LCOHOL DDICTION A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright Ó2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright Ó2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Alcohol Addiction: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84325-2 1. Alcohol Addiction-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on alcohol addiction. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications.
Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ALCOHOL ADDICTION ............................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Alcohol Addiction ......................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 25 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ALCOHOL ADDICTION.................................................................... 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 Finding Nutrition Studies on Alcohol Addiction ........................................................................ 37 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 39 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ALCOHOL ADDICTION ............................................. 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 41 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 42 General References ....................................................................................................................... 43 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ALCOHOL ADDICTION ............................................................... 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 Dissertations on Alcohol Addiction ............................................................................................. 45 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ALCOHOL ADDICTION .......................................................................... 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Patents on Alcohol Addiction ...................................................................................................... 47 Patent Applications on Alcohol Addiction .................................................................................. 53 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 58 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ALCOHOL ADDICTION.............................................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 59 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers ........................................................................................... 60 Chapters on Alcohol Addiction .................................................................................................... 61 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON ALCOHOL ADDICTION ................................................................... 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Audio Recordings......................................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ALCOHOL ADDICTION ................................................ 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 65 Academic Periodicals covering Alcohol Addiction....................................................................... 67 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 71 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 73 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 75 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 77 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 79 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 81 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 81 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 81
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES .................................................................................................................. 87 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 87 ALCOHOL ADDICTION DICTIONARY................................................................................... 89 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 129
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading." 1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with alcohol addiction is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about alcohol addiction, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to alcohol addiction, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on alcohol addiction. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to alcohol addiction, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on alcohol addiction. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ALCOHOL ADDICTION Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on alcohol addiction.
Federally Funded Research on Alcohol Addiction The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to alcohol addiction. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to alcohol addiction. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore alcohol addiction. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for alcohol addiction: ·
Project Title: ALCOHOL ASSOCIATED OUTCOMES AMONG HIV+/-AGING VETERANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Justice, Amy C.; Assistant Professor; Medicine; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Summary: (provided by applicant): Alcohol consumption likely plays a pivotal, but largely ill-defined role in HIV infection, disease progression, comorbid conditions and adverse events from treatment (drug toxicity). This may be especially true among the nation's veterans. In preliminary work with HIV positive veterans, 33% report binge drinking, 21% report hazardous drinking and 32% have diagnosis of alcohol addiction or dependence. The Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS 5) is a five-site (Houston, New York, Bronx, Atlanta, and Los Angeles) observational study of veterans with and without HIV infection (n=4010). The study includes age/race/gender/site-matched veterans from general medical clinics to better differentiate effects of HIV and its treatment from those of comorbid conditions. Data sources include laboratory, pathology, pharmacy, diagnostic data, patient and provider surveys, and blood and plasma banking. Our long-range goal is to design, implement, and evaluate interventions that improve outcomes for people aging with HIV infection complicated by comorbid conditions including alcohol and other substance use, medical conditions, neuropsychiatric and cognitive disease, and homelessness. Targeted interventions for future studies include electronic medical record reminders and nurse-delivered brief motivational interventions. In order to be effective, these interventions require detailed information concerning specific health risks for individual patients. VACS 5 has received funding from the National Institute on Aging and the National Institute for Mental Health to conduct a 6-month feasibility study to begin August 2001 (VACS 5Feasibility). These funds will allow us to complete half of our targeted enrollment and provide for no follow-up. Because of the substantial prevalence of alcohol use and abuse among our patients, we propose to extend VACS 5-Feasibility for 5 years to study the role of alcohol in determining patient outcomes in HIV infection. Specific aims address: 1) the influence of alcohol on adherence, CD4 cell count, viral load, Hepatitis C viral load, liver function, and complete blood counts; 2) the influence of alcohol on HIV disease progression and comorbid disease occurrence, symptom burden and quality of life, and survival and 3) provider and patient awareness and attitudes toward alcohol consumption. In addition to the standard data collection of VACS 5, a 30-day Time Line Follow Back will be self completed by all patients and validated by interview in a subset, and additional liver function tests will be analyzed on banked specimens (CDT, GGT, ALT, and AST). Four alcohol focus groups will be conducted at each site: 1) HIV positive patients who consume alcohol; 2) HIV negative patients who consume alcohol; 3) clinicians from HIV clinic; 4) clinicians from the general medical clinic. After completing baseline enrollment, follow up will occur at 6-month intervals and new patients will be enrolled as they present for care. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: ALCOHOL EFFECTS ON BRAIN PROTEIN EXPRESSION PROFILES Principal Investigator & Institution: Zhou, Jeffrey X.; Large Scale Biology Corporation 20451 Goldenrod Ln Germantown, Md 20874 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): A large body of evidence indicates that genetic factors play a major role in influencing alcohol-drinking behavior in humans and animals. A central goal in alcohol research is to find exploitable differences between alcohol preferring and non-preferring humans or animals. Exploitable protein differences may involve post-translational modifications or expression changes that result from a complex series of events not easily discernable at the DNA or mRNA level. Hence it is important to attempt to explore differences at both the genomic and proteomic levels, in as systematic a manner as possible. Using advanced proteomics
Studies
5
technologies, we propose a project to study protein expression patterns in the brains of rats which are 1) bred for either high or low alcohol consumption and 2) exposed to alcohol or saline for five days. The applied and combined technologies include rat line breeding, brain tissue dissection, quantitative high resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE), mass spectrometry and data mining. Comparing innate differences in protein expression in the brains of these lines following treatment with alcohol should give insight on protein factors that may contribute to vulnerability to alcohol addiction and proteins affected by alcohol. Furthermore, providing a comprehensive database for regional protein expression in the brains of the selectively bred rats and the effect of alcohol on individual brain regions would lay an important foundation for other basic and clinical researchers in the field of alcohol abuse and alcoholism. The ultimate objective is to discover biomarkers which will have a great impact on early diagnosis and improved monitoring and treatment of alcohol-related diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: ANTIBODY ENCAPSULATED ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSOR FOR GABA Principal Investigator & Institution: Zhou, Anhong; Inframat Corporation 74 Batterson Park Rd Farmington, Ct 060322597 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Gamma-aminobutyric acid ("GABA") is a main mammalian nervous system inhibitory neurotransmitter, playing important roles in neural function and dysfunction. Accurate real time measurement of GABA will greatly accelerate discoveries on the key role of GABA in motor disorders including Huntington's disease and Parkinson's, seizures, myoclonic discharges, and alcohol addiction. Current technology for extracellular measurement of GABA focuses on microdialysis of the cerebro-spinal fluid, followed by liquid chromatography combined with pre-/post column derivatization. Liquid chromatography-based measurements are not continuous, while microdialysis is an invasive procedure causing neuronal death and reactive gliosis with poor spatial-temporal resolution. INFRAMAT proposes to demonstrate feasibility of exploiting functionalized biomaterials to dramatically improve biosensor performance in high sensitivity GABA detection, via a "competitive enzyme immunoassay" strategy, electrochemically measuring non-electroactive GABA neurotransmitters. The proposed technology will adopt IMC's wet chemical synthesis to produce antibody-linked nanoparticles, immobilize functionalized nanoparticles onto transducers to obtain high sensitivity biosensors for real time monitoring GABA concentrations, and enable in-vitro testing of the biosensor based functionalized nanoparticles in artificial cerebro-spinal fluid. This nano-engineered approach will enable biosensors for continuous and direct measurement of GABA concentrations, and can be extended to multiple channels to obtain a spatial-temporal distribution in brain slice and cell culture preparations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
·
Project Title: BIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF ALCOHOL ACTION IN MINORITIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Taylor, Robert E.; Scientific Advisor; Pharmacology; Howard University 2400 6Th St Nw Washington, Dc 20059 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008
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Alcohol Addiction
Summary: This application continues the Howard University Alcohol Research Center (HUCARC). Under the NIAAA Collaborative Minority Serving Institution Alcohol Research (CMSIAR) Program, over its first 5 years, the Center has contributed immeasurably to the expansion of alcohol research on African Americans. It has become a national resource for research on alcohol, its causes, and treatment. Through a core infrastructure and entensive collaborative arrangements with the Indiana University and University of Connecticut Alcohol Research Centers, HUCARC has been instrumental in developing and strengthening faculty investigators, advanced graduate students, post doctoral students, and professional school students in alcohol research. Under the theme, "Biological Determinants of Alcohol Action in Minority Populations," the continuation of a strong, effective program will be implemented through four distinct, but integrated components: the Administrative Core, the Scientific Research, the Science Education, and the Faculty and Research Career Development. The Administrative Core provides the organizational framework, quality control mechanisms and core research resource facilities. The Scientific Research Component will include five research projects which will focus on new, exploratory and on-going alcohol research from a multidisciplinary approach. These projects will further research on the genetics of alcoholism, the behavioral aspects of alcohol consumption, alcohol and end-organ damage, mechanisms of alcohol addiction, and alcohol nicotine interactions. The Science Education Component is designed to advance alcohol research by disseminating current information, new techniques and methodologies to a broad audience. It proposes a pre-college summer training program for disadvantaged high school students, a biennial alcohol conference, development of web-site information and other computerized information modalities, an intensive collaboration with the Howard University School of Social Work to implement an alcohol curriculum for MSW students, an educational program for physicians, medical students, and other primary care professionals, and a partnership with the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence. Community outreach activities will be continued through radio/TV broadcasts, participation in health fairs and other events. The Faculty and Research Career Development Component proposes a two-semester Alcohol Graduate Studies Course, an Alcohol Fellows Program, a grant writing workshop, a unique research collaboration with the NIAAA Intramural Research Division as well as advanced research training with the Indiana ARC. Over the next five years, the proposed activities ensure a comprehensive, effective, rigorous, and integrated program specifically directed to minority populations Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: ADDICTION
CUE
REACTIVITY
IN
DUAL
ALCOHOL
AND
NICOTINE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Drobes, David J.; Associate Professor; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; Medical University of South Carolina 171 Ashley Ave Charleston, Sc 29425 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-1998; Project End 10-JUL-2002 Summary: It has been well documented that there is a high rate of co-morbidity between alcoholism and nicotine dependence. Increasing evidence supports an important role for conditioning mechanisms in both forms of addictive behavior. Specifically, alcoholics and smokers tend to display certain patterns of responding when confronted with environmental and interoceptive stimuli that have been reliably associated with previous drug taking. This phenomenon is often termed cue reactivity, and several theoretical models have been forwarded to account for this reactivity. Given the high
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rate of smoking among alcoholics, it is conceivable that smoking cues or nicotine withdrawal may promote cravings for alcohol. The failure to account for this relationship in alcohol treatment may be counterproductive and may lead to an increased risk for relapse. The proposed research will examine patterns of cue reactivity among alcoholics who are currently addicted to nicotine, as well as comparison groups of alcohol-only, nicotine-only, and non-dependent controls. Study 1 will entail development and empirical validation of a set of alcohol-relevant imagery scripts that will be used, in combination with previously developed smoking- relevant imagery scripts and visual cues for alcohol and nicotine, in two subsequent cue reactivity studies. In Study 2, these imaginal and visual cues will be presented during separate phases of a cue reactivity assessment, along with standardized pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant cues as affective controls. Reactivity will be indexed across three general responses domains (i.e., verbal report, psychophysiological, and behavioral), and will include assessment of the startle eye blink reflex and a measure related to information processing models of cue reactivity (i.e., reaction time). In Study 3, all subjects will be nicotine-dependent alcoholics, and the assessment will occur during one of the three levels of nicotine withdrawal for separate groups of subjects. The results should improve our understanding of the strong association between nicotine and alcohol addiction, and will have implications for the treatment of this dual addiction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Alexandre, Pierre K.; Epidemiology and Public Health; University of Miami-Medical Box 248293 Coral Gables, Fl 33124 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application proposes a five-year research program for the Mentored Research Scientist Development Award (K01) from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism for Pierre K. Alexandre, Ph.D. The Principal Investigator is an ideal candidate for this award given his limited training in epidemiology of alcohol addiction and treatment, alcohol research methods, and research ethics, his desire for advanced training in health and labor economics, and the economics of addiction; the solid infrastructure available to him at the University of Miami, and the exceptional group of collaborators that have agreed to work on this project. The proposed career development and research program will enable Dr. Alexandre to establish a strong training and research foundation in the economics of alcohol use and abuse, to achieve important accomplishments in technical writing and presentations, and to develop as an independent alcohol researcher. Dr. Alexandre (PI), Dr. French (mentor), and a team of multidisciplinary collaborators will use the U- or Jshaped alcohol-mortality relationship of the medical literature as a guide to examine economic aspects of alcohol use and abuse as they relate to labor markets, health care utilization and cost, and crime. The empirical analysis will use national surveys, particularly the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse and the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth, to pursue the following specific aims: (1) Determine the relationship between alcohol consumption and labor market measures such as earnings, labor force participation, employment, and number of weeks worked, (2) Determine the relationship between alcohol consumption and the utilization and cost of medical care, and (3) Determine the relationship between alcohol consumption and the prevalence and cost of crimes. The main outcomes of this Mentored Research Scientist Development Award (K01) will be (1) Training in epidemiology of alcohol addiction and treatment, (2) advanced health economies, labor economics, and economics training for Dr.
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Alcohol Addiction
Alexandre, (3) training in research ethics, (4) multidisciplinary research on the economics of alcohol use and abuse, (5) conference presentations on alcohol research findings, (6) several publications in peer-reviewed professional journals, and (7) developing R03, R01, or other grant applications to function as an independent researcher at the end of the award. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: GABA A/ALPHA5 LIGANDS IN PRIMATE MODELS OF ALCOHOL ABUSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Spealman, Roger D.; Professor of Psychobiology; Psychiatry; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAR-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Alcoholism is a worldwide public health problem that is associated with debilitating medical, social, and psychological consequences. Alcoholism is characterized by persistent alcohol self-administration that is refractory to conventional interventions and by high vulnerability to relapse even after successful detoxification and abstinence. No broadly effective medications have been identified to combat alcohol abuse or relapse. Thus, the development of pharmacotherapies that reduce alcohol consumption and/or eliminate craving for alcohol remains a formidable challenge for the treatment of alcohol addiction. The purpose of this R21 proposal (RFA-AA-02-004) is to explore the role of GABAA/alpha5 receptor mechanisms in the behavioral effects of alcohol in nonhuman primates and to evaluate promising GABAA/alpha5 ligands as novel pharmacotherapies to treat alcohol addiction. Recent findings support a role for GABAA/alpha5 receptor mechanisms in alcohol's discriminative stimulus effects in monkeys and its reinforcing effects in rodents. In the proposed studies, the capacity of GABAA/alpha5 ligands to reduce oral selfadministration of alcohol in rhesus monkeys will be investigated. In order to gauge the pharmacological specificity of these effects, GABAA/alpha5 ligands will also be evaluated in monkeys that self-administer sucrose solution instead of alcohol. In addition, concurrent observational studies will assess the degree to which GABAA/alpha5 ligands engender sedative and/or motoric side effects. Finally, in monkeys whose drug-seeking behavior has been extinguished and subsequently reinstated by alcohol priming, GABAA/alpha5 ligands will be evaluated for their ability to inhibit relapse to alcohol-seeking behavior. The ability of selected GABAA/alpha5 ligands to reduce oral alcohol self-administration and priming-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking at doses that do not produce a generalized disruption of behavior or debilitating side effects may be predictive of potential therapeutic utility. The proposed studies will provide fundamental information regarding the viability of GABAA/alpha5 receptors as pharmacological targets for novel medications to reduce alcohol abuse and relapse. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
·
Project Title: GENOME RESPONSES TO DROSOPHILA ADDICTION USING DNA CHIPS Principal Investigator & Institution: Tully, Timothy P.; Professor; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 1 Bungtown Road Cold Spring Harbor, Ny 11724 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 28-SEP-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2003
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9
Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) Mechanisms of drug addiction appear to be remarkably conserved. Work in animal model systems can therefore greatly inform our understanding of human addiction. The economy-of-scale and molecular-genetic tools available in fruit flies will be used to identify genes and genetic pathways of addiction. Recent studies in Drosophila have established behavioral sensitivity models for both cocaine and ethanol. In the latter, an allele of amnesiac, a learning and memory gene that has some homology to a vertebrate neuropeptide that stimulates cAMP signaling, was identified. Amnesiac mutants show decreased tolerance to ethanol, a defect that can be reversed with pharmacological stimulation of cAMP levels. In the former, several single-gene mutants were shown to affect cocaine sensitization, which also was mediated by dopaminergic signaling. These studies validate Drosophila as a genetic model system for both cocaine and alcohol addiction and implicate the cAMP signaling pathway in the response to both. This Drosophila model system of addiction will be enhanced with the use of DNA microarray chips to identify drug-related changes in gene expression on a genomic-wide scale. In preliminary experiments, a partial genome prototype Drosophila chip has been used to identify 176 candidate genes transcriptionally altered in amnesiac mutants and 75 that are transcriptionally altered by pharmacological manipulation of cAMP levels. We have confirmed some of the statistical candidates from the chip using either Northern blot analysis or quantitative PCR. From initial analyses of more than 100 chips, we also have developed a novel and general statistical method to analyze DNA chip data. These initial results now will be integrated with data from exposures to cocaine and ethanol. Central to our approach is the comparison of three genomic responses: (1) drug-exposed vs. control, (2) pharmacological manipulation vs. control and (3) mutant vs. wild-type. Chosen first for further in vivo study will be those genes that are transcriptionally responsive in all three contexts - and to both cocaine and ethanol exposures. Given the "homology of function" already observed for drug responses in flies and vertebrates, the genes identified in flies most likely will have homologues in vertebrates. Hence this work will lead directly to work in mammalian models of addiction and ultimately will yield a greater understanding of the genetic basis of addiction in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: GENOMICS APPROACHES IN COMPARATIVE MEDICINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Piedrahita, Jorge A.; Professor; Molecular Biomedical Sciences; North Carolina State University Raleigh 2230 Stinson Drive Raleigh, Nc 27695 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 29-SEP-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The nonhuman primate (NHP) is a valuable model for studying human health with direct implications to biomedical investigations of infertility and contraception, infectious diseases and vaccine development, drug and alcohol addiction, brain disorders, gene and stem cell based therapy and transplant biology. There are significant needs for populations of specific pathogen-free (SPF) animals with unique genotypes that can't be satisfied by the importation of animals from the wild or by the identification and propagation of founder animals by selective breeding. SPF, Indian-origin, rhesus macaques carrying specific MHC alleles is but one example. The assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have been practiced extensively in humans over the last 20 years and their applications in NHPs, while potentially very useful, have yet to be realized on a scale adequate to impact the needs described above. This application seeks support for a workshop that will identify and discuss integrative approaches to exploit the ARTs in NHPs thereby maximizing their contribution to
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Alcohol Addiction
ongoing and future research efforts. The overall topic of the workshop is based on the concept that research using NHPs can be improved significantly both in quality and quantity by increased availability of animals of desired genotypes, of genetically identical animals and of SPF animals. The aims of the workshop are to: 1) Review the current state of reproductive research employing the ARTs in NHPs including both basic concepts and specific applications; 2) Enhance interactions and collaborative efforts within and between NPRCs and academic institutions concerning reproductive research including infertility and contraceptive development studies that are clinically important but can't be accomplished in humans; and 3) Identify strategies that effectively expand NPRCs abilities to develop and practice the ARTs in NHPs. The proposed workshop will be held as a satellite meeting immediately prior to the annual meeting of the International Embryo Transfer Society. This arrangement will permit attendees to attend both meetings and should encourage participation by research trainees and fellows. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: GHB EFFECTS ON EXTRACELLULAR DOPAMINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Walker, David; Pharmacology and Cancer Biology; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Illicit use of gamma-Hydroxy butyrate (GHB), a popular new "club drug," has reached mini-epidemic levels in America. GHB is also in clinical trials for treatment of narcolepsy and alcohol addiction. GHB is pharmacologically unique among drugs of abuse because it is a naturally occurring substance in mammalian brain with its own receptor(s) and uptake system. Although reports of GHB abuse are rising rapidly, information about the interactions of GHB with the central dopamine systems that mediate drug reward and craving is conflicting. The purpose of the present proposal is to determine the effect of GHB on extracellular dopamine concentrations in awake rats using fast scan cyclic voltammetry. We will: (1) Determine dose- response relationships for the effects of GHB on electrically-stimulated dopamine concentrations in the caudate and the shell of the nucleus accumbens and resolve its effects on dopamine release and uptake kinetics, (2) Determine if repeated GHB exposure modifies the regulatory mechanisms that govern extracellular dopamine concentrations and alters the acute response to GHB. This research will study five doses of GHB that reflect human doses ranging from therapeutics to abuse. I hypothesize that low doses of GHB will increase dopamine release slightly in the caudate and nucleus accumbens and that high doses will robustly elevate dopamine release in both regions. These studies will utilize gastric administration of GHB in awake rats to provide realistic information about GHB effects on central dopamine neurotransmission Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: IMPACT OF TERMINATING SUBSTANCE ABUSE DISABILITY BENEFIT Principal Investigator & Institution: Orwin, Robert G.; Senior Study Director; Westat, Inc. 1650 Research Blvd Rockville, Md 208503195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: Effective Jan. 1, 1997, the Contract with America Advancement Act (PL 104121) terminated the Social Security Administration's Disability Insurance (DI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits for persons diagnosed with drug or alcohol
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addiction, also known as DA and A recipients. The law ended Medicaid eligibility as well, leading to many chronic substance abuse patients losing Medicaid reimbursement for addiction treatment and general health care needs. The legislation raised two sets of interrelated concerns. The first was for the well-being of the substance abusers who lost their mandate for treatment, insurance for treatment, insurance for general health care, monthly income, and their relationships with their representative payees. The second was for the larger effects on others in society. Several studies have been conducted or are currently in progress that address the issue of how the benefits termination affected recipients. However, no rigorous evaluation of the net impact of the law using actual resource utilization and labor force participation data has yet been attempted. The proposed study fills that gap with a quasi-experimental evaluation of the economic impact of the policy change in Washington State. Using records extracted and recombined from existing datasets, the analytic methodology combines an enhanced interrupted time series analysis with 1) recent developments in the multilevel random regression modeling of longitudinal outcome data, and 2) contemporary economic valuation methods for resource utilization and productivity. Specific aims are: 1. Estimate the net impact of the law on service utilization and labor force participation among the DA and A population as a whole and its component subgroups. Service utilization data will include mental health services, general medical services, substance abuse services, use of the criminal justice system, and cash benefits. Subgroups will include former benefit classification (SSI, DI, or both), urban v. rural, age, gender, education, ethnicity, criminal justice background, previous employment history, substance abuse diagnosis, substance abuse treatment history, psychiatric comorbidity, medical comorbidity, and SSI/DI requalification status. 2. Based on the findings from Aim 1, estimate the economic impact of the benefits termination on federal, state and local government resources, for the population as a whole and subgroups. This will be accomplished through the use of cost data from Washington State and current economic valuation models that assign unit cost estimates to each of the resource utilization and productivity activities that were modeled in Aim 1. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: INVOLVEMENT OF ALDEHYDES IN ALCOHOL ADDICTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcbride, William J.; Professor; Psychiatry; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: This is an exploratory (R21) grant to examine the involvement of acetaldehyde (ACD) and tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs) in alcohol addiction. The overall hypothesis to be tested is that the formation of ACD and THIQs contribute to alcohol addiction. The goals of the present application are to examine the reinforcing effects of ACD and salsolinol (SAL) within the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system of the rat. The following hypotheses will be tested in the present proposal: (a) ACID and SAL are reinforcing within the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of alcohol-preferring (P) rats; (b) SAL is reinforcing within the nucleus accumbens (NAC) shell of P rats; and (c) ACD and SAL potentiate ethanol reinforcement within the VTA of P rats. These hypotheses will be tested using the intracranial self-administration (ICSA) technique to examine the reinforcing actions of ACD and/or SAL within the VTA and/or NAC of P rats. Preliminary data indicate that female P rats self- administer 6 - 90 NM ACD directly into the posterior VTA. The present application will extend these findings using male P and Wistar rats. Specific aim 1 will examine the dose-response effects of ACD within the
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Alcohol Addiction
anterior VTA, as well as in regions adjacent to the VTA, to establish the site for the reinforcing effects of ACD. This aim will also examine extinction and reinstatement for the ICSA of ACD in the posterior VTA. In addition, specific aim 1 will compare the dose-response effects for the ICSA of ACD in the posterior VTA of P and Wistar rats. Specific aim 2 will examine the dose-response effects of SAL within the VTA and NAC of P rats. Specific aim 3 will examine the effects of ACD or SAL on the reinforcing effects of ethanol in the posterior VTA of P rats. In addition, this aim will examine whether conversion of ethanol to ACD may under- lie the ICSA of ethanol into the posterior VTA of P rats by co-infusing a catalase inhibitor with ethanol. The results of this study will provide information on the effects of ACD and SAL within the mesolimbic system, which could indicate a direct reinforcing effect of these compounds themselves and/or a potentiating effect of these compounds on the reinforcing properties of ethanol. Such results could provide valuable information on novel mechanisms underlying the addictive properties of alcohol and would provide a firm scientific foundation for future neurobiological studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: LARGE-SCALE SEQUENCING AND ASSEMBLY OF THE RAT GENOME Principal Investigator & Institution: Holt, Robert A.; Celera Genomics 45 W Gude Dr Rockville, Md 20850 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 27-FEB-2001; Project End 01-JUL-2002 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) Since the inception of the Human Genome Program in 1990, it has become increasingly apparent that a broad range of advances in biomedical research can be dramatically accelerated by the provision of genomic sequence information from model organisms. To date, the genomes of several model organisms (baker's yeast, the roundworm and the fruit fly) have been completely sequenced and have provided many insights into the ways in which various cellular processes take place. The rat is a model organism used widely in studies of common diseases such as high blood pressure, drug and alcohol addiction and cancer. A complete rat genome will be immensely valuable in helping to understand the genetic basis of such important diseases in humans. Using a combination of a new generation of automated DNA sequencing machines, an industrial approach to high-throughput DNA sequencing and advanced computational techniques, Celera Genomics has developed the world's most productive genome sequencing facility. With a sequencing strategy that is known as whole genome shotgun sequencing, an efficient means of determining large amounts of DNA sequence while providing comprehensive coverage of the genome, Celera has determined the sequence of the Drosophila and human genomes and has a mouse genome program well underway. With its experience in efficient and cost-effective highthroughput DNA sequencing, Celera here proposes to perform whole genome shotgun sequencing of the rat genome, providing an average three-fold coverage. Sequencing would be performed with an equal mix of 2 kb and 10 kb clones from random whole genome libraries. In addition to its unmatched sequencing capacity, Celera has developed the most advanced computational algorithms and infrastructure for genome assembly, the process needed to put together the individual sequence fragments produced by the shotgun sequencing process into continuous stretches of genomic DNA sequence, and will undertake the assembly of the sequence that it produces together with any sequence produced by other members of a rat genome sequencing initiative. As a key member of the rat genome sequencing initiative, Celera intends to create a public whole genome assembly for the rat by integrating whole-genome shotgun data
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produced at Celera with BAC-end sequence data and light shotgun data from mapped BACs produced at other participating centers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: MODULATION ADMINISTRATIO*
OF
EFFECTS
OF
REPEATED
ETHANOL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Gonzales, Rueben A.; Associate Professor; Neurobiology; University of Texas Austin 101 E. 27Th/Po Box 7726 Austin, Tx 78712 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 27-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Our goals are to identify alterations in neurochemistry that occur in the extended amygdala following chronic alcohol administration and examine the hypothesis that endogenous K-opioid receptor (KOR) systems attenuate the neurochemical and behavioral effects of alcohol. We postulate that activation of KOR systems by alcohol is a key homeostatic mechanism that opposes the development of alcohol dependence, and that dysregulation of KOR systems results in altered vulnerability to the reinforcing effects of alcohol and to alcohol addiction. We will test these postulates pharmacologically in wild-type mice, and by using mice with constitutive deletion of the gene encoding the KOR-1 receptor or dynorphin, the endogenous KOR ligand. Specific Aim 1 will characterize alterations in dopamine, GABA and glutamate neurotransmission that occur in the nucleus accumbens (Acb) and central nucleus of the amygdala during abstinence from chronic alcohol administration and determine whether hypofunction of KOR systems exacerbates these effects. The no net flux method of quantitative microdialysis will be used to monitor extracellular dopamine concentrations and changes in dopamine uptake and release. Conventional dialysis will be used to measure basal and stimulus (alcohol, KCI)- evoked dopamine, GABA and glutamate efflux. Specific Aim 2 will determine whether hypofunction of KOR systems alters adaptations in behavior that occur following chronic alcohol administration. We will measure somatic signs of alcohol withdrawal and sensitization of the withdrawal response that occurs after repeated bouts of alcohol intoxication and withdrawal. Specific Aim 3 will determine whether KOR system hypofunction results in increased sensitivity to the rewarding effects of ethanol and whether dopamine dynamics are altered in the Acb and amygdala of mice self-administering alcohol. Operant oral alcohol self- administration will be used to characterize the rewarding effects of alcohol and microdialysis will be used to monitor neurotransmitter dynamics in self-administering mice. The data derived from these studies will delineate neuroadaptations that occur in the extended amygdala following both contextdependent and independent alcohol administration and the role of endogenous opioid systems in modulating the neurochemical effects of alcohol, alcohol dependence, and reward. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR PATHOGENESIS IN ALCOHOLISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Crews, Fulton T.; Director, Bowles Center for Alcohol Stu; Center for Alcohol Studies; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1997; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: This Alcohol Research Center Grant (ARC) is focused on the unifying hypothesis that common cellular and molecular events caused by ethanol lead to alterations in cellular signaling that trigger tissue specific pathologies. Interdisciplinary
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Alcohol Addiction
research themes include studies on cellular signaling, calcium levels, steroids, gene regulation, transcription factor activation, oxidative stress behavioral responses to ethanol and the use of gene delivery to investigate and/or modify the effects of ethanol. The ability to study single cell types in vitro complements and strengthens studies of molecular signaling events in specific brain regions. The pathologies associated with alcoholism represent a central theme that is divided into two foci, tissue pathology and the pathological processes that regulate alcohol seeking behaviors. This ARC connects 15 funded research projects focused on molecular and cellular processes that underlie the pathogenesis of alcoholism and alcohol toxicity. Oxidative tissue damage is a focus of several components and cores that link eight currently funded research projects together within this Center to test the hypothesis that oxidative stress is a major mechanism of ethanol toxicity. Components within the ARC will study free radical production, cytosolic calcium signaling, mitochondrial calcium and membrane potential, activation of transcription factors NFkappaB and APl, cytokine formation and the activation of kinase signaling cascades. The interaction of CYP2EI, reperfusionoxygen tension and other determinants of oxidative stress will be related to apoptosis and cell death. Factors that determine gene expression and transcription factor activation will connect liver, brain, fetus and pancreas. Three components of this ARC will focus on brain and bridge together seven active research projects studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms that promote addictive behavior. The molecular mechanisms that control brain reward systems and ethanol withdrawal sensitization will be studied to elucidate the pathogenesis of alcohol addiction in brain. The signaling pathways involved in these processes will be determined by following transcription factor formation, induction of immediate early genes, regulation of ethanol sensitive receptor genes and the ability of steroids and delivered genes to modulate ethanol self administration, preference and dependence. Gene delivery will be used to modify transcription factor activation and GABAa receptor sensitivity as well as to deliver antioxidants and enzymes that enhance neurotransmitter synthesis. Models of chronic ethanol administration, eg. Tsukamoto-French, repeated ethanol withdrawal, chronic self administration, will be shared among components providing greater insight into the aspects of ethanol consumption that contribute to toxicity. Studies of both males and females are included in several components to better understand the role of gender and steroid hormones m ethanol pathology, particularly since steroids appear to modulate ethanol dependence and the free radical capacity of cells. These studies build on existing knowledge in different tissues and cellular systems that allow molecular and cellular hypothesis on ethanol toxicity to be specifically tested. Studies in multiple cellular and tissue systems strengthen the ability of investigators to explore new avenues to uncover the molecular mechanisms of alcohol pathogenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: MULTIMEDIA SMOKING CESSATION FOR ALCOHOLIC CLIENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Butler, Steve; Inflexxion, Inc. Newton, Ma 02464 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-AUG-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: This application proposes development of an interactive multimedia program called, "On the Air: A Smoking Education Program for Alcoholics," designed to reduce smoking of clients in alcohol treatment. The program will be offered through inpatient, residential and outpatient treatment programs to help those struggling with alcohol addiction to understand, reduce and stop smoking. The program utilizes multimedia technology to tailor intervention material to clients' stage of change with respect to smoking. Based on the metaphor of a television network, users are able to
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access their own personal "channel" broadcasting a selection of "shows," each of which represents an entertaining, educational oriented intervention tailored to the user's stageof-change, concerns about smoking and smoking cessation, and other key variables. Phase I involved the gathering of feedback from interviews, focus groups with professionals, interviews with experts, and acceptance and satisfaction testing to develop the "On the Air" prototype. Phase II will involve the completion of the "On the Air" CD-ROM, acceptance and satisfaction testing, and implementation of a comprehensive field test of the program. If "On the Air" were shown to demonstrably increase clients' motivation to actively quit smoking, the national commercial potential would be significant. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: The proposed program will provide a targeted, computer-administered intervention to facilitate smoking cessation for alcoholic clients. Despite extremely high proportions of alcoholics who smoke (as much as 90%), and the growing evidence of addictive and even synergistic health consequences of abusing both alcohol and tobacco, few alcohol treatment programs directly address client smoking. Limited financial and staff resources and a general lack of reimbursement for smoking interventions are some of the barriers to integrating smoking cessation efforts into ongoing treatment programs. If a computerized, affordable smoking cessation program can be shown, in field trials, to have demonstrable efficacy, the commercial potential can be extraordinary. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: THERAPY/ALCOHOLISM
NEUROBIOL
MECHANISM/ACUPUNCTURE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Ye, Jiang-Hong; Associate Professor Anesthesiology; Anesthesiology; Univ of Med/Dent Nj Newark Newark, Nj 07103
of
Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Alcohol abuse and alcoholism pose serious social and economic problems in the United States and around the world. Despite the increasing number of pharmacotherapies for alcoholism, current treatments have limited success and high rates of relapse. Although acupuncture has shown promising results in alleviating alcohol craving, the mechanism causing this effect remains unclear. Our long-range goal is to understand the neurobiological principles underlying acupuncture therapy for alcoholism. The objective of this proposal is to identify the changes induced by alcohol withdrawal and by acupuncture in rat dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), a reward center of drug abuse. The central hypothesis is that acupuncture reverses or attenuates the reduction in excitability of dopamine neurons induced by the withdrawal of chronic ethanol administration and thus restores "normal" function of the dopamine system The changes caused by acupuncture can be detected in brain slices. We plan to test our hypothesis and accomplish the objective of this application by pursuing the following two Specific Aims: 1. Identify effects of ethanol withdrawal on dopamine neurons in brain slices. 2. Identify effects of acupuncture on alterations induced by ethanol withdrawals. Research design and methods: To achieve these aims, acupuncture/sham acupuncture will be given to rats withdrawn from chronic alcohol administration. While behavioral responses to withdrawal will be examined in vivo, the neuronal activities will be examined on VTA brain slices, using patch clamp techniques. The proposed work is innovative, because it will use proven modern techniques to elucidate the mechanisms of both acupuncture and its use in treating alcohol addiction. This approach is expected to yield the following outcomes: it will identify the effects of ethanol withdrawal on dopamine neurons in brain slices; optimize parameters of acupuncture to alter the neuronal
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Alcohol Addiction
responses induced by ethanol withdrawal, and elucidate changes induced by acupuncture in dopamine neurons of rats withdrawn from chronic ethanol administration. This new knowledge will have a major impact on our understanding of how acupuncture works. The application of this knowledge is expected to improve the effectiveness of acupuncture treatment in alcohol addiction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: NEUROCHEMICAL BASES OF ETHANOL-SEEKING BEHAVIOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Weiss, Friedbert; Associate Member; Scripps Research Institute Tpc7 La Jolla, Ca 92037 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1995; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) This proposal seeks to continue to investigate the neurochemical basis of ethanol-seeking behavior, with a shift in emphasis toward the investigation of the neurobiological basis of relapse. Alcoholism is a chronic relapsing disorder and vulnerability to relapse following withdrawal presents a great challenge for the treatment of alcohol addiction. The clinical literature suggests that one of the primary factors underlying high rates of relapse in detoxified alcoholics are conditioned responses elicited by ethanol-related environmental stimuli that lead to craving or the compulsion to consume ethanol. Yet, experimental studies of cue-induced alcohol-seeking behavior and its neurobiological basis are rare. Moreover, pertinent information is restricted to nondependent rats and, thus, provides only a limited heuristic basis for the understanding of the stimulus control of ethanol-seeking behavior and its neurobiological substrates in human alcoholics. The objective of this proposal is to investigate experimentally the role of ethanol-associated environmental stimuli in the initiation of ethanol-seeking behavior after abstinence, and to identify neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neuropharmacological substrates for these conditioned effects of ethanol cues. Specific Aim 1 will utilize an operant response-reinstatement model of relapse developed during the previous funding period to establish the time course and resistance to extinction to the behavioral effects of ethanol-associated environmental stimuli, and to compare their effects in nondependent rats to those in rats with a history of dependence. Specific Aim 2 will focus on the identification of neurobiological substrates of cue-induced reinstatement of ethanol-seeking behavior by examining the effects of ethanol cues on neural activation within brain reward regions using Fos immunohistochemistry and by characterizing the effects of ethanol cues on extracellular dopamine (DA) levels within brain reward regions as well as on the release of the stressregulatory neuropeptide corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) with the central nucleus of the amygdala. Experiments in Specific Aim 3 will examine whether the responsereinstating actions of ethanol cues are sensitive to pharmacological manipulation, and to further isolate critical brain regions by combining tests of the effects of ligands for opioid, dopamine, and serotonin receptors on ethanol-seeking behavior with measurements of alterations in cue-induced Fos expression by these agents. By increasing understanding of the neurobiological basis of relapse, these studies are expected to have direct implications for the development of pharmacotherapeutic treatments for the treatment and prevention of compulsive ethanol-seeking behavior and relapse. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ADDICTION
NEUROPHARMACOLOGICAL
SUBSRATES
OF
17
ALCOHOL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Steffensen, Scott C.; Psychology; Brigham Young University A-261 Asb Provo, Ut 846021231 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 13-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: Recently we have demonstrated that a homogeneous population of gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) undergo adaptation in association with ethanol dependence. The overall objective of this proposal is to evaluate the role, whether contributory or reflective, of VTA GABA neurons in mediating the reinforcing properties of ethanol, under non-dependent and dependent conditions. The core thesis underlying this proposal is that adaptive changes in VTA GABA neuron excitability result from repeated exposure to acute intoxicating levels of ethanol and contribute to the dysregulation of mesolimbic dopamine homeostasis that accompanies ethanol reinforcement. Our proposed studies are designed to test three major hypotheses: 1) That persistent alterations in VTA GABA neuron excitability, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and/or GABA receptor-mediated neurotransmission occur in association with ethanol dependence; 2) That enhancement of VTA GABA neuron excitability, NMDA and/or GABA neurotransmission anticipates ethanol self-administration (SA); and 3) That adaptation of VTA GABA neuron excitability, NMDA and/or GABA neurotransmission parallels the continuum of ethanol intoxication, aversion, reinforcement and dependence. We will employ electrophysiological methods to determine if VTA GABA neuron firing rate, axonal excitability and/or NMDA and GABA receptor- mediated synaptic input undergo adaptation to chronic ethanol. We will evaluate VTA GABA neuron firing rate, axonal excitability and response to afferent synaptic input during ethanol self- administration and in the ethanol operant runway paradigms. These studies will determine if VTA GABA neurons or their corticolimbic inputs undergo plasticity during ethanol reinforcement. VTA GABA neurons may act as unique integrators of convergent information from sensory, cortical and limbic areas subserving ethanol addiction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: NOVEL MOLECULES TO TREAT ALCOHOLISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Chen, Hao; Novascreen Biosciences Corporation 7170 Standard Dr Hanover, Md 21076 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 05-SEP-2003; Project End 29-FEB-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Current treatments for alcohol abuse and dependency are marginally effective. Application of naltrexone, an opiate antagonist, appears to have only a moderate effect in reducing drinking and is not sufficiently effective in treating some sub-populations of problematic alcohol consumers or in preventing relapses. Recent attempts of using multiple drug combinations, where each individual drug addresses a different target set or neurotransmitter system, appear to improve efficacy in curtailing alcohol consumption. Concerns of multiple drug combination regimens, however, are the combined drug side effects, toxicology and pharmacokinetic issues, adding to the stress on the already stressed liver. Developing and evaluating new and more potent medications for alcoholism is still a high priority. Single agents that address multiple CNS targets may be especially attractive. The proposed Phase I research is focused on finding novel small organic molecules with modulating activities at specific membrane receptors in multiple CNS target classes. The successful execution of the proposed research will produce a suite of novel molecules
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Alcohol Addiction
that selectively modulate activity at different opiate receptor subtypes and concurrently at a specific serotonergic receptor subtype. The compounds may be used as research tools to aid in the understanding alcohol addiction and abuse, and later become the basis for therapeutics to treat alcoholism. The success of our approach will rely on the innovative integration of in silico and in vitro screening methods and large readily accessible chemical libraries. The ensuing Phase II research will focus on improving the pharmacological properties of the active compounds in order to enhance the potential for finding new and safe medications for treating alcoholism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: OPERATIONAL NETWORKS IN THE AMYGDALA Principal Investigator & Institution: Cassell, Martin D.; Anatomy and Cell Biology; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The amygdala is widely recognized as playing a critical role at the interface between emotion and behavior. Much of the interpretation of functional imaging, neuropsychological and pathological studies of the amygdala in anxiety, phobias, depression and drug and alcohol addiction, and the results of a large number of animal experiments, are framed in the context of a linear model of amygdala organization. In this model, inputs from the cortex and thalamus converge on the lateral and basolateral nuclei where learned associations are generated and expressed as autonomic and endocrine changes through the connections of the central, nucleus, the "output" nucleus of the amygdala. However, more and more clinical and experimental findings are becoming difficult to reconcile with this model. The experiments in this proposal are directed at the P.I.'s long term goal of developing a network-based model of amygdala organization with greater interpretative and predictive value. The experiments focus on the central extended amygdala (CEA) not as connecting the rest of the amygdala with autonomic/endocrine areas but as a basal ganglia-like structure involved in re-entrant circuits with the insular cortex, another area increasingly being associated with appetitive drives, emotion and psychiatric disorders. First, combinations of axon tracers will be used to identify the key nodes in re-entrant circuits through the CEA, including a possible "indirect" pathway involving the lateral hypothalamus. Second, immunochemical methods will be used to identify neurochemical compartments in the CEA and determine whether they are organized on the same lines as the nucleus accumbens. Finally, the reconstruction of axons derived from cortical and CEA neurons will be undertaken to examine the likely sequential processing of information by the amygdala network. Preliminary data indicate that the CEA, a socalled "output" structure may receive cortical/thalamic input before the lateral and basolateral nuclei. The experimental results should provide a strong basis for developing a second generation model of amygdala organization offering much greater interpretive value for experimental and clinical studies of psychiatric disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PILOT--PREFRONTAL CORTICAL MECHANISMS IN ALCOHOLISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Williams, Graham V.; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This pilot project examines the role of prefrontal cortex in alcohol- seeking behavior and alcohol consumption in the non-human primate. The project exploits our
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knowledge of prefrontal anatomy, physiology and pharmacology to explore D1 and D2 receptor modulation of alcohol- induced changes in neural responses associated with working memory performance in trained non-human primates. We will use single neuron recording combined with iontophoretic drug application in monkeys trained to perform a visuospatial memory task to unravel the cortical cellular involvement of prefrontal circuits in addictive behavior. Using this methodology, we are able to dissociate sensory, mnemonic and motor related neural processes and correlate cellular events with these components of behavioral function. The three aims of this proposal are (1) the examination of cue, delay and response-related neuronal response in prefrontal cortex to cues associated with alcohol reward; (2) analysis of the role of cortical postsynaptic D1 and D2 receptors in supporting or antagonizing these alcohol-engendered responses; and (3) to chart the dynamic shifts in neuronal responses an dopamine modulation of these responses during, and after cessation of chronic alcohol administration as well as correlate these changes with trends in behavior performance. These findings are expected to provide insight into the presently obscure cortical mechanisms relevant to alcohol addiction and explore the relationship between cognitive performance and addictive behavior. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION STATES IN DRUG ADDICTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Edwards, Scott; Psychiatry; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-OCT-2003; Project End 30-SEP-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The transition from drug abuse to the addicted state is characterized by the escalation of drug intake during self-administration, and markedly increased craving in withdrawal. Both drug-taking and drug-seeking behaviors are differentially regulated by D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Drug-induced up-regulation of cAMP/PKA signaling may contribute to escalation and relapse, possibly by differentially altering dopamine receptorresponsiveness in the NAc. To investigate this hypothesis, studies will measure changes in NAc cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation in vivo produced by chronic cocaine, heroin, and ethanol self-administration. Additionally, studies will measure alterations in sensitivity to D1 and D2 receptor-regulation of cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation after chronic cocaine self-administration. Changes in cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation in both core and shell subregions of NAc will be compared to individual propensities for escalating cocaine self-administration and relapse to cocaine seeking in withdrawal. In vivo phosphoprotein measures will include pGluR1 and pNR1 subunits of AMPA and NMDA receptors, pDARPP-32, pCREB, and pD1 receptor using a novel site-specific antibody. These studies are aimed at understanding molecular mechanisms that underlie drug and alcohol addiction, and may identify targets for therapeutic intervention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PRECURSORS OF ALCOHOLISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Lovallo, William R.; Professor; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; University of Oklahoma Hlth Sciences Ctr Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, Ok 73126 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006
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Alcohol Addiction
Summary: (provided by applicant): Our long-term goal is to develop a better understanding of persons at risk for alcoholism. Alcohol addiction is a behavioral disorder that has genetic and environmental contributions. Prevalence within families and adoption studies indicate that the risk for alcoholism is one expression of more basic traits that have heritable components. The planned studies are based on the hypothesis that central nervous system processes that integrate emotional behavior are altered in persons at high risk for alcoholism relative to low risk persons. We predict that altered emotion processing will have three markers that should distinguish high-risk individuals. These are: 1) the person's characteristic balance of positive to negative emotions, 2) emotion-related changes in the stress hormone, cortisol, and 3) a measure of emotion-related change in central activation, the startle eyeblink. A random telephone survey of the Oklahoma City area will be used to identify 180 men and women, 18-25 years of age, who are low risk, having a negative family history of alcoholism and social drinking patterns, or high risk, with a positive family history and social drinking patterns. Two related studies are proposed. In Study 1, we will compare the groups using a standard paradigm to examine startle eyeblink magnitude and the emotion modulation of startle that normally occurs to negative and positive emotion-producing stimuli. In Study 2, we will extend that paradigm by examining the emotion modulation of the startle eyeblink together with cortisol responses to a negatively affective challenge. Normal affective response to events depends on interactions among the frontal cortex and limbic areas, while the expression of emotions via motoric and endocrine responses depends on normal regulation by the hypothalamus and brainstem. A finding of consistent changes in affective experience, along with altered peripheral physiological responses, can provide insights into the underlying alterations in emotional behavior in risk for alcoholism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: STUDIES OF CRH AND ALCOHOL EFFECTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Phillips, Tamara J.; Research Career Scientist and Professor; Behavioral Neuroscience; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 24-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: The goal of this project is to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between stress and alcohol's motivational and neuroadaptive consequences. We shall focus on the role of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), the critical mediator of the stress response, in determining these alcohol effects. Relatively little is understood concerning alcohol consumption and relief from stress or the influence of stress hormones on alcohol reward neuroadaptation. Whereas there is substantial support for these associations, thus far there are no causal links. We postulate that CRH is a principle element, perhaps even the keystone, in stressassociated mechanisms of alcohol addiction, and that disruption or dysregulation of CRH pathways leading to altered stress reactivity thereby influences patterns of ethanol reinforcement, aversion and neuroadaption. We propose to test these postulates using mice with specific genetic alterations in CRH pathways. In particular, we will test mice deficient in CRH or the CRH receptors, CRH-R1 and CRH-R2 and mice that overexpress CRH in the brain. We predict that specific effects of these mutations will be seen on ethanol reinforcement, aversion, and neuroadaptation to ethanol. Specific aim 1 will determine whether dysregulation of CRH pathways alters the motivational effects of ethanol. We shall measure voluntary ethanol drinking behavior, and ethanol-induced conditioned place preference and taste aversion in the CRH mutant lines listed above.
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Specific aim 2 will determine whether dysregulation of CRH pathways alters neuroadaption to ethanol. We shall measure ethanol-induced sensitization and crosssensitization between stress and ethanol, and severity of ethanol dependence. Specific aim 3 will determine whether specific changes in gene expression patterns are associated with behavioral patterns of neuroadaptation of ethanol. This research represents an important step toward the validation of CRH receptors as targets for future medications development in the treatment and prevention of alcoholism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: SUBSTRATE NEUROPEPTIDASES
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Principal Investigator & Institution: Hines, Christina S.; Molecular/Cellula/Biochemistry; University of Kentucky 109 Kinkead Hall Lexington, Ky 40506 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002 Summary: Adapted from applicant's abstract): We are investigating the molecular basis for substrate recognition and inhibitor action in neuropeptidases. These enzymes play key roles in the generation and inactivation of peptide neurotransmitters and hormones. A better understanding of these enzymes and the development of specific inhibitors may permit novel therapies for psychotic disorders, pain, and drug and alcohol addiction. We study one enzyme, neurolysin, as a model system. Like a number of the neuropeptidases, it is active only on short peptides, and it is able to recognize a diverse but specific set of cleavage sites. This enzyme is known to control the levels of neurotensin, which is one of the most potent analgesics known and is thought to play a role in schizophrenia and depression. Our group has determined a crystal structure of neurolysin, which is a 78kDa zinc metallopeptidase. We now plan to determine crystal structures of the enzyme complexed with peptides and inhibitors to determine the basis for the unusual aspects of its substrate recognition. This structural work will be complemented by a series of functional studies aimed at better defining the features of a good substrate. And finally, we will compare the mechanisms of substrate recognition and inhibitor binding with those of a neuropeptidase from a different enzyme family Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: TAURINE REGULATION OF ALCOHOL-SEEKING BEHAVIOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Olive, M Foster.; Associate Investigator; Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center 5858 Horton St, Ste 200 Emeryville, Ca 94608 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: The endogenous sulfonated amino acid taurine has numerous functions in the nervous system, including osmoregulation, neuroprotection and neuromodulation. However, the recent successful of the taurine analogue acamprosate (calcium acetylhomotaurinate) in reducing alcohol consumption in both rodents and humans suggests that taurine-related systems may be involved in the neurobiological mechanisms mediating alcohol self-administration. Thus, taurine-related compounds may provide to be successful therapeutics for the treatment of alcohol abuse. Originally, we demonstrated that mutant mice lacking PKCepsilon, which exhibit reduced operant ethanol self-administration, showed elevated basal extracellular levels of taurine in the nucleus accumbens as compared to wild-type controls. This led us to the hypothesis that taurine may exert an inhibitory control over ethanol-seeking behavior. We now present preliminary data that acute peripheral injections of taurine, its metabolic precursor
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Alcohol Addiction
hypotaurine, as well as the taurine analogs homotaurine and acamprosate suppress voluntary ethanol consumption in the rat in a two-bottle choice paradigm. Of these compounds, homotaurine and acamprosate were the most effective in suppressing ethanol intake (i.e., > 50%). Moreover, only homotaurine was able to significantly suppress ethanol intake and preference in this acute administration paradigm. These data indicate that pharmacological compounds related to homotaurine may be of potential benefit in the treatment of excessive ethanol consumption. The following Specific Aims describe two sets of experiments designed to further study the ability of homotaurine and acamprosate to suppress alcohol self-administration. To date, no studies have been conducted regarding the neuroanatomical site(s) at which acamprosate or homotaurine suppress ethanol consumption. Thus, the first specific aim uses site-specific microinjection procedures to examine the neuroanatomical basis for homotaurine- and acamprosate-induced suppression of ethanol intake in ethanoldependent and non-dependent animals. These studies will test the hypothesis that homotaurine and acamprosate act within the mesolimbic reward circuitry to reduce ethanol self-administration behavior in non-dependent animals, while homotaurine and acamprosate act within the extended amygdala to reduce ethanol self-administration behavior in ethanol-dependent animals. Thus, we hypothesize that the transition to ethanol dependency shifts the neuroanatomical locus of ethanol reinforcement from the mesolimbic system to structures in the extended amygdala, providing noel information regarding neurobiological changes that occur during the development of alcohol addiction. The second specific aim will use microdialysis to determine brain extracellular concentrations of acamprosate and homotaurine following acute and repeated oral administration. These studies will provide important and novel information regarding the bioavailability of these compounds in the central nervous system following peripheral administration. In addition, these studies will allow us to correlate the concentrations of these compounds in the brain following oral administration with he concentrations microinjected in Specific Aim 1 that are effect in reducing ethanol consumption in dependent and non-dependent animals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: THE ARTS IN ACTION IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES Principal Investigator & Institution: Wolf, Don P.; Senior Scientist; None; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 29-SEP-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The nonhuman primate (NHP) is a valuable model for studying human health with direct implications to biomedical investigations of infertility and contraception, infectious diseases and vaccine development, drug and alcohol addiction, brain disorders, gene and stem cell based therapy and transplant biology. There are significant needs for populations of specific pathogen-free (SPF) animals with unique genotypes that cannot be satisfied by the importation of animals from the wild or by the identification and propagation of founder animals by selective breeding. SPF, Indian-origin, rhesus macaques carrying specific MHC alleles is but one example. The (ARTs) have been practiced extensively in humans over the last 20 years and their applications in NHPs, while potentially very useful, have yet to be realized on a scale adequate to impact the needs described above. This application seeks support for a workshop that will identify and discuss integrative approaches to exploit the ARTs in NHPs thereby maximizing their contribution to ongoing and future research efforts. The overall topic of the workshop is based on the concept that research using NHPs can be improved significantly both in quality and quantity by increased availability of animals
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of desired genotypes, of genetically identical animals and of SPF animals. The aims of the workshop are to: 1) Review the current state of reproductive research employing the ARTs in NHPs including both basic concepts and specific applications; 2) Enhance interactions and collaborative efforts within and between NPRCs and academic institutions concerning reproductive research including infertility and contraceptive development studies that are clinically important but can't be accomplished in humans; and 3) Identify strategies that effectively expand NPRCs abilities to develop and practice the ARTs in NHPs. The proposed workshop will be held as a satellite meeting immediately prior to the annual meeting of the International Embryo Transfer Society. This arrangement will permit attendees to attend both meetings and should encourage participation by research trainees and fellows. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: THE BEHAVIORAL DYNAMICS OF SMOKING Principal Investigator & Institution: Gilleskie, Donna B.; National Bureau of Economic Research Cambridge, Ma 02138 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Despite its well known effects on health, smoking remains quite common in the United States. In order to devise anti-smoking measures it is essential to understand the long-term impact of current policies such as taxes. The goal of this research proposal is to evaluate possible explanations for the persistence over time of individual smoking behavior and to explore the resulting implications for policy analysis. One theory is that smoking is addictive and that persistence reflects behavioral or physical modification. Alternatively, persistence could be the result of individual-specific propensities to smoke: some people have characteristics which lead them to smoke while others have preferences to never smoke. Only if addiction is important will tax increases have significant effects on long-run smoking rates. We propose to develop a dynamic empirical model of smoking decisions which explicitly accounts for the impact of previous smoking behavior. After controlling for individual smoking differences in a very general manner, allowing both observed and unobserved individual differences, we will be able to estimate the empirical importance of smoking addiction. The framework will applied to two groups, teens and adults. Teens are important to study because this is the typical age of smoking initiation while adults may evidence strong addiction due to longer smoking histories. We will utilize the restricted use versions of the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS:88) and the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) which contain data on the two groups. These are appropriate data-sets because they follow the same individuals over time, contain detailed smoking questions, and have a wealth of information about individual, family and community characteristics. The resulting parameter estimates will be used to simulate individual behavior following policy changes such as tax increases of various sizes and durations. To understand the importance of addiction, the estimates will also be used to simulate long-run behavior when all individuals are initially forced to smoke. Finally, this methodology will be extended to study the importance of alcohol addiction in the two data-sets. These results will be relevant for understanding the salience of public policy in reducing excessive drinking. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: TOTAL SYNTHESES OF INDOLE ALKALOIDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kuehne, Martin E.; Professor; Chemistry; University of Vermont & St Agric College 340 Waterman Building Burlington, Vt 05405
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-1975; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: This proposal is a continuation of our synthetic efforts in indole alkaloids that have significant pharmacological activity for clinical use. It describes two projects in syntheses of novel agents with specific anti-cancer activity and one project for generation of anti- addiction agents that are free of tremorigenic toxicity. In one anticancer project we continue efforts to optimize our established ability to activate noncytotoxic, atropisomeric pro-drugs by thermal or ultrasound procedures for siteactivation chemotherapy. In addition, we extend in this project our initial discovery of vinblastine/vincristine congeners that lack the neurotoxicity of the parent anti-cancer drugs, to establishment of structural requirements for this selective anti-cancer activity. A second project is directed at syntheses of the pauciflorines, a new and structurally novel class of indoline alkaloids that have been shown to be potent inhibitors of melanin biosynthesis in melanoma. Syntheses of close analogues and simplified structures will provide a first indication of structure/activity requirements, which may be exploited for syntheses of melanoma specific targeting agents. For the generation of new antiaddiction drugs, we will isolate receptor proteins for our active coronaridine-type structures through the synthesis of congeners that can be used for affinity chromatography and we will extend our initial successful structure/activity studies. We expect to improve on our initial candidate, 18-methoxycoronaridine (which shows promising long-term effect against morphine, cocaine, nicotine and alcohol addiction in rats, is non-toxic, and is to start in clinical trials this year). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: TRAINING IN ALCOHOL RESEARCH Principal Investigator & Institution: Woodward, John J.; Professor; Physiology and Neuroscience; Medical University of South Carolina 171 Ashley Ave Charleston, Sc 29425 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-1987; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Alcoholism and alcohol abuse are serious illnesses that have life-threatening consequences if left untreated. Research into understanding the neural substrates that underlie the development of uncontrolled drinking is critical for developing treatments effective at reducing drinking and the incidence of relapse. This application is a renewal of an ongoing NIAAA sponsored training program that is focused on providing cutting-edge training in alcohol research for basic scientists and clinical fellows. The current proposal requests funds to provide alcohol-related research training for 2 pre-doctoral students and 4 post-doctoral fellows. The training will take place within an outstanding academic research environment that is devoted to understanding the neurobiological basis of alcohol and drug addiction. The program will be administered within the Center for Drug and Alcohol Programs (CDAP) that serves as an organizing platform to coordinate research activities focused on drug and alcohol addiction. The training mentors and support faculty are actively involved in NIAAA-sponsored research and are associated with the departments of Physiology and Neuroscience and Psychiatry. The areas of alcohol-related research training available encompass both animal and human studies and include 1) identification of molecular and cellular factors that influence the acute sensitivity of neuronal ion channels to alcohol, 2) characterization of neural adaptations in response to chronic alcohol exposure, 3) use of animal models to investigate novel pharmacological and behavioral treatments aimed at reducing alcohol drinking and the symptoms of withdrawal, 4) elucidation of the importance of classical conditioning in human alcohol drinking, and 5) assessing the efficacy of pharmacological interventions to reduce relapse in alcohol-
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addicted individuals. The overall goal of this training is to provide basic and clinical scientists with the skills necessary to develop into independent investigators focused on solving the problems associated with alcoholism and alcohol abuse. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH AND SCIENCE EDUCATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Li, Ting-Kai; Director; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-2002; Project End 30-NOV-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This component of the IARC competing renewal application qualifies the IARC for potential designation and funding as a Comprehensive Center (P60). The overall objective of the component is to advance alcohol research and its dissemination for the purpose of improving the treatment of alcohol-affected individuals and the prevention of alcohol-related problems. This will be accomplished through: (a) collaborative research partnerships with other institutions, especially minority and minority-serving institutions; (b) sponsoring and organizing the biennial scientific conference for pre- and post-doctoral fellows and young investigators; (c) continuing education opportunities to treatment professionals in clinical settings and to the community at large, especially those in the judiciary, administrative and legislative branches of State government; (d) the clinical teaching of the diagnosis and treatment of alcohol and drug abuse and dependence for (3rd year) medical students, and extension of the educational base to masters degree level students in the IU School of Social Work; (e) the Bench to Bench Program of Science Education in Alcohol Problems for Indiana Judges. These activities will draw upon the expertise of the IARCaffiliated faculty at Indiana and Purdue Universities that reflect the broadly-based research theme of the center's research programs: a) The genetic determinants of alcohol ingestive behavior and other responses to alcohol, b) The interplay of genetic, behavioral and social risk factors in the etiology of alcoholism, c) The neurobiological basis of alcohol addiction as manifested by craving, loss of control drinking, and relapse, which will serve as the basis for rational pharmacotherapeutic interventions, d) The intimate interaction of the pharmacokinetics of alcohol with its pharmacodynamic actions and how individual variability in both these domains influence susceptibility to problem and dependent drinking. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. 3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with alcohol addiction, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “alcohol addiction” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for alcohol addiction (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): ·
A case of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid withdrawal syndrome during alcohol addiction treatment: utility of diazepam administration. Author(s): Addolorato G, Caputo F, Capristo E, Bernardi M, Stefanini GF, Gasbarrini G. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1999 January-February; 22(1): 60-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10047936&dopt=Abstract
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A pragmatic and operational approach to the treatment and management of alcohol addiction. Author(s): Hayes RH. Source: J Ky Med Assoc. 1971 December; 69(12): 930-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5128820&dopt=Abstract
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A review of methods to induce alcohol addiction in animals. Author(s): Mello NK. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1973 January-February; 1(1): 89-101. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4204515&dopt=Abstract
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Acoustic evaluation of voice in individuals with alcohol addiction. Author(s): Niedzielska G, Pruszewicz A, Swidzinski P. Source: Folia Phoniatrica Et Logopaedica : Official Organ of the International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics (Ialp). 1994; 46(3): 115-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8019592&dopt=Abstract
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Alcohol addiction (alcoholism) and the opioid system. Author(s): Terenius L. Source: Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.). 1996 January-February; 13(1): 31-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8837931&dopt=Abstract
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Alcohol addiction and tetrahydropapaveroline. Author(s): Davis VE, Walsh MJ. Source: Science. 1970 September 11; 169(950): 1105-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5465179&dopt=Abstract
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Alcohol addiction and tetrahydropapaveroline. Author(s): Halushka PV, Hoffmann PC. Source: Science. 1970 September 11; 169(950): 1104-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5465178&dopt=Abstract
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Alcohol addiction of methamphetamine abusers in Japan. Author(s): Yamamura T, Hisida S, Hatake K. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1991 May; 36(3): 754-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1856644&dopt=Abstract
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Alcohol addiction research: from animal models to clinics. Author(s): Spanagel R. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 2003 August; 17(4): 507-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12828952&dopt=Abstract
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Alcohol addiction, porphyria, and mental disorders. Author(s): Badawy AA, Evans M. Source: Lancet. 1972 August 19; 2(7773): 374-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4114734&dopt=Abstract
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Alcohol addiction. Author(s): Benjafield JG, Rutter LF. Source: Lancet. 1972 August 12; 2(7772): 330. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4115059&dopt=Abstract
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Alcohol addiction. Author(s): Krengel B. Source: Lancet. 1972 July 29; 2(7770): 232. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4114241&dopt=Abstract
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Alcohol addiction. Identifying the patient who drinks. Part 1. Author(s): Mosier WA. Source: Jaapa. 1999 May; 12(5): 24-8, 31, 35-6 Passim. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10728075&dopt=Abstract
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Alcohol addiction. Intervention strategies that work. Part 2. Author(s): Mosier WA. Source: Jaapa. 1999 May; 12(5): 45-6, 49-50, 53-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10728076&dopt=Abstract
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Alcohol addiction: an enigma among us. Author(s): Tabakoff B, Hoffman PL. Source: Neuron. 1996 May; 16(5): 909-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8630248&dopt=Abstract
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Alcohol addiction: an update. Author(s): Babor TF. Source: Trans Assoc Life Insur Med Dir Am. 1988; 71: 253-69. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3369027&dopt=Abstract
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Alcohol addiction: are the endogenous opioids involved? Author(s): Tregear GW, Coghlan JP. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1981 April; 11(2): 118-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6268033&dopt=Abstract
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Alcohol addiction: evaluation of alcohol abstinence after a year of psycho-medicalsocial treatment. Author(s): Giuffredi C, Di Gennaro C, Montanari A, Barilli A, Vescovi PP. Source: Addiction Biology. 2003 June; 8(2): 219-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12850781&dopt=Abstract
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Alcohol addiction: the underwriting considerations. Author(s): Butz RH. Source: Trans Assoc Life Insur Med Dir Am. 1988; 71: 44-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3369028&dopt=Abstract
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Alcohol, amines, and alkaloids: a possible biochemical basis for alcohol addiction. Author(s): Davis VE, Walsh MJ. Source: Science. 1970 February 13; 167(920): 1005-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5460776&dopt=Abstract
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Apomorphine in the treatment of alcohol addiction: neuro-physiological and therapeutic aspects. Author(s): Feldmann HS. Source: Psychiatr J Univ Ott. 1983 March; 8(1): 30-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6346365&dopt=Abstract
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Attitudes towards drug and alcohol addiction: patients and staff. Author(s): Soverow G, Rosenberg CM, Ferneau E. Source: The British Journal of Addiction to Alcohol and Other Drugs. 1972 September; 67(3): 195-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4507261&dopt=Abstract
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Behavioral neurobiology of alcohol addiction: recent advances and challenges. Author(s): Weiss F, Porrino LJ. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2002 May 1; 22(9): 3332-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11978808&dopt=Abstract
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Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) in serum in women with early alcohol addiction. Author(s): Stibler H, Dahlgren L, Borg S. Source: Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.). 1988 September-October; 5(5): 393-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3219187&dopt=Abstract
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Cataracts, Dupuytren's contracture, and alcohol addiction. Author(s): Sabiston DW. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1973 December; 76(6): 1005-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4759838&dopt=Abstract
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Colour-blindness and alcohol addiction. Author(s): Cruz-Coke R. Source: Lancet. 1965 December 25; 2(7426): 1348. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4165325&dopt=Abstract
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Comorbid alcohol addiction increases aggression level in soldiers with combatrelated post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Zoricic Z, Karlovic D, Buljan D, Marusic S. Source: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. 2003; 57(3): 199-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12775294&dopt=Abstract
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Comorbid cigarette and alcohol addiction: epidemiology and treatment. Author(s): Miller NS, Gold MS. Source: Journal of Addictive Diseases : the Official Journal of the Asam, American Society of Addiction Medicine. 1998; 17(1): 55-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9549603&dopt=Abstract
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Consequences of alcohol addiction. Author(s): Miller NS. Source: Kans Med. 1989 December; 90(12): 339-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2699624&dopt=Abstract
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Desensitization and the treatment of alcohol addiction. Author(s): Kraft T, al-Issa I. Source: The British Journal of Addiction to Alcohol and Other Drugs. 1968 September; 63(1): 19-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5245940&dopt=Abstract
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Development of alcohol addiction in young men. Author(s): Hassall C. Source: Br J Prev Soc Med. 1969 February; 23(1): 40-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5251203&dopt=Abstract
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Dual therapy for alcohol addiction. Author(s): Little RB, Laveran-Stiebar RF, O'Brien WR. Source: Pa Med. 1976 January; 79(1): 47-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1246443&dopt=Abstract
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Early treatment of women with alcohol addiction (EWA): a comprehensive evaluation and outcome study. I. Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity at intake. Author(s): Haver B, Dahlgren L. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 1995 January; 90(1): 101-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7888968&dopt=Abstract
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Endogenous opioid systems and alcohol addiction. Author(s): Herz A. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1997 January; 129(2): 99-111. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9040115&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluatiing long-term outcomes of treatments for drug and alcohol addiction. Introduction. Author(s): Horton AM, McKay JR. Source: Evaluation Review. 2001 April; 25(2): 107-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11317713&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of anomy as a predisposing or developmental factor in alcohol addiction. Author(s): Kinsey BA, Phillips L. Source: Q J Stud Alcohol. 1968 December; 29(4): 892-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5705411&dopt=Abstract
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Formation of aberrant neurotransmitters and its implication for alcohol addiction and intoxication. Author(s): Alivisatos SG, Arora RC. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1975; 56: 255-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=238367&dopt=Abstract
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Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid efficacy, potential abuse, and dependence in the treatment of alcohol addiction. Author(s): Addolorato G, Caputo F, Capristo E, Stefanini GF, Gasbarrini G. Source: Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.). 2000 April; 20(3): 217-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10869862&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic determinants of alcohol addiction and metabolism: a survey in Italy. Author(s): Pastorelli R, Bardazzi G, Saieva C, Cerri A, Gestri D, Allamani A, Airoldi L, Palli D. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2001 February; 25(2): 221-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11236836&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic determinants of alcohol addiction. Author(s): Goodwin DW. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1975; 56: 339-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1096556&dopt=Abstract
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Heroin vs alcohol addiction--quantifiable psychosocial similarities and differences. Author(s): Dudley DL, Roszell DK, Mules JE, Hague WH. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1974 October; 18(5): 327-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4435704&dopt=Abstract
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Hypnosis in treatment of alcohol addiction. Controlled trial, with analysis of factors affecting outcome. Author(s): Edwards G. Source: Q J Stud Alcohol. 1966 June; 27(2): 221-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5963138&dopt=Abstract
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In search of a new pharmacological treatment for drug and alcohol addiction: Nmethyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists. Author(s): Bisaga A, Popik P. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2000 April 1; 59(1): 1-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10706971&dopt=Abstract
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Integration of generalized vulnerability to drug and alcohol addiction. Author(s): Miller NS, Guttman JC, Chawla S. Source: Journal of Addictive Diseases : the Official Journal of the Asam, American Society of Addiction Medicine. 1997; 16(4): 7-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9328806&dopt=Abstract
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Involvement of acetaldehyde in alcohol addiction. Author(s): McBride WJ, Li TK, Deitrich RA, Zimatkin S, Smith BR, Rodd-Henricks ZA. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2002 January; 26(1): 114-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11821661&dopt=Abstract
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Isoquinoline alkaloids as possible regulators of alcohol addiction. Author(s): Blum K, Hamilton MG, Meyer EK, Hirst M, Marshall A. Source: Lancet. 1977 April 9; 1(8015): 799-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=66592&dopt=Abstract
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Legal case briefs for nurses. N.Y.: suture scissors stabbing; CO.: alcohol addiction and proof. Author(s): Tammelleo AD. Source: Regan Rep Nurs Law. 1988 September; 29(4): 3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3187024&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Cataracts, Dupuytren's contracture, and alcohol addiction. Author(s): Drews RC, Sabiston DW. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1974 March; 77(3): 418. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4813316&dopt=Abstract
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Life change, its perception and alcohol addiction. Author(s): Mules JE, Hague WH, Dudley DL. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 1977 March; 38(3): 487-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=859333&dopt=Abstract
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Lithium salts in alcohol addiction therapy. Author(s): Ionescu R, Popescu C, Angelescu C, Enachescu C, Tudor S. Source: Neurol Psychiatr (Bucur). 1985 January-March; 23(1): 3-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3920750&dopt=Abstract
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Magnesium deficiency in alcohol addiction and withdrawal. Author(s): Shane SR, Flink EB. Source: Magnes Trace Elem. 1991-92; 10(2-4): 263-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1844558&dopt=Abstract
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Medicolegal aspects of treating drug and alcohol addiction. Author(s): Greenfield DP, Brown JA. Source: N J Med. 1993 November; 90(11): 839-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8272274&dopt=Abstract
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Medico-social consequences of alcohol addiction and the main lines of the struggle against alcoholism. Author(s): Kopyt NYa. Source: Sante Publique (Bucur). 1986 July-December; 29(3-4): 177-83. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3810400&dopt=Abstract
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Metronidazole in the treatment of alcohol addiction. A controlled trial. Author(s): Gelder MG, Edwards G. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1968 April; 114(509): 473-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4872149&dopt=Abstract
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Neurobiological processes in alcohol addiction. Author(s): Le AD, Kiianmaa K, Cunningham CL, Engel JA, Ericson M, Soderpalm B, Koob GF, Roberts AJ, Weiss F, Hyytia P, Janhunen S, Mikkola J, Backstrom P, Ponomarev I, Crabbe JC. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2001 May; 25(5 Suppl Isbra): 144S-151S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11391064&dopt=Abstract
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Neuropeptides and alcohol addiction in monkeys. Author(s): van Ree JM, Kornet M, Goosen C. Source: Exs. 1994; 71: 165-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8032147&dopt=Abstract
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NIDA-NIAAA workshop: efficacy of therapies in drug and alcohol addiction. Strategies for treatment of alcohol problems. Author(s): Allen JP, Litten RZ, Fertig JB. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1995; 31(4): 665-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8851638&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational health nursing in an alcohol addiction program. Author(s): Millsap M. Source: Nurs Clin North Am. 1972 March; 7(1): 121-32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4481426&dopt=Abstract
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Perinatal drug and alcohol addiction: the role of the primary care provider. Author(s): Donaldson PL. Source: Lippincott's Primary Care Practice. 2000 May-June; 4(3): 349-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11271133&dopt=Abstract
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Personality characteristics of women with alcohol addiction: a Rorschach study of women in an early treatment programme. Author(s): Bergman I, Haver B, Bergman H, Dahlgren L, Nielsen GH. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 1998 March; 39(1): 47-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9619132&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacological approaches to the management of alcohol addiction. Author(s): Addolorato G, Armuzzi A, Gasbarrini G, De Lorenzi G, Ancona C, Abenavoli L, Parente A, Leggio L, Capristo E, Greco AV, Janiri L, Pozzi G, Taranto C, Caputo F, Bernardi M, Stefanini GF, Foschi FG; Alcoholism Treatment Study Group. Source: Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2002 September-October; 6(5): 89-97. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12776801&dopt=Abstract
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Physical disease, hypochondria, and alcohol addiction in suicides committed by mental hospital patients. Author(s): Stenback A, Achte KA, Rimon RH. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1965 October; 111(479): 933-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5833605&dopt=Abstract
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Possible genetic predisposition for alcohol addiction. Author(s): Kojic T, Dojcinova A, Dojcinov D, Stojanovic O, Jakulic S, Susakovic N, Gligorovic V. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1977; 85A: 7-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=411348&dopt=Abstract
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Predicting new effective treatments of alcohol addiction on the basis of their properties of inhibition of noradrenergic activity and/or thromboxane or on the activation of the dopamine reward system and/or beta-endorphin. Author(s): Backon J. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1989 August; 29(4): 237-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2573815&dopt=Abstract
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Propranolol in alcohol addiction. Author(s): Tyrer P. Source: Lancet. 1972 September 30; 2(7779): 707. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4115838&dopt=Abstract
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Relapse determinants reported by men treated for alcohol addiction: the prominence of depressed mood. Author(s): Strowig AB. Source: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2000 December; 19(4): 469-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11166511&dopt=Abstract
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Sober comportment: patterns and perspectives on alcohol addiction. Author(s): Wiseman JP. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 1981 January; 42(1): 106-26. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7230808&dopt=Abstract
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Splenic function and alcohol addiction. Author(s): Corazza GR, Addolorato G, Biagi F, Caputo F, Castelli E, Stefanini GF, Gasbarrini G. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 1997 April; 21(2): 197-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9113252&dopt=Abstract
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Studies of the development of alcohol addiction in infant monkeys. Author(s): Mendelson JH, Mello NK. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1973 April 30; 215: 145-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4196888&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide risk associated with drug and alcohol addiction. Author(s): Miller NS, Giannini AJ, Gold MS. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 1992 September-October; 59(5): 535-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1361427&dopt=Abstract
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Teratologists, the fetal alcohol syndrome, and alcohol addiction: are we doing enough? Author(s): Brent RL. Source: Teratology. 1990 April; 41(4): 491-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2339327&dopt=Abstract
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The Cornell Medical Index as an adjunct to paraprofessional evaluation of alcohol addiction. Author(s): Dudley DL. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 1976 January; 37(1): 97-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2819&dopt=Abstract
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The integration of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments in drug/alcohol addiction. Author(s): Miller NS. Source: Journal of Addictive Diseases : the Official Journal of the Asam, American Society of Addiction Medicine. 1997; 16(4): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9328805&dopt=Abstract
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The role of uncontrollable trauma in the development of PTSD and alcohol addiction. Author(s): Volpicelli J, Balaraman G, Hahn J, Wallace H, Bux D. Source: Alcohol Research & Health : the Journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. 1999; 23(4): 256-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10890822&dopt=Abstract
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XXXIV. Sociocultural aspects of alcohol addiction. Author(s): Barry H 3rd. Source: Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis. 1968; 46: 455-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4881463&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ALCOHOL ADDICTION Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and alcohol addiction.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Alcohol Addiction The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “alcohol addiction” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
4
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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Alcohol Addiction
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “alcohol addiction” (or a synonym): ·
A case of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid withdrawal syndrome during alcohol addiction treatment: utility of diazepam administration. Author(s): Institute of Internal Medicine, Universita Cattolica, Rome, Italy. Source: Addolorato, G Caputo, F Capristo, E Bernardi, M Stefanini, G F Gasbarrini, G Clin-Neuropharmacol. 1999 Jan-February; 22(1): 60-2 0362-5664
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Control of alcohol addiction by SKV therapy--its action on water, food intake, brain function and cell membrane composition. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, India. Source: Prabakaran, K Ramanujam, K S Vasanthi, N Shanmugasundaram, K R Shanmugasundaram, E R Pharmacol-Res-Commun. 1988 February; 20(2): 99-116 00316989
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Endogenous opioid systems and alcohol addiction. Author(s): Department of Neuropharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Psychiatry, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany. Source: Herz, A Psychopharmacology-(Berl). 1997 January; 129(2): 99-111 0033-3158
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Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid efficacy, potential abuse, and dependence in the treatment of alcohol addiction. Author(s): Institute of Internal Medicine, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy. Source: Addolorato, G Caputo, F Capristo, E Stefanini, G F Gasbarrini, G Alcohol. 2000 Apr; 20(3): 217-22 0741-8329
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Magnesium deficiency in alcohol addiction and withdrawal. Author(s): Department of Medicine, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno. Source: Shane, S R Flink, E B Magnes-Trace-Elem. 1991-92; 10(2-4): 263-8 1015-3845
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Predicting new effective treatments of alcohol addiction on the basis of their properties of inhibition of noradrenergic activity and/or thromboxane or on the activation of the dopamine reward system and/or beta-endorphin. Author(s): Mount Pleasant Hospital Addiction Studies Foundation, Lynn, Massachusetts. Source: Backon, J Med-Hypotheses. 1989 August; 29(4): 237-9 0306-9877
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Striatal dopamine receptors and adenylyl cyclase activity in a rat model of alcohol addiction: effects of ethanol and lisuride treatment. Author(s): Institut fur Neuropsychopharmakologie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Germany. Source: May, T Wolf, U Wolffgramm, J J-Pharmacol-Exp-Ther. 1995 December; 275(3): 1195-203 0022-3565
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Tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids mimic direct but not receptor-mediated inhibitory effects of estrogens and phytoestrogens on testicular endocrine function. Possible significance for Leydig cell insufficiency in alcohol addiction. Author(s): Abteilung Physiologische Chemie, Universitat Ulm, F.R. Germany. Source: Stammel, W Thomas, H Staib, W Kuhn Velten, W N Life-Sci. 1991; 49(18): 131929 0024-3205
Nutrition
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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: ·
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: ·
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ALCOHOL ADDICTION Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to alcohol addiction. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to alcohol addiction and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “alcohol addiction” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to alcohol addiction: ·
A 48-week natural history follow-up of alcoholics who do and do not engage in limited drinking after treatment. Author(s): Watson CG, Hancock M, Malovrh P, Gearhart LP, Raden M. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1996 October; 184(10): 623-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8917160&dopt=Abstract
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A comparative evaluation of substance abuse treatment III. Examining mechanisms underlying patient-treatment matching hypotheses for 12-step and cognitivebehavioral treatments for substance abuse. Author(s): Ouimette PC, Finney JW, Gima K, Moos RH. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 1999 March; 23(3): 545-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10195831&dopt=Abstract
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Alcohol Addiction
The lived experiences of alcohol addiction: men of alcoholics anonymous. Author(s): Zakrzewski RF, Hector MA. Source: Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 2004 January-February; 25(1): 61-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14660317&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: ·
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.comÒ: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to alcohol addiction; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: ·
General Overview Alcohol Withdrawal Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Alternative Therapy Therapeutic Touch Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Writing Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
Alternative Medicine 43
Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,745,00.html
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ALCOHOL ADDICTION Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to alcohol addiction. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “alcohol addiction” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on alcohol addiction, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Alcohol Addiction ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to alcohol addiction. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: ·
A Qualitative Study of Gender Socialization and Alcohol Addiction in Women by Forth-Finegan, Jahn Grace Lewis, PhD from Syracuse University, 1991, 291 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9204504
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Alcohol Addiction in the Laboratory Rat Induced by Electrical Stimulation of the Lateral Hypothalamus by Amit, Zalman; AdvDeg from Mcgill University (canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK06990
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Alcohol Addiction: an Econometric Analysis by Shim, Kyumin, PhD from City University of New York, 1999, 95 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9917697
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An Empirical Analysis of Alcohol Addiction (Health Economics) by Sirtalan, Ismail, PhD from City University of New York, 1996, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9630508
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Associations between Previous Treatments for Alcohol Addiction and Chances for Success at O'Brien Halfway House, Inc., Baton Rouge, Louisiana by Humbles, Barbara A. Quillen, EDD from The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col., 1985, 182 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8526374
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Symptom Progression of Alcohol Addiction in Females and Correlates of Loss of Control over Drinking by Fortin, Mary Lynch, EDD from University of San Francisco, 1981, 159 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8121623
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Treatment of Drug and Alcohol Addiction within the Context of Christian Ministry by Kneen, Kermit Kyle, DMin from Drew University, 1995, 69 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9612558
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ALCOHOL ADDICTION Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “alcohol addiction” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on alcohol addiction, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Alcohol Addiction By performing a patent search focusing on alcohol addiction, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 5Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on alcohol addiction: ·
Loss of sialic acid from apolipoprotein j as an indicator of alcohol intake and/or alcohol related liver damage Inventor(s): Ghosh; Pradeep (Gaithersburg, MD), Hale; Eric Anthony (Baltimore, MD), Lakshman; Raj (Bethesda, MD) Assignee(s): Bioprobes, Inc. (gathersburg, Md) Patent Number: 6,498,038 Date filed: January 13, 2000 Abstract: Disclosed is a method for determining alcohol intake or alcohol induced liver damage in a subject by quantifying the content of sialic acid in apolipoprotein J (Apo J). In particular the present invention involves the steps of (a) providing a sample containing Apo J from a subject; (b) purifying the Apo J from the sample; (c) determining sialylation index, i.e., moles of sialic acid peer mole of Apo J in the sample; and (d) evaluating whether the sialylation index is an indication of alcohol intake or alcohol related liver damage recovery from alcohol addiction or alcohol relapse in the subject. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for detecting pathological and metabolic changes related to alcohol intake in an individual, and more particularly to a method for detecting alcohol intake and alcohol related liver damage by measuring the sialylation index of apolipoprotein J. There are about 10 million alcoholics in the United States. Alcoholic liver disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and in many other countries in the world. Ethanol is toxic to the liver. Thus, the persistent, excessive intake of ethanol can lead to a number of complications in the human body, including damage to liver cells and eventually, to cirrhosis of the liver. Profound changes in the concentration and composition of plasma lipids and lipoproteins occur at each stage of excessive alcohol intake and/or alcohol-induced liver injury. Ghosh, P. et al., "Long-Term Ethanol Exposure Impairs Glycosylation of Both N-and O-- Glycosylated Proteins in Rat Liver," Metabolism 44: 890-898 (1995). One of the main sites of ethanol attack is the glycosylation machinery of the liver. This deleterious action of ethanol manifests itself by altering specific activities of the sialylation and desialylation enzymes of the liver which results in either defective sialylation of proteins or increased hydrolysis of molecules that eventually result in the depletion of sialic acid residues from sialylomolecules. See Ghosh, P. et al., "Effects of Chronic Ethanol on Enzymes Regulating Sialylation and Desialylation of Transferrin in Rats," Alcoh. Clin. Exp. Res. 17: 576-579 (1993). Hepatocellular degeneration results in a variety of clinical symptoms ranging from a relatively asymptomatic enlargement of the liver to massive fatty infiltration. As the alcohol abuse continues, these degenerative processes manifest themselves into liver dysfunction, chronic inflammation, and structural distortion of cells leading to proliferation of fibrous tissue, and ultimately to cirrhosis and necrosis of the liver. Total hepatic failure and death may occur as a result of prolonged alcohol abuse in humans. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06498038__
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Method for treating drug and alcohol addiction Inventor(s): Viner; Norman (Ottawa, CA) Assignee(s): Synapse Pharmaceuticals International, Inc. (ottawa, Ca) Patent Number: 5,824,684 Date filed: February 21, 1997 Abstract: A method for treating treating drug and alcohol addiction comprising administering to a human suffering from such addiction an effective amount of an acetylcholine esterase reactivator. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a method for treatment of drug and alcohol addiction. Drug and alcohol addiction and/or abuse is extremely common. Addiction is generally defined as a state of periodic or chronic intoxication detrimental to the individual which results from repeated administration of the drug. The addicted individual is subject to significant symptoms of withdrawal upon attempting to cease use of the addictive substance (whether alcohol or drugs such as cocaine, heroine, or conventional painkillers). A number of medical therapies have been tried with differing success in the treatment of alcohol and drug addiction. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,786,653; 4,847,281; 4,919,916; 4,935,429; 4,942,182; 4,948,803; 4,956,391; 5,028,611; 5,051,426; 5,059,600; 5,075,341; 5,093,129; 5,102,913; 5,114,942; 5,130,338; 5,180,729; 5,185,329; 5,189,064; 5,223,497; 5,232,934; 5,397,782; 5,462,948; and 5,556,837. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05824684__
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Methods for preparing pharmaceutical compositions and using same to treat drug addiction Inventor(s): Bombardelli; Ezio (Milan, IT), Morazzoni; Paolo (Milan, IT) Assignee(s): Indena S.p.a. (milan, It) Patent Number: 5,904,923 Date filed: November 10, 1997 Abstract: The invention discloses to methods for preparing and using a lipophilic extract of the roots of Salvia miltiorrhyza Bunge for treating drug addiction. The Tanshinone IIA and Miltirone components of such lipophilic extracts are preferably used individually or in combination to treat drug addictions, and in particular, to treat alcohol addiction. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of alcohol addiction, characterized in that they contain--as the active principle--a purified lipophilic extract of Salvia miltiorrhyza Bunge. The invention also relates to a process for the preparation of the purified lipophilic extract of Salvia miltiorrhyza Bunge, and the extract thus obtained. Furthermore, the invention relates to the use of the pure active principles contained in this extract (Tanshinone IIA and Miltirone) in the treatment of alcohol addiction and to pharmaceutical compositions for said treatment which contain as the active principles Tanshinone IIA and/or Miltirone. The existing approaches for the treatment of alcoholism, in addition to those of a psychological nature (group therapy, etc.), consist in the use of drugs such as disulfiram and calcium carbamide which act on the metabolism of alcohol, inhibiting hepatic aldehyde-dehydrogenase and therefore raising the hematic levels of acetaldehyde, with all the undesiderable phenomena which occur each time ethanol is taken. According to
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the present state of the art, the sole plant whose derivatives have been used for the treatment of alcoholism is the Pueraria lobata (Radix puerarie), which is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine and forms the subject of Patent Application WO 93/00896. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05904923__ ·
Opioid diarylmethylpiperazines and piperdines Inventor(s): Boswell; Grady Evan (Cary, NC), Bubacz; Dulce Garrido (Cary, NC), Chang; Kwen-Jen (Chapel Hill, NC), Collins; Mark Allan (Raleigh, NC), Davis; Ann Otstot (Raleigh, NC), McNutt, Jr.; Robert Walton (Durham, NC) Assignee(s): Delta Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (chapel Hill, Nc) Patent Number: 5,658,908 Date filed: August 3, 1994 Abstract: Diarylmethylpiperazine compounds having utility as receptor-binding species, e.g., for mediating analgesia, and for combatting drug addiction, alcohol addiction, and drug overdose. The compounds may be administered orally, rectally, topically, nasally, ophthalmically, or parenterally (subcutaneously, intramuscularly, and intravenously), for veterinary and human use, and include delta receptor and mu receptor binding species. Excerpt(s): This application is a 371 of PCT/GB93/00216 filed Feb. 2, 1993. This invention relates generally to diarylmethyl piperazine and diarylmethyl piperidine compounds having utility as receptor-binding species, e.g., as conjugates in agonist/antagonist pairs for verifying/assaying receptor and neurotransmitter function. The compounds of the invention include benzhydryl piperazine compounds useful as mu and/or delta receptor opioid compounds mediating analgesia, as well as compounds having utility in combatting drug addiction, alcohol addiction, drug overdose, mental illness, urinary incontinence, cough, lung edema, diarrhea, depression, and cognitive, respiratory, and gastro-intestinal disorders. In the study of opioid biochemistry, a variety of endogenous opioid compounds and non-endogenous opioid compounds has been identified. In this effort, significant research has been focused on understanding the mechanism of opioid drug action, particularly as it relates to cellular and differentiated tissue opiate receptors. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05658908__
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Treatment of addiction to ethanol and addictive-related behavior Inventor(s): Ashby, Jr.; Charles R. (Miller Place, NY), Brodie; Jonathan D. (Cos Cob, CT), Dewey; Stephen L. (Manorville, NY) Assignee(s): Brookhaven Science Associates (upton, Ny) Patent Number: 6,323,239 Date filed: August 9, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides a highly efficient method for treating alcohol addiction and for changing addiction-related behavior of a mammal suffering from alcohol addiction. The method includes administering to a mammal an effective amount of gamma vinylGABA or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In one embodiment, the method of the present invention includes administering to the
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mammal an effective amount of a composition which increase central nervous system GABA levels wherein the effective amount is sufficient to diminish, inhibit or eliminate behavior associated with craving or use of alcohol. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the use of an irreversible inhibitor of GABAtransaminase for the treatment of substance addiction and modification of behavior associated with substance addiction. Substance addiction, such as drug abuse, and the resulting addiction-related behavior are enormous social and economic problems that continue to grow with devastating consequences. Substance addiction can occur by use of legal and illegal substances. Nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, ethanol, heroin, morphine and other addictive substances are readily available and routinely used by large segments of the United States population. Many drugs of abuse are naturally occurring. For example, cocaine is a naturally occurring nonamphetamine stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca plant, Erythroylon coca. Coca leaves contain only about one-half of one percent pure cocaine alkaloid. When chewed, only relatively modest amounts of cocaine are liberated, and gastrointestinal absorption is slow. Certainly, this explains why the practice of chewing coca leaves has never been a public health problem in Latin America. The situation changes sharply with the abuse of the alkaloid itself. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06323239__ ·
Treatments for nervous disorders Inventor(s): Hassan; Fred (Bridge Water, NJ), McCall; John Michael (Kalamazoo, MI), Taylor; Duncan Paul (Kalamazoo, MI), Von Voigtlander; Philip F. (Plainwell, MI), Wong; Erik Ho Fong (Portage, MI) Assignee(s): Pharmacia & Upjohn Company () Patent Number: 6,352,986 Date filed: May 5, 2000 Abstract: This patent application describes the treatment of Addictive Disorders, Psychoactive Substance Use Disorders, Intoxication disorders, Inhalation disorders, Alcohol addiction, Tobacco Addiction and or Nicotine Addiction; and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD); comprising administering a therapeutically effective, nontoxic dose of Reboxetine and derivatives and or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof to a patient. Excerpt(s): This invention describes new treatments for several nervous system disorders, including: Addictive Disorders, Psychoactive Substance Use Disorders, Nicotine Addiction or Tobacco Addiction resulting in Smoking Cessation and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The treatment involves the administration of the drug Reboxetine to a patient in need. The introduction of tricyclic antidepressants in the early 1960s has provided a major advance in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Reactive and endogenous depressions, diagnoses formerly carrying grave prognostic implications, have become, with the introduction of the tricyclics, manageable disorders with a much smaller toll on the patient and the society as a whole. Electroconvulsive Shock Therapy once the only efficacious treatment in spite of its highly invasive nature, has now become, thanks to tricyclics, an obsolete form of treatment in most Countries. The early tricyclic compounds were reuptake inhibitors of all the catecholamines released in the synaptic cleft, thus resulting in prolongation and enhancement of the dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-
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hydroxytryptamine=5-HT) action. Desipramine, for example, has been characterized as "one of the most studied of the tricyclic anti-depressants in ADHD children and adolescents." T. E. Wilens, et al. Am. J. Psychiatry 153:1147-1153, 1148 (1996). It has also been considered as a treatment for the disease in adults. Id. Unfortunately, a lack of selectivity for most tricyclics, including desipramine can also cause undesired side effects particularly on the acetylcholine (especially the muscarinic component), and histamine mediated neurotransmission. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06352986__ ·
Use of cotinine in treating psychiatric disorders Inventor(s): Rolf; David (Eden Prairie, MN) Assignee(s): Lectec Corporation (minnetonka, Mn) Patent Number: 5,889,029 Date filed: November 13, 1997 Abstract: Methods are provided for treating schizophrenia, Tourette's Syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder, substance abuse or substance addiction including drug or alcohol addiction, manic-depression syndrome, anexoria or bulimia comprising administering an amount of cotinine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which amount is effective to reduce or alleviate at least one of the symptoms of schizophrenia, Tourette's Syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder, substance abuse or substance addiction including drug or alcohol addiction, manic-depression syndrome, anexoria or bulimia in a human or other mammal. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to treatment of certain psychiatric disorders through the administration of cotinine or salts of cotinine. U.S. Pat. No. 3,870,794 describes the use of cotinine in reducing anger, hostility, irritability and frustration, fear and anxiety without general sedation effects. U.S. Pat. No. 5,187,169 describes the effectiveness of cotinine in treating Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's disease through its ability to bind to and hence cause activation of nicotinic cholinergic receptors of the brain of the patient while acting as a nicotinic agonist. Australian Patent 273715 describes the use of cotinine as an effective tranquilizer through its action as a muscle relaxant or antispasmodic and in lowering blood pressure. Cotinine has also been shown to assist in tobacco withdrawal (pending U.S. application Ser. Nos. 124,004 and 885,314) as well as in human body weight management (pending U.S. application Ser. No. 964,277) and as a therapeutic agent in treating inflammatory bowel disorder such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis in humans (pending U.S. application Ser. No. 08/405,607). It has not, however, been previously recognized that cotinine is also able to provide a therapeutic effect in psychiatric disorders such as obsessive-compulsive behavior, Tourette's Syndrome and schizophrenia which are characterized by irrational behavior or repetitive thoughts. In obsessive-compulsive behavior, the patient is under a compulsion to repeat irrational or inappropriate behavior patterns and/or thoughts, while in Tourette's Syndrome the patient has an uncontrollable compulsion to utter inappropriate sounds or words. Similarly, in schizophrenia, the patient has uncontrolled inappropriate or irrational thoughts, delusions or behavior patterns. Schizophrenia, of course, has other characteristics, primarily disorganized or impoverished speech or behavior, flattened affect and avolition, social withdrawal and diminished interest in school or work. While a number of pharmacological treatments have been used for these psychiatric disorders in recent years with a degree of success, no studies have reported the successful treatment of all subjects or the absence of unwanted side effects, e.g.,
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depression, drowsiness, sedation, tardive dyskinesia, agranulocytosis, and other problems. Consequently, a continuing need exists for pharmacological treatments that will alleviate or reduce obsessive-compulsive disorder, Tourette's Syndrome and schizophrenia. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05889029__
Patent Applications on Alcohol Addiction As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to alcohol addiction: ·
3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane derivatives useful in therapy Inventor(s): Banks, Bernard Joseph; (Kent, GB), Critcher, Douglas James; (Kent, GB), Fenwick, Ashley Edward; (Kent, GB), Gethin, David Morris; (Kent, GB), Gibson, Stephen Paul; (Kent, GB) Correspondence: Paul H. Ginsburg; Pfizer Inc; 20th Floor; 235 East 42nd Street; New York; NY; 10017-5755; US Patent Application Number: 20020025948 Date filed: June 18, 2001 Abstract: Compounds of formula I, 1where the substituents are as defined herein, and the pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable derivatives or prodrugs thereof, are pharmaceutically and veterinarily useful, in particular they bind to opiate receptors (e.g. mu, kappa and delta opioid receptors). They are likely to be useful in the treatment of diseases or conditions modulated by opiate receptors, for example irritable bowel syndrome; constipation; nausea; vomiting; pruritic dermatoses, such as allergic dermatitis and atopy; eating disorders; opiate overdoses; depression; smoking and alcohol addiction; sexual dysfunction; shock; stroke; spinal damage; and head trauma. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to pharmaceutically useful compounds, in particular compounds that bind to opiate receptors (e.g. mu, kappa and delta opioid receptors). Compounds that bind to such receptors are likely to be useful in the treatment of diseases modulated by opiate receptors, for example irritable bowel syndrome; constipation; nausea; vomiting; and pruritic dermatoses, such as allergic dermatitis and atopy in animals and humans. Compounds that bind to opiate receptors have also been indicated in the treatment of eating disorders, opiate overdoses, depression, smoking and alcohol addiction, sexual dysfunction, shock, stroke, spinal damage and head trauma. There is a particular need for an improved treatment of itching. Itching, or pruritus, is a common dermatological symptom that can give rise to considerable distress in both humans and animals. Pruritus is often associated with inflammatory skin diseases which may be caused by hypersensitivity reactions, including reactions to insect bites, such as flea bites, and to environmental allergens, such as house dust mite or pollen; by bacterial and fungal infections of the skin; or by ectoparasite infections. Existing treatments that have been employed in the treatment of pruritus include the use of corticosteroids and antihistamines. However, both of these treatments are known
6
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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to have undesirable side effects. Other therapies that have been employed include the use of essential fatty acid dietary supplements, though these have the disadvantages of being slow to act, and of offering only limited efficacy against allergic dermatitis. A variety of emollients such as soft paraffin, glycerine and lanolin are also employed, but with limited success. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Antidepressant azaheterocyclylmethyl derivatives of 1,4,5-trioxa-phenanthrene Inventor(s): Stack, Gary P.; (Ambler, PA), Tran, Megan; (Hoboken, NJ) Correspondence: Wyeth; Patent Law Group; Five Giralda Farms; Madison; NJ; 07940; US Patent Application Number: 20020193401 Date filed: April 25, 2002 Abstract: Compounds of the formula 1useful for the treatment of diseases such as depression (including but not limited to major depressive disorder, childhood depression and dysthymia), anxiety, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder attention deficit disorder (with and without hyperactivity), obsessive compulsive disorder (including trichotillomania), social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obesity, eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, vasomotor flushing, cocaine and alcohol addiction, sexual dysfunction and related illnesses. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from co-pending provisional application serial No. 60/287,448, filed Apr. 30, 2001, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Major depression is a serious health problem affecting more than 5% of the population, with a life-time prevalence of 15-20%. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have produced significant success in treating depression and related illnesses and have become among the most prescribed drugs. They nonetheless have a slow onset of action, often taking several weeks to produce their full therapeutic effect. Furthermore, they are effective in fewer than two-thirds of patients. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Compounds for the treatment of addictive disorders Inventor(s): Anderson, Richard W.; (Annandale, NJ), Marshall, Robert C.; (Mattawan, MI), McBrinn, Sylvia S.; (Stockton, NJ), Robertson, David W.; (Galesburg, MI) Correspondence: Marshall, O'toole, Gerstein, Murray & Borun; 6300 Sears Tower; 233 South Wacker Drive; Chicago; IL; 60606-6402; US Patent Application Number: 20020049206 Date filed: August 14, 2001 Abstract: The treatment of addictive disorders, psychoactive substance use disorders, intoxication disorders, inhalation disorders, alcohol addiction, tobacco addiction, and nicotine addiction using a heterocyclic amine, a phenylazacycloalkane, a cabergoline, or an aromatic bicyclic amine active agent, or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative or salt of any said active agent is described herein.
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Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the use of neuromuscular agents, and the pharmacologically acceptable salts thereof, for the treatment of, or improving symptoms of, several nervous system disorders. More particularly, the invention relates to treatment and improvement of symptoms related to addictive disorders, psychoactive substance use disorders, nicotine addiction, and tobacco addiction. Several classes of compounds have been described for the effective treatment and management of the diseases fibromyalgia (FMS) (or fibromyalgia syndrome) and Chronic Fatigue Immune Disorders Syndrome (CFIDS) or Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). More particularly, heterocyclic amine type compounds, phenylazacycloalkane type compounds, cabergoline and cabergoline-type compounds have been described for the effective treatment and management of these neuromuscular conditions. Heterocyclic amine compounds and methods of making the same are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,273,975, issued Dec. 28, 1993; U.S. Pat. No. 5,436,240, issued Jul. 25, 1995; U.S. Pat. No. 5,462,947, issued Oct. 31, 1995; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,594,024, issued Jan. 14, 1997. More particularly, the compounds and the processes for making those compounds, formulations and methods of preparing medicaments are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,273,975, issued Dec. 28, 1993; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,436,240, issued Jul. 25, 1995, also providing a generic description of compounds having use in the treatment of FMS and CFIDS. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Dopamine D4 ligands for the treatment of novelty-seeking disorders Inventor(s): Fliri, Antor F.; (Stonington, CT), Sanner, Mark A.; (Old Saybrook, CT), Seymour, Patricia A.; (Westerly, RI), Zorn, Stevin H.; (North Stonington, CT) Correspondence: Paul H. Ginsburg; Pfizer Inc; 20th Floor; 235 East 42nd Street; New York; NY; 10017-5755; US Patent Application Number: 20020049209 Date filed: July 26, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a method of treating or preventing a noveltyseeking disorder such as pathological gambling, attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity disorder, substance addiction, drug addiction, alcohol addiction and sex addiction. using a compound which is a dopamine D4 receptor ligand, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of treating or preventing a noveltyseeking disorder selected from pathological gambling, attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity disorder, substance addiction, such as drug addiction and alcohol addiction, and sex addiction, using a dopamine D4 ligand. It also relates to a method of treating or preventing such disorders in mammals by administering a pyrido[1,2a]pyrazine derivative, benzimidazole derivative, bicyclic compound, spirocyclic benzo furan derivative, indole derivative or a related compound that is a dopamine D4 receptor ligand. It has been determined that dopamine D4 receptors are related to various behavioral and personality disorders including novelty seeking disorders (See, e.g., Tarazi et al., Mol. Psychiatry, 4, 529-538(1999). The trait of novelty seeking was found to be related to dopaminergic activity in alcoholic men (Wiesbeck et al., Psychoneuroendocrinology, 20, 7(1999)). A large Finnish study provides support for an association between the D4 receptor gene (DRD4) and the behavioral trait of novelty seeking (Ekelund et al., Am. J. Psychiatry, 156, 1453-5 (1999)). Recent evidence has accumulated which supports a clinical linkage between attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity disorder, which has been associated with the novelty seeking trait, and
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dopamine receptor expression (see, e.g., Tarazi et al., supra; Anderson et al., Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Rev., 24, 137-41 (2000)) and dopamine transporter gene expression (see, e.g., Dougherty et al., The Lancet, 354, 2132-2133 (1999)). Further evidence has been found for an association between the D4 gene and a susceptibility to pathological gambling (Comings, CNS Spectr., 3, 20-37 (1998)) and a susceptibility to opioid addiction and substance abuse (Kotler et al., Mol. Psychiatry, 2, 251-254 (1997)). The following references refer, collectively, to pyrido[1,2a]pyrazine derivatives, benzimidazole derivatives, bicyclic compounds, spirocyclic benzofuran derivatives, indole derivatives or related compounds that exhibit activity as dopamine D4 receptor ligands: U.S. Pat. No. 5,852,031, issued on Dec. 22, 1998; U.S. Pat. No. 5,883,094, issued on Mar. 16, 1999; U.S. Pat. No. 5,889,010, issued on Mar. 30, 1999; PCT International Application PCT/IB97/00978, published as WO98/08835 on Mar. 5, 1998; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 5,877,317 issued on Mar. 2, 1999; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 5,021,420, issued on Jun. 4, 1991; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 5,633,376, issued on May 27, 1997; U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 5,432,177, issued on Nov. 9, 1994; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 5,622,950, issued on Apr. 22, 1997, PCT International Application No. PCT/EP93/01438, published as WO94/00458 on Jan. 6, 1994; PCT International Application No. PCT/IB98/01198, published as WO99/09025 on Feb. 25, 1999; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 5,998,414, issued on Dec. 7, 1999; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 5,968,478, issued on Oct. 19, 1999; U.s. patent application Ser. No. 6,040,448, issued on Mar. 21, 2000; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 6,051,605, issued on Apr. 18, 2000; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 5,945,421, issued on Aug. 31, 1999; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 5,798,350, issued on Aug. 25, 1998. All of the foregoing PCT International Applications designate the United States. The foregoing patents and patent applications are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Enantiomerically pure opioid diarylmethylpiperzine and methods of using same Inventor(s): Chang, Kwen-Jen; (Chapel Hill, NC) Correspondence: Intellectual Property / Technology Law; PO Box 14329; Research Triangle Park; NC; 27709; US Patent Application Number: 20030114462 Date filed: September 25, 2002 Abstract: (-)3-((S)-((2S,5R)-4-Allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)(3-thienyl)methyl)ph- enol and pharmaceutically acceptable esters or salts thereof, in essentially enantiomerically pure form have utility as receptor-binding species, e.g., as therapeutic agents for mediating analgesia; as co-administered agents with various other bioactive compositions, including anesthetics, barbiturates, analgesics, etc., for reducing, treating, reversing or preventing drug-mediated respiratory depression that may be directly or indirectly caused by use of such various bioactive compositions; as a conjugate in agonist/antagonist pairs for verifying/assaying receptor and neurotransmitter function; and as a therapeutic agent having utility in combating drug addiction, cardiac disorders, alcohol addiction, drug overdose, cough, lung edema, diarrhea, respiratory, and gastrointestinal disorders. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel, essentially enantiomerically pure diarylmethylpiperazine compound having utility as a receptor-binding species, e.g., as a mu and/or delta receptor opioid compound mediating analgesia; as a therapeutic agent for co-administration with various other bioactive compositions, including anesthetics,
Patents 57
barbiturates, analgesics, etc. for reducing, treating, reversing or preventing drugmediated respiratory depression that may be directly or indirectly caused by use of such various bioactive compositions; as a conjugate in agonist/antagonist pairing for verifying/assaying receptor and neurotransmitter function; and as a therapeutic agent having utility in combating drug addiction, alcohol addiction, cardiac disorders, drug overdose, mental illness, cough, lung edema, diarrhea, respiratory, and gastro-intestinal disorders. In the study of opioid biochemistry, a variety of endogenous opioid compounds and non-endogenous opioid compounds has been identified. In this effort, significant research has been focused on understanding the mechanism of opioid drug action, particularly as it relates to cellular and differentiated tissue opiate receptors. Opioid drugs typically are classified by their binding selectivity in respect of the cellular and differentiated tissue receptors to which a specific drug species binds as a ligand. These receptors include mu (.mu.), delta (.delta.), sigma (.pi.) and kappa (.kappa.) receptors. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Use of pramipexole for the treatment of addictive disorders Inventor(s): Marshall, Robert Clyde; (Mattawan, MI), Voigtlander, Philip F. Von; (Plainwell, MI), Wong, Erik Ho Fong; (Portage, MI) Correspondence: Austin W. Zhang; Pharmacia & Upjohn Company; Global Intellectual Property; 301 Henrietta Street; Kalamazoo; MI; 49001; US Patent Application Number: 20010041727 Date filed: February 14, 2001 Abstract: This patent application describes the treatment addictive disorders, psychoactive substance use disorders, intoxication disorders, inhalation disorders, alcohol addiction, tobacco addiction and or nicotine addiction comprising administering a therapeutically effective, nontoxic dose of pramipexole and derivatives and or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof to a patient. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of the following provisional application: U.S. Ser. No. 60/184,242, filed Feb. 23, 2000 under 35 USC 119(e)(i). The present invention relates to the use of pramipexole or 2-amino-6-npropylamino-4,5,6,7tetrahydrobenzo-thiazole or the (-)-enantiomers thereof, and the pharmacologically acceptable salts thereof, for the treatment of several nervous system disorders, including: Addictive Disorders, Psychoactive Substance Use Disorders, Nicotine Addiction or Tobacco Addiction resulting in Smoking Cessation. Pramipexole is a dopamine-D.sub.3/D.sub.2 agonist the synthesis of which is described in European Patent 186 087 and its counterpart, U.S. Pat. No. 4,886,812. It is known primarily for the treatment of schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. German patent application DE 38 43 227 suggests pramipexole lowers the plasma level of prolactin. The English abstract of this case states that among the numerous pitutary gland related disorders that may be treated with pramipexole, it might be useful to treat illnesses caused by DA receptor blockage or DA secretion inhibition caused by medicaments. Further, it is known from German patent application DE 39 33 738 that pramipexole can be used to decrease abnormal high levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). U.S. Pat. No. 5,112,842 discloses the transdermal administration of the compounds and transdermal systems containing these active compounds. The WO patent application PCT/EP 93/03389 describes pramipexole as an antidepressant agent. PCT application PCT/US95/15618
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discloses neuroprotective effects of pramipexole. U.S. Pat. No. 5,001,861 describes the use of pramipexole for the treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with alcohol addiction, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “alcohol addiction” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on alcohol addiction. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning alcohol addiction. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ALCOHOL ADDICTION Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to alcohol addiction. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on alcohol addiction include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “alcohol addiction” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on alcohol addiction: ·
Disability Workbook for Social Security Applicants, Fifth Edition Source: Arnold, MD: Physicians' Disability Services, Inc. 2000. 152 p. Contact: Available from Lupus Foundation of America. 1300 Piccard Drive, Suite 200, Rockville, MD 20850-4303. (800) 558-0121 or (301) 670-9292. Fax (301) 670-9486. Website: www.lupus.org/lupus. PRICE: $19.95. ISBN 1878140116. Summary: This handbook provides disabled workers with information on applying for Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) benefits. The handbook is also useful for disabled adults claiming Supplemental Security Income. Chapter 1 explains where to apply for SSDI benefits and how long the approval process takes. Chapter 2 deals with proving a disability, focusing on what the evidence must prove and steps involved in the conventional and prototype claims and appeals processes. Chapter 3 examines the role of the Social Security Administration (SSA), the claimant, and the claimant's doctor
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in the disability claims process. Chapter 4 offers practical hints on increasing the probability of winning a disability claim, including applying promptly, applying in person if possible, keeping records, having complete information when filling out SSA forms, organizing information effectively, and appealing unfavorable decisions. Chapter 5 explains the process of appealing an unfavorable decision. Chapter 6 focuses on obtaining professional assistance from lawyers and members of Congress in handling disability claims. In addition, the workbook presents a glossary of terms; provides worksheets that identify key disability information that SSA needs; lists selected Disability Determination Services addresses; answers frequently asked questions; explains how to use SSA notices; discusses disability involving drug or alcohol addiction, managing an award, and dealing with a claim in a disability redesign prototype state; and offers two SSA booklets. 4 figures and 16 references.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in PrintÒ). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “alcohol addiction” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “alcohol addiction” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “alcohol addiction” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): ·
Alcohol Addiction and Chronic Alcoholism by Research Council on Problems of Alcohol. Scientific Committee.; ISBN: 0405135939; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0405135939/icongroupinterna
·
Comprehensive Handbook of Drug and Alcohol Addiction by Norman S. Miller (Editor); ISBN: 082478474X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/082478474X/icongroupinterna
·
From Darkness to Light: An Inspiring Story of One Man's 25 Year Struggle and Victory over Drug and Alcohol Addiction by Randy Riggs; ISBN: 1410767973; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1410767973/icongroupinterna
·
God's Linchpin: The Solution to Alcohol Addiction by William Macdowell; ISBN: 1588205630; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1588205630/icongroupinterna
·
I'm Free: Reaching Your Innder Desire to Free Yourself from Tobacco, Drugs, and Alcohol Addictions Forever! by Ervin, Rev. Dixon; ISBN: 0805942963; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0805942963/icongroupinterna
·
Pharmacological Therapies for Drug and Alcohol Addictions by Norman S. Miller, Mark S. Gold (Editor); ISBN: 0824789792; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824789792/icongroupinterna
·
Substance Abuse Disorders: A focus on the smoking cessation and alcohol addiction markets [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Datamonitor (Author); ISBN: B00008R3P3; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00008R3P3/icongroupinterna
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·
The "fixation factor" in alcohol addiction : an hypothesis derived from a comparative study of Irish and Jewish social norms by Robert Freed Bales; ISBN: 0405129483; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0405129483/icongroupinterna
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The Getting Well Machine: Alcohol Addiction: The Disorder of Pleasure by Robert F. Stuckey; ISBN: 1880447010; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1880447010/icongroupinterna
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The Integration of Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Treatments in Drug/Alcohol Addictions by Norman S. Miller (Editor); ISBN: 0789003759; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789003759/icongroupinterna
·
The Neurobiology of Drug and Alcohol Addiction (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol 654) by Peter W. Kalivas, Herman H. Samson (Editor); ISBN: 0897667123; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0897667123/icongroupinterna
·
When a Family is in Trouble: Children Can Cope with Grief from Drug and Alcohol Addiction by Marge Eaton Heegaard; ISBN: 096205027X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/096205027X/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Alcohol Addiction In order to find chapters that specifically relate to alcohol addiction, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and alcohol addiction using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “alcohol addiction” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on alcohol addiction: ·
Deafness and Alcohol Abuse Source: in Lala, F.J.J., Jr. Counseling the Deaf Substance Abuser. Chicago, IL: Adams Press. 1998. p. 76-138. Contact: Available from Midas Management Company. P.O. Box 27740, Las Vegas, NV 89126-1740. PRICE: $28.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0966375300. Summary: This chapter on deafness and alcohol abuse is from a book intended to focus attention on the problem of substance abuse in the Deaf community. It attempts to help people affected by addiction, and provide preventive information and incentives to preclude the development of alcoholism and substance abuse in the next generation. Originally published as the author's dissertation, the book states that up to 35 percent of people with significant hearing impairment have abused substances, including alcohol. This is almost double the estimated rate of comparable abuse among people who do not have impaired hearing. This chapter presents a broad overview on alcoholism as it relates to deafness. The author discusses basic information about alcoholism; reviews both short and long term physical, mental, emotional, and social effects of alcohol abuse; outlines current thought regarding the etiology and epidemiology of alcoholism, including predisposing influences, such as genetics; discusses sociocultural and psychological interweaving factors which can contribute to or maintain alcohol abuse;
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and provides a listing of some variables that may influence an individual's willingness to seek treatment for alcohol addiction. 2 tables. ·
Adjusting Source: Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1991. 20 p. Contact: Available from Harvard University Press. 79 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138-9983. (617) 495-2577 or (617) 495-2480. PRICE: $24.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 067464235X. Summary: This chapter, from a patient education book about organ transplantation, discusses the psychological issues surrounding transplantation. Topics include psychological guidelines for transplant candidacy; the evaluation process; the issue of medical compliance; the role of drug or alcohol addiction or depressive disorders in patient compliance; coping with uncertainty and waiting; psychological problems that can be attributed to failing health; the role of support groups for both the patient and his or her family; the act of organ donation and its impact on the donor's family; the symptoms of anxiety and depression and how they can be treated; the process of recovery, both physical and emotional; dealing with the emotional ups and downs; living everyday with the transplant; the psychological side-effects of some drugs, including cyclosporine, and prednisone; body image issues; and the decision of dialysis versus transplant for the patient with severe kidney disease. The chapter presents detailed medical information about these topics in clear, easy-to-understand language designed for the layperson.
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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON ALCOHOL ADDICTION Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on alcohol addiction. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “alcohol addiction” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on alcohol addiction: ·
Substance Use/Multiple Diagnosis. National Conference on Women and AIDS/HIV Infection; Washington, D.C., December 13-14, 1990 Contact: Triad Media Group, PO Box 778, Frederick, MD, 21701, (301) 663-1471. Summary: This sound recording is a presentation from the National Conference on Women and AIDS/HIV Infection held December 13-14, 1990, in Washington, D.C. It examines the relationship between substance abuse and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and alcohol and drug abuse go hand-in-hand, according to the first speaker. Addiction is inherited, and the families it afflicts are dysfunctional. Women in such families need multiple, systemic, and comprehensive support services and treatment. The second speaker discusses results of antibody tests on women who came to an alcohol detoxification center. The seropositive rate was much higher than normal. Since alcohol abuse can cause liver damage, it may also prevent individuals from being treated with certain drugs which can also adversely affect liver function. Relapse after treatment for alcohol addiction and fetal alcohol syndrome are two other major problems. The third speaker describes HIV-brain disease, or dementia, and lists several other factors which may
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affect a patient's mental state. These are opportunistic infections which may affect the brain, medication side effects, and drug interactions. A good client history is useful to distinguish the cause of the problem. The fourth speaker explains the types of mental disorders common to substance abusers, the stages of addiction treatment and interventions necessary in each one, and the need for suicidal assessment and support groups.
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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ALCOHOL ADDICTION Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover alcohol addiction.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on alcohol addiction is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing.
PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “alcohol addiction” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance.
Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to alcohol addiction. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “alcohol addiction” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for alcohol addiction: ·
Alkermes' once-monthly alcohol addiction drug enters phase III Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 01, 2002
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·
One in 20 have alcohol addiction in UK Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 10, 2000
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Young drinkers at increased risk for alcohol addiction Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 10, 2000
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Role of NMDA receptors in alcohol addiction confirmed in mice Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 16, 2000
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Epilepsy drug may help heroin, alcohol addiction Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 25, 1999
The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine.
Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.
Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “alcohol addiction” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.
Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “alcohol addiction” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to alcohol addiction, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as
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http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.
BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “alcohol addiction” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Alcohol Addiction Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to alcohol addiction. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering alcohol addiction that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
71
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: ·
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
·
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
·
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
7
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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·
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
·
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 ·
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
·
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
·
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
·
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
8 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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·
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “alcohol addiction” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 47371 3689 996 124 134 52314
HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “alcohol addiction” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
10
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
11
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 12 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 13 14
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: ·
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
·
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
15 Adapted from 16
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on alcohol addiction can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to alcohol addiction. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly.
The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below.
Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to alcohol addiction. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “alcohol addiction”:
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Other guides Alcohol and Youth http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alcoholandyouth.html Alcohol Consumption http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alcoholconsumption.html Alcoholism http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alcoholism.html Fetal Alcohol Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fetalalcoholsyndrome.html Pregnancy and Substance Abuse http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pregnancyandsubstanceabuse.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search.
The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to alcohol addiction. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.
Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: ·
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
·
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
·
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
·
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
·
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
·
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
Patient Resources
·
79
WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to alcohol addiction. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with alcohol addiction.
The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about alcohol addiction. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.
Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “alcohol addiction” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information.
The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “alcohol addiction”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “alcohol addiction” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “alcohol addiction” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
18
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: ·
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
·
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
·
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
·
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
·
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
·
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
·
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
·
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
·
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
19
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
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·
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
·
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
·
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
·
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
·
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
·
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
·
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
·
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
·
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
·
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
·
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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·
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
·
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
·
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
·
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
·
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
·
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
·
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
·
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
·
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
·
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
·
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
·
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
·
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
·
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
·
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
·
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
·
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
·
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
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·
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
·
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
·
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
·
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
·
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
·
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
·
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
·
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
·
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
·
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
·
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
·
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
·
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
·
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
·
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
·
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
·
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
·
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
·
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
·
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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·
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
·
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
·
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
·
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
87
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: ·
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
·
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
·
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
·
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
·
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
·
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
·
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: ·
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
·
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
·
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
·
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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ALCOHOL ADDICTION DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Acatalasia: A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the absence of catalase activity. Though usually asymptomatic, a syndrome of oral ulcerations and gangrene may be present. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acupuncture Therapy: Treatment of disease by inserting needles along specific pathways or meridians. The placement varies with the disease being treated. Heat or moxibustion and acupressure may be used in conjunction. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU]
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Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Affinity Chromatography: In affinity chromatography, a ligand attached to a column binds specifically to the molecule to be purified. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agranulocytosis: A decrease in the number of granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils). [NIH] Alcohol Drinking: Behaviors associated with the ingesting of alcoholic beverages, including social drinking. [NIH] Aldehyde Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that oxidizes an aldehyde in the presence of NAD+ and water to an acid and NADH. EC 1.2.1.3. Before 1978, it was classified as EC 1.1.1.70. [NIH]
Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alum: A type of immune adjuvant (a substance used to help boost the immune response to a vaccine). Also called aluminum sulfate. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH]
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Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]
Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory
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and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anorexia Nervosa: The chief symptoms are inability to eat, weight loss, and amenorrhea. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticonvulsants: Drugs used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Anti-Dyskinesia Agents: Drugs used in the treatment of movement disorders. Most of these act centrally on dopaminergic or cholinergic systems. Among the most important clinically are those used for the treatment of Parkinson disease (antiparkinson agents) and those for the tardive dyskinesias. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH]
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Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Barbiturates: A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. Many of these are medically important as sedatives and hypnotics (sedatives, barbiturate), as anesthetics, or as anticonvulsants. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Beta-Endorphin: A peptide consisting of amino acid sequence 61-91 of the endogenous pituitary hormone beta-lipotropin. The first four amino acids show a common tetrapeptide sequence with methionine- and leucine enkephalin. The compound shows opiate-like activity. Injection of beta-endorphin induces a profound analgesia of the whole body for several hours. This action is reversed after administration of naloxone. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of
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fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]
Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Image: Individuals' personal concept of their bodies as objects in and bound by space, independently and apart from all other objects. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or
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animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bulimia: Episodic binge eating. The episodes may be associated with the fear of not being able to stop eating, depressed mood, or self-deprecating thoughts (binge-eating disorder) and may frequently be terminated by self-induced vomiting (bulimia nervosa). [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Signaling: Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins. [NIH]
Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Catalase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in acatalasia. EC 1.11.1.6. [NIH] Catalyse: To speed up a chemical reaction. [EU] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Caudate Nucleus: Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH]
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Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. [NIH]
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Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compulsion: In psychology, an irresistible urge, sometimes amounting to obsession to perform a particular act which usually is carried out against the performer's will or better judgment. [NIH] Compulsive Behavior: The behavior of performing an act persistently and repetitively without it leading to reward or pleasure. The act is usually a small, circumscribed behavior, almost ritualistic, yet not pathologically disturbing. Examples of compulsive behavior include twirling of hair, checking something constantly, not wanting pennies in change, straightening tilted pictures, etc. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH]
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Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Continuum: An area over which the vegetation or animal population is of constantly changing composition so that homogeneous, separate communities cannot be distinguished. [NIH]
Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contracture: A condition of fixed high resistance to passive stretch of a muscle, resulting from fibrosis of the tissues supporting the muscles or the joints, or from disorders of the muscle fibres. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone: A neuropeptide released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary gland. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cotinine: 1-Methyl-5-(3-pyridyl)-2-pyrrolidinone antidepressant. Synonym: Scotine. [NIH]
fumarate.
Stimulant
proposed
as
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Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Curare: Plant extracts from several species, including Strychnos toxifera, S. castelnaei, S. crevauxii, and Chondodendron tomentosum, that produce paralysis of skeletal muscle and are used adjunctively with general anesthesia. These extracts are toxic and must be used with the administration of artificial respiration. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Depersonalization: Alteration in the perception of the self so that the usual sense of one's own reality is lost, manifested in a sense of unreality or self-estrangement, in changes of body image, or in a feeling that one does not control his own actions and speech; seen in
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depersonalization disorder, schizophrenic disorders, and schizotypal personality disorder. Some do not draw a distinction between depersonalization and derealization, using depersonalization to include both. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Derealization: Is characterized by the loss of the sense of reality concerning one's surroundings. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatologic Agents: Drugs used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin. [NIH] Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholingeric activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration
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in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Disulfiram: A carbamate derivative used as an alcohol deterrent. It is a relatively nontoxic substance when administered alone, but markedly alters the intermediary metabolism of alcohol. When alcohol is ingested after administration of disulfiram, blood acetaldehyde concentrations are increased, followed by flushing, systemic vasodilation, respiratory difficulties, nausea, hypotension, and other symptoms (acetaldehyde syndrome). It acts by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase. [NIH] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drinking Behavior: Behaviors associated with the ingesting of water and other liquids; includes rhythmic patterns of drinking (time intervals - onset and duration), frequency and satiety. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Drug Toxicity: Manifestations of the adverse effects of drugs administered therapeutically or in the course of diagnostic techniques. It does not include accidental or intentional poisoning for which specific headings are available. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most
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commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enkephalin: A natural opiate painkiller, in the hypothalamus. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most
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species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Escalation: Progressive use of more harmful drugs. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A disorder occurring in children born to alcoholic women who continue to drink heavily during pregnancy. Common abnormalities are growth deficiency (prenatal and postnatal), altered morphogenesis, mental deficiency, and characteristic facies - small eyes and flattened nasal bridge. Fine motor dysfunction and tremulousness are observed in the newborn. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and
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(2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flushing: A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process. [NIH] Focus Groups: A method of data collection and a qualitative research tool in which a small group of individuals are brought together and allowed to interact in a discussion of their opinions about topics, issues, or questions. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Gliosis: The production of a dense fibrous network of neuroglia; includes astrocytosis, which is a proliferation of astrocytes in the area of a degenerative lesion. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to
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other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Health Education: Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis. [NIH] Health Fairs: Community health education events focused on prevention of disease and promotion of health through audiovisual exhibits. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatotoxic: Toxic to liver cells. [EU] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small
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intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypersensitivity, Immediate: Hypersensitivity reactions which occur within minutes of exposure to challenging antigen due to the release of histamine which follows the antigenantibody reaction and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]
Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH]
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Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques.
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[EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lanolin: A yellow fat obtained from sheep's wool. It is used as an emollient, cosmetic, and pharmaceutic aid. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH]
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Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors, may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors. It has been used in parkinsonism but it may be hepatotoxic. It is commonly used as a research tool. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Local Government: Smallest political subdivisions within a country at which general governmental functions are carried-out. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and
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store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental deficiency: A condition of arrested or incomplete development of mind from inherent causes or induced by disease or injury. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Health Services: Organized services to provide mental health care. [NIH] Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to dextroamphetamine. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH]
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Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]
Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]
Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Muscle tension: A force in a material tending to produce extension; the state of being stretched. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH]
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Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. [NIH] Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of naloxone. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroglia: The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They are divided into macroglia (astrocytes, oligodendroglia, and schwann cells) and microglia. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the blood-brain and blood-retina barriers, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Agents: Drugs used for their actions on skeletal muscle. Included are agents that act directly on skeletal muscle, those that alter neuromuscular transmission (neuromuscular blocking agents), and drugs that act centrally as skeletal muscle relaxants (central muscle relaxants). Drugs used in the treatment of movement disorders are antidyskinesia agents. [NIH] Neuromuscular Blocking Agents: Drugs that interrupt transmission of nerve impulses at the skeletal neuromuscular junction. They can be of two types, competitive, stabilizing blockers (neuromuscular nondepolarizing agents) or noncompetitive, depolarizing agents (neuromuscular depolarizing agents). Both prevent acetylcholine from triggering the muscle contraction and they are used as anesthesia adjuvants, as relaxants during electroshock, in convulsive states, etc. [NIH] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH]
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Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neurotensin: A biologically active tridecapeptide isolated from the hypothalamus. It has been shown to induce hypotension in the rat, to stimulate contraction of guinea pig ileum and rat uterus, and to cause relaxation of rat duodenum. There is also evidence that it acts as both a peripheral and a central nervous system neurotransmitter. [NIH] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]
Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Noel: The highest dose level of a chemical that, in a given toxicity test, causes no observable adverse effect in the test animals. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus Accumbens: Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the so-called ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia. [NIH]
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Observational study: An epidemiologic study that does not involve any intervention, experimental or otherwise. Such a study may be one in which nature is allowed to take its course, with changes in one characteristic being studied in relation to changes in other characteristics. Analytical epidemiologic methods, such as case-control and cohort study designs, are properly called observational epidemiology because the investigator is observing without intervention other than to record, classify, count, and statistically analyze results. [NIH] Obsession: A recurrent, persistent thought, image, or impulse that is unwanted and distressing (ego-dystonic) and comes involuntarily to mind despite attempts to ignore or suppress it. Common obsessions involve thoughts of violence, contamination, and selfdoubt. [EU] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]
Organ Transplantation: Transference of an organ between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Overexpress: An excess of a particular protein on the surface of a cell. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress,
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1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical antiinflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology. [NIH] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Patient Compliance: Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Personality Disorders: A major deviation from normal patterns of behavior. [NIH]
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Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phobias: An exaggerated and invariably pathological dread of some specific type of stimulus or situation. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Pleomorphic: Occurring in various distinct forms. In terms of cells, having variation in the size and shape of cells or their nuclei. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH]
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Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Porphyria: A group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of porphyrins or their precursors that arises from abnormalities in the regulation of the porphyrin-heme pathway. The porphyrias are usually divided into three broad groups, erythropoietic, hepatic, and erythrohepatic, according to the major sites of abnormal porphyrin synthesis. [NIH]
Porphyrins: A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Post-synaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Post-traumatic stress disorder: A psychological disorder that develops in some individuals after a major traumatic experience such as war, rape, domestic violence, or accident. [NIH] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Prefrontal Cortex: The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the diencephalon, mesencephalon, and limbic system as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin. [NIH]
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Pregnancy Maintenance: Physiological mechanisms that sustain the state of pregnancy. [NIH]
Premenstrual: Occurring before menstruation. [EU] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU]
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Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychotomimetic: Psychosis miming. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Rape: Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim. [NIH] Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until the organism responds. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflective: Capable of throwing back light, images, sound waves : reflecting. [EU] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH]
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Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Paralysis: Complete or severe weakness of the muscles of respiration. This condition may be associated with motor neuron diseases; peripheral nerve disorders; neuromuscular junction diseases; spinal cord diseases; injury to the phrenic nerve; and other disorders. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Satellite: Applied to a vein which closely accompanies an artery for some distance; in cytogenetics, a chromosomal agent separated by a secondary constriction from the main body of the chromosome. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Second Messenger Systems: Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl
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cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Sedatives, Barbiturate: Those derivatives of barbituric or thiobarbituric acid that are used as hypnotics or sedatives. The structural class of all such derivatives, regardless of use, is barbiturates. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Self Administration: Administration of a drug or chemical by the individual under the direction of a physician. It includes administration clinically or experimentally, by human or animal. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH]
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Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
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Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Striatum: A higher brain's domain thus called because of its stripes. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU]
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Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Taurine: 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid. A conditionally essential nutrient, important during mammalian development. It is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids. [NIH] Telencephalon: Paired anteriolateral evaginations of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis. The cerebral hemispheres are derived from it. Many authors consider cerebrum a synonymous term to telencephalon, though a minority include diencephalon as part of the cerebrum (Anthoney, 1994). [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Tetrahydropapaveroline: A leukomaine (animal alkaloid) formed in brain and liver from dopamine and L-dopa; it may be implicated in psychiatric problems. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]
Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH]
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Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transaminase: Aminotransferase (= a subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyse the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxal-phosphate-proteins. [EU]
Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trichotillomania: Compulsion to pull out one's hair. [NIH]
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Tricuspid Atresia: Absence of the orifice between the right atrium and ventricle, with the presence of an atrial defect through which all the systemic venous return reaches the left heart. As a result, there is left ventricular hypertrophy because the right ventricle is absent or not functional. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vasomotor: 1. Affecting the calibre of a vessel, especially of a blood vessel. 2. Any element or agent that effects the calibre of a blood vessel. [EU] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventral Tegmental Area: A region in the mesencephalon which is dorsomedial to the substantia nigra and ventral to the red nucleus. The mesocortical and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems originate here, including an important projection to the nucleus accumbens. Overactivity of the cells in this area has been suspected to contribute to the
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positive symptoms of schizophrenia. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vinblastine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. It is a mitotic inhibitor. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Vincristine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Load: The quantity of measurable virus in the blood. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is used as a surrogate marker in HIV disease progression. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH]
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INDEX A Abdominal, 89, 108, 115, 126 Abdominal Pain, 89, 108, 126 Aberrant, 31, 89 Acatalasia, 89, 95 Acceptor, 89, 109, 114, 125 Acetaldehyde, 11, 32, 49, 89, 101 Acetylcholine, 49, 52, 89, 96, 112 Acupuncture Therapy, 15, 89 Adaptability, 89, 95 Adaptation, 17, 89, 116 Adjustment, 89 Adrenal Cortex, 89, 98, 118 Adrenergic, 89, 101, 103, 123 Adverse Effect, 90, 101, 113, 121 Afferent, 17, 90, 117 Affinity, 24, 90, 93, 100, 109, 112 Affinity Chromatography, 24, 90 Agonist, 50, 52, 56, 57, 90, 101, 109, 112, 113 Agranulocytosis, 53, 90 Alcohol Drinking, 24, 90 Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, 90, 101 Algorithms, 12, 90, 94 Alkaline, 90, 91, 95 Alkaloid, 51, 90, 96, 111, 113, 124 Alleles, 9, 22, 90 Allergen, 90, 121 Allylamine, 90, 91 Alternative medicine, 66, 90 Alum, 90, 96 Amenorrhea, 90, 92 Amine, 54, 55, 91, 105 Amino Acid Sequence, 91, 92, 93 Amino Acids, 91, 93, 113, 115, 117, 118 Ammonia, 91 Amphetamine, 51, 91, 100 Amygdala, 13, 16, 18, 22, 91, 108, 124 Anabolic, 91 Anaesthesia, 91, 107 Anal, 11, 91, 104 Analgesic, 91, 111, 114 Analogous, 91, 116, 125 Anatomical, 91, 93, 107 Anesthesia, 91, 99, 112 Anesthetics, 56, 91, 93, 103 Animal model, 9, 24, 27, 91 Anorexia, 54, 91, 92
Anorexia Nervosa, 54, 92 Antibodies, 92, 105, 106, 109 Antibody, 5, 19, 63, 90, 92, 97, 105, 106, 107, 109, 121, 122 Anticonvulsants, 92, 93 Antidepressant, 54, 57, 92, 98 Anti-Dyskinesia Agents, 92, 112 Antigen, 90, 92, 97, 105, 106, 107, 109, 121 Anti-inflammatory, 92, 104, 115, 117 Antioxidant, 92, 114 Anus, 91, 92 Anxiety, 18, 52, 54, 62, 92, 115 Anxiety Disorders, 92, 115 Apoptosis, 14, 92 Aqueous, 92, 93, 99, 102, 106 Aromatic, 54, 92 Arterial, 90, 92, 98, 118 Arteries, 92, 94, 98, 110, 119 Aspartate, 17, 31, 92 Assay, 93, 106 Astrocytes, 93, 104, 111, 112 Asymptomatic, 48, 89, 93 Atrial, 93, 98, 126 Atrioventricular, 93, 98 Atrium, 93, 98, 126, 127 Auditory, 93, 117 Autonomic, 18, 89, 93, 113 Axonal, 17, 93 Axons, 18, 93 B Bacteria, 92, 93, 103, 110, 125, 126 Bacterial Physiology, 89, 93 Bactericidal, 93, 103 Barbiturates, 56, 57, 93, 121 Basal Ganglia, 18, 93, 108, 113 Base, 25, 93, 108, 124 Basophils, 90, 93, 105 Beta-Endorphin, 34, 38, 93 Bile, 93, 94, 109, 122, 124 Bile Acids, 93, 94, 122, 124 Bioavailability, 22, 94 Biochemical, 28, 90, 94, 104, 121 Biomarkers, 5, 94 Biosynthesis, 24, 94 Biotechnology, 25, 66, 73, 94 Bladder, 94, 107, 118, 126 Bloating, 94, 108 Blood Coagulation, 94, 95
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Blood Platelets, 94, 121 Blood pressure, 12, 52, 94, 106, 111, 119 Blood vessel, 94, 95, 98, 108, 122, 123, 124, 126 Blot, 9, 94 Body Fluids, 94, 126 Body Image, 62, 94, 99 Bone Marrow, 94, 99, 106, 109 Bowel, 52, 91, 94, 107, 123, 126 Branch, 85, 94, 99, 102, 115, 119, 122, 124 Breeding, 5, 9, 22, 94 Bronchial, 95, 105 Buccal, 95, 109 Bulimia, 52, 54, 95 C Calcium, 14, 21, 49, 95, 97 Calcium Signaling, 14, 95 Carbohydrate, 29, 95, 104 Carbon Dioxide, 95, 99, 104, 120 Carcinogenic, 95, 107, 122 Cardiac, 56, 57, 90, 95, 98, 103, 111, 122 Cardiovascular, 91, 95, 121 Catalase, 12, 89, 95 Catalyse, 95, 125 Catecholamine, 95, 101 Caudal, 95, 100, 106, 113, 117 Caudate Nucleus, 95, 113 Causal, 20, 95 Cell Count, 4, 95 Cell Death, 14, 92, 95, 112 Cell membrane, 38, 96 Central Nervous System, 20, 22, 51, 89, 91, 96, 100, 104, 110, 111, 113, 121 Cerebral, 93, 96, 103, 104, 122, 124 Character, 96, 99 Chemotherapy, 24, 96 Cholesterol, 93, 96, 122 Cholinergic, 52, 92, 96, 113 Chromatin, 92, 96, 102, 113 Chromosomal, 96, 120 Chromosome, 96, 108, 120 Chronic, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 24, 48, 49, 55, 60, 96, 100, 107, 108, 123, 126 Clamp, 15, 96 Clinical Medicine, 96, 117 Clinical trial, 3, 10, 24, 73, 96, 99, 119 Cloning, 94, 96 Coca, 51, 96 Cocaine, 9, 19, 24, 49, 51, 54, 96 Colitis, 96, 108 Colloidal, 96, 102 Comorbidity, 11, 30, 96
Complement, 97, 121 Complementary and alternative medicine, 41, 43, 97 Complementary medicine, 41, 97 Compulsion, 16, 52, 97, 125 Compulsive Behavior, 52, 97 Computational Biology, 73, 97 Conception, 97, 98, 103, 122 Consciousness, 91, 97, 99, 101 Constipation, 53, 97, 108 Constriction, 98, 108, 120 Consumption, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 14, 17, 18, 20, 21, 78, 98, 120 Continuum, 17, 98 Contraception, 9, 22, 98 Contraceptive, 10, 23, 98 Contracture, 29, 32, 98 Contraindications, ii, 98 Cor, 20, 98 Coronary, 98, 110 Coronary Thrombosis, 98, 110 Cortex, 18, 19, 20, 98, 103, 117, 119 Cortical, 17, 18, 19, 98, 117, 121 Corticosteroids, 53, 98, 104, 117 Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, 20, 98 Cortisol, 20, 98 Cortisone, 98, 117 Cotinine, 52, 98 Cues, 7, 16, 19, 99 Curare, 99, 111 Curative, 99, 124 Cutaneous, 99, 109 Cyclic, 10, 99, 117, 121 Cyclosporine, 62, 99 Cytogenetics, 99, 120 Cytokine, 14, 99 Cytoplasm, 92, 93, 95, 96, 99, 102, 105, 113 D Data Collection, 4, 99, 104 Databases, Bibliographic, 73, 99 Decarboxylation, 99, 105 Degenerative, 48, 99, 104, 111 Deletion, 13, 92, 99 Delusions, 52, 99 Dementia, 63, 99 Dendrites, 99, 113 Depersonalization, 99, 115, 120 Depressive Disorder, 54, 62, 100 Derealization, 100, 115 Dermatitis, 53, 100 Dermatologic Agents, 100 Desipramine, 52, 100
Index 131
Detoxification, 8, 63, 100 Dextroamphetamine, 91, 100, 110 Diagnostic procedure, 47, 66, 100 Diarrhea, 50, 56, 57, 100, 108 Diencephalon, 100, 106, 117, 124 Diffusion, 100, 107 Digestion, 93, 94, 100, 107, 109, 123 Dimethyl, 56, 100 Direct, iii, 5, 9, 12, 16, 22, 38, 96, 100, 101, 119, 123 Disease Progression, 4, 100, 127 Disinfectant, 100, 103 Dissection, 5, 100 Dissociation, 90, 100 Distal, 93, 101 Disulfiram, 49, 101 Dizziness, 101, 115 Dopa, 101, 124 Dopamine, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19, 34, 38, 51, 55, 57, 91, 96, 100, 101, 109, 111, 124 Dorsal, 101, 117 Drinking Behavior, 4, 20, 101 Drug Interactions, 64, 101 Drug Tolerance, 101, 125 Drug Toxicity, 4, 101 Duodenum, 93, 101, 113, 123 Dyskinesia, 53, 101 Dysphoric, 54, 100, 101 Dyspnea, 101, 115 E Eating Disorders, 53, 54, 101 Edema, 50, 56, 57, 101 Effector, 89, 97, 102, 113 Effector cell, 102, 113 Efficacy, 15, 17, 24, 31, 33, 38, 54, 102 Electrons, 92, 93, 102, 108, 114 Electrophoresis, 5, 102 Electrophysiological, 17, 102 Embryo, 10, 23, 102, 107, 116 Emollient, 102, 108, 114 Empirical, 7, 23, 45, 102 Emulsion, 102, 104 Enkephalin, 93, 102 Environmental Health, 72, 74, 102 Enzymatic, 95, 97, 102, 105 Enzyme, 5, 21, 90, 95, 102, 111, 123, 125, 127 Eosinophils, 90, 102, 105 Epidemic, 10, 102 Epigastric, 102, 115 Epinephrine, 89, 101, 102, 113, 126 Ergot, 103, 109
Erythrocytes, 94, 103, 121 Escalation, 19, 103 Estrogen, 103, 118 Ethanol, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 38, 48, 49, 50, 51, 103 Evacuation, 97, 103 Evoke, 103, 123 Excitability, 15, 17, 103 Exocrine, 103, 115 Extracellular, 5, 10, 13, 16, 21, 93, 103, 110, 112 Extracellular Space, 103, 110 Extrapyramidal, 101, 103 F Family Planning, 73, 103 Fat, 94, 98, 103, 108, 109 Feces, 97, 103, 123 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, 35, 63, 78, 103 Fetus, 14, 103, 118, 126 Fibrosis, 90, 98, 103 Fissure, 103, 117 Fixation, 61, 103, 121 Flushing, 54, 101, 104 Focus Groups, 4, 15, 104 Fold, 12, 103, 104 Forearm, 94, 104 Fovea, 104 Frontal Lobe, 104, 117 G Ganglia, 89, 104, 112 Gas, 91, 95, 100, 104, 106, 108, 113, 126 Gastric, 10, 104, 105 Gastrin, 104, 105 Gastrointestinal, 51, 103, 104, 121, 123, 126 Gastrointestinal tract, 103, 104, 121, 126 Gene, 9, 13, 14, 21, 22, 55, 90, 94, 104, 116 Gene Expression, 9, 14, 21, 56, 104 Genetics, 6, 61, 99, 104 Gland, 57, 89, 98, 104, 115, 116, 118, 121, 123, 124 Gliosis, 5, 104 Glucocorticoid, 104, 117 Glutamate, 13, 104 Glycosylation, 48, 104 Gonadal, 105, 122 Governing Board, 105, 117 Granulocytes, 90, 105, 127 Growth, 92, 95, 103, 105, 116, 120, 124, 126 H Haptens, 90, 105 Health Education, 105 Health Fairs, 6, 105
132
Alcohol Addiction
Heme, 105, 117 Hemorrhage, 105, 123 Hemostasis, 105, 121 Hepatic, 48, 49, 105, 117 Hepatotoxic, 105, 109 Heredity, 104, 105 Heterogeneity, 90, 105 Histamine, 52, 105, 106 Histidine, 105 Histology, 105, 115 Homeostasis, 17, 105 Homogeneous, 17, 98, 105 Homologous, 90, 105, 121, 123 Hormone, 20, 57, 93, 98, 102, 104, 105, 118, 120, 124 Hydrogen, 89, 91, 93, 95, 106, 109, 111, 114, 116 Hydrogen Peroxide, 95, 106, 109 Hydrolysis, 48, 106, 117 Hypersensitivity, 53, 90, 106, 121 Hypersensitivity, Immediate, 106 Hypertrophy, 98, 106, 126 Hypotension, 101, 106, 113 Hypothalamus, 18, 20, 45, 98, 100, 102, 106, 108, 113, 116, 124 I Id, 39, 42, 52, 78, 84, 86, 106 Ileum, 106, 113 Immune response, 90, 92, 98, 105, 106, 121, 123, 127 Immune system, 102, 106, 107, 109, 126, 127 Immunization, 106, 121 Immunoassay, 5, 106 Immunodeficiency, 63, 106 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 63, 106 Immunohistochemistry, 16, 106 Immunologic, 106 Immunology, 90, 107 Impairment, 61, 101, 107, 110 In vitro, 14, 18, 107 In vivo, 9, 15, 19, 107, 110 Incision, 107 Incontinence, 50, 107 Indicative, 60, 107, 115, 126 Induction, 14, 107, 118 Infarction, 98, 107, 110, 120 Infection, 4, 63, 106, 107, 109, 114, 123, 127 Infertility, 9, 22, 107 Infiltration, 48, 107 Inflammation, 48, 92, 96, 100, 103, 107, 126 Inhalation, 51, 54, 57, 107, 116
Initiation, 16, 23, 107, 125 Inotropic, 101, 107 Insight, 5, 14, 19, 107 Intestinal, 50, 56, 57, 107 Intestine, 94, 107, 119, 122 Intoxication, 13, 17, 31, 49, 51, 54, 57, 107, 127 Intracellular, 95, 107, 119, 120 Intrinsic, 90, 107 Invasive, 5, 51, 107 Involuntary, 108, 111, 119, 122 Ion Channels, 24, 93, 108, 112, 113, 124 Ions, 93, 100, 106, 108, 111 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 53, 108 Ischemia, 108, 120 K Kb, 12, 72, 108 Keto, 108, 125 Kidney Disease, 62, 72, 108 Kinetics, 10, 108 L Lactation, 108, 118 Lanolin, 54, 108 Latent, 108, 117 Lesion, 104, 108, 109, 124 Leucine, 93, 108 Library Services, 84, 108 Ligands, 8, 16, 55, 56, 108 Limbic, 17, 20, 91, 108, 117 Limbic System, 91, 108, 117 Linkage, 55, 108 Lipid, 108, 109, 114 Lipid Peroxidation, 109, 114 Lipophilic, 49, 109 Lisuride, 38, 109 Liver, 4, 14, 17, 48, 63, 89, 93, 94, 102, 103, 105, 109, 117, 124 Local Government, 11, 109 Localization, 106, 109 Localized, 104, 107, 109, 116 Lupus, 59, 109 Lutein Cells, 109, 118 Lymphatic, 107, 109 Lymphocyte, 92, 109 Lymphoid, 92, 98, 109 M Mania, 109 Manic, 52, 109 Manifest, 48, 93, 109 Mediate, 10, 101, 109 Mediator, 20, 101, 109, 121 MEDLINE, 73, 109
Index 133
Meiosis, 109, 123 Melanin, 24, 109, 126 Melanocytes, 109, 110 Melanoma, 24, 110 Membrane, 14, 17, 93, 96, 97, 103, 108, 110, 111, 117, 123, 125 Memory, 9, 19, 91, 99, 110 Meninges, 96, 110 Menstruation, 90, 110, 118 Mental deficiency, 103, 110 Mental Disorders, 27, 64, 110, 118 Mental Health, iv, 3, 4, 11, 42, 72, 74, 110, 119 Mental Health Services, iv, 3, 11, 74, 110 Mentors, 24, 110 Mesolimbic, 11, 17, 22, 110, 126 Metabolite, 100, 110, 118 Methamphetamine, 27, 51, 110 Methionine, 93, 100, 110 MI, 51, 54, 57, 87, 110 Microbe, 110, 125 Microbiology, 89, 110 Microdialysis, 5, 13, 22, 110 Microorganism, 110, 115, 127 Mitochondrial Swelling, 110, 112 Mitosis, 92, 111 Mitotic, 111, 127 Mobilization, 95, 111 Modeling, 11, 111 Modification, 23, 51, 111, 119 Molecular, 9, 13, 19, 20, 21, 24, 73, 75, 94, 97, 99, 111, 118, 119, 126 Molecular Structure, 111, 126 Molecule, 90, 92, 93, 97, 100, 102, 106, 111, 114, 119 Monitor, 13, 111, 113 Monoamine, 91, 100, 111 Morphine, 24, 51, 111, 112, 114 Morphogenesis, 103, 111 Motility, 111, 121 Motion Sickness, 111, 112 Motor nerve, 111 Movement Disorders, 92, 111, 112 Mucosa, 109, 111, 118 Mucus, 111, 126 Muscle relaxant, 52, 111, 112 Muscle tension, 111 Myocardium, 110, 111 N Naloxone, 93, 112 Naltrexone, 17, 112 Narcolepsy, 10, 100, 112
Narcotic, 89, 111, 112 Nausea, 53, 101, 112, 115 Necrosis, 48, 92, 107, 110, 112, 120 Need, 51, 53, 59, 61, 63, 79, 112, 125 Nephropathy, 108, 112 Nerve, 89, 91, 93, 99, 109, 111, 112, 117, 120, 123, 125 Nervous System, 5, 21, 51, 55, 57, 90, 91, 96, 109, 112, 113, 123, 124 Neural, 5, 16, 19, 24, 90, 100, 112 Neuroglia, 104, 112 Neuromuscular, 55, 89, 112, 120 Neuromuscular Agents, 55, 112 Neuromuscular Blocking Agents, 112 Neuromuscular Junction, 89, 112, 120 Neuronal, 5, 15, 19, 24, 112, 113 Neurons, 15, 17, 18, 96, 99, 104, 111, 112, 113, 123 Neuropeptide, 9, 16, 98, 113 Neurotensin, 21, 113 Neurotoxicity, 24, 113 Neurotransmitters, 5, 21, 31, 113 Neutrophils, 90, 105, 113 Nicotine, 6, 24, 51, 54, 55, 57, 113 Nitrogen, 90, 91, 104, 113, 126 Noel, 22, 113 Norepinephrine, 89, 100, 101, 113 Nuclear, 93, 102, 108, 112, 113, 124 Nuclei, 18, 91, 102, 108, 111, 113, 116 Nucleus, 10, 11, 13, 16, 18, 19, 21, 92, 93, 96, 99, 102, 109, 113, 117, 118, 124, 126 Nucleus Accumbens, 10, 11, 13, 18, 19, 21, 113, 126 O Observational study, 4, 114 Obsession, 97, 114 Odour, 92, 114 Ointments, 114, 115 Ophthalmology, 29, 32, 104, 114 Opium, 111, 114 Opportunistic Infections, 64, 114 Optic Chiasm, 106, 114 Organ Transplantation, 62, 114 Outpatient, 14, 114 Ovary, 114, 116 Overdose, 50, 56, 57, 114 Overexpress, 20, 114 Ovum, 114, 118 Oxidation, 89, 92, 109, 114 Oxidative Stress, 14, 114 P Palliative, 115, 124
134
Alcohol Addiction
Pancreas, 14, 89, 94, 115, 126 Panic, 54, 115 Panic Disorder, 54, 115 Paraffin, 54, 115 Paresthesias, 115 Parkinsonism, 109, 115 Parturition, 115, 118 Patch, 15, 115, 125 Pathogen, 9, 22, 115 Pathogenesis, 14, 115 Pathologic, 92, 98, 106, 115, 126 Pathologic Processes, 92, 115 Pathologies, 13, 115 Patient Compliance, 62, 115 Patient Education, 62, 82, 84, 87, 115 Peptide, 21, 93, 115, 117, 118 Perception, 32, 99, 115, 120 Personality Disorders, 55, 115 Petroleum, 115, 116 PH, 56, 116 Phallic, 104, 116 Pharmacodynamic, 25, 116 Pharmacokinetic, 17, 116 Pharmacologic, 91, 116, 125 Phobias, 18, 116 Phosphorus, 95, 116 Phosphorylation, 19, 116 Physiologic, 90, 94, 101, 110, 116, 119 Physiology, 19, 24, 102, 116 Pigment, 109, 110, 116 Pituitary Gland, 98, 116 Plants, 90, 94, 95, 96, 113, 116, 120, 125 Plasma, 4, 48, 57, 92, 96, 105, 116, 127 Plasticity, 17, 116 Pleomorphic, 113, 116 Poisoning, 101, 103, 107, 112, 116 Pollen, 53, 116 Polypeptide, 91, 117, 118 Porphyria, 27, 117 Porphyrins, 117 Posterior, 11, 91, 101, 115, 117 Postnatal, 103, 117 Post-synaptic, 19, 117 Post-translational, 4, 117 Post-traumatic, 29, 54, 111, 117 Post-traumatic stress disorder, 29, 54, 117 Potentiate, 11, 117 Potentiating, 12, 117 Practice Guidelines, 74, 117 Precursor, 21, 101, 102, 113, 117, 118, 126 Predisposition, 34, 117 Prednisolone, 117
Prednisone, 62, 117 Prefrontal Cortex, 18, 117 Pregnancy Maintenance, 118 Premenstrual, 54, 118 Prenatal, 102, 103, 118 Prevalence, 4, 7, 20, 54, 118 Probe, 110, 118 Prodrug, 118 Progesterone, 118, 122 Progression, 4, 46, 91, 118 Progressive, 99, 101, 103, 105, 112, 118 Projection, 113, 117, 118, 119, 126 Prolactin, 57, 118 Prophase, 118, 123 Prostate, 94, 118, 126 Protein S, 94, 118 Proteins, 5, 24, 48, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 105, 111, 113, 115, 116, 118, 119, 121, 125 Pruritic, 53, 118 Pruritus, 53, 118 Psychiatric, 11, 18, 30, 52, 110, 118, 124 Psychiatry, 6, 8, 11, 19, 24, 29, 33, 34, 38, 52, 55, 103, 118 Psychic, 118, 121 Psychology, 17, 34, 97, 100, 119 Psychotomimetic, 91, 100, 119 Public Health, 7, 8, 51, 74, 119 Public Policy, 23, 73, 119 Pulmonary, 94, 98, 119, 127 Pulmonary Artery, 94, 119, 127 Pulmonary hypertension, 98, 119 Pulse, 111, 119 Purifying, 48, 119 Pyridoxal, 119, 125 Q Quality of Life, 4, 119 R Race, 4, 101, 119 Randomized, 102, 119 Rape, 117, 119 Reaction Time, 7, 119 Receptor, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 24, 38, 50, 55, 56, 57, 89, 92, 101, 119, 121 Receptors, Serotonin, 119, 121 Rectum, 92, 104, 107, 118, 119 Red Nucleus, 119, 126 Refer, 1, 56, 95, 97, 101, 104, 109, 119 Reflective, 17, 119 Reflex, 7, 119 Refractory, 8, 119 Regimen, 102, 115, 119
Index 135
Relapse, 7, 8, 15, 16, 19, 24, 25, 35, 48, 63, 120 Relaxant, 120 Reperfusion, 14, 120 Reperfusion Injury, 120 Respiration, 95, 99, 111, 120 Respiratory Paralysis, 89, 120 Risk factor, 25, 120 Rod, 96, 120 S Saline, 5, 120 Saponins, 120, 122 Satellite, 10, 23, 120 Schizoid, 120, 127 Schizophrenia, 21, 52, 57, 120, 127 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 100, 120, 127 Screening, 18, 96, 120 Second Messenger Systems, 113, 120 Secretion, 57, 105, 108, 111, 120, 121 Sedative, 8, 121 Sedatives, Barbiturate, 93, 121 Seizures, 5, 92, 121 Self Administration, 14, 121 Sensitization, 9, 13, 14, 21, 121 Sequencing, 12, 121 Serologic, 106, 121 Serotonin, 16, 51, 54, 100, 109, 119, 121, 126 Serum, 29, 97, 121 Sex Characteristics, 121 Shock, 51, 53, 121, 125 Side effect, 8, 17, 52, 54, 64, 90, 121, 125 Signs and Symptoms, 120, 121 Skeletal, 96, 99, 112, 121, 122 Skull, 121, 124 Small intestine, 101, 106, 107, 122 Smooth muscle, 90, 105, 106, 111, 122, 123 Social Environment, 119, 122 Solvent, 103, 122 Soma, 122 Somatic, 13, 108, 109, 111, 117, 122 Sound wave, 119, 122 Spasm, 122 Spasmodic, 52, 122 Spastic, 108, 122 Specialist, 79, 122 Species, 50, 56, 99, 103, 109, 111, 114, 119, 122, 123, 125, 126, 127 Specificity, 8, 90, 122 Sperm, 96, 116, 122 Spinal cord, 93, 96, 110, 112, 119, 120, 122
Steel, 96, 122 Sterility, 107, 122 Steroid, 14, 98, 120, 122 Stimulant, 51, 91, 98, 100, 105, 110, 122 Stimulus, 8, 13, 16, 102, 108, 115, 116, 119, 123, 124 Stomach, 89, 104, 105, 112, 122, 123 Stool, 107, 108, 123 Stress, 14, 16, 17, 20, 95, 98, 104, 108, 112, 114, 117, 123 Striatum, 113, 123 Stroke, 53, 72, 123 Subacute, 107, 123 Subclinical, 107, 121, 123 Subcutaneous, 102, 123 Subspecies, 122, 123 Substance P, 110, 121, 123 Substrate, 21, 123 Support group, 62, 64, 123 Suppression, 22, 123 Sympathomimetic, 91, 100, 101, 102, 110, 113, 123 Synapses, 113, 123 Synapsis, 123 Synaptic, 17, 51, 113, 123, 124 Synaptic Transmission, 113, 124 Synergistic, 15, 118, 124 Systemic, 63, 94, 101, 103, 107, 117, 124, 126 T Tardive, 53, 92, 124 Taurine, 21, 124 Telencephalon, 93, 124 Temporal, 5, 91, 124 Temporal Lobe, 91, 124 Testicular, 38, 124 Testis, 124 Tetrahydropapaveroline, 26, 124 Thalamic, 18, 124 Thalamus, 18, 100, 108, 117, 124 Therapeutics, 10, 18, 21, 124 Thermal, 24, 100, 124 Third Ventricle, 106, 124 Threshold, 103, 124 Thrombosis, 118, 123, 124 Thyroid, 57, 124, 126 Tolerance, 9, 89, 125 Tooth Preparation, 89, 125 Topical, 103, 106, 115, 125 Toxic, iv, 24, 48, 99, 105, 113, 125 Toxicity, 14, 24, 101, 113, 125 Toxicology, 17, 74, 125
136
Alcohol Addiction
Toxins, 92, 107, 125 Trachea, 124, 125 Traction, 96, 125 Transaminase, 51, 125 Transcription Factors, 14, 125 Transdermal, 57, 125 Transduction, 95, 125 Transfection, 94, 125 Transferases, 105, 125 Translational, 125 Transmitter, 89, 93, 101, 108, 109, 112, 113, 123, 125 Transplantation, 62, 106, 125 Trauma, 36, 53, 112, 125 Trichotillomania, 54, 125 Tricuspid Atresia, 98, 126 Tricyclic, 51, 100, 126 Tryptophan, 121, 126 Tubercle, 113, 126 Tuberculosis, 98, 109, 126 Tumor marker, 94, 126 Tyrosine, 101, 126 U Ulcerative colitis, 52, 126 Unconscious, 91, 106, 126 Urinary, 50, 107, 126 Urine, 94, 107, 126 Uterus, 110, 113, 118, 126 V Vaccine, 9, 22, 90, 126
Vascular, 90, 106, 107, 126 Vasodilation, 101, 126 Vasodilator, 101, 105, 126 Vasomotor, 54, 126 VE, 3, 4, 26, 28, 126 Vein, 113, 120, 126 Ventral, 11, 15, 17, 106, 113, 126 Ventral Tegmental Area, 11, 15, 17, 126 Ventricle, 91, 93, 95, 98, 113, 119, 124, 126, 127 Ventricular, 98, 126, 127 Veterinary Medicine, 73, 127 Vinblastine, 24, 127 Vinca Alkaloids, 127 Vincristine, 24, 127 Viral, 4, 125, 127 Viral Load, 4, 127 Virulence, 125, 127 Virus, 63, 125, 127 Viscera, 122, 127 Vitro, 5, 127 Vivo, 19, 127 W War, 117, 127 White blood cell, 92, 109, 111, 127 Windpipe, 124, 127 Withdrawal, 7, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 24, 26, 33, 38, 42, 49, 52, 127 X Xenograft, 91, 127
Index 137
138
Alcohol Addiction
Index 139
140
Alcohol Addiction
