preventing and/or treating acute and/or chronic allergic nasal diseases (including chronic paranasal sinusitis), allergic dermatitis, allergic otitis media (including recurrent otitis media with effusions), allergic conjunctivitis, allergic asthma, etc., and to a method for preparation thereof. ... A normal immune reaction may cause local inflammations or eliminate foreign substance without damaging tissues of their hosts by stimulating effective molecules to remove attacks from allergen through various mechanisms. However, the term of hypersensitivity or allergy is used when an immune reaction is excessively activated or progressed in an undesirable direction to harm the human body. Today, allergic diseases cost a lot of money, because they tend to be more severe in civilized societies. According to a literature [Scientific American, September, 1993], more than 20% of American people are suffering from various allergic symptoms, and allergic rhinitis is the most common form of allergy. The attack of allergen can sometimes be fatal. According to the statistical data of 1990, it was reported that 3.6 billion dollars had been spent to the direct medical cost for asthma. As to the number of patients who are suffering from these allergic diseases, Korea is also on the similar level to the developed countries. The number is increasing every year. In particular, young child patients are on rapid increase. Thus, many researchers are devoting themselves in developing a drastic cure to reduce economic, biological and physical burden of the patient from such allergic diseases. ... It might be said that diversity and complexity of allergic diseases are from the exposure to many kinds of allergen in the modern life. Synthetic fibers such as nylon and Teflon, and

272 Allergies

synthetic resins such as polyethylene, polyester and epoxy resin, which brought innovation to the textile industry, cause anaphylactic contact dermatitis at skin or mucous membrane by various chemical substances like monomer and polymer that are produced in the manufacturing process. On the other hand, allergic inflammations on the skin are caused by contact with glass frames, artificial teeth, wrist watch chains, plastic raincoats, umbrella handles, etc. The substances such as polyurethane, which are widely used as paints for cars, furniture and musical instruments, are the main cause of bronchial asthma. Rubber, leather, cement, and metals such as platinum, gold, mercury and nickel may cause allergic contact dermatitis. Accessories, such as earrings, necklace and finger rings, or rubber products, may also cause allergy. It is well known that fast food, antiseptic, synthetic sweetening, and additives including food colors may also cause food allergy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06524627__ ·

Pharmaceutical composition for treating or preventing allergic rhinitis Inventor(s): Shiraishi; Mitsuru (Amagasaki, JP), Ashida; Yasuko (Takatsuki, JP), Matsumoto; Tatsumi (Sakai, JP) Assignee(s): Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 5,733,929 Date filed: January 30, 1996 Abstract: There is disclosed a pharmaceutical composition for treating or preventing allergic rhinitis which comprises a quinone or hydroquinone derivative having thromboxane A.sub.2 receptor antagonism. This compound is hardly inactivated by in vivo metabolism and can maintain its effective blood level for a long term and exhibit excellent pharmacological activity in a low dose. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for treating or preventing allergic rhinitis which comprises a quinone or hydroquinone derivative having thromboxane A.sub.2 receptor antagonism. ... Allergic rhinitis is a type I allergic disease of nasal mucosa causing paroxysmal and repetitive sneeze, nasal mucus and nasal congestion as three major symptoms. Although antihistamic agents have widely been used to treat and prevent allergic rhinitis, they are not necessarily satisfactory because they are not so effective against nasal congestion of allergic rhinitis and have side effects such as sleepiness, malaise, sedation due to inhibitory action on the central nervous system and cholilytic action. Chemical mediators other than histamine, such as leukotrienes, prostaglandins, platelet-activating factor (PAF) and thromboxane A.sub.2, particularly leukotrienes, are believed to be related to nasal congestion on the basis of onset mechanisms of allergic rhinitis (Minoru Okuda, Allergy, Vol. 39, p. 301-306 (1990)). ... Compounds having thromboxane A.sub.2 receptor antagonism, for example, quinone compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,180,742 and JP-A 63-101322 have been known to be useful as anti-allergic agents, but have never been known to be useful as medicaments for treating and preventing allergic rhinitis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05733929__

Patents 273

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Pharmaceutical compositions comprising azapurinones useful in treating allergic respiratory disorders Inventor(s): Broughton; Barbara Joyce (Croydon, EN), Large; Bryan John (Upminster, EN), Marshall; Stuart Malcolm (Stanford-Le-Hope, EN), Pain; David Lord (Upminster, EN), Wooldridge; Kenneth Robert Harry (Brentwood, EN) Assignee(s): May & Baker Limited (Essex, EN) Patent Number: 3,987,160 Date filed: May 29, 1973 Abstract: 8-Azapurin-6-ones substituted in the 2-position by an unsubstituted or substituted phenyl or naphthyl group, or by an alkenyl or alkynyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkyl group contaning 2 to 10 carbon atoms, or an alkyl group containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms carrying one or more substitutents selected from halogen atoms and hydroxy, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, phenyl and substituted phenyl groups, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, possess pharmacological properties useful, for example, in the treatment of allergic bronchial asthma. Excerpt(s): [wherein R represents a phenyl or naphthyl group, which may optionally carry one or more (preferably at most three) substituents selected from halogen (preferably fluorine, chlorine or bromine) atoms and hydroxy, alkyl, phenylalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, phenoxy, aralkoxy (e.g. phenylalkoxy), alkylthio, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, alkanesulphonyl, alkanoyl, alkoxycarbonyl, amino, trifluoromethyl and methylenedioxy groups and amino groups substituted by one or two groups selected from alkyl, phenyl, alkanoyl, alkanesulphonyl and arenesulphonyl (e.g. benzenesulphonyl) groups, or R represents a straight -- or branched -- chain alkenyl or alkynyl group containing from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group containing from 3 to 8 carbon atoms (e.g. cyclohexyl), a straight -- or branched -- chain alkyl group containing from 2 to 10 carbon atoms (preferably isopropyl, butyl or isobutyl), or a straight -- or branched -- chain alkyl group containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms (preferably methyl or ethyl) carrying one or more (preferably at most two) substituents selected from halogen atoms, hydroxy groups, cycloalkyl groups containing from 3 to 8 carbon atoms (preferably cyclohexyl), straight -- or branched -- chain alkoxy groups containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and phenyl groups optionally carrying one or more (preferably at most two) substituents selected from halogen atoms and straight -or branched -- chain alkyl andalkoxy groups containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, hydroxy groups, and phenylalkoxy (e.g. benzyloxy) groups in which the alkoxy moiety contains 1 to 6 carbon atoms] and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, possess valuable pharmacological properties. ... In this specification, when R represents a substituted phenyl or subtituted naphthyl group, alkyl groups and alkyl portions of phenylalkyl, alkylthio, aralkoxy, alkanoyl, alkanesulphonyl, hydroxalkyl and alkoxycarbonyl substituents contain from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; each alkyl portion of an alkoxyalkoxy substituent contains from 1 to 6 carbon atom; alkoxy substituents contain from 1 to 10 carbon atoms; alkenyloxy and alkynyloxy substituents contain 2 to 10 carbon atoms and alkyl and alkanoyl groups on amino substituents, and alkane portions of alkanesulphonyl groups on amino substituents, contain from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; phenoxy substituents, and phenyl groups on amino substituents, may carry one or more substituents selected from halogen (e.g. fluorine, chlorine or bromine) atoms, and alkyl and alkoxy groups containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; aryl (e.g. phenyl) portions of aralkoxy substituents may carry one or more substituents selected from halogen (e.g. fluorine, chlorine or bromine) atoms, alkyl and alkoxy groups containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and nitro groups; and arene (e.g. benzene) portions of arenesulphonyl

274 Allergies

groups on amino substituents may carry one or more alkyl groups containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms (e.g. methyl). The carbon atoms in the alkyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, alkane, alkenyloxy and alkynyloxy groups or moieties may be in a straight -- or branched -chain. ... It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the compounds of formula I exhibit tautomerism such that each of the hydrogen atoms depicted as residing on the nitrogen atoms in the 1- and 9-positions may reside on any of the nitrogen atoms in the 1-, 3-, 7-, 8- and 9-positions or on the oxygen atom connected to the carbon atom in the 6-position, and that all the forms thus described may be present to a greater or lesser degree and are in a state of dynamic equilibrium with each other. Furthermore, in certain cases the substituent R contributes to optical and/or stereoisomerism. All such forms are embraced by the present invention. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03987160__ ·

Pharmaceutical compositions for treating late phase allergic reactions and inflammatory diseases Inventor(s): Ahmed; Tahir (Coral Gables, FL) Assignee(s): Baker Norton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Miami, FL) Patent Number: 6,193,957 Date filed: May 4, 1999 Abstract: A method of treating a mammalian patient suffering from or prone to a condition characterized by late phase allergic reactions, airway hyperresponsiveness or inflammatory reactions, e.g., asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic dermatitis, allergic conjunctivitis, inflammatory bowel disease or rheumatoid arthritis, comprising the administration to the patient of an oral, parenteral, intrabronchial, topical, intranasal or intraocular pharmaceutical composition containing in each dose about 0.005 to about 1.0 mg per kilogram of patient body weight of ultra-low molecular weight heparins (ULMWH) or other sulfated polysaccharides having average molecular weights of about 1,000-3,000 daltons. Suitable inhalant and other pharmaceutical compositions for use in the novel treatment method are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This application incorporates material included in Disclosure Document No. 401115, filed in the Patent and Trademark Office on Jun. 5, 1996. ... The invention relates to methods and compositions for preventing and reversing the symptoms and manifestations of late phase allergic reactions and inflammatory diseases. ... Chronic asthma can be considered to be predominantly an inflammatory disease with associated bronchospasm. The degree of reactivity and narrowing of the bronchi in response to stimuli is greater in asthmatics than in normal individuals. Persistent inflammation is responsible for the bronchial hyperreactivity or airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Mucosal edema, mucus plugging and hypersecretion may be present; pulmonary parenchyma is normal. Airway narrowing may reverse spontaneously or with therapy. Type 1 (immediate) immune responses may play an important role in the development of asthma in children and many adults; however, when onset of disease occurs in adulthood, allergic factors may be difficult to identify. Exposure to cold dry air, exercise and other aggravating factors also may trigger asthma. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06193957__

Patents 275

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Pharmaceutical or food composition for treating pathologies related to graft versus host, allergic or autoimmune reaction Inventor(s): Duchateau; Jean (Brussels, BE), Servais; Genevieve (Horrues, BE) Assignee(s): Universite Libre de Bruxelles (Brussels, BE) Patent Number: 6,312,711 Date filed: October 28, 1999 Abstract: The invention concerns a pharmaceutical and/or food composition comprising a suitable pharmaceutical and/or food vehicle and a heat shock protein and at least conformation or sequential epitopes of an antigenic structure inducing a graft versus host, an allergic or autoimmune reaction. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel pharmaceutical or food composition intended for treating pathologies associated with graft rejection or an allergic or autoimmune reaction. ... In the last twelve years, controlled studies have described desensitization based on the oral administration of allergens (1). This method is based on the fact that the oral administration of an antigen facilitates the acquisition of an immunological tolerance to it. The digestive route constitutes the mode of contact of the body with antigens, of food or microbial origin. However, allergic reactions are rare. Oral administration of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) to rats prevents the rats from later producing anti-SRBC antibodies after a subcutaneous injection, whereas, without the prior oral intake, the allergic response would have been present. This phenomenon constitutes what is referred to immunologically as oral tolerance. ... This oral desensitization method has been validated in prospective and controlled studies, and makes it possible to reduce the risks of anaphylaxis, in particular for birch pollen and acari. It is already available on the vaccines market in a presentation in drinkable form (sold by the company Laboratoire des Stallergenes--Paris). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06312711__

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Pharmaceutical preparation for the prophylactic treatment of allergies and process for the preparation of said pharmaceutical preparation Inventor(s): Lewenstein; Ari (Lugano, CH) Assignee(s): Cernitin S.A. (Barbengo, CH) Patent Number: 4,774,226 Date filed: May 6, 1986 Abstract: A pharmaceutical preparation for the prophylactic treatment of allergies which contains as active ingredient an extract of pollen which contains nor more than 5% by weight, referred to the dry weight of the extract of pollen, of proteins having a high molecular weight or which is completely free of proteins of high molecular weight. The active ingredients of the inventive pharmaceutical preparation have themselves no allergen activity. To those human beings and children which in the years before suffered from severe symptoms of hay fever or asthma, the inventive pharmaceutical preparations were administered, preferably orally, during about three months before the allergy usually had occurred, for instance in the months February until April. By said administration the occurring of the pollen allergy in spring time and during the whole summer could be completely prevented. The inventive pharmaceutical preparations are prepared by extracting the pollen of plants with an aqueous extraction

276 Allergies

medium, and by metabolizing high molecular proteins of the pollen with a microorganism yielding low molecular proteins or amino acids. Thereafter the aqueous extraction medium is separated from the pollen and the pollen are extracted further with a not aqueous extraction medium. The concentrated extract or the dry residue of the extract recovered with the aqueous medium or the not aqueous medium or a mixture of the extracts or dry residues recovered with the aqueous medium and the not aqueous medium are the active ingredient of the inventive pharmaceutical preparations. Excerpt(s): Prophylactic therapeutical treatment for preventing allergies like hay-feaver or allergic asthma well known in the art. Said treatments, however, are troublesome and time consuming because the administration by injection of increasing dosages of the allergen, for example pollen of plants or of special fractions of human gammaglobulin is required. ... The aim of the present invention was to provide a new pharmaceutical preparation for the prophylactic treatment of allergies which pharmaceutical preparation can be administered orally or eventually also topically. ... According to a well known procedure for the prophylactic treatment of allergies like hay-fever or allergic asthma there are first performed tests on the skin of the person to be submitted to such a treatment with substances which are usual allergens, like for instance pollen of plants, hairs of mammals or feathers of birds, in order to find out by which allergen the allergic response of the organism of the person to be treated is caused. Thereafter a desensibilizing treatment is performed in which increasing dosages of the allergen which provokes the allergic reaction like e.g. pollen of plants, are administered to the person by injections. Said desensibilizing treatment is not only time consuming, troublesome and expensive but it is also rather risky for the person to be treated, specially because the pharmaceutical preparations used for performing said desensibilizing treatment are often not sufficiently pure. Furthermore, if the person which is submitted to such a prophylactic treatment is unexpectedly contacted with the allergen in question during said treatment then a very severe irritation or inflammation can occur, and in extreme situations even an anaphylactic shock can be evoked. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04774226__ ·

Polypeptide agents for blocking the human allergic response Inventor(s): Hamburger; Robert N. (La Jolla, CA) Assignee(s): The Regents of the University of California (Berkeley, CA) Patent Number: 4,171,299 Date filed: January 27, 1976 Abstract: A group of relatively low molecular weight polypeptides having from 3 to 10 amino acids block the allergic response. These "blocking" polypeptides have amino acid sequences corresponding to amino acid sequences appearing in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th domains of the epsilon chain of IgE. Specific active "blocking" polypeptides are disclosed and the synthesis and use thereof are described. Excerpt(s): The symptoms of human allergic disease or more properly the allergic syndrome, are brought about through the release into the organism of vasoactive amines, notably histamine. The histamine is normally stored in special cells known as mast cells and basophil leucocytes distributed throughout the organism. The mast cells are dispersed throughout human tissue structures, while the basophils circulate with the blood in the body, i.e., within the vascular system. ... The above-noted cells manufacture and store histamine within their internal structures, and the histamine remains therein

Patents 277

unless a specialized sequence of events occur to trigger the release of histamine from within the cell structures into the surrounding tissues and vascular system. ... More specifically, histamine will be released in response to the presence of specific antigens (allergens) that gain entrance into the organism or may be released by the organism in response to some traumatic occurrence. However, the usual release of histamine from the mast cells or basophils is triggered by a necessary sequence of chemical and immunological events taking place on and in the mast cell and basophil structures. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04171299__ ·

Portable electronic unit for treatment of bites by poisonous snakes or other animals or allergic contracts Inventor(s): Mackey; Clifford R. (2900 NE. Edgewater Dr., Claremore, OK 74017) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,873,609 Date filed: June 20, 1988 Abstract: An electronic unit for the treatment of venomous snakes, insects, spiders, and allergic reaction associated with plants. The electronic treatment is used also for the pain associated with arthritis, gout, headaches, and nerve pain. The unit consists of electric DC current powered by a 9 volt battery. This unit will provide DC current between 18 and 25 kv. A pulsating current with low amperage. The battery is one 9 volt battery rechargeable preferred or the Energizer battery (not included). To install battery open the base of the unit, install battery and replace the cover. To test push switch and you will hear and see an electrical discharge between the two inside electrodes. The suggested use for treatment of snake bites, place 1 electrode on skin as close to the bite as possible. The other electrode on the skin to use as a ground. Both electrodes touching the skin. Push the spring loaded trigger ON to release the current. Hold in contact with skin for 2 seconds, release 10 seconds. Repeat this procedure 5 times. The bee, insect, spider bites and stings as well as plant allergies repeat the above procedure 1 time. For the treatment of headaches, arthritis, gout, and nerve pain repeat the above procedure 2 times. Excerpt(s): Snake bites were normally treated by cutting the wound and trying to extract the venom by suction or by the use of anti venom. The treatment with cutting the wound and suction was not good for a number of reasons: 1. There is a chance of cutting too deep and cutting an artery and dying from loss of blood or patient going into shock. There is also a chance of blood poisoning. The suction would not extract all the venom if extracting any at all. This treatment is not recommended by the Red Cross. 2. The anti venom is dangerous because of a number of reasons one being; 40% of people are allergic to it. If you've ever taken it one time it is recommended not to take it a second time. Another reason, you must be able to identify the snake that bit you. The unit identified as the Snake Doctor deems the venom harmless for this reason. High-voltage shock as a treatment for snakebites 18 to 25 vK direct current shocks of less than approximately 1 mA on the site of the bite leads to early relief of pain and diminished local toxic and inflammatory tissue reaction. It is believed that shutdown of local vessels by electrospasm would prevent the rapid distribution of snake venom. Snake venoms contain a complex mixture of enzymes, neurotoxic proteins, polypeptides devoid of enzymatic activity, and low molecular weight compounds such as peptides, nucleosides, and metal ions. The current will influence the hydrogen bonds of the enzymes, destroying their secondary and tertiary structure. The high voltage, low

278 Allergies

amperage current applied will reduce metal irons and zinc, copper, magnesium, iron, or calcium irons are firmly bound to some venom enzymes and are mandatory cofactors for these enzymes. The electric particles interfere with the membrane as well as the positive charged polypeptides decreasing their cytotoxic properties. Taken together the protective high-voltage treatment for venomous snake bites is at least in part due to a direct action of the electrical current on the venom itself. This procedure does the same for poison insects and spiders as well. This procedure does the same for the allergic reaction to plants. ... Referring to the drawings numbered 1, 2, 3, 4. The progressive operation of circuit. ... 1. SW.sub.1 closes current (I) flows from bettery thru SW.sub.1 in the emitter base of Q.sub.1 thru R.sub.1 (820SL) A-B of transformer to + terminal of battery. This action turns on Q.sub.1 Ic (collector current) flows from (-) terminal of battery to emitter to collector to, C-B of transformer to + of battery. This increasing current causes a magnetic field buildup about T.sub.1 inducing positive or regenerate voltage across E/B junction of Q.sub.1 thus drives the transitor into saturation. Since no farther change in current, magnetic field collapses, this induces a reverse voltage across E/B driving Q.sub.1 into cut off. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04873609__ ·

Prevention and improvement of allergy caused by leucotriene B 4 Inventor(s): Akimoto; Kengo (Osaka, JP), Kawashima; Hiroshi (Takatsuki, JP), Yoshimura; Satomichi (Takatsuki, JP), Matsui; Masashi (Suita, JP), Hamazaki; Tomohito (Toyama, JP), Sawazaki; Shigeki (Toyama, JP), Nakamura; Norio (Nei-gun, JP) Assignee(s): Suntory Limited (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 5,834,512 Date filed: July 29, 1996 Abstract: A composition such as foods, drinks, pharmaceutical composition, for prevention or improvement of allergy, comprising an omega 9 series unsaturated fatty acid such as 6,9-octadecadienoic acid, 8,11-eicosadienoic acid, 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid etc. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition for prevention or improvement of medical symptoms caused by leucotriene B4 (LTB.sub.4), comprising as an effective ingredient an omega 9 series unsaturated fatty acid. More specifically, the present invention relates a composition for prevention or improvement of inflammation, especially chronic inflammation such as rheumatoid arthritis, or allergy, comprising at least one effective ingredient selected from the group consisting of 6,9-octadecadienoic acid, 8,11-eicosadienoic acid and 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid. ... Inflammation is a defence reaction of organisms caused by a physical or chemical stimulation, immunological phenomena involving antibodies, immune complex, degradation products of complements, or the like. During the inflammation, characteristic phenomena occur including expansion and perforation of microvessels, leak of blood components into spaces between tissues, migration of leucocytes to an inflammatory tissue, and the like, resulting in symptoms such as erythema, edema, hyperalgesia, ache etc. In a process of inflammation, various pharmacologically active substances are locally formed and liberated, and mediate inflammatory reactions. These substances are called chemical mediators of inflammation, and include plasmakinins such as bradykinin, serotonin, histamines and the like, prostaglandin (PG), leucotriene (LT), various leucocyte migration enhancement factors, and the like. ... Allergy is a condition wherein reaction harmful to an organism, such as destruction and abnormal reaction of tissue results

Patents 279

from an immune response. In the allergy process, it is known that an allergen invades an organism and reacts with IgE antibody fixed to mast cell or basophilic leukocyte resulting in liberation of a chemical transmitter such as histamines, leucotriene (LT), eosinophilic migration enhancement factor, neutrophilic migration enhancement factor, and the like, providing cell infiltration, destruction of tissues, contraction of smooth muscle, stimulation of vascular permeability, stimulation of mucous secretion etc. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05834512__ ·

Process and device for in vitro diagnosis of allergic disorders Inventor(s): Raithel; Martin (Naabstr. 14, D-92533 Wernberg/Koblitz, DE), Reimann; Hans-Jurgen (Ebenhausen, DE) Assignee(s): Raithel; Martin (Wernberg/Koblitz, DE) Patent Number: 6,093,551 Date filed: September 3, 1998 Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the in vitro diagnosis of allergic, in particular also pseudo-allergic, immunological and environment-related disorders using live biopsy tissue samples. Also disclosed is a mobile incubation device for keeping the tissue samples alive and functioning. The samples can be, for example, skin or mucous membrane particles. The biopsy sample (14) once removed from the patient is placed in a temperature-controlled oxygen-containing incubating medium (16) and an allergen is introduced, triggering an immediate reaction (a so-called type 1 allergy). The secretion of immunoglobulin E (IgE) or a mediator is then determined qualitatively and/or quantitatively. Suitable mediators are histamine, tryptase, ECP, MPO, DAO, TPS, interleukins, prostaglandins or cytokines. The proposed mobile incubation device is provided with a temperature-controllable incubator for sample holders inside a housing. The sample containers can be filled with a nutrient solution. An oxygencontaining fluid is bubbled through feed ducts into the nutrient solution. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for the in vitro diagnosis of allergic, in particular also pseudoallergic, immunological and environment-related disorders using vital biopsy tissue samples, and to a mobile incubation device for maintaining the vitality and functioning of the tissue samples. ... A predominant task of the human immune system is to distinguish between endogenous and exogenous substances and, where appropriate, initiate destruction of the exogenous substances. ... The progress in the development of immunological methods in the past has repeatedly revealed novel diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities. Thus, for example, highly specific monoclonal antibodies are used as detectors for pathogenic viruses, bacteria and parasites or for detecting pathological cellular alterations. It has additionally been found recently that numerous chronic disorders are attributable to a pathological reaction of the immune system. In so-called autoimmune diseases such as myasthenia, rheumatoid arthritis or else juvenile diabetes, the immune response is directed against endogenous cells and substances. Also to be categorized as pathological are the cases where the body initiates an excessive immune response as a result of contact with an exogenous substance. These hypersensitivities, referred to as allergies, to substances which are innocuous per se, may induce cutaneous and mucosal swelling over the whole body or, in serious cases, life-threatening reactions in conjunction with an anaphylactic shock. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06093551__

280 Allergies

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Process for combatting and/or preventing allergic diseases employing natamycin Inventor(s): Lebrun; Philippe (La-Neuve, BE), de Saint Georges-Gridelet; Daniele (Geel, BE) Assignee(s): Gist-Brocades N.V. (Delft, NL) Patent Number: 4,442,091 Date filed: April 29, 1982 Abstract: The invention provides a method for combatting and/or preventing allergic diseases which are caused by house-dust mites by treating said mites or places or areas which are afflicted or may be afflicted by said mites with an effective amount of natamycin. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a process for combatting and/or preventing allergic diseases and more particularly those allergic diseases which are caused by house-dust mites. ... For a long time allergic diseases were supposed to be caused by tiny vegetable pollens in the atmosphere. Later on it was supposed that these diseases could also be caused by the abundance of mould spores. ... Although intensive research was carried out for many years, efficient means for combatting allergic diseases, particularly those actually caused by house-dust mites and more particularly those occurring in mattressdust and the like did not become available up to now. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04442091__

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Process for the detection of an allergy or an anti-allergic substance Inventor(s): Wilhelms; Otto-Henning (Weinheim-Rittenweier, DE) Assignee(s): Boehringer Mannheim GmbH (Mannheim, DE) Patent Number: 5,116,731 Date filed: May 9, 1989 Abstract: The present invention provides a one-step process for the detection of the presence of an allergy and for the specific detection of the allergen responsible for the allergy, in which the leukocytes of a sample to be investigated are incubated with an allergen or with another stimulation factor in an aqueous medium together with a chromogenic protease substrate and calcium ions, the liberated protease is reacted with the chromogen and the resulting chromophor is determined. The protease activity is measured kinetically after an incubation period by the increase of the chromophor concentration. The present invention also provides a reagent and a device for carrying out this process, as well as a process for the determination of antiallergic and antiinflammatory substances. The device consists of a microtiter plate with a plurality of different reagents arranged in rows. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with an improved process for the detection of the presence of an allergy and for the specific detection of the allergen responsible for the allergy. This process can also be used for the diagnosis of other diseases, in the pathomechanism of which a stimulus-induced liberation of mediators from mast cells and basophils participates. Furthermore, the process can be used for an automatable screening process for pharmaceuticals which suppress the stimulusinduced mediator liberation from basophils, mast cells and phagocytes and thus can be used for a therapy of allergic or inflammatory diseases. ... In the case of allergy patients, an increased IgE level is found in the blood. Furthermore, IgE is found bound to mast

Patents 281

cells and basophils. The allergic reaction is initiated by the binding of the specific allergen on to cell-bound IgE molecules specific therefor. ... It is frequently assumed that this binding of the stimulating allergen to IgE via the so-called bridging of neighbouring IgE brings about, in a complex reaction, the degranulation of basophilic leukocytes. As is known, the degranulation liberates histamine, proteases, metabolites of arachidonic acid, phosphatases and other enzymes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05116731__ ·

Process for the detection of the presence of an allergy and for the specific detection of the allergen responsible for the allergy Inventor(s): Wilhelms; Otto-Henning (Weinheim-Rittenweier, DE), Stahl; Peter (Bernried, DE), Wunderwald; Peter (Haunshofen, DE) Assignee(s): Boehringer Mannheim GmbH (Mannheim-Waldhof, DE) Patent Number: 4,592,997 Date filed: March 17, 1983 Abstract: The present invention provides a process for the detection of the presence of an allergy and for the specific detection of the allergen responsible for the allergy, based on the cellular principle, wherein leukocytes of a sample to be investigated are incubated with an allergen or another stimulation factor of degranulation, such as antiIgE, in an aqueous medium, the leukocytes are then separated off and the remaining solution is incubated with a compound of the general formula:Y--X--Cin which Y is an amino acid or a peptide containing 2 or 3 amino acids, the amino acids optionally carrying a conventional protective group on the amino end, X is arginine or lysine and C is a chromogenic residue, in the presence of a buffer effective at pH 6.3 to 8.0 and the liberation of the chromogenic residue is measured. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with a process for the detection of the presence of an allergy and for the specific detection of the allergen responsible for the allergy, as well as with a new protease, the activity of which is determined in the scope of the process of the invention. ... In the case of allergic patients, increased IgE levels are found in the blood. IgE is also found bound to mast cells and basophils. The allergic reaction is induced by the binding of an allergen to the IgE specific therefor bound to mast cells or basophils. ... It is often assumed that this binding of the stimulating allergen to IgE via the so-called "bridging"0 of neighbouring IgE in complex reaction brings about the degranulation of basophilic leukocytes. As is known, the degranulation liberates histamine and a kallikrein-like protease, as well as other substances. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04592997__

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Process for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic diseases Inventor(s): Romer; Axel (Hurth-Gleuel, DE), Hager; Jorg (Cologne, DE) Assignee(s): A. Nattermann & Cie GmbH (Cologne, DE) Patent Number: 4,784,994 Date filed: May 12, 1987 Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic skin diseases.

282 Allergies

Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a formulation for the topical application of ebselen in an ointment base, a process for its preparation, and its use in the treatment of inflammatory and allergic skin diseases, more particularly psoriasis. ... Ebselen is a benzisoselenazol derivative having the designation 2-phenyl-1.2-benzisoselenazol3(2H)-one and is known from U.S. Pat. No. 4,352,799. This patent specification also discloses the use of ebselen in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. ... The invention relates to ebselen ointments for the treatment of skin conditions characterized by epidermal functional disorders, e.g. psoriasis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04784994__ ·

Process for treatment of allergies Inventor(s): Pinching; Anthony J. (Middlesex, GB), Parkin; Jacqueline M. (London, GB) Assignee(s): Biogen, Inc. (Cambridge, MA) Patent Number: 5,122,372 Date filed: April 30, 1987 Abstract: This invention relates to the immunotherapeutic treatment of allergies. More particularly, this invention relates to a process for treating allergies by administering to a mammal a pharmaceutically effective amount of gamma interferon. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the immunotherapeutic treatment of allergies. More particularly, this invention relates to a process for suppressing a mammal's allergic responses to allergens by means of increasing the body's level of gamma interferon. According to this invention, natural or recombinant gamma interferons are used to suppress the allergic responses in a mammal. ... The mechanisms involved in the induction and control of the allergic response are not completely understood. The allergic response is known to be effected by antibody-mediated (immediate-type) hypersensitivity, cell-mediated (delayed-type) hypersensitivity, or both. ... The antibody which is largely responsible for immediate type hypersensitivity reactions is immunoglobulin E ("IgE"). IgE antibodies bind to the membranes of mast cells in skin or to basophils, specific membrane receptors that recognize and bind the IgE molecule. The binding affinity of these classes of receptors for IgE is very high. A. Nisonoff, Molecular Immunology, p. 55 (1982). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05122372__

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Product to be used in occlusive epicutaneous testing for the purpose of demonstrating contact allergy to formaldehyde Inventor(s): Hedegaard; Kurt (Horsholm, DK), Albrectsen; Sten (Holte, DK), Hansen; Jens (Allerod, DK) Assignee(s): Kabi Pharmacia AB (Uppsala, SE) Patent Number: 5,182,081 Date filed: February 1, 1990 Abstract: A test strip having at least one patch thereon and intended for use in occlusive epicutaneous testing in order to detect contact allergy to formaldehyde. The characteristic feature is that on at least one of the patches the test substance is a

Patents 283

reversible N-formaldehyde derivative of succinimide which is formulated in a dry buffered vehicle. Excerpt(s): The popular, English language derived name for occlusive epicutaneous testing is "patch test". ... This term "patch test" reflects the fact that from the end of the 19th century onwards patches of fabric or paper were employed which were soaked with a test substance. The importance of occlusion for obtaining reliable and reproducible results became increasingly clear from the 1950's onwards. Various different types of patches have been brought forth with a view to obtaining occlusion and an adequate transfer of test substance to the skin: See for example U.S. Pat. No. 3,703,809, U.S. Pat. No. 3,894,531, U.S. Pat. No. 4,214,592, U.S. Pat. No. 4,158,359, U.S. Pat. No. 4,390,027, U.S. Pat. No. 4,450,844 and WO-A-86/01994. The term "patch" is construed in a very broad sense nowadays in the present context. In our specification and claims therefore the word "patch" designates the area carrying the test substance and applied to the skin. The most popular patches according to conventional technique are small cups of aluminum or plastic (Finn Chambers.RTM., Epicon Oy, Finland, and Chemotechnique Diagnostic AB, Malmo, Sweden, respectively) or small aluminum disks provided with filter paper (Al-test, Holister Stier, USA). On these conventional patches, the test substance formulated in a suitable vehicle has been applied immediately before the testing. The vehicle most commonly employed has been petrolatum (vaseline), but in the case of some, problematic contact allergens (e.g. formaldehyde) it was preferred to employ patches of fabric or filter paper soaked with the test substance dissolved in a suitable solvent (e.g. water). WO-A-86/01994 and Br. J. Dermatol. 112 (1985) pp 63-8 are considered to have come forward with an entirely new generation of patches. ... The technique is called "TRUE Test"; it employs a patch which is a thin, dry polymer film capable of absorbing moisture from a tested skin area when the patch is applied under occlusion against the skin The most preferred vehicles have been said to be those that will then form a gel In a patch according to the TRUE Test method, a homogeneous distribution of the test substance in the polymeric film has been achieved already in the manufacturing stage The TRUE Test is the first system capable of providing customers with high-quality patches comprising a guaranteed quantity of test substance. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05182081__ ·

Production of immunogenic products and treatment of allergic reactions therewith Inventor(s): Hoek; Gijsberk T. (Parklaan 81, Haarlem, NL) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,364,938 Date filed: February 13, 1981 Abstract: A method for the production of immunogenic products useful in the therapeutic treatment of allergic conditions in patients, comprising the solvent extraction from allergenic substances of the solvent soluble components thereof to obtain the residue of extraction which may be employed as an immunogenic material possessing reduced allergenicity. If desired, the thus obtained residue of extraction may be further treated with a suitable ketone, aldehyde, lactone or epoxide to yield a product having enchanced immunogenic properties and reduced toxicity. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a novel method of producing immunogenic substances which are useful in the therapeutic treatment of patients suffering from

284 Allergies

allergic disorders. More particularly, this invention relates to a method of preparing substances possessing immunogenic properties, which substances may be administered to patients suffering from allergic disorders, for the purpose of therapeutically treating such disorders in a safe and efficient manner. ... Patients suffering from allergic disorders usually exhibit various untoward reactions when they come in contact with the substances to which they are allergic. The untoward reactions which are manifested by these patients can vary depending upon the intensity of contact with the substance to which they are allergic, the sensitivity levels of the patient himself, and the type or character of the substance to which the patient is sensitive. Among the various substances to which patients have been shown to be allergic, that is substances to which they are hypersensitive are such substances as pollens, molds, epithelia, including animal danders, house dusts and other inhalants, yeasts and other like substances. Contact with one or more of these substances commonly called "allergens", to which the patient is hypersensitive can result in the patient's manifesting various allergic reactions including such respiratory tract reactions, such as rhinitis, asthma attacks, or airway obstructions, or ophthalmic reactions such as conjunctivitis, pruritis or edema of the eyelids, as well as other similar allergic reactions. The severity of the allergic reaction can vary from a very mild, transient reaction to one that is of long duration and disabling. ... Heretofore, patients suffering from allergic reactions as a result of contact with allergens have been therapeutically treated by a hyposensitization method. This hyposensitization method is one which requires an extended period of treatment of the patient and is one that must be closely monitored since the risk of severe allergic reaction is great. In the practice of this hyposensitization method, it is first required to obtain an extract of the allergenic substance. This allergenic extract is prepared by obtaining a quantity of the allergen, for instance, in the case of pollenosis, i.e., hayfever sufferers, a quantity of pollen is obtained, and extracting this allergen with a solvent, for example, water. This solvent extract of the allergen, in this instance the aqueous extract of pollen, is a concentrate that may not be therapeutically employed as such, but must be diluted to employable concentrations by the addition thereto of suitable pharmacologically acceptable diluents. Dilutions of this concentrate may then be administered to the patient over an extended period in small, ever increasing doses on the theory that in response to the continued administration of increasing doses the body will create and build up its own protective immunogenic reaction to the antigenic material contained in the solvent extract and will eventually create its own antibodies and defenses which will protect the patient from any allergic reaction should he thereafter come into natural contact with the allergenic substance. The theory behind this hyposensitization method of treatment has been that all the antigenic substances which cause the allergic reaction in patients is contained in the solvent extract of the allergenic material, and therefore only such concentrated extracts may be employed to hyposensitize patients. It has always been held that the residue of the allergenic substance which remains after solvent extraction was inert and useless for therapeutic use, most of the antigenic material having been removed by solvent extraction. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04364938__

Patents 285

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Prophylaxis of allergic disease Inventor(s): Holt; Patrick G. (Subiaco, AU) Assignee(s): TVW Telethon Institute for Child Health Research Princess Margaret Hospital (Subiaco, AU) Patent Number: 6,333,038 Date filed: August 26, 1996 Abstract: The invention provides a method for preventing allergic disease in an individual susceptible to such disease, comprising administering an allergen to which the individual has not been sensitized previously. The allergen is administered in a dose and form effective to establish a stable population of allergen-specific T-helper-1-like memory lymphocytes capable of inhibiting activity or amplification of allergen-specific T-helper-2-like lymphocytes responsible for stimulating production of IgE antibodies specific for the allergen. Compositions for use in the method of the invention are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods and compositions for the prophylaxis of allergic disease, and in particular to allergic disease triggered by environmental antigens or allergens. ... The present inventor has extensively reviewed the literature relating to induction of humoral and cellular immune responses to parenteral and enteral administration of allergens, and now proposes a novel and unexpected mechanism for inducing protective immunity against allergic diseases, via selective stimulation of allergen-specific T-helper-1 (TH-1) lymphocytes during early life. ... desensitisation: therapeutic administration of allergen, or a derivative thereof, to allergen-reactive "allergic" individuals, with the aim of selective suppression of the activity of allergenspecific T-cells, in particular TH-2 cells, and/or other cell types recruited into the allergen-specific immune or allergic response. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06333038__

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Pulse rate monitor for allergy detection and control Inventor(s): Cohn; Lipe (16 Hayes Ct., Monroe, NY 10950) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,897,506 Date filed: September 19, 1997 Abstract: A wrist wearable device for the detection and monitoring of possible allergy symptoms and relation to specific triggering conditions. The device has a visual display and is operatively attached to a human pulse point. It also has a clock/calendar timer, pulse measurement mechanism and alarm, an addressable memory with an input control, preinstalled icons and user controlled identification symbols and a logic circuit system. The device is adapted to be worn constantly with pulse measurements, related to time and date, being stored in memory. Average pulse rates are determined, based on time and day of week and stored in memory. Excessively elevated pulse rate spikes (relative to determined average pulse rates) are monitored and the wearer is warned of the elevated level. Absent ostensible physical and emotional causes, elevated pulse rates are attributable to allergic reactions. To ascertain the source of the allergy, the wearer of the device, scrolls through pre-programmed icon representations of common allergy inducing foods or conditions and sets the device to monitor conditions present at the

286 Allergies

time of pulse rate spike. Thereafter, the device is addressed by the wearer when any or all of the conditions are replicated. The device relates time (time and day) with elevated pulse rate and replicated condition and stores pulse spikes in memory. After a predetermined time period, correlated and stored conditions are downloaded for analysis of possible allergic reactions and causes. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to procedures and devices used in the determination and monitoring of possible allergic reactions and specifically relates to long term monitoring of possible allergic trigger conditions. ... Various procedures exist for determining the cause of a patient's allergic reactions or even that an allergic reaction exists. Such tests usually involve the use of a series of minor dermal inoculations with small doses of common sources of allergies and an inspection to see if there is a local skin reaction. Oftentimes determination of the source for an allergy is much less straightforward and a source of allergy is not as forthcoming. Under such circumstance the patient is advised to keep logs of lifestyles and conditions during occurrences of untoward reactions in order to try to relate the reaction to foods or drinks being ingested, inhalants, tactile irritants, ambient conditions and the like, which are or may be present during adverse reactions. This procedure is utilized in an effort to narrow down, over time, the scope of suspected sources. This is however, an onerous task which is often not scrupulously (or even properly) followed by patients. It is also particularly difficult with respect to children who are unable to follow directions properly and usually requires adult supervision (which may not even be at hand) to ascertain conditions and to help with recordal. ... In addition, some discomfort conditions might not even be allergic reactions yet they may be noted as such. Even allergic reactions are not consistent in occurrence and may in fact require a confluence of factors before a trigger point is reached. Thus, a cat's presence may or may not trigger an allergic reaction depending on other atmospheric conditions and ventilation. Record keeping, according to the prior art, is onerous and often difficult to reconcile and evaluate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05897506__ ·

Purinone derivatives which have bronchodilator, vasodilator and anti-allergic activities Inventor(s): Coates; William J. (Welwyn Garden City, GB2) Assignee(s): Smith Kline & French Laboratories Limited (Welwyn Garden City, GB2) Patent Number: 4,885,301 Date filed: January 27, 1988 Abstract: This invention relates to purinone derivatives which have bronchodilator, vasodilator and anti-allergic activities. A compound of the invention is 2-(2propoxyphenyl)-6-purinone. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to purinone derivatives and in particular to such compounds having a substituted phenyl group at the 2-position of the purinone ring. This invention further relates to intermediates in their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions containing them and a method of effecting bronchodilatation or vasodilatation by administering them. The compounds of this invention are inhibitors of a calmodulin insensitive cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase and are of use in combatting such conditions wherein such inhibition is thought to be beneficial. The compounds of this invention are bronchodilators and are therefore of use in combatting chronic

Patents 287

reversible obstructive lung diseases such as asthma and bronchitis. In addition the compounds of the present invention exhibit anti-allergic activity and are therefore of use in combatting allergic diseases such as allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, urticaria and irritable bowel syndrome. Furthermore the compounds of this invention are vasodilators and are therefore of value in combatting angina, hypertension and congestive heart failure. ... R.sup.2 is hydrogen or hydroxy. ... Suitably R.sup.1 is C.sub.2-5 alkyl for example ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl or pentyl. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04885301__ ·

Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine derivatives and anti-allergic compositions containing them Inventor(s): Irikura; Tsutomu (Tokyo, JP), Nishino; Keigo (Oomiya, JP), Suzue; Seigo (Kuki, JP), Ikeda; Toshiya (Oomiya, JP) Assignee(s): Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 4,578,392 Date filed: March 7, 1984 Abstract: The present invention is concerned with certain novel pyrozolo[1,5-a]pyridine derivatives, which are prepared by various means. The compounds of the present invention are antiallergic agents, referred to as SRS-A antagonists, and useful for treatment of allergic diseases. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with certain novel pyrozolo[1,5a]pyridine derivatives, which are useful for treating allergic diseases, with process for their preparations, and with compositions containing them. ... It is known that chemical mediators are released from certain cells such as mast cells in response to antigenantibody reaction and induce allergic disorders. The mediators, histamine and SRS-A (slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis), involved in immediate allergic reactions are of importance to medicinal chemists and the SRS-A is particulary noted in allergic asthma. Accordingly, most major companies have attempted to develop allergic mediator release inhibitors and/or antagonists against the mediators for treatment of allergic diseases. Consequently, antihistaminics such as diphenhydramine and chlorpheniramine, and mediator release inhibitors such as disodium cromoglycate are on the market. ... But antihistaminics have not been proved to be effective in bronchial asthma and disodium cromoglycate must be insufflated as a powder owing to its orally inactive property. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04578392__

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Pyrazolo[5,1-b]quinazolin-9-(4H)-ones and anti-allergic pharmaceutical compositions containing them Inventor(s): Sircar; Jagadish C. (Ann Arbor, MI), Capiris; Thomas (Plymouth, MI) Assignee(s): Warner-Lambert Company (Morris Plains, NJ) Patent Number: 4,261,996 Date filed: January 11, 1980 Abstract: Certain pyrazolo[5,1-b]quinazolin-9-(4H)-ones are disclosed. These compounds prevent the allergic response in mammals. Novel alkylthioanthranilic acids, useful as intermediates, are also disclosed.

288 Allergies

Excerpt(s): United States Patents Nos. 3,150,136 and 3,167,537 discloses, inter alia certain pyrazoloquinazolone carboxylic acids which are useful as intermediates for the preparation of dyestuffs. German Pat. No. 1,111,505 discloses substituted 2-carboxypyrazolo[5,1-b]quinazolin-9(4H)-ones which are useful as photographic color developers. The references do not disclose any pharmaceutical utility for these acids, nor do they disclose the tetrazoles of the present invention. ... The invention also relates to a method of preventing the allergic response in a mammal which comprises administering to said mammal an anti-allergic effective amount of a compound of formula I and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. ... Other methods and reagents for converting carboxylic acids or esters into the corresponding tetrazoles will be familiar to those skilled in the art. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04261996__ ·

Quantitative skin allergic test device Inventor(s): Hsiao; Ray-Ling (4F, No. 12, Aly. 15, Ln. 175, Sec.2, Ho-Ping E. Rd., Taipei, TW) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,024,706 Date filed: April 20, 1998 Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved quantitative skin allergic test device, which has a finger grip to be held by fingers and multiple legs longitudinally attached to the finger grip. Each leg has a cover having a sealing plug portion adaptful for the mouth of an antigen container, an elongated stem extending from the sealing plug portion, and a raised portion as well as a plurality of punctures provided at the end of the elongated stem. The raised portion and punctures being capable of carrying sufficient antigen liquid therebetween to conduct the test. The raised portion may be act as a stop to limit excessive penetration of the punctures, therefore preventing the epidermis layer of the skin of a patient from being penetrated through while conducting a skin allergic test so as to obtain an accurate interpretation of the test result. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a quantitative skin allergic test device, and, more particularly, to an improved quantitative skin allergic test device capable of limiting excessive penetration of the punctures thereof to prevent the epidermis layer of the skin of a patient from being penetrated. ... Although various conventional skin allergic test device of the puncturer type have provided the practitioners or technicians in the art with a convenient way in performing a skin allergic test, yet none of the conventional test devices can be performed to obtain correct and reproducible test results by a person who is not a medical practitioner, since the skin allergic tests performed by any skin allergic test device of puncture type are required to meet the following test condition in order to obtain an accurate interpretation for the test result. ... (2) the skin allergic test is required to be easily used by anyone with ordinary skill, therefore making the test data reproducible and assuring the reliability thereof. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06024706__

Patents 289

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Rapid diagnostic method for distinguishing allergies and infections Inventor(s): Small, Jr.; Parker A. (Gainesville, FL), Huang; Shih-Wen (Gainesville, FL) Assignee(s): University of Florida (Gainesville, FL) Patent Number: 5,910,421 Date filed: March 25, 1996 Abstract: This method for non-invasively, rapidly and simply distinguishing between allergies, viral infections and sinusitis involves testing nasal secretions, preferably with commercially available (Ames Division, Miles Laboratories, Inc., Elkhart, Ind. 46515; or from Boehringer Mannheim Corporation, Advanced Diagnostics, 9115 Hague Road, P.O. Box 50457, Indianapolis, Ind. 46250-0457) or novel, modified reagent test strips. The commercially available strips, also referred to as dipsticks, test for pH, protein, nitrite, glucose, ketone, white blood cell esterase, bilirubin and blood. In the method of this invention, a sample of a patient's nasal secretions is tested and, based on the pH, amount of protein, nitrite, esterase and a measure of eosinophil infiltration, it can quickly be determined if the patient is suffering from an allergy, from a viral infection or a bacterial infection. The method has the potential to supplant much more expensive and invasive clinical procedures. Excerpt(s): This invention is a rapid and simple method for the differential diagnosis of allergies, sinusitis and upper respiratory tract infections. The method involves the use of either commercially available or novel, specifically adapted, indicator or reagent test strips which are contacted with nasal secretions. Based on the differential read-out from the indicator strip, and a measure of eosinophil infiltration in the nasal secretion, a user of the strip is able to determine, with the assistance of a scoring method disclosed herein, whether an allergic condition or an infection is the cause of the respiratory discomfort. ... It is common for patients afflicted with respiratory discomfort to seek the advice of a clinician in an effort to minimize or overcome their discomfort. Such discomfort generally is attributable to one of the following etiologies: allergic reactions, viral upper respiratory tract infections (URIs), or bacterial infections which can produce sinusitis. However, the clinician presented with such a patient typically has the daunting task of determining which of these three principal etiologies is responsible for the discomfort experienced by a particular patient. The danger inherent in a misdiagnosis can be quite severe. For example, should the clinician incorrectly diagnose an allergy as sinusitis, a course of antibiotics would typically be prescribed. Naturally, such treatment would do little to alleviate the allergic discomfort being experienced by the patient while at the same time, the patient is exposed to an antibiotic to which there is a possibility of raising a resistant bacterial infection. Should this occur, a problem much more severe than the original allergic condition will have been unwittingly engendered. The prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains on a global scale due to the over-prescription of antibiotics has become an increasingly recognized problem (Service, R. F., 1995). ... In the foregoing example, the availability of a rapid and simple differential diagnostic method would, instead of resulting in a compounded problem, result in the simple recommendation by the clinician that the patient adhere to a course of antihistamine treatment, allergen avoidance, and/or a regimen of toleragenic desensitization. Unfortunately, however, to date, there is no such simple procedure which will provide the clinician with the necessary differential diagnosis. The accepted method of diagnosis for bacterial sinusitis is expensive radiologic imaging (typically Xray or CT-scan) of the patients sinuses (see Katz et al., 1995). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05910421__

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Recombinant eukaryotic plasmids containing allergen-gene and use thereof for the prevention and/or treatment of allergic diseases Inventor(s): Hsu; Ching-Hsiang (Kao-Hsiung, TW), Chua; Kaw-Yan (Taipei, TW), Tao; Mi-Hua (Hsien, TW), Hsieh; Kue-Hsiung (Taipei, TW) Assignee(s): Jen Wen Co., Ltd. (TW) Patent Number: 6,251,663 Date filed: October 6, 1998 Abstract: The present invention relates to recombinant eukaryotic plasmids comprising an eukaryotic expression vector and an allergen gene for the prevention and/or treatment of allergic diseases. When the recombinant vector containing allergen-gene administrate to an individual in need of such prevention and/or treatment by intramuscular injection, intranasal delivery or intratracheal delivery, the production of allergen-specific IgE synthesis can be inhibited. The invention also relates to the pharmaceutical compositions comprising the the recombinant vector for use in the the prevention and/or treatment of allergic diseases and the production of allergen-specific IgE synthesis. A method for the prevention and/or treatment of allergic diseases is also provided. Excerpt(s): Allergic diseases (AD) including allergic rhinitis, asthma and atopic dermatitis affect about 20% of the population and are important causes of morbidity and mortality. Most allergic diseases are found in association with immediate hypersensitivity to inhaled allergens and are associated with a familial tendency toward various forms of hypersensitivity, a condition known as atopy. The etiology of allergic diseases is unknown; however there are numerous cellular and humoral defects including a raised total IgE and multiple positive specific IgE antibodies to a wide range of allergens. Although many concepts of pathogenesis are currently explored, the general treatment of allergic diseases is still unsatisfactory. Immunosuppressants like steroid and cyclosporine have been administered to patients with clinical improvement. However, their toxic effects to the hepatic and renal system. Therfore, the use of immunosuppressants in children has been reduced. Even with the effective treatment which have significant side effects there is still a proportion of patients who are recalcitrant to all forms of drugs. ... Threr is evidence that exposure to indoor allergens is a causative factor for the development of asthma among individuals who are genetically predisposed to make IgE antibody (ab) response. Allergens derived from house dust mites have been recognized as an important cause of IgE ab responses for over 30 years, and Dermatophagoides species (family Pyroglyphidae) are the predominant fauna in house dust worldwide. At least some groups of protein allergens have been defined and cloned Dermatophagoides spp, and used in etiological studies investigating the role of dust mite in asthma (1-7). ... The main characteristic of the allergic diathesis is the propensity to develop a sustained immunoglobulin E (IgE) response to common environmental antigens (Ag) (8). IgE production is highly dependent on IL-4 and strongly inhibited by IFN-r. Other cytokines, such as IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12 and IL-13, as well as cell-surface molecules such as CD40 and CD23, may be involved (9-11). Recent studies using bronchoalveolar lavage fluids show that the production of IgE can be regulated by suppressor T cells (12). Furthermore, a successful outcome of immunotherapy has been associated with the development of suppressor T cells which can down-regulate the allergic responses (13). There is also evidence for a defect in suppressor T-cell function in atopic subjects, particularly children with allergic asthma. Recent data from animal experiments have also revealed that functionally distinct

Patents 291

subsets of CD8.sup.+ T cells may play an important regulatory role in IgE production and suppress allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) (14-17). It is therefore possible to generate Ag-specific suppressor T cells to modulate the IgE antibody response and AHR in atopic patients. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06251663__ ·

Remedy for allergic diseases in the region of the nose Inventor(s): Tokumochi; Fuminori (Kobe, JP), Kimura; Masako (Kakogawa, JP), Fukushi; Kunihiro (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): Taiyo Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP), Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 5,886,045 Date filed: December 4, 1996 Abstract: An anti-allergic pharmaceutical composition for nasal topical administration comprising an IgE antibody production inhibitor as an active ingredient, which is effective and safe in its nasal topical administration. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an anti-allergic pharmaceutical composition for nasal topical use. Specifically, the present invention relates to an anti-allergic pharmaceutical composition for nasal topical use comprising an IgE antibody production inhibitor as an active ingredient. ... Allergic reactions include four types of reactions, i.e., types I, II, III and IV. The type I (immediate-type, anaphylactic) allergic reaction is triggered by the reaction-relating-factor immunoglobulin E (hereinafter abbreviated as an IgE antibody). The reaction steps can be divided roughly into the following three steps. The first step is a sensitization step involving IgE antibody production and binding of the resulting IgE antibodies to mast cells or basophils. The second step involves degranulation of the mast cells or basophils and release of chemical mediators. The third steps involves onset of effects of the released chemical mediators on the target organs. Thus, the type I allergic reaction against foreign antigens leads to onset of symptoms through the above reaction steps. ... Only symptomatic treatments by inhibiting the above second and/or third reaction steps have been carried out to treat allergic diseases. That is, the treatments are carried out by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators accompanying the degranulation and/or by inhibiting allergic reactions induced by the released chemical mediators. These symptomatic treatments have been known to be effective not only in systemic administration of antiallergic agents but also in their topical administration to the nose, etc. However, the effects of the treatments are limited because the treatments do not inhibit IgE antibody production which is the basic first step of the type I allergic reaction. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05886045__

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Signal transduction inhibitors of allergic reactions Inventor(s): Vonakis; Becky M. (Fairfax, VA), Metzger; Henry (Chevy Chase, MD), Chen; Huaxian (Bethesda, MD) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Department of Health (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 6,084,063 Date filed: February 6, 1998 Abstract: The present invention provides an isolated polypeptide consisting of amino acids 1-66 of the human tyrosine kinase, Lyn A, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and an isolated polypeptide consisting of amino acids 1-45 of the human tyrosine kinase, Lyn B, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The present invention also provides isolated nucleic acids encoding the above-described amino acid sequences, as well as vectors comprising the nucleic acids and cells comprising the vectors. The present invention further provides a method of treating or preventing an allergic disorder in a subject, comprising administering any of the above nucleic acids to a cell of the subject under conditions whereby the nucleic acid is expressed in the subject's cells, thereby treating the allergic disorder. Additionally provided in this invention is a fusion protein comprising either a polypeptide consisting of amino acids 1-66 of the human tyrosine kinase, Lyn A or a polypeptide consisting of amino acids 1-45 of the human tyrosine kinase, Lyn B and a ligand which binds to and is internalized by cells which express a high affinity receptor for IgE on the surface. A method of treating or preventing an allergic disorder in a subject is also provided, comprising administering an effective amount of the above fusion protein to a cell of the subject, whereby the fusion protein treats the subject's allergic disorder. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to the prevention and treatment of an allergic disorder. In particular, the invention relates to the administration of polypeptides of the unique domain of the tyrosine kinase, Lyn, to the cells of a subject having, or at risk of having, an allergic disorder. The polypeptides act within the cells to bind the cytoplasmic domain of the high affinity receptor of IgE (Fc.epsilon.RI) and inhibit signaling through the receptor which would result in release of histamines and other substances associated with an allergic reaction, thereby preventing or treating an allergic disorder. ... The family of proteins known as the "multichain immune recognition receptors" includes the antigen receptors on B and T-lymphocytes and Fc receptors including the receptor with high affinity for IgE (Fc.epsilon.RI) (1). Highly homologous in structure, all these receptors utilize, at least in part, a common mechanism to initiate cellular responses: multi-valent interactions with antigen leads to aggregation of the receptors and is followed by enhanced phosphorylation of tyrosines, in the Immune-Receptor Tyrosine-based Activation Motifs (ITAMs) within the cytoplasmic domains of the receptor itself, by a receptor-associated Src-family kinase (2). ... Aggregation of the Fc.epsilon.RI on mast cells initiates a cascade of events leading to degranulation and release of mediators responsible for the symptoms of atopy. Among the earliest events in the Fc.epsilon.RI cascade is the phosphorylation of tyrosines in the ITAMs on the .beta. and .gamma. chains of the receptor by the Src-family kinase, Lyn. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06084063__

Patents 293

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Single blood test for detection of food allergy, candidiasis, microflora imbalance, intestinal barrier dysfunction and humoral immunodeficiencies Inventor(s): Vojdani; Aristo (Los Angeles, CA) Assignee(s): Immunosciences Lab, Inc. (Beverly Hills, CA) Patent Number: 6,103,480 Date filed: January 14, 1999 Abstract: A method for determining a cause for digestive and immune disorders is disclosed. The method determines the levels of antibodies against normal intestinal microflora and food antigens. It then compares the results to normal levels to determine the cause. The test can be used to diagnose food allergy or intolerance,microflora imbalance, gut barrier dysfunction, bacterial translocation, immunodeficiencies, candidiasis and autoimmunities. Excerpt(s): It is increasingly evident that human diseases are most often related to lifestyle, and should in theory be preventable. The stress of modem life, our reduced physical activity, and our consumption of manipulated and processed foods, and of chemicals--including pharmaceuticals--all contribute to our decreasing resistance to disease. Much evidence supports the fact that our genes, adapted during millions of years to the lifestyle of our prehistoric ancestors, tolerate poorly the dramatic changes in lifestyle that have occurred, especially in food habits during the past 100 years. Changes in food habits in Western countries that no doubt constitute stresses to the human body and that may predispose to inflammatory, infectious, ulcerative, degenerative, and neoplastic diseases include the following: the consumption of 100 lb refined sugar per individual per year; the 10-fold increase in sodium consumption; the fourfold increase in consumption of saturated fat; the doubled consumption of cholesterol; a much reduced consumption of vegetable fibres, and of minerals such as potassium, magnesium, calcium, and chromium; and a considerable reduction in consumption of omega-3 fats, membrane lipids, vitamins, and antioxidants. In severe disease, important food ingredients, such as arginine, glutamine, taurine, nucleic acids, vitamins, and antioxidants, such as glutathione, are often not supplied in large enough quantities. ... Perhaps even more important than the decrease in these food ingredients, is the fact that prehistoric food contained several thousand times more bacteria, mainly the so called probiotic bacteria. Prehistoric methods of food preservation were either drying, or, more commonly, storing in holes dug into the ground, where the food became naturally fermented. This is how Stone Age man learned to produce most of our still common fermented foods, such as beer, wine, green olives, and sauerkraut. Our modern lifestyle has dramatically reduced the availability of foods produced by natural fermentation. After the early identification of microbes, bacteria were regarded mainly as a source of disease, and unwanted in commercially manufactured food. Furthermore, the desire of the food industry to prolong shelf life promoted alternative production methods such as the use of enzymes instead of live bacteria. Combined with extensive hygiene measures practiced during delivery and in childcare, children in Western societies may have difficulty developing a satisfactory protective indigenous gut flora. It is not known, but suspected, that this could be connected to the increasing incidence of allergy, and infections seen among Western children. A series of studies were published about an ethnic group in New Guinea with a dramatically different diet to that of people in the Western world. This diet contained no processed foods like butter, margarine, lard, oils, refined sugar, or alcohol. Instead, the group's diet was rich in fibre, water, vitamins, minerals, and omega-3 fats such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Despite the fact that about 80% of the population smokes and has a heavy

294 Allergies

consumption of saturated fat from coconut, cerebrocardiovascular diseases are virtually absent and the incidence of diabetes and cancer is very low. ... The condition and function of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are essential to our well being. After the respiratory tract, the GI tract constitutes the second largest body surface area, described to be somewhere between 250 and 400 m.sup.2, or comparable in size to a tennis court. During a normal lifetime 60 tons of food pass through this canal, which is important for well being, but also constitutes an enormous threat to the integrity of the digestive tract and the whole body. It is not surprising, therefore, that this organ is often affected by inflammatory diseases and cancer. The continuous challenges to the GI surfaces might be why most of the surface cells have a rapid turnover; most are replaced after three to four days in man and sometimes earlier in animals. Furthermore, the surface is protected by large quantities of important secretions, from saliva in the oral cavity to colonic secretion in the large bowel. These secretions contain factors of great importance for the lubrication of the mucosa and for functions of the GI tract, but also hundreds of ingredients of importance for intraluminal microbial defense. The secretory functions are extremely sensitive to foreign chemicals. About 50% of the 2000 pharmaceutical drugs registered in Sweden have reported GI side effects, for example, mouth dryness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation. It is hoped that future medicine will be more restrictive in the use of pharmaceuticals in general, and will use drugs with as few side effects as possible. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06103480__ ·

Skin allergic test assembly Inventor(s): Hsiao; Ray-Ling (4F, No. 12,Alley 15,Lane 175,Ho-Ping East Rd., 2nd Sec., Taipei, TW) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,746,700 Date filed: February 7, 1996 Abstract: A skin allergic test assembly comprises at least a skin puncture test bar (3), a tray (50), a antigen-containing cup (9), and a multiple-test-bar access device (19). The skin puncture test bar, which generally comprises a finger grip (4), an elongate stem (6), and a plurality of punctures (12), is characterized in that the elongate stem is provided with a concave surface (10) to which the punctures are attached, so that the penetration made by the skin puncture test bar will have a limited penetration depth to avoid the penetration through of the epidermis layer of the skin of a patient due to the outer edge of the concave surface. By using the skin puncture test bar of the present invention, a good and accurate skin test result can be obtained. The multiple-test-bar access device, which is employed to facilitate a skin allergic test in which various specific kinds of antigen solution are required, generally comprises a main frame (18), a first clamping plate (24), a second clamping plate (26), and an outer panel (28). The first clamping plate and the second clamping plate are furnished respectively with a plurality of semicircular-shaped cuts (34a) (34b) while the outer panel is furnished with two parallel rows of holes (38), where each hole is provided with an arcuate ridge (40) at its outer edge for cooperating with each semicircular-shaped correspondingly cut to form multiple gripping holes therebetween for taking multiple skin puncture test bars simultaneously. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a skin allergic test assembly, and, more particularly, to an improved skin puncture test bar by which a limited penetration can

Patents 295

be made, and a multiple-test-bar access device for holding multiple skin puncture test bars simultaneously for facilitating a skin allergic test. ... (3) the skin allergic test can be readily performed by anyone with ordinary skill to create a reproducible test result. ... However, the epidermis of human being is extremely thin, it is therefore very likely for the epidermis of the skin to be penetrated by the punctures of the test devices. As a result, the conventional skin puncture device, like other skin test devices of prior art, should be performed by a skillful practitioner or technician in the art. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05746700__ ·

Skin allergy test device having step-shaped punctures Inventor(s): Hsiao; Ray-Ling (4F, No. 12, Aly. 15, Ln. 175, Sec. 2, HoPing E. Rd., Taipei, TW) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,820,562 Date filed: November 5, 1997 Abstract: A skin allergy test device includes a skin allergy test bar and an antigen container. The skin allergy test bar includes a finger grip, an integral cover having a sealing plug portion, an elongated stem extending therefrom, and a plurality of stepshaped punctures, wherein each puncture has a flat step to act as a stop and an integral sharp tip projecting out from the flat step. Each sharp tip has a length shorter than the thickness of the epidermis layer of the skin of human beings such that each puncture will not penetrate the epidermis layer of the skin of human beings due to the flat step of the punctures acting as a stop during a skin allergy test. The container has an inner compartment for storing antigen solution, a top opening for receiving the sealing plug of the skin allergy test bar securely, and a middle opening intercommunicating the inner compartment and top opening. The middle opening has a diameter slightly greater than which of the elongated stem of the skin allergy test bar and is formed with an inner coarse surface for wiping off the antigen solution left on the surface of elongated stem. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a skin allergy test device which includes at least a skin allergy test bar and an antigen container. The improved features of the skin allergy test bar in accordance with the present invention include some step-shaped punctures by which a limited penetration can be made for facilitating a skin allergy test. ... Although various conventional skin allergy test bars of puncture type have provided the practitioners or technicians in the art with a convenient way in performing a skin allergy test, yet none of the conventional test devices can be performed to obtain a correct and reproducible test result by a person with ordinary skill in the art, since the skin allergy test performed by any skin allergy test bars of puncture type are required to meet the following test conditions in order to obtain an accurate interpretation for the test result. ... (2) the skin allergy test is required to be easily used by anyone with ordinary skill, therefore making the test data reproducible and assuring the test reliability. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05820562__

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Substituted 1,8-naphthyridinones, useful as anti-allergic agents Inventor(s): Sherlock; Margaret H. (Bloomfield, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (Kenilworth, NJ) Patent Number: 4,596,809 Date filed: March 25, 1985 Abstract: Substituted 1,8-naphthyridinones are anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective agents. Methods for their preparation and use are disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel tricyclc compounds which possess anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activity. ... Y is CH or N; and the acid addition salts thereof. ... It is contemplated that there may be 1 to 3 "X" substituents on the phenyl ring. As used herein, the term "alkyl" refers to straight or branched chain groups, e.g. methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl and hexyl. Examples of "alkoxy" groups are methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy and hexoxy. "Halogen" refers to fluorine, chlorine and bromine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04596809__

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Substituted 2H-pyran-2,6 (3H)-dione derivatives useful in treatment of allergic reactions Inventor(s): Snader; Kenneth M. (Hatboro, PA), Willis; Chester R. (Kingston, JM) Assignee(s): SmithKline Corporation (Philadelphia, PA) Patent Number: 4,025,614 Date filed: April 30, 1976 Abstract: Substituted 2H-pyran-2,6(3H)-dione derivatives useful in the treatment of allergic conditions are prepared by reaction of 3,5-diacetyl-4,6-dihydroxy-2H-pyran-2one with an appropriate aniline. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to substituted 2H-pyran-2,6(3H)-dione derivatives which are useful for inhibiting the symptoms of an allergic response resulting from an antigen-antibody reaction. More specifically, the compounds of this invention are believed to be effective by inhibiting the release and/or formation and release of pharmacologically active mediators such as histamine, serotonin and slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) from effector cells which are produced and/or released as a result of an interaction of antigen and specific antibody fixed to the cell surface (allergic reaction). These properties make the subject compounds particularly useful in the treatment of various allergic diseases such as asthma, rhinitis and urticaria. ... Mono-and di-alkali metal salts of the compounds of of formula I, such as the monoand di-sodium or potassium salts are readily obtainable by treatment with the appropriate alkali metal alkoxide, for example methoxide, in an alkanol solvent such as methanol. ... The substituted aniline starting materials used herein are conveniently prepared by well-known preparative methods. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04025614__

Patents 297

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Substituted 6,7-methylene pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidines useful as anti-allergic and antiulcer agents Inventor(s): Doria; Gianfederico (Milan, IT), Romeo; Ciriaco (Serino, IT), Sberze; Piero (Varese, IT), Tibolla; Marcellino (Canale d'Agordo, IT), Corno; Maria L. (Milan, IT) Assignee(s): Farmitalia Carlo Erba S.p.A. (Milan, IT) Patent Number: 4,310,526 Date filed: April 10, 1980 Abstract: Substituted 6,7-methylen[1,2-a]pyrimidines and pharmaceutical compositions containing them, suitable for use as anti-allergic, anti-ulcer and anti-diabetic agents. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to substituted pyrido [1,2-a]pyrimidines, to a process for their preparation and to pharmaceutical compositions containing them. ... The compounds of the invention include also the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of formula (I) as well as all possible isomers (e.g. cis or trans isomers) and the mixtures thereof. Preferably the group --CH.dbd.CH--R.sub.3 is in the trans configuration. ... The compounds in which A represents a --CH.sub.2 -- group are herein designated 6,7-methylene compounds, in order to adopt a uniform system of nomenclature based on the pyridopyrimidine fused ring system. They can alternatively be regarded as 1,5-diaza-4-oxo-tricyclo[5.4.0.0] undeca2,9,11-triene derivatives. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04310526__

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Substituted sulfonamide derivatives which inhibit allergic reactions Inventor(s): Sullivan; Timothy J. (Dallas, TX) Assignee(s): Board of Regents, The University of Texas System () Patent Number: 5,064,637 Date filed: May 30, 1989 Abstract: The present invention involves intradermal, percutaneous, parenteral, or enteral administration of a newly synthesized compound to detect, reduce, or eliminate the occurrence of allergic reactions to sulfonamides. The new compound is a substituted sulfonamide, the substituent being bound to the paraamino (4-position) group through an azo, amide, or other linkage. Because a purpose of the substituent is to make the new compound water soluble, it can take a variety of forms, but it must contain carbon and hydrogen, plus at least one of oxygen and nitrogen. Examples of usable substituents include imidazole, a carbohydrate, or an amino acid such as histidine, tyrosine, tryptophan, lysine, or tyrosine methyl ester; it may also be a synthetic polymer, polypeptde, polysaccharide, or an amino acid homopolymer. Excerpt(s): Research relating to the present invention was partially supported by grant 000545 from the American Foundation for AIDS Research. ... Literature citations in the following descriptions are listed at the end of the specification and are incorporated in pertinent part by reference herein for the reasons cited. ... The immunochemistry of SM allergy in man is not completely understood. Haptenation of human molecules by SM.sup.10 or metabolism followed by haptenation.sup.5,11 has been suspected for many years but never has been unequivocally proven. Reactivity to the paraaminophenyl substituent, to determinants derived from quinone metabolites, and to the SM substituent have been proposed to explain experimental and clinical observations..sup.5,10,11 IgE antibodies to SM were documented nearly 40 years ago by

298 Allergies

Sherman and Cooke.sup.10 in convincing passive transfer experiments, but the determinants recognized by the IgE were not delineated. Studies of human contact sensitivity to SM, as assessed by patch testing.sup.5,11,12 and lymphocyte transformation assaysl.sup.3,14 have provided insights into the presence and specificity of what appear to be lymphocytemediated reactions. Evidence of immunopathologic reactions to SM abounds, but systematic studies of human immune responses to SM clearly are needed to improve diagnosis and knowledge of the pathophysiology of SM allergy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05064637__ ·

Symptomatic relief of allergic reactions Inventor(s): Keller; Robert H (Weston, FL), Wen; Xue-Lan (Miami, FL) Assignee(s): Vit Immune, L.L.C. (Hollywood, FL) Patent Number: 6,432,455 Date filed: November 30, 2000 Abstract: The composition disclosed is a unique formulation of Traditional ChineseMedicine (TCM) extracts created to reduce the debilitating symptoms of allergies. It combines a number of organically grown, but, non-organically extracted, standardized formulations of natural ingredients which have been used singly for hundreds of years for symptomatic relief of allergies. These include Ginseng and Gan Cao, which provide a natural anti-inflammatory effect; Bai Gao, which prevent the smooth muscle spasms associated with allergic reactions; Suan Zao ren, which provides an antihistamine effect without the usual sedative effect; and Wu Mai, which reduces the local swelling associated with allergies. Combined, it was unexpectedly found that these ingredients provide a natural, non-drying, non-sedating alternative to antihistamines, without inhibiting the natural healing mechanisms. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and methods for the treatment of mammals suffering symptoms of allergic reactions. ... An allergy is defined as an immune response in a mammal induced by an environmental antigen that has deleterious effects resulting in significant tissue damage and inflammation. Allergies comprise one of the most common medical problems in the twentieth century with some estimates suggesting that as many at 10% of the population may be affected. The antigen (allergen) is a non-parasitic antigen and the immune response is generally a type I hypersensitivity reaction. This reaction, which comprises mast cell or basophil degranulation manifests itself clinically in disorders related to biological effects of mediators released by the degranulation. These mediators are pharmacologically active agents that act on local tissues to increase vascular permeability and inflammation. Primary mediators such as histamine, serotonin, protease, prostaglandins SRS-A and similar substances released during degranulation may actually be more detrimental than beneficial to the comfort and well-being of the affected individual. the biological effects are the symptoms of the hypersensitivity reactions. ... The classical treatment of type I hypersensitivity reactions has heretofore comprised administration of, for example, antihistamines or a process termed desensitization. Desensitization involves multiple injections and requires frequent visits to a doctor over a long period of time. Antihistamines are, of course, effective to relieve the symptoms associated with the type I hypersensitivity reaction. Antihistamine treatment suffers from problems including drying of the mucous membranes and sedation as well as manifest side effects of depression and drowsiness. In addition, antihistamines can interact with other

Patents 299

medicines. warnings are given to refrain from operating antihistamines are administered. Both methods are expensive.

machinery

when

Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06432455__ ·

Tetrazoles bonded to certain polycyclic aromatic systems and anti-allergic use thereof Inventor(s): Erickson; Edward H. (St. Paul, MN) Assignee(s): Riker Laboratories, Inc. (St. Paul, MN) Patent Number: 4,432,986 Date filed: March 23, 1982 Abstract: Amides obtained by reaction of aminotetrazole and certain optionally substituted polycyclic aromatic acids are potent anti-allergic agents. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to physiologically active compounds which are amides obtained by condensing aminotetrazole with certain optionally substituted polycyclic aromatic acids. The invention also relates to anti-allergic compositions containing the compounds and to an anti-allergic method which comprises applying a compound of the invention to a mammalian organism in need thereof. ... The compounds of U.S. Pat. No. 3,887,574 are amides of aminotetrazole and acid-substituted chromones, xanthones and anthraquinones which are anti-allergic agents. The compounds of U.S. Pat. No. 4,145,350 are certain tricyclic compounds which are substituted, inter alia, with a carboxyl group, a carboxylate salt group, an alkyl carboxylate group, a carboxamide group (optionally N-substituted by an alkyl group), a 5-tetrazolyl group, a 5-tetrazolyl salt group, a 5-(1-alkyl)tetrazolyl group, or a 5-(2-alkyl)tetrazolyl group and which are described as anti-allergic agents. The compounds of U.S. Pat. No. 4,147,694 (assigned to the assignee of the present invention) are optionally substituted 8-(1H-tetrazol-5ylcarbamoyl)guinolines and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, which are also anti-allergic agents. The compounds of U.S. Pat. No. 4,232,024 are certain 1-oxo-1Hpyrimido[6,1-b]-benzthiazole derivatives which are substituted, inter alia, by the moiety COX (where X is hydroxy, alkoxy, or tetrazolyl-5-amino) and which are described as anti-allergic agents. ... The present invention also provides anti-allergic compositions containing compounds of the invention together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In addition, the present invention provides a method for inhibiting allergic reactions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04432986__

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Therapeutic agent for allergic diseases Inventor(s): Endo; Koichi (Tokushima, JP) Assignee(s): Bio Cell Matelia Co., Ltd. (Sapporo, JP) Patent Number: 5,378,466 Date filed: August 4, 1992 Abstract: A therapeutic agent for allergic diseases containing as an active ingredient an extract of Acanthopanax senticosus Harms. It became possible to provide a medicine enabling allergic diseases to be treated without causing almost no side effects.

300 Allergies

Excerpt(s): The therapeutic agent for allergic diseases of the present invention can be applied to treatment of various allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis and asthma. ... In recent years, the number of patients with various allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis and pollinosis has increased and their treatment has become a social problem. At present, however, symptomatic treatments are relied on heavily in treating them and, despite the fact that superior therapeutic agents leading to radical treatment of allergic diseases are desired earnestly, we cannot but say that development of such agents is at the stage of groping in the dark. Although various new antiallergic agents have recently been developed, none of them can give doctors satisfaction because all of them are inferior in their quality. Antihistamic agents and bronchodilators are still mainly used for treatment of allergic diseases, and the therapeutic effects of these types of symptomatic treatment agents have their limit although some of them have high potency and minimal side effects. Although adrenocortical hormonal formulations are used in difficultly cured cases, they are also for symptomatic treatment and should not be used widely because patients often suffer from their severe side effects. ... The object of the present invention is to provide a therapeutic agent for allergic diseases which enables radical treatment of allergic diseases and has minimal side effects. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05378466__ ·

Therapy for allergic diseases Inventor(s): Huang; Shau-Ku (Towson, MD), Wills-Karp; Marsha (Laurel, MD), Li; XiuMin (Baltimore, MD), Keane-Myers; Andrea (Brookline, MA) Assignee(s): The Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, MD) Patent Number: 6,121,247 Date filed: March 28, 1997 Abstract: Administration of an expression gene construct for IFN-.gamma. to an affected organ is an effective means of reversing antigen-induced inflammation. Suitable allergic diseases for treatment include atopic asthma, rhinitis, and dermatitis. Excerpt(s): Allergic diseases are of great public health concern as more than 20% of the U.S. population alone are afflicted with these chronic and often debilitating diseases. In particular, despite increased usage of medications, deaths from asthma have risen by 72%. These findings highlight the need for improved therapeutic strategies. ... Allergic diseases (including allergic rhinitis, allergic dermatitis, and allergic asthma) are characterized by tissue inflammatory responses. Numerous clinical and experimental animal studies have indicated a pivotal role of cytokines in the development of allergic inflammatory responses. In particular, a subset (Th2) of CD4.sup.+ T cells, which has been distinguished functionally by its pattern of cytokine secretion, is thought to play a key role. Th2 cells are thought to promote allergic responses through their secretion of the cytokines, IL-4 and IL-5, which promote IgE production and mast cell development, and eosinophilia, respectively. Cytokines released by the opposing pathway (Th1), such as IFN-.gamma., inhibit the development and expansion of Th2 cells and cytokine production. ... Airway hyperreactivity seen in asthma is associated with an inflammatory response characterized by the presence of eosinophils and activated T.sub.H2 -lymphocytes infiltrating the bronchial mucosa (8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16). However, the sequence of events leading to inflammatory responses and bronchial hyperreactivity are still unclear. The precise regulatory role of T cells and cytokines involved in the inflammatory responses are as yet to be determined.

Patents 301

Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06121247__ ·

Topical ophthalmic formulations for treating allergic eye diseases Inventor(s): Hayakawa; Eiji (Susono, JP), Nakakura; Masashi (Shizuoka-ken, JP), Robertson; Stella M. (Arlington, TX), Yanni; John Michael (Burleson, TX) Assignee(s): Alcon Laboratories, Inc. (Fort Worth, TX), Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co. Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,641,805 Date filed: June 6, 1995 Abstract: Topical ophthalmic formulations of the invention contain as an active ingredient 11-(3-dimethylaminopropylidene)-6,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e]oxepin-2-acetic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The formulations are useful for treating allergic eye diseases such as allergic conjunctivitis, vernal conjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, and giant papillary conjunctivitis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to topical ophthalmic formulations used for treating allergic eye diseases, such as allergic conjunctivitis, vernal conjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, and giant papillary conjunctivitis. More particularly, the present invention relates to therapeutic and prophylactic topical use of 11-(3dimethylaminopropylidene)-6,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e]oxepin-2-acetic acid for treating and/or preventing allergic eye diseases. ... As taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,871,865 and 4,923,892, both assigned to Burroughs Wellcome Co. ("the Burroughs Wellcome Patents"), certain carboxylic acid derivatives of doxepin, including 11-(3dimethylaminopropylidene)-6,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e]oxepine-2-carboxyli c acid and 11(3-dimethylaminopropylidene)-6,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e]oxepine-2(E)-acryli c acid, have antihistamine and antiasthmatic activity. These two patents classify the carboxylic acid derivatives of doxepin as mast cell stabilizers with antihistaminic action because they are believed to inhibit the release of autacoids (i.e., histamine, serotonin, and the like) from mast cells and to inhibit directly histamine's effects on target tissues. The Burroughs Wellcome Patents teach various pharmaceutical formulations containing the carboxylic acid derivatives of doxepin; Example 8 (I) in both of the patents discloses an ophthalmic solution formulation. ... Although both of the Burroughs Wellcome Patents claim that the variety of pharmaceutical formulations disclosed are effective both for veterinary and for human medical use, neither patent contains an example demonstrating that the carboxylic acid derivatives of doxepin have activity in humans. Example 7 in the Burroughs Wellcome Patents demonstrates antihistamine activity in male guinea pigs and Example G demonstrates anaphylactoid activity in Wistar rats. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05641805__

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Topical pharmaceutical compositions for respiratory allergies Inventor(s): Molinari; Giuliano (Bresica, IT) Assignee(s): Farmin S.r.l. (Brescia, IT) Patent Number: 5,547,946 Date filed: November 15, 1993

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Abstract: A method and topical pharmaceutical composition for treating respiratory allergies, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, allergic asthma, and allergy to fur and dust, in which free ion calcium plays a role in a subject. The composition is in the form of oral local and/or nasal liquid solution or suspension for instillation, inhalation or insufflation and includes as active agent, at least one compound selected from the group consisting of: DL-.alpha.-glycerophosphoric acid, glutaric acid and their sodium or potassium salts as the essential active agent. The active agent, when supplied in a sufficient amount, being effective to enable by a reduction in free ion calcium concentration the removal or improvement in symptoms of allergy amenable to said free calcium ion concentration reduction. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions for local use which contain calcium complexing substances and are useful in the treatment of respiratory allergies. ... There are numerous medicaments available for treatment of such afflictions, both for general as well as local use. More favored currently are local treatments in order to achieve the maximum therapeutic effect while minimizing the possibility of side effects. ... These local treatments are generally administered by spray or aerosols: .alpha.-adrenergic decongestionants, (pseudoephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, oximethazoline, tramazoline), adrenergic bronchodilatators (epinephrine, isoproterenol, and the .beta..sub.2 selective procaterol, salbutamol, terbutaline, pirbuterol and metaproterenol), antihistaminics (azelastine, levocabastine), corticosteroids (beclomethasone dipropionate, flunisolide) and the more specific sodium chromoglycate and ipatropium bromide (E. R. McFadden Jr. in "Harrison Principi di medicina interna" 1988, XI ed., 1355-61, McGraw Hill Italia; R. M. Naclerio, N. Engl. J. Med., 1991 Sep. 19, 325, 860-9). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05547946__ ·

Transgenic animal allergy models and methods for their use Inventor(s): Karasuyama; Hajime (Tokyo, JP), Yonekawa; Hiromichi (Omiya, JP), Taya; Choji (Tokyo, JP), Matsuoka; Kunie (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Sankyo Company, Limited (Tokyo, JP), The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,118,044 Date filed: November 13, 1998 Abstract: Transgenic mice which constitutively express an antibody-type molecule encoded by the transgene and which has an IgE heavy chain constant region and is specific for a pre-defined antigen, provide an allergic reaction to that antigen without prior sensitization and are useful as allergy models. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to transgenic animals for use in the field of research into allergies, and to methods for their production and use. ... In order to induce an allergic reaction in an experimental animal, it has conventionally been necessary to first sensitize the animal, by immunizing it repeatedly with the antigen or allergen, prior to administering the antigen or allergen to obtain the desired reaction. Sensitizing large numbers of animals at the same time is not only laborious, but also troublesome, as responsiveness is tends to be variable among individual animals, so that it is difficult to obtain similar results from one experiment to the next. ... Recently, the NC/Nga mouse has attracted attention as an animal model for atopic dermatitis. However, the dermatitis developed in this mouse is spontaneous, rather than induced,

Patents 303

so that it does not develop as a result of the mouse being exposed to a specific allergen. This is inconvenient when researching cures for allergies. It does not help that the allergen which induces dermatitis in the mouse has not been identified. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06118044__ ·

Treating allergic and inflammatory conditions Inventor(s): Johnson; William W. (Sparta, NJ), Wang; Er-Jia (Sparta, NJ), Casciano; Christopher (Newton, NJ), Clement; Robert P. (Morris Plains, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (Kenilworth, NJ) Patent Number: 6,599,913 Date filed: June 21, 2002 Abstract: A method of treating and/or preventing allergic and inflammatory conditions of the skin or airway passages in a human in need of such treating and/or preventing which comprises administering to said human an effective amount of a nonsedating antihistamine for such treating and/or preventing while avoiding the side effects associated with other nonsedating antihistamines that bind to the P-glycoprotein pump and/or the organic anion transport polypeptide pump is disclosed. Excerpt(s): Loratadine is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,282,233 as a non-sedating antihistamine useful for treating allergic reactions in animals including humans. See also Claritin brand of Loratadine. Product Information Sheet, dated 1/99. Desloratadine is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,659,716 as a non-sedating antihistamine. ... Histamine H.sub.1 -receptor antagonists are effective first-line therapeutic agents in the management of allergic rhinitis, a condition affecting approximately 45 million Americans with a trend toward a larger afflicted population. Due to the high incidence of allergic rhinitis across the full range of the population, antihistamines are often administered concurrently with other drugs. Because drug disposition and exposure can drastically change when a co-administered drug inhibits an avenue of elimination or disposition, e.g., a drug/drug interaction, the elevated exposure to one or more drugs can lead to potentially grave consequences. ... Mammalian cells possess a natural battery of defense mechanisms against xenobiotic assault. A particular class of proteins actively transports an extensive array of structurally unrelated large lipophilic compounds from the cell, providing what is often known as multiple drug resistance (MDR). Multidrug resistance is characterized by active efflux or pumping of xenobiotics and pharmaceuticals via transmembrane proteins acting as hydrophobic "vacuum cleaners." The protein product of the MDR1 gene encodes a 170 kD integral plasma membrane phosphorylated glycoprotein, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which is the best known and most extensively studied among these transporters and thus far appears to have the largest substrate list. The gross structural features of P-gp appear to be shared by a large family of membrane transporters known as ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which evidently act as ATP-driven pumps that remove xenobiotics from the interior of cells. Expression of P-gp in normal human tissues, particularly within the cellular membranes of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, blood-brain barrier, adrenals, and kidneys, suggests that the protein plays a role in cellular protection as well as in secretion. While the primary function of this protein is unknown, its ability to confer resistance to a wide variety of structurally and chemically unrelated compounds remains impressive. Indeed, the substrate list for this transporter reveals that P-gp shares a similar tolerance or acceptance as cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), the predominant intestinal and

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hepatic cytochrome P450 oxygenase enzyme, and may even prove to be more extensive in its substrate recognition and as an avenue of drug elimination. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06599913__ ·

Treating allergic reactions and inflammatory responses with tri-and dipeptides Inventor(s): Mathison; Ronald (Calgary, CA), Metwally; Essam (Calgary, CA) Assignee(s): Salpep Biotechnology, Inc. (Calgary, CA) Patent Number: 6,586,403 Date filed: July 20, 2000 Abstract: This invention relates to methods and compositions of tripeptides and dipeptides having anti-inflammatory activities that can be used for the treatment of allergic and inflammatory reactions. A peptide of the formula:X-R.sub. 1 -R.sub.2 R.sub.3 -Y (I)orX-R.sub. 1 -R.sub.2 -Y (II)wherein X is selected from the group consisting of H and acetyl; R.sub. 1 is selected from the group consisting of D or L-phenylalanine; tyrosine; tryptophan; phenylglycine; Nor-methylphenylalanine; cyclohexylalanine; and norleucine; R.sub.2 is selected from the group consisting of D or L-glutamate; and aspartate; and in the case of peptide (II), R.sub.3 is selected from the group consisting of glycine; D or L-alanine; beta-alanine; valine; leucine; isoleucine; sarcosine; and gammaaminobutyric acid or another aliphatic amino acid; and Y is selected from the group consisting of OH and NH.sub.2, but excluding the dipeptides H-L-Phe-L-Glu-OH, H-LTrp-L-Glu-OH, H-D-Phe-D-Glu-OH and H-D-Trp-D-Glu-OH. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to peptides having anti-inflammatory properties. In particular, the present invention relates to peptides through actions on cells that modify the leukocyte recruitment and activation cascade and the actions of mediators released from inflammatory cells on target cells and tissues, including smooth muscle of animals, as well as humans. ... Immediate or Type 1 allergic reactions are largely attributed to IgE antibodies, although IgG antibodies can participate in and modulate allergic reactions. The allergy is generally caused by the activation of a subpopulation of immune cells, the mast cells and basophils. When antigen reacts with IgE antibody receptors on the cell's surface the chemical mediators initiate the allergic reaction by acting on adjacent immune, epithelial, endothelial and smooth muscle cells and promote, in a longer term, the influx of other inflammatory and immune cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes) into tissue. This influx of inflammatory cells predisposes the patient to recurrent and sometimes delayed, or prolonged allergic or hypersensitivity reactions. A distinction between immediate and delayed allergic reactions and delayed, chronic immune injury can also be made. The Type 1 allergic reactions are defined according to the location where they occur. Asthmatic reactions occur in the lungs, rhinitis in the nose, conjunctivitis in the eyes, and atopic dermatitis in the skin, systemic allergic reactions in the circulation and intestinal reactions in the gastrointestinal system. ... Asthma can be defined clinically as a condition of intermittent, reversible airways obstruction, and manifests itself as several clinical entities: allergic asthma, bronchial asthma, exercise induced asthma (EIA), chemical induced asthma, and status asthmaticus Asthma can be divided into two types. Extrinsic asthma is generally triggered by external agent such as allergens (dust mites, pollen, stings, drugs, or foods), and is commonly diagnosed in early life. Intrinsic asthma, which generally develops later in life, can be triggered by congested and inflamed tissues, infection, endogenous catecholamines (e.g. adrenaline), drugs (e.g. aspirin), stress or exertion.

Patents 305

Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06586403__ ·

Treatment of allergic contact dermatitis Inventor(s): Schmidt; Richard J. (Penarth, GB), Chung; Lip Y. (Cardiff, GB) Assignee(s): University College Cardiff Consultants Limited (Cardiff, GB) Patent Number: 5,578,300 Date filed: June 1, 1993 Abstract: A method of treatment of allergic contact dermatitis, which comprises treating a patient with a formulation capable of inducing oxidative stress and a heat shock response so as to convert the allergic reaction of the allergic contact dermatitis to an irritant reaction. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with a method of treatment of allergic contact dermatitis. ... Mild heat shock may be induced in skin as a result of the skin temperature rising to about 45.degree. C. and during conditions of oxidative stress and leads to induction of heat shock protein (or stress protein) formation. The heat shock response is regarded as a survival strategy which serves to protect living cells against temperature and other stresses. It is known that hydrogen peroxide is able to induce the heat shock response (Burdon R H, Gill V, & Rice Evans C. Active oxygen species and heat shock protein induction. In: Stress Proteins. Induction and function. pp. 19-25. Schlesinger M J, Santoro M G, & Garaci E (Eds). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990) and also to generate oxidative stress. It is also known that prostaglandins can induce heat shock protein formation (Santoro M G, Garaci E, & Amici C. Induction of HSP70 by prostaglandins. In: Stress Proteins. Induction and function. pp. 27-44. Schlesinger M J, Santoro M G, & Garaci E (Eds). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990). ... Oxidative stress is a perturbation of redox homeostasis in favor of higher levels of oxidizing species relative to reducing species and is essentially a shift in the thiol/disulfide status of tissue biochemistry in favor of higher levels of disulfides. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05578300__

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Treatment of allergic rhinitis Inventor(s): Lezdey; John (976 Kingston Dr., Cherry Hill, NJ 08034), Wachter; Allan J. (9822 S. Grandview, Tempe, AZ 85284) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,166,134 Date filed: June 4, 1991 Abstract: A method for the prophylaxis or direct treatment of allergic rhinitis which comprises nasally administering to a patient an effective amount of a serine protease inhibitor which inhibits mast cells, neutrophiles or T-cells or binds with their mediators. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the treatment of allergic rhinitis utilizing serine protease inhibitors. More particularly, there is provided a means for treating allergic rhinitis and for inactivating at the site of administration the proteases which stimulate histamine release and result in nasal discomforture. ... Pollen has long been recognized as a cause of allergic rhinitis commonly called "hay fever". Pollen contains proteases which induce the release of mediators from mast cells stimulates IgE

306 Allergies

brosynthesis. The degranulation of mast cells by IgE results in the release of histamines which leads to an inflammatory response which causes congestion, itching swelling of sinuses. Many eosinophils are present in allergic patients with nasal mucus and neutrophils are present in patients with infected muscus. ... Antihistamines are drugs commonly utilized which are taken orally that have a sedative effect. Alternatively, nasal sprays of the antihistamines can be utilized. However, such sprays have not been found to be long lasting and effective during the pollen season. Nasal sprays containing cromolyn sodium have been effective since cromolyn acts by blocking the reaction of allergen with tissue mast cells. However, cromolyn is not entirely effective since it apparently does not bind with some of the mediators of inflammation or the activators of IgE biosynthesis that stimulate the degranulation of mast cells and the production of histamines from the mast cells. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05166134__ ·

Treatment of allergic symptoms with propanone derivatives Inventor(s): Kohda; Akihide (Gifu, JP), Kurosaki; Teikichi (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): Nippon Zoki Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 4,277,474 Date filed: September 27, 1979 Abstract: New propanone derivatives, useful for treating allergic diseases, the pharmacologically allowable salts thereof, their manufacturing process and pharmaceutical composition containing at least one of them as the active ingredient. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to new propanone derivatives, the pharmacologically allowable salts thereof, their manufacturing process and pharmaceutical composition containing at least one of them as the active ingredient. ... It is known that a so-called "chemical mediator", i.e., biochemical substance in a living body such as histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, acetylcholine or SRS-A plays an important role in the appearance of various allergic symptoms in the human body. ... Thus something which antagonizes such biochemical substance and/or inhibits its release would be useful for treating allergic diseases and from this standpoint, various compounds have been synthesized and clinically tried so far. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04277474__

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Treatment of allergy Inventor(s): St. Remy; Jean-Marie (Grez-Doiceau, BE), Lebrun; Philippe (Namur, BE), Lebecque; Serge (Brussels, BE), Masson; Pierre (Brussels, BE) Assignee(s): International Institute of Cellular and Molecular Pathology (Brussels, BE) Patent Number: 4,740,371 Date filed: September 17, 1984 Abstract: In the treatment of allergy, desensitization is effected by administering the allergen in admixture with an antibody thereto, the antibody being present in a molar excess. The antibody is preferably one raised in the patient.

Patents 307

Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of treating allergy, particularly immediate hypersensitivity, and to pharmaceutical compositions useful therefor. ... Immediate hypersensitivity (or anaphylactic response) is a form of allergic reaction which develops very quickly, i.e. within seconds or minutes of exposure of the patient to the causative allergen, and it is mediated by IgE antibodies made by B lymphocytes. In non-allergic patients, there is very little IgE but, in a person suffering allergy, the concentration of IgE is very much higher. This elevated amount of IgE mediates immediate hypersensitivity by priming mast cells which are abundant in the skin, lymphoid organs, in the membranes of the eye, nose and mouth, and in the respiratory tree and intestines. Mast cells have surface IgE receptors, and the elevated concentrations of IgE in allergy-suffering patients become bound to them. When this bound IgE is subsequently contacted by the appropriate allergen, the mast cell is caused to degranulate and release various substances such as histamine into the surrounding tissue. It is the release of these substances which is responsible for the clinical symptoms typical of immediate hypersensitivity, namely contraction of smooth muscle in the airways or the intestine, the dilation of small blood vessels and the increase in their permeability to water and plasma proteins, the secretion of thick sticky mucus, and (in the skin) the stimulation of nerve endings that results in itching or pain. ... Immediate hypersensitivity is, at best, a nuisance to the sufferer: at worst it can present very serious problems and can in rare extreme cases even result in death. Efforts have been made for many years past to find some way of effectively treating sufferers, and essentially three such ways have been found. These are: avoidance of allergen, desensitization, and the use of drugs. Of these, avoidance of the allergen is in one sense clearly the best approach but, of course, it is in practice very difficult, and usually impossible, to achieve. Treatment by the use of drugs is useful, but it is, in the main, directed to alleviating the symptoms of allergy rather than dealing with its causes. Also, there are disadvantages in the use of certain drugs, and it is by no means always possible using drugs to assist patients as much as could be desired. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04740371__ ·

Treatment of allergy with thymopentin Inventor(s): Goldstein; Gideon (Short Hills, NJ) Assignee(s): Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation (Raritan, NJ) Patent Number: 4,749,690 Date filed: January 27, 1986 Abstract: A method for treating allergy by administration of the peptide thymopentin. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the treatment of allergy and in particular to the treatment of allergy with the peptide thymopentin. ... U.S. Pat. No. 4,190,646 describes the pentapeptide thymopentin, having the sequence H-ARG-LYS-ASP-VALTYR-OH. This pentapeptide has activity similar to the long chain polypeptide known as thymopoietin, disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,002,740 and 4,077,949. Both thymopoietin and thymopentin selectively stimulate the differentiation of T lymphocytes. The U.S. Pat. No. 4,190,646 discloses that thymopentin is expected to have utility in the areas of thymic function and immunity. The various specific diseases or conditions which could be treated by thymopentin are described in this patent. Since the invention of thymopentin, considerable effort has been expended on studying its effect on a variety of immune-related disorders. A collection of some recent work in this area is contained in Survey of Immunologic Research, Volume 4, Supplement 1, 1985, entitled

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"Thymopentin in Experimental and Clinical Medicine". This volume is completely devoted to thymopentin and its relevance to treatment of immune disorders. ... Sale of thymopentin (under the trademark "TIMUNOX") was commenced in Italy in the spring of 1985 for treatment of primary immune deficiency. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04749690__ ·

Treatment of inflammation and allergy Inventor(s): Johnson; Malcolm (Orwell, GB2), Whelan; Clifford J. (Buntingford, GB2) Assignee(s): Glaxo Group Limited (London, GB2) Patent Number: 5,290,815 Date filed: November 25, 1991 Abstract: The present invention provides a new medical use for the phenethanolamine compound 4-hydroxy-.alpha..sup.1 -[[[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino]methyl]-1,3benzenedimethanol and physiologically acceptable salts and solvates thereof in the treatment of inflammation, allergy and allergic reaction. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a new medical use for the phenethanolamine compound 4-hydroxy-.alpha..sup.1 -[[[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino]methyl]-1,3benzenedimethanol, physiologically acceptable salts and solvates thereof and pharmaceutical compositions containing them which are disclosed in published UK Patent Specification No. 2140800, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, and allergic reaction. ... Acute inflammation is the result of a number of processes including the activation of inflammatory cells and their accumulation in tissues; the local release of pro-inflammatory and chemotactic mediators; and vascular permeability changes which lead to plasma protein extravasation (PPE) and oedema formation. ... One particular clinical condition with which inflammatory processes are associated is bronchial asthma. As reported by S. T. Holgate, Postgrad.Med.J., 64, 82-95 (1988), bronchial asthma is a multifactorial disease characterised by episodic bronchoconstriction, airway hyper-reactivity, inflammation and mucus abnormalities. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05290815__

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Treatment of psoriasis, allergies and auto-immune disorders of the skin with cis-6hexadecenoic acid Inventor(s): Hoppe; Udo (Heidmuhlen, DE), Jacob; Jurgen (Hamburg, DE) Assignee(s): Beiersdorf AG (Hamburg, DE) Patent Number: 6,589,520 Date filed: April 17, 2000 Abstract: A method for the prophylaxes and treatment of psoriasis, allergies and autoimmune disorders of the skin, the treatment of sensitive skin, or a combination thereof, which comprises applying cis-6-hexadecenoic acid, or a salt or ester thereof. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to novel compounds of cis-6-hexadec-1-enoic acid or its derivatives. It is also called cis-hexadec-6-enoic acid or delta-6-hexadecenoic acid. ... Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are constituents of the cell membrane of cells. The concentration of unsaturated fatty acids plays a part in the barrier properties of the skin

Patents 309

and in the reactivity of cells in inflammatory processes. ... Thus it is already known to use cis-9-heptadecenoic acid for the treatment of psoriasis, allergies and auto-immune disorders (DE-A-4309512). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06589520__ ·

Treatment of vascular and tension headache atypical facial pain allergic rhinitis and cervical muscle hyperactivity Inventor(s): Friedman; Mark H. (660 Gramatan Ave., Mt. Vernon, NY 10552) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,693,077 Date filed: February 1, 1996 Abstract: A new non-invasive, non-toxic, non-sedating method for treatment of vascular headaches (migraine and cluster), tension headache, atypical (chronic) facial pain, allergic rhinitis and cervical muscle spasm is presented. This method comprises the application of cold or frozen water or saline (0.degree.-4.degree. C.), cold metal, or ice to the area of tenderness associated with the plexus formed by the posterior and middle superior alveolar branches of the ipsilateral maxillary nerve, as well as to other branches of the trigeminal nerve. The cold or frozen water or saline can be applied indirectly when contained in small bags, tubes or packs made of plastic film, latex, silicone, or the like. Metal tubes can also be used which have been chilled by either running cold water or ice through their hollow interiors. Preferably plastic tubes encasing a column of ice, which ice can be extruded gradually by the patient or clinician by means of a plunger inserted into the tubes are used. Alleviation of pain is noted within a short period of the onset of the treatment. Repeated treatment even during pain-free periods offers protracted benefits, i.e., prevention or amelioration of the headaches or other conditions. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a new method for treatment of vascular (migraine, cluster) and tension headache, chronic facial pain, cervical muscle hyperactivity (spasm) and allergic rhinitis. ... The method is non-invasive, non-toxic, and non-sedating. ... The method of the invention comprises the application of cold water, ice, or frozen saline (0.degree.-4.degree. C.) to an area of intra-oral tenderness which has been found to be associated with the above conditions. This zone of tenderness was observed by the inventor to be in the area of the plexus formed by the posterior and middle superior alveolar branches of the ipsilateral maxillary nerve and is bilateral when the symptoms are bilateral. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05693077__

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Triamcinolone acetonide for the treatment of allergic rhinitis Inventor(s): Hagen; Nicholas S. (Doylestown, PA), Lamon; Kim D. (Maple Glen, PA) Assignee(s): Rorer Pharmaceutical Corporation (Fort Washington, PA) Patent Number: 4,767,612 Date filed: January 23, 1987 Abstract: Disclosed is a method for the treatment of allergic rhinitis that manifests itself as rhinorrhea, nasal itching, sneezing, congestion and postnasal drip. The method comprises the administration from a nasal aerosol dispenser an effective amount of

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micronized triamcinolone acetonide suspended in dichlorodifluoromethane into the nasal cavity of a patient suffering from allergic rhinitis. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the treatment of allergic rhinitis with an aerosol formulation containing the active ingredient triamcinolone acetonide. ... Allergic rhinitis denotes the allergic reactions of the nasal mucosa having the symptoms of rhinorrhea, nasal itching, sneezing, congestion and postnasal drip. Allergic rhinitis may occur seasonally, such as hay fever, or continuously throughout the year. It is caused by an allergen to which the individual is exposed, such as dust, danders, food, mold and the like, and is characterized by sudden attacks of sneezing, swelling of the nasal mucosa with watery discharge, itching of the eyes and lacrimation. These symptoms are treated usually with antihistamines, decongestants, immunotherapy or other rhinitis medications with varying degrees of success. However, such treatments are not entirely satisfactory. ... It is well known in the art, its process of synthesis has been disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,990,401 and 3,035,050, as well as its use in various compositions directed to the treatment of divers ailments, conditions and symptoms of conditions. Examples of such compositions and use for treatment are as follows. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04767612__ ·

Troponyl-oxamic acid derivatives for treating allergic conditions Inventor(s): Bagli; Jehan F. (Kirkland, CA), Bogri; Tibor (Montreal, CA) Assignee(s): Ayerst. McKenna & Harrison Limited (Montreal, CA) Patent Number: 4,183,955 Date filed: August 31, 1978 Abstract: Tropone derivatives characterized by having a derivative of oxamic acid at positions 2 and or 5 are disclosed. In addition, the tropone nucleus can be optionally further substituted. The foregoing compounds are useful for preventing or treating allergic conditions in a mammal. Methods for the preparation and use of said compounds are disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel tropone derivatives, to processes for their preparation, to methods for using said derivatives, and to therapeutically acceptable salts and compositions of said derivatives. ... More specifically, the present invention relates to novel troponyl-oxamic acid derivatives possessing valuable pharmacologic properties. For example, these derivatives are useful for preventing or treating allergic conditions in a mammal at dosages which do not elicit undesirable side effects. The combination of these pharmacologic properties render the troponyl-oxamic acid derivatives of the invention therapeutically useful. ... A rather large number of reports dealing with tropone derivatives are available. The prior art relating to tropone derivatives is summarized in various reviews; for example, see the review by F. Pietra in Chem. Rev., 73, 293 (1973). Another report describes a class of alkyl esters of 5aminotropolones which exhibit anti-neoplastic activity, see L. D. Donaruma, Canadian Pat. No. 787,451, issued June 11, 1968. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04183955__

Patents 311

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Use of adenosine derivatives as anti-allergic compounds and pharmaceutical compositions containing them Inventor(s): Schaumann; Wolfgang (Heidelberg, DE), Wilhelms; Otto-Henning (Weinheim-Rittenweier, DE), Roesch; Androniki (Mannheim, DE), Kampe; Wolfgang (Heddesheim, DE) Assignee(s): Boehringer Mannheim GmbH (Mannheim, DE) Patent Number: 4,704,381 Date filed: February 13, 1985 Abstract: The present invention is concerned with the use of adenosine derivatives for the treatment of allergic diseases, as well as for bronchosphatic and broncho-constrictive reactions brought about by inflammation. The above adenosine derivatives can be used alone or together with xanthine derivatives. The invention is further concerned with compositions containing compounds of adenosine derivatives and optionally compounds of xanthine derivatives together with appropriate pharmaceutical carriers. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with the use of adenosine derivatives as anti-allergic compounds and with pharmaceutical compositions containing them. ... It is known that adenosine and numerous derivatives thereof possess a large variety of pharmacological activities. Besides a dilation of the blood vessels, lowering of the blood pressure, bradycardia, atrioventricular (AV) blocking and an inhibition of lipolysis, actions on the immune system have also been described. Furthermore, it is known that adenosine and an N-monosubstituted derivative thereof, namely phenylisopropyladenosine (L-PIA), potentiates the liberation, initiated by antigen, of histamine and other mediators, such as SRS-A (slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis) from isolated mast cells and lung tissue. Therefore, according to the present state of knowledge, adenosine and L-PIA act pro-allergically. ... It was, therefore, extraordinarily surprising to find that other adenosine derivatives already investigated because of their blood vessel-dilating, blood pressure-lowering and lipolysis-inhibiting properties display an anti-allergic action in vitro and in vivo. This can be determined relatively easily by investigations of the liberation of SRS-A from lung tissue sample caused by antigen. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04704381__

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Use of Cis-9-heptadecenoic acid for treating psoriasis and allergies Inventor(s): Degwert; Joachim (Tostedt, DE), Jacob; Jurgen (Hamburg, DE), Steckel; Friedhelm (Hamburg, DE) Assignee(s): Beiersdorf AG (Hamburg, DE) Patent Number: 5,708,028 Date filed: September 20, 1995 Abstract: Cis-9-heptadecenoic acid or its salts can be used for the prophylaxis and treatment of psoriasis, allergies and autoimmune diseases. Excerpt(s): This application is a 371 of PCT/EP94/00941 Mar. 24, 1994. ... The invention relates to new uses of cis-9-heptadecenoic acid. ... Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are constituents of the cell membrane of cells. The concentration of unsaturated fatty acids plays a role in the barrier properties of the skin and in the reactivity of calls in inflammatory processes.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05708028__ ·

Use of lodoxamide to treat ophthalmic allergic conditions Inventor(s): Aoki; K. Roger (Fort Worth, TX), DeSantis; Louis M. (Fort Worth, TX) Assignee(s): Alcon Laboratories, Inc. (Fort Worth, TX) Patent Number: 5,457,126 Date filed: March 21, 1994 Abstract: Disclosed are methods of using certain defined phenylene dioxamic acids in treating allergic ocular responses, such as, hayfever, conjunctivitis, atopic and keratoconjunctivitis, vernal conjunctivitis, giant capillary conjunctivitis and other diseases where mast cell degranulation are important in the etiology, by topical administration of said active to the affected eye; also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising said actives. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the use of certain phenylene dioxamic acids in treating allergic ocular responses, such as hayfever, conjunctivitis, atopic and keratoconjunctivitis, vernal conjunctivitis, giant capillary conjunctivitis, and other diseases where mast cell degranulation are important in the etiology, by topical administration of said active to the affected eye; also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising said actives. ... The phenylene dioxamic acid of Structure I, above, is known also by the name lodoxamide tromethamine. ... The phenylene dioxamic acids of incorporated U.S. Pat. No. 3,993,679 are known to be useful as antiallergics, and, according to the patent disclosure, may be delivered by oral, parenteral, inhalation, rectal means, or by eye drops. The specific salt form of Structure I, above, is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,524,063 (issued Jun. 18, 1985) to be useful as a topical, ophthalmic antiallergic. However, the patent teaches that to be clinically efficacious the specific lodoxamide salt must be used in a concentration range of from 110%, preferably at a level of 5%, in an aqueous vehicle comprising 1-5% polyvinyl alcohol. Such dosage levels are considered quite high--particularly since lodoxamide tromethamine has been reported to cause several types of side effects in a dose related manner. For example, on systemic administration via the oral, intravenous, intrabronchial, or intranasal routes a generalized warming sensation has been reported. Less frequently reported side effects include headaches, nausea, vomiting, nervousness, and the like. The severity and intensity of the side effects decreased with continued usage. The report of such systemic side effects after topical application of an ophthalmic preparation comprising lodoxamide tromethamine has al so been reported and is disturbing to the patients and clinicians. Consequently, the therapeutic method and compositions disclosed in the above-cited U.S. Pat. No. 4,524,063 have not been accepted. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05457126__

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Use of TCET in the prophylaxis and treatment of allergies Inventor(s): Capel; Ifor Donald (Chaldon, GB) Assignee(s): SPES Patents Limited (Bucks, GB) Patent Number: 6,125,301 Date filed: May 21, 1999

Patents 313

Abstract: The present invention provides a pulsed electric signal having an operating positive amplitude of from 10 to 15 .mu.A for the use in the provision of a regime of transcranial electrotherapy (TCET) for the prophylaxis and treatment of allergies. Excerpt(s): This invention provides a method for the prophylaxis and treatment of allergies. ... Transcranial electrotherapy (TCET) is the application of a series of electrical signals of defined amplitude and duration across the head of a patient or test animal by means of percutaneous electrodes generally attached to the external pinnae. TCET is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,646,744 and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,332,401, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference thereto. ... A preferred method of applying TCET and preferred signal characteristics are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,332,401, in which means are disclosed to enable the administration to patients of very low current signals which are sub-perception. Such sub-perception treatment has come to be known a SubPerception Electrostimulation (SPES). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06125301__ ·

Use of the IL-4 receptor for the therapy prophylaxis and diagnosis of allergic viral parasitic and bacterial diseases and of fungal infections Inventor(s): Enssle; Karlheinz (Marburg-Michelbach, DE), Kurrle; Roland (Niederweimar, DE), Lauffer; Leander (Gladenbach, DE), Seiler; Friedrich-Robert (Marburg, DE) Assignee(s): Aventis Pharma Deutschland GmbH (Frankfurt am Main, DE) Patent Number: 6,328,954 Date filed: July 29, 1999 Abstract: The use of the IL-4 receptor for the therapy, prophylaxis and diagnosis of allergic, viral, parasitic and bacterial diseases and of fungal infections.The invention relates to the use of the IL-4 receptor or of derivatives thereof for the therapy, prophylaxis and diagnosis of allergic, viral, parasitic and bacterial diseases and of fungal infections. Excerpt(s): The use of the IL-4 receptor for the therapy, prophylaxis and diagnosis of allergic, viral, parasitic and bacterial diseases and of fungal infections. ... The therapy and prophylaxis of many allergic, viral, parasitic and bacterial diseases remain a serious problem. The invention relates to the use of the IL-4 receptor or of derivatives thereof for the therapy, prophylaxis and diagnosis of such diseases. ... It is known that in the course of some parasitic, viral and bacterial diseases there are changes in subpopulations of lymphocytic and monocytic cells. This relates, for example, to the increased occurrence of so-called T-helper cells of type 2 (called TH2 cells hereinafter). T cells can in general be divided into subpopulations on the basis of surface markers and on the basis of their function. Thus, for example, T-helper lymphocytes carry CD4 surface molecules and, after their activation, secrete cytokines. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06328954__

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Vaccine comprising part of constant region of IgE for treatment of IgE-mediated allergic reactions Inventor(s): Hellman; Lars T. (Vaderkvarnsgatan 11A, S-753 29 Uppsala, SE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,653,980 Date filed: March 23, 1994 Abstract: The invention relates to a vaccine, preferably for human use, against IgEmediated allergic reactions. The vaccine contains a protein having the entire amino acid sequence of the constant CH2-CH3 domains of the epsilon chain of the IgE molecule or a structurally stable unit of said amino acid sequence, the protein optionally being coupled to one or more heterologous carrier proteins, and optionally containing an adjuvant. The vaccine is injected, with or without adjuvant, to raise the concentration of endogenous anti-IgE antibodies in the plasma of allergy subjects. In practice, the vaccine can be used against all types of IgE-mediated allergies since the antibodies are not dependent of the antigen specificity of the IgE molecule but will reduce the total IgE pool of the subject. Therefore, the vaccine is aimed at being used for treatment of subjects having different types of IgE-mediated allergies. The increased concentrations of anti-IgE antibodies reduces the free pool of antigen-specific IgE, which thereby strongly reduces the risk for an allergen-mediated release of the physiologically highly active substances which are stored or produced in connection with granula release from mast cells and basophilic leucocytes. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a vaccine desired to alleviate the symptoms or prevent the induction of IgE-mediated allergic reactions. Although the invention generally relates to a vaccine for use in a mammal, a preferred embodiment thereof relates to a vaccine for human use and, therefore, the invention will be described below generally with reference to such a vaccine for human use. ... IgE(immunoglobulin E) is, despite its normally very low concentration in human plasma (10-400 ng/ml), a major cause of hypersensitivities found within the human population. This property is due to its interaction with the high-affinity receptor for IgE on mast cells and basophilic leucocytes. ... Cross-linking of two IgE receptors on the surface of these cell types, by allergen binding, initiates the release of a number of physiologically active substances such as histamine, PAF (platelet activating factor), heparin, chemotactic factors for eosinophilic and neutrophilic granulocytes, leucotrienes, prostaglandins and thromboxanes. It is these mediators which cause the direct symptoms of IgE-mediated allergic reactions (Type I hypersensitivity). Disease conditions belonging to this group include most types of asthma, fur allergies, pollen allergies, many types of food allergies and certain types of eczema. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05653980__

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Zwitterionic 1,8-naphthyridine and pyrazino[2,3-b]pyridine containing compounds useful as anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and cycloprotective agents Inventor(s): Blythin; David J. (North Caldwell, NJ), Shue; Ho-Jane (Pine Brook, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (Kenilworth, NJ) Patent Number: 4,684,727 Date filed: July 29, 1985

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Abstract: Zwitterionic bicyclic compounds are disclosed which are useful as antiallergic, anti-inflammatory and/or cytoprotective agents. Pharmaceutical compositions and methods of treatment employing such compounds are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to certain zwitterionic bicyclic compounds and to pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use employing such compounds. ... An article by Bowman et al. entitled "The Synthesis of Some Dialkylamino-2-quinolones," Journal of the Chemical Society, pp. 1350-1353 (1964), discloses certain 1-alkyl-3dialkylamino-4-hydroxy-2-quinolones. Mentioned in this article are 3-dimethylamino-4hydroxy-1-phenyl-2-quinolone and 1-benzyl-3-dimethylamino-4-hydroxy-2-quinolone. No utility is mentioned in the article for such compounds. ... each Y substituent is independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, alkyl having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, halogen, NO.sub.2, alkoxy having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, trifluoromethyl, cyano, cycloalkyl having from 3 to 7 carbon atoms, alkenyloxy having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms, alkynyloxy having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms, hydroxyalkyl having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, --S(O).sub.n --R.sup.8 (wherein R.sup.8 represents alkyl having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and n is as defined above), --SO.sub.2 NH.sub.2, -CO--R.sup.9 (wherein R.sup.9 represents OH, --NH--R.sup.8 or --O--R.sup.8, where R.sup.8 is as defined above), --O--B--COR.sup.9 (wherein B represents an alkylene group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and R.sup.9 is as defined above), --NH.sub.2, -NHCHO, --NH--CO--R.sup.9 (wherein R.sup.9 is as defined above, with the proviso that it is not hydroxy), --NH--COCF.sub.3, --NH--SO.sub.2 R.sup.8 (wherein R.sup.8 is as defined above), and --NHSO.sub.2 CF.sub.3. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04684727__

Patent Applications on Allergies As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to allergies: ·

Administering IgE antagonists during pregnancy to ameliorate allergic diseases in the offspring Inventor(s): Anderson, David ; (Houston, TX), Thomas, David ; (Houston, TX) Correspondence: Eric Mirabel; Tanox, Inc.; 10301 Stella Link # 110; Houston; TX; 770255497; US Patent Application Number: 20020006402 Date filed: January 12, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to IgE antagonists, including monoclonal antibodies, and their use in ameliorating asthma and allergic diseases in offspring of mothers treated during pregnancy with such antagonists. The preferred IgE antagonists do not induce release of the mediators of allergy. One example of such IgE antagonists are anti-IgE antibodies which bind to secreted IgE, to membrane IgE on the surface of IgE-producing B cells, but not to IgE bound to the Fc.di-elect cons.RI on the surface of basophils or mast cells. Preferably, these antibodies also do not bind to IgE bound to Fc.di-elect cons.RII

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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receptors. It is also preferable if these antibodies have human IgG1 or IgG3 constant regions, as well as further human portions, if desired. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to IgE antagonists, including monoclonal antibodies, and their use in ameliorating asthma and allergic diseases in offspring of mothers treated during pregnancy with such antagonists. ... Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is one class of immunoglobulin (or "antibody") molecule. IgE is present in human serum in lower concentrations than the other immunoglobulins: IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgD. IgE is thought to have a role in protection against parasites, but has never been definitively established as playing a necessary, or even a beneficial role, at least in developed countries where parasite infections are not a significant problem. IgE is well known as the mediator of immediate-type hypersensitivity allergic reactions, including allergic rhinitis ("hay fever"), extrinsic asthma, and food and drug allergies. ... In IgE-mediated allergic reactions, IgE, after it is secreted by B cells, binds through its Fc portion to the Fc.di-elect cons.RI receptors, which are present on the surface of basophils, mast cells and Langerhans cells. If the IgE bound to the surface of these cells now contacts and binds an allergen, this causes a cross-linking of the bound IgE molecules and hence the underlying receptors, and triggers the release of pharmacologic mediators, such as histamine, serotonin, leukotrienes and the slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis. These mediators cause the pathologic manifestations of allergic reactions. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Allergy inhibition Inventor(s): Freiberg, Roberta C. ; (Maple Glen, PA) Correspondence: Steven R. Petersen; 1451 Jericho Road; Abington; PA; 19001; US Patent Application Number: 20020183238 Date filed: March 26, 2002 Abstract: Allergen contact with a person's allergen-responsive tissues is reduced by removing airborne allergens from body surfaces adjacent the person's eyes. Airborne allergens may be removed from body surfaces adjacent the person's eyes by irrigating such areas with an irrigating fluid or by wiping such areas with a pad. Preferably the irrigating fluid or the pad is treated to augment its effectiveness in removing airborne allergens or otherwise preventing them from entering the eye, and/or to reduce allergy symptoms in the eye area caused by airborne allergens that enter the eye. Excerpt(s): Applicant claims the benefit, including the benefit under 35 U.S.C. 119(e)(1), of provisional Patent Application No. 60/295,926 filed Jun. 5, 2001. ... This invention relates to methods and apparatus for inhibiting the occurrence of and/or reducing the extent of allergic responses to airborne allergens. More particularly, this invention relates to methods and apparatus for reducing allergen contact with a person's allergenresponsive tissues. ... A significant number of people suffer from allergies. According to some estimates, tens of millions of Americans suffer from allergies to airborne particles such as pollen, animal dander, dust, or mold. One method that people have used to address their allergy problems is oral ingestion of antihistamines. While oral antihistamines can be effective in mitigating allergy symptoms, their use entails exposing the entire body to a pharmaceutical product, and they may produce unpleasant or harmful side effects. Another method that people have used to address their allergy problems is to control their environment in an attempt to reduce their exposure to airborne allergens. For instance, they may try to stay in air-conditioned

Patents 317

buildings as much as possible when the air contains a large amount of pollen, or they may try to avoid places where cats or other animals are or have been. This method may be quite inconvenient, and may be of limited effectiveness because it is difficult to avoid at least some contact with airborne allergens. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Aniline disulfide derivatives for treating allergic diseases Inventor(s): Miller, Steven T. ; (Arlington, TX), Feng, Zixia ; (Arlington, TX), Hellberg, Mark R. ; (Arlington, TX) Correspondence: ALCON RESEARCH, LTD.; R&D COUNSEL, Q-148; 6201 SOUTH FREEWAY; FORT WORTH; TX; 76134-2099; US Patent Application Number: 20020115658 Date filed: January 31, 2002 Abstract: Methods and compositions for preventing or treating allergic diseases of the eye, nose, skin, ear, gastrointestinal tract, airways or lung and preventing or treating manifestations of systemic mastocytosis are disclosed. The compositions contain a mast cell stabilizing disulfide derivative as an active ingredient. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from co-pending U.S. Provisional Application, U.S. Ser. No. 60/205,746, filed May 19, 2000. ... The present invention relates to the treatment of allergic diseases. More particularly, the present invention relates to therapeutic and prophylactic use of certain disulfide derivatives for treating or preventing allergic diseases. ... Antihistamines and mast cell stabilizers are two types of drugs currently used topically to treat allergic diseases. Antihistamine drugs are used to interrupt the allergic effects that histamine causes after it has been released from a mast cell. Many topical antihistamine drugs are marketed. For example, emedastine difumarate and levocabastine hydrochloride are available for ocular allergies (see Ophthalmic Drug Facts 1999, Facts and Comparisons, St. Louis, Mo., pp. 59-80). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Anti-allergic pharmaceutical composition containing at least one allergen and at least one antihistamine compound Inventor(s): Trehin, Yves ; (Toulouse, FR), Terrasse, Gaetan ; (Saint-Valier, FR), Loria, Emile ; (Toulouse, FR) Correspondence: Gregory P. La Pointe; BACHMAN & LaPOINTE, P.C.; Suite 1201; 900 Chapel Street; New Haven; CT; 06510-2802; US Patent Application Number: 20030104013 Date filed: May 29, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to an anti-allergic pharmaceutical composition containing at least two active agents chosen among: (i) one allergen, (ii) one antihistamine compound, (iii) one inhibitor of histamine synthesis, said active agents being associated in said composition with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to new pharmaceutical compositions for the prevention and treatment of allergies. Allergies are a scourge which affects 25% of the

318 Allergies

world's population. This number is on the increase in connection with growing environmental toxicity (dust, food, motor vehicles). In addition, a person's risk of suffering from allergy is increased if there is a previous family history of allergy. ... the terminal phase of the reaction is the release of histamine and serotonin having a recruiting effect on the Th2 clones. ... toxic and inflammatory self-maintaining reaction, even without any antigen stimulation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Antigen arrays for treatment of allergic eosinophilic diseases Inventor(s): Jennings, Gary ; (Zurich, CH), Bachmann, Martin ; (Seuzach, CH), Sonderegger, Ivo ; (Zurich, CH) Correspondence: STERNE, KESSLER, GOLDSTEIN & FOX PLLC; 1100 NEW YORK AVENUE, N.W.; WASHINGTON; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20030157479 Date filed: November 7, 2002 Abstract: The present invention is related to the fields of molecular biology, virology, immunology and medicine. The invention provides a composition comprising an ordered and repetitive antigen or antigenic determinant array, and in particular an array comprising a protein or peptide of IL-5, IL-13 or eotaxin. More specifically, the invention provides a composition comprising a virus-like particle and at least one protein, or peptide of IL-5, IL-13 and/or eotaxin bound thereto. The invention also provides a process for producing the conjugates and the ordered and repetitive arrays, respectively. The compositions of the invention are useful in the production of vaccines for the treatment of allergic diseases with an eosinophilic component and as a pharmaccine to prevent or cure allergic diseases with an eosinophilic component and to efficiently induce immune responses, in particular antibody responses. Furthermore, the compositions of the invention are particularly useful to efficiently induce self-specific immune responses within the indicated context. Excerpt(s): The present application claims the benefit of the filing dates of U.S. Provisional Appl. Nos. 60/331,045, filed Nov. 7, 2001, and 60/396,636, filed Jul. 19, 2002. The present application also is a continuation-in-part of, and claims priority to, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/050,902, filed Jan. 18, 2002, and International Appl. No. PCT/IB02/00166, filed Jan. 21, 2002, the latter of which was published under PCT Article 21(2) in the English language as WO 02/056905 on Jul. 25, 2002. The disclosures of all of the above-referenced applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. ... The present invention is related to the fields of molecular biology, virology, immunology and medicine. The invention provides a composition comprising an ordered and repetitive antigen or antigenic determinant array, and in particular an array comprising a protein or peptide of IL-5, IL-13 or eotaxin. More specifically, the invention provides a composition comprising a virus-like particle and at least one protein, or peptide of IL-5, IL-13 and/or eotaxin bound thereto. The invention also provides a process for producing the conjugates and the ordered and repetitive arrays, respectively. The compositions of the invention are useful in the production of vaccines for the treatment of allergic diseases with an eosinophilic component and as a pharmaccine to prevent or cure allergic diseases with an eosinophilic component and to efficiently induce immune responses, in particular antibody responses. Furthermore, the compositions of the invention are particularly useful to efficiently induce self-specific immune responses within the indicated context. ... A number of allergic diseases

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including asthma, nasal rhinitis, nasal polyps, eosinophilic syndromes and atopic dermatitis have prominent inflammatory components characterized by pronounced eosinophilic infiltration. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Composition and method for the prevention and/or the treatment of allergy Inventor(s): Saint-Remy, Jean-Marie ; (Grez-Doiceau, BE), Jacquemin, Marc ; (SartBernard, BE) Correspondence: MERCHANT & GOULD PC; P.O. BOX 2903; MINNEAPOLIS; MN; 55402-0903; US Patent Application Number: 20030129205 Date filed: November 26, 2002 Abstract: The present invention is related to a method for modulating the immune system of a mammal patient towards an allergen, which comprises the step of inducing a pre-sensitisation of the immune system of said patient towards an immunogen carrying at least one T cell epitope homologous and functionally similar to an epitope present on said allergen and deriving from a naturally-occurring antigen in order to modify the response of said patient to a further sensitisation to said allergen, allowing that the immune response towards the allergen is modulated and that no allergy towards said allergen towards said allergen will be developed in said patient. Excerpt(s): The present invention is related to a composition and a method for modulating the immune response of a patient to an allergen and consequently preventing and/or treating allergy, especially airborne and foodborne allergies, as well as diseases of allergic origins. ... Allergic diseases have a major impact on public health, with more than 20% of the general population affected by at least one form of allergic manifestations, such as rhinitis, bronchial asthma, atopic eczema or systemic anaphylaxis to drugs or insect stings. ... Allergy, which is also called immediate hypersensitivity, is mediated by specific antibodies belonging to the IgE isotype. The mechanisms by which an allergic reaction develops are well elucidated, but the factors predisposing to allergy are poorly understood, as well as the factors governing the evolution during aging. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Composition and method for treating allergic diseases Inventor(s): Shih, Neng-Yang ; (North Carldwell, NJ) Correspondence: SCHERING-PLOUGH CORPORATION; PATENT DEPARTMENT (K6-1, 1990); 2000 GALLOPING HILL ROAD; KENILWORTH; NJ; 07033-0530; US Patent Application Number: 20010009918 Date filed: January 12, 2001 Abstract: The present invention is directed towards a pharmaceutical composition useful for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, asthma and related disorders. In one embodiment, the composition comprises, in combination, a therapeutically effective amount of at least one neurokinin antagonist, and a therapeutically effective amount of at least one 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to compositions and methods for treating allergic rhinitis and other respiratory diseases. It specifically discloses compositions which comprise (i) combinations of antagonists of neurokinin receptors and antagonists of leukotriene receptors, and (ii) combinations of antagonists of neurokinin receptors and inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase, as well as methods for treating the above-noted diseases using such compositions. ... Neurokinin ("NK") receptors such as the NK, and the NK.sub.2 receptors are found in the central nervous system and the circulatory system and the peripheral tissues of mammals, and are involved in a variety of biological processes. Antagonists of the neurokinin receptors are, therefore, expected to be useful in the treatment or prevention of various mammalian diseases such as, for example, pulmonary disorders such as asthma, cough, bronchospasm, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and airway hyperactivity; skin disorders and itch, for example, atopic dermatitis, and cutaneous wheal and flare; neurogenic inflammatory diseases such as, arthritis, migraine, nociception; CNS diseases such as anxiety, emesis, Parkinson's disease, movement disorders and psychosis; convulsive disorders, renal disorders, urinary incontinence, ocular inflammation, inflammatory pain, and eating disorders such as food intake inhibition; allergic rhinitis, neurodegenerative disorders, psoriasis, Huntington's disease, depression and various disorders such as Crohn's disease. NK.sub.1 receptors have been reported to be involved in microvascular leakage and mucus secretion, and NK.sub.2 receptors have been associated with smooth muscle contraction, making NK.sub.1 and NK.sub.2 receptor antagonists especially useful in the treatment and prevention of asthma. NK.sub.1 and NK.sub.2 receptor antagonists have been reported such as, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,798,359; 5,795,894; 5,789,422; 5,783,579; 5,719,156; 5,696,267; 5,691,362; 5,688,960; 5,654,316 (all assigned to ScheringPlough Corporation, Madison, N.J.); and in "Recent Advances in Neurokinin Receptor Antagonists", by C. J. Ohnmacht Jr., et al, Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, A. M. Doherty Ed., 33, 71-80 (1998). ... The products of the 5-lipoxygenase ("5-LO") pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism, particularly the leukotrienes, can mediate bronchoconstriction, mucous secretion, airway mucosal edema, chemotaxis and mobilization of cells into the airway in the inflammatory process of asthma. Therefore, inhibition of 5-LO should help cure, reduce or prevent such diseases. Similarly, leukotriene ("LK") antagonists play a role in treating the multitude of symptoms associated with diseases of the respiratory tract, such as season allergic rhinitis, perennial allergic rhinitis, common colds, sinusitis and concomitant symptoms associated with allergic asthma. The symptoms of such diseases may include sneezing, itching runny nose, nasal congestion, redness of the eye, tearing, itching of the ears or palate, and coughs associated with postnasal drip. A discussion of leukotriene receptors may be found in R. Robertson, Prostaglandins, 31, 395 (1986), and a discussion of leukotriene antagonists can be found in J. Musser et al, Agents and Actions, 18, 332 (1986), J. Piwinski et al, Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, 22, 73-76 (1987), and R. Bell et al, Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, 32, 91 (1997). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Composition for the prevention and /or treatment of lipid metabolism disorders and allergic forms Inventor(s): Pola, Pietro ; (Rome, IT) Correspondence: Arthur R Crawford; Nixon & Vanderhye; 1100 North Glebe Road 8th Floor; Arlington; VA; 22201-4714; US Patent Application Number: 20030017999 Date filed: July 16, 2002 Abstract: A composition is disclosed which can be used as a health food/dietary supplement or as a drug for the prevention and/or treatment of lipid metabolism disorders and allergic forms and for activating organic defences against infections and tumor processes, containing as its characterizing components isovaleryl L-carnitine and a polysaccharide selected from glucans and galactans. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition suitable for the prevention and/or treatment of lipid metabolism disorders and allergic forms and for activating immune defences. ... Accordingly, the composition may take the form and exert the activity of a health food or of an actual medicine, depending upon the supporting or preventive action or the more strictly therapeutic action which the composition is intended to exert according to the particular individuals in whom it is to be used. ... (b) a polysaccharide selected from the group consisting of phosphorylated, glycosylated or aminated glucans and galactans, or mixtures thereof. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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COMPOSITION, FORMULATIONS & METHOD FOR PREVENTION & TREATMENT OF DISEASES AND CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH BRONCHOCONSTRICTION, ALLERGY(IES) & INFLAMMATION Inventor(s): NYCE, JONATHAN W. ; (PRINCETON, NJ) Correspondence: VIVIANA AMZEL, PH.D.; EpiGenesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 7 Clarke Drive; Cranbury; NJ; 05812; US Patent Application Number: 20030087845 Date filed: June 9, 1998 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition effective for preventing and alleviating bronchoconstriction, allergy(ies) and/or inflammation comprises a surfactant and a nucleic acid comprising an oligonucleotide anti-sense to an adenosine A1, A2a, A2b or A3 receptor gene, mRNA, flanking regions or regions bridging the intro/exon borders, analogues which bind thymidine but have low adenosine content or exhibit lower or no adenosine receptor agonist activity, combinations thereof, physiologically acceptable salts thereof or mixtures thereof, and optionally a carrier and other agents such as therapeutic agents and formulation products known in the art. The composition is formulated for administration by a multiplicity of routes for the prevention or alleviation of diseases and conditions associated with breathing difficulties, impeded and obstructed airways, bronchoconstriction, allergy and/or inflammation. Among the appplications of this technology are the prevention and treatment of diseases and conditions such as asthma, kidney damage or failure, ARDS, pulmonary vasoconstriction, inflammation, allergies, impeded respiration, respiratory distress syndrome, pain, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary vasoconstriction,

322 Allergies

emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cancers such as leukemias, lymphomas, carcinomas, and the like, e.g. colon cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, kidney cancer, melanoma, hepatic, lung, breast, and prostate metastases, etc., to counter the renal damage and failure associated with ischemic conditions and the administration of certain drugs and radio active diagnostic and therapeutic agents, as well as a joint therapy with the administration of adenosine and adenosine-like agents in the treatment of arrhythmias such as SVT and in cardiovascular function tests (stress tests). The present agent(s) is (are) also suitable for administration before, during and after other treatments, including radiation, chemotherapy, antibody therapy, phototherapy and cancer, and other types of surgery. Alternatively, the present agent may be effectively administered preventatively, prophylactically or therapeutically, and in conjunction with other therapies, or by itself for conditions without known therapies or as a substitute for therapies that have significant negative side effects. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compositions and formulations of oligonucleotides and surfactants, which are highly effective for the prevention and treatment of diseases and conditions associated with difficult breathing, bronchoconstriction, impeded airways, allergy(ies) and inflammation of the lungs. ... Adenosine A.sub.1-mediated diseases and conditions, such as asthma and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), among others, are common diseases in industrialized countries, and in the United States alone account for extremely high health care costs. These diseases or conditions have recently been increasing at an alarming rate, both in terms of prevalence and mortality. Occupational asthma is predicted to be the preeminent occupational lung disease in the next decade. In many of these, the underlying causes remain poorly understood. ... Adenosine, a natural nucleoside, may constitute an important natural mediator of bronchial asthma and ARDS. The potential role of adenosine in these diseases or conditions is supported by experimental findings that, for example and in contrast to normal individuals, asthmatics respond to aerosolized adenosine with marked bronchoconstriction. Similarly, asthmatic rabbits produced using the dust mite allergic rabbit model of human asthma also were shown to respond to aerosolized adenosine with marked bronchoconstriction, while non-asthmatic rabbits showed no response. Recent work using this model system has suggested that adenosine-mediated bronchoconstriction in asthma is mediated through the stimulation of the adenosine A.sub.1 receptor. Other experimental data suggest the possibility that adenosine receptors may also be involved in allergic and inflammatory responses. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Compositions and methods for treating allergic fungal sinusitis Inventor(s): Seligman, Morton J. ; (Wyckoff, NJ) Correspondence: GIBBONS, DEL DEO, DOLAN, GRIFFINGER & VECCHIONE; 1 RIVERFRONT PLAZA; NEWARK; NJ; 07102-5497; US Patent Application Number: 20020151562 Date filed: January 30, 2002 Abstract: A method and composition for administering intranasally a composition comprising montelukast and pranlukast, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in order to treat rhinitis, and asthma in humans is disclosed to treat allergic fungal sinusitis in humans.

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Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/266,575 filed on Feb. 5, 2001 and which is hereby incorporated by reference. ... The present invention relates to compositions and methods for treating allergic fungal sinusitis in humans. ... Sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, and asthma are chronic inflammatory disorders of the airways. There are various treatments for these conditions which include corticosteroids (a type of anti-inflammatory medication found to be the most potent inhaled medication) antihistamines, decongestants, cromolyn sodium, nedocromil, and mild to moderate anti-inflammatory medications; long-acting and short-acting bata2-agonists; methylxanthines; anticholinergics; systemic corticosteroids; and anti-leukotriene agents used orally for asthma. It has been found that in cases where people have chronic rhinosinusitis, 93% of these patients have allergic fungal sinusitis ("AFS"). (U. Ponikau, "The Diagnosis and Incidence of Allergic Fungal Sinusitis," Clinical Procedures, 1999; 74:877,881). Individuals with AFS have been found to be resistant to treatment with the usual noted medications. Therefore the use of many of the treatments which have been successful in treating sinusitis and other chronic inflammatory disorders of the airways have not been effective in treating allergic fungal sinusitis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Compositions containing a benzamide disulfide derivative for treating allergic diseases Inventor(s): Hellberg, Mark R. ; (Arlington, TX), Feng, Zixia ; (Arlington, TX), Miller, Steven T. ; (Arlington, TX) Correspondence: Patrick M. Ryan(Q-148); Alcon Universal Ltd.; c/o Alcon Research, Ltd.; 6201 South Freeway; Fort Worth; TX; 76134-2099; US Patent Application Number: 20020065281 Date filed: April 25, 2001 Abstract: Methods and compositions for preventing or treating allergic diseases of the eye, nose, skin, ear, gastrointestinal tract, airways or lung and preventing or treating manifestations of systemic mastocytosis are disclosed. The compositions contain a mast cell stabilizing disulfide derivative as an active ingredient. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from now abandoned U.S. Provisional Application, U.S. Ser. No. 60/206,083, filed May 19, 2000. ... The present invention relates to the treatment of allergic diseases. More particularly, the present invention relates to therapeutic and prophylactic use of certain disulfide derivatives for treating or preventing allergic diseases. ... Antihistamines and mast cell stabilizers are two types of drugs currently used topically to treat allergic diseases. Antihistamine drugs are used to interrupt the allergic effects that histamine causes after it has been released from a mast cell. Many topical antihistamine drugs are marketed. For example, emedastine difumarate and levocabastine hydrochloride are available for ocular allergies (see Ophthalmic Drug Facts 1999, Facts and Comparisons, St. Louis, Mo., pp. 59-80). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Compositions of multimeric profilin for diagnosis and treatment of allergies Inventor(s): Babich, Michael ; (Auburn, CA) Correspondence: BARNES & THORNBURG; 2600 CHASE PLAZA; 10 LASALLE STREET; CHICAGO; IL; 60603 Patent Application Number: 20020168376 Date filed: February 27, 2002 Abstract: Multimers of plant profilin or functionally equivalent peptides are a preferred form for diagnosis and treatment of allergies. Natural and synthetic whole molecules or fragments that represent the multimers are used 1) as hyposensitizing agents for treatment of allergies and 2) for screening patients to determine profilin allergenicity Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/272,149 filed Feb. 28, 2001. ... Multimers of plant profilin are a preferred form for diagnosis and treatment of allergies. Natural and synthetic whole molecules or fragments that are functional equivalents of the multimers are used 1) as hyposensitizing agents for treatment for allergies; and 2) diagnostic agents for screening patients to determine profilin allergenicity. ... Profilins are cytoskeletal proteins expressed in all eukaryotic cells that sequester G-actin and bind to membrane-associated phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (Carlsson et al., 1976; Theriot and Mitchison, 1993; Sohn and Goldschmidt-Clermont, 1994; Goldschmidt-Clermont and Janmey, 1991; Baalout, 1996; Lassing and Lindberg, 1985; Valenta et al.,1993), thereby affecting both cell morphology and signal transduction. Profilins have been identified and purified from multiple sources (e.g., human cells, tree, grass, weed pollens) and have been produced by recombinant DNA technology (Valenta et al., 1992a, b; Vrtala et al., 1996a, b; Susani, 1995; Pauli et al., 1996; Kwitakowski and Bruns, 1988; Honore et al., 1993). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Compound and method for the prevention and/or the treatment of allergy Inventor(s): Jacquemin, Marc ; (Sart-Bernard, BE), Saint-Remy, Jean-Marie ; (GrezDoiceau, BE) Correspondence: WENDEROTH, LIND & PONACK, L.L.P.; 2033 K STREET N. W.; SUITE 800; WASHINGTON; DC; 20006-1021; US Patent Application Number: 20030152581 Date filed: September 10, 2002 Abstract: The present invention is related to a compound for the prevention and/or the treatment of allergy consisting of:at least one allergen antigenic determinant which is recognised by a B cell or an antibody secreted by a B cell of a non-atopic individual to said allergen, andat least one antigenic determinant of an antigen different from said allergen which triggers T cell activation. Excerpt(s): The present invention is related to a new compound and a new method for the prevention and/or the treatment of allergy and/or diseases of allergic origin, particularly immediate hypersensitivity allergy. ... Immediate hypersensitivity is a form of allergic reaction which develops very quickly, namely within seconds or minutes of exposure of the patient to the causative allergen. This immediate reaction can be followed by a second reaction of delayed onset that can lead to inflammatory changes in the target organ and manifests itself by chronic symptoms such as asthma or atopic

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dermatitis. ... Immediate hypersensitivity is mediated by antibodies belonging mainly, but not exclusively, to the IgE isotype. IgE antibodies bind to specific receptors on cells such as basophils, mastocytes or Langerhans' cells. Upon allergen exposure, surfacebound IgE transduce a signal into the cell, which is followed by cell activation, which in the case of basophils and mastocytes is accompanied by the release of preformed mediators such as histamine and enzymes, and the synthesis of metabolites of arachidonic acid. These mediators are responsible for the development of allergic signs and symptoms, such as bronchospasm, vasodilatation, hypersecretion of mucus and stimulation of sensory nerve ends resulting in pruritus. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Disulfide derivatives useful for treating allergic diseases Inventor(s): Miller, Steven T. ; (Arlington, TX), Hellberg, Mark R. ; (Arlington, TX), Feng, Zixia ; (Arlington, TX) Correspondence: ALCON RESEARCH, LTD.; R&D COUNSEL, Q-148; 6201 SOUTH FREEWAY; FORT WORTH; TX; 76134-2099; US Patent Application Number: 20020193633 Date filed: May 22, 2002 Abstract: Novel disulfide derivatives useful for preventing or treating allergic diseases of the eye, nose, skin, ear, gastrointestinal tract, airways or lung and preventing or treating manifestations of systemic mastocytosis are disclosed. The disulfide derivatives act as mast cell stabilizers. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from co-pending U.S. Provisional Application, U.S. Serial No. 60/205,827, filed May 19, 2000. ... The present invention relates to novel disulfide derivatives useful for treating allergic diseases. ... Antihistamines and mast cell stabilizers are two types of drugs currently used topically to treat allergic diseases. Antihistamine drugs are used to interrupt the allergic effects that histamine causes after it has been released from a mast cell. Many topical antihistamine drugs are marketed. For example, emedastine difumarate and levocabastine hydrochloride are available for ocular allergies (see Ophthalmic Drug Facts 1999, Facts and Comparisons, St. Louis, Mo., pp. 59-80). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Disulfide derivatives useful for treating allergic diseases Inventor(s): Miller, Steven T. ; (Arlington, TX), Hellberg, Mark R. ; (Arlington, TX), Feng, Zixia ; (Arlington, TX) Correspondence: ALCON RESEARCH, LTD.; R&D COUNSEL, Q-148; 6201 SOUTH FREEWAY; FORT WORTH; TX; 76134-2099; US Patent Application Number: 20020193634 Date filed: May 22, 2002 Abstract: Novel disulfide derivatives useful for preventing or treating allergic diseases of the eye, nose, skin, ear, gastrointestinal tract, airways or lung and preventing or treating manifestations of systemic mastocytosis are disclosed. The disulfide derivatives act as mast cell stabilizers.

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Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from co-pending U.S. Provisional Application, U.S. Serial No. 60/205,827, filed May 19, 2000. ... The present invention relates to novel disulfide derivatives useful for treating allergic diseases. ... Antihistamines and mast cell stabilizers are two types of drugs currently used topically to treat allergic diseases. Antihistamine drugs are used to interrupt the allergic effects that histamine causes after it has been released from a mast cell. Many topical antihistamine drugs are marketed. For example, emedastine difumarate and levocabastine hydrochloride are available for ocular allergies (see Ophthalmic Drug Facts 1999, Facts and Comparisons, St. Louis, Mo., pp. 59-80). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Ex-vivo priming for generating cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for non-tumor antigens to treat autoimmune and allergic disease Inventor(s): Cai, Zeling ; (San Diego, CA), DeGraw, Juli ; (San Diego, CA), Kong, Yan ; (Belle Mead, NJ), Shi, Wei-Xing ; (San Diego, CA), Jackson, Michael R. ; (Del Mar, CA), Peterson, Per A. ; (Basking Ridge, NJ) Correspondence: Janet E. Reed, Esq.; WOODCOCK WASHBURN LLP; 46th Floor; One Liberty Place; Philadelphia; PA; 19103; US Patent Application Number: 20030170212 Date filed: May 13, 2002 Abstract: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) specific for antigenic peptides derived from IgE molecule can be generated in vitro by stimulating resting naive CD8 T cells with IgE peptides presented by artificial antigen presenting cells. The IgE specific CTLs lyse the target cells loaded with IgE peptides in vitro and inhibit antigen specific IgE response in vivo. In addition, adoptive transfer of the IgE specific CTL to an asthmatic mouse model can inhibit the development of lung inflammation and airway hypersensitivity. IgE specific CTL provides a treatment for allergic asthma and other IgE-mediated allergic diseases. Antigenic peptides identified from non-tumor self-antigens induce specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) in vitro. The CTL induced by peptides identified from CD40L can kill activated CD4 T cells. In vitro generated CTL specific for CD40L inhibit CD4-dependent antibody responses of all isotypes in vivo. In contrast, CTL induced by antigenic peptides derived from IgE specifically inhibit IgE responses, and adoptive transfer of CD40L-specific CTL to NOD mice at early age delay the development of diabetes in NOD mice. In vitro generated CTL specific for non-tumor self-antigens expressed on activated CD4 T cells regulate immune responses in vivo. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. provisional application Serial No. 60/291,300, filed May 15, 2001, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. ... Immune responses to foreign antigens such as those found in bacteria and virus protect from and eliminate infections. However, aberrant immune responses can cause allergic diseases and autoimmune diseases. Immune responses to foreign, sometimes innocuous, substances such as pollen, dust mites, food antigens and bee sting can result in allergic diseases such as hay fever, asthma and systemic anaphylaxis. Immune responses to self-antigens such as pancreatic islet antigens and cartilage antigens can lead to diabetes and arthritis, respectively. The hallmark of the allergic diseases is activation of CD4 T cells and high production of IgE by B cells, whereas the salient feature of autoimmune diseases are activation of CD4 T cells and over production of inflammation cytokines. The current therapies have been focused on the treatment of symptoms of allergy and autoimmune diseases and do not prevent the

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development and progression of the diseases. ... CTLs are derived from resting nave CD8 T cells and recognize antigenic peptides presented by Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I molecules. When resting CD8 T cells encounter antigenic peptides/MHC complex presented by professional antigen presenting cells, CD8 T cells will be activated and differentiated into armed CTL. Upon recognition of peptide/MHC complexes on the target cells, the antigen specific CTL will deliver a lethal hit and lysis the antigen-expressing target cells, such as virus infected target cells or tumor cells. Activation of naive T cells in vivo is controlled by multiple receptor-ligand interactions between T cells and professional APC such as dendritic cells (R. M. Steinman, Annu. Rev. Immunol. (1991) 9:271-296). It is generally accepted that two signals are required for activation of naive T cells (C. A. Janeway and K. Bottomly, Cell (1994) 76:275-285). Signal 1 is induced by the interaction between TCR and MHC/peptide complexes (R. N. Germain, Cell (1994) 76:287-299) and is aided by binding of CD4/CD8 co-receptors to non-polymorphic regions of MHC class II/I molecules, respectively (M. C. Miceli and J. R. Parnes, Adv. Immunol. (1993) 53:59-122). Signal 2 is qualitatively different from Signal 1 and is delivered via T cell costimulatory molecules interacting with complementary ligands on APC, e.g. through CD28 interaction with B7 (P. S. Linsley and J. A. Ledbetter, Annu. Rev. Immunol. (1993) 11:191-212; Lenschow et al., Annu. Rev. Immunol. (1996) 14:233-258). Signals 1 and 2 function synergistically and trigger a series of signaling events which ultimately induce T cells to proliferate, produce cytokines and differentiate into effector cells (Mueller et al., Annu. Rev. Immunol. (1989) 7:445-480; A. Weiss and D. R. Littman, Cell (1994) 76:263-274). The relationship between Signals 1 and 2, however, is unclear. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Fusion molecules and treatment of IgE-mediated allergic diseases Inventor(s): Zhang, Ke ; (Los Angeles, CA), Saxon, Andrew ; (Santa Monica, CA), Zhu, Daocheng ; (Los Angeles, CA) Correspondence: KNOBBE MARTENS OLSON & BEAR LLP; 2040 MAIN STREET; FOURTEENTH FLOOR; IRVINE; CA; 91614; US Patent Application Number: 20030082190 Date filed: May 1, 2001 Abstract: The invention concerns bifunctional fusion molecules for the treatment of IgEmediated allergic conditions and Fc.epsilon.RI-mediated autoimmune conditions. The invention provides a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of both acute and latephase allergic responses due to ingestion, inhalation, cutaneous and parenteral exposure to allergens, responses including asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, severe food allergies, chronic urticaria and angioedema, as well as anaphylactic reactions due to exposures such as bee stings or penicillin allergy. In addition, the invention provides for a novel, safer and more efficacious form of allergy vaccination. Excerpt(s): The invention concerns a new approach for the management of IgE-mediated allergic diseases and other disorders mediated through IgE receptors (Fc.epsilon.Rs) using novel fusion molecules that are able to complex with an Fc.epsilon.R and an inhibitory receptor expressed on mast cells, basophils, or B cells, including inhibitory receptors having an immune receptor tyrosine-based inhibitory (ITIM) motif. ... Immunoglobulin receptors (also referred to as Fc receptors) are cell-surface receptors binding the constant region of immunoglobulins, and mediate various immunoglobulin functions other than antigen binding. Fc receptors for IgE molecules are found on many

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cell types of the immune system (Fridman, W., FASEB J, 5(12):2684-90 (1991)). There are two different receptors currently known for IgE. IgE mediates its biological responses as an antibody through the multichain high-affinity receptor, Fc.epsilon.RI, and the lowaffinity receptor, Fc.epsilon.RI. The high-affinity Fc.epsilon.RI, expressed on the surface of mast cells, basophils, and Langerhans cells, belongs to the immunoglobulin gene superfamily, and has a tetrameric structure composed of an .alpha.-chain, a .beta.-chain and two disulfide-linked .gamma.-chains (Adamczewski, M., and Kinet, J. P., Chemical Immun., 59:173-190 (1994)) that are required for receptor expression and signal transduction (Tunon de Lara, Rev. Mal. Respir., 13(1):27-36 (1996)). The .alpha.-chain of the receptor interacts with the distal portion of the third constant domain of the IgE heavy chain. The specific amino acids of human IgE involved in binding to human Fc.epsilon.RI have been identified as including Arg-408, Ser-41 1, Lys-415, Glu-452, Arg465, and Met-469 (Presta et al., J. Biol. Chem. 269:26368-73 (1994)). The interaction is highly specific with a binding constant of about 10.sup.10 M.sup.-1. ... The low-affinity Fc.epsilon.RII receptor, represented on the surface of inflammatory cells, including eosinophils, leukocytes, B lymphocytes, and platelets, did not evolve from the immunoglobulin superfamily but has substantial homology with several animal lectins (Yodoi et al., Ciba Found. Symp., 147:133-148 (1989)) and is made up of a transmembrane chain with an intracytoplasmic NH2 terminus. The low-affinity receptor, Fc.epsilon.RII (CD23) is currently known to have two forms (Fc.epsilon.RIIa and Fc.epsilon.RIIb), both of which have been cloned and sequenced. They differ only in the N-terminal cytoplasmic region, the extracellular domains being identical. Fc.epsilon.RIIa is normally expressed on B cells, while Fc.epsilon.RIIb is expressed on T cells, B cells, monocytes and eosinophils upon induction by the cytokine IL-4. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Hypoallergenic dietary composition and method for diagnosing food allergies in companion animals Inventor(s): Reinhart, Gregory Allen ; (Dayton, OH), Sunvold, Gregory Dean ; (Eaton, OH), Hayek, Michael G. ; (Dayton, OH) Correspondence: SCHWEGMAN LUNDBERG WOESSNER & KLUTH P A; P O BOX 2938; MINNEAPOLIS; MN; 55402; US Patent Application Number: 20030072786 Date filed: May 8, 2000 Abstract: A hypoallergenic dietary composition is provided for companion animals such as dogs and cats which contains a source of hydrolyzed protein, a source of fat, and a source of carbohydrates. The composition preferably further includes a fiber source. The dietary composition may also be administered to companion animals as a method of managing and/or diagnosing food allergies. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a dietary composition for diagnosing and managing food allergies in companion animals such as dogs and cats, and more particularly, to a hypoallergenic dietary composition which utilizes hydrolyzed protein as the sole protein source. ... An ongoing challenge in the veterinary community has been the diagnosis and management of food allergies in companion animals such as dogs and cats. Food allergies often result in dermal and gastrointestinal disease in dogs, which can develop food hypersensitivities from the age of 2 months to over 12 years. Other symptoms associated with food allergies in dogs include chronic diarrhea, malabsorption of nutrients, weight loss, abdominal pain, and lethargy. ... The major

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food allergens are water-soluble glycoproteins with molecular weights ranging from 10,000 to 60,000 daltons. The primary causes of food hypersensitivity in dogs are dairy products, beef, and plant proteins, while cats predominately develop food hypersensitivities to fish and dairy products. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Immunostimulatory nucleic acid for treatment of non-allergic inflammatory diseases Inventor(s): Berg, Daniel J. ; (Iowa City, IA), Krieg, Arthur M. ; (Wellesley, MA) Correspondence: WOLF GREENFIELD & SACKS, PC; FEDERAL RESERVE PLAZA; 600 ATLANTIC AVENUE; BOSTON; MA; 02210-2211; US Patent Application Number: 20030050268 Date filed: March 29, 2002 Abstract: The invention provides methods and compositions for using immunostimulatory nucleic acids to treat non-allergic inflammatory diseases. Nonallergic inflammatory diseases that may be treated according to the methods and products of the invention include psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease. The invention further provides methods for augmenting a Th1 response to immunostimulatory nucleic acid involving inhibition of prostaglandin-mediated counter-regulatory response. Excerpt(s): This invention claims benefit of United States Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/279,642, filed Mar. 29, 2001, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. ... The present invention relates to immunostimulatory nucleic acids and methods of using the immunostimulatory nucleic acids in the treatment of nonallergic inflammation. ... Inflammation is an infiltrative type of immune cell-mediated host defense mechanism that, unlike acquired immunity, lacks both antigen specificity and antigen memory. In many respects inflammation is a type of natural or innate immunity, mediated by a combination of certain types of immune cells and secreted products of immune cells. The immune cells principally involved in inflammation include granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinosphils, and basophils), phagocytic cells (monocytes and macrophages), natural killer (NK) cells, and T lymphocytes (T cells). Monocytes and macrophages phagocytose materials foreign to the host and degrade them within lysosomes. These cells also secrete enzymes, reactive oxygen species, and lipid mediators including leukotrienes and prostaglandins, all of which can not only serve to protect the host but also can cause unwanted damage to uninvolved bystander cells. The inflammatory response further includes the recruitment and localization of neutrophils and other inflammatory cells, under the direction of cytokines and chemokines secreted by the monocytes and macrophages. Among the cytokines involved in promoting inflammation are interferon (IFN)-.alpha., IFN-.beta., IFN.gamma., tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-.alpha., TNF-.beta., interleukin (IL)-1.beta., IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12. Conversely, anti-inflammatory cytokines are believed to include IL-10. Additional soluble factors released as part of the inflammatory response include certain plasma proteases, including complement; vasoactive kinins, including bradykinin; and clotting and fibrinolytic factors (factor XII and plasmin). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Immunostimulatory nucleic acids for the treatment of asthma and allergy Inventor(s): Petersen, Deanna M. ; (Newton, MA), Bratzler, Robert L. ; (Concord, MA), Fouron, Yves ; (Marlboro, MA) Correspondence: Helen C. Lockhart; c/o Wolf Greenfield & Sacks, P.C.; Federal Reserve Plaza; 600 Atlantic Avenue; Boston; MA; 02210; US Patent Application Number: 20030087848 Date filed: February 2, 2001 Abstract: The invention involves administration of an immunostimulatory nucleic acid alone or in combination with an asthma/allergy medicament for the treatment or prevention of asthma and allergy in subjects. The combination of drugs are administered in synergistic amounts or in various dosages or at various time schedules. The invention also relates to kits and compositions concerning the combination of drugs. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority under Title 35 .sctn.119(e), of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/179,991, filed Feb. 3, 2000, entitled IMMUNOSTIMULATORY NUCLEIC ACIDS FOR THE TREATMENT OF ASTHMA AND ALLERGY, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. ... Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease effecting 14-15 million persons in the U.S. alone. Symptoms of asthma include recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, and chest tightness, and coughing, resulting from airflow obstruction. Airway inflammation associated with asthma can be detected through observation of a number of physiological changes, such as, denudation of airway epithelium, collagen deposition beneath basement membrane, edema, mast cell activation, inflammatory cell infiltration, including neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes. As a result of the airway inflammation, asthma patients often experience airway hyper-responsiveness, airflow limitation, respiratory symptoms, and disease chronicity. Airflow limitations include acute bronchoconstriction, airway edema, mucous plug formation, and airway remodeling, features which often lead to bronchial obstruction. In some cases of asthma, subbasement membrane fibrosis may occur, leading to persistent abnormalities in lung function. ... Research over the past several years has revealed that asthma likely results from complex interactions among inflammatory cells, mediators, and other cells and tissues resident in the airway. Mast cells, eosinophils, epithelial cells, macrophage, and activated T-cells all play an important role in the inflammatory process associated with asthma (Djukanovic et al., Am. Rev. Respir. Dis; 142:434-457; 1990). It is believed that these cells can influence airway function through secretion of preformed and newly synthesized mediators which can act directly or indirectly on the local tissue. It has also been recognized that subpopulations of T-lymphocytes (TH-2) play an important role in regulating allergic inflammation in the airway by releasing selective cytokines and establishing disease chronicity (Robinson, et al. N. Engl. J. Med.; 326:298-304; 1992). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Kit and method for detecting food allergies Inventor(s): Lee, Martin Jerome ; (Jerusalem, IL) Correspondence: BROWDY AND NEIMARK, P.L.L.C.; 624 Ninth Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20001; US Patent Application Number: 20020131893 Date filed: March 15, 2001 Abstract: The invention concerns a home kit and a method for detection of food allergies by determining the presence of antibodies against specific antigens in a stool sample. Excerpt(s): The present invention is generally in the field of kits, and more specifically concerns kits for domestic use for the self-detection of various physiological conditions. ... The "food allergy" refers to adverse immunologic reactions to food. Food allergy is typically mediated by IgE antibodies directed to a specific food protein, but other immunologic mechanisms can also play a role in this phenomena. The primary target organs for food allergy reactions are the skin, the gastrointestinal tract, and the respiratory system. ... Both acute reactions (hives and anaphylaxis) and chronic diseases (asthma, atopic dermatitis and gastrointestinal disorders) may be cause or exacerbated by food allergy. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method and compositions for the treatment of allergic conditions using pgd2 receptor antagonists Inventor(s): Jones, Thomas R. ; (Kirkland, CA) Correspondence: MERCK AND CO INC; P O BOX 2000; RAHWAY; NJ; 070650907 Patent Application Number: 20030055077 Date filed: September 25, 2002 Abstract: Prostaglandin D2 receptor antagonists in conjunction with an antihistamine and/or a leukotriene antagonist are useful in the treatment of allergic conditions. Excerpt(s): Histamine, cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs), prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and thromboxane A.sub.2 (TxA.sub.2) are considered to be key mediators in allergic conditions such as allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis (Chan et al., 1989; Narita et al., 1996; Yamasaki et al., 1997; Yasui et al., 1997; Fujita et al., 1997). Released by activated mast cells they have been shown to increase microvascular permeability, blood flow, intranasal pressure and mucus secretion. These mediators assert their physiological effects primarily through interaction with their respective receptors; accordingly, treatments for allergic conditions have included agents that can block or otherwise interrupt such interactions. For example, anti-histamines and leukotriene D4 receptor antagonists have been shown previously to be effective in a guinea pig model of allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis. (Chan et al., 1989). Leukotriene antagonists are now part of the arsenal for the treatment of asthma, and antihistamines have long been used to treat symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Because allergic conditions are attributed to multiple mediators, blocking the interaction of one mediator with its receptor may not be sufficient to alleviate the multitude of symptoms often associated with allergic conditions. ... Thus, while antihistamines have been shown efficacious for preventing and relieving sneezing, itching, rhinorrhea and other symptoms of the early allergic response, they have not been found to be very effective for relief of the nasal blockage

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which is characteristic of the later stages of an allergic reaction. Thus, it has been common to concurrently administer sympathomimetic amine decongestant drugs, such as phenylpropanolamine or pseudoephedrine which function as alpha-adrenoceptor agonists; several combination products containing both antihistamine and sympathomimetic amine decongestants are commercially available. However, not all allergy sufferers should use these decongestant drugs, due to their frequently observed central nervous system and cardiovascular side effects which include agitation, sleeplessness, tachycardia, angina pectoris and hypertension. Recently, phenylpropanolamine was withdrawn from the US market. ... It would be desirable to have available a treatment for allergic conditions which provides relief from all of the common symptoms thereof, particularly a treatment for allergic rhinitis that includes relief from nasal congestion, but which does not exhibit adverse nervous system or cardiovascular effects associated with sympathomimetic amines. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Method for testing for allergic disease Inventor(s): Saito, Hirohisa ; (Tokyo, JP), Hashida, Ryoichi ; (Kanagawa, JP), Oshida, Tadahiro ; (Kanagawa, JP), Nagata, Naoko ; (Kanagawa, JP), Yoshida, Nei ; (Kanagawa, JP), Sugita, Yuji ; (Kanagawa, JP) Correspondence: LAHIVE & COCKFIELD; 28 STATE STREET; BOSTON; MA; 02109; US Patent Application Number: 20030148312 Date filed: July 24, 2002 Abstract: An objective of the present invention is to provide a method for testing for an allergic disease and a method of screening for a therapeutic agent for allergic diseases.MAL was identified as a gene the expression level of which is significantly increased in T cells contained in the peripheral blood monocyte (PBMC) upon stimulation thereof with a mite allergen in vitro. The present inventors found that this gene can be used in testing for allergic diseases and in screening for agents and compounds useful in the treatment of allergic diseases. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for testing for an allergic disease. ... Allergic diseases are considered to be multifactorial diseases. In other words, bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis are caused by the interaction of many different genes, each of which is influenced by various environmental factors. Thus, it has been extremely difficult to identify a specific gene which causes a allergic disease. ... The expression of mutated or defective genes, or overexpression or reduction of the expression of specific gene is thought to be involved in allergic diseases. To elucidate the role of gene expression in diseases, it is necessary to understand how a gene is involved in triggering disease onset and how expression of the gene is altered by external stimulants such as drugs. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method for the production of conjugates and uses thereof for the prevention and treatment of allergic reactions and autoimmune diseases Inventor(s): Gelfand, Erwin ; (Englewood, CO), Schlegel, Werner ; (Chancy, CH), Borel, Yves ; (Vandoeuvres, CH) Correspondence: FINNEGAN, HENDERSON, FARABOW, GARRETT & DUNNER; LLP; 1300 I STREET, NW; WASHINGTON; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20030161837 Date filed: February 14, 2003 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for the preparation of a conjugate comprising a first and a second polypeptide, said method comprising the steps of (a) incubating said first polypeptide in the presence of a heterobifunctional crosslinker comprising an N-hydroxylsuccinimide ester group and a maleimide group linked via a polyethylene oxide spacer; (b) removing excess heterobifunctional crosslinker; and (c) incubating the reaction product of step (b) with said second polypeptide, wherein said second polypeptide comprises at least one sulfhydryl group. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a conjugate obtainable by the method of the present invention. Also described is a pharmaceutical composition comprising the conjugate of the present invention and, optionally, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or diluent, and the use of the conjugate for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for preventing and/or treating an allergic disease or an autoimmune disease. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for the preparation of a conjugate comprising a first and a second polypeptide, said method comprising the steps of (a) incubating said first polypeptide in the presence of a heterobifunctional crosslinker comprising an N-hydroxylsuccinimide ester group and a maleimide group linked via a polyethylene oxide spacer; (b) removing excess heterobifunctional crosslinker; and (c) incubating the reaction product of step (b) with said second polypeptide, wherein said second polypeptide comprises at least one sulfhydryl group. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a conjugate obtainable by the method of the present invention. Also described is a pharmaceutical composition comprising the conjugate of the present invention and, optionally, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or diluent, and the use of the conjugate for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for preventing and/or treating an allergic disease or an autoimmune disease. ... Immunologic tolerance may be defined as a state of antigen-specific unresponsiveness induced by preexposure to an antigen. If the antigen is an allergen, the immune response is defined as allergy, an adverse reaction with an immunologic basis mediated by IgE immunoglobulin (Sampson (1986), J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 78:212-219). The immune system may also be a cause of disease or other undesirable consequences, when the principle of self/nonself recognition breaks down and the body's own components are recognized as non-self (autoantigens) in which case autoimmune diseases can ensue. ... Interest in immunologic tolerance, discovered by Medawar almost half a century ago (Billingham et al. (1953), Nature 172:603-606), has increased for two main reasons: (1) Several of its mechanisms, such as clonal deletion (Kappler et al. (1987), Cell 49:273-280), anergy (Jenkins and Schwartz (1987), J. Exp. Med. 165:302-319), and regulatory T cells (Gershon and Kondo (1971), Immunology 21:903-914) have been uncovered. (2) Both systemic and oral tolerance (Cremer et al. (1983), J. Immunol. 131:2995-3000; Weiner et al. (1994), Ann. Rev. Immunol. 12:809-837) can be induced to, it is hoped, prevent either autoimmune or allergic diseases. For example, several strategies have been used in trying to prevent allergy, including administration of modified allergen (Lee and Sehon (1977), Nature 267:618-649), allergen linked to nonimmunogenic carriers (Katz et al. (1971), J. Exp. Med.

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134:201-203), single peptides (Muckerheide et al. (1977), J. Immunol. 119:1340-1345), or an allergen-antibody complex (Machiels et al. (1990), J. Clin. Invest. 85:1024-1035). It is known that antigen presentation can influence the type of immune response. Not only haptens (Borel (1989), in "Concepts in Immunopathology", Cruse and Lewis (Eds.), 7:145-161, Karger, Basel; Sehon (1982), Prog. Allergy 32:161-202) but also proteins covalently linked to a carrier molecule naturally tolerated by the host, such as isologous immunoglobulin, can induce unresponsiveness to these proteins (Filion et al. (1980), Cell Immunol. 54:115-128; Borel and Borel (1990), J. Immunol. Methods 126:159-168). However, although the above strategies proved to be partially successful, there is still a need for allergen and/or auto-antigen comprising conjugates with improved therapeutic properties. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Method for treating allergic lung disease Inventor(s): Carson, Dennis A. ; (Del Mar, CA), Raz, Eyal ; (Del Mar, CA) Correspondence: BOZICEVIC, FIELD & FRANCIS LLP; 200 MIDDLEFIELD RD; SUITE 200; MENLO PARK; CA; 94025; US Patent Application Number: 20030027782 Date filed: May 13, 2002 Abstract: The invention is directed to a method for treating both the early and late phases of allergic asthma by introducing naked polynucleotides which operatively encode for the asthma-initiating antigen into the host. The antigen-encoding polynucleotides are administered to host tissues which contain a high concentration of antigen presenting cells (e.g., skin and mucosa) relative to other host tissues. Expression of the asthma-initiating antigen encoding polynucleotides of the invention inside of antigen presenting cells (without substantial secretion therefrom) induces antigen tolerance while suppressing IgE antibody formation in the early phase of the disease, and also suppresses cytokine-mediated eosinophil accumulation in the late phase of the disease. Devices and compositions for use in the methods of the invention are also described. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/333,068, filed Nov. 1, 1994, which is in turn a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/112,440, filed in the United States Patent and Trademark Office on Aug. 26, 1993. ... The invention relates to a method for treating both the early and late phases of allergic lung disease. In particular, the invention relates to a method for immunizing a host against allergic asthma through use of asthma-initiating antigen-encoding polynucleotide compositions. ... Asthma is one of the common chronic lung diseases of industrialized countries. The airway narrowing which characterizes the disease is associated with antigen stimulated immune system activation, including elevation of antigen-specific IgE levels in the early phase of the disease and eosinophil infiltration of lung tissue in the late phase of the disease. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method of examining allergic disease Inventor(s): Ohtani, Noriko ; (Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, JP), Sugita, Yuji ; (Kawasakishi, Kanagawa, JP), Matsui, Keiko ; (Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, JP), Yoshida, Nei ; (Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, JP), Izuhara, Kenji ; (Saga-shi, Saga, JP) Correspondence: LAHIVE & COCKFIELD; 28 STATE STREET; BOSTON; MA; 02109; US Patent Application Number: 20030152956 Date filed: December 9, 2002 Abstract: Six genes, whose expressions were greatly changed in a plurality of cells by stimulating respiratory tract epithelial cells with IL-4 or IL-13, were obtained as allergy related genes. This invention provides a method of testing for allergic diseases, and method of screening for compounds useful in treating such diseases, that use as indicators, expression levels of these genes in biological samples. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of testing for an allergic disease. ... Bronchial asthma is considered to be a multifactorial disease. In other words, bronchial asthma is caused by the interaction of many different genes, each of which is influenced by various environmental factors. Thus, it has been extremely difficult to identify a specific gene which causes bronchial asthma. ... Currently, bronchial asthma is categorized as a chronic inflammatory disease of the respiratory tract. It has been pointed out that allergic reactions at the respiratory tract mucosa and bronchial smooth muscle is closely involved in pathologic formation of bronchial asthma. Therefore, understanding the condition of allergic reactions in these tissues is an important issue in diagnosis of bronchial asthma. In addition, control of allergic reactions is an issue in treatment of bronchial asthma. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method of preparing low allergic natural rubber latex and deproteinized natural rubber latex, and low allergic natural rubber and deproteinized natural rubber Inventor(s): Hayashi, Masaharu ; (Tokyo, JP), Miyamoto, Yoshiaki ; (Kobe-shi, JP), Ichikawa, Naoya ; (Kobe-shi, JP) Correspondence: BIRCH STEWART KOLASCH & BIRCH; PO BOX 747; FALLS CHURCH; VA; 22040-0747; US Patent Application Number: 20020091232 Date filed: November 8, 2001 Abstract: A method of preparing a low allergic natural rubber latex which is less likely to cause allergy, comprising adding a protease having an exopeptidase activity to a natural rubber latex and aging the natural rubber latex, thereby to decompose a protein in the latex to such a degree that the protein and a protein decomposition product, which have a number-average molecular weight of 4500 or more, are not detected; a method of preparing a deproteinized natural rubber latex which is less likely to cause allergy, comprising adding an alkali protease to a natural rubber latex, thereby to decompose a protein in the latex, adding a protease having an exopeptidase activity, thereby to further decompose the protein and a decomposition product thereof in the latex, and removing the protein and the decomposition product thereof; a low allergic natural rubber obtained by a decomposition treatment of a protein, wherein the protein

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and a protein decomposition product, which have a number-average molecular weight of 4500 or more, are not detected; and a deproteinized natural rubber obtained by a decomposition treatment and a removing treatment of a protein, wherein the content of the protein is 0.02% or less in terms of a nitrogen content, an absorption at 3280 cm.sup.1 is not recognized in an infrared absorption spectrum, and the protein and a protein decomposition product, which have a number-average molecular weight of 4500 or more, are not detected. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of preparing a natural rubber latex and a method of preparing a deproteinized natural rubber latex, which are less likely to cause allergy, and a low allergic natural rubber and a deproteinized natural rubber. ... Natural rubbers have widely been used in various fields, for example, household appliances such as glove, medical appliances such as surgical glove and various catheters, lactation appliances, contraceptive device and the like because of features such as large extension, high elasticity and strong film strength. It has recently been reported that, when using medical appliances made of the natural rubber, such as surgical glove and various catheters, immediate (I type) allergy, which shows symptoms such as respiratory distress and a naphylactoid symptom (e.g. vascular edema, urttication, cyanosis, etc.), is caused. It is presumed that such immediate allergy is caused by a protein, as an antigen, in the natural rubber. ... Accordingly, a trial of highly removing a protein in a natural rubber latex has recently been made and Japanese Patent No. 2,905,005 [Japanese Published Unexamined Patent (Kokai Tokkyo Koho Hei) No.6-56902] discloses a method of adding a proteolytic enzyme such as alkali protease and a surfactant in a natural rubber latex, thereby subjecting to a deproteinization treatment, and sufficiently washing the latex by a centrifugation treatment. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Method of preventing the onset of allergic disorders Inventor(s): Presta, Leonard G. ; (San Francisco, CA), Jardieu, Paula M. ; (Berkeley, CA) Correspondence: GENENTECH, INC.; 1 DNA WAY; SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO; CA; 94080; US Patent Application Number: 20010038839 Date filed: March 8, 2001 Abstract: The present invention describes IgE antagonists (including variant anti-IgE antibodies) and their use in diagnosis, therapy or prophylaxis of allergic and other IgEmediated disorders, including asthma, food allergies, hypersensitivity and anaphylactic reactions. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation filed under 37 C.F.R. .sctn. 1.53(b)(1) of U.S. Ser. No. 08/405,617, filed on Mar. 15, 1995, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 08/185,899, filed on Jan. 26, 1994, now abandoned, which is a 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 371 of PCT/US92/06860, filed on Aug. 14, 1992, which is a continuation-in-part of both U.S. Ser. No. 07/879,495, filed on May 7, 1992, now abandoned and U.S. Ser. No. 07/744,768, filed on Aug. 14, 1991, now abandoned; all of which are incorporated by reference and to which application priority is claimed under 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 120. ... This invention relates to amino acid sequence variant anti-IgE antibodies and to polypeptides containing IgE sequences, especially IgE antagonists and to polypeptides capable of differential binding to Fc.epsilon.RI and Fc.epsilon.RII. ... IgE is a member of the immunoglobulin family that mediates allergic responses such as asthma, food allergies,

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type 1 hypersensitivity and the familiar sinus inflammation suffered on a widespread basis. IgE is secreted by, and expressed on the surface of, B-cells. IgE synthesized by Bcells is anchored in the B-cell membrane by a transmembrane domain linked to the mature IgE sequence by a short membrane binding region. IgE also is bound to B-cells (and monocytes, eosinophils and platelets) through its Fc region to a low affinity IgE receptor (Fc.epsilon.RII, hereafter "FCEL"). Upon exposure of a mammal to an allergen, B-cells are clonally amplified which synthesize IgE that binds the allergen. This IgE in turn is released into the circulation by the B-cells where it is bound by B-cells (through the FCEL) and by mast cells and basophils through the so-called high affinity receptor (Fc.epsilon.RI, hereinafter "FCEH") found on the surface of the mast cells and basophils. Such mast cells and basophils are thereby sensitized for allergen. The next exposure to the allergen cross-links the Fc.epsilon.RI on these cells and thus activates their release of histamine and other factors which are responsible for clinical hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Method of treating allergic disorders Inventor(s): Presta, Leonard G. ; (San Francisco, CA), Jardieu, Paula M. ; (Berkeley, CA) Correspondence: GENENTECH, INC.; 1 DNA WAY; SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO; CA; 94080; US Patent Application Number: 20010033842 Date filed: March 8, 2001 Abstract: The present invention describes IgE antagonists (including variant anti-IgE antibodies) and their use in diagnosis, therapy or prophylaxis of allergic and other IgEmediated disorders, including asthma, food allergies, hypersensitivity and anaphylactic reactions. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation filed under 37 C.F.R. .sctn. 1.53(b)(1) of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/405,617, filed on Mar. 15, 1995, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/185,899, filed on Jan. 26, 1994, now abandoned, which is a 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 371 of PCT/US92/06860, filed on Aug. 14, 1992, which is a continuation-in-part of both U.S. application Ser. No. 07/879,495, filed on May 7, 1992, now abandoned and U.S. application Ser. No. 07/744,768, filed on Aug. 14, 1991, now abandoned; all of which are incorporated by reference and to which application priority is claimed under 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 120. ... This invention relates to amino acid sequence variant anti-IgE antibodies and to polypeptides containing IgE sequences, especially IgE antagonists and to polypeptides capable of differential binding to Fc.epsilon.RI and Fc.epsilon.RII. ... IgE is a member of the immunoglobulin family that mediates allergic responses such as asthma, food allergies, type 1 hypersensitivity and the familiar sinus inflammation suffered on a widespread basis. IgE is secreted by, and expressed on the surface of, Bcells. IgE synthesized by B-cells is anchored in the B-cell membrane by a transmembrane domain linked to the mature IgE sequence by a short membrane binding region. IgE also is bound to B-cells (and monocytes, eosinophils and platelets) through its Fc region to a low affinity IgE receptor (Fc.epsilon.RII, hereafter "FCEL"). Upon exposure of a mammal to an allergen, B-cells are clonally amplified which synthesize IgE that binds the allergen. This IgE in turn is released into the circulation by the B-cells where it is bound by B-cells (through the FCEL) and by mast cells and basophils through the socalled high affinity receptor (Fc.epsilon.RI, hereinafter "FCEH") found on the surface of the mast cells and basophils. Such mast cells and basophils are thereby sensitized for

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allergen. The next exposure to the allergen cross-links the Fc.epsilon.RI on these cells and thus activates their release of histamine and other factors which are responsible for clinical hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Methods and compositions for decreasing allergic reactions to surface allergens Inventor(s): Caplan, Michael ; (Woodbridge, CT), Sosin, Howard ; (Fairfeild, CT) Correspondence: Choate, Hall & Stewart; Exchange Place; 53 State Street; Boston; MA; 02109; US Patent Application Number: 20010051155 Date filed: July 2, 2001 Abstract: IgE binding epitopes on allergens which induce allergic symptoms following surface contact, such as those associated with latex rubber and cat allergies, among others, can be blocked. Molecules which bind to these epitopes can be identified and synthesized and then formulated to coat or blend with the allergenic surface to prevent patient IgE from gaining access to the allergenic epitopes. In one embodiment, the molecules are antibodies or antibody fragments which selectively bind to the epitopes that elicit the allergic response. In another embodiment, the masking reagents are peptides which mimic antibody fragments and bind to the relevant epitopes on the allergens. In a third embodiment, the cDNAs encoding Fab fragments which bind to the relevant antigens are isolated and the Fab proteins encoded by these cDNAs are prepared. These proteins can then be used in an assay to screen a combinatorial chemical library for compounds which bind to the relevant allergen and block the binding of the recombinant Fab fragments. These compounds are then used directly as masking reagents to block the IgE-binding epitopes on the relevant surface antigens. The masking compounds can be applied directly to or blended with the materials at the time or manufacture or later. Excerpt(s): This invention is generally in the field of compositions to reduce allergic responses to surface allergens generally, such as latexes and other materials. ... Allergic disease is a common health problem. Allergies exist to foods, molds, pollens, grasses, trees, insects, pets, fleas, ticks and other substances present in the environment. Some allergic reactions (especially those to foods and insects) can be so severe as to be life threatening. The majority of allergens discussed above elicit a reaction when ingested, inhaled, or injected. Allergens can also elicit a reaction based solely on contact with the skin. Animal fur is one common allergen. Another well known example is latex rubber which is used in many products such as medical supplies and personal protective equipment. ... Latex rubber products are manufactured from a milky fluid derived from the rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis and other processing chemicals. Proteins in latex rubber can cause a range of allergic reactions. Additionally, the proteins responsible for the allergic reactions can adhere to the powder placed in latex rubber gloves. This powder can be inhaled, causing exposure through the lungs. Two types of reactions can occur in persons sensitive to latex rubber: irritant contact dermatitis, and immediate systemic hypersensitivity. These reactions are mediated by IgE. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Methods and compositions for the treatment of pain and other hormone-allergyrelated symptoms using dilute hormone solutions Inventor(s): Roby, Russell R. ; (Austin, TX) Correspondence: BAKER BOTTS L.L.P.; PATENT DEPARTMENT; 98 SAN JACINTO BLVD., SUITE 1500; AUSTIN; TX; 78701-4039; US Patent Application Number: 20030096801 Date filed: November 14, 2002 Abstract: A method and composition for the treatment of hormone allergy is disclosed. The method relates to using progesterone dilutions, or any other steroid hormone, to treat the systemic symptoms of hormone allergy, including pain. The composition of the hormone dilutions ranges from 10.sup.-1 to 10.sup.-5. The hormone dilution may be administered sublingually, or, in the alternative, an intradermal route of administration may be chosen. Hormone dilutions may be administered at daily intervals or on any other treatment schedule as required to alleviate a patient's symptoms. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit, under 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 119(e), of previously filed provisional application Methods And Compositions For The Treatment Of Allergy Using Dilute Hormone Solutions, Ser. No. 60/332,475, filed Nov. 16, 2001. ... The present invention relates in general to the treatment of pain and other hormoneallergy-related symptoms and in specific to the use of a dilute hormone solution for the treatment of pain and hormone-allergy symptoms. ... Hormone allergy has been previously described in the medical literature as premenstrual asthma. Skobeloff E. M., Spivey W. H., Silverman R. A., Ekin B. A., Harchelroad F. P., Alessi T. V.: The effect of the menstrual cycle on asthma presentations in the emergency department. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 1837-40. Claude F.: Asthma et menstruation. Presse Med 1938; 46: 755759; Eliasson O., Scherzer H., DeGraff A. C.: Morbidity in asthma in relation to the menstrual cycle. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1986: 77: 87-94; Chandler M. H., Schuldheisz S., Phillips B., Muse K. N.: Pre-menstrual asthma: the effect of estrogen on symptoms, pulmonary function, and beta 2-receptors. Pharmacology 1997; 17(2): 224-234. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Methods for treating allergic asthma using descarboethoxyloratadine Inventor(s): Handley, Dean A. ; (Westborough, MA), Rubin, Paul D. ; (Sudbury, MA) Correspondence: PENNIE & EDMONDS LLP; 1667 K STREET NW; SUITE 1000; WASHINGTON; DC; 20006 Patent Application Number: 20020040034 Date filed: April 24, 2000 Abstract: Methods utilizing descarboethoxyloratadine ("DCL"), for the treatment of allergic disorders, while avoiding the concomitant liability of adverse side-effects associated with other non-sedating antihistamines. Also included are methods for the treatment of allergic asthma using DCL and either a decongestant or a leukotriene inhibitor, while avoiding the concomitant liability of adverse side-effects associated with other non-sedating antihistamines. The invention also encompasses the administration of DCL in a nasal or oral spray. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods of treatment involving the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a metabolic derivative of

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loratadine known as descarboethoxyloratadine. ... Loratadine is an antagonist of the H-1 histamine receptor protein. The histamine receptors H-1 and H-2 are two well-identified forms. The H-1 receptors are those that mediate the response antagonized by conventional antihistamines. H-1 receptors are present, for example, in the ileum, the skin, and the bronchial smooth muscle of man and other mammals. ... Loratadine binds preferentially to peripheral rather than to central H-1 receptors. Quercia et al., Hosp. Formul. 28: 137-53 (1993). Loratadine has been shown to be a more potent inhibitor of serotonin-induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs than terfenadine. Id. at 137-38. Its antiallergenic activity in animal models was shown to be comparable to that of terfenadine and astemizole. Id. at 138. However, using standard animal model testing, on a milligram by milligram basis, loratadine was shown to be four times more potent than terfenadine in the inhibition of allergic bronchospasm. Id. Moreover, loratadine's antihistaminic activity was demonstrated in humans by evaluation of the drug's ability to suppress wheal formation. Id. Clinical trials of efficacy indicated that loratadine is an effective H-1 antagonist. See Clissold et al., Drugs 37: 42-57 (1989). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Modulation of allergic response Inventor(s): McCormack, Stephen J. ; (Claremont, CA), Kundig, Thomas M. ; (Zurich, CH) Correspondence: BANNER & WITCOFF; 1001 G STREET N W; SUITE 1100; WASHINGTON; DC; 20001; US Patent Application Number: 20020061315 Date filed: March 13, 2001 Abstract: The modulation or elimination of an allergic condition according to the invention can be achieved by injecting small amounts of allergen directly into a lymph node, which greatly reduces the potential for side effects. Excerpt(s): This application incorporates by reference copending provisional application Ser. No. 60/237,724 filed on Oct. 5, 2000. ... This invention relates to the field of allergy vaccines and treatments. More particularly, the invention contemplates a method of delivery of allergens. ... An allergy is the result of a powerful immune system reaction against a substance that should normally be inoffensive to the host. A recent survey by the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI) reveals that approximately 38% of the US population suffers from allergies (Immunotherapy Weekly, Nov. 29, 1999). If the ACAAI estimate is correct, at least 85 million Americans have allergies. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Novel compound for treatment of allergy and asthma Inventor(s): Valenta, Rudolf ; (Vienna, AT), Gronlund, Hans ; (Lidingo, SE), Kraft, Dietrich ; (Vienna, AT), Sperr, Wolfgang R. ; (Vienna, AT), Adriansson, Jonas ; (Uppsala, SE), Roux, Kenneth H. ; (Tallahassee, FL), Hogbom, Erik ; (Uppsala, SE), Laffer, Sylvia ; (Vienna, AT), Valent, Peter ; (Vienna, AT) Correspondence: BROWDY AND NEIMARK, P.L.L.C.; 624 NINTH STREET, NW; SUITE 300; WASHINGTON; DC; 20001-5303; US Patent Application Number: 20030035796 Date filed: March 28, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel drug candidate having a potential for universal therapy of allergy and asthma.The invention provides a Fab (antibody fragment), having the following characteristics:a) inhibits the IgE-Fc.epsilon.RI interaction;b) binds to free and cell-bound IgE; andc) is non-anaphylactic. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel compound for treatment of allergy and asthma. More precisely, the invention relates to a novel anti-IgE Fab (antibody fragment) and medical use thereof. ... Type I allergy represents an immunologicallymediated hypersensitivity disease which affects almost 25% of the population worldwide [1]. Allergic patients suffer from the increased and inappropriate production of IgE antibodies against otherwise harmless antigens (pollen-, mite-, mould-, hair/dander-allergens) [1, 2]. Allergen-mediated crosslinking of IgE antibodies bound to effector cells (e. g., mast calls, basophils) via Fc.epsilon.RI induces the immediate release of biologically active mediators (histamine, leukotrienes) and causes the acute symptoms of atopy (e.g., allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, asthma and anaphylactic shock) [3]. When allergens are presented via IgE-Fc.epsilon.RI on professional antigenpresenting cells (e.g., monocytes, dendritic cells), T cells become activated and release Th2 cytokines thus leading to chronic, delayed disease manifestations (atopic dermatitis, chronic asthma) [4-6]. ... The interaction of allergens, allergen-specific IgE and Fc.epsilon.RI therefore represents a key pathomechanism in atopy and many forms of asthma. Since the identification and characterization of IgE antibodies [7, 8] and Fc.epsilon.RI [9], considerable effort has been spent in the analysis of their interactive domains and in particular to identify competitors of this interaction for a universal therapy of atopic disease [10]. Attempts to determine the interactive sites between human IgE and the alpha chain of Fc.epsilon.RI [11-14] comprised the screening of recombinant proteins/peptides [15-17], mutant proteins [14], chemically synthesized peptides [18, 19], and structural analyses [20]. Furthermore, attempts were made to induce autoantibody responses against the receptor binding site of IgE [21] in order to prevent IgE binding to Fc.epsilon.RI. Other therapeutic approaches comprise the development of IgE-derived peptides [15, 18, 19], nucleic acids [22] and humanized antiIgE antibodies [23-25]. Most of the described competitors result from laborious structural and rationale design [19] combined with evaluation in sophisticated cellular assays (e.g., basophil histamine release) [26] or from extensive in vivo testing [27]. Although many compounds have been described sofar, there still remains a need of improvements within this area. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Novel genes associated with allergic hypersensitivity and mast cell activation Inventor(s): Pirozzi, Gregorio ; (Gaithersburg, MD), Nocka, Karl ; (Harvard, MA), Einstein, Richard ; (Gaithersburg, MD) Correspondence: MORGAN LEWIS & BOCKIUS LLP; 1111 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE NW; WASHINGTON; DC; 20004; US Patent Application Number: 20030166881 Date filed: December 7, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates generally to the changes in gene expression in mast cells during maturation and in tissues removed from patients with urticaria or allergic hypersensitivity relative to gene expression in mast cells removed from normal subjects. The invention specifically relates to four novel gene families which are differentially expressed in mast cells and allergic hypersensitivity diseases, such as urticaria, compared to normal tissues. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. provisional applications 60/251,835, filed Dec. 8, 2000; No. 60/275,479, filed Mar. 14, 2001; No. 60/279,115, filed Mar. 28, 2001 and 60/280,143, filed Apr. 2, 2001, all of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference. ... The invention relates generally to the changes in gene expression in mast cells and tissues removed from patients with allergic hypersensitivity. The invention specifically relates to four novel gene families that are differentially expressed in mast cells compared to other tissues and in resting mast cells versus activated mast cells. ... The inflammatory response characteristic of allergic or hypersensitivity reactions can be elicited by extrinsic antigens such as pollen, dust, food, and chemicals in the environment. There are four main classes of hypersensitivity reactions, which are distinguished by the type of immune cells and antibodies involved and the pathologies produced. In the most common IgE-dependent allergic reactions, the inflammatory response involves mast cell degranulation, or release of the granules, triggered by allergen interaction with IgE molecules on the mast cell surface. Present in large numbers in epithelial tissue, mast cells have high-affinity IgE receptors on their surface. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Novel substituted 4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl) [1,4]diazepanes useful for the treatment of allergic diseases Inventor(s): Le, Tieu-Binh ; (Bridgewater, NJ), Maynard, George D. ; (Clinton, CT) Correspondence: Aventis Pharmaceuticals Inc.; Patent Department; Route #202-206, Mail Code: EMC-G1; P.O. Box 6800; Bridgewater; NJ; 08807-0800; US Patent Application Number: 20010034343 Date filed: December 18, 2000 Abstract: The present invention relates to novel 4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)[1,4]diazepane derivatives of formula 1and stereoisomers thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof which are useful as histamine receptor antagonists and tachykinin receptor antagonist. Such antagonists are useful in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, including seasonal rhinitis and sinusitis; inflammatory bowel diseases, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis; asthma; bronchitis; and emesis. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/513,847, filed Oct. 29, 1997, now allowed, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S.

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application Ser. No. 08/736,411, filed Oct. 24, 1996, now abandoned, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional application Ser. No. 60/070,907, filed Dec. 20, 1995. ... The present invention relates to novel substituted 4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)[1,4]diazepane derivatives (herein referred to as a compound or compounds of formula (1)) and their use as histamine receptor antagonists and tachykinin receptor antagonists. Such antagonists are useful in the treatment of asthma; bronchitis; inflammatory bowel diseases, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis; allergic rhinitis, including seasonal rhinitis and sinusitis; allergies; and emesis. ... The compounds of the present invention are useful in their pharmacological activities, such as histamine receptor antagonism and tachykinin receptor antagonism. Antagonism of histamine responses can be elicited through blocking of histamine receptors. Antagonism of tachykinin responses can be elicited through blocking of tachykinin receptors. One object of the present invention is to provide new and useful antagonists of histamine. A further object of the present invention is to provide new and useful antagonists of tachykinins. A particular object of the present invention are those compounds that exhibit both histamine and tachykinin receptor antagonism. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Ophthalmic anti-allergy compositions suitable for use with contact lenses Inventor(s): Yanni, John M. ; (Burleson, TX) Correspondence: ALCON RESEARCH, LTD.; R&D COUNSEL, Q-148; 6201 SOUTH FREEWAY; FORT WORTH; TX; 76134-2099; US Patent Application Number: 20010056093 Date filed: January 24, 2001 Abstract: Topically administrable anti-allergy compositions comprising olopatadine and a polymeric quaternary ammonium preservative are suitable for use by patients wearing contact lenses. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to co-pending U.S. Provisional Application, U.S. Serial No. 60/177,804 filed Jan. 25, 2000. ... The present invention relates generally to ophthalmic anti-allergy compositions. In particular, the present invention relates to topical anti-allergy compositions that can be safely applied by a patient wearing contact lenses. ... Ophthalmic formulations generally contain one or more active compounds along with excipients such as surfactants, comforting agents, complexing agents, stabilizers, buffering systems, chelating agents, viscosity agents or gelling polymers and anti-oxidants. Ophthalmic formulations which are intended for multidose use require a preservative. Benzalkonium chloride ("BAC") is the most widely used ophthalmic preservative. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Pharmaceutical composition against type I allergy and the preparation thereof Inventor(s): Fu, Yanling ; (Beijing, CN), Zhang, Zuoguang ; (Beijing, CN) Correspondence: MORRISON & FOERSTER LLP; 2000 PENNSYLVANIA AVE, NW; SUITE 5500; WASHINGTON; DC; 20006-1888; US Patent Application Number: 20020090402 Date filed: January 16, 2001 Abstract: The invention is related to a pharmaceutical composition with its main effects against Type I Allergy and the process thereof. The composition mainly comprises the following raw materials by weight ratio: 30.about.60 parts of Fructus Jujubae, 12.about.55 parts of Radix Astragali, 8.about.15 parts of Radix glycyrrhizae, 6.about.12 parts of Ramulus cinnamomi, 6.about.12 parts of Ginger and 4.about.8 parts of Green tea. Excerpt(s): This invention is related to a pharmaceutical composition with its main effect against Type I Allergy, especially to one medicament with anti-allergic effect, which can also be used as an immune regulator. ... This invention is also related to a method of a pharmaceutical composition with its main effect against Type I Allergy. ... Allergic diseases are common ones that harm human health seriously. Especially with the pollution of living environment of human beings and the changed dietary structures, patients suffering from allergic diseases are increasing rapidly. In an article in the American newspaper, "Medical Forum", of Jan. 12, 2000, it was reported that "there are about 38% of Americans who suffer from some types of allergic diseases". Additionally, according to some related statistical materials, in the world, there are about 700-800 millions of people who suffer from allergic diseases, among whom the patients suffering from Type I Allergy amount to quite a great proportion. Type I Allergy is a reaction that occurs rapidly when human makes contact again with its allergic antigen. In clinical cases, it is common that the allergic diseases are allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic dermatitis, allergic gastroenteritis, etc. Serious allergic diseases can even cause patients to go into shock. The pathogenesis of Type I Allergy is that the antigen-antibody reaction occurs on the surface of mastocytes. Said mastocytes are following to be damaged and cAMP in cell plasma is reduced with increased cGMP and penetrability of cell membrane is changed, so that it rapidly releases allergic active mediums, such as histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), bradykinin or slowly reactive materials and the like. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Polyclonal antibody composition for treating allergy Inventor(s): Morch, Ulrik Gregers Winther ; (Copenhagen K, DK), Haurum, John S. ; (Copenhagen O, DK), Drejer, Kirsten ; (Vaerlose, DK) Correspondence: DARBY & DARBY; 805 THIRD AVENUE, 27TH FLR.; NEW YORK; NY; 10022; US Patent Application Number: 20020009453 Date filed: May 25, 2001 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition for treating allergy is described. The composition comprises as an active ingredient a recombinant polyclonal antibody or a mixture of different monoclonal antibodies capable of reacting with or binding to an

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allergen together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. The composition may be used topically as a solution, dispersion, powder or in the form of microspheres. The polyclonal antibody is preferably a recombinant polyclonal antibody produced by phage display technology. The pairing of specific immunoglobulin variable region light chain and heavy chain maintained from the original polyclonal immune response or selected by panning using the allergen in question is preferably maintained by bulk transfer of the pairs into an expression vector. The allergen may be an allergen of house dust mites, e.g. Dermatophagoides farinae or D. pteronyssimus; dander from cat, dog or horse; tree pollen, e.g. pollen from birch (Betula alba), alder, hazel, oak, willow, plane, beech, elm, maple, ash and hornbeam; grass pollen, e.g. pollen from timothy grass (Phleum praterise), bluegrass (Poa pratense), rye grass (Lolium perenne), Orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata), ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), sweet vernal grass (anthoxanthurn odoratum), and rye (Secale cereale); or fungi (e.g. Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium and Penicillium). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition comprising a recombinant polyclonal antibody or a mixture of different monoclonal antibodies or an isolated or purified polyclonal antibody capable of reacting with or binding to an allergen, as well as the use of a polyclonal antibody capable of reacting with or binding to an allergen for the treatment of allergy. ... The protective effects of humoral immunity are known to be mediated by a family of structurally related glycoproteins called antibodies. Antibodies initiate their bio-logical activity by binding to antigens. Antibody binding to antigens is generally specific for one antigen and the binding is usually of high affinity. Antibodies are produced by B-lymphocytes. Blood contains many different antibodies, each derived from a clone of B-cells and each having a distinct structure and specificity for antigen. Antibodies are present on the surface of B-lymphocytes, in the plasma, in interstitial fluid of the tissues and in secretory fluids such as saliva and mucus on mucosal surfaces. ... All antibodies are similar in their overall structure, accounting for certain similarities in physiochemical features such as charge and solubility. All antibodies have a common core structure of two identical light chains, each about 24 kilodaltons, and two identical heavy chains of about 55-70 kilodaltons each. One light chain is attached to each heavy chain, and the two heavy chains are attached to each other. Both the light and heavy chains contain a series of repeating homologous units, each of about 110 amino acid residues in length which fold independently in a common globular motif, called an immunoglobulin (Ig) domain. The region of an antibody molecule formed by the association of the two heavy chains is hydrophobic. Antibodies are known to cleave at the site where the light chain attaches to the heavy chain when they are subjected to adverse physical or chemical conditions. Because antibodies contain numerous cysteine residues, they have many cysteine-cysteine disulfide bonds. All Ig domains contain two layers of betapleated sheets with three or four strands of anti-parallel polypeptide chains. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Process for producing articles with anti-allergic surfaces Inventor(s): Pauli, Ingo ; (Frankfurt, DE), Oles, Markus ; (Hattingen, DE), Nun, Edwin ; (Billerbeck, DE) Correspondence: OBLON, SPIVAK, MCCLELLAND, MAIER & NEUSTADT, P.C.; 1940 DUKE STREET; ALEXANDRIA; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20030124301 Date filed: December 5, 2002 Abstract: A process for producing anti-allergic surfaces, and articles which comprise these anti-allergic surfaces. The process of the invention produces anti-allergic surfaces. The basis of the anti-allergic action is that self-cleaning properties make it impossible or very difficult for allergenic substances to deposit on these surfaces, and make it possible for them to be cleaned from the surface by a simple cleaning procedure using water set in motion. The surfaces may be either textile surfaces or polymer surfaces. Structures composed of elevations and depressions, as have been described on many previous occasions, are applied to these surfaces. The coatings of the invention can be applied very simply by applying a dispersion of suitable particles in a solvent to the relevant surface and then removing the solvent. Textiles, mattresses, or covers, for example, can be provided with the anti-allergic surfaces of the invention. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for producing anti-allergic surfaces, where the anti-allergic properties are achieved, for example, by coating with silica particles. ... About 15% of the German population is allergic to house dust. However, people allergic to house dust do not actually react to dust but to the allergens which are present in the dust and come into contact with the body together with the dust, e.g. via respiration. Examples of typical allergens are grass pollen and floral pollen. House dust mites are responsible for a further major proportion of house dust allergy, since many people have an allergic reaction to their feces or constituents of the same. There are mites in many locations within a house, e.g. in mattresses, pillows, covers, or thick carpets. The food used by the mites is organic particles, in particular human or animal skin dander. ... A wide variety of methods is nowadays used to reduce mite numbers. Besides wet-wiping or washing of contaminated surfaces, intensive vacuum-cleaning of the surfaces provides temporary relief, and the vacuum cleaners used here should be those which have high suction power and have an exhaust-air particle filter. The vacuum-cleaning method is often used particularly in the case of carpets, fleeces and bedside rugs, but without achieving lasting results, since complete cleaning is generally impossible. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Process for the preparation of a mucosal form of the eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), mucosal ECP and uses thereof as allergic phlogosis marker Inventor(s): Marcucci, Francesco ; (Perugia, IT), Frati, Franco ; (Cortona, IT) Correspondence: Samuels, Gauthiers & Stevens LLP; Suite 3300; 225 Franklin Street; Boston; MA; 02110; US Patent Application Number: 20030044857 Date filed: August 16, 2002

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Abstract: It is described a process for the preparation of ECP from nasal mucosa of a subject; the ECP protein so obtainable; and a method for monitoring the phlogosis from allergic reaction of a subject. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a mucosal form of the Eosinophil Cationic Protein (ECP) as allergic phlogosis marker, to be used in a method for the detection of ECP. ... More particularly the invention relates to a process for the purification of the ECP which includes the step of taking and isolating ECP from the place where it exerts its pathogenic effects, as well as from subjects where it is present in a functional form, i.e. during the course of the process responsible of the disease. Presently the ECP used for detection methods is obtained from blood of healthy donors. ... The ECP protein (eosinophil cationic protein) is used as marker for monitoring of inflammatory processes (1, 2) which result in a number of allergic diseases, like asthma and rhinitis (3, 4, 5). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Recombinant cat allergen, Fel dI, expressed in baculovirus for diagnosis and treatment of cat allergy Inventor(s): Wu, Zining ; (Collegeville, PA), Sun, Amanda Wanwen ; (Collegeville, PA), Goldstein, Joel ; (Piscataway, NJ), Guyre, Paul M. ; (Hanover, NH) Correspondence: Licata & Tyrrell P.C.; 66 E. Main Street; Marlton; NJ; 08053; US Patent Application Number: 20020164342 Date filed: January 22, 2002 Abstract: Recombinant Fel dI cat allergens expressed in baculovirus for diagnosis and treatment of allergy to cats in humans are provided. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/410,963 filed Oct. 5, 1999 and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/103,284, filed Oct. 6, 1998. ... Fel dI is the major allergen from cats. Natural Fel dI consists of two polypeptide chains, chain 1(ch1) and chain 2(ch2) which are normally linked by a disulfide bond. Fel dI has been cloned and sequenced. However, the immunoreactivity of rFel dI chains expressed in bacteria is not comparable to that of the natural allergen (Shint et al. JACI 1995,1221). ... An object of the present invention is to provide a composition for diagnosis and treatment of cat allergy in humans comprising a baculovirus expressed recombinant Fel dI. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Remedies for allergic diseases and process for producing the same Inventor(s): Fukuda, Harui ; (Higashishirakawa-gun, JP) Correspondence: JOHN S. PRATT, ESQ; KILPATRICK STOCKTON, LLP; 1100 PEACHTREE STREET; SUITE 2800; ATLANTA; GA; 30309; US Patent Application Number: 20030096029 Date filed: July 3, 2002 Abstract: Remedies for allergic diseases obtained by mixing shoots of plants belonging to the family Pinaceae with water and saccharides followed by spontaneous

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fermentation. As the plants belonging to the family Pinaceae, it is preferable to use plants belonging to the genus Pinus. These remedies, which enable complete recovery in a short administration time without showing any side effects, are useful as remedies for allergic diseases, in particular, asthma and atopic dermatitis. Also, a yeast isolated from these remedies for allergic diseases is provided. Excerpt(s): The application has a right of priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2000-184541 filed in Japan on Jun. 14, 2000, all of the contents of the application are incorporated as parts of the specification of the instant application by reference. ... The present invention relates to a remedy for allergic diseases, for example, asthma, atopic dermatitis, conjunctivitis, rhinitis and food allergy, and to a method of producing the same. Further, the present invention relates to yeast isolated from the above-mentioned remedy. ... A human body has an immune system which is a defense mechanism which, when extraneous substances such as bacteria and viruses invade body, antagonizes them and protects body. Allergies are caused due to excess action of this immune system. Recently, increasing number of people are suffering from allergies possibly because of, though the details are not clear, air pollution, change of dietary life, physical or mental stress increase, environmental changes such as room pollution and the like due to change in resident circumstances, or change in human body constitution. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Remedies for external use for allergic skin diseases Inventor(s): Tokuda, Masaaki ; (Takamatsu-shi, JP), Hisaichi, Shin-ichi ; (Kagawa-ken, JP), Kawabata, Seiichiro ; (Kagawa-ken, JP), Kawata, Mitsuhiro ; (Kagawa-ken, JP), Inamoto, Yukiko ; (Kagawa-ken, JP), Nakayama, Daisuke ; (Takamatsu-shi, JP) Correspondence: BIRCH STEWART KOLASCH & BIRCH; PO BOX 747; FALLS CHURCH; VA; 22040-0747; US Patent Application Number: 20030125307 Date filed: June 28, 2002 Abstract: External preparations for allergic dermatitis containing Aspirin alone as the active ingredient, which exert an excellent therapeutic effects on allergic dermatitis with lower side effects; and a method for treating allergic dermatitis by using these agents for external use. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to external preparations for treating allergic dermatitis and a method for treating allergic dermatitis. In more detail the present invention relates to external preparations for treating allergic dermatitis containing acetylsalicylic acid as the sole active ingredient and a method for treating allergic dermatitis by using an external preparation containing acetylsalicylic acid as the sole active ingredient. ... Recently according to change of life style and environment, allergic dermatitis, such as bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, etc. has rapidly increased. ... Nowadays many antiallergic agents are sold. In case of an oral preparation thereof it is anxious for its side effects, such as sleepiness, laziness, etc. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Saliva test for detection of food allergy and intolerance Inventor(s): Vojdani, Aristo ; (Los Angeles, CA) Correspondence: KNOBBE MARTENS OLSON & BEAR LLP; 2040 MAIN STREET; FOURTEENTH FLOOR; IRVINE; CA; 92614; US Patent Application Number: 20030143627 Date filed: May 24, 2002 Abstract: A method for determining the presence of food allergy or food intolerance and their cross-reactive tissue antigens is disclosed. The method includes determining a level of antibodies against a dietary antigen in a mucosal sample from the patient and comparing the level with normal levels of the antibodies. Dietary antigens that were tested include milk and milk products; eggs and egg products; meat and meat products; fish, mollusks, and crustaceans and their products; oils, fats, and their products; grains and grain products; pulses, seed, kernels, nuts, and their products; vegetable and vegetable products; fruit and fruit products; sugar, sugar product, chocolate products, and confectionary; and spices. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of patent application Ser. No. 09/930,785, filed Aug. 14, 2001. ... Food allergy has become a problem which concerns many clinicians. Adverse reactions to foods in which the pathogenesis involves an immunological response to food components are appropriately called foodhypersensitivity reactions. This term is considered to be synonymous with "food allergy" (1). ... There are only limited data on the prevalence of food hypersensitivity in specific populations. The public's perception of the number of individuals affected by food allergies is far in excess of what can be demonstrated under controlled circumstances. One survey among adult atopic patients revealed that 24% claimed "allergic" symptoms on eating or handling various foods (2). Another survey indicated that concern among family members that one or more of them might have a food allergy made this fear the second most frequent cause of altering the family's dietary intake behind salt restriction for hypertension (3). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Saliva test for detection of food allergy, candidiasis, microflora imbalance, intestinal barrier dysfunction and humoral immunodeficiencies Inventor(s): Vojdani, Aristo ; (Los Angeles, CA) Correspondence: KNOBBE MARTENS OLSON & BEAR LLP; 2040 MAIN STREET; FOURTEENTH FLOOR; IRVINE; CA; 92614; US Patent Application Number: 20030087320 Date filed: August 14, 2001 Abstract: A method for determining a cause for digestive and immune disorders is disclosed. The method determines the levels of antibodies against normal intestinal microflora and food antigens. It then compares the results to normal levels to determine the cause. The test can be used to diagnose food allergy or intolerance, microflora imbalance, gut barrier dysfunction, bacterial translocation, immunodeficiencies, candidiasis and autoimmunities. Excerpt(s): It is increasingly evident that human diseases are most often related to lifestyle and should in theory be preventable. The stress of modem life, our reduced

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physical activity, and our consumption of manipulated and processed foods, and of chemicals including pharmaceuticals--all contribute to our decreasing resistance to disease. Much evidence supports the fact that our genes, adapted during millions of years to the lifestyle of our prehistoric ancestors, tolerate poorly the dramatic changes in lifestyle that have occurred, especially in food habits during the past 100 years. Changes in food habits in Western countries that no doubt constitute stresses to the human body and that may predispose to inflammatory, infectious, ulcerative, degenerative, and neoplastic diseases include the following: the consumption of 100 lb. refined sugar per individual per year; the 10-fold increase in sodium consumption; the fourfold increase in consumption of saturated fat; the doubled consumption of cholesterol; a much reduced consumption of vegetable fibres, and of minerals such as potassium, magnesium, calcium, and chromium; and a considerable reduction in consumption of omega-3 fats, membrane lipids, vitamins, and antioxidants. In severe disease, important food ingredients, such as arginine, glutamine, taurine, nucleic acids, vitamins, and antioxidants, such as glutathione, are often not supplied in large enough quantities. ... Perhaps, even more important than the decrease in these food ingredients is the fact that prehistoric food contained several thousand times more bacteria, mainly the so called probiotic bacteria. Prehistoric methods of food preservation were either drying or, more commonly, storing in holes dug into the ground, where the food became naturally fermented. This is how Stone Age man learned to produce most of our still common fermented foods, such as beer, wine, green olives, and sauerkraut. Our modern lifestyle has dramatically reduced the availability of foods produced by natural fermentation. After the early identification of microbes, bacteria were regarded mainly as a source of disease, and unwanted in commercially manufactured food. Furthermore, the desire of the food industry to prolong shelf life promoted alternative production methods, such as the use of enzymes instead of live bacteria. With extensive hygiene measures practiced during delivery and in childcare, children in Western societies may have difficulty developing a satisfactory protective indigenous gut flora. It is not known, but suspected, that this could be connected to the increasing incidence of allergies and infections seen among Western children. A series of studies were published about an ethnic group in New Guinea with a dramatically different diet to that of people in the Western world. This diet contained no processed foods like butter, margarine, lard, oils, refined sugar, or alcohol. Instead, the group's diet was rich in fibre, water, vitamins, minerals, and omega-3 fats, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Despite the fact that about 80% of the population smokes and has a heavy consumption of saturated fat from coconut, cerebrocardiovascular diseases are virtually absent and the incidence of diabetes and cancer is very low. ... The condition and function of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are essential to our well-being. After the respiratory tract, the GI tract constitutes the second largest body surface area, described to be somewhere between 250 and 400 m.sup.2, or comparable in size to a tennis court. During a normal lifetime, 60 tons of food pass through this canal, which is important for well being, but also constitutes an enormous threat to the integrity of the digestive tract and the whole body. It is not surprising, therefore, that this organ is often affected by inflammatory diseases and cancer. The continuous challenges to the GI surfaces might be why most of the surface cells have a rapid turnover; most are replaced after three to four days in man and sometimes earlier in animals. Furthermore, the surface is protected by large quantities of important secretions, from saliva in the oral cavity to colonic secretion in the large bowel. These secretions contain factors of great importance for the lubrication of the mucosa and for functions of the GI tract, but also hundreds of ingredients of importance for intraluminal microbial defense. The secretory functions are extremely sensitive to foreign chemicals. About 50% of the 2000 pharmaceutical drugs registered in Sweden have reported GI side effects, for example, mouth dryness,

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nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation. It is hoped that future medicine will be more restrictive in the use of pharmaceuticals in general and will use drugs with as few side effects as possible. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Substituted pyrrole mannich bases to combat pain and allergic reactions Inventor(s): Maul, Corinna ; (Aachen, DE), Gerlach, Matthias ; (Brachttal, DE) Correspondence: OBLON SPIVAK MCCLELLAND MAIER & NEUSTADT PC; FOURTH FLOOR; 1755 JEFFERSON DAVIS HIGHWAY; ARLINGTON; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20030023100 Date filed: June 25, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to substituted pyrrole Mannich bases of general formula (I), wherein R.sup.1=H, a C.sub.1-10-alkyl-, aryl, a heteroaryl- or an aryl, heteroaryl-, CN, Br--, Cl or OH radical bound by a C.sub.1-6 alkylene group, R.sup.2=CH(R.sup.4)N(R.sup.5)(R.sup.6), R3, R3', R3" identically or individually represent H, F, Cl, Br, CF.sub.3, CN, NO.sub.2, SO.sub.2NH.sub.2, NHR', SR.sup.8, OR.sup.9, CO(OR.sup.10), CH.sup.2CO(OR.sup.11), COR.sup.15, a C.sub.1-10-alkyl-, aryl-, heteroaryl- aryl radical or a heteroalkyl radical bound by a C.sub.1-6 alkylene group, R.sup.4=an unsubstituted phenyl radical or a phenyl radical substituted at least with C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-3-alkoxy-, halogen-, a method for the production of the above-mentioned compounds, medicaments containing said compounds, and the use of said compounds in the production of medicaments. Said active ingredients are particularly suitable for pain therapy, and for treating inflammatory and allergic reactions, drug or alcohol abuse, diarrhoea, gastritis, ulcers, cardiovascular diseases, urinary incontinence, depressions, states of shock, migranes, narcolepsy, overweight, asthma, glaucoma, hyperkinetic syndrome, lack of drive, bulimia, anorexia, catalepsia, anxiolysis increasing vigilance and/or increasing libido. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to substituted pyrrole Mannich bases, processes for their preparation, medicaments comprising these compounds and the use of these compounds for the preparation of medicaments. ... Pain is one of the basic clinical symptoms. There is a worldwide need for effective pain treatments. The urgent need for action for target-orientated treatment of chronic and non-chronic states of pain appropriate for the patient, by which is to be understood successful and satisfactory pain treatment for the patient, is documented in the large number of scientific works which have been published in the field of applied analgesia and basic research in nociception in recent years. ... Conventional opioids, such as e.g. morphine, are effective in the treatment of severe to very severe pain. However, they have as undesirable concomitant symptoms, inter alia, respiratory depression, vomiting, sedation, constipation and development of tolerance. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Symptomatic relief of allergic reactions Inventor(s): Keller, Robert H. ; (Weston, FL), Wen, Xue-Lan ; (Miami, FL) Correspondence: Ronald R. Santucci; Pitney, Hardin, Kipp & Szuch, LLP; 20th Floor; 711 Third Avenue; New York; NY; 10017; US Patent Application Number: 20010000144 Date filed: November 30, 2000 Abstract: The composition disclosed is a unique formulation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) extracts created to reduce the debilitating symptoms of allergies. It combines a number of organically grown, but, non-organically extracted, standardized formulations of natural ingredients which have been used singly for hundreds of years for symptomatic relief of allergies. These include Ginseng and Gan Cao, which provide a natural anti-inflammatory effect; Bai Gao, which prevent the smooth muscle spasms associated with allergic reactions; Suan Zao ren, which provides an antihistamine effect without the usual sedative effect; and Wu Mai, which reduces the local swelling associated with allergies. Combined, it was unexpectedly found that these ingredients provide a natural, non-drying, non-sedating alternative to antihistamines, without inhibiting the natural healing mechanisms. Excerpt(s): 2. This invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and methods for the treatment of mammals suffering symptoms of allergic reactions. ... 4. An allergy is defined as an immune response in a mammal induced by an environmental antigen that has deleterious effects resulting in significant tissue damage and inflammation. Allergies comprise one of the most common medical problems in the twentieth century with some estimates suggesting that as many at 10% of the population may be affected. The antigen (allergen) is a non-parasitic antigen and the immune response is generally a type I hypersensitivity reaction. This reaction, which comprises mast cell or basophil degranulation manifests itself clinically in disorders related to biological effects of mediators released by the degranulation. These mediators are pharmacologically active agents that act on local tissues to increase vascular permeability and inflammation. Primary mediators such as histamine, serotonin, protease, prostaglandins SRS-A and similar substances released during degranulation may actually be more detrimental than beneficial to the comfort and well-being of the affected individual. the biological effects are the symptoms of the hypersensitivity reactions. ... 5. The classical treatment of type I hypersensitivity reactions has heretofore comprised administration of, for example, antihistamines or a process termed desensitization. Desensitization involves multiple injections and requires frequent visits to a doctor over a long period of time. Antihistamines are, of course, effective to relieve the symptoms associated with the type I hypersensitivity reaction. Antihistamine treatment suffers from problems including drying of the mucous membranes and sedation as well as manifest side effects of depression and drowsiness. In addition, antihistamines can interact with other medicines. Warnings are given to refrain from operating machinery when antihistamines are administered. Both methods are expensive. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Therapeutic composition for allergic dermatitis Inventor(s): Mizushima, Yutaka ; (Tokyo, JP), Satoh, Toshio ; (Tokushima-city, JP), Kosaka, Yasuo ; (Matudo-city, JP) Correspondence: PRICE HENEVELD COOPER DEWITT & LITTON; 695 KENMOOR, S.E.; P O BOX 2567; GRAND RAPIDS; MI; 49501; US Patent Application Number: 20010001788 Date filed: December 22, 2000 Abstract: A therapeutic composition for allergic dermatitis or other allergic skin disorders, such as atopic dermatitis. The composition contains an aqueous solution of a naturally occurring macromolecular substance which exhibits both antihistaminic activity and anti-allergic activity. Typically, the aqueous solution of a naturally occurring macromolecular substance is an aqueous solution of chitosan, preferably squid chitosan, having a neutral pH. A method for treating allergic dermatitis including applying the above composition to an affected portion of the subject is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a therapeutic composition for allergic dermatitis and other allergic skin disorders comprising a naturally occurring macromolecular substance. ... Recently, the incidence of allergic dermatitis, typically atopic dermatitis, has dramatically increased not only in infants but also in adults. Such allergic dermatitis has no single cause, and the causes are increasing in number due to antigen diversity and differences in immune responses of individuals. In particular, the incidence of atopic dermatitis, which is markedly affecting the quality of life (QOL) of children and youths, has been increasing steadily. Medical treatments that have been available for such atopic dermatitis and hay fever are summarized under the three headings below. ... While such ointments have been the first choice of medication used to properly treat these disorders, patients are becoming aware of strong side effects, such as tenderness of the skin and mucous membranes, and increasing numbers of people are abstaining from their use. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Treating allergic and inflammatory conditions Inventor(s): Affrime, Melton B. ; (Warren, NJ), Banfield, Christopher R. ; (High Bridge, NJ), Gupta, Samir K. ; (East Brunswick, NJ) Correspondence: SCHERING-PLOUGH CORPORATION; PATENT DEPARTMENT (K6-1, 1990); 2000 GALLOPING HILL ROAD; KENILWORTH; NJ; 07033-0530; US Patent Application Number: 20020019409 Date filed: January 16, 2001 Abstract: A method of treating and/or preventing allergic and inflammatory conditions of the skin or upper and lower airway passages, e.g. seasonal allergic rhinitis, pernninal allergic rhinitis, or chronic idopathic urticaria, in a human more 12 years old, by administering an amount of desloratadine, e.g. 2.times.2.5 mg or 5 mg/day for a time sufficient to produce a geometric mean steady state maximum plasma concentration of desloratadine in the range of about 2.90 ng/mL to about 4.54 ng/mL, or a arithmetic mean steady state maximum plasma concentration of desloratadine in the range of about 3.2 ng/mL to about 5.0 ng/mL is disclosed.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to treating and/or preventing allergic and inflammatory conditions in a human by administering an amount of desloratadine for a time sufficient to produce a steady state mean plasma concentration of desloratadine to a human in need of such treating. ... Loratadine is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,282,233 as a non-sedating antihistamine useful for treating allergic reactions in animals including humans. See also Claritin brand of Loratadine. Product Information Sheet, dated 1/99. Desloratadine is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4, 659,716 as a non-sedating antihistamine. The active metabolite of desloratadine, 3-hydroxydesloratadine, is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,804,666. ... For clinical development of desloratadine, it was necessary to characterize the pharmacokinetics of desloratadine and its metabolites to determine the dose required to provide the appropriate concentrations at its sites of action. The desloratadine dose administered as well as the appropriate concentration attained at its sites of action are dependent upon the rate and extent of drug absorption, distribution; binding in tissues, biotransformation (metabolism) and excretion. The absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion of desloratadine all involve its transport across cell membranes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Treating allergic and inflammatory conditions Inventor(s): Gupta, Samir K ; (East Brunswick, NJ), Banfield, Christhoper R ; (High Bridge, NJ), Affrime, Melton B ; (Warren, NJ) Correspondence: SCHERING-PLOUGH CORPORATION; PATENT DEPARTMENT (K6-1, 1990); 2000 GALLOPING HILL ROAD; KENILWORTH; NJ; 07033-0530; US Patent Application Number: 20030004179 Date filed: May 21, 2002 Abstract: The use of desloratadine for the preparation of a medicament for treating and/or preventing an allergic and inflammatory condition of the skin or upper and lower airway passages in a pediatric patient and a pediatric pharmaceutical composition effective for such treating and/or preventing which comprises an effective amount of desloratadine and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the use of desloratadine for the preparation of a medicament for treating and/or preventing allergic and inflammatory conditions in a pediatric patient and a pediatric pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of desloratadine effective for such treating and/or preventing. ... Loratadine is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4, 282, 233 as a non-sedating antihistamine useful for treating allergic reactions in animals including humans. The recommended daily dose of loratadine is 10 mg, once daily, for adults and children, 12 years of age and older as well as for children, ages 6 to 11 (in the form of the syrup):. ... Recent Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") proposed regulations would require new drugs to include labeling on how such drugs could be used safely and effectively in pediatric populations. The FDA Modernization Act further addressed the need for improved information about the use of medicines in the pediatric population. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Treatment for asthma or allergies Inventor(s): Rothenberg, Marc Elliot ; (Cincinnati, OH), Zimmermann, Nives ; (Cincinnati, OH) Correspondence: KNOBBE MARTENS OLSON & BEAR LLP; 2040 MAIN STREET; FOURTEENTH FLOOR; IRVINE; CA; 92614; US Patent Application Number: 20030166562 Date filed: February 28, 2003 Abstract: Several genes are upregulated in the lung of asthma or allergy sufferers. Many of the genes up-regulated in asthma are involved in arginine metabolism in the lung. Moreover, a set of 291 signature genes was found that can be used to indicate a patient's predilection for developing asthma or the patient's degree of suffering. Also, a set of 59 signature genes were found that indicate a patient's predilection for developing allergies. Many of the up-regulated genes relating to asthma were from the arginine metabolic pathway. Other genes, such as ADAM8, SPRR2A and SPRR2B were also strongly up-regulated in asthma. Treatment of asthma may be accomplished by administering compositions which decrease the levels of Arginase I, Arginase II, CAT2, or other arginase pathway members in the lung. Additionally, detection of altered levels of these proteins or the mRNA encoding them may be useful to diagnose the presence of asthma in a patient. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional application 60/361,606 filed on Mar. 1, 2002. ... Embodiments of the present invention relate generally to compositions and methods designed to aid in the treatment or detection of asthma or allergies. ... Asthma, a chronic disorder which causes detrimental, and in some cases, potentially fatal pulmonary inflammation affects 15 million Americans and accounts for approximately 12.7 billion dollars in health care costs each year. Despite extensive ongoing research, asthma is currently on the rise. The inability of researchers to develop an effective treatment for asthma is largely due to the complexity of the disease. Discovering effective treatments with broad applicability is extremely difficult because asthma derives from a wide number of factors. For example, multiple specific inflammatory pathways, many of which are poorly understood, are thought to interplay with one another to produce the symptoms that result in a diagnosis of asthma in a patient. In addition, research is further complicated by the fact that the relative importance of those pathways can differ between individual asthma sufferers. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Treatment of allergic rhinitis Inventor(s): Paesen, Guido Christiaan ; (Jericho, GB), Nuttall, Patricia Anne ; (Culham, GB) Correspondence: David A. Jackson; KLAUBER & JACKSON; 4th Floor; 411 Hackensack Street; Hackensack; NJ; 07601; US Patent Application Number: 20020193306 Date filed: March 1, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to the discovery that various proteins isolated from ticks are effective in the treatment and prevention of allergic rhinitis. These proteins may

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most suitably be applied to an effected area and are thus effective to treat this condition and to ameliorate its symptoms. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the discovery that various proteins isolated from ticks are effective in the treatment and prevention of allergic rhinitis. These proteins may most suitably be applied to an affected area and are effective to treat this condition and to ameliorate its symptoms. ... Allergic rhinitis is the medical term given to the inflammation of the nasal mucosa caused by allergens such as pollen or dust. There are two general types of allergic rhinitis, seasonal and perennial. Seasonal allergic rhinitis is normally referred to as hay fever and is usually caused by mould or pollen. Perennial allergic rhinitis is usually caused by an inherent sensitivity to one or more types of allergen. This condition generally continues throughout the year or for as long as the patient is exposed to the allergen. The condition is thought to affect more than 15% of the population of the western world. ... Both types of allergic rhinitis involve a type 1 (IgE-mediated) hypersensitivity that leads to inflammation. This inflammation is thought to be caused by an excessive degranulation of mast cells and of blood-borne basophils in response to certain allergens. This leads to increased IgE levels and the concomitant release of inflammatory mediators, such as histamine, and of chemotactic factors, such as cytokines, prostaglandins and leukotrienes, that result in a localised inflamnmatory reaction. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Treatment of symptoms of asthma and allergies Inventor(s): McMichael, John ; (Delanson, NY) Correspondence: MARSHALL, GERSTEIN & BORUN; 6300 SEARS TOWER; 233 SOUTH WACKER; CHICAGO; IL; 60606-6357; US Patent Application Number: 20020115632 Date filed: April 1, 2002 Abstract: Methods for treating symptoms of asthma, allergies and otitis media in a patient, are presented. Methods comprise administering an effective amount of DNA to a subject in a manner so as not to effect gene transfer. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/432,948 filed Nov. 3, 1999 which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/037,895 filed Mar. 10, 1998 which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/755,092 filed Nov. 22, 1996, issued Mar. 10, 1998 as U.S. Pat. No. 5,726,160 which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/421,232 filed Apr. 13, 1995. ... The present invention relates to methods for treatment of pulmonary disorders and otitis media. ... The present invention provides methods for treatment of pulmonary diseases. Such diseases, including cystic fibrosis, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, sinusitis, and the common cold, have in common bronchial or sinus congestion, production of large amounts of sputum, and the possibility of secondary bacterial infection requiring antibiotic therapy. The most serious of those diseases is cystic fibrosis, a genetic disorder of exocrine function characterized by abnormally viscous mucus secretions leading to chronic pulmonary obstruction, pancreatic insufficiency and elevated sweat sodium and chloride levels. Cystic fibrosis is often fatal. The viscosity of sputum produced by cystic fibrosis patients is thought to be due to its high content of DNA. Diseases such as bronchitis, emphysema, sinusitis, and the common cold are generally less severe than cystic fibrosis, but those diseases also may

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result in production of large amounts of sputum. Still other pulmonary diseases include mucositis (inflammation of the mucosal membranes) which is frequently associated with radiation therapy and which is characterized by production of a thick water deficient mucous which is difficult for the subject to eliminate. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Use of beta-glucuronidase not in combination with allergens for the preparation of medicaments for the treatment of immune or allergic diseases Inventor(s): Bianchi, Ines ; (Grottaferrata, IT) Correspondence: BUCKNAM AND ARCHER; 600 Old Country Road; Garden City; NY; 11530; US Patent Application Number: 20020106365 Date filed: January 30, 2002 Abstract: The use of beta-glucuronidase not in combination with allergens for the preparation of medicaments for the treatment of immune or allergic diseases is disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of the beta-glucuronidase not in combination with allergens for the preparation of medicaments for the treatment of immune or allergic diseases. ... Beta-glucuronidase is a enzyme capable of cleaving glucuronic groups, present in liver, spleen, tissues of the endocrine and reproductive systems of mammals and other higher animals. The main use of beta-glucuronidase is in diagnostics, for example for the determination of steroids in blood and urine. The enzyme is also widely used as reagent in immunoenzyme and molecular biology techniques. ... Recently, beta-glucuronidase inhibitors have been studied as potential drugs for the therapy of inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with allergies, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/main/patents.htm. Under “Services,” click on “Search Patents.” You will see two broad options: (1) Patent Grants, and (2) Patent Applications. To see a list of granted patents, perform the following steps: Under “Patent Grants,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “allergies” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on allergies. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning allergies. Simply go back to the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/main/patents.htm. Under “Services,” click on “Search Patents.” Select “Quick Search” under “Patent Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON ALLERGIES Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to allergies. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on allergies include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “allergies” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on allergies: ·

Dietary management of food allergies and intolerances: A comprehensive guide. (2nd ed.) Source: Vancouver, British Columbia: J. A. Hall Publications. 1998. 426 pp. Contact: Available from J. A. Hall Publications, 208-3023 West Fourth Avenue, Vancouver, BC V6K 1R5. Telephone: (888) 993-6133 / Web site: http://www.hallpublications.com. Summary: This book provides the information and tools that are required to detect food sensitivities. Designed for health care practitioners involved in the field of food allergy and intolerance, as well as individuals experiencing adverse reactions to foods, this book is divided into six parts. The topics are: the mechanisms responsible for food allergies and intolerance, food components and additives that are responsible for food sensitivities, conditions resulting from food allergies, food allergy in childhood, diet strategies, and additional resources.

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Food Allergy Field Guide: A Lifestyle Manual for Families Source: Centennial, CO: Savory Palate, Inc. 2000. 288 p. Contact: Available from Savory Palate, Inc. 8174 South Holly, No. 404, Centennial, CO 80122-4004. (800) 741-5418 or (303) 741-5408. Fax (303) 741-0339. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.savorypalate.com. PRICE: $19.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1889374075. Summary: This upbeat food guide is designed to help children, parents, and other caregivers manage food sensitivities to wheat, gluten, dairy, eggs, corn, peanuts, soy, and other common food allergens. The author includes the latest research and discoveries on food sensitivities; advice on reading labels, grocery shopping, eating at restaurants; tips on emotional, social, and psychological considerations; pointers to help the child enjoy parties, field trips, and other outings; and how to detect hidden food allergies. The book includes 100 kid-tested recipes and cooking advice. The recipes are listed by category and labeled as gluten free, dairy free, egg free, nut free, or soy free. Nutrient values are provided for each recipe. The book concludes with a bibliography, fact sheets on common food allergens, nutrition facts, a list of resources and associations, a list of vendors, and a subject index.

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Food Allergy Book: The Foods That Cause You Pain and Discomfort and How to Take Them Out of Your Diet Source: St. Paul, MN: ACA Publications, Inc. 1995. 202 p. Contact: Available from ACA Publications, Inc. 1690 University Avenue West, Suite 450, St. Paul, MN 55104. (800) 649-3523 or (612) 649-3523. Fax (612) 649-3509. PRICE: $12.95. ISBN: 0963154478. Summary: This book provides information about identifying and managing food allergies. The author describes the role that food allergy may play in migraine headache, sinus congestion and headache, stuffy nose, persistent cough, recurring sore throats, canker sores, wheezing, hives, eczema, persistent muscle and joint aching, recurring abdominal pain, diarrhea, tiredness, and irritability. The author reviews the hows and whys of food allergy and describes how certain commonly eaten foods can cause illness. Specific chapters discuss citrus, monosodium glutamate (MSG), low-calorie sweeteners, refined sugar, an adult and child allergy elimination diet, living with a restricted diet, reading food labels, shopping, meal planning and preparation, snack foods, and eating out in restaurants. A final chapter outlines a recommended diet for identifying and eliminating food allergy triggers. The book concludes with a bibliography and a subject index. 32 references.

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Raising Your Child Without Milk: Reassuring Advice and Recipes for Parents of Lactose-Intolerant and Milk-Allergic Children Source: Rocklin, CA: Prima Publishing. 1996. 374 p. Contact: Available from Prima Publishing. P.O. Box 1260 BK, Rocklin, CA 95677. (916) 632-4400. PRICE: $16.95; quantity discounts available. ISBN: 0761501312. Summary: Written from a parent's perspective, this book offers guidelines for managing a dairy-free diet for a child. Eleven chapters cover differences between lactose intolerance and milk allergy, concerns about calcium, meal planning at home, feeding a dairy-sensitive child at school or day care, kids' meals in restaurants, shopping tips, medications that contain milk products, dealing with pain, and support groups for

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patients and parents. The book includes 125 dairy-free recipes. The book also includes detailed resource lists, a bibliography, and a subject index. 104 references. ·

Allergic People Eat Desserts Too! Source: Alberta, Canada: Mycel Project Management Services. 1991. 215 p. Contact: Available from Mycel Project Management Services, Inc. 416 Canterville Drive, S.W., Calgary, Alberta T2W 3Z9 Canada. (403) 281-2110; FAX, (403) 251-3639. PRICE: $17.95 plus $2.60 shipping and handling. ISBN: 0969546408. Summary: This collection of recipes presents 180 dessert recipes that are free of wheat, corn, all other grains, all gluten, eggs, dairy products and additives. Recipes are categorized in eight sections: cakes and cupcakes, frostings and toppings, old-fashioned baked desserts, cookies, pies and tarts, puddings and sauces, snack foods, and frozen treats. The author also includes some recipes for baking powders, vanilla, butter substitutes, egg substitutes, and various hints.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in PrintÒ). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “allergies” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “allergies” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “allergies” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): ·

25 Natural Ways To Relieve Allergies and Asthma : A Mind-Body Approach to Health and Well-Being by Romy Fox; ISBN: 0658013742; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0658013742/icongroupinterna

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5 Years Without Food: The Food Allergy Survival Guide: How to Overcome Your Food Allergies and Recover Good Health by Nicolette M. Dumke; ISBN: 188762404X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/188762404X/icongroupinterna

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A Healthy Immune System: How to Rebuild Exhausted Adrenals, Eliminate Allergies & Balance Your Hormones by Lela Carney L., Liz Koch (Contributor); ISBN: 0965794458; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0965794458/icongroupinterna

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A Natural Approach Allergies (Macrobiotic Health Education Series) by Michio Kushi, Mark Mead; ISBN: 0870406167; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0870406167/icongroupinterna

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Aaron's Awful Allergies by Troon Harrison, Eugenie Fernandes (Illustrator) (2002); ISBN: 1550744224; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1550744224/icongroupinterna

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ABC of Asthma, Allergies and Lupus: Eradicate Asthma - Now! by F. Batmanghelidj (2000); ISBN: 096299426X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/096299426X/icongroupinterna

362 Allergies

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Allergic to the Twentieth Century: The Explosion in Environmental Allergies--From Sick Buildings to Multiple Chemical Sensitivity by Peter Radetsky, Bill Phillips (Editor); ISBN: 0316732214; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0316732214/icongroupinterna

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Allergies by M. Crawford; ISBN: 2921556448; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/2921556448/icongroupinterna

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Allergies (Diseases and People) by Sara L. Latta; ISBN: 0766010481; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0766010481/icongroupinterna

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Allergies (Just the Facts) by Steve Parker (2003); ISBN: 1403445982; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1403445982/icongroupinterna

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Allergies (Millbrook Medical Library) by Wendy Moragne; ISBN: 0761313591; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761313591/icongroupinterna

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Allergies (My Health) by Alvin, Dr Silverstein, et al (2000); ISBN: 0531164098; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0531164098/icongroupinterna

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Allergies (Natural Pet Care Pocket Series) by Lisa S. Newman (1999); ISBN: 1580910025; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580910025/icongroupinterna

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Allergies (Perspectives on Disease and Illness) by Judy Monroe; ISBN: 0736807527; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0736807527/icongroupinterna

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Allergies (Rookie Read-About Health) by Sharon Gordon; ISBN: 0516225812; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0516225812/icongroupinterna

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Allergies (Venture Books) by Gerald Newman, Eleanor Newman Layfield; ISBN: 0531125165; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0531125165/icongroupinterna

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Allergies / Allergic Reactions Video Series by Primedia; ISBN: 140188069X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/140188069X/icongroupinterna

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Allergies a Nutritional Approach (Todays Health No 4) by Louise Tenney, Rita Elkins (1997); ISBN: 0913923311; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0913923311/icongroupinterna

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Allergies and Asthma For Dummies® by William E. Berger (Author) (2000); ISBN: 076455218X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/076455218X/icongroupinterna

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Allergies and candida : with the 21st century solution by Steven Rochlitz; ISBN: 0945262256; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0945262256/icongroupinterna

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Allergies and Candida: With the Physicist's Rapid Solution by Steven Rochlitz, et al; ISBN: 0945262213; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0945262213/icongroupinterna

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Allergies and Holistic Healing: Natural Relief for Allergy Sufferers by Skye Weintraub (1997); ISBN: 1885670613; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885670613/icongroupinterna

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Allergies and Your Child by Doris J. Rapp; ISBN: 0030865786; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0030865786/icongroupinterna

Books 363

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Allergies and Your Family by Doris J. Rapp (Author); ISBN: 0806955589; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0806955589/icongroupinterna

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Allergies Sourcebook by Annemarie Muth (Editor); ISBN: 0780803760; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0780803760/icongroupinterna

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Allergies, Asthma, and Exercise (Science at Work (Austin, Tex.).) by Celeste A. Peters, Raintree Steck-Vaughn Publishers; ISBN: 0739801406; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0739801406/icongroupinterna

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Allergies: Ancient Truths, Natural Remedies & the Latest Findings for Your Health Today (Bible Cure Series) by Don Colbert (2000); ISBN: 0884196852; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0884196852/icongroupinterna

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Allergies: Disease in Disguise: How to Heal Your Allergic Condition Permanently and Naturally by Carolee Bateson-Koch (1998); ISBN: 0920470424; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0920470424/icongroupinterna

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Allergies: Practical and Easy-To-Follow Advice (Your Child Series) by Brigid McConville, et al; ISBN: 1862044996; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862044996/icongroupinterna

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Allergies: The Complete Guide to Diagnosis, Treatment, and Daily Management by Stuart H. Young, et al (1999); ISBN: 0452279666; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0452279666/icongroupinterna

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Allie the Allergic Elephant: A Children's Story of Peanut Allergies by Nicole S. Smith; ISBN: 158628052X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/158628052X/icongroupinterna

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American Academy of Pediatrics Guide to Your Child's Allergies and Asthma: Breathing Easy and Bringing Up Healthy, Active Children by Michael J. Welch M.D. (Editor), American Academy of Pediatrics (2000); ISBN: 067976982X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/067976982X/icongroupinterna

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American College of Physicians Home Medical Guide: Common Allergies by David R. Goldmann (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0789441675; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789441675/icongroupinterna

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An Alternative Approach to Allergies by Theron G., Md. Randolph, et al; ISBN: 0553266934; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553266934/icongroupinterna

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An Alternative Approach to Allergies: The New Field of Clinical Ecology Unravels the Environmental Causes of Mental and Physical Ills by Theron G. Randolph, Ralph W. Moss (Contributor) (1990); ISBN: 0060916931; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060916931/icongroupinterna

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Ask Your Body: Relieve Your Food Allergies Instantly and Naturally With Music Testing by Elizabeth, Ph.D Spicer, Jonathon Spinney (Editor); ISBN: 1891850091; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1891850091/icongroupinterna

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Asthma & Allergies by Hasnain, Ph.D. Walji, Hasnain Walji; ISBN: 1891294024; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1891294024/icongroupinterna

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Asthma and Allergies: Recipes and Advice to Control Symptoms by Chris McLaughlin; ISBN: 1566491843; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1566491843/icongroupinterna

364 Allergies

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Asthma: The Complete Guide to Self-Management of Asthma and Allergies for Patients and Their Families by Allan M. Weinstein; ISBN: 0070690588; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0070690588/icongroupinterna

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Babies, Children & Food Allergies by Janice Ph.D., Joneja (2001); ISBN: 0968209831; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0968209831/icongroupinterna

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Black Cumin: The Magical Egyptian Herb for Allergies, Asthma, Skin Conditions, and Immune Disorders by Peter Schleicher, et al; ISBN: 0892818433; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0892818433/icongroupinterna

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Bobby's Allergies by Rosemary Butzer; ISBN: 0972961402; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0972961402/icongroupinterna

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Brain Allergies: The Psychonutrient and Magnetic Connections by William H., Md Philpott, et al; ISBN: 0658003984; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0658003984/icongroupinterna

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Brain Allergies: The Psychonutrient Connection Including Brain Allergies Today: An Update by William H. Philpott, et al; ISBN: 0879834269; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879834269/icongroupinterna

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Brain Allergies; The Psycho-Nutrient Connection by William H. Philpott, Dwight K. Kalita (Photographer); ISBN: 087983224X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/087983224X/icongroupinterna

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Breaking Out of Environmental Illness: Essential Reading for People With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Allergies, or Chemical Sensitivities by Robert Sampson, Patricia Hughes (Contributor) (1997); ISBN: 187918141X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/187918141X/icongroupinterna

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But I Can't Eat That: Kitchen Tested Recipes for People With Multiple Allergies by Heidi Passow (1993); ISBN: 0963726099; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963726099/icongroupinterna

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Candida, Me and Allergies: The Way Back to Good Health an A-Z by Jo Hampton, Ben Hampton (Editor); ISBN: 0952154439; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0952154439/icongroupinterna

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Caring for Your Child with Severe Food Allergies : Emotional Support and Practical Advice from a Parent Who's Been There by Lisa Cipriano Collins (Author); ISBN: 047134785X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/047134785X/icongroupinterna

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CFIDS, Fibromyalgia, and the Virus-Allergy Link: Hidden Viruses, Allergies, and Uncommon Fatigue/Pain Disorders by R. Bruce Duncan (2001); ISBN: 0789010739; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789010739/icongroupinterna

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Conquering Your Child's Allergies by M. Eric Gershwin, et al; ISBN: 0201129671; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0201129671/icongroupinterna

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Controlling Allergies and Overcoming Asthma with Herbs by Linda Rector-Page, Linda R. Page (1997); ISBN: 1884334105; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1884334105/icongroupinterna

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Controlling Allergies Fighting Asthma With Herbs (Healthy Healing Library; Vol. 10) by Linda R. Page (1996); ISBN: 1884334350; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1884334350/icongroupinterna

Books 365

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Cooking for Health: Allergies (Macrobiotic Food and Cooking Series) by Aveline Kushi, et al; ISBN: 0870406183; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0870406183/icongroupinterna

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Coping With Your Allergies by Natalie Golos, et al; ISBN: 0671601997; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0671601997/icongroupinterna

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Culinary Potions: Eating Joyously With Food Allergies by Eve, Do Berman, et al (2002); ISBN: 0970837402; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0970837402/icongroupinterna

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Cure Your Allergies: And Live Your Life by Martin F. Healy, Charmian Parkin (Compiler); ISBN: 085207347X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/085207347X/icongroupinterna

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Cure Your Own Allergies in Minutes by Jimmy, Scott, Kathleen Goss (Contributor); ISBN: 0945509014; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0945509014/icongroupinterna

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Curing Airborne Allergies: A Revolutionary, Safe and Natural Approach for Adults and Children by William C. Uy, Joyce Neilan (Foreword) (2002); ISBN: 1890772208; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890772208/icongroupinterna

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Curing Allergies With Visual Imagery: The Mind's Ability to Control the Immune System by William Lowe Mundy, Dr. William Lowe Mundy (2000); ISBN: 1884820484; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1884820484/icongroupinterna

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Curing Food Allergies and Other Illness: Parasitic Micro-Organisms and Your Health by Alan Hunter (2000); ISBN: 1853981230; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853981230/icongroupinterna

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Dealing With Food Allergies: A Practical Guide to Detecting Culprit Foods and Eating a Healthy, Enjoyable Diet by Janice Vickerstaff Joneja, Janice, Dr. Joneja (2003); ISBN: 092352164X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/092352164X/icongroupinterna

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Declared and Hidden Allergens in Foods: Practical Guide for Parents, Carers and Sufferers of Food Allergies by Dr Lola Greene (2003); ISBN: 097294110X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/097294110X/icongroupinterna

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Determined to Win: Children Living With Allergies and Asthma (Don't Turn Away) by Thomas Bergman; ISBN: 0836810759; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0836810759/icongroupinterna

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Dietary Management of Food Allergies & Intolerances: A Comprehensive Guide by Janice Vickerstoff Joneja (1998); ISBN: 0968209823; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0968209823/icongroupinterna

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Discover Your Hidden Food Allergies and Lose Weight by Alan Hunter (1998); ISBN: 1853981052; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853981052/icongroupinterna

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Easy Breathing: Natural Treatments For Asthma, Colds, Flu, Coughs, Allergies & Sinusitis by David Hoffmann; ISBN: 1580172520; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580172520/icongroupinterna

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Eating Dangerously: The Hazards of Allergies by Richard. MacKarness; ISBN: 0151272654; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0151272654/icongroupinterna

366 Allergies

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EMED: Allergies/Anaphylaxis by Primedia; ISBN: 1401831443; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1401831443/icongroupinterna

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Family guide to asthma and allergies by Norman H. Edelman (Author); ISBN: B00005VVFE; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005VVFE/icongroupinterna

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Fighting Allergies (Health and Healing the Natural Way) (2000); ISBN: 0762102640; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0762102640/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergies : Up-to-Date Tips from the World's Foremost Nutrition Experts by The American Dietetic Association (Author), et al; ISBN: 0471347140; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471347140/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergies and Food Intolerance: The Complete Guide to Their Identification and Treatment by Jonathan Brostoff, Linda Gamlin (2000); ISBN: 0892818751; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0892818751/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergies Made Simple (1990); ISBN: 0942658086; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0942658086/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergies: How to Tell If You Have Them; What to Do About Them If You Do by Neil S. Orenstein, Sarah L. Bingham (Photographer); ISBN: 0399513833; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0399513833/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergies: Rare but in Need of Risk Assessment [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Datamonitor (Author); ISBN: B00008R3OF; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00008R3OF/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergies: The Complete Guide to Understanding and Relieving Your Food Allergies by William E. Walsh (Author); ISBN: 047138268X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/047138268X/icongroupinterna

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Food Allergies: Understanding Allergy versus Intolerance, Buying the Right Foods, Protecting Yourself While Eating Out [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B00005UF19; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005UF19/icongroupinterna

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Freedom from Allergies: A Subliminal Persuasion/Self-Hypnosis by Konicov; ISBN: 0870823213; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0870823213/icongroupinterna

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Global Allergies & Rhinitis [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Datamonitor (Author); ISBN: B00008R50T; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00008R50T/icongroupinterna

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Good Food, Good Mood: Treating Your Hidden Allergies by Gary Null, et al (2001); ISBN: 0312299982; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312299982/icongroupinterna

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Goodbye Allergies by Tom R. Blaine; ISBN: 0806503483; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0806503483/icongroupinterna

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Hay Fever: The Complete Guide: Find Relief from Allergies to Pollens, Molds, Pets, Dust Mites, and more by Jonathan Brostoff, Linda Gamlin; ISBN: 089281988X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089281988X/icongroupinterna

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Healthy at Last: Solutions to Chronic Ill Health, Allergies and Environmental Illness by Cynthia Clinkscales (1991); ISBN: 0962476412; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962476412/icongroupinterna

Books 367

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Help Me Behave! A Mother's Simplified Guide to Nutrition for ADD, Hyperactivity and Allergies by Kara Goodyke; ISBN: 0965987205; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0965987205/icongroupinterna

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Herbs to Help You Breathe Freely: Herbal Remedies for Asthma, Allergies, Sinusitis and Other Respiratory Problems (Good Herb Guides) by C. J. Puotinen (1996); ISBN: 0879837411; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879837411/icongroupinterna

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Hidden Food Allergies: Finding the Foods That Cause You Problems and Removing Them from Your Diet by Stephen Astor, Stephen Md. Aster; ISBN: 089529799X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089529799X/icongroupinterna

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Hidden Food Allergies: How to Discover If You Have Food Allergies and What to Do to Successfully Overcome Them by Stephen Astor; ISBN: 0895293692; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895293692/icongroupinterna

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Home Allergies: Don't Let Your Home Make You Sick by William E., MD Walsh; ISBN: 0963154419; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963154419/icongroupinterna

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How to Control Your Allergies by Robert Forman; ISBN: 0915962292; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0915962292/icongroupinterna

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How to Outsmart Your Allergies A by Art Ulene (Author); ISBN: 0932513239; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0932513239/icongroupinterna

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Is This Your Child?: Discovering and Treating Unrecognized Allergies by Doris J. Rapp; ISBN: 0688086233; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0688086233/icongroupinterna

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Let's Talk About Having Allergies (The Let's Talk Library) by Elizabeth Weitzman; ISBN: 0823950336; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823950336/icongroupinterna

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Living with Food Allergies : A Complete Guide to a Healthy Lifestyle by Betty, Ph.D., R.D. Wedman-St. Louis, et al; ISBN: 0809228580; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0809228580/icongroupinterna

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Living With Nut Allergies by Karen Evennett (2000); ISBN: 0859698351; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859698351/icongroupinterna

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Mommy's Best Recipes: Totally Fun Food for Kids with Food Allergies by Patricia Aldrich; ISBN: 0971002606; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0971002606/icongroupinterna

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MSM the Definitive Guide: The Nutritional Breakthrough for Arthritis, Allergies and More by Stanley W. Jacob, Jeremy Appleton (2002); ISBN: 1893910229; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1893910229/icongroupinterna

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My House Is Killing Me! The Home Guide for Families With Allergies and Asthma by Jeffrey C. May, Jonathan M. Samet (Foreword) (2001); ISBN: 0801867304; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801867304/icongroupinterna

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Natural Medicine for Allergies: The Best Alternative Methods for Quick Relief by Suzanne Levert (Contributor), Glenn S. Rothfeld; ISBN: 0875962866; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875962866/icongroupinterna

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Nettles: Both Potent Herb and Delectable Food, This Common "Weed" Can Ease Allergies, Prostate Enlargement and More (Keats Good Herb Guide) by Janice J.

368 Allergies

Schofield (1998); ISBN: 087983840X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/087983840X/icongroupinterna ·

No More Allergies: Identifying and Eliminating Allergies and Sensitivity Reactions to Everything in Your Environment by Gary Null (1992); ISBN: 0679743103; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0679743103/icongroupinterna

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Overcoming Allergies: Home Remedies-Elimination and Rotation DietsComplementary Therapies by Christina Scott-Moncrieff (Author) (2002); ISBN: 1855859696; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1855859696/icongroupinterna

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Overcoming Food Allergies by Swynne H. Davies (1989); ISBN: 0906798469; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0906798469/icongroupinterna

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Overcoming Food Allergies by Gwynne H. Davies, Gynne H. Davies (1989); ISBN: 0906798450; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0906798450/icongroupinterna

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Pet Allergies by Alfred J. Plechner DVM, Martin Zucker (1985); ISBN: 0961545208; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0961545208/icongroupinterna

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Pets at Risk: From Allergies to Cancer, Remedies for an Unsuspected Epidemic by Alfred J. Plechner, Martin Zucker (Contributor) (2003); ISBN: 0939165481; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0939165481/icongroupinterna

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Prevention's Healing With Vitamins: The Most Effective Vitamin and Mineral Treatments for Everyday Health Problems and Serious Disease-From Allergies and Arthritis to Water Retention and by Alice Feinstein (Editor), et al (1996); ISBN: 0875962920; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875962920/icongroupinterna

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Say Goodbye to Children's Allergies by Devi S., Dr., Ph.D. Nambudripad, Dr. Devi S. Nambudripad; ISBN: 0965824284; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0965824284/icongroupinterna

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Say Good-Bye to Your Allergies by Devi S. Nambudripad (2003); ISBN: 097043443X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/097043443X/icongroupinterna

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Sinus Survival: A Self Help Guide for Allergies, Bronchitis, Colds, & Sinusitus by Robert S. Ivker; ISBN: 0425143058; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0425143058/icongroupinterna

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Sinus Survival: A Self-Help Guide for Allergies, Bronchitis, Colds, and Sinusitis by Robert S., Dr. Ivker, Gilbert W. Levitt; ISBN: 0874776848; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874776848/icongroupinterna

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Sinus Survival: The Holistic Medical Treatment for Allergies, Asthma, Bronchitis, Colds, and Sinusitis by Robert S. Ivker (1995); ISBN: 0874778077; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874778077/icongroupinterna

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Sinus Survival: The Holistic Medical Treatment for Sinusitis, Allergies, and Colds by Robert S. Ivker, Todd H. Nelson (2000); ISBN: 1585420581; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1585420581/icongroupinterna

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Skin Disorders Sourcebook: Basic Information About Common Skin and Scalp Conditions Caused by Aging, Allergies, Immune Reactions, Sun Exposure, Infectious Organisms, Parasites, (Health Reference Series, Vol 22) by Allan R. Cook (Editor) (1997); ISBN: 078080080X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/078080080X/icongroupinterna

Books 369

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Special Foods for Special Kids: Practical Solutions & Great Recipes for Children With Food Allergies by Todd Adelman, Jodi Behrend; ISBN: 1885003382; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885003382/icongroupinterna

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Taking Charge of Your Child's Allergies: The Informed Parent's Comprehensive Guide by M. Eric, Md. Gershwin, Edwin L., Ph.D. Klingelhofer; ISBN: 0425168573; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0425168573/icongroupinterna

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The " Daily Telegraph" Complete Guide to Allergies (The "Daily Telegraph") by Pamela Brookes, Sarah Brewer (Introduction); ISBN: 1841191612; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1841191612/icongroupinterna

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The Allergy Bible: The Conventional and Alternative Guide to Understanding, Avoiding, and Treating Allergies by Linda Gamlin, Jonathan Brostoff (Contributor); ISBN: 0762102934; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0762102934/icongroupinterna

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The Allergy Bible: The Definitive Guide to Understanding, Diagnosing and Treating Allergies and Intolerances by Linda Gamlin; ISBN: 1903845440; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1903845440/icongroupinterna

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The Allergy Discovery Diet: A Rotation Diet for Discovering Your Allergies to Food by John E. Postley, Janet Barton (Contributor); ISBN: 038524682X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/038524682X/icongroupinterna

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The American Lung Association Family Guide to Asthma and Allergies: How You and Your Children Can Breathe Easier by The American Lung Advisory Group, et al (1998); ISBN: 0316038156; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0316038156/icongroupinterna

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The Bible Cure for Allergies by Don Colbert, Steve Hiller (Reader); ISBN: 1589260368; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1589260368/icongroupinterna

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The Complete Book of Children's Allergies by David Carroll (Contributor), B. Robert Feldman (Contributor); ISBN: 081291211X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/081291211X/icongroupinterna

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The Complete Guide to Children's Allergies: Care and Treatment of Your Allergic Child by Emile, Somekh; ISBN: 0894740288; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0894740288/icongroupinterna

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The Complete Idiot's Guide to Food Allergies by Lee H. Freund, Jeanne Rejaunier (2003); ISBN: 1592571174; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1592571174/icongroupinterna

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The Doctors Book of Home Remedies for Airborne Allergies: 100 New Cures for Symptoms from Pollen, Pets, Dust, and Mold by Mary S. Kittel (Editor), et al (2000); ISBN: 1579542115; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1579542115/icongroupinterna

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The Doctors Book of Home Remedies for Children: From Allergies and Animal Bites to Toothache and TV Addiction, Hundreds of Doctor-Proven Techniques by Editors of Prevention Magazine Health Books, et al; ISBN: 0875961835; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875961835/icongroupinterna

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The Good Gut Guide: Help for Ibs, Ulcerative Colitis, Crohn's Disease, Diverticulitis, Food Allergies, Other Gut Problems by Stephanie Zinser, R. John Nicholls (2003); ISBN: 0007138059; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0007138059/icongroupinterna

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The Inflammation Syndrome: The Complete Nutritional Program to Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease, Arthritis, Diabetes, Allergies, and Asthma by Jack Challem (Author); ISBN: 0471202711; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471202711/icongroupinterna

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The Parent's Guide to Food Allergies: Clear and Complete Advice from the Experts on Raising Your Food Allergic Child by Marianne S. Barber, et al (2001); ISBN: 0805066004; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0805066004/icongroupinterna

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The Respiratory Solution: Finally, Relief from Asthma, Bronchitis, Mold, Sinus Attacks, Allergies, Sore Throats Colds and Flu. by Cass Ingram (2003); ISBN: 1931078076; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1931078076/icongroupinterna

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The Respiratory Solution: How to Use Natural Cures to Reverse Respiratory Ailments: Finally, Relief from Asthma, Bronchitis, Mold, Sinus Attacks, Allergies, Sore Throats, cold by Cass, Dr Ingram (2003); ISBN: 1931078025; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1931078025/icongroupinterna

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The Whole Family Guide to Natural Asthma Relief: Comprehensive Drug Free Solutions for the Treatment and Prevention of Asthma and Allergies by C. Leigh, Ph.D. Broadhurst, Vladimir Badmaev (Contributor) (2002); ISBN: 1583331239; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583331239/icongroupinterna

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Total Health for Women: From Allergies & Back Pain to Overweight & PMS, the Best Preventive & Curative Advice for Over 110 Women's Health Prob by Prevention Magazine, et al (1995); ISBN: 0875963110; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875963110/icongroupinterna

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Total Health for Women: From Allergies and Back Pain to Overweight and Pms, the Best Preventive and Curative Advice for More Than 100 Women's Health Problems by Ellen Michaud, et al; ISBN: 0875962718; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875962718/icongroupinterna

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Treating Asthma, Allergies and Food Sensitivities (Physicians' Guide to Healing) by Alan Pressman, et al; ISBN: 0425156699; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0425156699/icongroupinterna

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Understanding Allergies by Mary Steel; ISBN: 0340381620; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0340381620/icongroupinterna

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User's Guide to Natural Allergy Relief: Learn About the Many Ways to Reduce Your Allergies by Jonathan Berkowitz, Jack Challem (Editor); ISBN: 1591200482; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1591200482/icongroupinterna

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Vegetarian Cooking for People With Allergies by Rafael Rettner, Raphael Rettner (1997); ISBN: 1570670455; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1570670455/icongroupinterna

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Viruses, Allergies and the Immune System (By Appointment Only Series) by Jan De Vries (1989); ISBN: 1851581766; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1851581766/icongroupinterna

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What Do We Eat Tonight? How to Live With Food Allergies - A Practical Guide to Selecting Foods and Creating a Rotation Diet. by Dianna Barra; ISBN: 0971137005; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0971137005/icongroupinterna

Books 371

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What Does It Mean To: Have Allergies? (What Does It Mean to Have/be...?) by Louise Spillsbury; ISBN: 0431139288; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0431139288/icongroupinterna

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What Does It Mean To: Have Asthma? / Have Allergies? / Have Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADDH)? / Have Sickle Cell Anaemia? / Be Deaf? / Have Autism? (What Does It Mean to Have/be...?) by Louise Spillsbury; ISBN: 0431139334; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0431139334/icongroupinterna

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What Your Doctor May Not tell You About Children's Allergies and Asthma: Simple Steps to Help Stop Attacks and Improve Your Child's Health by Lawrence T. Chiaramonte, et al (2003); ISBN: 0446679887; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0446679887/icongroupinterna

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What's in the Air?: The Complete Guide to Seasonal and Year-Round Airborne Allergies by Gill Shepherd, et al; ISBN: 0743442172; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0743442172/icongroupinterna

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Whipping Hidden Allergies by Harris W., M.D. Hosen (1994); ISBN: 0962276227; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962276227/icongroupinterna

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Why Do My Eyes Itch?: And Other Questions About Allergies (Body Matters) by Angela Royston; ISBN: 1403402078; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1403402078/icongroupinterna

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Winning the War Against Asthma and Allergies by Ellen W. Cutler, Stephen Bock; ISBN: 0827386222; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0827386222/icongroupinterna

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Winning the War Against Immune Disorders and Allergies: A Drug Free Cure for Allergies by Ellen W. Cutler; ISBN: 0766800598; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0766800598/icongroupinterna

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You Can Do Something About Your Allergies: A Leading Doctor's Guide to Allergy Prevention and Treatment by Nelson L. Novick (2000); ISBN: 0595140599; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595140599/icongroupinterna

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Your Child's Food Allergies : Detecting & Treating Hyperactivity, Congestion, Irritability and other Symptoms Caused by Common Food Allergies by Jane McNicol (Author) (1992); ISBN: 047155801X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/047155801X/icongroupinterna

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Your Hidden Food Allergies Are Making You Fat by Rudy Rivera, Roger D. Deutsch; ISBN: 0761537600; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761537600/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “allergies” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.”

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From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 ·

Allergies Author: Silverstein, Alvin.; Year: 1979; Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1977; ISBN: 039731759X http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/039731759X/icongroupinterna

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Allergies Author: Price, Mary Emily,; Year: 1949; Springhouse, PA.: Springhouse Corp., c1986; ISBN: 0874340284 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874340284/icongroupinterna

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Allergies; what they are and what to do about them Author: Rudolph, Jack Arthur,; Year: 1980; New York: Pyramid Communications, inc., 1975, c1973; ISBN: 0515031011 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0515031011/icongroupinterna

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Allergies and the hyperactive child Author: Rapp, Doris J.; Year: 1980; New York: Sovereign Books, c1979; ISBN: 0671183842 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0671183842/icongroupinterna

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Allergies respiratoires. Author: Mayrand, L.; Year: 1973; Saint-Denis, France: Laboratoires Fisons, 1974

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Allergies to milk Author: Bahna, Sami Labib,; Year: 1980; New York: Grune; Stratton, c1980; ISBN: 0808912569 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0808912569/icongroupinterna

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Allergies. Author: Macaulay, Douglas Blair.; Year: 1950; [London] Priory Press [c1973]; ISBN: 0850781027 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0850781027/icongroupinterna

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Allergies; asthma, hay fever, dermatitis, migraine and others. Author: GrahamBonnalie, F. E.; Year: 1972; Newton Abbot, David; Charles [c1970]; ISBN: 0715348949

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Allergies; what they are and what to do about them, by Jack A. Rudolph [and] Burton M. Rudolph. Author: Rudolph, Jack Arthur,; Year: 1962; New York, PB Pocket Books [1962]

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An alternative approach to allergies: the new field of clinical ecology unravels the environmental causes of mental and physical ills Author: Randolph, Theron G.; Year: 1980; New York: Lippincott; Crowell, c1980; ISBN: 069001998X http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/069001998X/icongroupinterna

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Asthma and allergies: an optimistic future Author: Young, Patrick.; Year: 1967; [Bethesda, Md.]: U. S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health: Washington; for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U. S. govt. Print. Off., 1980

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Asthma and other allergies Author: Jaggi, O. P.; Year: 1974; New Delhi: Orient Longman, 1974

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Asthma, hay fever and other allergies: and how to live with them Author: Forsythe, Elizabeth.; Year: 1974; London: William Luscombe, c1975; ISBN: 0860021394 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0860021394/icongroupinterna

11 In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

Books 373

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Atlas of allergies Author: Fireman, Philip,; Year: 1975; Philadelphia: Lippincott; New York: Gower Medical Pub., c1991; ISBN: 0397446691 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0397446691/icongroupinterna

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Auto-suggestion stops allergy; the newest psychological approach to hay fever, asthma, and other allergies. Author: Johns, Alfred Eli,; Year: 1949; New York, Modern Coué Institute [c1949]

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Elimination diets and the patient's allergies; a handbook of allergy. Author: Rowe, Albert H. (Albert Holmes),; Year: 1944; Philadelphia, Lea; Febiger, 1944

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Goodbye allergies. Author: Blaine, Tom R.,; Year: 1963; New York, Citadel Press [c1965]

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Handbook of food allergies Author: Breneman, James C.; Year: 1951; New York: Dekker, c1987; ISBN: 0824775589 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824775589/icongroupinterna

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Pardon my sneeze; the story of asthma and other allergies, by Milton Millman. Contributors: Ira M. Goldstein [et al. Author: Millman, Milton,; Year: 1971; San Diego, Frye; Smith, c1971]

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Questions and answers about allergies and your child Author: Rapp, Doris J.; Year: 1976; New York: Drake, 1974; ISBN: 0877496854 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0877496854/icongroupinterna

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Scope monograph on stigmata of respiratory tract allergies. Author: Marks, Meyer B.,; Year: 1973; Kalamazoo, Mich., Upjohn Co. [c1972]

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Somatic and psychiatric aspects of childhood allergies. Author: Harms, Ernest,; Year: 1970; Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1963

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The complete book of children's allergies Author: Feldman, Bernard R.; Year: 1988; New York: Times Books, c1986; ISBN: 081291221X

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Understanding allergies. Author: Gerrard, John W.; Year: 1972; Springfield, Ill., Thomas [c1973]; ISBN: 0398027684 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398027684/icongroupinterna

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Your sinus troubles and treatments; an authoritative explanation for the layman, with recommendations for the treatment of your sinus conditions, colds, hay fever and other allergies. Author: Brodnitz, Friedrich S.,; Year: 1975; New York, Abelard Press [1951, c1950]

Chapters on Allergies In order to find chapters that specifically relate to allergies, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and allergies using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “allergies” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on allergies: ·

Food-Related Illnesses and Allergies Source: in Townsend, C.E. and Roth, R.A. Nutrition and Diet Therapy. 7th ed. Albany, NY: Delmar Publishers. 1999. 171-187 p.

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Contact: Available from Delmar Publishers. 3 Columbia Circle, Albany, NY 12212. (800) 865-5840. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $44.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0766802965. Summary: This chapter on food related illnesses and allergies is from an undergraduate textbook on nutrition and diet therapy. The chapter identifies the diseases caused by contaminated food, along with their signs and the means by which they are spread; lists the signs of food contamination; reviews precautions for protecting food from contamination; and covers allergies and elimination diets and their uses. Foodborne illnesses covered include Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Cyclospora, Escherichia coli (O157:H7), Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, Shigella, and Staphylococcus aureas. The authors stress that infection or poisoning traced to food is usually caused by human ignorance or carelessness. Food should not be prepared by anyone who has or carries a contagious disease. All fresh fruits and vegetables should be washed before being eaten. Meats, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy products should be refrigerated. Food should be covered to prevent contamination by dust, insects, or animals. Food allergies can cause many different and unpleasant symptoms, and elimination diets are used to determine their causes. Some of the most common food allergens are milk, chocolate, eggs, tomatoes, fish, citrus fruit, legumes, strawberries, and wheat. The chapter includes lists of key terms to learn, recommended discussion topics, and suggested supplemental activities, and a section of review questions so readers can test their comprehension of the material. Two illustrative case studies are appended. 1 figure. 4 tables. ·

Food Intolerances and Food Allergies Source: in Janowitz, H.D. Good Food for Bad Stomachs. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 1997. p. 100-109. Contact: Available from Oxford University Press. Order Department, 2001 Evans Road, Cary, NC 27513. (800) 451-7556. Fax (919) 677-1303. PRICE: $12.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0195126556. Summary: This chapter on food intolerances and food allergies is from a book that presents a detailed look at present knowledge about the role of eating habits in preventing, causing, and treating the many disorders that plague the gastrointestinal tract and its associated digestive glands, the liver, the gallbladder, and the pancreas. Topics include the prevalence of food sensitivities, the difficulty of proving that certain symptoms blamed on food allergies are really caused by foods, diagnostic tests, terminology, wheat intolerance, discomfort caused by complex carbohydrates, and food allergies (to shellfish and peanuts). Common symptoms of food allergies include gastrointestinal complaints such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea; distant symptoms such as hives, swelling of the lips and throat, and eczema; asthma and swelling of the nasal passages; and sometimes headache or migraine. The author lists contact information for the Food Allergy Network, which is particularly helpful for information about peanut allergies.

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Food Intolerance and Food Allergies: 'Was It Something I Ate?' Source: in Janowitz, H.D. Indigestion: Living Better with Upper Intestinal Problems from Heartburn to Ulcers and Gallstones. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 1992. p. 163-173.

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Contact: Available from Oxford University Press. Order Department, 2001 Evans Road, Cary, NC 27513. (800) 451-7556. Fax (919) 677-1303. PRICE: $11.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 019508554X. Summary: This chapter on food intolerance and food allergies is from a book that offers advice on how to take care of and avoid the whole complex of disturbances categorized as indigestion. The author notes that no one doubts that food allergies exist, but because controversy and possible quackery surround the whole subject, doctors approach it with great caution. The major problem is proving that symptoms blamed on food allergies are really caused by the food under consideration. Common symptoms include gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain), distant symptoms (hives, swelling of the lips and throat, eczema), asthma and swelling of the nasal passages, and migraine. The diagnostic tests used for food allergies are hard to interpret and are unreliable. The author outlines the terminology used in this area, including food intolerance, food idiosyncrasy, and food allergy, and also discusses wheat intolerance (gluten, the wheat protein), the role of a food diary in diagnosis, the use of elimination diets, elemental diets, and core diets, and the role of medications in treating food allergies. The author stresses that the real cure for food allergies or food intolerances is the elimination of the offending substance. Lactase can help in lactose intolerance, but in general, drugs are not helpful except to provide some symptomatic relief. ·

Food Allergies and Adverse Food Reactions: An Anthropological Perspective Source: in Perkin, J.E., ed. Food Allergies and Adverse Reactions. Frederick, MD: Aspen Publishers, 1990. p. 207-232. Contact: Available from Aspen Publishers, Inc. 7201 McKinney Circle, Frederick, MD 21701-9782-9782. (800) 638-8437 or (301) 417-7500. PRICE: $49. Summary: This chapter, from a book on food allergies and adverse food reactions, is based on the review of a scant body of literature from nutritional and medical anthropology, nutritional geography, and epidemiology. In this chapter, the authors discuss anthropological approaches to adverse food reactions and, when applicable, the sociopsychological and biocultural factors that explain these food-related behaviors and physiological responses. In the last section of the chapter, the authors focus on interactions between minority clients and nutritionists or dietitians. The problems arising in transcultural or cross-cultural therapeutic encounters are discussed. The authors also suggest a number of techniques for promoting more effective nutrition education and better adherence to recommended changes in diet and food-related behaviors. Specific syndromes discussed include gluten intolerance (celiac disease) and lactose intolerance. 83 references.

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Mechanisms of Food Allergy Source: in McCormick, D.B., Bier, D.M., and Goodridge, A.G., eds. Annual Review of Nutrition. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews Inc. 1996. Volume 16: 161-177. Contact: Available from Annual Reviews Inc. 4139 El Camino Way, P.O. Box 10139, Palo Alto, CA 94303-0139. (800) 523-8635. Fax (415) 424-0910. PRICE: $53.00. ISBN: 0824328167. ISSN: 01999885. Individual article reprints available from Annual Reviews Preprints and Reprints. (800) 347-8007 or (415) 259-5017. E-mail: [email protected]. Base price $13.50 per article.

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Summary: This article reviews recent work in the mechanisms of food allergy. With relatively uniform definitions of the clinical presentations of food allergy now available, the scientific literature is easier to understand. The authors note that the prevalence of food allergy is up to 8 percent in children and 2 percent in adults. Additionally, recent studies have shown the role of specific allergens and mediators in the immunopathogenesis of food allergy. Much of the information available still relates to immunoglobulin E-mediated food reactions, although other immunologic mechanisms are being studied extensively. The diagnosis and treatment of food allergy is now also much more standardized. Long-term studies have revealed the natural history of many of these reactions. 83 references. (AA-M). ·

Food Allergy Source: in Gerber, J.M. Handbook of Preventive and Therapeutic Nutrition. Frederick, MD: Aspen Publishers, Inc. 1993. p. 35-41. Contact: Available from Aspen Publishers, Inc. 7201 McKinney Circle, Frederick, MD 21701-9782. (800) 638-8437 or (301) 417-7500. PRICE: $34. ISBN: 0834203189. Summary: This chapter, from a handbook of preventive and therapeutic nutrition, provides an overview about food allergy. Sections include conditions linked with food allergy, immune reactions causing food allergy, predisposing conditions for food allergy, laboratory tests for allergy, allergy elimination diets, the allergy challenge tests, allergy treatment, and food allergy prevention. Under each section, information is presented in brief, list format for ease of retrieval and use. One exhibit reproduces a food allergy questionnaire. 1 figure.

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Allergy Source: in Little, J.W., et al. Dental Management of the Medically Compromised Patient. 5th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc. 1997. p. 443-465. Contact: Available from Harcourt Health Sciences. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 325-4177. Fax (800) 874-6418. Website: www.harcourthealth.com. PRICE: $48.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0815156340. Summary: A working knowledge of the multitude of compromised health states is essential for dental professionals, as the majority of medically compromised patients need or want oral health care. This chapter on allergy is from a text that provides the dental practitioner with an up to date reference work describing the dental management of patients with selected medical problems. In this chapter, the authors outline four reasons for the dentist to know about allergy: to identify patients with a true allergic history (to prevent medical emergencies in the dental setting); to recognize oral soft tissue changes that might be caused by an allergic reaction; to identify and plan appropriate dental care for patients who have severe alteration of their immune system because of radiation, drug therapy, or immune deficiency disorders; and to recognize the signs and symptoms of acute allergic reactions and manage these problems appropriately. The authors discuss incidence and prevalence, pathophysiology and complications, signs and symptoms (clinical presentation and laboratory findings), the classification of sensitivity, nonallergic reactions, the medical management of patients with allergies, and the dental management of this population. In the last section, the authors consider allergies to penicillin, analgesics (aspirin, primarily), rubber products, and dental materials and products. 6 figures. 41 tables. 45 references.

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Orofacial Allergic Reactions Source: in Lamey, P.J. Lewis, M.A.O. Clinical Guide to Oral Medicine. 2nd ed. Hampshire, United Kingdom: British Dental Journal (BDJ), Stockton Press. 1997. p. 3539. Contact: Available from British Dental Journal (BDJ). Marketing Department, Stockton Press, Houndsmill, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 6XS, United Kingdom. Telephone +44 (0) 1256 351898. Fax +44(0) 1256 328339. PRICE: $41.00. ISBN: 0904588505. Summary: This chapter on orofacial allergic reactions is from a clinical guide to oral medicine. The book is a compilation of pathology photographs designed to improve competence in the recognition of diseases involving the oral and para-oral structures. The book includes summaries of the management of those conditions most frequently seen in practice. The authors note that allergic reactions may produce a variety of clinical signs and symptoms. It is now apparent that the occurrence of lip swelling, oral ulceration, or mucosal white patches may be due to a sensitivity to components of dental materials (particularly amalgam), toothpastes, food, drinks, or drugs. Although allergic reactions do not occur frequently, it is important to identify any factor that may be responsible for orofacial lesions, since elimination of the allergen will usually lead to rapid resolution of symptoms. In particular, suspected cases of recurrent erythema multiforme, orofacial granulomatosis, or lichenoid reactions require early institution of allergy tests. Full color photographs illustrate the chapter. 16 figures.

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Allergic and Toxic Contact Stomatitis Source: in Bork, K., et al. Diseases of the Oral Mucosa and the Lips. Orlando, FL: W.B. Saunders Company. 1993. p. 181-189. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522 (individuals) or (800) 782-4479 (schools); Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445; http://www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $99.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721640397. Summary: This chapter, from a textbook on diseases of the oral mucosa and the lips, discusses allergic and toxic contact stomatitis. The authors note that allergic contact reactions are in general extremely rare in the oral mucosa and far less common than on the skin. Topics include allergic contact stomatitis, dental materials (metal prostheses, plastic prostheses, cements, glazes and veneers, amalgam, and adhesives), other allergens in the mouth, irritant contact stomatitis, leukoedema, nicotinic stomatitis (from the action of heat and nicotine on the hard palate), and exogenous tooth pigmentation, from coffee, tea, smoking, or medications. For each topic, the authors describe the clinical features and present brief therapeutic recommendations. Full-color photographs illustrate the chapter; references are provided for some sections. 9 figures. 2 tables. 54 references. (AA-M).

Directories In addition to the references and resources discussed earlier in this chapter, a number of directories relating to allergies have been published that consolidate information across

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various sources. The Combined Health Information Database lists the following, which you may wish to consult in your local medical library:12 ·

Directory of Plain Language Health Information Source: Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Public Health Association. 1999. 104 p. Contact: Available from Canadian Public Health Association. 400-1565 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Z 8R1. (613) 725-3769. Fax (613) 725-9826. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $19.95 plus shipping and handling. Also available at www.pls.cpha.ca for free. ISBN: 189432403X. Summary: Patient education materials are often written at a level that is higher than the reading level of the people who need the materials. This directory lists 'plain language' patient education materials. An extensive introductory chapter in the directory describes how patient education materials are evaluated and offers specific information about the best strategies to create plain language materials. Each piece of health information in the directory is rated according to its design assessment, in order to help readers make informed decisions about choosing materials. Part I is a list of health subjects presented in alphabetical order, in the style of a typical index. The page number after a listing notes where to find that piece of health information in Part II. Part II is a list of organizations and their contact information. Below the contact information is a list of the plain language health titles produced by the organization. Each title is grouped under a grade level heading, is numbered, and has a design rating. Part III is an alphabetical list of all the organizations in Part II. Materials related to digestive system diseases include allergies, constipation and soiling in children, cholesterol, hepatitis, constipation, diabetes and diet therapy, exercise for weight control, food choices, nutrition, heart health, immunization, low fat cooking, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, smoking, and weight loss. Appendices to the directory include a guide to the S.M.O.G. readability formula, clear design tips, and plain language tips. The Directory is also available at www.pls.cpha.ca on the Internet.

12 You will need to limit your search to “Directory” and “allergies” using the "Detailed Search" option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find directories, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Directory.” Type “allergies” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months.

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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON ALLERGIES Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on allergies. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on allergies is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “allergies” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “allergies” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on allergies: ·

Food Allergies: Fact or Fiction? Source: Fairfax, VA: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network. 1997. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). 10400 Eaton Place, Suite 107, Fairfax, VA 22030-2208. (800) 929-4040. Fax (703) 691-2713. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.foodallergy.org. PRICE: $20.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: Living with life threatening food allergies can be particularly difficult for teenagers. No one understands what it feels like to have a reaction, not to be able to eat what everyone else is eating, and to have to carry medication at all times. This lively videotape program interviews a teenager who plays video games and loves to ski, a college student who rollerblades and lives on campus, and an allergist who lives without peanuts. They describe their allergies, symptoms of a reaction, how they handle medications, social lives, parents, and eating out at restaurants (including carrying a chef card that explains the allergy). They all reinforce the need to carry epinephrine at

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all times and the need to prepare for a reaction, even while trying to avoid eating the food item that will trigger the allergy. The allergist in the video, Dr. Bob Wood, notes that reactions will happen, so people with food allergies must educate themselves and be prepared with their medications. The video features a 'Food Allergies: Fact or Fiction?' game show spoof to reinforce the concepts presented in the tape. The video includes upbeat music in the background, and numerous clips and stills of humorous, old fashioned film and television characters. ·

It Only Takes One Bite: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Source: Fairfax, VA: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network. 1993. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). 10400 Eaton Place, Suite 107, Fairfax, VA 22030-2208. (800) 929-4040. Fax (703) 691-2713. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.foodallergy.org. PRICE: $20.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This video, designed for both adults and children, describes how to handle food induced anaphylaxis (sudden, severe potentially fatal hypersensitivity reaction often characterized by hives and difficulty breathing). People with food allergies and parents of children with food allergies describe these allergies, symptoms of a reaction, how they handle medications, social lives, school situations, and eating at restaurants. They all reinforce the need to carry epinephrine at all times and to prepare for a reaction, even while trying to avoid eating the food item that will trigger the allergy. The video includes interviews with Dr. Hugh Sampson of Johns Hopkins Children's Center, as he works with an adolescent patient. Dr. Sampson describes the immune system involvement in anaphylactic reactions and notes that these reactions differ markedly between people in regard to severity and length of time of the reaction. One of the parents interviewed in the program describes her efforts in organizing the home pantry, eating at restaurants, working with school officials, and ensuring that her child always has access to epinephrine. The use of epinephrine trainers (Epi-Pens) is described and demonstrated. The program concludes with a discussion of the emotions of dealing with a food allergy and the importance of seeing organizations and support groups for emotional support and additional information. The video notes the number through which one can contact a board certified allergist (800-822-ASTHMA).

Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “allergies” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on allergies: ·

Colostrum: Advanced Immune Discoveries Symposium Contact: Human Energy Press, 493 Beach Park Blvd Ste 210, Foster City, CA, 94404, (415) 349-0718. Summary: This sound recording deals with use of colostrum, which is a substance obtained by inoculating cows with cryptosporidiosis, in treating Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The speaker discusses problems common to

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persons with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, such as skin diseases and disorders, and aggravation of allergies, and how these problems can be controlled. HIV can change lipid metabolism and the need for careful nutritional planning is essential. ·

Ascorbate Therapy: Advanced Immune Discoveries Symposium Contact: Human Energy Press, 493 Beach Park Blvd Ste 210, Foster City, CA, 94404, (415) 349-0718. Summary: This sound recording deals with the use of ascorbate as a free radical scavenger in treating a variety of diseases, including Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Included is a brief history of the use of ascorbates in curing disease and the researcher's own experience in using it to treat allergies. He explains how a free radical scavenger works and how to prevent side effects of massive doses of ascorbates.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Allergies The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in allergies (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on allergies (for more information, follow the hyperlink indicated): ·

Allergic reactions [videorecording] Source: a production of American Safety Video Publishers; Year: 1996; Format: Videorecording; [St. Louis, Mo.?]: Mosby-Year Book, c1996

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Allergies [videorecording] Source: a CBC Television production; Year: 1983; Format: Videorecording; [Ottawa]: Canadian Broadcasting Corp., c1983

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Allergies [videorecording] Source: a presentation of Films for the Humanities & Sciences; produced for Discovery Health Channel by Big Rock Productions; Year: 2001; Format: Videorecording; Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities & Sciences, c2001

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Allergies [videorecording]: a natural approach. Year: 1997; Format: Videorecording; New York: Gary Null & Associates, c1997

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Allergies [videorecording]: allergens, antibodies & symptoms Source: HSTN, Health & Sciences Television Network; Year: 2001; Format: Videorecording; Carrollton, TX: PRIMEDIA Workplace Learning, c2001

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Allergies [videorecording]: solutions to rhinitis Source: a co-production of Multimedia Communications and Physician Education and Development; Year: 2001; Format: Videorecording; Oakland, CA: Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, c2001

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Allergies to natural rubber latex [videorecording]; Diagnostic testing for DVT Source: HSTN; Year: 2002; Format: Videorecording; Carrollton, TX: PRIMEDIA Workplace Learning, c2002

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Allergy and immunology [sound recording] Source: Chester R. Zeiss, Douglas R. Gracey; Year: 1977; Format: Sound recording; [Park Ridge, Ill.]: ASCME, p1977

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Anaphylaxis [videorecording]: life threatening allergies Source: [presented by] the Medical University of South Carolina, College of Medicine and the Health

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Communications Network; produced by the Health Communications Network, Division of Television Services; Year: 1994; Format: Videorecording; Charleston, S.C.: The University, c1994 ·

Asthma & allergies [videorecording]: breathe easy Source: Ambrose Video Publishing Incorporated; produced in conjunction with the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology; Information Television Network; Year: 2001; Format: Videorecording; New York: Ambrose Video, c2001

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CD atlas of allergies [electronic resource] Source: Mosby; Year: 1997; Format: Electronic resource; London: St. Louis, MO: Mosby International, 1997

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Food allergy and intolerances [videorecording]. Year: 1992; Format: Videorecording; [Bethesda, Md.]: National Institutes of Health, 1992

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Homeopathy & allergies [sound recording]. Year: 1994; Format: Sound recording; Berkeley, CA: Conference Recording Service, [1994]

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How to manage your allergies [videorecording] Source: HSTN, Health & Sciences Television Network; Year: 2003; Format: Videorecording; Carrollton, TX: Primedia Workplace Learning, [2003]

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Latex allergies [videorecording] Source: Marshfield Clinic [and] Saint Joseph's Hospital; Year: 1993; Format: Videorecording; Marshfield, WI: Marshfield Video Network, [1993]

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Latex allergies [videorecording]: a closer look Source: [presented by] QualityLine Enterprises, Medcom; Year: 1998; Format: Videorecording; Santa Monica, CA: QualityLine Enterprises, c1998

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Pathway to improve outcomes [videorecording]: colds, allergies & sinus infections Source: Education Design; Year: 1995; Format: Videorecording; Denver, Colo.: Education Design, c1995

·

Southwest Allergy Forum [videorecording] Source: CME Conference Video, Inc. sponsored by the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, April 6-9, 1995; Year: 1995; Format: Videorecording; Mt. Laurel, NJ: CME Conference Video, 1995

·

The Cytotoxic test in food allergy [videorecording] Source: Academy of Health Sciences; Year: 1974; Format: Videorecording; Fort Sam Houston, Tex.: Academy of Health Sciences, 1974

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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ALLERGIES Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover allergies.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on allergies is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing.

PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “allergies” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance.

Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to allergies. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “allergies” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for allergies: ·

Omalizumab safe in pediatric allergic asthma therapy Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 11, 2003 http://www.reutershealth.com/archive/2003/09/11/business/links/20030911clin007. html

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·

New study links antacids with increased risk of food allergy Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 10, 2003

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Antacids linked to food allergy Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 10, 2003

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Skin allergy best treated before it flares up Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 09, 2003

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New hope in preventing pediatric allergy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 09, 2003

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Cesarean delivery may be a risk factor for food allergy in predisposed infants Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 03, 2003

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C-section may increase risk for food allergy Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 03, 2003

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Asthma and allergy symptoms on the rise in Germany Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 22, 2003

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Allergy symptoms on the rise in Germany Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 22, 2003

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Lactose OK for kids with milk allergy Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 21, 2003

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Children allergic to cow's milk can be tolerant to lactose Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 21, 2003

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Allergy avoidance can prevent asthma in youngsters Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 21, 2003

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·

Sepracor loss narrows on sales of allergy drugs Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 22, 2003

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Bed covers no good for mite allergies Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 16, 2003

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Food allergy is major contributor to life-threatening childhood asthma Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 11, 2003

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Vaccine to treat peanut allergy effective in mice; human trials planned Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 10, 2003

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Vaccine for peanut allergy effective in mice Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 10, 2003

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Many may be allergic to fire ants in southern U.S. Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 26, 2003

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Experts watch for FDA call on allergy-drug switches Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 19, 2003

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Simple steps free families from food allergy fear Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 09, 2003

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Smokers more likely to develop allergy to earrings Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 06, 2003

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'Good' bacteria may thwart allergies in toddlers Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 30, 2003

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Danish agency warns about allergy vaccine Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 21, 2003

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·

Inspire says allergy drug fails to beat placebo in phase III trial Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 20, 2003

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New allergic asthma drug to face FDA panel Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 14, 2003

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Genentech's Xolair allergic-asthma drug faces FDA advisory panel Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 14, 2003

The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine.

Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.

Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “allergies” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.

Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “allergies” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to allergies, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “allergies” (or synonyms).

Newsletters on Allergies Find newsletters on allergies using the Combined Health Information Database (CHID). You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To access CHID, go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Limit your search to “Newsletter” and “allergies.” Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter.” Type “allergies” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following list was generated using the options described above: ·

Steady Source: Steady. 6(2): 1-8. Spring 1994. Contact: Available from Ear Foundation. 2000 Church Street, Box 111, Nashville, TN 37236. (800) 545-HEAR; (615) 329-7809; TTY (615) 329-7849. Summary: The newsletter, STEADY, is a quarterly publication of the Meniere's Network designed to provide patients with Meniere's disease with information and resources. This issue is devoted to diet, particularly sodium intake. This issue has an article on limiting sodium intake while dining out, including at fast food restaurants; nutrient exchange lists for dining out; and an article on smart low-sodium food shopping and cooking. The newsletter also includes letters to the editor; an update on the Meniere's Network members and chapters; and a brief article describing Meniere's disease. A membership form with which readers can also order reprints of earlier issues is included. Earlier issues focused on topics such as vestibular suppressants; a spouse's perspective to living with Meniere's; current research studies; allergies and Meniere's; stress; Meniere's disease in childhood; tinnitus; vestibular compensation; and diagnosing Meniere's disease.

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “allergies” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on allergies: ·

Role of Food Allergy in Eczema, The Source: ISDInformation. 1(1): 2,4. January 2003. Contact: Available from ISDInformation. P.O. Box 1074, Newport News, VA 23601.

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Summary: This newsletter article discusses the prevalence of food allergy in children with eczema. Eczema (atopic dermatitis) runs in families and affects almost one in seven children. Children with eczema often develop asthma and hayfever as they grow older. The rash of eczema can be reduced or prevented by diet. Studies show that one out of every three children with moderate to severe eczema has food allergy and the more severe the rash, the greater the likelihood a food allergy exists. An IgE antibody test and skin prick (scratch) tests should be performed. The results of these tests in addition to medical history will help the physician determine a diet. A diet that excludes various foods may be suggested. A specialist should be consulted in managing exclusion diets to help interpret ingredient labels and to aid in the management of possible severe allergic reactions when a food is reintroduced into the diet. The majority of children with eczema will outgrow or experience a reduction in their symptoms in the first three to five years of life and most will outgrow their food allergies. However, parents and doctors need to watch for the development of respiratory symptoms.

Academic Periodicals covering Allergies Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to allergies. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering allergies that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute13: ·

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

13

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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·

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.14 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:15 ·

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

14 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 15 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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·

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “allergies” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “allergies” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: ·

Accomplishments 1978-1990 Source: Washington, DC: International Life Sciences Institute Nutrition Foundation. [ca. 1990]. 20 pp. Contact: Available from International Life Sciences Institute, 1126 16th Street, N.W, Washington, DC 20036. Telephone: (202) 659-0074 / fax: (202) 659-3859 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.ilsi.org. Summary: This brochure describes issues in nutrition, gives brief background information on each issue, and identifies the outcomes of the work done by the International Life Sciences Institute on each topic. Topics include antioxidants, aspartame, beverage emulsifiers, caffeine, colors, diet and behavior, diet and hypertension, food allergies and other food- associated reactions, food microbiology, international harmonization, macronutrient substitution, nutrition, oral health, pathology and toxicology, pesticide resolutions, Proposition 65 ( A California law mandating the creation of a list of chemicals known to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity), risk assessment training for state-level staff, saccharin, and sulfites.

The NLM Gateway16 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.17 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “allergies” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category.

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x. The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 17

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Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 172444 2224 2567 97 5 177337

HSTAT18 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.19 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.20 Simply search by “allergies” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists21 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.22 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.23 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/. 20 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 21 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 22 The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 23 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 18 19

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Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: ·

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

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Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on allergies can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to allergies. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly.

The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below.

Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to allergies. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “allergies”:

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Other Guides Asthma http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/asthma.html Asthma in Children http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/asthmainchildren.html Food Allergy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodallergy.html Insect Bites and Stings http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/insectbitesandstings.html Latex Allergies http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/latexallergiesloader.html Latex Allergy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/latexallergy.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to allergies, the following was listed: ·

General/Overviews Food Allergies: When Food Becomes the Enemy Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2001/401_food.html Food Allergy Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00082 Food Allergy Questions and Answers Source: Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network http://www.foodallergy.org/questions.html

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Diagnosis/Symptoms Allergy Skin Tests: Diagnosing Your Allergies Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AA00023

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Coping Living with Food Allergies: One Man's Story Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AA00021

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Specific Conditions/Aspects Anaphylaxis Source: Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network http://www.foodallergy.org/anaphylaxis.html

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Balancing the Needs of Young Children: Strategies for Day-Care Centers and Play Groups Source: Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network http://www.foodallergy.org/topics_archive/playgroup.html Food Allergies: Can They Develop Later in Life? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00179 School Guidelines for Managing Students with Food Allergies Source: Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network http://www.foodallergy.org/guidelines.html Traveling with Allergies and Asthma Source: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology http://www.aaaai.org/patients/publicedmat/tips/travelingwithallergies.stm ·

Children Milk Allergy Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/allergies/milk_allergy.html

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From the National Institutes of Health Food Allergy and Intolerances Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/factsheets/food.htm

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Latest News Antacids Linked to Food Allergy Source: 09/10/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_13933 .html C-section May Increase Risk for Food Allergy Source: 09/03/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_13873 .html Lactose OK for Kids with Milk Allergy Source: 08/21/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_13756 .html

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Lists of Print Publications Resource List on Food Allergies and Intolerances Source: Food and Nutrition Information Center http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/pubs/bibs/gen/allergy.htm

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Organizations American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Source: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology http://www.aaaai.org/ Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network http://www.foodallergy.org/index.html National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/

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Prevention/Screening Allergy Test (RAST Test) Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/allergy/test.html Avoiding Food Allergens: 'Natural' Foods Not Always Safe Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00292

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Research Food Allergy Research Source: Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network http://www.foodallergy.org/research.html Most Infants With Cow's-Milk Allergy Can Tolerate Soy Formulas Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/research/milk_alergy.html Mouse Model of Food Allergies Reveals Cause of Inflammation Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/newsroom/releases/eosinophil.htm

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Statistics Food Allergy Basics Source: Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network http://www.foodallergy.org/media.html

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Teenagers What Are Food Allergies? Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/food_fitness/nutrition/food_allergies.html

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Women My Family Has Food Allergies. How Does This Affect Breastfeeding? Source: La Leche League International http://www.lalecheleague.org/FAQ/allergies.html

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You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on allergies. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: ·

Discussion of Allergies Source: Los Angeles, CA: House Ear Institute. 1993. 16 p. Contact: Available from House Ear Institute. 2100 West Third Street, Fifth Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90057. Voice (800) 552-HEAR; (213) 483-4431; TTY (213) 484-2642; Fax (213) 483-8789. PRICE: $1.00 per booklet. Order Number BR-16. Summary: This brochure discusses allergies and their impact on the ears and hearing. The booklet begins with a brief outline of the anatomy of the ear and the general symptoms of allergy. Additional topics include allergy and the outer, middle, and inner ear; types of allergy, including inhalant allergy, food allergies, contact dermatitis (skin rash), and autoimmune hearing loss; antihistamines and non-specific treatment; the diagnosis of specific allergies, including skin testing for inhalant allergies, the RAST test, challenge tests for food allergies, and a blood test for autoimmune hearing loss; and treatment options for each type of allergy. 1 figure.

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Food Allergies in Children Source: Flourtown, PA: American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. 2003. 1 p. Contact: Available from North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (NASPGHAN). PO Box 6, Flourtown, PA 19031. (215) 2330808. Fax: (215) 233-3939. Website: www.naspgn.org. PRICE: Full-text available online at no charge; contact organization for print topics. Summary: The immune system is designed to help protect the body from infection by identifying and attacking bacteria or viruses that cause illness. When the immune system mistakenly responds to a food protein, inflammation and damage will result. This brief fact sheet considers food allergies in children. The fact sheet defines the condition, then discusses its incidence (how common it is), the causes of the condition, the kinds of food allergies, and diagnostic tests used to identify and confirm the problem. Food allergies are discussed in two categories: immediate or delayed reactions. The reasons why food allergies occur are not clearly understood, but a child is more likely to develop food allergies when other family members have asthma, eczema, hay fever, or allergies. For more information, readers are encouraged to visit

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www.naspghan.org (the web site of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition). ·

Off to School with Food Allergies. A Guide for Parents and Teachers: Parent's Guide Source: Fairfax, VA: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network. 2000. 20 p. Contact: Available from Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). 10400 Eaton Place, Suite 107, Fairfax, VA 22030-2208. (800) 929-4040. Fax (703) 691-2713. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.foodallergy.org. PRICE: $8.00 for parent and teacher guide book set; plus shipping and handling. Summary: A food allergy is the immune system's abnormal response to a food; these allergies occur in 1 to 3 percent of school children. While any food potentially can cause a food allergy, the few foods that are responsible for most food allergic reactions in children include eggs, cow milk, peanuts, soy, wheat, fish, shellfish, and tree nuts. This booklet is one of a two part series designed to help parents and teachers work together to support children with serious food allergies as they make the transition to school. This Parent's Guide, written in question and answer format, covers definitions of food allergies and their consequences, symptoms that occur during allergic reactions to food, the responsibility of the school with regard to food allergies, how to minimize food allergic reactions, and practical tips for handling school situations. The booklet includes a checklist of activities to accomplish before school starts or before returning to school after breaks, lunch tips, and lunch suggestions. The primary principles in managing a food allergy are recognizing the condition, identifying the offending foods, avoiding those foods, and rapidly treating all food reactions. The school is responsible for supporting all four of these principles. Parents are responsible for creating a partnership with the school's health office, the teachers, and their child in order to prevent food allergic reactions in the school. The booklet concludes with a list of additional sources of information, including the Food Allergy Network, and organizations through which readers can locate a board certified allergist.

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Off to School with Food Allergies. A Guide for Parents and Teachers: Teacher's Guide Source: Fairfax, VA: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network. 2000. 12 p. Contact: Available from Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). 10400 Eaton Place, Suite 107, Fairfax, VA 22030-2208. (800) 929-4040. Fax (703) 691-2713. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.foodallergy.org. PRICE: $8.00 for parent and teacher guide book set; plus shipping and handling. Summary: A food allergy is the immune system's abnormal response to a food; these allergies occur in 1 to 3 percent of school children. While any food potentially can cause a food allergy, the few foods that are responsible for most food allergic reactions in children include eggs, cow milk, peanuts, soy, wheat, fish, shellfish, and tree nuts. This booklet is one of a two part series designed to help parents and teachers work together to support children with serious food allergies as they make the transition to school. This Teacher's Guide is a workbook that contains questions and answers about food allergies, tips, and a checklist. Parents fill in the information in the handbook about the child's allergy, medications required, and emergency contacts, then provide the booklet to the child's teacher. The instructional part of the booklet is written in question and answer format and covers definitions of food allergies and their consequences, symptoms that occur during allergic reactions to food, the responsibility of the school with regard to food allergies, how to minimize food allergic reactions, and practical tips

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for handling school situations. The booklet includes a checklist of activities to accomplish before school starts or before returning to school after breaks. The primary principles in managing a food allergy are recognizing the condition, identifying the offending foods, avoiding those foods, and rapidly treating all food reactions. The school is responsible for supporting all four of these principles. Parents are responsible for creating a partnership with the school's health office, the teachers, and their child in order to prevent food allergic reactions in the school. The booklet concludes with a list of additional sources of information, including the Food Allergy Network. A form that outlines the child's emergency health care plan is provided, with space for the child's physician to approve the plan. 3 figures. ·

Getting Started with Food Allergies: A Guide for Parents Source: Fairfax, VA: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network. 2000. 16 p. Contact: Available from Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). 10400 Eaton Place, Suite 107, Fairfax, VA 22030-2208. (800) 929-4040. Fax (703) 691-2713. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.foodallergy.org. PRICE: $5.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: A food allergy is the immune system's abnormal response to a food; these allergies occur in 1 to 3 percent of school children. While any food potentially can cause a food allergy, the few foods that are responsible for most food allergic reactions in children include eggs, cow milk, peanuts, soy, wheat, fish, shellfish, and tree nuts. This booklet helps parents learn about food allergies. Written in question and answer format, the booklet covers definitions of food allergies and their consequences, symptoms that occur during allergic reactions to food, the responsibility of the school with regard to food allergies, how to minimize food allergic reactions, meal planning suggestions, and practical tips for grocery shopping, storing food at home, and eating at restaurants. The primary principles in managing a food allergy are recognizing the condition, identifying the offending foods, avoiding those foods, and rapidly treating all food reactions. Parents are encouraged to learn strategies for empowering their children and for emphasizing the positive. The booklet concludes with a list of additional sources of information, including the Food Allergy Network, and organizations through which readers can locate a board certified allergist.

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Commonly Asked Questions About Food Allergies Source: Fairfax, VA: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network. 2000. 16 p. Contact: Available from Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). 10400 Eaton Place, Suite 107, Fairfax, VA 22030-2208. (800) 929-4040. Fax (703) 691-2713. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.foodallergy.org. PRICE: $5.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: A food allergy is the immune system's abnormal response to a food; these allergies occur in 1 to 3 percent of school children. While any food potentially can cause a food allergy, the few foods that are responsible for most food allergic reactions in children include eggs, cow milk, peanuts, soy, wheat, fish, shellfish, and tree nuts. This booklet answers common questions about food allergies. The booklet defines adverse food reactions, then discusses the differences between food allergy and food intolerance, the common food allergies in children, the diagnostic tests used to confirm food allergies, treatment options, the likelihood of outgrowing food allergies, the serious nature of peanut allergy, oral allergy syndrome, the symptoms of food allergy, cooking strategies, food labeling, and how to obtain help in coping with food allergies. The

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booklet concludes with a glossary of related terms, a list of additional sources of information, including the Food Allergy Network, and organizations through which readers can locate a board certified allergist or a catalog of allergy free foods. ·

Preparing for Camp and Overnight School Trips with Food Allergies Source: Fairfax, VA: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network. 2000. 18 p. Contact: Available from Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). 10400 Eaton Place, Suite 107, Fairfax, VA 22030-2208. (800) 929-4040. Fax (703) 691-2713. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.foodallergy.org. PRICE: $7.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: A food allergy is the immune system's abnormal response to a food; these allergies occur in 1 to 3 percent of school children. While any food potentially can cause a food allergy, the few foods that are responsible for most food allergic reactions in children include eggs, cow milk, peanuts, soy, wheat, fish, shellfish, and tree nuts. This booklet offers guidelines for parents of children with food allergies who are planning on overnight excursions or going to day or overnight camp. Topics include selecting a camp, providing information to the camp before the child arrives there, focusing on prevention, developing an emergency action play, coping with camp food, learning from the experience of others, educating the child about his or her own care, attending overnight school trips, and selecting a chaperone. The booklet reiterates that the primary principles in managing a food allergy are recognizing the condition, identifying the offending foods, avoiding those foods, and rapidly treating all food reactions. Parents are encouraged to let their children participate as fully as possible in all school and camp activities, backing up their participation with advance planning and monitoring during the activity. The booklet concludes with a list of additional sources of information, including the Food Allergy Network.

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Nutrition Guide to Food Allergies Source: Fairfax, VA: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network. 1999. 40 p. Contact: Available from Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). 10400 Eaton Place, Suite 107, Fairfax, VA 22030-2208. (800) 929-4040. Fax (703) 691-2713. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.foodallergy.org. PRICE: $5.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: A food allergy is the immune system's abnormal response to a food; these allergies occur in 1 to 3 percent of school children. While any food potentially can cause a food allergy, the few foods that are responsible for most food allergic reactions in children include eggs, cow milk, peanuts, soy, wheat, fish, shellfish, and tree nuts. This booklet answers common questions about food allergies and how they are treated. The booklet focuses on nutrition and the importance of balanced meals in the treatment of a food allergy. The booklet defines adverse food reactions, then discusses the differences between food allergy and food intolerance, the common food allergies in children, the diagnostic tests used to confirm food allergies, treatment options, the likelihood of outgrowing food allergies, the use of elimination diets, the symptoms of food allergy, and how a registered dietitian can help. The booklet then describes common foods that cause allergies, including milk, eggs, legumes (peanuts and soybeans), tree nuts, seafood (including fish and shellfish), and wheat; for each of these foods, the booklet discusses nutritional value, how to recognize when these items are in foods, and alternatives. The latter part of the booklet includes sample meal patterns for a strict diagnostic elimination diet, guidelines for reading food labels, a chart of alternative sources of

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nutrients lost through elimination diets, and a list of organizations and books through which readers can get additional information. ·

Basic Rice Recipes for Those with Allergies Source: Houston, TX: U.S.A. Rice Council. 4 p. Contact: Available from Rice Council of America. P.O. Box 740121, Houston, TX 77274. Summary: This brochure provides rice recipes for people with allergies to wheat, eggs, and milk. It gives helpful hints on modifying recipes for use with flours other than wheat, and lists 8 recipes for foods ranging from herb cheese bread to brownies. A glossary of ingredients is included.

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Allergies and Vestibular Disorders Source: Portland, OR: Vestibular Disorders Association (VEDA). 1992. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from Vestibular Disorders Association (VEDA). P.O. Box 4467, Portland, OR 97208-4467. (503) 229-7705. Fax (503) 229-8064. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.vestibular.org. PRICE: $0.50 plus shipping and handling. Order number S-6. Summary: This fact sheet presents answers to questions about allergies and vestibular disorders. Topics include increased symptoms of inner ear disorders during allergy season, the use of antihistamines for both allergies and for vestibular problems even in the absence of allergy, allergy treatment programs, the interplay of sinus problems and vertigo, drug precautions in patients with vestibular disorders, open fistulas, and different types of antihistamines. The author stresses that antihistamine use in patients with vestibular disorders calls for some caution and a more extended progression of dosage in reaching the optimum level of treatment (smaller increments of dosage increases). (AA-M).

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Food Allergies and Intolerances Source: Chicago, IL: National Center for Nutrition and Dietetics of the American Dietetic Association. 1994. 2 p. Contact: Available from American Dietetic Association. 216 W. Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, IL 60606-6995. (800) 877-1600, ext. 5000. Fax (312) 899-4899. PRICE: $19 for set of 12 fact sheets (ADA members); $22.50 (nonmembers). Summary: This fact sheet provides basic information on food allergies and intolerances. Written in a question and answer format, the publication covers the difference between food allergy and food intolerance; common symptoms of food allergies and intolerances; foods that commonly cause food allergies; causes of a food intolerance; and recommendations for managing food allergies. The fact sheet concludes with a brief list of resources for readers wishing to obtain more information.

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Food Allergy and Atopic Dermatitis Source: Fairfax, VA: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network. 2000. 12 p. Contact: Available from Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). 10400 Eaton Place, Suite 107, Fairfax, VA 22030-2208. (800) 929-4040. Fax (703) 691-2713. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.foodallergy.org. PRICE: $3.00 plus shipping and handling.

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Summary: It is estimated that up to 10 percent of young children have eczema or atopic dermatitis and one in three children with significant atopic dermatitis have food allergies. This booklet discusses food allergies and atopic dermatitis, defined as a nonscarring allergic skin disease caused by a number of factors; food is one factor. This disease is not contagious. With proper management, it can be controlled, and children can grow to be self confident and enjoy the friendship of others. This booklet offers tips and other sources of information to help parents of the child with food allergy and atopic dermatitis. The booklet covers symptoms, causes, drug therapy, complications, prevention strategies, what happens as the child gets older, and tips for keeping atopic dermatitis under control in the areas of general management, school, baths, laundry, and food allergy. Atopic dermatitis is caused by inflammation of the skin and the skin's inability to retain adequate moisture. Certain substances or factors can cause atopic dermatitis to flare, including irritants such as wool, skin infections, dry skin, low humidity, heat, sweating, or emotional stress; and allergens, such as dust mites, pollens and molds, or foods. Atopic dermatitis cannot be cured, but can be controlled with consistent treatment and avoidance of substances or factors that cause it to flare. Prescription antihistamines can be used to help treat the itching that accompanies this disease, and steroid ointments can help stop the inflammation in the skin. To keep atopic dermatitis under control it is important to avoid or reduce exposure to irritants and allergens, and to moisturize the skin. The booklet stresses that raising a child with atopic dermatitis and food allergies requires extra time, planning, and the help of a doctor that the parent feels comfortable talking with. The booklet concludes with a list of additional sources of information, including the Food Allergy Network, and organizations through which readers can locate a board certified allergist, find allergy free food products, and get information about other allergy products. ·

Understanding Food Allergy Source: Washington, DC: International Food Information Council Foundation. 1998. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from International Food Information Council Foundation. 1100 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 430, Washington, DC 20036. (202) 296-6540. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: Food allergy is a reaction of the body's immune system to something in a food, usually a protein. This brochure is intended for consumer and patient education and addresses the basics of food allergy, food intolerance, and other food sensitivities. Written in a question and answer format, the brochure discusses the foods that tend to cause food allergy, the symptoms, anaphylaxis, other reactions or sensitivities to foods (not allergies), diagnosis, sensitivity to food additives, and ways to avoid lifethreatening food allergy situations. The eight most common food allergens are milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, soy, wheat, fish, and shellfish. Common symptoms of food allergy include skin irritations, gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), and respiratory symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, and shortness of breath. Food intolerance is an adverse reaction to a food substance or additive that involves digestion or metabolism but does not involve the immune system (e.g., lactose intolerance). Food idiosyncrasy is an abnormal response to a food or food substance that also does not involve the immune system. Sulfite sensitivity or sulfite-induced asthma is an example of a food idiosyncrasy that affects a small number of people. Diagnosis is based on a thorough medical history, the analysis of a food diary, and several tests, including skinprick tests, RAST tests (blood test), and food challenges.

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Food Allergy Network Source: Fairfax, VA: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). 199x. 4 p. Contact: Available from Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). 10400 Eaton Place, Suite 107, Fairfax, VA 22030. (800) 929-4040 or (703) 691-3179. Fax (703) 691-2713. E-mail: [email protected]. Web site: http://www.foodallergy.org/. Summary: This brochure describes the Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network, a nonprofit organization dedicated to bringing about a clearer understanding of the issues surrounding food allergies. The organization hopes to increase public awareness about food allergies and anaphylaxis, which is a severe, life threatening reaction. In addition, the organization provides education, emotional support, and coping strategies to individuals with food allergies. The organization focuses on children because they are, by far, the largest group affected by food allergies. The brochure describes the organization's efforts, presents quotes from members, and provides some basic facts about food allergies. The brochure also lists the publications available from the Network; each is described with a one or two sentence summary. A form is included in the brochure with which readers can order publications, join the organization, or make a donation.

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Allergy, Food Source: in Griffith, H.W. Instructions for Patients. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1994. p. 6. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418. PRICE: $49.95. ISBN: 0721649300 (English); 0721669972 (Spanish). Summary: This fact sheet provides basic information on frequent signs and symptoms, causes, risk factors, preventive measures, etc. treatment, medication, and diet; and when to contact one's health care provider. The fact sheet is designed to be photocopied and distributed to patients as a reinforcement of oral instructions and as a teaching tool. The book in which the fact sheet appears is available in English or Spanish.

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Allergic Contact Dermatitis Source: Kirksville, MO: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology (AOCD). 2001. 3 p. Contact: Available online from American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. 1501 East Illinois Street, P.O. Box 7525, Kirksville, MO 63501. (800) 449-2623 or (660) 665-2184. Fax (660) 627-2623. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/ index.html. Summary: This fact sheet provides people who have allergic contact dermatitis with information on the substances that cause this skin condition. Skin manifestations include redness, swelling, and formation of water blisters. Common allergens include nickel found in earrings and clothing accessories; rubber products such as gloves; paraphenylenedeamine found in permanent hair dyes; chromates found in cement, leather, some matches, paints, and antirust compounds; and poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac. A dermatologist can work with a patient to identify the allergen. In addition, a dermatologist can perform a patch test to diagnose contact allergies. People with allergic contact dermatitis should avoid the allergen that causes the reaction and

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materials that cross react with it, as well as substitute products made of materials that do not cause reactions. 2 figures. ·

Aspartame is no more likely than placebo to cause allergic reactions Source: Washington, DC: IFIC Food Education Foundation. 1992. 4 pp. Contact: Available from IFIC Food Education Foundation, 1100 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 430, Washington, DC 20036. Telephone: (202) 296- 6540 / fax: (202) 296-6547. Available at no charge. Summary: This fact sheet gives an overview of a double blind study which was presented at the American Academy of Allergy and Immunology meeting in March 1992. Results show that aspartame is no more likely than a placebo to cause allergic reactions in persons who believed they were sensitive to the ingredient.

The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “allergies” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: ·

Allergic rhinitis Source: University of Michigan Health System - Academic Institution; 2002 July; 12 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3373&nbr=2599&a mp;string=allergic

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Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma Source: Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma Workshop Group - Independent Expert Panel; 2001 November; 188 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3421&nbr=2647&a mp;string=allergies

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Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma Source: Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma Workshop Group - Independent Expert Panel; 2001 November; 188 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3421&nbr=2647&a mp;string=allergic

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American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: guidelines for the evaluation of food allergies Source: American Gastroenterological Association - Medical Specialty Society; 2000 November 12 (reviewed 2001); 3 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3059&nbr=2285&a mp;string=allergies

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Management of patients who have a history of penicillin allergy. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2002 Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 1993 (revised 2002 May 10); 3 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3235&nbr=2461&a mp;string=anaphylaxis

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The diagnosis and management of anaphylaxis Source: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology - Medical Specialty Society; 1998 June; 63 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=1433&nbr=673&am p;string=allergies

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The diagnosis and management of anaphylaxis Source: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology - Medical Specialty Society; 1998 June; 63 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=1433&nbr=673&am p;string=allergy

Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: ·

AllAllergy Summary: This web site links users -- health professionals and consumers -- to allergy and intolerance information online. Source: Nonprofit/Professional Entity--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4547

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Allergen Immunotherapy: You Can Have a Life Without Allergies Summary: Allergy sufferers are encouraged to consult an allergist to get tested, have appropriate treatment prescribed and learn to cope with their illness in daily living. Source: American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6118

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Allergic Reactions to Stings from Hornets, Wasps, Bees and YellowJackets: Patient Information Summary: A general overview of allergic reactions to insect stings including a description of types of reactions, treatment (including venom immunotherapy), avoidance and prevention. Source: American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6120

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Allergies - Multiple Chemical Sensitivity Summary: This entry from an index of health topics provides links for more information about multiple chemical sensitivity. Source: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7628

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Allergy and Asthma Puzzles Summary: Children can choose and print out a picture from this page for a fun activity. Source: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5679

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Allergy Glossary Summary: Use the alphabetical index on this page to find definitions for most commonly used allergy-related words and medical terms. Link to other allergy resources are also available from this web site. Source: Health On the Net Foundation http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5232

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Allergy Shots Summary: This article discusses allergy shots (immunotherapy or desensitization) -currently in use for treating allergic conditions such as allergic rhinitis (hay fever), allergic conjunctivitis, allergic Source: American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6117

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Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Online Summary: This site functions as an information and news service for patients and their families, purchasers of group health care programs, and the news media. Source: American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2881

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American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Physician Referral Database Summary: Use this database to search for an Amer member physician in your area. You may search this database in four ways: by distance, state, country, physician name and physician specialty. Source: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4938

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Asthma and Allergy Coloring Book Summary: A coloring book to help kids feel better when their allergies or asthma bother them. You can choose any superhero from the coloring book to color. Source: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5675

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Asthma and Allergy Prevention Summary: This Web site was designed to help you survive the seasons by providing information on asthma, allergies, allergens, and asthma irritants such as cigarette smoke, cockroaches, dustmites, house dust, Source: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6300

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Asthma and Allergy Statistics Summary: This fact sheet provides statistical information about asthma in the United States including prevalence, mortality rates, and treatment costs. Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=825

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Be A PAL: Protect A Life From Food Allergies Summary: Here's what to tell your friends about your food allergy. Source: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5756

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Calendar and Events - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/NIH Summary: This page offers up-to-date listings of upcoming conferences, events, national meetings, and national health observances related to the services and programs of the National Institute of Allergy and Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1914

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FAN Teen! Summary: A web site for young adults who want to take a more active role in managing their food allergies. Here you can learn from others and share your own experiences with food allergies. Source: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5760

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FANKid Coloringbook! Summary: Print out and color this page. Each week you will find a different page with new food allergy facts to print out and color. Source: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5758

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FANKid Wordfind! Summary: Some foods cause allergic reactions in some children. This food allergy puzzle may be easy for you to solve, if you are a child with food allergies, or know someone with food allergies. Source: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5757

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FAN-LIB -- A Party Game Summary: Learn about food allergies, show off your vocabulary skills and create funny stories with your friends. To play this party game download and print out any story, follow the instructions and have fun. Source: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5759

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FAQ - About Allergies Summary: Consumer health education information about allergies and allergicimmunologic diseases. Source: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4567

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FAQ - About Food Allergy Summary: healthfinder® — your guide to reliable health information health library just for you health care organizations search: go help | about healthfinder® FAQ - About Food Source: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2430

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Fast Facts: Childhood Allergies Summary: A general overview of childhood allergies written for parents. Source: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6068

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Fast Facts: Food Allergy Summary: Consumer information about types of food allergies, the causes, reactions and symptoms of each, and the foods most often responsible for food allergies. Source: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2222

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Food Allergy and Intolerances Summary: It is extremely important for people who have true food allergies to identify them and prevent allergic reactions to food because these reactions can cause devastating illness and, in some cases, be Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=856

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Latex Allergy Summary: Follow this site's links to other websites and information sources about latex allergy. Source: Educational Institution--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1044

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Latex Allergy Home Page Summary: This online site provides information and guidelines for physicians. Source: American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1049

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Latex Information Summary: This fact sheet discusses the allergic reaction to rubber in individuals with spina bifida. Source: Spina Bifida Association of America http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1045

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Living with Allergies: Resources for Patients Summary: This web site links users to resources that provide information on allergies, asthma, cosmetics, and eczema, including pollen maps. Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=547

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News and Press Releases - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/NIH Summary: This page provides the latest press releases and announcements from this U.S. Department of Health and Human Services agency. Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1517

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NIAID Clinical Trials Database Summary: Access to information about studies of experimental treatments and vaccines for infectious, immunologic, and allergic diseases conducted or supported by NIAID. Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3770

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Online Resources for Kids: Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America Summary: Links to asthma and allergy web resources for use by teens who need information to better manage their asthma and allergies. Visit this page often to see the latest resource additions. Source: Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5670

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Otolaryngic Allergy Physician Search Summary: This web site is maintained by the American Academy of Otolaryngic Allergy & Foundation and is designed to help you to find an AAOA member physician in your area. Source: American Academy of Otolaryngic Allergy & Foundation http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4919

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Preventing Allergic Reactions to Natural Rubber Latex in the Workplace Summary: WARNING! Workers exposed to latex gloves and other products containing natural rubber latex may develop allergic reactions such as skin rashes; hives; nasal, eye, or sinus symptoms; asthma; and Source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1043

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Public Education Materials (for Asthma & Allergy Sufferers): Tips To Remember Summary: Also available In: Source: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5428

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Publications from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Summary: Health education brochures on a variety of infectious and allergic diseases as well as related research reports, news releases, advisories and newsletters. Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=330

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Reactions to Fruit and Fruit Juice Summary: This article discusses allergic reactions to fruit and fruit juices in young children -- includes symptoms and food types. Source: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6069

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When Should I See An Allergist? Summary: How to determine if your allergy problems require you to seek professional help so you get the proper treatment to manage the problem. Source: American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6100

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The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to allergies. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.

Additional Web Sources

A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: ·

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

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WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Associations and Allergies The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to allergies: ·

Allergy to Latex Education and Resource Team, Inc. (A.L.E.R.T., Inc.) Address: Telephone: (414) 677-9707 Toll-free: (888) 972-5378 Fax: (414) 677-2808 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.execpc.com/~alert Background: Allergy to Latex Education and Resource Team, Inc. (A.L.E.R.T., Inc.) is a voluntary nonprofit organization dedicated to creating awareness of latex allergy and providing support to affected individuals and family members. Latex is a natural rubber used in certain medical devices such as catheters and surgical gloves as well as many products such as adhesives and paints. It has been estimated that approximately one percent of the general population, and about five to 15 percent of health care workers and others regularly exposed to latex in their work environments, are allergic to latex. Upon latex exposure, affected individuals may experience symptoms that range from mild to severe and include one or more of the following: hives or welts; swelling of

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affected areas; sneezing; headache; reddened, teary, and/or itchy eyes; hoarseness of the voice and/or soreness of the throat; abdominal cramps; and/or tightness of the chest, wheezing, and/or shortness of breath. Continued exposure to latex may cause a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction (anaphylactic shock). A.L.E.R.T., Inc. was established in 1993 and currently has 10 chapters and approximately 2,000 members. The organization is committed to providing information and emotional support to affected individuals and their families and educating the public about latex allergy including health care workers, legislators, other government officials, industries, and enforcement agencies. A.L.E.R.T., Inc. is also dedicated to promoting the establishment of policies concerning the care of individuals with latex allergy; minimization of latex exposure for employees in all health care facilities and industrial settings; and research into the treatment and prevention of latex allergy. ·

American Celiac Society-Dietary Support Coalition Address: Telephone: (973) 325-8837 Toll-free: Fax: (973) 669-8808 Email: [email protected] Background: The American Celiac Society-Dietary Support Coalition is a nonprofit selfhelp organization that provides support, education, and encouragement for people with Celiac Sprue and other dietary disorders and food allergies, including Dermatitis Herpetiformis, Crohn s Disease, Lactose Intolerance, and Wheat Intolerance. Through patient and general education, nationwide support groups, networking, referrals, and research, ACS/DCS works to increase the awareness of dietary disorders and to identify food products that may contain gluten-gliaden, lactose, corn or soya. ACS/DCS also publishes a newsletter, patient packets, brochures, and offers audio-visual aids for its members. The society offers some Spanish language materials, and has limited Spanish and Italian speaking resources.

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Anaphylaxis Campaign Address: Telephone: 01252 542029 Toll-free: Fax: 01252 377140 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.anaphylaxis.org.uk/ Background: The Anaphylaxis Campaign is a health organization in the United Kingdom dedicated to providing information, support, and guidance concerning anaphylaxis. Established in 1994 (current membership as of Jan 2003 is 6000), the Campaign is committed to raising awareness in the food industry as well as promoting professional education and awareness within the health care communities to ensure optimum provision of information to and treatment of affected individuals. Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction upon exposure to certain 'sensitizing factors' (allergens), such as particular foods, drugs, chemicals, or insect stings. The condition occurs due to overreaction of the body's immune system in response to a previously encountered allergen (hypersensitivity reaction). Within seconds to minutes of exposure to such allergens, affected individuals may experience flushing of the skin; hives; swelling of the mouth and throat; difficulty speaking, swallowing, and/or breathing;

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nausea and vomiting; low blood pressure (hypotension); irregular heart beat (arrhythmia); and/or collapse and unconsciousness. If severe symptoms occur, an affected individual should immediately receive medical attention, and an injection of the naturally occurring hormone epinephrine (adrenaline) may be lifesaving. The Anaphylaxis Campaign promotes research, provides a variety of educational materials including informational brochures, publishes a regular newsletter, and has a web site on the Internet. ·

Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America, Inc Address: Telephone: (202) 466-7643 Toll-free: (800) 727-8462 Fax: (202) 466-8940 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.aafa.org Background: The Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America, Inc. (AAFA) is a private, not-for-profit organization dedicated to finding a cure for and controlling asthma and allergic diseases. AAFA serves the estimated 50 million individuals with asthma and allergic disorders through the support of research, patient and public education programs, public and governmental advocacy, and a nationwide network of chapters and education/support groups. Educational materials include a bi-monthly newsletter 'ADVANCE,' a support group newsletter, and a resource list brochure.

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Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network Address: Telephone: (703) 691-3179 Toll-free: (800) 929-4040 Fax: (703) 691-2713 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.foodallergy.org/ Background: The Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN) is a not-for-profit service organization dedicated to bringing about a clearer understanding of the issues surrounding food allergies and to helping affected individuals lead a normal life while following restricted diets. Established in 1991 and consisting of over 25,500 members, FAN is committed to increasing public awareness about food allergies and anaphylaxis, a severe, life-threatening reaction, and providing emotional support and coping strategies to affected individuals. While FAN's membership includes people of all ages, the organization's main focus is on children since they are the largest population group affected by food allergies. FAN has a regular newsletter containing recipes, practical tips, consumer alerts, and medical and dietary information. For a sample copy, along with order and membership information, call the office at (800) 929-4040. Relevant area(s) of interest: Anaphylaxis

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Latex Allergy Information Service Address: Telephone: (860) 482-6869 Toll-free: Fax: (860) 482-2294

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Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.latexallergyhelp.com Background: The Latex Allergy Information Service is a national voluntary service organization that provides up-to-date information on latex allergy. The Service helps to establish regional support groups and develop educational materials used to increase latex allergy awareness among medical professionals and the public. Many people who have an allergy to latex may not be aware of how to avoid contact with latex. The Service provides lists of products that contain latex and non-latex alternatives. Hospital guidelines and protocols for the management of people with latex allergy are also available from the organization. Educational materials produced by the organization include a newsletter entitled Latex Allergy News, a fact sheet on guidelines for the management of people with this allergy, and lists of products that contain latex. ·

Medic Alert Foundation International Address: Telephone: (209) 669-2401 Toll-free: (800) 432-5378 Fax: (209) 669-2456 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.medicalert.org Background: The Medic Alert Foundation, a not-for-profit organization, is an international emergency medical information service dedicated to alerting emergency first responders to an individual s essential medical facts (e.g., certain medical conditions, allergic reactions, use of certain medications, etc.) should he or she be unable to speak during a medical emergency. Established in 1956, the Medic Alert Foundation provides the Medic Alert emblem (international insignia of the medical profession with the words 'Medic Alert') on bracelets and neck chains to members enrolled in the program. On the reverse side, key medical facts are engraved with the member s identification number and the phone number of the 24-hour-a-day Emergency Response Center. Emergency responders can call this number collect from any phone around the world and immediately receive the member s computerized medical facts. Currently, approximately 2.6 million Americans are enrolled in the program and another 2.7 million wear the emblem worldwide.

Finding Associations There are a number of Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to allergies. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with allergies.

The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about allergies. For more information, see the

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NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.

Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “allergies” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information.

The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “allergies”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “allergies” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “allergies” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for allergies. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DIÒ Advice for the PatientÒ can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with allergies. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to allergies: Antihistamines ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aller-Chlor; AllerMax Caplets; Aller-med; Atarax; Banophen; Banophen Caplets; Benadryl; Benadryl Allergy; Bromphen; Calm X; Chlo-Amine; Chlorate; Chlor-Trimeton; Chlor-Trimeton Allergy; Chlor-Trimeton Repetabs; Claritin; Claritin Reditabs; Compoz; Conta http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202060.html

Antihistamines, Decongestants, and Analgesics ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aclophen; Actifed Cold & Sinus; Actifed Cold & Sinus Caplets; Actifed Sinus Nighttime; Actifed Sinus Nighttime Caplets; Alka-Seltzer Plus Allergy Medicine Liqui-Gels; Alka-Seltzer Plus Cold Medicine; Alka-Seltzer Plus Cold Medicine Liqui-Gels; Allerest http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202062.html

Antihistamines, Decongestants, and Anticholinergics ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Note: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202653.html

Antihistamines, Phenothiazine-Derivative ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Anergan 25; Anergan 50; Antinaus 50; Pentazine; Phenazine 25; Phenazine 50; Phencen-50; Phenergan; Phenergan Fortis; Phenergan Plain; Phenerzine; Phenoject-50; Pro-50; Promacot; Pro-Med 50; Promet; Prorex-25; Prorex-50; Prothazine; Prothazine Plain; Sho http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202063.html

Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, Nonsteroidal ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Actron; Advil; Advil Caplets; Advil, Children's; Aleve; Anaprox; Anaprox DS; Ansaid; Bayer Select Ibuprofen Pain Relief Formula Caplets; Cataflam; Clinoril; Cotylbutazone; Cramp End; Daypro; Dolgesic; Dolobid; EC-Naprosyn; Excedrin IB; Excedrin IB Caple http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202743.html

Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ascorbicap; Cecon; Cee-500; Cemill; Cenolate; Cetane; Cevi-Bid; Flavorcee; Ortho/CS; Sunkist http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202071.html

Azelastine ·

Nasal - U.S. Brands: Astelin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203484.html

·

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Optivar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500223.html

Bentoquatam ·

Topical - U.S. Brands: IvyBlock http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202901.html

Researching Medications 423

Bronchodilators, Adrenergic ·

Oral/Injection - U.S. Brands: Adrenalin; Alupent; Ana-Guard; Brethine; Bricanyl; EpiPen Auto-Injector; EpiPen Jr. Auto-Injector; Isuprel; Proventil; Proventil Repetabs; Ventolin; Volmax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202096.html

Clomiphene ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Clomid; Milophene; Serophene http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202151.html

Corticosteroids ·

Nasal - U.S. Brands: Beconase; Beconase AQ; Dexacort Turbinaire; Flonase; Nasacort; Nasacort AQ; Nasalide; Nasarel; Nasonex; Rhinocort; Vancenase; Vancenase AQ 84 mcg; Vancenase pockethaler http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202012.html

Corticosteroids Glucocorticoid Effects ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Acetocot; A-hydroCort; Amcort; A-MethaPred; Aristocort; Aristocort Forte; Aristopak; Aristospan; Articulose-50; Articulose-L.A. Celestone; Celestone Phosphate; Celestone Soluspan; Cinalone 40; Cinonide 40; Clinacort; Clinalog; Cordrol; Cortastat; Corta http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202018.html

Cromolyn ·

Inhalation - U.S. Brands: Intal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202166.html

·

Nasal - U.S. Brands: Nasalcrom http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202167.html

·

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Crolom http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202168.html

·

Oral - U.S. Brands: Gastrocrom http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202169.html

Decongestants and Analgesics ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Actifed Sinus Daytime; Actifed Sinus Daytime Caplets; Advil Cold and Sinus; Advil Cold and Sinus Caplets; Alka-Seltzer Plus Sinus Medicine; Allerest No-Drowsiness Caplets; Aspirin-Free Bayer Select Sinus Pain Relief Caplets; BC Cold Powder Non-Drowsy Fo http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202184.html

Docetaxel ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Taxotere http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202920.html

Epinephrine ·

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Epifrin; Epinal; Eppy/N; Glaucon http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202213.html

424 Allergies

Erythromycins ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: E.E.S. E-Base; E-Mycin; ERYC; EryPed; Ery-Tab; Erythro; Erythrocin; Erythrocot; Ilosone; Ilotycin; My-E; PCE; Wintrocin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202223.html

Fluticasone ·

Nasal - U.S. Brands: Flonase http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203588.html

Infant Formulas ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alimentum; Alsoy; Carnation Follow-Up Formula; Carnation Good Start; Enfamil; Enfamil Human Milk Fortifier; Enfamil Premature Formula; Enfamil Premature Formula with Iron; Enfamil with Iron; Gerber Baby Formula with Iron; Gerber Soy Formula; Isomil; Iso http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202678.html

Ipratropium ·

Nasal - U.S. Brands: Atrovent http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202713.html

Ketorolac ·

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Acular http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202714.html

Ketotifen ·

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Zaditor http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500012.html

Levocabastine ·

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Livostin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202715.html

Lodoxamide ·

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Alomide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202695.html

Loteprednol ·

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Alrex; Lotemax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203541.html

Mometasone ·

Nasal - U.S. Brands: Nasonex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203589.html

Nedocromil ·

Inhalation - U.S. Brands: Tilade http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202681.html

·

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Alocril http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500105.html

Researching Medications 425

Olopatadine ·

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Patanol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203483.html

Pemirolast ·

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Alamast http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500115.html

Phenylephrine ·

Nasal - U.S. Brands: Doktors; Duration; Rhinall http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202460.html

·

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Ak-Dilate; Ak-Nefrin; Dilatair; I-Phrine; Mydfrin; Neofrin; Neo-Synephrine; Ocugestrin; Phenoptic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202461.html

Pseudoephedrine ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cenafed; Decofed; Efidac/; Genaphed; Myfedrine; Sudafed http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202489.html

Spectinomycin ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Trobicin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202530.html

Tacrolimus ·

Topical - U.S. Brands: Protopic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500279.html

Vancomycin ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Vancocin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202590.html

Vitamin B 12 ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alphamin; Cobex; Cobolin-M; Crystamine; Crysti-12; Cyanoject; Cyomin; Hydrobexan; Hydro-Cobex; Hydro-Crysti-12; HydroxyCobal; LA-12; Nascobal; Neuroforte-R; Primabalt; Rubramin PC; Shovite; Vibal; Vibal LA; Vitabee 12 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202596.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

426 Allergies

Mosby’s Drug ConsultÔ Mosby’s Drug ConsultÔ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html.

Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

427

APPENDIX D. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.24

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of libraries recommended by the National

24

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

428 Allergies

Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)25: ·

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

·

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

·

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

·

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

·

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

·

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

·

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

·

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

·

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

·

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

·

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

·

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

·

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

·

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

·

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

·

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

·

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

·

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

25

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 429

·

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

·

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

·

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

·

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

·

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

·

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

·

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

·

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

·

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

·

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

·

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

·

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

·

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

·

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

·

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

·

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

·

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

·

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

·

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

·

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

430 Allergies

·

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

·

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

·

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

·

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

·

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

·

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

·

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

·

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

·

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

·

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

·

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

·

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

·

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

·

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

·

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

·

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

·

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

·

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

·

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 431

·

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

·

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

·

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

·

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

·

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

·

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

·

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

·

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

·

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

·

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

·

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

·

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

·

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

·

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

·

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

·

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

·

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

·

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

·

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

·

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

432 Allergies

·

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

·

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

·

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

·

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

433

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: ·

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

·

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

·

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

·

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

·

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

·

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

·

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on allergies: ·

Basic Guidelines for Allergies Allergic conjunctivitis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001031.htm Allergic reactions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000005.htm Allergic rhinitis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000813.htm Allergic vasculitis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000874.htm Allergies Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000812.htm Allergies and genetics Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002097.htm

434 Allergies

Allergies and the allergy season Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002108.htm Allergy medications overdose Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002620.htm Allergy testing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003519.htm Allergy to mold - dander - dust Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000814.htm Anaphylaxis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000844.htm ·

Signs & Symptoms for Allergies Abdominal pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Anxiety Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Bleeding into the skin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003235.htm Blisters Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003939.htm Bloated feeling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003123.htm Bloodshot eyes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003031.htm Blueness of the skin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003215.htm Blurred vision Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003029.htm Breathing difficulty Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Burning eyes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003034.htm Cardiac arrest Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003078.htm

Online Glossaries 435

Chemosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003038.htm Confusion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003205.htm Convulsions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Cough Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003072.htm Coughing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003072.htm Cyanosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003215.htm Depression Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003213.htm Diarrhea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003126.htm Difficulty breathing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Dizziness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003093.htm Drowsiness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003208.htm Ear discharges/bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003042.htm Emesis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Excitement Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003212.htm Fainting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003092.htm Fear Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003174.htm Hallucinations Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003258.htm

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Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Headaches Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Hearing loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003044.htm Intercostal retractions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003322.htm Itching Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Itchy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Light-headedness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003092.htm Muscle spasms Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm Nasal congestion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003049.htm Nasal flaring Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003055.htm Nasal obstruction Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003049.htm Nausea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Pale Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003244.htm Pale skin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003244.htm Palpitations Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003081.htm Purpura Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003232.htm Rapid heartbeat Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003081.htm

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Rapid or weak pulse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003077.htm Rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Rashes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Red eyes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003031.htm Respiratory arrest Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003069.htm Runny nose Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003051.htm Seizures Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Skin lesions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Skin rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Skin rashes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Skin redness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Slurred speech Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003204.htm Smell, impaired Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003052.htm Sneezing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003060.htm Stomach cramps Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Stress Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Stuffy nose Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003049.htm

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Swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm Tearing, increased Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003036.htm Throat, sore Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003053.htm Trouble breathing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Unsteadiness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003199.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Weakness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003174.htm Wheezing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003070.htm ·

Diagnostics and Tests for Allergies Absolute eosinophil count Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003649.htm Allergy testing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003519.htm Blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003398.htm CBC Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003642.htm Complement levels Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003456.htm Differential Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003657.htm Endotracheal intubation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003449.htm Eosinophil count - absolute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003649.htm

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Eosinophilia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003649.htm Eosinophils Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003649.htm ESR Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003638.htm Gastric lavage Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003882.htm Immunoelectrophoresis - serum Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003541.htm Platelet aggregation test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003669.htm Pulse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003399.htm Sed rate Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003638.htm Serum globulin electrophoresis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003544.htm Skin biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003840.htm Ulcers Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003228.htm Venipuncture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003423.htm WBC count Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003643.htm X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003337.htm ·

Nutrition for Allergies Protein Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002467.htm

·

Surgery and Procedures for Allergies Tracheostomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002955.htm

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·

Background Topics for Allergies Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Adolescent test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002054.htm Allergen Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002229.htm Allergic reaction Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000005.htm Allergic reactions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000005.htm Allergy-causing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002229.htm Antibodies Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002223.htm Antibody Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002223.htm Antigen Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002224.htm Asthma and allergy - support group Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002190.htm Auscultation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002226.htm Bee sting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000033.htm Bee stings Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000033.htm Bleach Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002761.htm Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm Conjunctiva Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002326.htm

Online Glossaries 441

Detergents Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002777.htm Face powder Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002700.htm Immune response Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000821.htm Incidence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002387.htm Infant test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002055.htm Insect bites Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000033.htm Intravenous Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002383.htm Necrotic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002266.htm Preschooler test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002057.htm Respiratory Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002290.htm Scales Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003226.htm Schoolage test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002058.htm Sclera Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002295.htm Shock Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000039.htm Smoking Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002032.htm Spores Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002307.htm Stimuli Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002309.htm

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Support group Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002150.htm Symptomatic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002293.htm Systemic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002294.htm Toddler test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002056.htm Toxins Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002331.htm Unconscious Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000022.htm Unconsciousness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000022.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: ·

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

·

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

·

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

·

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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ALLERGIES DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Cramps: Abdominal pain due to spasmodic contractions of the bowel. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Abscess: Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. [NIH] Acanthocephala: A phylum of parasitic worms, closely related to tapeworms and containing two genera: Moniliformis, which sometimes infects man, and Macracanthorhynchus, which infects swine. [NIH] Acantholysis: Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see pemphigus) and keratosis follicularis. [NIH] ACE: Angiotensin-coverting enzyme. A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH] Achievement: Success in bringing an effort to the desired end; the degree or level of success attained in some specified area (esp. scholastic) or in general. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acremonium: A mitosporic fungal genus with many reported ascomycetous teleomorphs. Cephalosporin antibiotics are derived from this genus. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adoptive Transfer: Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When

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transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (immunotherapy, adoptive). [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenaline: A hormone. Also called epinephrine. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Aggravation: An increasing in seriousness or severity; an act or circumstance that intensifies, or makes worse. [EU] Agonists: Drugs that trigger an action from a cell or another drug. [NIH] Airways: Tubes that carry air into and out of the lungs. [NIH] Aldesleukin: A colony-stimulating factor that stimulates the production of blood cells, especially platelets, during chemotherapy. It is a cytokine that belongs to the family of drugs called hematopoietic (blood forming) agents. Also called interleukin-2 or IL-2. [NIH] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever;

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fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Alloys: A mixture of metallic elements or compounds with other metallic or metalloid elements in varying proportions. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alum: A type of immune adjuvant (a substance used to help boost the immune response to a vaccine). Also called aluminum sulfate. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Alcohols: Compounds possessing both a hydroxyl (-OH) and an amino group (NH2). [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH]

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Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anaesthetic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing anaesthesia. 2. A drug or agent that is used to abolish the sensation of pain. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses. [NIH]

Anaphylactic: Pertaining to anaphylaxis. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anergy: Absence of immune response to particular substances. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Angioedema: A vascular reaction involving the deep dermis or subcutaneous or submucal tissues, representing localized edema caused by dilatation and increased permeability of the capillaries, and characterized by development of giant wheals. [EU]

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Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anorexia: Clinical manifestation consisting of a physiopathological lack or loss of appetite accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anthelmintic: An agent that is destructive to worms. [EU] Anthropology: The science devoted to the comparative study of man. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antibody therapy: Treatment with an antibody, a substance that can directly kill specific tumor cells or stimulate the immune system to kill tumor cells. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidiuretic: Suppressing the rate of urine formation. [EU] Antiepileptic: An agent that combats epilepsy. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH]

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Antihistamine: A drug that counteracts the action of histamine. The antihistamines are of two types. The conventional ones, as those used in allergies, block the H1 histamine receptors, whereas the others block the H2 receptors. Called also antihistaminic. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Appendectomy: An operation to remove the appendix. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 12-hydroperoxyarachidonate (12-HPETE) which is itself rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoate (12-HETE). The 12-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in platelets. EC 1.13.11.31. [NIH] Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 15-hydroperoxyarachidonate (15-HPETE) which is rapidly converted to 15-hydroxy5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoate (15-HETE). The 15-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in neutrophils and lymphocytes. EC 1.13.11.33. [NIH] Arachidonate Lipoxygenases: Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of arachidonic acid to hydroperoxyarachidonates (HPETES). These products are then rapidly converted by a peroxidase to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETES). The positional specificity of the enzyme reaction varies from tissue to tissue. The final lipoxygenase pathway leads to the leukotrienes. EC 1.13.11.- . [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in

Dictionary 449

the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginase: A ureahydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of arginine or canavanine to yield L-ORNITHINE and urea. Deficiency of this enzyme causes hyperargininemia. EC 3.5.3.1. [NIH]

Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriolar: Pertaining to or resembling arterioles. [EU] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Articulation: The relationship of two bodies by means of a moveable joint. [NIH] Aspartame: Flavoring agent sweeter than sugar, metabolized as phenylalanine and aspartic acid. [NIH] Aspartic: The naturally occurring substance is L-aspartic acid. One of the acidic-aminoacids is obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astemizole: A long-acting, non-sedative antihistaminic used in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, asthma, allergic conjunctivitis, and chronic idiopathic urticaria. The drug is well tolerated and has no anticholinergic side effects. [NIH] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atopic Eczema: Generic term for acute or chronic inflammatory conditions of the skin, typically erythematous, edematous, papular, vesicular, and crusting; often accompanied by sensations of itching and burning. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH]

450 Allergies

Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the trunk, including the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or adjacent regions. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Translocation: The passage of viable bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to extra-intestinal sites, such as the mesenteric lymph node complex, liver, spleen, kidney, and blood. Factors that promote bacterial translocation include overgrowth with gram-negative enteric bacilli, impaired host immune defenses, and injury to the intestinal mucosa resulting in increased intestinal permeability. These mechanisms can act in concert to promote synergistically the systemic spread of indigenous translocating bacteria to cause lethal sepsis. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basophil: A type of white blood cell. Basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Basophil Degranulation Test: An in vitro test used in the diagnosis of allergies including drug hypersensitivity. The allergen is added to the patient's white blood cells and the subsequent histamine release is measured. [NIH] Baths: The immersion or washing of the body or any of its parts in water or other medium for cleansing or medical treatment. It includes bathing for personal hygiene as well as for medical purposes with the addition of therapeutic agents, such as alkalines, antiseptics, oil, etc. [NIH] Beer: An alcoholic beverage usually made from malted cereal grain (as barley), flavored with hops, and brewed by slow fermentation. [NIH] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along nerve fibers and at nerve endings. [NIH] Beta carotene: A vitamin A precursor. Beta carotene belongs to the family of fat-soluble vitamins called carotenoids. [NIH] Bifida:

A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central

Dictionary 451

deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Birth Order: The sequence in which children are born into the family. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Cell Count: A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example,

452 Allergies

in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Constitution: The physical characteristics of the body, including the mode of performance of functions, the activity of metabolic processes, the manner and degree of reactions to stimuli, and power of resistance to the attack of pathogenic organisms. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Body Regions: Anatomical areas of the body. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone marrow aspiration: The removal of a small sample of bone marrow (usually from the hip) through a needle for examination under a microscope. [NIH] Bottle Feeding: Use of nursing bottles for feeding. Applies to humans and animals. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breast Feeding: The nursing of an infant at the mother's breast. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU]

Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchiseptica: A small, gram-negative, motile bacillus. A normal inhabitant of the respiratory tract in man, dogs, and pigs, but is also associated with canine infectious tracheobronchitis and atrophic rhinitis in pigs. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchoalveolar Lavage: Washing out of the lungs with saline or mucolytic agents for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It is very useful in the diagnosis of diffuse pulmonary

Dictionary 453

infiltrates in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Bronchoconstriction: Diminution of the caliber of a bronchus physiologically or as a result of pharmacological intervention. [NIH] Bronchodilator: A drug that relaxes the smooth muscles in the constricted airway. [NIH] Bronchoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to examine the inside of the trachea and bronchi, the air passages that lead into the lungs. [NIH] Bronchospasm: Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi, as occurs in asthma. [EU] Bronchus: A large air passage that leads from the trachea (windpipe) to the lung. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bulimia: Episodic binge eating. The episodes may be associated with the fear of not being able to stop eating, depressed mood, or self-deprecating thoughts (binge-eating disorder) and may frequently be terminated by self-induced vomiting (bulimia nervosa). [NIH] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Permeability: Property of blood capillary walls that allows for the selective exchange of substances. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (tight junctions) which may limit large molecule movement. [NIH]

454 Allergies

Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Carrier State: The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissable to another susceptible host. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH]

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Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Degranulation: The process of losing secretory granules (secretory vesicles). This occurs, for example, in mast cells, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, and platelets when secretory products are released from the granules by exocytosis. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cephalosporins: A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus Acremonium (Cephalosporium acremonium). They contain the betalactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU]

456 Allergies

Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chelating Agents: Organic chemicals that form two or more coordination bonds with a central metal ion. Heterocyclic rings are formed with the central metal atom as part of the ring. Some biological systems form metal chelates, e.g., the iron-binding porphyrin group of hemoglobin and the magnesium-binding chlorophyll of plants. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed) They are used chemically to remove ions from solutions, medicinally against microorganisms, to treat metal poisoning, and in chemotherapy protocols. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromaffin System: The cells of the body which stain with chromium salts. They occur along the sympathetic nerves, in the adrenal gland, and in various other organs. [NIH] Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH]

Chromic: Catgut sterilized and impregnated with chromium trioxide. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH]

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Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Fatigue caused by the combined effects of different types of prolonged fatigue. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: emphysema. [NIH]

Collective term for chronic bronchitis and

Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, chymotrypsinogen and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by trypsin. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Claviceps: A genus of ascomycetous fungi, family Clavicipitaceae, order Hypocreales, parasitic on various grasses. The sclerotia contain several toxic alkaloids. Claviceps purpurea on rye causes ergotism. [NIH] Cleave: A double-stranded cut in DNA with a restriction endonuclease. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clonal Deletion: Removal, via cell death, of immature lymphocytes that interact with antigens during maturation. For T-lymphocytes this occurs in the thymus and ensures that mature T-lymphocytes are self tolerant. B-lymphocytes may also undergo clonal deletion. [NIH]

Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]

Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clot Retraction: Retraction of a clot resulting from contraction of platelet pseudopods attached to fibrin strands that is dependent on the contractile protein thrombosthenin. Used as a measure of platelet function. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and

458 Allergies

pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis. [NIH] Coccidiosis: Protozoan infection found in animals and man. It is caused by several different genera of Coccidia. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]

Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Cockroaches: Insects of the order Dictyoptera comprising several families including Blaberidae, Blattellidae, Blattidae (containing the American cockroach Periplaneta americana), Cryptocercidae, and Polyphagidae. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colic: Paroxysms of pain. This condition usually occurs in the abdominal region but may occur in other body regions as well. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colostrum: The thin, yellow, serous fluid secreted by the mammary glands during pregnancy and immediately postpartum before lactation begins. It consists of immunologically active substances, white blood cells, water, protein, fat, and carbohydrates. [NIH]

Combinatorial: A cut-and-paste process that churns out thousands of potentially valuable compounds at once. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and

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C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementarity Determining Regions: Three regions (CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3) of amino acid sequence in theimmunoglobulin variable region that are highly divergent. Together the CDRs from the light and heavy immunoglobulin chains form a surface that is complementary to the antigen. These regions are also present in other members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, for example, T-cell receptors (receptors, antigen, T-cell). [NIH] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH]

460 Allergies

Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Condoms: A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease. [NIH] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Conjunctivitis, Allergic: Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Constriction, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH]

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Contrast Media: Substances used in radiography that allow visualization of certain tissues. [NIH]

Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: group. [NIH]

An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control)

Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Convulsive: Relating or referring to spasm; affected with spasm; characterized by a spasm or spasms. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]

Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans)

462 Allergies

end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized mast cells. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack. [NIH] Croup: A condition characterized by resonant barking cough, hoarseness and persistant stridor and caused by allergy, foreign body, infection, or neoplasm. It occurs chiefly in infants and children. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Curare: Plant extracts from several species, including Strychnos toxifera, S. castelnaei, S. crevauxii, and Chondodendron tomentosum, that produce paralysis of skeletal muscle and are used adjunctively with general anesthesia. These extracts are toxic and must be used with the administration of artificial respiration. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanosis: A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cysteinyl: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeletal Proteins: Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible. [NIH]

Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic:

Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and

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citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Day Care: Institutional health care of patients during the day. The patients return home at night. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decongestant: An agent that reduces congestion or swelling. [EU] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Decubitus Ulcer: An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure in patients permitted to lie too still for a long period of time. The bony prominences of the body are the most frequently affected sites. The ulcer is caused by ischemia of the underlying structures of the skin, fat, and muscles as a result of the sustained and constant pressure. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delivery of Health Care: The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population. [NIH] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]

Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dental Hygienists: Persons trained in an accredited school or dental college and licensed by the state in which they reside to provide dental prophylaxis under the direction of a licensed dentist. [NIH] Dental Materials: Materials used in the production of dental bases, restorations, impressions, prostheses, etc. [NIH] Dental Staff: Personnel who provide dental service to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH]

464 Allergies

Dermatologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin problems. [NIH]

Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Desensitisation: Gradually increasing the dose of a medicine in order to overcome severe allergic reactions. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms. [NIH] Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa. [NIH] Dietitian: An expert in nutrition who helps people plan what and how much food to eat. [NIH]

Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH]

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Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Diphtheria: A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. Diphtheria toxin, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drip: The continuous slow introduction of a fluid containing nutrients or drugs. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Hypersensitivity: Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH]

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Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Duty to Warn: The legal, moral, or ethical responsibility of a health professional to warn an intended victim of specific threats of harm or to warn a person of potential risk for acquiring a disease as the result of a relationship to a patient. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysentery: Any of various disorders marked by inflammation of the intestines, especially of the colon, and attended by pain in the abdomen, tenesmus, and frequent stools containing blood and mucus. Causes include chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms. [EU]

Dyskinesias: Abnormal involuntary movements which primarily affect the extremities, trunk, or jaw that occur as a manifestation of an underlying disease process. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of dyskinesia as a primary manifestation of disease may be referred to as dyskinesia syndromes (movement disorders). Dyskinesias are also a relatively common manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrocardiogram: Measurement of electrical activity during heartbeats. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus

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becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emesis: Vomiting; an act of vomiting. Also used as a word termination, as in haematemesis. [EU]

Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endolymphatic Duct: labyrinth. [NIH]

Duct connecting the endolymphatic sac with the membranous

Endolymphatic Sac: The blind pouch at the end of the endolymphatic duct. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH] Environmental tobacco smoke: ETS. Smoke that comes from the burning of a tobacco product and smoke that is exhaled by smokers (second-hand smoke). Inhaling ETS is called involuntary or passive smoking. [NIH] Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH]

468 Allergies

Eosinophil: A polymorphonuclear leucocyte with large eosinophilic granules in its cytoplasm, which plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU]

Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]

Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Multiforme: A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic "bull's-eye" lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms. [NIH] Erythrocyte Indices: Quantification of size and cell hemoglobin content or concentration of the erythrocyte, usually derived from erythrocyte count, blood hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit. Includes the mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), and mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Use also for cell diameter and thickness. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol:

A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and

Dictionary 469

distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exon: The part of the DNA that encodes the information for the actual amino acid sequence of the protein. In many eucaryotic genes, the coding sequences consist of a series of exons alternating with intron sequences. [NIH] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Family Practice: A medical specialty concerned with the provision of continuing, comprehensive primary health care for the entire family. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fathers: Male parents, human or animal. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Feeding Methods: Methods of giving food to humans or animals. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place

470 Allergies

in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action [EU] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filariasis: Infections with nematodes of the superfamily Filarioidea. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischaemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face. [NIH] Filarioidea: A superfamily of nematodes of the suborder Spirurina. Its organisms possess a filiform body and a mouth surrounded by papillae. [NIH] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Fistulas: An abnormal passage from one hollow structure of the body to another, or from a hollow structure to the surface, formed by an abscess, disease process, incomplete closure of a wound, or by a congenital anomaly. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]

Fleas: Parasitic, blood-sucking, wingless insects comprising the order Siphonaptera. [NIH] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Flushing: A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Follow-Up Studies: Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.

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[NIH]

Food Additives: Substances which are of little or no nutritive value, but are used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed, especially in the developed countries; includes antioxidants, food preservatives, food coloring agents, flavoring agents, antiinfective agents (both plain and local), vehicles, excipients and other similarly used substances. Many of the same substances are pharmaceutic aids when added to pharmaceuticals rather than to foods. [NIH] Food Coloring Agents: Natural or synthetic dyes used as coloring agents in processed foods. [NIH] Food Contamination: The presence in food of harmful, unpalatable, or otherwise objectionable foreign substances, e.g. chemicals, microorganisms or diluents, before, during, or after processing or storage. [NIH] Food Habits: Acquired or learned food preferences. [NIH] Food Hypersensitivity: Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens ingested in food. [NIH] Food Labeling: Use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a food or its container or wrapper. The concept includes ingredients, nutritional value, directions, warnings, and other relevant information. [NIH] Food Microbiology: The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept. [NIH] Food Preferences: The selection of one food over another. [NIH] Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fracture Fixation: The use of metallic devices inserted into or through bone to hold a fracture in a set position and alignment while it heals. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fructose Intolerance: An autosomal recessive fructose metabolism disorder due to deficient fructose-1-phosphate aldolase (EC 2.1.2.13) activity, resulting in accumulation of fructose-1phosphate. The accumulated fructose-1-phosphate inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, causing severe hypoglycemia following ingestion of fructose. Prolonged fructose ingestion in infants leads ultimately to hepatic failure and death. Patients develop a strong distaste for sweet food, and avoid a chronic course of the disease by remaining on a fructose- and sucrose-free diet. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to

472 Allergies

those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin. [NIH] Galactans: Polysaccharides composed of repeating galactose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages. [NIH] Galactosemia: Buildup of galactose in the blood. Caused by lack of one of the enzymes needed to break down galactose into glucose. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes

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are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gestational Age: Age of the conceptus. In humans, this may be assessed by medical history, physical examination, early immunologic pregnancy tests, radiography, ultrasonography, and amniotic fluid analysis. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glioma: A cancer of the brain that comes from glial, or supportive, cells. [NIH] Glottis: The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis). [NIH] Glucans: Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Gluconeogenesis: The process by which glucose is formed from a non-carbohydrate source. [NIH]

Glucose:

D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally

474 Allergies

occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH] Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gold Sodium Thiomalate: A variable mixture of the mono- and disodium salts of gold thiomalic acid used mainly for its anti-inflammatory action in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It is most effective in active progressive rheumatoid arthritis and of little or no value in the presence of extensive deformities or in the treatment of other forms of arthritis. [NIH]

Gold Sodium Thiosulfate: An antirheumatic agent with the same actions and uses as gold sodium thiomalate. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]

Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Granulocyte:

A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils,

Dictionary 475

eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Gravidity: Pregnancy; the condition of being pregnant, without regard to the outcome. [EU] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the family Caviidae. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research. [NIH]

Haematemesis: The vomiting of blood. [EU] Hair Color: Color of hair or fur. [NIH] Hair Dyes: Dyes used as cosmetics to change hair color either permanently or temporarily. [NIH]

Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Handedness: Preference for using right or left hand. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Hay Fever: A seasonal variety of allergic rhinitis, marked by acute conjunctivitis with lacrimation and itching, regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific allergens. [NIH]

Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Health Care Costs: The actual costs of providing services related to the delivery of health care, including the costs of procedures, therapies, and medications. It is differentiated from health expenditures, which refers to the amount of money paid for the services, and from fees, which refers to the amount charged, regardless of cost. [NIH] Health Education: Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis. [NIH] Health Expenditures: The amounts spent by individuals, groups, nations, or private or public organizations for total health care and/or its various components. These amounts may or may not be equivalent to the actual costs (health care costs) and may or may not be shared among the patient, insurers, and/or employers. [NIH]

476 Allergies

Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Hearing aid: A miniature, portable sound amplifier for persons with impaired hearing, consisting of a microphone, audio amplifier, earphone, and battery. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Hematocrit: Measurement of the volume of packed red cells in a blood specimen by centrifugation. The procedure is performed using a tube with graduated markings or with automated blood cell counters. It is used as an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, anemia shows a low hematocrit, polycythemia, high values. [NIH] Hematopoiesis: The development and formation of various types of blood cells. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemoglobin M: A group of abnormal hemoglobins in which amino acid substitutions take place in either the alpha or beta chains but near the heme iron. This results in facilitated oxidation of the hemoglobin to yield excess methemoglobin which leads to cyanosis. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH]

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Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heritability: The proportion of observed variation in a particular trait that can be attributed to inherited genetic factors in contrast to environmental ones. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histamine Release: The secretion of histamine from mast cell and basophil granules by exocytosis. This can be initiated by a number of factors, all of which involve binding of IgE, cross-linked by antigen, to the mast cell or basophil's Fc receptors. Once released, histamine binds to a number of different target cell receptors and exerts a wide variety of effects. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Hoarseness: An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hookworm: A parasitic infection that may affect workers exposed to warm moist soil in which the larvae of the worm lives. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU]

478 Allergies

Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hymenoptera: An extensive order of highly specialized insects including bees, wasps, and ants. [NIH] Hyperaemia: An excess of blood in a part; engorgement. [EU] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hyperreflexia: Exaggeration of reflexes. [EU] Hypersecretion: Excessive secretion. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypotensive: Characterized by or causing diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally low blood pressure. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Idiosyncrasy: An abnormal susceptibility to some drug, protein, or other agent which is peculiar to the individual. [EU] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Illusion: A false interpretation of a genuine percept. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH]

Dictionary 479

Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune adjuvant: A drug that stimulates the immune system to respond to disease. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: (antigens). [NIH]

The activity of the immune system against foreign substances

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunogen: A substance that is capable of causing antibody formation. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunoglobulin Variable Region: That region of the immunoglobulin (antibody) molecule that varies in its amino acid sequence and composition, confers the antigenic specificity, and is thought to comprise the binding site for the antigen. It is located at the Nterminus of the Fab fragment of the immunoglobulin. It includes hypervariable regions (complementarity determining regions) and framework regions. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunologic Diseases: Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated or both. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by

480 Allergies

inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incidental: 1. Small and relatively unimportant, minor; 2. Accompanying, but not a major part of something; 3. (To something) Liable to occur because of something or in connection with something (said of risks, responsibilities, ...) [EU] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infection Control: Programs of disease surveillance, generally within health care facilities, designed to investigate, prevent, and control the spread of infections and their causative microorganisms. [NIH]

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Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Informed Consent: Voluntary authorization, given to the physician by the patient, with full comprehension of the risks involved, for diagnostic or investigative procedures and medical and surgical treatment. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-2:

Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which

482 Allergies

regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-4: Soluble factor produced by activated T-lymphocytes that causes proliferation and differentiation of B-cells. Interleukin-4 induces the expression of class II major histocompatibility complex and Fc receptors on B-cells. It also acts on T-lymphocytes, mast cell lines, and several other hematopoietic lineage cells including granulocyte, megakaryocyte, and erythroid precursors, as well as macrophages. [NIH] Interleukin-5: Factor promoting eosinophil differentiation and activation in hematopoiesis. It also triggers activated B-cells for a terminal differentiation into Ig-secreting cells. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH]

Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation;

Dictionary 483

those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Islet: Cell producing insulin in pancreas. [NIH] Isoflavones: 3-Phenylchromones. Isomeric form of flavones in which the benzene group is attached to the 3 position of the benzopyran ring instead of the 2 position. [NIH] Isologous: A graft of tissue obtained from the body of another individual of the same genotype of recipient. [NIH] Ivermectin: A mixture of ivermectin component B1a (RN 71827-03-7) and B1b (RN 7020981-3), which is a semisynthetic product from Streptomyces avermitilis. A potent macrocyclic lactone disaccharide antiparasitic agent used to prevent and treat parasite infestations in animals. The compound has activity against internal and external parasites and has been found effective against arthropods, insects, nematodes, filarioidea, platyhelminths, and protozoa. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]

Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog produced by the action of tissue and glandular kallikreins on low-molecular-weight kininogen. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that functions through vasodilatation. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Labyrinthine: A vestibular nystagmus resulting from stimulation, injury, or disease of the labyrinth. [NIH] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lactose Intolerance: The disease state resulting from the absence of lactase enzyme in the musocal cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore an inability to break down the disaccharide lactose in milk for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. It is manifested by indigestion of a mild nature to severe diarrhea. It may be due to inborn defect genetically conditioned or may be acquired. [NIH] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Lamivudine: A reverse transcriptase inhibitor and zalcitabine analog in which a sulfur atom replaces the 3' carbon of the pentose ring. It is used to treat HIV disease. [NIH]

484 Allergies

Language Disorders: Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larva: Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Laryngitis: Inflammation of the larynx. This condition presents itself with dryness and soreness of the throat, difficulty in swallowing, cough, and hoarseness. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Latex Allergy: Hypersensitivity to products containing processed natural rubber latex such as rubber gloves, condoms, catheters, dental dams, balloons, and sporting equipment. Both T-cell mediated (delayed hypersensitivity) and IgE antibody-mediated (immediate hypersensitivity) allergic responses are possible. Delayed hypersensitivity results from exposure to antioxidants present in the rubber; immediate hypersensitivity results from exposure to a latex protein. [NIH] Lavage: A cleaning of the stomach and colon. Uses a special drink and enemas. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Least-Squares Analysis: A principle of estimation in which the estimates of a set of parameters in a statistical model are those quantities minimizing the sum of squared differences between the observed values of a dependent variable and the values predicted by the model. [NIH] Lectins: Protein or glycoprotein substances, usually of plant origin, that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes and thereby change the physiology of the membrane to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes in the cell. [NIH] Leg Ulcer: Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (varicose ulcer), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukapheresis: The preparation of leukocyte concentrates with the return of red cells and

Dictionary 485

leukocyte-poor plasma to the donor. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukopenia: A condition in which the number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood is reduced. [NIH] Leukotriene Antagonists: A class of drugs designed to prevent leukotriene synthesis or activity by blocking binding at the receptor level. [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Levamisole: An antiparasitic drug that is also being studied in cancer therapy with fluorouracil. [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Library Services: circulation. [NIH]

Services offered to the library user. They include reference and

Lichen Planus: An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flattopped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a "saw-tooth" pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown. [NIH] Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Likelihood Functions: Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters. [NIH] Linear Models: Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH]

486 Allergies

Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Loa: A genus of parasitic nematodes found throughout the rain-forest areas of the Sudan and the basin of the Congo. L. loa inhabits the subcutaneous tissues, which it traverses freely. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Logistic Models: Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lubrication: The application of a substance to diminish friction between two surfaces. It may refer to oils, greases, and similar substances for the lubrication of medical equipment but it can be used for the application of substances to tissue to reduce friction, such as lotions for skin and vaginal lubricants. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells

Dictionary 487

that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Depletion: Immunosuppression by reduction of circulating lymphocytes or by T-cell depletion of bone marrow. The former may be accomplished in vivo by thoracic duct drainage or administration of antilymphocyte serum. The latter is performed ex vivo on bone marrow before its transplantation. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lymphoproliferative: Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Maintenance therapy: Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked

488 Allergies

by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mannich Bases: Ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. A Mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols. [NIH] Mastocytosis: A group of diseases resulting from proliferation of mast cells. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Meat Products: Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple). [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Lipids: Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH]

Dictionary 489

Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently labeled with radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH] Micturition: The passage of urine; urination. [EU] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milligram: A measure of weight. A milligram is approximately 450,000-times smaller than a pound and 28,000-times smaller than an ounce. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mineral Oil: A mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as laxative, lubricant, ointment base, and emollient. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH]

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Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]

Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, ...): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU]

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Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Multidose: Occurring in, or using multiple doses. [EU] Multiple Myeloma: A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow; characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and anemia. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Muscle tension: A force in a material tending to produce extension; the state of being stretched. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Naive: Used to describe an individual who has never taken a certain drug or class of drugs (e. g., AZT-naive, antiretroviral-naive), or to refer to an undifferentiated immune system cell. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nasal Polyps: Focal accumulations of edema fluid in the nasal mucosa accompanied by

492 Allergies

hyperplasia of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be neoplasms, foci of inflammation, degenerative lesions, or malformations. [NIH] Nasal Septum: The partition separating the two nasal cavities in the midplane, composed of cartilaginous, membranous and bony parts. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Nebulizer: A device used to turn liquid into a fine spray. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nematoda: A class of unsegmented helminths with fundamental bilateral symmetry and secondary triradiate symmetry of the oral and esophageal structures. Many species are parasites. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH]

Nerve Endings: Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include neuroeffector junction(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are presynaptic terminals. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurokinin A: A mammalian decapeptide tachykinin found in the central nervous system. It is similar in structure and action to substance P and neurokinin K. The compound has bronchoconstrictor, smooth muscle constrictor, and hypotensive effects and also activates the micturition reflex. [NIH]

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Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurosecretory Systems: A system of neurons that has the specialized function to produce and secrete hormones, and that constitutes, in whole or in part, an endocrine organ or system. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it

494 Allergies

contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Nystagmus: An involuntary, rapid, rhythmic movement of the eyeball, which may be horizontal, vertical, rotatory, or mixed, i.e., of two varieties. [EU] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opisthorchis: A genus of trematode liver flukes of the family Opisthorchidae. It consists of the following species: O. felineus, O. noverca (Amphimerus noverca), and O. viverrini. The intermediate hosts are snails, fish, and amphibia. [NIH] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Osmolarity: The concentration of osmotically active particles expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per litre of solution. [EU] Osmoles: The standard unit of osmotic pressure. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU]

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Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Otolaryngology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the ear, nose, and throat. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]

Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH]

496 Allergies

Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Pancreatic Insufficiency: Absence of or reduced pancreatic exocrine secretion into the duodenum and resultant poor digestion of lipids, vitamins, nitrogen, and carbohydrates. [NIH]

Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parasitic Diseases: Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parity: The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with gravidity, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome. [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis: An evanescent cutaneous reaction occurring when antibody is injected into a local area on the skin and antigen is subsequently injected intravenously along with a dye. The dye makes the rapidly occurring capillary dilatation and increased vascular permeability readily visible by leakage into the reaction site. PCA is a sensitive reaction for detecting very small quantities of antibodies and is also a method for studying the mechanisms of immediate hypersensitivity. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH]

Dictionary 497

Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Peak flow: The maximum amount of air breathed out; the power needed to produce this amount. [EU] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pemphigus: Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by acantholysis and blister formation within the epidermis. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Perioperative: Around the time of surgery; usually lasts from the time of going into the hospital or doctor's office for surgery until the time the patient goes home. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Pertussis: An acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, most frequently affecting young children, usually caused by Bordetella pertussis; a similar illness has been associated with infection by B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. It is characterized by a catarrhal stage, beginning after an incubation period of about two weeks, with slight fever, sneezing, running at the nose, and a dry cough. In a week or two the paroxysmal stage begins, with the characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs, continuing until the air is expelled from the lungs; the close of the paroxysm is marked by a long-drawn, shrill, whooping inspiration, due to spasmodic closure of the glottis. This stage lasts three to four weeks, after which the convalescent stage begins, in which paroxysms grow less frequent and less violent, and finally cease. Called also whooping cough. [EU] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Pharmaceutic Aids: Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include solvents, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, antioxidants; preservatives, pharmaceutical; dyes (coloring agents); flavoring agents; vehicles; excipients; ointment bases. [NIH] Pharmacist: A person trained to prepare and distribute medicines and to give information

498 Allergies

about them. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of norepinephrine but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Photoallergy: Sensitization of the skin to light usually due to the action of certain substances or drugs, may occur shortly after exposure to a substance or after a latent period of from days to months. [NIH] Photosensitivity: An abnormal cutaneous response involving the interaction between photosensitizing substances and sunlight or filtered or artificial light at wavelengths of 280400 mm. There are two main types : photoallergy and photoxicity. [EU] Phototherapy: Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of

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skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pitch: The subjective awareness of the frequency or spectral distribution of a sound. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plague: An acute infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form. [NIH] Plant Oils: Oils derived from plants or plant products. [NIH] Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which vegetable proteins is available. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Count: A count of the number of platelets per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a

500 Allergies

spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Platyhelminths: A phylum of acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical flatworms, without a definite anus. It includes three classes: Cestoda, Turbellaria, and Trematoda. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Pneumonitis: A disease caused by inhaling a wide variety of substances such as dusts and molds. Also called "farmer's disease". [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polyneuritis: Inflammation of several peripheral nerves at the same time. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyvalent: Having more than one valence. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the

Dictionary 501

convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Pregnancy Tests: Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids

502 Allergies

having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostaglandins D: Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They show pressor activity, are mediators of inflammation, and have potential antithrombotic effects. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora,

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Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium, P. indica, and P. ovata (Plantaginaceae). Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH]

Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

504 Allergies

Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pyrazinamide: A pyrazine that is used therapeutically as an antitubercular agent. [NIH] Quackery: The fraudulent misrepresentation of the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH]

Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioallergosorbent Test: An in vitro allergen radioimmunoassay in which allergens are coupled to an immunosorbent. The coupled allergens bind the IgE in the sera of patients which in turn binds radioisotope-labeled anti-IgE antibodies. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Nonimmunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Ranitidine:

A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric

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secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Reagin: The antibody-like substances responsible for allergic phenomena; part of the gamma globulin fraction of serum. [NIH] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Reconstitution: 1. A type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. The restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recur: To occur again. Recurrence is the return of cancer, at the same site as the original (primary) tumor or in another location, after the tumor had disappeared. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see linear models) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and least-squares analysis is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see logistic models) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and likelihood functions are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable. [NIH]

Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial

506 Allergies

remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Research Support: Financial support of research activities. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory distress syndrome: A lung disease that occurs primarily in premature infants; the newborn must struggle for each breath and blueing of its skin reflects the baby's inability to get enough oxygen. [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rhinorrhea: The free discharge of a thin nasal mucus. [EU] Rhinovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae inhabiting primarily the respiratory tract of mammalian hosts. It includes the human strains associated with common colds. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. [NIH] Rosette Formation: The in vitro formation of clusters consisting of a cell (usually a lymphocyte) surrounded by antigenic cells or antigen-bearing particles (usually erythrocytes, which may or may not be coated with antibody or antibody and complement). The rosette-forming cell may be an antibody-forming cell, a memory cell, a T-cell, a cell bearing surface cytophilic antibodies, or a monocyte possessing Fc receptors. Rosette formation can be used to identify specific populations of these cells. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to

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decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Rye: A hardy grain crop, Secale cereale, grown in northern climates. It is the most frequent host to ergot (claviceps), the toxic fungus. Its hybrid with wheat is triticale, another grain. [NIH]

Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener. [NIH] Safe Sex: Sex behavior that prevents or decreases the spread of sexually transmitted diseases or pregnancy. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, hallucinations, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] School Health Services: Preventive health services provided for students. It excludes college or university students. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH]

508 Allergies

Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Secretory Vesicles: Vesicles derived from the golgi apparatus containing material to be released at the cell surface. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Sedimentation: The act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal machine. [EU] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semicircular canal: Three long canals of the bony labyrinth of the ear, forming loops and opening into the vestibule by five openings. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Sequester: A portion of dead bone which has become detached from the healthy bone tissue, as occurs in necrosis. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis,

Dictionary 509

and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin Care: Maintenance of the hygienic state of the skin under optimal conditions of cleanliness and comfort. Effective in skin care are proper washing, bathing, cleansing, and the use of soaps, detergents, oils, etc. In various disease states, therapeutic and protective solutions and ointments are useful. The care of the skin is particularly important in various occupations, in exposure to sunlight, in neonates, and in decubitus ulcer. [NIH] Skin test: A test for an immune response to a compound by placing it on or under the skin. [NIH]

Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smoking Cessation: Discontinuation of the habit of smoking, the inhaling and exhaling of tobacco smoke. [NIH]

510 Allergies

Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Snails: Marine, freshwater, or terrestrial mollusks of the class Gastropoda. Most have an enclosing spiral shell, and several genera harbor parasites pathogenic to man. [NIH] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Social Class: A stratum of people with similar position and prestige; includes social stratification. Social class is measured by criteria such as education, occupation, and income. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Soy Proteins: Proteins which are present in or isolated from soybeans. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum:

A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by

Dictionary 511

refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Statistically significant: Describes a mathematical measure of difference between groups. The difference is said to be statistically significant if it is greater than what might be expected to happen by chance alone. [NIH] Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Stent: A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to provide support and keep the structure open. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH]

Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]

Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stridor: The loud, harsh, vibrating sound produced by partial obstruction of the larynx or trachea. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain.

512 Allergies

[NIH]

Strongyloidiasis: Infection with nematodes of the genus Strongyloides. The presence of larvae may produce pneumonitis and the presence of adult worms in the intestine could lead to moderate to severe diarrhea. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections. [NIH] Sulfates: Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid. [NIH] Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sulfuric acid: A strong acid that, when concentrated is extemely corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. It is used in making fertilizers, dyes, electroplating, and industrial explosives. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppuration: A pathologic process consisting in the formation of pus. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH]

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Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachykinins: A family of biologically active peptides sharing a common conserved Cterminal sequence, -Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2, where X is either an aromatic or a branched aliphatic amino acid. Members of this family have been found in mammals, amphibians, and mollusks. Tachykinins have diverse pharmacological actions in the central nervous system and the cardiovascular, genitourinary, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems, as well as in glandular tissues. This diversity of activity is due to the existence of three or more subtypes of tachykinin receptors. [NIH] Tapeworm: A flatworm that is an endoparasite and belongs to the class Cestoda. [NIH]

514 Allergies

Taurine: 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid. A conditionally essential nutrient, important during mammalian development. It is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids. [NIH] Tear Gases: Gases that irritate the eyes, throat, or skin. Severe lacrimation develops upon irritation of the eyes. [NIH] Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug is used in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, asthma, allergic conjunctivitis, and chronic idiopathic urticaria. [NIH] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thimerosal: A topical antiseptic used on skin and mucous membranes. It is also used as a preservative in pharmaceuticals. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]

Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus

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refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH]

516 Allergies

Translocating: The attachment of a fragment of one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Trichinosis: A disease due to infection with Trichinella spiralis. It is caused by eating undercooked meat, usually pork. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urease: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinalysis: Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. Routine urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically. [NIH]

Dictionary 517

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Varicose Ulcer: Ulcer due to varicose veins. Chronic venous insufficiency in the deep veins of the legs leads to shunting the venous return into the superficial veins, in which pressure and flow rate, as well as oxygen content, are increased. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilatation: A state of increased calibre of the blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetable Proteins: Proteins which are present in or isolated from vegetables or vegetable products used as food. The concept is distinguished from plant proteins which refers to nondietary proteins from plants. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venom: That produced by the poison glands of the mouth and injected by the fangs of poisonous snakes. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs

518 Allergies

and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Video Recording: The storing or preserving of video signals for television to be played back later via a transmitter or receiver. Recordings may be made on magnetic tape or discs (videodisc recording). [NIH] Videodisc Recording: The storing of visual and usually sound signals on discs for later reproduction on a television screen or monitor. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Load: The quantity of measurable virus in the blood. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is used as a surrogate marker in HIV disease progression. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU]

Dictionary 519

Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Voice Disorders: Disorders of voice pitch, loudness, or quality. Dysphonia refers to impaired utterance of sounds by the vocal folds. [NIH] Volvulus: A twisting of the stomach or large intestine. May be caused by the stomach being in the wrong position, a foreign substance, or abnormal joining of one part of the stomach or intestine to another. Volvulus can lead to blockage, perforation, peritonitis, and poor blood flow. [NIH] Vomica: The profuse and sudden expectoration of pus and putrescent matter. An abnormal cavity in an organ especially in the lung, caused by suppuration and the breaking down of tissue. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Wasps: Any of numerous winged hymenopterous insects of social as well as solitary habits and having formidable stings. [NIH] Wheezing: Breathing with a rasp or whistling sound; a sign of airway constriction or obstruction. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chainterminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy. [NIH] Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of

520 Allergies

phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIVinduced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

521

INDEX A Abdomen, 443, 451, 452, 466, 468, 482, 486, 496, 511 Abdominal Cramps, 374, 443 Abdominal Pain, 6, 155, 161, 360, 375, 443, 472, 482, 497, 516 Aberrant, 443 Abscess, 160, 443, 470 Acanthocephala, 443, 476 Acantholysis, 443, 497 ACE, 441, 443 Achievement, 154, 443, 464 Acoustic, 4, 443, 518 Acremonium, 443, 455 Acrylonitrile, 443, 506 Actin, 443 Adaptability, 443, 455 Adenine, 443 Adenocarcinoma, 443, 477 Adenosine, 443, 453, 498 Adhesives, 377, 443 Adjuvant, 443, 472 Adoptive Transfer, 443 Adrenal Cortex, 444, 461, 501 Adrenal Medulla, 444, 454, 468, 493 Adrenaline, 161, 444 Adrenergic, 423, 444, 468, 498, 513 Adverse Effect, 20, 65, 444, 509 Aerobic, 23, 444, 495 Aerosol, 164, 444, 512 Affinity, 444, 510 Aggravation, 381, 444 Agonists, 444 Airways, 25, 163, 164, 165, 167, 444 Aldesleukin, 444 Aldosterone, 87, 444 Alertness, 444, 453 Algorithms, 444, 451 Alkaline, 444, 445, 453 Alkaloid, 444, 490, 493 Alloys, 445, 457, 495 Allylamine, 445 Alpha Particles, 445, 504 Alternative medicine, 36, 121, 386, 445 Alum, 445 Aluminum, 445 Alveoli, 445, 518 Amebiasis, 445 Ameliorating, 445 Amine, 422, 445, 477, 488 Amino Acid Sequence, 445, 447, 459, 469, 473, 479

Amino Alcohols, 445, 488 Ammonia, 445, 474, 488, 513, 516 Amniotic Fluid, 445, 473 Ampulla, 446, 467 Anaesthesia, 31, 37, 51, 446, 480 Anaesthetic, 93, 446 Analgesic, 100, 446, 490, 494 Analog, 446, 470, 483 Analogous, 446, 500, 515 Analytes, 400, 446 Anaphylactic, 5, 15, 46, 73, 155, 161, 380, 446 Anaphylatoxins, 446, 459 Anatomical, 446, 452, 456, 460, 480, 507 Androgens, 444, 446, 461 Anemia, 159, 165, 446, 458, 476, 487, 491, 520 Anergy, 446 Anesthesia, 14, 47, 156, 446, 462, 501 Anesthetics, 15, 446, 468 Angina, 446 Angina Pectoris, 446 Angioedema, 126, 446 Animal model, 121, 160, 164, 447 Anions, 447, 482, 509 Anorexia, 447, 472 Antagonism, 447, 453 Anthelmintic, 447, 464 Anthropology, 375, 447 Antiallergic, 24, 124, 447, 461 Antibacterial, 447, 511 Antibiotic, 37, 46, 77, 165, 166, 447, 452, 497, 511 Antibody therapy, 447 Anticholinergic, 447, 449, 456 Anticoagulant, 447, 472, 502 Antidiuretic, 74, 447 Antiepileptic, 7, 447 Antigen, 9, 11, 18, 22, 24, 25, 166, 440, 444, 446, 447, 459, 463, 473, 477, 478, 479, 480, 488, 496, 504, 506, 508 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 447, 459 Antigen-presenting cell, 447, 463 Antihistamine, 405, 448 Anti-infective, 448, 471, 510 Anti-Infective Agents, 448, 471 Anti-inflammatory, 121, 448, 449, 461, 473, 474, 501 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 448, 449, 461 Antineoplastic, 448, 461, 470 Antioxidant, 448, 495 Antiseptic, 448, 514

522 Allergies

Antiviral, 448, 481 Anus, 448, 452, 458, 500 Anxiety, 15, 156, 434, 448 Apoptosis, 448, 454, 462 Appendectomy, 10, 448 Applicability, 448 Aqueous, 448, 450, 462, 484 Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase, 448, 486 Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase, 448, 486 Arachidonate Lipoxygenases, 448, 486 Arachidonic Acid, 448, 485, 501 Arginase, 449 Arginine, 446, 449 Aromatic, 449, 457, 498, 511, 512, 513 Arrhythmia, 449 Arterial, 445, 449, 478, 484, 502, 513 Arteries, 449, 451, 452, 461, 489, 491, 503, 514 Arteriolar, 449, 452 Arterioles, 449, 452, 453, 491 Artery, 449, 461, 496, 503 Articulation, 104, 449 Aspartame, 394, 408, 449 Aspartic, 449 Aspartic Acid, 449 Aspiration, 156, 161, 449 Aspirin, 376, 423, 449 Assay, 21, 38, 69, 449, 479, 504 Astemizole, 449 Astringents, 449, 489 Asymptomatic, 445, 449, 470, 496 Atopic Eczema, 49, 67, 69, 105, 449 Attenuated, 449, 465 Atypical, 449, 481 Autoantibodies, 23, 449 Autoantigens, 449 Autoimmune disease, 62, 450, 491 Autoimmunity, 76, 77, 110, 450 B Back Pain, 46, 370, 450 Bacterial Translocation, 450 Bacteriuria, 450, 516 Base, 375, 424, 443, 450, 463, 469, 473, 483, 488, 489 Basement Membrane, 450, 483 Basophil, 50, 62, 77, 97, 450, 477 Basophil Degranulation Test, 77, 97, 450 Baths, 406, 450 Beer, 450 Benzene, 450, 483 Benzocaine, 40, 450 Beta carotene, 82, 450 Bifida, 7, 70, 414, 450 Bilateral, 8, 451, 492 Bile, 451, 472, 478, 483, 486, 511, 514 Bile Acids, 451, 511, 514

Bile Pigments, 451, 483 Biochemical, 451, 484, 508 Biological response modifier, 451, 481 Biological therapy, 451, 475 Biopsy, 155, 161, 162, 166, 439, 451 Biosynthesis, 449, 451, 508 Biotechnology, 22, 26, 372, 386, 393, 451 Biotransformation, 451 Birth Order, 19, 451 Bladder, 451, 480, 491, 502, 516, 517 Blister, 162, 451, 497 Bloating, 451, 480, 482 Blood Cell Count, 165, 451, 476 Blood Coagulation, 451, 453, 514 Blood Platelets, 451, 508 Blood pressure, 155, 438, 451, 454, 478, 490, 503, 510 Blood vessel, 18, 443, 451, 452, 454, 456, 457, 487, 510, 511, 514, 517 Body Constitution, 452 Body Fluids, 452, 466, 510 Body Mass Index, 452, 495 Body Regions, 452, 458 Bone Marrow, 155, 161, 450, 452, 479, 486, 487, 491, 520 Bone marrow aspiration, 155, 161, 452 Bottle Feeding, 20, 452 Bowel, 55, 443, 452, 464, 481, 482, 484, 511, 516 Bowel Movement, 452, 464, 511 Brachytherapy, 452, 482, 504 Bradykinin, 452, 483 Branch, 431, 452, 487, 496, 503, 510, 513, 514 Breakdown, 452, 464, 472 Breast Feeding, 10, 19, 21, 452 Broad-spectrum, 452, 455 Bronchi, 4, 158, 452, 453, 468, 515 Bronchial, 40, 44, 87, 94, 167, 452, 477 Bronchiseptica, 452, 497 Bronchitis, 20, 127, 368, 370, 452, 457 Bronchoalveolar Lavage, 452 Bronchoconstriction, 453 Bronchodilator, 164, 453 Bronchoscope, 453 Bronchospasm, 453 Bronchus, 453 Buccal, 453, 486, 511 Bulimia, 453 Bupivacaine, 453, 485 C Caffeine, 394, 453 Calcium, 113, 360, 453, 458, 509 Candidiasis, 453 Candidosis, 453 Capillary, 452, 453, 496, 507, 518

Index 523

Capillary Permeability, 452, 453 Carbohydrate, 454, 461, 473, 493, 500 Carbon Dioxide, 453, 454, 463, 470, 472, 499, 506, 516, 517 Carcinogenic, 450, 454, 481, 501, 511 Carcinogens, 454, 456, 491, 495 Carcinoma, 454 Cardiac, 434, 445, 453, 454, 467, 468, 485, 491, 511 Cardiovascular, 454, 464, 485, 509, 513 Cardiovascular disease, 454 Carnitine, 454 Carotene, 134, 450, 454 Carotenoids, 450, 454 Carrier Proteins, 454, 504 Carrier State, 445, 454 Case report, 15, 454, 457 Caspase, 120, 454 Catecholamine, 454, 498 Catheter, 454, 482 Catheterization, 454, 482 Cations, 454, 482 Causal, 9, 57, 109, 455, 514 Celiac Disease, 375, 455 Cell Count, 165, 455 Cell Death, 448, 455, 457, 473, 492 Cell Degranulation, 455 Cell Differentiation, 455, 509 Cell Division, 450, 455, 475, 499 Cell membrane, 454, 455, 463, 469, 498 Cell proliferation, 50, 455, 509 Cell Respiration, 455, 495, 506 Cell Survival, 167, 455, 475 Cellulose, 455, 472, 499 Central Nervous System Infections, 455, 475 Centrifugation, 455, 476 Cephalosporins, 90, 455 Cerebral, 153, 455, 468, 469, 487, 510 Cerebrovascular, 454, 456 Cetirizine, 25, 136, 164, 456 Character, 446, 456, 463, 474 Chelating Agents, 456 Chemokines, 166, 456 Chemotactic Factors, 456, 459 Chemotaxis, 456 Chemotherapy, 444, 456 Chin, 456, 489 Chlorophyll, 456, 472 Cholinergic, 456, 493 Chromaffin System, 456, 467 Chromates, 407, 456 Chromatin, 448, 456, 493 Chromic, 456 Chromium, 456 Chronic Disease, 9, 99, 456 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 76, 364, 457

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 165, 167, 457 Chymotrypsin, 457, 472 Ciprofloxacin, 23, 457 Circulatory system, 120, 457, 467 Citrus, 360, 374, 457 Claviceps, 457, 507 Cleave, 457 Clinical study, 457, 461 Clinical trial, 22, 155, 160, 168, 393, 457, 461, 465, 504 Clonal Deletion, 457 Clone, 457 Cloning, 451, 457 Clot Retraction, 457, 499 Coagulation, 451, 457, 472, 476 Cobalt, 12, 457 Coccidiosis, 458 Cochlea, 458, 481 Cochlear, 458, 515, 518 Cochlear Diseases, 458, 515 Cockroaches, 411, 458 Coenzyme, 27, 137, 458 Cofactor, 458, 493, 502, 514 Colic, 6, 458 Colitis, 18, 19, 369, 458, 482 Collagen, 11, 443, 445, 450, 458, 472, 501 Collapse, 446, 452, 458 Colloidal, 458, 467, 509, 512 Colon, 19, 129, 458, 466, 481, 482, 484, 516 Colostrum, 380, 458 Combinatorial, 458 Complement, 103, 438, 446, 458, 459, 487, 506, 508 Complementarity Determining Regions, 459, 479 Complementary and alternative medicine, 119, 120, 152, 459 Complementary medicine, 120, 459 Complete remission, 459, 506 Computational Biology, 393, 459 Computed tomography, 165, 459 Computerized axial tomography, 459 Computerized tomography, 459 Conception, 460, 470 Concomitant, 15, 460 Condoms, 460, 484 Confounding, 20, 460 Congestion, 4, 5, 128, 157, 360, 371, 436, 460, 463, 468 Conjugation, 451, 460 Conjunctiva, 440, 460, 481 Conjunctivitis, 25, 38, 410, 433, 449, 460, 475, 514 Conjunctivitis, Allergic, 410, 460

524 Allergies

Connective Tissue, 452, 458, 460, 464, 470, 472, 486, 492, 513 Consciousness, 155, 446, 460, 465, 503 Constipation, 378, 460, 482, 497 Constriction, 460, 517, 519 Constriction, Pathologic, 460, 517 Consultation, 4, 460 Consumption, 17, 460, 464, 472, 495 Contact dermatitis, 7, 13, 44, 120, 123, 124, 401, 407, 460 Contamination, 374, 460, 477 Contraceptive, 460 Contraindications, ii, 10, 460 Contrast Media, 32, 461 Control group, 49, 461 Controlled clinical trial, 26, 461 Controlled study, 24, 27, 164, 461 Conventional therapy, 461 Conventional treatment, 161, 461 Convulsive, 461 Coordination, 456, 461, 491 Coronary, 54, 78, 119, 446, 454, 461, 489, 491 Coronary Circulation, 446, 461 Coronary heart disease, 119, 454, 461 Coronary Thrombosis, 461, 489, 491 Corpus, 461, 501, 518 Corpus Luteum, 461, 501 Cortical, 461, 508 Corticosteroid, 77, 86, 156, 159, 461, 501 Cortisone, 76, 461, 501 Cranial, 461, 462, 475, 482 Craniocerebral Trauma, 462, 475, 515 Cromolyn Sodium, 8, 113, 462 Croup, 99, 462 Cryptosporidiosis, 380, 462 Curare, 462, 491 Curative, 370, 462, 514 Cutaneous, 3, 12, 21, 46, 127, 453, 460, 462, 482, 486, 496, 498 Cyanosis, 435, 462, 476 Cyclic, 453, 462, 502 Cysteine, 456, 462, 512 Cysteinyl, 462 Cystine, 462 Cytokine, 162, 167, 168, 444, 462 Cytoplasm, 448, 455, 462, 468, 493 Cytoskeletal Proteins, 462 Cytoskeleton, 462 Cytotoxic, 382, 462, 479, 504, 509 D Dairy Products, 361, 374, 462, 507 Databases, Bibliographic, 393, 462 Day Care, 360, 463 Deamination, 463, 516 Decarboxylation, 463, 477

Decongestant, 143, 463 Decubitus, 463, 509 Decubitus Ulcer, 463, 509 Degenerative, 463, 476, 490, 492 Deletion, 448, 457, 463 Delivery of Health Care, 463, 475 Delusions, 463, 503 Dendrites, 463, 493 Dendritic, 463, 488 Dendritic cell, 463 Density, 11, 98, 452, 455, 463, 494, 500 Dental Care, 14, 376, 463 Dental Hygienists, 7, 463 Dental Materials, 35, 101, 376, 377, 463 Dental Staff, 14, 463 Dentists, 14, 91, 463 Depolarization, 463, 509 Dermal, 463, 485 Dermatologist, 18, 407, 464 Dermatosis, 4, 464, 470 Dermis, 446, 464, 513 Desensitisation, 24, 464 Desensitization, 410, 464, 479 Detergents, 441, 464, 509 Developed Countries, 464, 471 Developing Countries, 464 Diagnostic procedure, 171, 386, 464 Diarrhea, 6, 161, 360, 374, 375, 378, 406, 435, 445, 462, 464, 482, 483, 512 Diarrhoea, 464, 472 Diastolic, 464, 478 Dicyclomine, 464 Diethylcarbamazine, 464 Dietitian, 78, 404, 464 Diffusion, 453, 464, 465, 481 Digestion, 11, 406, 451, 452, 464, 466, 480, 482, 486, 496, 511, 517 Digestive system, 169, 378, 464, 472, 491 Digestive tract, 464, 509 Dilatation, 446, 464, 496 Dilation, 452, 464 Dilution, 465 Diphtheria, 52, 465 Diploid, 465, 499 Direct, iii, 21, 421, 465, 473, 496, 498, 505 Discrete, 465, 485, 486 Disease Progression, 465, 518 Dissociation, 50, 444, 465 Distal, 465, 503 Diuresis, 453, 465 Dizziness, 8, 435, 465, 518 Domesticated, 465, 475 Dorsal, 465, 468, 500 Dose-dependent, 465, 520 Double-blind, 160, 465 Drip, 465

Index 525

Drive, ii, vii, 9, 107, 361, 376, 377, 407, 465, 485 Drug Hypersensitivity, 450, 465 Drug Interactions, 426, 465 Drug Tolerance, 466, 515 Duct, 446, 454, 466, 467, 469, 487, 495, 507, 513 Duodenum, 451, 457, 466, 467, 496, 511 Duty to Warn, 69, 466 Dyes, 466, 471, 475, 493, 497, 512 Dysentery, 445, 466 Dyskinesias, 466, 490 Dyspepsia, 466, 480 E Eating Disorders, 466 Edema, 4, 32, 446, 460, 466, 482, 491 Effector, 458, 466 Effector cell, 466 Efficacy, 49, 53, 161, 164, 168, 466 Effusion, 17, 466 Elastic, 466, 474, 512 Elasticity, 466 Elastin, 458, 466 Elective, 10, 466 Electrocardiogram, 158, 163, 466 Electrolyte, 444, 461, 466, 489, 500, 510 Electrons, 448, 450, 467, 482, 495, 504 Electrophoresis, 439, 467 Embryo, 455, 467, 480, 500 Emesis, 435, 467 Emollient, 467, 489, 494 Emphysema, 457, 467 Endemic, 467, 487 Endocarditis, 453, 467 Endocrine Glands, 467 Endocrine System, 65, 467, 492 Endogenous, 167, 449, 466, 467, 495 Endolymphatic Duct, 467 Endolymphatic Sac, 8, 18, 467 Endometrium, 467, 488 Endoscope, 467 Endoscopic, 9, 467 Endotoxin, 122, 153, 467, 516 Environmental Health, 31, 52, 88, 157, 158, 392, 394, 410, 411, 467 Environmental tobacco smoke, 19, 467 Enzymatic, 445, 453, 454, 459, 467, 470, 477, 488 Eosinophil, 400, 438, 468, 482 Eosinophilia, 23, 439, 468 Eosinophilic, 22, 26, 86, 468 Epidemic, 25, 108, 368, 468 Epidemiological, 24, 468 Epidermal, 468, 485, 488 Epidermis, 443, 451, 464, 468, 485, 497 Epigastric, 468, 495

Epinephrine, 5, 7, 9, 43, 140, 379, 380, 423, 444, 468, 493, 516 Epithelial, 11, 443, 468, 477, 483 Epithelial Cells, 11, 468, 477, 483 Epithelium, 11, 450, 468 Epitope, 42, 468 Ergot, 468, 507 Erythema, 14, 377, 460, 468, 517 Erythema Multiforme, 377, 468 Erythrocyte Indices, 451, 468 Erythrocytes, 446, 451, 452, 468, 506, 508 Esophagus, 464, 468, 472, 476, 498, 511 Estrogen, 468 Ethanol, 468, 470 Eukaryotic Cells, 462, 469, 494 Evacuation, 460, 469, 484 Evoke, 469, 511 Excipients, 469, 471, 497 Exhaustion, 447, 469, 487 Exocrine, 469, 495, 496 Exocytosis, 455, 469, 477 Exogenous, 38, 47, 377, 451, 466, 467, 469 Exon, 469 Expiration, 469, 506 Extensor, 469, 503 External-beam radiation, 469, 504 Extracellular, 160, 460, 469, 510 Extremity, 469, 484 F Facial, 4, 13, 34, 469, 496 Faecal, 464, 469 Family Planning, 393, 469 Family Practice, 101, 469 Fathers, 16, 17, 469 Fatigue, 364, 457, 469 Fatty acids, 66, 469, 486, 501, 510, 514 Feces, 460, 469, 511 Feeding Methods, 21, 469 Fermentation, 450, 469, 471 Fetus, 470, 499, 501, 517 Fibrin, 451, 457, 470, 497, 499 Fibrinolytic, 470 Fibrosis, 445, 470, 507 Filariasis, 464, 470 Filarioidea, 470, 483 Fish Products, 470, 507 Fistulas, 405, 470 Fixation, 470, 508 Flavoring Agents, 470, 471, 497 Fleas, 470 Flexor, 469, 470, 485 Fluorouracil, 470, 485 Flushing, 6, 155, 161, 470 Fold, 4, 11, 32, 470, 489 Follow-Up Studies, 470 Food Additives, 81, 110, 406, 471

526 Allergies

Food Coloring Agents, 471 Food Contamination, 374, 471 Food Habits, 471 Food Hypersensitivity, 6, 471 Food Labeling, 403, 471 Food Microbiology, 394, 471 Food Preferences, 471 Food Preservatives, 471 Forearm, 162, 452, 471 Fracture Fixation, 76, 471 Free Radicals, 448, 465, 471 Friction, 4, 471, 486 Fructose, 9, 471 Fructose Intolerance, 9, 471 Fungi, 46, 66, 457, 460, 471, 472, 475, 489, 511, 514, 519 Fungus, 453, 455, 468, 472, 507 G Gabexate, 23, 472 Galactans, 472 Galactosemia, 9, 472 Gallbladder, 374, 443, 464, 472 Gamma Rays, 472, 504 Ganglia, 466, 472, 492, 513 Gas, 60, 122, 445, 454, 464, 472, 478, 480, 482, 491, 493, 503, 506, 512, 517, 518 Gas exchange, 472, 506, 517, 518 Gastric, 439, 454, 472, 476, 477, 504 Gastrin, 472, 477 Gastritis, 472 Gastroenteritis, 472 Gastroenterology, 4, 9, 57, 64, 89, 401, 402, 472 Gastrointestinal tract, 6, 8, 374, 450, 468, 472, 483, 485, 508, 511 Gelatin, 472, 474 Gene, 24, 98, 372, 451, 472, 473 Gene Expression, 473 Generator, 69, 473 Genetic Code, 473, 493 Genetic testing, 161, 473 Genetics, 27, 60, 433, 460, 473 Genital, 12, 457, 473 Genitourinary, 473, 513 Genotype, 473, 483, 498 Gestation, 108, 473, 497, 499 Gestational, 19, 473 Gestational Age, 19, 473 Giant Cells, 473, 507 Giardiasis, 473 Gland, 165, 444, 456, 461, 473, 486, 495, 496, 499, 502, 507, 508, 511, 513, 514 Glioma, 61, 473 Glottis, 473, 497 Glucans, 473 Glucocorticoid, 423, 473, 501

Gluconeogenesis, 471, 473 Glucose, 160, 455, 456, 472, 473, 476, 481, 507 Glucuronic Acid, 474, 476 Glutamate, 5, 360, 474 Glutamic Acid, 474, 493, 501 Glutamine, 142, 474 Gluten, 5, 6, 115, 360, 361, 375, 455, 474 Glycine, 166, 445, 474, 493, 508 Glycoprotein, 473, 474, 483, 484, 490, 514, 516 Glycosidic, 474, 494 Goats, 462, 474 Gold Sodium Thiomalate, 474 Gold Sodium Thiosulfate, 44, 474 Gonadal, 474, 511 Governing Board, 474, 500 Gp120, 474 Grade, 74, 378, 474 Graft Rejection, 474, 480 Gram-negative, 450, 452, 474 Granulocyte, 474, 482 Grasses, 457, 475 Gravidity, 475, 496 Growth factors, 161, 475 Guinea Pigs, 91, 475 H Haematemesis, 467, 475 Hair Color, 475 Hair Dyes, 407, 475 Hair follicles, 464, 475, 519 Handedness, 27, 73, 475 Haploid, 475, 499 Haptens, 444, 475, 504 Headache, 360, 374, 436, 453, 475, 481 Headache Disorders, 475 Health Care Costs, 475 Health Education, 361, 413, 475 Health Expenditures, 475 Health Services, 463, 476, 507 Hearing aid, 18, 35, 476 Heart attack, 454, 476 Heartbeat, 436, 476 Heartburn, 374, 476, 480 Helminths, 476, 492 Hematocrit, 451, 468, 476 Hematopoiesis, 476, 482 Hemodialysis, 472, 476 Hemoglobin, 446, 451, 456, 462, 468, 476 Hemoglobin A, 456, 476 Hemoglobin M, 462, 476 Hemorrhage, 462, 475, 476, 511 Hemostasis, 476, 508 Heparin, 158, 163, 476 Hepatic, 471, 476 Hepatitis, 120, 378, 476, 477, 481

Index 527

Hepatitis A, 477 Hepatocellular, 477 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 477 Hepatocytes, 476, 477 Hepatomegaly, 477, 481 Hepatovirus, 477 Hereditary, 9, 477, 490 Heredity, 28, 472, 473, 477 Heritability, 108, 477 Heterogeneity, 20, 444, 477 Heterotrophic, 471, 477 Histamine Release, 24, 50, 54, 65, 92, 446, 450, 477 Histidine, 143, 477 Hoarseness, 462, 477, 484 Homeostasis, 120, 477 Homologous, 477, 508, 513, 516 Hookworm, 477 Hormonal, 461, 477 Hormone, 74, 444, 461, 468, 472, 477, 481, 501, 509, 514 Host, 24, 450, 453, 454, 477, 479, 480, 485, 507, 517, 518 Humoral, 474, 477, 479 Humour, 477, 478 Hybrid, 457, 478, 507 Hydrogen, 445, 450, 454, 478, 490, 493, 495, 502, 519 Hydrolysis, 11, 449, 451, 478, 498, 500, 502 Hydrophobic, 464, 478 Hydroxylysine, 458, 478 Hydroxyproline, 445, 458, 478 Hygienic, 478, 509 Hymenoptera, 26, 478 Hyperaemia, 460, 478 Hyperbilirubinemia, 478, 483 Hyperplasia, 478, 485, 492 Hyperreflexia, 478, 514 Hypersecretion, 478 Hypertension, 99, 102, 115, 394, 454, 478, 482 Hypoglycemia, 115, 471, 478 Hypotensive, 478, 483, 492 I Id, 111, 126, 398, 399, 400, 408, 409, 416, 430, 432, 478 Idiopathic, 18, 109, 449, 478, 507, 514 Idiosyncrasy, 375, 406, 478 Ileum, 478 Illusion, 478, 518 Imidazole, 477, 478, 504 Immersion, 450, 479 Immune adjuvant, 445, 479 Immune function, 165, 479 Immune Sera, 479 Immunity, 23, 479, 515

Immunization, 64, 85, 166, 378, 443, 479, 480, 508 Immunoassay, 16, 17, 93, 479 Immunodeficiency, 380, 381, 479 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 380, 381, 479 Immunogen, 479 Immunogenic, 479, 504 Immunoglobulin Variable Region, 479 Immunologic, 8, 9, 14, 18, 159, 164, 376, 413, 414, 443, 456, 473, 479, 504, 520 Immunologic Diseases, 413, 479 Immunosuppression, 479, 480, 487, 494 Immunosuppressive, 156, 473, 479, 480 Immunosuppressive Agents, 479 Immunosuppressive therapy, 480 Immunotherapy, 8, 18, 26, 46, 53, 64, 65, 99, 103, 110, 163, 410, 444, 451, 464, 480 Impairment, 18, 480, 489, 503 Implant radiation, 480, 482, 504 In vitro, 6, 8, 49, 65, 66, 76, 96, 97, 156, 164, 450, 480, 504, 506, 515 In vivo, 156, 160, 476, 480, 487, 495, 514 Incidental, 10, 480 Incontinence, 464, 480 Incubation, 76, 480, 497 Incubation period, 480, 497 Indigestion, 374, 375, 480, 483 Induction, 89, 110, 446, 480 Infancy, 16, 20, 109, 480 Infantile, 42, 480 Infarction, 461, 480, 489, 491 Infection Control, 71, 480 Infectious Mononucleosis, 69, 481 Infiltration, 481, 501 Inflammatory bowel disease, 481 Influenza, 23, 481 Informed Consent, 481 Ingestion, 35, 471, 481, 500 Inhalation, 14, 35, 50, 159, 423, 424, 444, 481, 500 Initiation, 481 Inlay, 481, 506 Inner ear, 8, 17, 18, 401, 405, 458, 481 Insight, 9, 481 Insulator, 481, 491 Insulin, 23, 35, 481, 483 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 481 Interferon, 27, 481 Interferon-alpha, 481 Interleukin-2, 444, 481 Interleukin-4, 24, 159, 164, 167, 482 Interleukin-5, 26, 482 Internal Medicine, 97, 472, 482 Internal radiation, 482, 504 Interstitial, 452, 482

528 Allergies

Intestinal, 6, 26, 374, 450, 454, 455, 462, 482, 487 Intestinal Mucosa, 450, 455, 482 Intestine, 452, 482, 484, 512, 519 Intoxication, 482, 519 Intracellular, 453, 480, 482, 488, 500, 502, 505, 509 Intracellular Membranes, 482, 488 Intracranial Hypertension, 475, 482, 515 Intramuscular, 482, 496 Intravascular, 472, 482 Intravenous, 163, 441, 482, 496 Intrinsic, 444, 450, 482 Intubation, 438, 454, 482 Invasive, 479, 482 Involuntary, 466, 467, 482, 491, 494, 505, 510 Ions, 76, 130, 450, 456, 465, 466, 478, 482 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 10, 89, 482 Irritants, 3, 157, 160, 406, 411, 466, 482 Islet, 483 Isoflavones, 149, 483 Isologous, 483 Ivermectin, 483 J Jaundice, 478, 483 Joint, 360, 449, 457, 470, 483, 513 K Kallidin, 452, 483 Kb, 392, 483 Kidney Disease, 119, 169, 392, 483 Kinetic, 483 L Labile, 458, 483 Labyrinth, 458, 467, 481, 483, 508, 518 Labyrinthine, 8, 483 Laceration, 483, 514 Lactation, 91, 109, 458, 483 Lactose Intolerance, 10, 128, 360, 375, 406, 483 Laminin, 450, 483 Lamivudine, 483 Language Disorders, 38, 484 Large Intestine, 464, 482, 484, 505, 509, 519 Larva, 484 Laryngeal, 4, 484 Laryngitis, 4, 484 Larynx, 473, 484, 511, 515 Latent, 484, 498, 501 Latex Allergy, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15, 53, 153, 398, 413, 414, 484 Lavage, 439, 484 Laxative, 484, 489 Least-Squares Analysis, 484, 505 Lectins, 484 Leg Ulcer, 33, 77, 484 Lens, 96, 484

Lesion, 484, 486, 516 Lethal, 450, 484, 491 Lethargy, 484 Leucocyte, 468, 484 Leukapheresis, 484 Leukemia, 30, 485 Leukocytes, 65, 451, 452, 456, 481, 485, 493, 516 Leukopenia, 485, 520 Leukotriene Antagonists, 159, 485 Leukotrienes, 110, 448, 449, 485 Levamisole, 88, 485 Libido, 446, 485 Library Services, 430, 485 Lichen Planus, 12, 485 Lidocaine, 11, 15, 47, 485 Life cycle, 471, 484, 485 Ligament, 485, 502 Ligands, 103, 485 Likelihood Functions, 485, 505 Linear Models, 485, 505 Linkages, 472, 473, 476, 485, 519, 520 Lip, 377, 486 Lipid, 381, 453, 481, 486, 491 Lipoxygenase, 448, 485, 486 Loa, 464, 486 Localization, 486 Localized, 446, 465, 470, 480, 483, 485, 486, 499, 514, 516, 517 Locomotion, 486, 499 Logistic Models, 486, 505 Loop, 486 Loratadine, 145, 486 Lubricants, 486, 497 Lubrication, 486 Lumbar, 450, 486 Lupus, 361, 486, 513 Lymph, 165, 450, 457, 478, 481, 486, 487, 507 Lymph node, 165, 450, 486, 487, 507 Lymphadenopathy, 481, 486 Lymphatic, 480, 486, 511, 514 Lymphatic system, 486, 511, 514 Lymphocyte, 23, 447, 479, 487, 488, 506 Lymphocyte Depletion, 479, 487 Lymphoid, 447, 484, 487 Lymphoma, 32, 78, 487 Lymphoproliferative, 165, 487 M Macrophage, 487 Maintenance therapy, 164, 487 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 482, 487 Malabsorption, 455, 487 Malaria, 165, 487 Malaria, Falciparum, 487 Malaria, Vivax, 487

Index 529

Malignant, 443, 448, 487, 491, 492, 504 Malignant tumor, 487, 491 Mammary, 458, 487 Manic, 487, 503 Manic-depressive psychosis, 487, 503 Manifest, 74, 98, 488 Mannich Bases, 488 Mastocytosis, 155, 161, 162, 488 Meat, 488, 507, 516 Meat Products, 488 Mediate, 488, 504 Mediator, 18, 65, 481, 488, 509 Medicament, 77, 488 MEDLINE, 393, 488 Melanin, 488, 498, 516 Melanocytes, 488 Melanoma, 488 Membrane Lipids, 488, 498 Memory, 167, 488, 506 Meninges, 455, 462, 488 Menopause, 119, 488, 500 Menstrual Cycle, 488, 501 Menstruation, 488 Mental, v, 22, 169, 363, 372, 392, 395, 456, 465, 469, 488, 489, 503 Mental Disorders, 169, 489, 503 Mental Health, v, 22, 169, 392, 395, 489, 503 Mercury, 12, 489 Mesenteric, 450, 489 Meta-Analysis, 20, 489 Metabolic disorder, 6, 489 Metabolite, 451, 489 MI, 10, 13, 37, 49, 64, 66, 67, 74, 97, 105, 123, 442, 489 Microbe, 489, 515 Microorganism, 458, 489, 496, 519 Microscopy, 11, 450, 489 Microspheres, 489 Micturition, 489, 492 Migration, 158, 489 Milligram, 489 Milliliter, 17, 489 Mineral Oil, 489 Mineralocorticoids, 444, 461, 489 Mitochondrial Swelling, 490, 492 Mobilization, 490 Modification, 8, 76, 98, 159, 445, 490, 504, 519 Monitor, 69, 104, 490, 493, 518 Monoclonal, 490, 504 Monoclonal antibodies, 490 Monocyte, 490, 506 Mononuclear, 481, 490, 516 Monotherapy, 164, 490 Morphine, 490, 491, 494 Morphological, 12, 467, 472, 488, 490

Motility, 490, 508 Motion Sickness, 490, 492 Motor nerve, 490, 491 Movement Disorders, 466, 490 Mucins, 490, 507 Mucociliary, 490, 509 Mucolytic, 452, 490 Mucosa, 377, 486, 491, 511 Mucositis, 491, 514 Multidose, 491 Multiple Myeloma, 31, 491 Multiple sclerosis, 39, 491 Muscle relaxant, 42, 491 Muscle tension, 491 Mustard Gas, 483, 491 Myalgia, 481, 491 Myelin, 491 Myocardial Ischemia, 446, 491 Myocarditis, 465, 491 Myocardium, 446, 489, 491 N Naive, 167, 491 Narcolepsy, 491 Narcotic, 490, 491 Nasal Cavity, 4, 491 Nasal Mucosa, 481, 491 Nasal Polyps, 491 Nasal Septum, 491, 492 Nausea, 5, 6, 374, 375, 378, 406, 436, 472, 480, 492 NCI, 1, 166, 168, 391, 492 Nebulizer, 158, 492 Necrosis, 448, 470, 480, 489, 491, 492, 507, 508 Nematoda, 476, 492 Neoplasia, 492 Neoplasm, 462, 492 Neoplastic, 487, 492 Nephropathy, 483, 492 Nerve Endings, 450, 492 Nerve Fibers, 450, 492 Nervous System, 40, 109, 450, 453, 455, 472, 474, 485, 486, 488, 490, 491, 492, 493, 508, 512, 513, 514 Neural, 477, 492 Neuroendocrine, 156, 492 Neurokinin A, 492 Neurons, 463, 472, 491, 492, 493, 513 Neurosecretory Systems, 467, 493 Neurotransmitter, 443, 445, 449, 452, 474, 477, 493, 509, 512, 513 Neutrons, 445, 493, 504 Neutrophils, 126, 448, 455, 474, 485, 493 Nickel, 12, 44, 78, 407, 493 Nicotine, 377, 493

530 Allergies

Nitrogen, 76, 110, 444, 445, 446, 470, 474, 493, 496, 516 Norepinephrine, 444, 493, 498 Nuclear, 457, 460, 467, 469, 472, 492, 493 Nucleic acid, 473, 493, 519, 520 Nucleus, 448, 456, 462, 469, 472, 490, 493, 502 Nursing Care, 72, 493 Nutritive Value, 471, 493 Nystagmus, 483, 494 O Ocular, 75, 79, 80, 96, 100, 101, 494 Odds Ratio, 20, 494 Ointments, 406, 494, 509, 510 Oligosaccharides, 141, 494 Opacity, 463, 494 Ophthalmic, 100, 422, 423, 424, 425, 494 Opiate, 490, 494 Opisthorchis, 494 Opium, 490, 494 Opportunistic Infections, 494 Oral Health, 14, 41, 376, 394, 494 Organ Culture, 494, 515 Organelles, 455, 462, 488, 494 Orofacial, 377, 494 Osmolarity, 11, 494 Osmoles, 494 Osteoporosis, 119, 494 Otitis, 494, 495 Otitis Media, 495 Otolaryngology, 4, 17, 18, 49, 65, 109, 495 Ovary, 461, 495, 500 Overdose, 434, 495 Overweight, 111, 370, 495 Ovum, 461, 473, 485, 495, 501 Oxidants, 495 Oxidation, 448, 451, 462, 476, 495 Oxidation-Reduction, 451, 495 Oxidative metabolism, 485, 495 Oxygen Consumption, 495, 506 P Paediatric, 28, 495 Palate, 360, 377, 495, 511 Palladium, 44, 495 Palliative, 495, 514 Pancreas, 374, 443, 457, 464, 472, 481, 483, 495, 496 Pancreatic, 454, 457, 495, 496 Pancreatic cancer, 496 Pancreatic Insufficiency, 496 Pancreatitis, 472, 496 Papilla, 496 Papillary, 38, 496 Parasite, 483, 496 Parasitic, 45, 165, 365, 443, 457, 462, 466, 470, 476, 477, 486, 496

Parasitic Diseases, 496 Parenteral, 496 Parity, 19, 496 Parotid, 496, 507 Paroxysmal, 446, 475, 496, 497, 519 Partial remission, 496, 506 Particle, 17, 80, 496, 515 Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis, 111, 496 Patch, 12, 80, 124, 407, 496 Pathogen, 480, 496 Pathogenesis, 10, 19, 164, 496 Pathologic, 19, 448, 451, 453, 461, 478, 496, 503, 512 Pathologies, 496 Pathophysiology, 9, 12, 376, 496 Patient Education, 119, 378, 401, 406, 428, 430, 442, 497 Peak flow, 164, 497 Pelvic, 497, 502 Pemphigus, 43, 55, 443, 497 Penicillin, 65, 81, 90, 376, 409, 447, 497 Peptide, 23, 103, 445, 497, 500, 502 Perception, 497, 507 Perennial, 11, 25, 29, 94, 126, 497, 516 Perforation, 497, 519 Perinatal, 19, 21, 497 Perioperative, 60, 497 Peripheral blood, 481, 497 Peritonitis, 497, 519 Pertussis, 52, 497, 519 Petroleum, 132, 489, 497 Phagocyte, 495, 497 Pharmaceutic Aids, 471, 497 Pharmacist, 69, 82, 497 Pharmacokinetic, 498 Pharmacologic, 446, 498, 515 Pharmacotherapy, 8, 74, 123, 498 Pharynx, 4, 481, 491, 498 Phenotype, 167, 498 Phenyl, 498 Phenylalanine, 449, 498, 516 Phenylpropanolamine, 148, 498 Phospholipases, 498, 509 Phospholipids, 469, 488, 498 Phosphorus, 132, 453, 498 Phosphorylated, 458, 498 Photoallergy, 498 Photosensitivity, 46, 498 Phototherapy, 498 Physical Examination, 8, 155, 161, 163, 165, 473, 498 Physiologic, 451, 488, 498, 501, 505 Physiology, 39, 43, 49, 67, 472, 484, 498, 517 Pigment, 488, 498, 499 Pigmentation, 377, 499 Pilot study, 61, 499

Index 531

Pitch, 499, 519 Pituitary Gland, 461, 499 Placenta, 499, 501 Plague, 374, 499 Plant Oils, 494, 499 Plant Proteins, 35, 499, 517 Plants, 444, 449, 454, 456, 457, 474, 493, 499, 500, 506, 507, 511, 515, 516, 517 Plasma cells, 447, 491, 499 Plasmin, 472, 499 Plasminogen, 499 Plasminogen Activators, 499 Platelet Activation, 499, 509 Platelet Count, 165, 499 Platelets, 444, 448, 455, 499, 514 Platinum, 486, 495, 499 Platyhelminths, 476, 483, 500 Pneumonia, 20, 460, 500 Pneumonitis, 500, 512 Poisoning, 127, 374, 456, 468, 472, 482, 489, 492, 500 Pollen, 20, 28, 35, 38, 56, 64, 80, 83, 86, 92, 93, 94, 95, 100, 111, 123, 148, 158, 163, 369, 414, 456, 500, 504 Polyethylene, 500 Polymers, 500, 502, 512 Polymorphic, 500 Polyneuritis, 465, 500 Polypeptide, 445, 458, 499, 500, 502, 520 Polysaccharide, 447, 455, 500, 502 Polyvalent, 500 Posterior, 450, 465, 495, 500 Postmenopausal, 494, 500 Postnatal, 19, 500 Postsynaptic, 500, 509, 513 Post-traumatic, 475, 490, 500 Potassium, 444, 489, 500, 510 Potentiation, 500, 509 Practice Guidelines, 395, 408, 500 Preclinical, 124, 501 Precursor, 448, 450, 466, 467, 493, 498, 499, 501, 516 Predisposition, 9, 501 Prednisolone, 501 Prednisone, 164, 501 Pregnancy Tests, 473, 501 Prenatal, 19, 467, 501 Preoperative, 93, 501 Procaine, 485, 501 Progesterone, 501, 511 Progression, 86, 405, 447, 501 Progressive, 455, 466, 474, 475, 492, 499, 501 Proline, 458, 478, 501 Promoter, 66, 501 Prophylaxis, 49, 463, 501, 517 Prospective study, 21, 28, 501

Prostaglandin, 86, 501, 514 Prostaglandins A, 501, 502 Prostaglandins D, 502 Prostate, 367, 502 Protease, 502, 506 Protein C, 160, 166, 445, 502, 516 Protein Conformation, 445, 502 Protein S, 372, 451, 473, 502 Proteinuria, 491, 502 Proteoglycans, 450, 502 Proteolytic, 86, 148, 459, 499, 502 Protons, 445, 478, 502, 504 Protozoa, 460, 466, 483, 489, 502, 503, 511 Protozoan, 455, 458, 462, 473, 487, 503 Proximal, 465, 491, 503 Pruritic, 466, 485, 503 Pruritus, 503 Psoriasis, 166, 491, 503 Psychiatric, 57, 86, 373, 489, 503 Psychiatry, 51, 470, 503, 512, 518 Psychic, 485, 489, 503, 508 Psychoactive, 503, 519 Psychosis, 473, 503 Psyllium, 148, 149, 503 Public Health, 51, 64, 372, 378, 395, 503 Publishing, 4, 6, 11, 22, 40, 43, 95, 119, 120, 360, 382, 503 Pulmonary Artery, 451, 503, 518 Pulmonary hypertension, 503 Pulmonary Ventilation, 503, 506 Pulse, 437, 439, 490, 503 Purulent, 443, 504, 517 Pyrazinamide, 504 Q Quackery, 375, 504 Quality of Life, 66, 164, 504 Quaternary, 502, 504 Quercetin, 113, 504 R Race, 489, 504 Radiation, 120, 376, 446, 469, 471, 472, 479, 482, 504, 519 Radiation therapy, 469, 482, 504 Radioactive, 478, 480, 482, 490, 493, 504 Radioallergosorbent Test, 9, 69, 504 Radiography, 461, 473, 504 Radioimmunoassay, 49, 504 Radiolabeled, 504 Radiopharmaceutical, 473, 504 Radiotherapy, 452, 504 Randomized, 27, 160, 466, 504 Ranitidine, 164, 504 Reactive Oxygen Species, 505 Reagent, 505 Reagin, 80, 505 Reality Testing, 503, 505

532 Allergies

Receptors, Serotonin, 505, 509 Recombinant, 81, 86, 92, 97, 159, 164, 168, 505, 517 Recombinant Proteins, 505 Reconstitution, 505 Rectum, 19, 448, 452, 458, 464, 472, 480, 481, 484, 502, 505 Recur, 166, 505 Refer, 1, 48, 453, 458, 465, 470, 471, 486, 491, 493, 503, 505, 515, 518 Reflex, 130, 157, 492, 505 Refraction, 505, 511 Regeneration, 505 Regimen, 466, 498, 505 Regression Analysis, 19, 21, 505 Relaxant, 505 Remission, 8, 487, 488, 505 Research Support, 10, 506 Respiration, 454, 462, 490, 495, 506 Respiratory distress syndrome, 506 Respiratory System, 6, 8, 490, 506 Restoration, 88, 505, 506 Retina, 484, 506 Rheumatoid, 474, 495, 506 Rhinorrhea, 506 Rhinovirus, 50, 157, 506 Ribose, 443, 506 Rigidity, 499, 506 Risk factor, 7, 13, 16, 20, 31, 81, 89, 91, 162, 167, 384, 407, 486, 501, 506 Ritonavir, 506 Rosette Formation, 88, 506 Rubber, 13, 14, 15, 53, 59, 72, 74, 376, 381, 407, 414, 415, 443, 484, 506 Rutin, 504, 506 Rye, 457, 468, 507 S Saccharin, 394, 507 Safe Sex, 507 Saline, 101, 166, 452, 507 Saliva, 507 Salivary, 464, 496, 507 Salivary glands, 464, 507 Saponins, 507, 511 Sarcoidosis, 160, 507 Saturated fat, 507 Schizoid, 507, 519 Schizophrenia, 507, 519 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 507, 519 School Health Services, 103, 507 Sclerosis, 491, 507 Screening, 4, 90, 93, 98, 100, 158, 164, 400, 457, 507, 516 Seafood, 6, 404, 507 Sebaceous, 464, 483, 507, 508, 519 Sebaceous gland, 464, 483, 508, 519

Secretory, 455, 508, 513 Secretory Vesicles, 455, 508 Sedative, 449, 508 Sediment, 508, 516 Sedimentation, 455, 508 Segmental, 160, 508 Segmentation, 508 Seizures, 7, 437, 496, 508 Semen, 502, 508 Semicircular canal, 481, 508 Semisynthetic, 483, 508 Senile, 494, 508 Sensibility, 446, 508 Sensitization, 12, 14, 17, 19, 20, 23, 24, 39, 46, 53, 62, 80, 87, 94, 122, 498, 508 Sepsis, 450, 508 Sequester, 508 Serine, 457, 472, 508 Serologic, 479, 508 Serotonin, 493, 498, 505, 508, 516 Serous, 458, 509 Serum Albumin, 504, 509 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 507, 509 Shock, 5, 14, 161, 441, 446, 471, 509, 516 Side effect, 90, 93, 165, 381, 421, 444, 449, 451, 456, 509, 515, 519 Signal Transduction, 509 Signs and Symptoms, 6, 160, 376, 377, 407, 505, 509 Sinusitis, 128, 365, 367, 368, 509 Skeletal, 446, 462, 491, 509, 510 Skeleton, 443, 483, 501, 509 Skin Care, 3, 509 Small intestine, 466, 473, 477, 478, 482, 509 Smoking Cessation, 16, 509 Smooth muscle, 445, 446, 453, 477, 490, 492, 510, 512 Snails, 494, 510 Sneezing, 6, 406, 437, 497, 510 Soaps, 509, 510 Social Class, 19, 21, 510 Social Environment, 504, 510 Sodium, 32, 96, 387, 444, 489, 510, 513 Soft tissue, 376, 452, 509, 510 Solvent, 450, 469, 510 Somatic, 373, 477, 510 Soy Proteins, 11, 119, 510 Spasm, 461, 510 Spasmodic, 443, 453, 497, 510 Spastic, 482, 510 Spatial disorientation, 465, 510 Specialist, 388, 420, 464, 510 Specificity, 80, 444, 448, 479, 510 Spectrum, 59, 100, 510 Sperm, 446, 500, 511 Spices, 511

Index 533

Spinal cord, 455, 488, 492, 505, 511, 513 Spleen, 165, 450, 486, 487, 507, 511 Splenomegaly, 481, 511 Spores, 28, 441, 511 Sputum, 511 Statistically significant, 19, 20, 511 Steady state, 511 Stent, 78, 511 Sterile, 161, 511 Steroid, 406, 461, 507, 511 Stimulant, 453, 477, 483, 511 Stimulus, 156, 465, 466, 505, 511, 514 Stomach, 165, 437, 443, 464, 468, 472, 477, 484, 492, 498, 509, 511, 519 Stomatitis, 377, 511 Stool, 458, 480, 482, 484, 511 Stress, 156, 374, 387, 406, 437, 454, 470, 472, 482, 492, 501, 506, 511, 517 Stridor, 462, 511 Stroke, 169, 392, 454, 511 Strongyloidiasis, 512 Stupor, 484, 491, 512 Styrene, 506, 512 Subacute, 480, 509, 512 Subarachnoid, 475, 512 Subclinical, 480, 508, 512 Subcutaneous, 160, 446, 466, 486, 496, 512 Subspecies, 510, 512 Substance P, 489, 505, 508, 512 Substrate, 47, 512 Suction, 162, 512 Sulfadoxine, 165, 512 Sulfates, 512 Sulfites, 5, 394, 512 Sulfur, 113, 483, 512 Sulfuric acid, 512 Support group, 360, 380, 440, 442, 512 Suppuration, 512, 519 Surfactant, 512 Suspensions, 80, 512 Sweat, 464, 513 Sweat Glands, 464, 513 Sympathetic Nervous System, 513 Sympathomimetic, 468, 493, 498, 513 Symphysis, 456, 502, 513 Symptomatic, 30, 75, 94, 375, 442, 496, 513 Symptomatology, 51, 513 Synaptic, 493, 509, 513 Synaptic Transmission, 493, 513 Synergistic, 513 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 89, 91, 513 Systolic, 478, 513 T Tachycardia, 513 Tachykinins, 513 Tapeworm, 513

Taurine, 514 Tear Gases, 483, 514 Terfenadine, 41, 514 Terminator, 514, 519, 520 Tetani, 514 Tetanic, 514 Tetanus, 52, 514 Therapeutics, 52, 81, 98, 426, 514 Thimerosal, 12, 166, 514 Thoracic, 450, 487, 514, 519 Threshold, 478, 514 Thrombocytes, 499, 514 Thrombomodulin, 502, 514 Thrombosis, 502, 511, 514 Thromboxanes, 449, 514 Thrush, 453, 514 Thymidine, 514 Thymus, 150, 457, 479, 486, 487, 514 Thyroid, 514, 516 Ticks, 514 Tinnitus, 8, 387, 494, 514, 518 Tissue Culture, 515 Tolerance, 6, 23, 443, 515 Tomography, 160, 515 Topical, 4, 11, 44, 101, 124, 151, 422, 425, 449, 469, 510, 514, 515 Toxic, v, 377, 450, 457, 460, 462, 465, 475, 479, 493, 507, 512, 515, 519, 520 Toxicity, 82, 394, 465, 489, 515 Toxicokinetics, 515 Toxicology, 19, 76, 97, 98, 394, 515 Toxin, 465, 467, 514, 515 Trace element, 456, 457, 493, 515 Trachea, 4, 452, 453, 484, 498, 511, 514, 515 Transcriptase, 483, 515, 519 Transduction, 509, 515 Transfection, 451, 515 Transfer Factor, 479, 515 Translation, 445, 515 Translocating, 450, 516 Transmitter, 488, 493, 516, 518 Transplantation, 479, 487, 516 Trauma, 166, 492, 496, 516 Trees, 499, 506, 516 Trichinosis, 516 Tryptophan, 458, 508, 516 Tuberculosis, 160, 163, 460, 486, 516 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 160, 163, 516 Tunica, 491, 516 Tyrosine, 26, 516 U Ulcer, 463, 516, 517 Ulceration, 377, 463, 484, 516 Ulcerative colitis, 481, 516 Ultrasonography, 473, 516 Unconscious, 442, 446, 478, 516

534 Allergies

Urea, 11, 449, 513, 516 Urease, 493, 516 Urethra, 502, 516, 517 Urinalysis, 156, 163, 516 Urinary, 43, 110, 450, 457, 464, 473, 480, 512, 516, 517 Urinary tract, 450, 464, 512, 517 Urine, 130, 156, 158, 165, 447, 450, 451, 465, 480, 489, 502, 516, 517 Urticaria, 6, 11, 16, 28, 54, 162, 446, 449, 456, 486, 514, 517 Uterus, 461, 467, 488, 501, 517 V Vaccination, 52, 517 Vaccine, 385, 443, 445, 517 Vacuoles, 11, 494, 517 Vagina, 453, 488, 517 Vaginal, 486, 517 Vaginitis, 453, 517 Varicose, 484, 517 Varicose Ulcer, 484, 517 Vascular, 18, 445, 446, 464, 475, 480, 496, 499, 517 Vasculitis, 433, 496, 517 Vasoactive, 517 Vasoconstriction, 468, 517 Vasodilatation, 483, 517 Vasodilator, 452, 477, 517 Vector, 496, 515, 517 Vegetable Proteins, 499, 517 Vein, 158, 163, 166, 482, 493, 496, 517 Venom, 410, 517 Venous, 451, 484, 499, 502, 517 Venous blood, 451, 499, 517 Ventilation, 16, 517 Ventricle, 503, 513, 518 Venules, 452, 453, 518 Vertebral, 450, 518

Vertigo, 405, 494, 518 Vesicular, 449, 518 Vestibular, 387, 405, 483, 518 Vestibule, 458, 481, 508, 518 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 515, 518 Veterinary Medicine, 393, 518 Video Recording, 379, 518 Videodisc Recording, 518 Villous, 455, 518 Viral, 18, 21, 89, 90, 157, 473, 481, 515, 518, 519, 520 Viral Load, 518 Virulence, 449, 515, 518 Virus, 23, 103, 157, 364, 381, 455, 473, 474, 481, 515, 518 Viscosity, 518 Vitreous, 484, 506, 518 Vitro, 476, 519 Vivo, 487, 519 Voice Disorders, 4, 519 Volvulus, 519 Vomica, 131, 519 Vulgaris, 150, 443, 519 W Wasps, 410, 478, 519 Wheezing, 5, 19, 20, 21, 98, 360, 438, 519 Whooping Cough, 497, 519 Windpipe, 453, 498, 514, 519 Withdrawal, 5, 519 X Xenograft, 447, 519 X-ray, 165, 439, 459, 472, 493, 504, 519 Y Yeasts, 453, 471, 472, 498, 519 Z Zalcitabine, 483, 519 Zidovudine, 519 Zymogen, 457, 502, 520

Index 535

536 Allergies

Index 537

538 Allergies