A Lexicon of Modern Mohegan: The Dialect of Jits Bodunaxa

Mohegan, a dialect of the Mohegan-Pequot language of Southern New England, was one of the major Algonquian languages of ...

Author: Julian Granberry

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Mohegan, a dialect of the Mohegan-Pequot language of Southern New England, was one of the major Algonquian languages of Connecticut, spoken from the Connecticut River in the west to the Thames River in the east and from central Connecticut south to Long Island Sound from at least the 13th century through the 1800s. Its last speaker, Mrs. Fidelia A.H . Fielding, died in 1908. From detailed professional phonetic recordings of lengthy texts from Mrs. Fielding's speech it is possible to recover a significant vocabulary in Modern Mohegan as it was spoken in the early years of the last century. The application of known phonological correspondences between the Mohegan dialect and the mutually intelligible neighboring Pequot dialect make it possible to reconstruct a large number of probably occurring lexical items which may be added to the total vocabulary of Modern Mohegan. This vocabulary, in both Mohegan-English and English-Mohegan alphabetical listings, is presented in the Lexicon along with a detailed description of the methods by which the data were recovered , phonemicized , and normalized.

ISBN 3 89586 764 0

LINCOM EUROPA academic publications

Languages of the World/Dictionaries

29

A Lexicon of Modern Mohegan The Dialect of Jits Bodunaxa

Julian Granberry

full text research abstracts of all titles monthly updates

2003 LINCOM EUROPA

Published by LINCOM GmbH 2003.

CONTENTS LINCOM GmbH Gmunder Str. 35 D-81379 Muenchen [email protected] http://home. t -online .de/home/LI NCOM .EUROPA www.lincom-europa.com webshop : lincom .at

Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP Cataloguing-in-Publication-Data A catalogue record for this publication is available from Die Deutsche Bibliothek (http://www.ddb.de)

Printed in E.C . Printed on chlorine-free paper

Introduction The Mohegan Dialect The Purpose and Uses of the Lexicon The Data Preparation of the Present Materials Phonology and Orthography Lexical Entries Entries from Pequot Dialect Sources Other Possible Lexical Sources The Mohegan-English Lexicon An English-Mohegan Index Bibliography

3 3 4 6 8 9

12 13

15 17

64 89

3

INTRODUCTION The Mohegan Dialect. The Mohegan-Pequot language -

with dialects

of Mohegan, Montauk, Pequot, Shinnecock, and perhaps Niantic -

was the

major Algonquian language of south-central and southeastern Connecticut and adjacent Long Island from approximately the 12th century until the extinction of its dialects in the 18th through 20th centuries. The Pequot, Niantic, and Montauk dialects lost their last speakers in the late 1700s; the Shinnecock dialect became extinct in the mid-1800s, and the Mohegan dialect has been gone as an everyday medium since Mrs. Fidelia A.H. Fielding, known as Jits Bodunaxa (Flying Bird), died in 1908. The last person to have heard Mohegan used, and that only as a child, was Gladys Tantaquidgeon, the much-revered Mohegan Tribal Medicine Woman, now 104 years old. Just as some of the diverse though related dialects of British, American, and Australian English show some remarkably variant uses of the uniform phonological inventory of modern English, rendering mutual intelligibility from peripheral to none -

the Okracoke dialect of North Carolina English

compared to the normal North Carolina dialect, for instance -

so

documentary evidence makes it clear that the dialects of Mohegan-Pequot also differed significantly in phonology. This makes it impossible to lump the unchanged documentary data for all the dialects of the language together for reconstructive purposes, for they do not represent a single speech form. In earlier years, the Mohegan dialect was spoken from the Connecticut River in the west to the Thames River in the east and from central Connecticut south to Long Island Sound. From detailed professional phonetic renderings of lengthy texts from Jits Bodunaxa and from words and phrases gathered from partial speakers Emma Baker, James Rogers, and

4

5

Gladys Tantaquidgeon, it is possible to recover a significant vocabulary in Modern Mohegan as it was spoken from the early 1800s through the early

for those purposes and under those circumstances which the Mohegan people might determine. From an attested vocabulary of some 800-plus root-

1900s. By the application of known phonological correspondences between the Mohegan dialect and the mutually intelligible neighboring Pequot

forms and the grammatical patterns of compounding and affixation used by Jits Bodunaxa, a working vocabulary of some 15,000 individual words was

dialect, it is also possible to reconstruct an additional number of probably occurring lexical items which may be tentatively added to the total vocabulary of Modern Mohegan . This attested and derived vocabulary, in both Mohegan-English and English-Mohegan alphabetical listings, is the

easily possible. Though many areas of life are not covered by the attested vocabulary, the known methods of root-compounding used by all Algonquian languages, as described in some detail by Leonard Bloomfield (1946), could be used to further enlarge that basic 15,000-word vocabulary

subject matter of this Lexicon. The Mohegan-English listings are detailed, but the English-Mohegan listings simply serve as a quick index back to the

to include new areas of human endeavor not discussed by Jits Bodunaxa. The concept was exhilarating, and the task perhaps daunting but technically

more detailed presentation.

The Purpose and Uses of the Lexicon. The Lexicon of Modern Mohegan has a dual purpose. While an initial partial inventory and analysis

quite straight-forward.

of Jits Bodunaxa's Mohegan vocabulary was fll'st prepared in 1904 by J. Dyneley Prince and Frank Speck of Columbia University (Prince and Speck

Work was begun toward this goal in 1998, but two years later a political change in both the chairmanships and membership of the Mohegan Tribal Council and the Council of Mohegan Elders brought this direction of language restoration to a sudden halt, replacing it with the development of

1904), that inventory was not intended as exhaustive. Thus a comprehensive listing of all the attested Mohegan vocabulary, along with a comparison of

an artificially derived Algonquian language which had never existed before. The new Council of Elders chose to abandon the exclusive use of Jits

that vocabulary to the surviving 17th and 18th century vocabularies in the related Pequot and Montauk dialects and the early 20th century Shinnecock

Bodunaxa's genuinely Mohegan language materials and, instead, to create a general New England Algonquian language without parentage from whole-

word-list, has long been needed. It was with this in mind that the present coverage was prepared . Accordingly, the primary purpose of the Lexicon is

cloth. The phonology and grammar of this new speech-form was taken directly from the Natick and Wampanoag dialects of the distant though

to supply a full listing of the attested vocabulary of the early 20th century Modern Mohegan dialect along with a listing of possible forms derived from the closely related Pequot data of earlier centuries.

related Massachusett language as recorded by Mr. Eliot in the mid-l600s. The vocabulary has been given multiple pan-New England parentage from all the related Southern New England languages as well as some Northern New England languages such as Abenak i- as diverse from one another as Spanish is from Romanian, Catalan, Portuguese, French, Proven9al, Rhaet~

At the same time the Lexicon has another possible use, for in April of 1998 the Council of Mohegan Tribal Elders resolved to use Jits Bodunaxa's speech as the basis for a restored Modern Mohegan , ultimately to be used

Romance, Italian, and Sardinian. Only surface, cosmetic attention was patd to some of the differences of language, time of origin, or the known

6

7

phonological and morphological differences separating the languages and their dialects. The resulting mix is regrettably far from the known , attested Mohegan data. Thus at present there are no speakers of a restored Moder n Mohegan;. The dialect is still extinct. There are those within the tribal community, however, who still wish to see a restoration of the tribe's known language heritage, and that restoration may yet take place in the future, replacing the currently non-Mohegan Algonquian pidgin being taught to tribal members. Thus the present Lexicon might readily serve as the beginning point for the rebuilding of a restored Modern Mohegan.

The Data. The data come from three full Mohegan texts left to us by

Without such data the Mohegan dialect of Mohegan-Pequot would have vanished forever with Jits Bodunaxa' s death. Fortunately, all the major structural categories of general Algonquian grammar are represented in her writings, and we may consequently rely on her fluency as a sure key to the nature of the language she was speaking. This is particularly the case inasmuch as she was a member of a family which traced its ancestry throug h her grandmother, Martha Uncas Shantup (1761-1859), back to the line of Uncas, and it was with Martha Uncas that Jits Bodunaxa learned and used Mohegan as her home language for the first 32 years of her life, mirrori ng generations of prior users of the Mohegan dialect of Mohegan-Pequot.

Jits Bodunaxa, all of which have been published and are readily availab le to the interested reade r- a short Tale (Speck 1904), a short Sermon (Prince and Speck 1903) and a long 4-notebook Diary (Speck 1928). A fourth text, another Diary, shorter than the surviving one, was lost in an office fire at Columbia University in the year 1906. Fortunately, the vocabulary of the lost Diary had been transcribed in both its original and phonetic form and is preserved in a word-list published in 1904 (Prince and Speck 1904). The Tale was taken down in phonetic notation by the linguist Frank Speck, who worked with Jits Bodunaxa from 1902-1905, as she narrated it to him in Mohegan. The other two texts, the Sermon and the surviving Diary, were

Additional sources which might contribute to the reconstruction of the Mohegan dialect are few. We have a three-sentence Death Song recorde d by Frank Speck from an unnamed member of the Mohegan tribe at the time he was working with Jits Bodunaxa (Prince & Speck 1903:210), a list of the numbers from one through ten dictated to Dr. Speck by James H. Rogers ,

carefully written by Jits Bodunaxa in her own hand in her Moheg an orthography, then transcribed phonetically by Speck. The vocabulary from these four texts are cited in the present lexicon entries as: 'Diary 1' (the 4notebook surviving Diary published in Speck 1928), 'Diary 2' (the Diary

do not differ from Jits Bodunaxa's data, however, and provide only a few new lexical forms and no new grammatical usages. They do, however, reinfor ce some of the specifically unique characteristics of Jits Bodunaxa's gramm ar, such as the frequent use of analytical rather than synthetic verb forms ni

destroyed in the fire of 1906, whose vocabulary is preserved in Prince and Speck 1904), 'Sermon' (Prince and Speck 1903), and 'Tale' (Speck 1904 ).

another member of the tribe (Prince & Speck 1904:20), a short written wordJist from Emma Baker (1828-1916), who was also a granddaughter of Martha Uncas, and, finally, a number of words and phrases recalled by Gladys Tantaquidgeon , the Mohegan tribal Medicine Woman, who grew up while Jits Bodunaxa was still alive. The data provided by these additional tribal membe rs

nawa '1 see' instead of nunawa, for example. These additional sources are on file at The Mohegan Museum. The lexical entries from these four additio nal sets of materials are cited in the lexicon as: 'Song' (Prince and Speck 1903),

8 'Rogers' (Prince and Speck 1904), 'Emma' (unpublished), and 'Gladys' (unpublished).

Preparation of the Present Materials. The work underlying the lexical materials presented in this volume was begun in the autumn of 1947 while the author was a student in anthropology and linguistics at Yale University in nearby New Haven and completed during the autumn of 2002, a period during which all surviving data in the dialects of Mohegan-Peq uot were examined and re-examined many times until it was felt that a realistic and linguistically accurate resolution of the problems inherent in the interpretation of such documentary data had been reached. During the period from April 1998 through January 200 I I also served as Tribal Lingui st for the Mohegan Tribe, working with a number of tribal membe rs who consistently afforded me assistance and suppo rt- Melissa Jayne Fawcet tTantaquidgeon and Sandra J. Pineault of The Mohegan Museum; Faith Davison and Sr. Betty Jean Codere of the tribal Archives Depart ment; Carlton Eichelberg, former Chairman of the Council of Mohegan Tribal Elders and all the members of that Council during his tenure of office; and the members ofthe Mohegan Language Committee, a dedicated consul tative body formed in 1998 consisting of tribal members concerned with the accurate restoration of the Mohegan dialect as it was spoken by Jits Bodunaxa. The present linguistic analysis is based on the phonetic transcriptions of Jits Bodunaxa's speech and writings made by Frank Speck and his colleag ue at Columbia University, J. Dyneley Prince. Prince, Speck' s major profess or during the pursuit of his doctoral work at Columbia, specialized in the analysis of Algonquian languages and was one of the leading profess ional phoneticians in the United States during the late years of the 19th century

9

and the first decades of the 20th century. Speck, a consequently well-tr ained and experienced linguist and phonetician, heard Jits Bodunaxa speak Mohegan on many occasions between 1902 and 1905 and had be~n .taught by her what each symbol in her orthography and spelli~g ~ystem •.ndtcat ed. It is therefore probable that his phonetic transcnptwns mmor her pronunciation very accurately. The grammar of Jits Bodunaxa's dialect of Mohegan has been describ ed in some detail in the present author's Modern Mohegan: The Dialect of

Jits Bodunaxa (Granberry 2003), and it is suggested that the interested user of the lexicon might profit from using the two volumes together. The texts on which Speck' s phonological analysis were based may be found in Speck ( 1904, 1928) and Prince and Speck ( 1903). These will be reprint ed and edited in the near future.

Phonology and Orthography. In analyzing the phonology of a no longer spoken language from documentary materials, even materi.als which have as in the case of Mohegan, been meticulously re-transcnbed by a train~d phonetician who knew the phonetic values of each orthographic symbol, one can not call such putative sound units 'phon~s' .or '.phone mes' in the technical sense, for there is always some ambtgutty m such an analysis. Consequently, the phonological units described here for Moheg an will be referred to as reconstituted phonetic units, a term coined and used by Mary Haas many years ago (Haas 1954). Phonological reconstitution is based on one's knowledge of the sound values for which the same orthographic units were used in other languag es. This enables us to postulate the most probable phonological unit to which each symbol refers in the language under investigation. Accordingl:', wh.ile one may apply the phonemic method to such reconstituted phonettc untts,

lr--

I

10 y mirror pas t tha t the analysis may not full are aw be ays alw st mu one phonemic reality. meticulous mind, Speck 's and Pri nce 's With these limitations in s (Sp eck 1904, Bodunaxa 's speech and writing phonetic transcriptions of Jits 23 reconstituted 3, 1904) enable us to define 190 ck Spe and ce Prin 8; 192 reconstituted ignable to 21 individual ass are ich wh ts, uni ic phonet ng for phonetic phonemic method of checki phonemes using the standard am ong st the eomorphism, and isomerism isomorphism, orthogonality, hom perceived, that is to group them into auditorily er ord in ge gua lan a of nes pho ts of Modern ic and putative phonemic uni net pho the th Bo ts. uni ic, phonem the orthographic following table, along with Mohegan are listed in the the practical axa to express them and symbols used by Jits Bodun Committee and the Mohegan tribal Language by n upo eed agr y aph ogr orth of each symbol in ers in 1998. The description the Council of Mohegan Eld toward a correct ist the user of the Lexicon the following table will ass forms. pronunciation of the Mohegan

Phonetic & Phonemic_§l_mbols Phones Phonemes

J

Technical Description

Source Spellings

Practical Orthography

VO WE LS

[i·J

Iii

[:~]

1~1

[a]

Ia/

Medium-long tense unrounded high front vowel. As in mach[ne, [i·] Short lax UOTOW1ded mid to high central vowel. As in b!!.t or ft..r, [ ~1 or [ i] Short tense unrounded higher-low central vowel. As in {)9./m, [e)

e, ee, ea, i (rarely), eCe

i

u, er, a (rarely)

u

a,ah, o (rarely), or (rare_!r

a

II

[u·]

Medium-long tense rounded mid-to-high back vowel. As inPQQlJu.i Medium-long tense rounded mid back vowel. Asi nso,lo l Medium-long lax rounded low back vowel. As in f!!![u/, [:>·]

lol

[o']

[::>·] ST OP S [p] I!

II

I

Ia/

/p/

[B)

lb/

[t]

It!

[D)

ld/

[k]

lkl

[G)

/gj

[kj

/kw/

[G j

1~1

AF FR ICA TE S /& [~]

[J]

SPI RA NT S [s]

/j/

Is/

Voiceless forti s bilabial stop. Fortis_fu]; As in _l!E_t Voiceless Ienis bilabial stop. Lenis [B); As in COJ!!!.er Voiceless fortis dental stop. .Fortis [!}; As in {op Voiceless Ienis dental stop. Lenis [D]; As in matter Voiceless fortis velar stop. Fortis [k]; As in fOl Voiceless Ienis velar stop. LenislQl; As infl!!f!er Combination of lkl + lwl, as in (Luick. Combination of /gj + lwl, as in li'!S}list. Voiceless fortis palatal affiicate. Fortis [~]; As in church Voiceless Ienis palatal affiicate. Lenis [J]; As in )Edge Voiceless fortis dental spirant. Fortis long [s·]; As in see

o,oh, u (rarely)

0

or, o (rarely)

a

p,p p

p

b

b

t,tt

t

d

d

c,k, ck

k

g

g

q,q u

gw

qu-, -q gw

ch, tch

c

j, dge, ge

j

s

s

12

[Z]

lzl

[sl

IS!

[h]

!hi

z

V~iceless fortis pal atal soirant. Fortis [§]; As in she Voiceless glottal spirant Fortis lbl; As in he ·

NASALS [m]

13

V~iceless Ienis dental sp1rant. Lenis [Z]; As in rose

lm l

Voiced bilabial nasal. English me Voiced dental nasal. As in new Voiced velar nasal. As in sin£er

[n] In! [IJ]

sh

X

h

b

I lm ,m m

m

n,nn

n

n (before k)

n

SE M IV OW EL S [w]

[y]

lwl lyl

I Voiced bilabial semivowel

As in we · Voiced palatal semivowe l As in.}les

·

DIPHTHONGS

[ai]

lay/

English fi-E

[au]

/awl

English cow

[:>i]

!::Jy/

English bf!r.

between any combinatio n of single consonants or consonant clusters in a noninitial root-form syllable; e.g. yggisk phonetic [yu _gisk] 'to da y', sQmi ph onetic [sMmi}, 'because', gQ n phonetic [gMn] 'sn ow ', wQskwig phonetic [wy 'bo ok ', gQPkwad phon skwig], etic [gu_pkwad] 'cloudy ', zgguyQn phonetic [z ~~yMn] 'rain'. Lexical En tri es . Moh egan words, spelled in the orthography defined by the Mohegan tribal Lang uage Committee in 1998 , are entered in the Lexic on in standard dictionary forma t. Different type styles ha ve be en use d to render the task of looking up indivi dual forms uncomplicate d and to distinguish be tween the various kinds of tra nscription that have been used to indicate the soun ds of Jits Bodunaxa's Modern Mohegan. The format and type styles used are as follows:

z

w,u

w

y, i

y

i

ay

au,ou

aw

oi, oy

oy

-

The vowel lol English SQ, without itshas the positionall -defined glide ffi y . o set, an d [u· nes [o·], as in ] as m Eallop [o·] occurs: (1) when r ho h for mi 't' I . . 01 ta m a roo ' mitial consonants ldl lm t-form (2)ng tsh ry_le. Allophone l w en between formpreceded or followed' by ' or 1w1 and any other sin 1' 1...1 lml I . g e consonant, and (3) ocami doday e' • or wl m root-form when . ··1 ' non-t·mh , mQwz, WQCl, yombQw a sy lla ble s· e g i, wimQ. ' . . Allop ne [u·] occurs·· (1) consonant ho w h en between any s· 1 and any foil · mg e root-form form-ini owmg consonant other tial than ldl lml followed by a consonan t cluster re dl gar ess of what pre'ce ' (2) when des tt, lw anl,d (3) when v•

~r

M oh eg an wo rd part of speech (s yH a·b Hi ·ca ·'t io n) /phonemic form! [source spellings] 1. first meaning; 2. se cond meaning. Examples. (Derivation of word) [Sourc

For example:

I

e(s) of word]

ba du nt a particle (b a·' du n·t a) /bad:Jntal [bahd untah] rising. Ex. gizux ba du nt a [geezushg ba g hduntah] 'the rising sun ' (Der. ba du n- 'get up ris e'+ -ta < -d 'particip , ial mode, conjunct ord er') [Source: Diary, Ta le] Part of speech in the lexico n entries is defined by the form of th e word, not by its usage in a sen tence. Such morphemic parts of speech may as the role of various kinds sume of syntactic parts of sp eech. ln the syllabified form of each word, syllable s are separated by a rai sed dot 0 and the str essed syllable is indicated by a ' mark after the stress ed syllable. In the phon form of the word, each emic of its constituent morph em es is se pa rat ed from the others by a dash (-). W hen more than one so urce spelling occurs, all are listed. Examples, all tak en from the original so urc es, ha ve been provided only when they help cla rify the form and usag e of the word in quest ion.

15

14

Derivational information, when given, is placed in parentheses and indicates

l. Pequot forms spelled with initial p, t, k, ch, and s become

the nature and source ofthe individual morphemes making up the word.

form-initial b, d, g,j, and z in Mohegan; 2. Pequot forms spelled with final p, t, k, ch, and s become form-

Entries from Pequot Dialect Sources. All attested words specifically in the Mohegan dialect and taken from known Mohegan dialect speakersJits Bodunaxa, James Rogers, Emma Baker, and Gladys Tantaquidgeonare entered in ordinary bold-face type, as shown above. Words which have been derived from Pequot dialect sources, however, are given in italic bold-

face type, to indicate to the Lexicon user that they may have been used in Mohegan, but we have no actual attestation of such usage. The Pequot data consists of two reliably gathered word-lists, one made by the Rev. James Noyes sometime before the year 1669 near Stonington, Connecticut, the other gathered by Ezra Stiles, at Groton, in 1762. There are also three very poorly recorded versions of the Lord's Prayer _

one

prepared by Experience Mayhew, a speaker of Massachusett, sometime around 1713, one written by an unknown individual in 1721, and a third gathered by Stiles in 1762. The Pequot word-lists are at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University. Lexicon Source entries for words derived from these sources are indicated as 'Noyes' and 'Stiles" respectively. Each of the lexical items taken from the above Pequot sources has been re-written as a possible Mohegan form by application of the known soundcorrespondences which separated the two dialects, as indicated by the orthographies of the documentary sources. These formulas are quite straight-forward. With consonants' only the stops (p , t, k, b, d, g), a ffr'tcates (ch,j), and the sibilant spirant (s) are involved. The other consonants remain the same. The consonantal formulas are as follows:

final b, d, g,j, and z in Mohegan; 3. Pequot forms spelled with b, d, g, j (or dg), and z between vowels remain the same in Mohegan; 4. Pequot forms spelled with p, t, k, ch, and s + another consonant remain the same in Mohegan; 5. Pequot forms spelled with s + p, t, k, or ch remain the same in Mohegan; 6. Pequot forms spelled with pp, tt, kk (or ck), chch (or tch), and

ss between vowels become p, t, k, ch, and s in Mohegan; 7. Pequot forms spelled with initial p, t, k, ch, and s which derive from a Prato-Algonquian or Proto-Eastern Algonquian form with hp,ht, hk, hch, and hs become initial p, t, k, ch, and s in Mohegan; 8. Pequot forms spelled with final p, t, k, ch, and s which derive from a Prato-Algonquian or Proto-Eastern Algonquian form with hp,ht, hk, hch, and hs become final p, t, k, ch, and s in Mohegan. Vowel correspondence formulas are considerably less regular, and, by and large, Pequot vowels have been left as they are in the reconstituted Mohegan form unless examination of Prato-Algonquian or Proto-Eastern Algonquian lexical forms dictates a change. The most noticeable variation between the two dialects is that between u and i - as in Pequot wuttun and Mohegan witun 'wind'. We do not have enough data, however, to venture any secure statements on such vocalic variations.

16 The resultant Pequot-derived lexical forms are, then, only probable Mohegan forms, but, as pointed out earlier, we can not be at all certain that they actually occurred and, if they did, we can not be certain of their phonological shapes. Other Possible Lexical Sources. lt is also possible to apply known sound correspondences to lexical forms from other Southern New England languages to derive putatively equivalent Modern Mohegan forms, but the uncertainty in so doing is multiplied many fold over that of derivin g forms from the closely related Pequot dialect. The temptation is great, for example, to take the full vocabulary ofNat ick Massachusett as recorded by Eliot and others in the mid and late 1660s and from that manufacture a full vocabulary for Modern Mohegan. The linguist using this method, however, should heed Edward Sapir's observation that "all grammars leak". The even and heavyhanded application of derivation-by-pattern, particularly by computer systems such as the over-used Shoe Box program, gives highly skewed, inaccurate, and very un-Mohegan results. This is not the goal of the present Lexicon. While such a procedure, carefully applied by a professional linguist with many years experience in handling data from the Southe rn New England languages, may be fruitful in the future , its use in the present volume would lead to an unfaithful presentation of the known Mohegan data.

17

THE MOH EGAN -ENG LISH LEXI CON A abu- verb (a·'bu-) /ab~/ [obbu-] 1. dwell; 2. live; 3. remain ; 4. sit; 5. stay. Ex. nutub fn~t-ool 'I live', '1 stay'; gutub [gertub] lg~t- ool 'you live', 'you stay'; abud [obbud] [orbud] /ab-:xll 'living', 'staying'

[Sourc e:

Diary I, Sermon, Tale] -ac pronominal suffix (-ac) l-ac/ [-~ch] let her/him/it (imperative Order Transitive Inanimate) [Source: Dtary 1] acugyiz noun (a·cug ·'yiz) /ac~izl [auch ugyez e] black bird [Source:

Stiles]

ab- verb (ab-) Jah-1 [ah-] [orh-] be. Ex. ni nutah [nenertah] /ni n~t-ahl 'that is mine'; ni gutah [nigertah] /ni g~t-ahl 'that is yours' ; wutah ix [wotoheesh] /w~t-ah-i-s/ 'it is his' [Source : Diary 1, Sermon] -ahud ix pronominal suffix (-a·'hu ·dix) 1-ah:xiic/ [-orhudeesh] let them (Imperative Order Transitive Animate) [Source: Diary 1] ajipartic/e (a·'ji) /aji/ [ogge] very [Source: Diary 2] -akpronominal suffzx (-ak) 1-akl [-ok] you all (Conjunct Order) [Sourc e: Diary l] akawung noun (a·'ka·wung) !aka-wgng/ (ockoounk] coat [Source: Noyes ]

akobayiz noun (a·ko·ba·'yiz) /akobayizl [a'kobyeeze] brant [Sourc e: Stiles]

akotox noun (a·'ko·tox) Iakatos/ [a'kotoshsh] dipper [Sourc e: Stiles] ambi noun (am·' hi) /ambil [ombe] time [Source: Diary l] amukx noun (a·'mukx) !am:idl [a' mucksh] weasel [Source : Stiles] -ang suffzx (-ang) f-ang/ [-ong] [-ang] nominalizing suffix [Sourc e: Diary 1. Diary 2, Sermon, Tale] angwiparticle (an·'gwi) /angwil [ongwe] beyond [Source: Diary 2] . aniks noun (a·'niks) /aniks / [orneeks] 1. mouse; 2. rodent [Sourc e : Dtary

1]

19

18

Ex. [norner] 'my anu noun (a·nu ') lim:JI [orner] grandmother ng suffix ') [Source: grandmother'. (Der. an- ' mother' + -u ' nominalizi Tale] an- 'mot her'+ -ung anun g noun (a·'nu ng) ltin:111g/ [ornung] mother (Der. 'nominalizing suffix ') [Source: Tale] partic/e (an·'w i) lanwi/ [onwe] more [Source: Diary 2]

anwi apig noun (a·pig ') lapigl [appege] fee [Source: Noyes] sh 'apple') [Source: apis noun (a·pis ') lapis/ [appeceJ apple (Der. Engli Tale]

chair [Source: tipudmog noun (a·pu d·'ma g) lapxlmagl [aughputmack] Noyes]

[a'punnyhaug] apunihtig noun (a·pu ·'ni·h ag) lap:111ihtig/ [apounahyeagJ s] I. oyster [Source: Stiles]; 2. oyster-shell [Source: Noye undunt) bluefish aqutindunt noun (a·qu an·'d unt) lakw:Ynd:Jnt/ [aqua [Source: Stiles] I] aquipreverb (a·qu i') lakwi/ [aqui] don't [Source: Diary ce: Tale] aquu y particle (a·qu uy') lakwgyl [aque] hello [Sour

1] &sit noun (a·sit ') las it/ [orseedJ river [Source: Diary ce: Diary 2] asquampartic/e (as·q uam) laskwam/ [osquam] not yet [Sour te] red blanket asugwanod noun (a·su ·'gwa ·nod) las:JgWanodl [a'ssuguanu [Source: Stiles] e; 2. someone; awanpronoun(animate) (a·'wan)lawanl [orwon] 1. anyon n'] 3. who [Source: Diary 1, Sermon, Tale; Noy es- 'awau [Source: Noyes] axquimpartic/e (ax·'q uim) laskwiml [ashqueemJ not yet both sides of [Source: ayda wi particle (ay·d a·'wi ) laydawil [idorweJ on Diary 2]

1] ayi preverb (a·'yi) layi/ [iye] as long as [Source: Diary work. Ex. aykik uzo aykik uz- verb (ay·k i·'kuz -) laykik:rz-1 [ikekuz-] uso fikekusyu] 'he [ikekuzoo] 'he works' [Source: Diary 1]; aykik on] works' [Source: Serm

[Source: Diary 1] ayku nzo noun (ay· 'kun· zo) f,ayb nzo/ [ikunzoo] work s] ayugi noun (a·yu ·'gi) /ay:Jgil [iyugge] quail [Source: Noye ] 'I went' [Source: ayxa - verb (ay·'x a-) /aysa-1 [ishor-] go. Ex. [ner tishor Diary 1] azuparticle (a·'zu ) /azul [orzoo] or [Source : Diary 2]

B ] I. about; 2. baba mi particle (ba·b a·mi) /bcibami/ . [borbombe . approximately; 3. concerning [Source: Diary 2] 2. fimshed; 3. come to baca particle (ba·'c a) /bacal [batsha] 1. enough; pass [Source: Diary 2] ] risin~. Ex. [geezushg b 8 dunt a particle (ba·'d un·ta ) /bad:Jntal [bahduntah t up ' nse' + -ta < -d b hduntah] 'the rising sun' (Der. ba d un- •.ge Tale] 'p:rticipial mode, conjunct order') [Source: Diary 1, . Ex. ( ba ) 1-bci I [-baug] 1/ lake; 2. pond; 3. wat~r 1; Dtary ce: [Sour pond' 'long ] . -m"bgaug -bag [qum 01 bagfinal qm?o.un . h 'b • + Noyes '-pog'] ag (Der. Eng1IS bagin od noun (ba·'g i·nod ) /baginodl [b~genood] bag Mohegan not- 'lift, carry' [Source: Dtary 1, Tale] .

/~in-i-bcig/

1] baji preverb (ba·'j i) /bajil [badgee] until [Source: Diary ce: Noyes] btijum noun (ba·'j um) /bcij:Jm! [pawchum] cranberry [Sour ush]

noun (ba·'J'u·ma·nux) lbcij:xnan~l [pawchum~n . cranberries [Source: Noyes] 2] bakipartic/e (ba·'k i) /baki/ [bahkey] clearly [Source: Diary 1. maybe; 2. perhaps bakid u particle (ba·k i·du') /bakid:JI [bahkederJ

. manux bti.Ju

h

[Sourcce: Diary l, Diary 2 Tale] ] I . maybe·' 2 . per aps hk bakim us particle (ba·'k i·mus ) lbakim:JSI [ba . emus N

[Source: Tale] ce: oy btikunti noun (ba·'k u·na) lbcik:111cil [paukunnaw] broom [Sour Diary 2] bamipartic/e (ba·'m i) lbcimi/ [bormee] upward [Source:

es]

20

21

bamkug i noun (bam·'ku gi) /bambg i/ [bomkuge] all the earth (Der. born< wam(i) 'all'+ k- reduplic ation+ ugi 'earth') [Source: Sermon] bamkug ido noun (bam·ku ·gi·'do) /bambgido/ [bomkugedoh] all the world (Der. born- < wam(i) 'all' + k- reduplication + ugi 'earth' + -do ?) [Source: Diary 1] banipart icle(ba·' ni) /bani/ [bonee] away [Source: Diary 2]

bapadawig noun (ba·'pa·d a·wig) lbapadawig/ [popodoweg] bellows

[Source: Noyes] bapos noun (ba·pos') /bapos/ [bopoose] 'popose')

cat [Source: Diary; Noyes

bapuqua tis noun (ba·pu·' qua·tis') /bap:Jkwatis/ [bopuquatees] 1. little partridge; 2. little quail (Der. bapuqua t- 'quail' +-is 'diminutive suffix') [Source: Diary 1; Stiles- 'popoquateece']

btiquumx noun (ba·'quu mx) /bakw:xns/ [pauquumps] flatbill [Source: Stiles]

basquadam

noun (bas·qua ·'dam) /baskwadaml [pasquaddame] gooseberry [Source: Noyes] bawisa particle (ba·wi·'s a) lbawisal [borwesa] 1. little bit; 2. ok; 3. pretty well [Source: Diary I, Diary 2; Emma 'paughwee(see)'; Gladys] btiwixons noun (ba·'wi-xons) lbawisons/ [pauishoons] meadow quail [Source: Stiles] btiwuxuwa verb (ba·'wu· xu·wa) /bawafgwa/ [pauwushuwah] beget [Source: Noyes] baxani particle (ba·xa·'n i) /basani/ [boshahne] completely [Source: Diary 2] baxkax- verb (bax·' kax-) /baskas-1 [pashkhash] shout [Source: Noyes) baxkig noun (bax·'kig ) lbaJkig /[boshkeag] gun [Source: Diary I; Noyes 'poskheege']

bayag particle (ba·'yag ) lbayag/ [biog] ten [Source: Diary I; Rogers /bayag/; Emma 'bioug'; Gladys; Stiles 'piugg'] bayoway particle (ba'yo·w ay) lbayoway/ [byowhy) bye-bye (Der. English 'bye-bye') [Source: Diary]

bayta noun (bay·'ta) !baytal (beitar] Friday [Source: Diary] bazo particle (ba·'zo) /bazol [bozoo] near [Source: Diary 1, Diary 2] bazug (ba·'zug ) /baz()[JI [boyzug] I. anyone; 2. one [Source: Sermon] bazugwa n noun (ba·'zu·g wan) /btiz()[JWanl [borzugwon] one thing [Source: Diary 2] bibi noun(bi·'bi)/bibil [beebee] 1. devil; 2. evil spirit [Source : Diary 1] bid noun (bid) Ibid! [heed] bed. (Der. English 'bed') [Source: Diary 1] bidunk noun (bi·'dunk ) !bid:Jnkl [beeddunk] bedstead (Der. English 'bed' + -unk 'locative case suffix' [rare]) [Source: Diary 1] bidunx noun (bi·'dunx ) /bid:Jnsl [petunch] bag [Source : Noyes] bikid- verb (bi·kid'- ) /bikid-1 [beked-] 1. forgive; 2. give up. Ex. bilidum [bekedum] 'he gives up'. [Source: Diary 1, Sermon] biksis noun (bik·'sis) /biksis/ [beksees] pig (Der. English 'pigs' + -is 'diminutive suffix') [Source: Diary 1] bimung particle (bi·'mun g) /bim:Jngl [pehmungunch] short [Source: Noyes] bimunt noun (bi·'mun t) !bim:Jntl [bemunt] 1. cord; 2. string; 3. thread [Source: Diary 1] bitkuz noun (bit·kuz' ) /bitk~l [beetkuz] dress [Source: Diary 1] bix noun (bix) Ibis/ [beesh] peas (Der. English 'peas') [Source: Diary 1] biy- verb (biy-) /biy-1 [bey-] come. Ex. nubiyco [nebetshor] 'I shall come'; ni biyco [nebeatshor] 'I shall come'; mus ni biyo [mus ne beyor] 'I. shall come'; biyo [beyor] /biy-o(w)/ ' he comes;' ~iyak [beyork] lbzy-~kl 'they come'; biyux [beush] /biy-u-sl 'Come!; btyunx .[beyounch] lbzy:Jn-sl 'Come!' [Source: Diary 1, Sermon, Tale; Song lbzyayl] biyatay noun (bi·ya·'ta y) /biyatayl [beyoti] plate (Der. English 'plate') [Source: Diary I] biyom noun (bi·yom' ) /biyom/ [beyoum] broom [Sourc:.: Di~ry 1]; plural biyomx [beyoum sh] (Der. English 'broom' + -x mamma te plural suffix') [Source: Tale]

22

23

biyowa y noun (bi·yo· 'way) /biyoway/ [beowhy] flour [Source: Diary 1] biyox see wiyos biyung ut noun (bi·yun ·'gut) /biygng:Jtl [beyungut] blanket (Der. English 'blanket') [Source : Diary 1] bodun ax- verb (bo·'du ·nax-) /bod:Jnas-1 [boddernash-] fly. Ex. bodun axa [boddernashah] lbodgna§a/ 'flying' (Der. bodun ax- 'fly' + -a 'adjectival suffix') [Source: Diary 1] bokxa- verb (bok·'x a-) /bok.Sa-1 [booksha-] break. Ex. booksh a [books ha] /bok.Sa/ 'he breaks' [Source: Diary 1]

boquahdg noun (bo·qu a·hag') lbokwahcig/ [p'quaughhaug] [pouhquauhhaug] round clam [Source: Stiles] boqui- verb (bo·qu i'-) /bokwi-1 [bookque] blow [Source: Diary 1] boquis o prenoun (bo·qu i·'so) lbokwisol [boquisu] half [Source: Diary 1] bosuparticle (bo·'su ) lbos:J! [bosu] good day (Der. French 'Bon Jour', but without nasalization) [Source: Diary 1] boxqu - verb (box·'q u-) /boskw-1 [bushkw-] shoot. Ex. boxqu a [bushk wa] lboskwa/ 'he shoots' [Source: Diary 1; Noyes 'paush(hambon)'] boyj noun (boyj) /boy}/ [boige] porridge (Der. English 'porrid ge') [Sourcce: Diary 1] boyzug particle (boy·'z ug) /boyz;ygl [boyzug] one [Source: Diary 2] see niquut bozoko quang partic/ e(bo·z o·ko·'q uang) lbozokokwang/ [bozukukwon g] nine [Source: Diary 1; Rogers lbozokoganl; Emma 'boskougun'; Gladys; Stiles 'pauzsc6ugen']

budumbdg noun (bu·du m·bag ') lbxl:mbtig/ [pudumbaug] whale (Source: Stiles]

bukid- verb (bu·'ki ·d-) /b:Jkid-1 [berked-] give up. Ex. bukidu m [berkedum] 'he gives up' [Source: Sermon] bukud noun(b u·kud') /b:icxll [bercud] smoke [Source: Diary I]

bum noun (bum) /b:ml [pum] grease [Source: Noyes]

bumba yj noun (bum·b ayj') !b:mbayjl [bumbige] basket splint [Source : Diary 1} bumxa - verb (bum·x a'-) /b:msa-1 [bumshor-] walk. Ex. bumxa k [bumshork] /b:msakl'they walk' [Source: Diary 1] bungas o particle (bun·'g a·so) /b:Jngaso/ [bungasso) lame [Source: Diary 2) bunid- verb (bu·'ni d-) bunid-1 [bunned-) cut [Source: Diary) bunid noun (bu·'ni d) lb:midl [bunneed) bonnet (Der. English 'bonnet ')

[Source: Diary 1) . bunidw ang noun (bu·ni- 'dwaog ) /b:Jnidwangl [bunnedwong] kmfe (Der. bunid- 'cut' + -(u)w- connective suffix' + -ang 'instrumental nounderiving suffix') [Source: Diary 1; Stiles 'punneedunk') but noun (but) /b:Jtl [but] tooth. Ex. wubut [webut) /w:rb:Jtl 'his tooth' [Source : Diary 1; Noyes '(mi)bit') b(u)wa co particle (bu·wa 'co) /b(i1)wacol [b'wachu) 1. little; 2. small [Source: Diary 1) . buwiz noun (bu·wiz') /bgwizl 1. dish; 2. pot; 3. vessel [Source: Dtary 1) buxkoz itiya- verb (bux·k o·zHi· ya'-) /b:J.Skozitiya-1 [bus~oz~teor_~ ~all

down., Ex. ne buxko zitiyas un [ne bushkozeteorsun) lm b~kozztzya-sonl '(if) I fall down' [Source: Diary 1) buxqu a noun (bux·'q ua) /b:J.Skwal [bushkwa) noon [Source: Diary 1] bwacu see b(u)wa co

c

-c pronominal suffix (-c~ 1-cl [-ch) let her/him/it (Imperative Order Intransitive) [Source: D1ary 1l ca- verb (ca-) lea-l [chaw-] catch [Source: Diary 1) cagwa n see jagwan [Source: Diary 1; Noyes 'chogwun') . cahag particle (ca·'hag ) !cahagl [chaw hog] where [Source : Dtary 1]

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25

casobata

noun

(ca·so·'ba·ta)

/casobata/

hut

[Source:

Noyes

'chassobbatah']

ciJsunparticle (ca'sun) /cas.;m/ [chawsun] hard [Source: Diary I] catung- verb (ca·'tung) lcat~gl [chatung-] have. Ex. gucatung [cuchatung] lg:J-cat:Jngl 'you will have' [Source: Diary 1] ci noun (ci) lei/ [chie] brother [Source: Diary I] cigut noun (ci-'gut) /cig~/ [cheegut] weakfish [Source: Diary I] cimi particle (ci·' mi) /Cimi/ [cheme] [ cip- noun initial (cip-) /cip-1 [cheap-] [cheep-] I. evil; 2. frightening [Source: Diary I, Sermon] see jibay ciphugi particle (cip·hu·'gi) /cip-h:Jg-il [cheephuggey] [cheaphugey] 1. dreadful; 2. terrible (Der. ci[- 'evil' + -hugi 'appearance', 'body') [Source: Diary I, Sermon] · ciway particle (ci·'way) leiway/ [cheewhy] new [Source: Diary 1] ciwi particle (ci·'wi) /Ciwi/ [cheewee] nearly [Source: Diary 1] ciwi particle (ci·'wi) /Ciwi/ [chewee] three [Source: Diary I; Rogers lcwil; Emma 'chughwee'; Gladys; Stiles 'shweh']

ciwiaskparticle (ci·wi·'ask) /ciwi-ask/ [chewee-osk] eight [Source: Diary I, Diary 2; Rogers lchons/; Emma 'chighhunch'; Gladys; Stiles 'shwausk'] -co -co) /-col [-cho] future time-indicating suffix (rare) [Source: Sermon] coy noun (coy) /coy/ [choy] nose [Source: Diary 1; Stiles '-chyage'] cu- verb (cu-) /b-1 [chu-] I. be necessary; 2. desire; 3. need; 4. want; 5. wish. Ex. ni cuyu [ne chuyer] /ni by:i 'I need'; cuyu [chuyer] 'he wants'; cuwak [chuwork] 'they want' [Source : Diary I, Sermon] cuguns noun (cu·'guns) lbg:Jns! [chuggunce] hay [Source: Diary I] -cuk pronominal su.ffu (-cuk) 1-c:id [-chuk] [Source: Diary 1]

they (Conjunct Order)

cunei particle (cun'ci) lc:Jncil [chunche] I. certain; 2. must; 2. sure [Source : Diary I, Sermon, Tale]

cunt- verb (cunt-) !c:Jnt-1 [chunt-] I. desire; 2. want; 3. wish. Ex ni cuntum [ne chuntum] lni c~t-:1ml 'I want' [Source: Diary 1, Sermon; Emma 'kutt-' in 'nikuttum' 'I want'; Gladys]

D -dpronominal su.ffu (-d) 1-d/ 1. he; 2. it; 3. she (Conjunct Order) [Source: Diary I] da see da da particle (da) Ida/ [do] [dor] and [Source: Diary 1, Diary 2, Sermon, Tale] see also daka dabi preverb (da·'bi) /dabi/ [dobbey, dobby, doby] I. able to; 2. can [Source: Diary 1, Sermon, Tale] dabi noun (da·'bi) /dabi/ [dorbe] table [Source: Diary I]

dahigman particle (da·'hig·man) ldahigmanl [taheghman] high [Source: Noyes] daka particle (da·'ka) /daka/ [docker, doka, dokker, dorker] and [Source: Diary I, Diary 2, Sermon, Tale] see also da

daxiprenoun (da·'xi) /dasil [doshe] so many [Source: Diary 1] dibi noun (di·'bi) /dibil [debe] [deebee] 1. devil; 2. evil spirit; plural dibiug (di·bi·ug') /dibi-:Jgl devils [Source: Diary 1, Sermon, Tale] see also jibay dibikanug noun (di·bi·ka·nug') ldibi-kdn:Jg! [debecornug] hell (Der. dibi 'devil' + kanug 'dwelling place') [Source: Diary I, Sermon] see also jibaykanug diquadung particle (di·qua·'dung) ldikwad~g/ [dikwadung] drunk [Source: Diary 1; Emma 'tequaghdeon'; Gladys] doday particle (do·day') /dodayl [doddi] [dordi] where [Source: Diary I, Sermon, Tale] dokamag noun (do·ka·'mag) /dokamag/ [tohcommock] beach [Source: Stiles] dosita noun (do·'sHa) /dosita/ [doosetar] Tuesday [Source : Diary 1]

26

27

doyibas noun (do·'yi·bas) ldoyibas/ [not attested] turtle. Poetic form: tolipas /tolipasl [tulepas] (Der. from Delawa re form) [Source: Speck 1928:200]

dozata noun (do·'z~Ha) /dozatal [dozortar] Thursday [Source: Diary I) -dub pronominal suffix (-dub) 1-d:Jh/ [-duh] let us (Imperative Order Intransitive) [Source: Diary 1] duksas noun (duk·'sa s) ld:icsas/ [ducksors] rabbit [Source: Diary I; Stiles 'tupsaas'] duksuo i- verb (duk'su ·ni-) /d:icsooi-1 [ducksunne-] fall down. Ex. duksuo i [ducksunne] ld:icsooi/ 'he falls down' [Source : Diary 1] duk- see tikdukwao g noun (duk·'w ang) /d:Jk-wang/ [duckwong] mortar (Der. duk- < tik- 'strike' + -(u)w- connective sufftx + -aug nominalizing suffix) [Source: Diary I] duo particle (duo) ldoo! [dun] l. how; 2. what [Source: Diary 2] Dun gutay? phrase (Duo gu·tay') /Doo g:Jtay/ [dunker tei] How are you? (Der. duo 'how'+ gu- 'you'+ -tay 'be') [Source: Diary I] dupqua noun (dup·'q ua) /d:7pkwa/ [dupkwoh] l. dark; 2. night [Source: Diary 1, Sermon, Tale] duquan g noun (du•qua og') /d:Jkwang/ [duckwong] mortar [Source: Diary 1]

G gad preverb (gad) /gad/ going to [Source: Diary I] gad- verb (gad-) /gad-/ [gord-] l. remove; 2. take off Ex. [gordunch] lgadooc/ 'take it off' [Source: Diary I]

gaduox

gagi- verb (ga·'gi-) /gagi-1 [goggey-] [gogey] 1. depart; 2. escape; 3. go out; 4. leave [Source: Diary 1, Sermon]

gagwanpronoun (ga·'gwan) lgagwan/ [goggwon] see jagwan gajdksid noun (ga·jak·sid) lgajaksidl [cachauxet] cunner [Source: Stiles]

gawi- verb (ga·'wi-) /gawi-1 [gowwe) 1. go to sleep; 2. ~le~p. Ex. ni gaw~ [ne-gowwe] /ni gawil, nugawi [nergowwe] /n:rgawzl I (go to) sleep

[Source: Diary 1, Tale] see also kawigax noun (gax) /gas/ [gosh] cow; plural stem gaxun- > gaxun.ug [goshenug] !gas-M-:Jgl (Der. gax cow + -un- plural stem connecttve suffix+ -ug animate plural suffix) [Source: Diary 1] gi pronoun (gi) !gil [ge] I. you; 2. your [Source: Diary 1, Sermon, Tale; Noyes 'che'] gi particle (gi) /gil [ge] I. afterwards; 2. if; 3. later; 4. subsequently [Source: Diary 1] gibxax- verb (gib·'xax-) /gibsas-1 [keebshash] 1. hurry; 2. make haste [Source: Noyes] giduma y particle (gi·du·m ay') lgidumayl [gedumy] soon [Source: Diary 2] gigitok- verb (gi·gHo k'-) /gigitok-1 [gigetook-] I. s~k; 2. talk. Ex. gigitoku [gigetooker] /gigitok-:i 'he talks' [Source: Dtary 1]

gigitokuwang noun (gi·gi-to·'ku·wang) lgigitok-:JW-ang/ . [gigetookerwong] language (Der. gigitok- 'sp~k' + -uw- connecttve suffix+ -aug 'nominalizing suffix') [Source: Dtary 1] giouki particle (gi·nu·'ki) /ginuki/ among [Source: Diary 2] -gisk noun (-gisk) 1-gisk/ [-geesk] day [Source: Diary 1] gisukad noun (gi'su·k ad) /gis:Jkad/ [geesukod] daytime (Der. gis/z- 'sun' + -kad 'day', 'time' [Source: Diary 1; Emma 'gesekughdoo' 'month'; Gladys; Noyes 'cheesuccod'] gitawip reverb (gi-ta·'wi) /gitawil [g~tah~~]l. abo~t to; 2. go; 3. going t~: Ex. oi gitawi [ne getahwe] lni gztawzl I am got?g, 1 am about to .... , gitawix [gerta(k)wish] /gitawis/ 'Go!' [Source: Dtary 1] gitus noun (gi·'us) /gitas/ dung [Source: Diary 1, Tale] gituzug noun (gi·'tu·zug) /git:!Zugl [geetuzug] cattle (Der. gituz cow+ -ug animate plural suffix) [Source: Diary 1]

29

28 gixki particle (gix'ki) lgiski/ (geeshke] l. beside; 2. next to [Source: Diary 2] gixquu d- verb (gix·'qu ud-) /giskw~-1 (geeshqudd-] be angry. Ex. gixqud du (geeshquddu]

/giskw~-:i'he

is angry' [Source: Diary I]

gixtutu - verb (gix·'tu ·tu-) /gist :X:>-/ [geeshtutu-] wash. Ex. gixtutu x [geeshtutush] /gist:X:>-/'Wash yourself!' [Source: Diary I] giyama n noun (gi·ya·' man) /giyamanl (geyommon] spoon [Source: Diary

1]

giyaw pronoun (gi·yaw ') /giyaw/ I. you all; 2. your (plural) [Source: Diary 1] giyawu n pronoun (gi·ya·'w un) /giyaw:Jnl I. our (yours and minde); 2. us (youn and me); 3. we (you and I) [Source: Diary 1] giyay noun (gi·yay' ) /giyayl [gei] chair (Der. English 'chair'?) [Source: Diary 1]

giyodumcawung noun (gi·yo·d um·' ca·wun g) /giyod:mcaw:Jngl [keodumchawunk] learning [Sourve: Noyes] gizuxg noun (gi·'zux g) /giz:J.Sgl [geezushg] sun [Source: Diary 1] gohung noun (go·'hu ng) lgoh:Jng/ [kohunk] goose [Source: Stiles] goo noun (goo) /gonl [goone] snow (fallen) [Source: Diary 1] gongiya ks noun (gon·'gi ·yaks) /gongiyaksl [goongeyox] cock (rooster) [Source: Diary 1] gong? noun (gon·'go ) lgongol [goongoo] 1. sock; 2. stocking [Source: D1ary 1]; plural gongow unx [cungowuntch] /gongow:JnX! (Der. gongo 'sock' + -(w)un- connective suffix + -x inanimate plural suffix) 1. socks; 2. stockings [Source: Stiles] gongut- verb (gon·'gu t-) /gong :X-I [goongert-] [kounket-) thirsty (be). Ex. ni gongut on [ne-goongertoon] lni gong:X-on/ 'I am thirsty' (conjunct order) [Source: Diary 1] gopqua d noun (gop·' quad) /gopkwadl [goopkwod] cloudy day (Der. gop'cloudy'? +-quad 'day') [Source: Diary 1]

gu- pronominal prefiX (gu-) /g:>-1 [gu-, ger-, g'-] 1. you (singular); 2. your (singular) (Source: Diary 1, Tales] gu- -un(an) pronominal affixes (gu- un·(an) ) /g:>- -;m(im)/ (ger- -unorn] 1. our (yours and mine); 2. us (you and me); 3. we (you and I) [Source: Diary I] gu- -uw(aw ) pronominal affixes (gu- -u·w(aw )) /g:>- ~(aw)/ (ger- uwor] 1. you all; 2. your (plural) [Source: Diary 1] gu- -(u)m pronominal affixes (gu- -(u)m) /g:>- -(:1)m/ [ger- -(u)m] you (singular) (Independent Order Indicative) [Source: Diary 1] gu- -(u)mu w pronominal affixes (gu- -(u)·mu w') /g;>- -(:J)muwl [ger- (u)mo] you all (Independent Order Indicative) [Source: Diary I] gu- -(u)mu n pronominal affixes (gu- -(u)'mu n') /g:>- -(:1)munl (ger- (u)mun] we (you and 1; Independent Order Indicative) gudum angi prenoun (gu·du· man·'gi ) /g~:mangi/ [gerdumange] 1. pitiful; 2. poor [Source: Diary 1] guhug pronoun (gu·'hu g) !g:Jh;,gl (guhug] 1. you (singular); 2. yoursel f (Der. gu- 'your'+ -hug(i) 'body') [Source: Diary 1] guhugu n pronoun (gu·'hu ·gun) /g:Jh;,gml (gerhergun] l. ourselves (you and me); 2. us (you and me) (Der. gu- 'your' + -hug(i) 'body' + -un plural suffix) [Source: Diary 1] guhugu w pronoun (gu·'hu ·guw) /guhuguwl [gerhergo] 1. you all; 2. yourselves (Der. gu- 'your' + -hug(i) 'body' + -uw plural suffix) [Source: Diary 1] gukiwo - verb (gu·ki·wo-) /g:Jkiwo-1 [gerkewoh-] [gerkewor] drunk

[Source: Diary 1, Sermon] gumod- verb (gu·mo d'-) /g:mod-1 [germood-] steal. Ex. gumodo [germoodu] 'he steals' [Source: Diary 1, Sermon] gunay noun (gu·nay ') /gmayl [guni-] long. Ex. guoayu x [guniush] /gmay-:JSI 'long' (inanimate plural) [Source: Diary 1]

30

gunci particle (gun(k)·'ci) !g:Jnci/ [gun(k)che] I. big; 2. great; 3. large [Source: Diary 1, Tale] gung particle (gung) !g:Jng! [gun g) young [Source: Diary I) gunggum noun (gung·gum') /g:Jngg:xnl [gunggumb] young man [Source: Diary 1) gungwiksuma noun (gung·wik·'su·ma) !g:Jngwiks:xna/ [gungweeksuma] whistler [Source : Diary 1] gunkci see gunci

gupad noun( gu·'pad) lg:JJJadl [kuppat] ice [Source: Stiles] gusubut- verb (gu·su·'but-) /gasoo;X-/ [gersubertoh-] hot (be) [Source : Diary 1] gusubuto particle (gu·su·'bu·to) lgasoo;Xo/ [gersubertor] hot [Source: Diary, Sermon] gusud- verb (gu·sud'-) !g:JS:xl-1 [gersud-] hot (be). Ex. gusuda [gersudah] 'it is hot' [Source: Diary 1] gusug noun (gu·sug') !g:JS~/ [gersug] mud [Source: Diary 1)

gutaquix particle (gu·ta·quix') /g;Xakwisl [gertakwish]going to [Source : Diary 1] gutowi- verb (gu·to·'wi-) /g;Xowi-1 going to [Source : Diary 1, Sermon , Tale]

gutqutis noun (gut·'quas) /k;Xkwasl [cutquauss] partridge [Source: Stiles] gutuma particle (gu·'tu·ma) /g;X:xna/ [gertumah] unless [Source: Diary I] gutuma- verb (gu·tu·'ma-) /g;X:xna-1 [gertuhmah-] sing. Ex. gutuma [gertuhmah] 'he sings' [Source: Diary 1) gutumki- verb (gu·tum·'ki-) /g;X:xnki-1 [gertumke] I. arise; 2. get up. Ex. nugutumki [nugertumke] /n~g;X:xnki/ 'I get up', '1 arise'; gertum kix [gertumkish] /g;X:xnki-s/ 'Get up!' [Source: Diary l. Tale]

31

guxkucung noun (gux·'ku·cung) /g:J.Skx:Jngl [gushkerchung] I. spirit light; 2. swamp fire; 3. will- ' o-the-wisp [Source: Diary 1]

gwagwikum noun (gwa·'gwi·kum) /gwagwik:xnl [quegwegum] [guagueekum] duck [Source : Noyes 'quegwegum'; Stiles 'guagueekum'] gwat noun (gwat) /gwatl [gwart] quart (Der. English 'quart'] [Source: Diary 1] gwiksu- verb (gwik·'su-) lgwiks~l [gweksu-] whistle. Ex. gwikso [gwiksu] 'he whistles' [Source : Diary 1] gwinangan particle (gwi·'nan·gan) /gwinanganl [quinnangon] high [Source: Noyes] gwinungwis particle (gwi·nun·'gwis) lgwin:Jngwisl [quinunquise] high [Source: Noyes] gwunsnag noun (gwun·'snag) /gw:Jnsnag/ [gwunsnog] pestle [Source : Diary 1]

H hax- verb (bax-) /ha§-1 [hash] I. come; 2. go [Source: Noyes] hayok noun (ba·'yok) /hayokl [hyewgk] wife [Source: Stiles] bodu- verb (bo·'du-) /hod~/ [whodder-] shout. Ex. boduw ak [worwhodderwork] lhod~wakl 'they shout' [Source: Diary 1] -budic pronominal suffix (-bu·dic') 1-hxlic/ [-herdeech] let them (Imperative Order Intransitive) [Source: Diary 1] bug- verb (bug-) /h~-1 [hog(g)-] cover [Source : Diary 1, Sermon] -bugi noun final (-bu·'gi) 1-h~-i/ [-huggey] [hugey] 1. body; 2. covering of an animal or person; 3. outward appearance; 4. visage (Der. bug- 'to cover') [Source: Diary 1, Sermon] I in noun (in) lin/ [een] man; plural inug (in·'ug) lin-~/ [eenug] men [Source : Diary 1, Sermon , Tale]

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incun noun (in·'cun) /inc:Jn! [inchun] Indian [Source: Tale]

junay particle (ju·nay') /j:Jnay! [juni] crazy [Source: Diary 1]

incunin noun (in·'cu·nin) /inc:Jninl [inchuneen] Indian man (Der. incun 'Indian'+ in 'man') [Source: Tale]

junayum noun (ju·na·'yum) /j:Jnay-:Jml [junium]crazy man (Der. junay 'crazy' + -urn nominalizing suffix) [Source: Diary l]

-is suffzx (-is) l-is/ [-es, -ees] diminutive suffix [Source: Diary I] iwa- verb (i·'wa-) /iwa-1 [ewor-] 1. say; 2. speak. Ex. nuiwa [nerewo] 'I say'; guiwa [ge-ewo] /g;riwa/ 'you say'; iwa [ewo] 'he says'; iwax [ewash] liwa-s/ 'Speak!' [Source: Diary, Sermon, Tale]

junayxqua noun (ju·nay·'xqua) /j:Jnay-skwal [jughnishqua] I. crazy woman; 2. fool (female) [Source: Emma; Gladys]

J jagwan pronoun (inanimate singular) (ja·'gwan) /jagwanl [joggwon] 1. all those; 2. anything; 3. everything; 4. something; 5. what; 6. which; plural jagwanx (ja·'gwanx) /jagwan-sl [joggwonch] see also cagwan, gagwan [Source: Diary I, Sermon, Tale]

jabugparticle (ja·'bug) !jah:1gl [johug] where in [Source: Tale] janaw pronoun (ja·naw') !janaw/ [jonnow] I. it (intensive); 2. only; 3. near [Source: Diary 1, Tale]

jaqu- verb (ja·'qu-) /jakw-1 [chahquik] knife [Source: Noyes] jaquiyun noun (ja·qui·'yun) !jakwiy:Jnl [jocqueen] house (European variety) [Source: Tale] jaxi particle (ja·'xi) !jasi/ [joshe] so much [Source: Diary 1] jibay noun (ji·'bay) !jibay /[jeebi] 1. devil; 2. evil spirit; 3. ghost [Source : Diary 1, Sermon; Song; Stiles 'cheeby', 'chepy') see also dibi jibaykanug noun (ji·bay·ka·'nug ) !jibay-ktin:1g! [jeebicornug] 1. hell [Source: Diary I, Sermon] see also dibikanug jits noun (jits) /}its/ [jeets] bird [Source: Diary 1] jixnoun(jix) /}is/ [jeesh] hand, Ex. wujix [wejeesh] /w;rjis/ 'his hand' [Source: Diary I; Noyes '(mee)ge') joyquat- verb (joy·'qua-) /joykwa-1 [joyqua-] 1. hurry (be in a). 2. quick (be); 3. make haste. Ex. ni joyquatum [ne joyquatum] 'I am in a hurry'; joyquisb [joyquish] /joykw-i-x/ 'Make haste!' [Source: Diary 1]

juway- verb (ju·way'-) /j:JWay-1 [juwhyy-] warm oneself. Ex. juwayux [juwhyyush] /j:JWay-;rs/ 'Warm yourselfl' [Source: Diary I, Tale]

K -kad noun (-kad) /-lead/ [-kod] day. Ex. gisukad [geesukod] lgis-;rkadl day [Source: Diary 1] see also -quad k.ajuks noun (k.a·juks') /ktijg/(s/ [corjux] boy [Source: Diary 1] kan- verb (kan-) /kan-1 [kon-] see. Ex. ni kanum [ne-konum] 'I see' [Source: Diary 1] kanis noun (ka'nis) /kanis/ [kanis] brother. Ex. nukanis [nekanis] /n;r kanis/ 'my brother' [Source: Diary 1] kanug noun (k.a·'nug) /kimugl [cornug] dwelling place [Source: Diary 1, Sermon] kanuki noun( ka·nu·'ki) /kan:Jkil [canukey] 1. genitalia; 2. private parts

[Source : Diary 1] kawi- verb (ka·'wi-) /kawi-1 [cowi-] sleep (go to). Ex. kawix [cowish] /kawi-s/ 'Go to sleep!' [Source: Diary 1, Tale] kayo particle (ka·'yo) /kayo/ [(te)kiyo] cold [Source : Diary 1, Tale] (o)ki noun ([o]ki) /ki/ [kee] [oke] I. dirt; 2. earth; 2. ground; 2. soil; locative kig [keeg] /ki-(u)gl 'in the ground, in the earth', on the _earth'. [Source : Diary 1; Song]. Also ugi /:1gil [ugi] earth [Source: Dtary 1, Sermon] ki- prefzx (ki-) /ki-1 [ke-] duration-indicating prefix [Source: Song] kidusu verb (ki·'du·su) /kid:JS:i [keedersu-] 1. count; 2. read. Ex. kidusu [keedersu] 'he reads' [Source: Diary 1]

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kigom noun (ki-'g om) /kigoml [keeguum] arrow [Source: Stiles] kinun - verb (ki·'n un-) /kin:Jn-1 [keenun-] carry. Ex. kinun x [keenunch] 'Carry! [Source: Diary 1] kiyowig- verb (ki·yo ·'wig -) /kiyowig-1 [keowhig-] 1. desire; 2. want [Source: Diary 1] kocay s noun (ko·c ays') /kocaysl [cochise] old man [Source : Emm a 'kughchise'; Gladys]

Diary 1;

koks ki- verb (kok· 'ski-) /kokski-1 [cookski-] sleep [Source: Diary 1] kon- verb (kon- ) Ikon-/ find. Ex. nuko num [nerc onnum] /n:rkon-:m/ 'I find' [Source: Tale]

kopa,y_as noun (ko·p a·yas ') lkopaycis/ [kopiauss] [kupy J.ls]frog [Source: Sttles ]

kub noun (kub ) lk:Jb/ [kub] hat. Ex. guku b [gerk ub] /g:rk:Jbl 'your hat' (Der. English 'cap') [Source: Diary l] kucu x noun (ku·c ux') lkx:JS/ [kerchush] hay [Sour ce: Diary 1] kudu - verb (ku·' du-) lk~:r/ [cuder-] wish [Source: Diary 1] kudu k -verb (ku·' duk- ) /k~:Jk-1 [cuderc-] sleep y (be). Ex. kudu kum [cudercum] /k~:Jk-:m/ 'he is sleepy' [Source: Diary 1] kudu sk particle (ku·'d usk) /k~:lSk/ [cuddusk] six [Source: Diary 1; Rogers lnik~:lSI; Emma 'chughdunsk'; Gladys; Stiles 'nucquuddosk'] kuji particle (ku·'j i) /k:Jjil [cudgi] 1. already; 2. finish ed [Source: Diary 1] kumu mp- verb (ku·m ump' -) /k:m:mp-1 [kerm ump-] look (at). Ex. kumu mpx [kermumpsh] /k:m:mp-s/ 'Look!' [Source: Diary] kunc uci particle (kun· 'cu·ci ) /k:Jncxil [kuncherch ee] l. just a little; 2. only a little [Source: Diary 2] kund is noun (kun· dis') lk:Jndis/ [kundees] leg [Source: Diary ; Noyes 'acuunt'] kunu - verb (ku·'n u-) lk:~n:r/ [qunna-] catch. Ex. ni kunn u [ne qunna] 'I catch' [Source: Diary l]

kunu ng noun (ku·'n ung) /k:Jn:Jngl [kunnung] 1. appearance ; 2. face; 3. head [Source : Diary 1]

kutparticle (kut) /k:Jtl [cut] but [Source: Diary 2] kuts noun (kuts ) /k:Jtsl [quts] louse; plural kutsu g (kut· 'sug) /k:Jts-:Jgl [qutsug] 'lice' [Source : Diary 1] kutxi t- verb (kut·':xit-) /k:Jtsit-1 [qutshet-] wash. Ex. kut:xitux [qutshetush] /k:Jtsit-:rsl 'Wash youselfl' [Source : Diary 1]

M rna particle (ma) !mal [rna] past time particle [Sour ce: D~ary 1] . macu n- verb (ma·' cu·n- ) !mac:Jn-1 [mottchern-] 1. dte; 2. pensh . Ex. macu no [mottchernor] 'he perishes' [Source: Sermon] maja gpart icle( ma·ja g') /majagl [mojog] nothing [Source: Diary 1] majo particle(ma·'jo) fmajol (mojow] [mahjo] 1. jointly; 2. together [Source: Diary 2] mano da noun (ma·n o·'da ) /manodal [manodah] bas~et. Ex. nu~anoda [nermanodah] fn~m:Jnodal 'my basket' [Source: Dtary 1, Tale, Noyes 'minnoot'] masoyan noun (ma·s o·'ya n) !masoyanl [massowyan] black bird [Source: ~~

. matawiparticle (ma·t a·'wi ) !matciwil [m'tarwe] very much [Source: Dtary 1, Sermon, Tale] maw - verb (maw -) /maw-! [mow-] 1. cry; 2. wee. Ex. maw [mow] 'he cries, weeps' [Source: Diary 1] . . maw i- verb (ma·' wi-) fmawi-1 [mowe-] 1. come; 2. go. Ex. na mom [ne mowe] 'I am coming' [Source: Diary 1] maxakid noun (ma·' xa·ki d) !mcisakidl [mausshakeet] greatest [Source: Stiles]

maxidawung noun (ma·:xi·'da·wung)/masidaw:Jng/ [msh iddawunk] log [Source: Noyes]

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-mbilo- noun medial (-mbilo-) 1-mbi/o-1 [-mbi/o-] time. Ex. yombowi [yumbowe] lyo-mbo-wi/ 'this morning', 'today' [Source: Diary I, Sermon] mibxab noun (mib·'xab) /mib.sab/ [mibschaub] soul [Source: Noyes] mic- verb(mic-) /mic-1 [meech-] eat. Ex. numici [nermeechee] ln:rmicil 'l eat'; numijumi ln:mzij:Jmi/ 'I eat'; mico [meejo] 'he eats it'; gumiciyum [ger-meecheyum] /g:rmic-iy-:mz/ 'you would eat' [Source : Diary I,

Tale] micimi prenoun ( mi-ci·' mi) lmiCimil [meecheeme] I. eternal; 2. lasting; 3. very much [Source: Diary] micmikig- (mic·mi-'kig -) /mic-mikig-1 [mechmikig-] be very strong. (Der. mic(imi) 'lasting' + mikig- 'be strong') Ex. gumicmikig wang [germechmikigwong] lg:rmic-mikig-(u)w-angl 'he makes you very strong' [Source: Sermon] migixkudu- verb (mi·gix·ku· du'-) lmigisk:xl:r/ [megeeshkuddu-] lazy (be) [Source: Diary I] migucid noun (mi·'gu·cid) lmigxid !lmegerchid] I. dung; 2. excrement [Source: Diary I, Tale] migwan noun (mi·'gwan) lmigwan! [megwon] I. feather; 2. quill [Source: Diary l] mikig- verb (mi·'kig-) /mikig-1 [mekeg-] strong (be). Ex. mikigo [mekegoo] 'he is strong' [Source: Diary I; Noyes 'mechioh'] mikigo particle (mi-'ki·go) lmikigol [mekegoo] strong [Source: Diary I] min noun (min) /min/ [meen] milk [Source: Noyes]

mitog noun (mi·'tog) lmitog/ [metoog] I. stick; 2. tree; 3. wood [Source: Diary I; Stiles 'mattuck'] mix- verb (mix-) /mis-1 [meesh-J give. Ex. gumix [ger-meeshJ /g:rmis/ 'I give you' [Source: Diary I; Stiles mizum [meezum] /miz-:Jm/ 'he gives'] mixayan noun (mi-xa·'yan ) lmisayanl [mishianJ shower (small rain) [Source : Diary I]

mixayo particle (mi-xa·'yo) lmisayo/ [messhfou] great [Source: Stiles 'great man')

mixwi noun (mix·'wi) miswi/ [meshwe] canoe [Source: Stiles] mocin- verb (mo·'cin-) /mocin-1 [moochin-] sick (be). Ex. ni mocinu [ne moochina] 'I am sick' [Source: Diary I] mohiks noun (mo·'hiks) /mohiks/ [moheeks] Mohegan (s~ngu/ar) ; plural mohiksinug [moheekseenug] lmohiks-in-:Jgl [Source: Diary 1) moskut noun (mos·'kut) /mosk:Jt! [mooskut] anus [Source: Diary I]

nwwapazo- verb (mo·'wa·pa· zo-) /mowapazo-1 [mouapazoo] mourn

[Source: Noyes] mowi- verb (mo·'wi) /mowi-1 [mowe-] go. Ex. ni mowi ~ne mowe] 'I am going'; numowi [nermowe] /n:rmowi/ 'I go' [Source : Diary I, Tale] mowiparticle (mo·'wi) /mowil [mowe] 1. about to; 2. going to (Der. from mowi- 'to go') [Source: Diary, Tale] nwwiho particle (mo·wi·'ho) /mowihol [moowiho] soft [Source: Noyes] moygow (moy·'gow) /moygowl [moygow] witch (b~d); plural moygowag [moygoowog] /moygow-ag! 'witches' [Source: D1ary I] moyx noun (moyx) /moysl [moish] I. chic.ken; ,2· hen; plural moyxaks [moishocks] /moyx-ak-s/ (Der. moyx 'ch1cken + -ak plural suffix+ -s English plural suffix?) [Source: Diary 1] muc- verb (muc-) /mx-1 [mutch-] 1. be dead; 2. be rotten; 3. be spoiled [Source: Diary l ] muci particle (mu·'ci) /mx-i/ [mutche] [mutchi] 1. bad; 2. rotten; 3. spoiled [Source: Diary l, Sermon] mucit- verb (mu·'cit-) /mx-it-1 [mutchet-] spoil. Ex. ni mucitum [ne mutchetum] 'I spoil it' (Der. muc- 'be spoiled' + -it transitivizin g suffix) [Source: Diary 1] mucu particle (mu·'cu-) /mx-~mutsher] I. bad; 2. rotten; 3. spoiled

[Source: Diary I]

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mueun- verb (mu·'cun- ) /mx-~-/[muchun-1 I. die; 2. perish. Ex. mueuno [muchun~] 'he dies' (Der. moe- 'be spoiled'+ -un verbalizing suffix) [Source: D1ary 1, Sermon] see also moemud particle (mud) /m:x/1 [mud] I. no; 2. not [Source: Diary 1, Sermon, Tale] mud particle (mud) /m:xl/ [mud] brother. Ex. ni mud [ ne mud] 'my brother' [Source: Diary I] mudap- verb (mu·dap'- ) /m:xlap-1 [muddorp-] curse. Ex. mudapo [muddorpoh] 'he curses' [Source: Diary I] mudapaw angan noun (mu·da·pa ·wan·'gan ) /m:xiap-aw-angan/ temptation (Der. mudapaw (u)- 'curse'+ -(u)w- connective suffix+angan nominalizing suffix) [Source: Stiles as 'matawompawongan'] mudapaw - verb (mu·da·'p a·w-) /m:xlapaw-1 [mudorporw-] [muddorpohw-] I. curse; 2. speak evil; 3. swear [Source: Sermon, Tale] mudjagw an particle (mud·ja·'g wan) lm:xijagwanl nothing [Source: Tale] mudu particle (mu·'du) /m:xlal [mudder] no [Source: Diary 1; Emma 'mughdau'; Gladys; Noyes 'matta'] mudup- verb (mu·dup'- ) /m:xlgp-1 [merdup-] sit down. Ex. mudupx [merdupsh] lm:xlgp-s/ 'Sit down!' [Source: Diary 1] mudxqua nu particle (mud·xqu a·'nu) lm:xiskwanal [mudshquonu] dull D~r. mud 'not' + xquan- 'sharp' + -u 'particle-forming suffix) [Source: D1ary 1] mugayaxa - verb (mu·ga·ya ·'xa-) lm:Jgayasa-1 [muggayahsha] 1. breathe hard; 2. gasp [Source: Diary I] mugayo particle (mu·ga·'y o) lm:Jgayo/ [muggayoh] 1. big; 2. great; 3. large [Source: Diary 1] muj~g-

verb (mu·jag'-) lm~ag-1 [mudjog-] I. go away; 2. vanish [Source:

D1ary I] mu~euks D~ary

noun (mu·'ka·c uks) /m:Jkacdcs/ [muckachucks] boy [Source:

1; Emma 'muchauchucks'; Gladys; Stiles 'muckachux']

mukawis noun (mu·ka·'w is) /m:icawis/ [muckkowheessce] wippoorwill [Source: Stiles] mukiyawi s noun (mu·ki·ya ·'wis) lm:Jkiyaw-is/ [merkeahwees] boy (Der. mukiyaw 'male child?'+ -is diminutive suffix) [Source : Diary 1] muks noun (muks) !mdcsl [mucks] wolf [Source: Stiles] mukun- verb (mu·'kun- ) /m:ic~-1 [merkun-] l. gather; 2. pick. Ex. ni mukunum [ne merkunum] /ni m:ic~-:Jml 'I pick' [Source : Diary I] mukus noun (mu·'kus) /m:icasl [mukus] shoe; plural mukusun x [mukusunch] !m:Jk:JS:m-sl [Source: Diary l; Noyes 'mauckis'; Stiles 'muckasons'] mundita noun (mun·'dH a) lm~dital [mundetar] Monday (Der. English 'Monday') {Source : Diary 1] mundo noun (mun·'do) /m~do/ [mundu] 1. diety; 2. god [Source: Diary

1, Sermon, Tale; Noyes 'mandou'; Stiles 'mundtu', 'mondtu'] mundona g noun (mun·do·n ag') lm~do-n-agl[mundonog] heaven (Der. mundo 'diety' + -n- connective suffix + -ag locative suffix) [Source: Diary l, Sermon, Tale] mus particle (mus) /m:JSI [mus] 1. future time particle; 2. when [Source: Diary I, Sermon, Tale; Song] muskuzits noun (mus·ku·z its') lmask:JZits/ [muskerzeets] beans [Source: Diary 1; Stile 'mushquissedes']

musukig noun (mu·'su·ki g) /m:JS:icig/ [m' ssugkheege] bass [Source : Stiles] mutag- verb (mu·tag'-) lm:7tag-l [mutahg-] dance. Ex. mutagu [mutahga] 'he dances' [Source: Diary 1] mutawi noun (mu·ta·'w i) /m:1t-awil [mertorwe] much; plural mutawiug [mertorwiug] /m~awi-:Jgl 'many'. Also as a particle with the meaning 'very' [Source: Diary l , Sermon, Tale]

40 mutayanumo- verb (mu·ta·ya·'nu·mo-) /, ~d) -tayan:rmo-1 ' 'm [muttianomoh-] sick (Der . mu(d) not + tayanu- 'healthy') [Source: Diary I]

mudjag particle (mud·jag') /m:xf. . 1 [ . t· matchog] 1 can (D er. mud 'not'+ jag Uog(wan)J-.Jag no, 2. nothmg : /"ag(w an)/ anythmg [Source: Noyes] 'J mutiwawag noun (mu·ti· '· wa wag) lm:Jt-iwawag/ [ tty [Source: Diary I] see also mutawi mu wowog] many

b. mutombi noun (mu·tom·'bi) lm :Xom i/ [muttoumbe] pack-basket [Source: Diary I]

41 nabniciwiask particle (nab·ni·ci·wi·'ask) /nab-ni-Ciwi-ask/ [nobnecheweeosk] eighteen [Source: Diary 2; Emma; Gladys] nabnikudusk particle ( nab-ni·ku·' dusk) lnab-ni-kudusk/ [nobnecuddusk] sixteen [Source: Diary 2; Emma; Gladys] nabninibozokoquang particle ( nab·ni·ni·bo·zo·ko·' quang) lnab-ni-nibozokokwangl [nobnenebozukukwong] twenty-nine [Source: Diary 2; Emma; Gladys] nabniniciwi particle (nab·ni·ni·ci·'wi) lnab-ni-ni-Ciwi/ [nobnenechewee] twenty-three [Source: Diary 2; Emma; Gladys]

·1 ( mutudayazopar11c e mu·tu·da·ya·'zo) /; m:Jt:xlayazo/ [muttudiazoo] D" I. hideous· 2 ugly ["ou rce: tary I] lJI • ' muxaniwag noun (mu·xa·'ni·wag) lm ~ . asamwagl [mshanewog] great many [Source: Noyes]

nabninikud usk particle( nab·ni·ni·ku·' dusk) Inab-ni-ni-kudusk/ [nobnenecuddusk] twenty-six [Source: Diary 2; Emma; Gladys]

muxizig noun (mu·'xi-zig) !. ~ . . masmg/ [m'shizzeege] shildrake [Source: Stiles]

nabnininipaw particle (nab·ni·ni·ni·paw') /nab-ni-ni-nipaw/ [nobnenenepow]twenty-five [Source: Diary 2; Emma; Gladys]

h, muxundtig noun (mu·xun·dag) /maf:Jndanl [ muse undaug] lobster & [Source: Stiles]

nabnininiquut particle (nab·ni·ni·ni·quut') lnab-ni-ni-nikw:xl [nobnenenequt] twenty-one [Source: Diary 2; Emma; Gladys]

nabniniciwiask particle ( nab·ni·ni·ci·wi·'ask) /nab-ni-ni-ciwi-askl [nobnenecheweeosk] twenty-eight [Source: Diary 2; Emma; Gladys]

nabnininis particle (nab·ni·ni-'nis) /nab-ni-ni-nis/ [nobnenenees] twentytwo [Source: Diary 2; Emma; Gladys]

N . nab- prefix (nab) !nab/ [nob] I add [Source: Diary 2; Emma 'nom-': Gl ded. to;_ 2. m addition to; 3. plus ' a ys, StJies 'naubut'] b ·· na &JI particle (na·ba·'ji) lnabay"i/ [ b hd D" no a ge] as far as [S . ource: tary 2] na bDl- prefix (nab·ni-) I b . I plus [Source : Diary 2·nEamnmi-a ,fnob~e-] I. added to; 2. in addition to· 3 ' . nommee '· Gl d ] ' -' . a ys see also nabnabnibayag particle (nab·ni·ba·' a [Source: Diary 2; Emma; Glad[sl) lnab-m-bayag/ fnobnebiog] twenty

nabnininizux particle (nab·ni·ni·nizux') /nab-ni-ni-niz:JS/ [nobnenenezush] twenty-seven [Source: Diary 2; Emma; Gladys] nabninipaw particle (nab·ni·ni·paw') lnab-ni-nipawl [nobnenepow] fiftten [Source: Diary 2; Emma; Gladys] nabniniquut particle (nab·ni·ni·quut') /nab-ni-ni/cw{}f/ [nobnenequt] eleven [Source : Diary 2; Emma 'nomineekuitt'; Gladys] nabninis particle(nab·ni·nis') lnab-ni-nis/ [nobnenees] twelve [Source: Diary 2; Emma; Gladys]

nabnibozokoquangparticle (nab·ni·bo· . ·' ~ ko quang) lnab-nibozokokwangl [nobnebozukuk wong] nmeteen [Source: Diary 2; Emma; Gladys]

nabniniyaw particle (nab·ni·ni·yaw') /nab-ni-ni-yaw/ [nobneneyow] twenty-four [Source: Diary 2; Emma; Gladys]

. . . nabniciwi particle (nab·ni·ci·'wi) I [Source: Diary 2; Emma; Gladys] nab-m-ctwi/ [nobnechewee] thirteen

nabninizux particle (nab·ni·ni·zux') lnab-ni-niz:JSI [nobnenezush] seventeen [Source: Diary 2; Emma; Gladys]

43

42 nabniyaw particle (nab·niyaw') lnab-ni-yawl [nobeneyow] fourteen [Source: Diary 2; Emma; Gladys] nagum pronoun (na·'gum) lnag:1ml [noggum] [nagum] 1. he; 2. her; 3. him; 4. his; 5. it; 6. she [Source: Diary 1, Sermon, Tale] nagumaw pronoun (na·gu·maw') lnag:1m-aw/ [noggumaw] 1. them; 3. they [Source: Diary l]

their; 2.

nambipartic/e (nam·'bi) lnambil [nombe] instead [Ssource: Diary 2] nan (nan) /nan/ [non] same [Source: Diary 2] nanaxawi particle (na·na·xa·'wi) lnanasawi/ [nonoshorwe] between [Source: Diary 2] see also naxawi naniparticle (na·ni) /nani/ [nahnee] any [Source: Diary 2] naqui particle (na·'qui) lnakwi/ [noqui] toward [Source: Diary 2] nawa- verb (na·'wa-) /nawa-1 [nawah-] 1. know; 2. see; 3. understand. Ex. nunanawa [nunanawa] /n:>-na-nawa/'1 know him/her'; gunawani [genawahne] /g:>-nawa-ni/ 'you see me' [Source: Diary, Tale] nawad particle (na·'wad) /nawad/ [nowad] earlier [Source: Diary 2]

miwic noun (na·'wic) /miwicl [noughitch] deer [Source: Stiles] nawuji particle (na·wu·'ji) /naw~i/ [nowudgee] 1. part of; 2. some of [Source: Diary 2] naxawi particle (na·xa·'wi) lnasawil [noshorwe] between [Source: Diary 2] see also nanaxawi naxpiparticle (nax·'pi) lnaJpi/ [nashpe] by means of[Source: Diary 2] nay particle (nay) /nay/ [nye] yes [Source: Tale] ni pronoun (ni) /nil [ne] that (inanimate) [Source: Diary I, Sermon, Tale] ni pronoun (ni) /nil [ne] 1. I ; 2. me; 3. my [Source: Diary I, Sermon, Tale; Song] nibic noun (ni·bic') /nibic/ [nebeech] lake [Source: Diary l] niday particle (ni·day') lniday/ [nedi] there [Source: Diary 1, Sermon, Tale]

nigpronoun (nig) lnig/ [neeg] those (animate) [Source: Diary 1]

niga particle (ni·'ga) Iniga/ [nega] accordingly [Source: Diary 2] nigun- verb (ni·'gun-) /nig:Jn-1 [negunn-] go before [Source: Diary I] niguni particle (ni·'gu·ni) /nig:Jnil [negunne] before [Source: Diary 1; Noyes 'negonne'] nimaci particle (ni·ma·'ci) /nimaCil [nematchee]

afterwards [Source:

Diary 2] nini (ni·'ni) /ninil [nene] here [Source: Song] ninuquudu partie/ e(ni·nu·quu·'du) /nin(}/cw:xi:l [nenerqudde] 1. ever; 2. never [Source: Diary 1, Sermon] nipaw particle (ni·paw') !nipaw/ [nepow] five [Source: Diary 1; Rogers /nipa/; Emma 'nughpau'; Gladys; Stiles 'nuppau']

nipsawag noun (nip·'sa·wag) /nipsawag/ (nuppsawaug] pond [Source: Stiles] niquut particle (ni·quut') /nikw:tl (nequt] one [Source: Diary I; Rogers lnikut/; Emma '(ni)kuitt'; Gladys; Stiles 'nuquut'] nis particle (nis) /nisi [nees] two [Source: Diary 1; Rogers /nisi; Emma 'neese'; Gladys; Stiles 'naez'] nisuncog particle (nis·'un·cog) /nis-:Jncogl [neeseun~hog] twenty [Source: Emma; Gladys; Stiles 'niezinchog'] see also nabmbayag nisuncogunis particle (nis·'un·co·gu·nis) lnis-:Jncog-:>-nis/ [neeseunchoganeese] twenty-two [Source: Emma (given as 21); Gladys] see also nabnininis . niswik noun (nis·'wik) !niswikl [neesweek] fortnight [Source: Dtary 1] nitsisimo noun (nit·si·'si·mo) !nitsisimol (neitsissimou] tobacco [Source: Diary 1] niwocay particle (ni·wo·cay') lni-wocay/ [newochy] because of [Source: Diary 2] nix noun (nix) /nisi [neesh] eel [Source: Stiles] nix pronoun (nix) /nisi [nish] those (inanimate) [Source: Diary 1] . nixwags noun (nix·'wags) /niswags /[neeshuaugx]eel [Source: Sttles] see

also nix

44

45

niyani particle (ni·'ya·ni) lniyanil [neyonne] so [Source: Diary 2] niyawun pronoun (ni·ya ·'wun ) /ni-y-aw-ool 1. our(= his and mine); 2. us (=me and him); 3. we(= he and I) [Source: Diary 1] nizug noun (ni·'zug) /nizggl [nezuck] comb [Source: Noyes ] nizux particle (ni·zu x') /niz:JSI [nezush] seven [Source: Diary J; Rogers lnizosl; Emma 'neshunch'; Gladys; Stiles 'nezzaugnsk'] no particle (no) /no! [no] how [Source: Diary 1] no pronoun (no) /no/ [no] that (animate) [Source: Diary 1) No gutay anu? (No gu·ta ·ya'·n u) /No g:rtayan:J? [nooger tianer] How are r]u? (Der. no 'how '+ gu- 'you'+ tayan u- 'be healthy') [Sourc e: Diary noda~a

particle (no·'d a·xa) lnodasa/ [noodasha] not enough [Sourc e:

D1ary 2]

nowa- verb (no·'wa-) /nowa-1 [nohwa-] know. Ex. nuno wa [ner nohwa] ln:rnowal 'I know' [Source: Diary I; Noyes 'newaw(tom)']

nowiparticle (no·'wi) /nowil [nowe-] across [Source: Diary 2] nowihin- verb (no·wi·'hin-) /nowihin-1 [knoowwehen] bestow [Source:

Noyes] nozds noun (no·'zas) lnozas! [nuzaus] infant [Source: Stiles ] no-pronominal prefix (nu-Yn:r![nu-] [ner-] 1. I; 2. me; 3. my [Sourc e: Diary 1. Sermon, Tale] nu- -on( an) pronominal affixes (nu- -un[a n]) /n:r -:Jn(a n)/ [ner- -unorn] ~i:~r )his and mine); 2. us (him and me); 3. we (he and I) [Source : 1 no- -(u)m pronominal affixes (no- -[u]m) /n:r- -(:J)m / I (Independent Order Indicative) [Source: Diary I] nu- -(u)munpronominal affixes (no- -[u]m un) /n:r- -(:J)m oo/ we ([he and I] Independent Order Indicative) [Source: Diary 1] nuhugpro~~un (~u·'hug)

ln:Jhgg/ [nuhug] 1. me; 2. myse lf(De r. no- 'my' +-hu g( a) body) [Source: Diary 1]

nuhu gun pronoun (nu·'b u·gun ) Jn:Jhgg:Jnl [nuhugun] 1. ourselves; 2. us (him and me) (Der. no- 'my' + -hug(i) 'body' + -un plural suffix) [Source: Diary I] nuk(s) particle (nuk[s]) !n:Jk(s)l [nuk(s)] yes [Source: Diary 1; Emma 'nuk'; Gladys] nom- verb (nom-) /n:m-1 [nerm-) see. Ex. ni numu [ne nermu ] '1 see him' [Source: Diary 1] numagihig- verb (nu·ma·'gi·hig-) /n:magihig-1 [numm agehek] betray

[Source: Noyes] numakim- verb (nu·m a·'kim -) /n:makim- /[num moke m]l. bewail; 2. cry [Source: Noyes] nunci d- verb (nun·'cid-) /n:Jncid-1 [nunched-) 1. go after; 2. look for; 3. seek [Source: Diary 1] nunib ixkot particle (nu·n i·bix· 'kot) /nunibiskotl [nune bishkoot] bad [Source: Diary 1] see also nunu bisku to nuoubiskuto(nu·nu·bis·ku·'to)/n:Jnghisk~o/[nunerbiskertoo) bad [Sourc e: Sermon] see also nuoib ixkot nup- verb (nup-) /ngp-1 [nerp-] die. Ex. nupo [nerpo] [nerpu) 'he dies'; oupo [Source: Diary 1, Sermon; Stiles 'nupp'] nupi noun (nu·'p i) !ngpil [nuppe] water [Source: Diary 1; Noyes 'nipp'; Stiles 'nupp'] nutiy a noun (nu·'ti·ya) /n~iya/ [nutteah] dog; plural nutiy asug ln~iya-sgg/ [nutteahsug] dogs [Source: Diary 1; Noyes 'naht(i)eh'; Stiles 'mihteah') nux- verb (nux-) /n:JS-1 [n'sh-] kill. Ex. nuxu [n'shuh] 'he kills' [Source : Diary 1; Stiles 'gynchems'] 0 ojuna s noun (o·'ju·nas) /oj:Jnas/ (oogernos] grandfather . Ex. gojun as [googernos] /g(:J)-oj:Jnasl'your grandfather' [Source: Diary 1]

46

47

oki see under K as (0 )ki

. .-~ -on pronominal suffix (-on) /-on/ I (ConY'unet 0 ruer, Pnmary Suffixes) [Source: Diary 1] . g '[<' on- (on-) /on-/ [un-] go. Ex. wuton lw:rt-on! [wotune] 'he oes <JOurce. Sermon]

-ong suffix (-ong) l-ong/ [ ongJ he (3 d un with )n[;,ubject sprono transitive animate verb wlth pronomin~l tt,~:~~ ource: ermon] J onguz- verb (on·'guz-) /ong::a-1 [ounguse-] pray. Ex. guong uz [gerounguseJ lg:rong::a/ 'you pray' [Source: Sermon] onkxa- verb (onk· 'xa-) /onkS, 1 se11 · Ex. onkx a, [oonkshor] 'she sells' a[Source: Tale] . opsgs noun (opsgs) lopsgsl [oopsgs] 1 b k'' 2 · hair (human) [Source: · ac Diary 1; Noyes 'uppuheqush']

-ow:i:h~IX (~;.·'wu) :-ow:i [-owa] [-owu] him (3rd person obviative object

ansiiv e ammate verbO [Source: Sermon] ] ox noun (ox) los/ [oosh] father [Source: Diary 1; Stiles 'oosh'

p . papos noun (pa·'pos) lpapos/ [papoose] I. baby,. 2 · ch'Ild,. 3. newborn child , [Source·• Diary 1·, St'l 1 es pouppous'] paxa noun (pa·'x a) lpa.Sa/ [posh erJ 1· dr'IZZIe; 2. light rain [Source : Diary I] pi- ~oun initial (pi-) /pi-/ [pe-J 1. little (thing)· 2. small 1] (thing). Ex. . puim ug [peormug] lpi-tim:Jgl 'little fish' [Source': Diary

p~cog noun (pi·'cog) lpicog/ [pechog] rib [Source: Noyes] p~xkut noun (pix·'kut) lpisk:x/ [piskut] penis [Source: Diary I]

p~amug noun (pi·'a·mug) lpitim:Jgl [peormug] fish [Source: Diary 1] v, I [ p•amug ca- verb (pi·'a ·mug ca-) lpitim:Jg capeormug chaw-] fish [Source: Diary I]

num [nerponum] pon- verb (pon-) /pon-1 [poon-J I. place; 2. put. Ex. nupo it!' [Source: 'Shut /n:rpon-:xnl 'I put' ; gupo nx [ger-poonch] /g:rpon-sl Diary 1. Tale; Noyes'poon(amun)'] Ex. poyan tum poyant- verb (po·y ant'-) /poyant-1 [poyant-]starve. [poyantum] 'he starves' [Source: Diary I] eenchJ 'arms' pud noun (pud) /p:xil [pud] arm. plural pudin x [pudd

[Source: Diary!] puddumJ 'I hear'; pud- verb (pud- ) /p:x:i-1 [pud-] hear. Ex. ni pudu m [ne e: Diary wupu dumu n [wopuddumunJ /w:rp:xi:xn-:Jn! 'he hears' [Sourc 1, Sermon]

Q

rative Order -q pronominal suffix (-q) 1-kw/ [-k] [-ck] [-q] you all (Impe Intransitive) [Source: Diary 2] kwod] /gop-quad noun (-qua d) 1-kwad/ [-kwod] day. Ex. gupq uad [goop -kad kwad/ 'cloudy day' [Source: Diary I] see also e: Diary 1] quaba g noun (qua· bag') /kwahtig/ [quahaug] clam [Sourc 2. out of doors quaju g particle (qua· 'jug) lkwaj:Jgl [quojug] 1. outside; [Source : Diary 2] guqu amus [gerquam - verb (quam -) /kwam-1 [quomm-] bite. Ex. 1J Diary e: [Sourc quommushJ /g:rkwa-m:xil 'he will bite you' quanog particle (qua·nog') lkwanogl [quannoc]flat [Source: Stiles] black duck quaqutims noun (qua· 'quam s) lkwakwtims/ [quaquaumps] [Source: Stiles] Ex. quaqu ix quaqu i- verb (qua· 'qui-) /kwakwi-1 [quogqui-] run. e: Diary 1] [quogquish] /kwakwi-s/ 'Run!'; Stiles 'quockhqui(sh)' [Sourc ] taste . Ex. quats tump - verb (quat ·stum p'-) /kwatst:xnp-1 [quotstumpe: Diary 2] quats tump x [quotstumpsh] lkwatst:xnp-s/ 'Taste it!' [Sourc quiniparticle (qui-'nu) /kwini/ [quinne] long [Source : Diary I] ] particle (qui·ni-'yo) /kwiniyol [quinnioh] long [Source: Noyes

quiniyo

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49

quinibag noun (qui·'ni·bag) 1/cwini-bcig/ [quinnebaug] long pond (Der. quini 'long' +-bag 'pond') [Source: Diary 1) quiquisquic noun (qui-'quis·quic) lkwikwiskwic/ [quequisquitch] robin [Source: Stiles] quitos noun (qui·'tos) 1/cwitos/ [quittous] log [Source : Noyes] quo~wihayg-

ver (quon·wi·hayg'-) /kwonwihayg-1 [quonwehige-] fr1ghten . Ex. quonwihaygi [quonwehige] 'it frightens me' [Source : Diary 1] · quod- verb (quod-) /kw:xi-1 [qudd-] swallow. Ex. quudu m [quddum] 'he swallows' [Source: Diary 1] quudu ng noun (quu·'dung) lkw:xi:Jng! (quddung] throat [Source: Diary 1) quugi- verb (quu·'gi-) /kwggi-1 [quggi-] (quggey] try. Ex. ni quugi [ne quggi] 'I try'; guquugi [gerquggi] 'you try' [Source : Diary 1, Sermon] quunos noun (quu·'nos) !kw:Jnos/ [quunnoose] pickerel [Source : Stiles]

s -s suffix (-s) 1-s/ [-s] subjunctive verb suffix [Source : Diary I, Sermon , Tale] sabax- verb (sa·bax'-) /sabas-1 [sabash-] melt. Ex. sabaxa [sabashah] 'it melts' [Source : Diary 1]

stisi particle (sa·'si) lsasi/ [sause] maybe [Sourcce: Noyes] sasuni- verb (sa·'su·ni-) Isas :Jni-1 [sosunne-] 1. tired (be); weary (be). Ex. ~i

sasuni [ne ~osunne] 'I am tired'; gi sasuni [gesosunne] 'you are t1red'; gusosuna [ghersosunne] 'you are tired'; sasuni [sosunne] 'he is tired' [Source : Diary 1, Sermon] sasuni particle (sa·'su·ni-) /sas:Jnil [sosuney] 1. tired; 2. weary [Source : Sermon] saydi noun (say·day') lsayday/ [cidi] cider (Der. English 'cider') [Source : Diary 1] sibod noun (si·bod') /sibodl [sebood] anus [Source : Diary 2] sibog noun (si·'bog) /sibog/ [seeboog] brook [Source : Diary 2]

sibowis noun (si·bo·'wis) /sibowis/ [seebois] brook (small) (Der. sibo'brook' + -(u)w- connective suffix + -is diminutive suffix) [Source: Diary 1] sica- verb (si'ca-) /sica-/ [secha-] 1. die; 2. pass away [Sourc e: Song] sid noun (sid) /sidl [seed] foot.plural sidux [sedush] 'feet' [Source: Dairy 1; Noyes '(ma)sseet'; Stiles '-seet'] sigwi- verb(si·gwi'-)/sigwi-flsegui-1 1. come in; 2. en~er; 3. walk (in). Ex. sigwix [seguish] Jsigwi-sl 'Come in!' [Source: Dtary 2, Tale; Emma 'sughwi-'; Gladys] see also sugwisiwat- verb (si·wat'-) /siwat-1 [sewort-] sorry (be). Ex. ,ni siwatum [?~ sewortum] 'I am sorry'; gusiwatum [ger sewortum~ you are sorry , siwatumug [sewortumug] 'they are sorry' [Source: Dtary 1, Sermon] skidum b noun (ski·'dumb) /skid:mbl [skeedumb] 1. human (being); 2. person. plural skidum bak (skedumbork] /skid:mb-akl 'people' [Source: Diary 1, Sermon, Tale] skisuk noun (ski·'suk) /skis:Jk/ [sceesuck] eye; plural skisuks [skeesucks] /skis:Jk-sl 'eyes' [Source : Diary 1; Noyes 'sceesuck'; Stiles 'skeezucks') skixo particle (ski·'xo) /skisol [skeeshu] quick [Source: Diary 2] skun noun (skun) /sk::n/ bone [Source: Tale] skunks noun (skunks) /sk:Jnksl [skunx] skunk [Source: Diary 1; Stiles 'ausounch'] sojipog noun (so·'ji·pog) /sojipog/ [soojepoog] neck [Sourc e: Diary .1] sojpo noun (soj·'po) /sojpo/ [soojpoh] snow (falling) [Source: D1ary 1; Stiles 'souch' pouu') sokidung- verb (so·'ki·dung-) /sokid:Jng-1 [sookedung) urinate. Ex. ni sokidung [ne sookedung) 'I urinate' [Source: Diary 2) soktax noun (sok·'tax) !soktasl [sooktash) succotash [Sourc e: Diary 11 somi particle (so·'mi) /somil [soome) 1. because; 2. so much; 3. too much [Source: Diary 1, Tale) son noun (son) !son/ 1. rock; 2. stone [Source : Tale) see also sun squa noun (squa) !skwal [sqaw] woman [Source : Tale] see also xqua

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51

squaniks noun (squa·niks') lskwanik/ [squonneeks] 1. red squirrel; 2. squirrel [Source: Diary 1; Stiles 'mushcinneege') squasis see xquasis squayo particle (squa·'yo) iskwayo/ [squayoh] red [Source: Diary 2] squixigun noun (squi·'xi·gun) /skwisig:Jn/ [skwishegun] head [Sourc e: Diary 2]

squun d noun (squund) lskwgnd/ [skwund] door. Ex. [skwunnug] lskw:Jn(d)-:Jkl 'at the door' [Source: Tale]

squunug

sto- verb (sto-) /sto-1 [stoh-] make. Ex. wusto [woostoh] [woster) /w~sto / 'he made' [Source : Diary 1, Sermon] -su verbal su.ffzx (-su) 1-s:i [-su] I . reflexive verb suffix; 2. reciprocal verb suffix. Ex. ni tumusum [ne tummersum] /ni [Source: Diary 1]

t:m~s~nl

'I cut myself

sugatu k noun (su·'ga·tuk) ls:Jgat:Jk/ [sugatuck] black person (Der. suga(yo) 'black' + -tuk 'person' noun final) [Source: Diary 2] sugayo particle (su·ga·'yo) ls:Jgayol [suggayoh] I. black; 2. dark [Source : Diary 1; Stiles 'suggyo'] sugit particle (su·'git) ls:Jgitl [sugeet] he who is black (Der. sug(ay o) 'black + -i- connective suffix + -t(uk) 'person' noun final) [Source : Diary 2]

sugwi verb (su·gwi') ls:JgWil [sugwi-] 1. come in; 2. enter; 3. walk in. Ex. gusugwix [gersugwish] /g~s:JgWi-xl 'Come in!' [Source : Tale] see also sigwi-

suksawtig noun (suk·sa·wag') /s:Jksawag/ [sucksawaug] clam [Source : Stiles]

sun noun (sun) /s:Jn! [sun] 1. rock; 2. stone [Source : Diary 2] see also son suncsqua noun (sunc·squa) /sgncskwGI [sunchsquaw] 1. female sachem ; 2. queen [Source : Stiles] sunjum noun (sun·'jum) /s gnj:m/ [sunjum] 1. chief; 2. king; 3. sachem [Source: Diary 2; Stiles 'sunjum']

sunkatidiyo- verb (sun·'ka·ti·di·yo-) /sgnkatidiyo-1 [sunkatiddeyo-] crush. particle stingy [Sourc e: Diary 1' Diary 2] . sus- verb (sus-) /s:JS-1 [sus-] 1. gather (together); 2. meet [Source: D1ary 2] susmo noun (sus·'mo) /s :JS-mo/ [susmoh] meeting (Der. sus- 'gather' + mo nominalizing suffix) [Source: Diary 2] T -t- infzx (-t-) 1-t-1 [-t-] an infzx connective [Source: Diary 1, Diary 2, Sermon , Tale] ta noun (ta) !tal [tah] heart [Source: Diary 1; Noyes '(mick)take'] tabi particle (ta·'bi) /tab if [tahbe] enough [Source: Diary 2] tabut- verb (ta·but'-) ftabilt-1 1. be content; 2. be satisfied; 3. be thankfu l (for) [Source: Diary 1] , tabutn i (ta·'but·ni) /tablltni/ [tahbut ne] thanks for that (Der. tabut -be thanks\ful (for)' + ni 'that') [Source : Diary 1; Noyes 'tabutne'] tadus noun (ta·'dus) /tad:JSI [tordus] potatoes (D er. E ng I'IS h 'taters' (potatoes) [Source: Diary 1] tamunqui noun (ta·mun·'qui) ltamgnkwil [tommunque] beaver [Source: Stiles]

tattig noun (ta·'tag) /tatagl [tautauge] blackfish [Sourc e:. Stiles] tawa noun (ta·'wa) /tawal [-tuwannege] ear [Source : Stiles], plural tawug [towug] /taw-:Jgl 'ears' [Sourc e: Diary 2] tayand- verb (ta·yand'-) /tayand-1 [tioand-] 1. lie; 2. prevarica~e. Ex. tayanduksko [tionduxku] /tayand-:Jkskol 'he lies' [Source: Diary 1' Sermon]

.

tayandis noun (ta·yan·dis') ltayandisl [tiondees] liar [Source: Diary 1] tayanu- verb (ta·ya·'nu-) ltayan~l [tian-] 1. be healthy ; 2. be well [Sourc e: Diary I, Diary 2, Emma 'tighinugh'; Gladys] tayaquy noun (ta·ya·'quy) ltayakwil [tioquiydug] short [Source: Noyes]

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53

tayatu- verb (ta·ya·'tu-) ltayat:r/ [tiatu-] think. Ex. ni tayatum [ne tiatum] 'I think'; wutayut um [wutiatum] lw:rtay:Jt:rm/ 'she thinks' [Source: Diary 1, Tale; Stiles 'teatu-']

tumusu- verb (tu·'mu·su-) /t:Jm:JS:J-1 [tumersu-] cut oneself. Ex. ni tumusum [ne tummersum] 'I cut myself [Source: Diary 1] tunis noun (tu·'nis) /t:Jnis/ [ternees] daughter [Source: Diary 2]

tayn(u)- verb (tay·n(u)-) ltayn(:1)-/ [tine-] help. Ex. gutaynu mong [gertinermong] /g:rtayn:rm-ong/ 'he helps you'; nuwutay numong [newotinemong] /n:rw:rtayn:rm-ong/ 'he helps me'; wutaynu mowu [wotinemower] /w:rtayn:rm-owal 'he helps him' [Source: Diary 1; Sermon, Tale]

txit- verb (txit-) /tsit-1 [tshet-] wash oneself [Source: Diary 1]

-tipronominal suffix (-ti) /-til [t-e] let me (Imperative Order Intransitive) [Source: Diary 2] ti- verb (ti-) /ti-l [tee-] [tei-] 1. be; 2. do. Ex. guti [ger-tee] /g:rti/ 'you do' [Source: Diary 1] tik- verb(tik-Ytik-1 [teec-] 1. pound; 2. strike. Ex. tikomiwas [teecommewaas] 'he who strikes', 'striker'; dukwan g (which see) [duckwong] 'mortar' [Source: Diary 1] titi noun (ti·'i) /titi/ [tete] rap-rap [Source: Tale] to pronoun (to-) Ito-/ [to-] 1. how; 2. what; 3. where (inanimate) [Source: Diary 2]

tolipas see doyibas

towaj particle (to· 'waj) /towaj/ [towhage] why [Source: Noyes] tud- verb (tud-) /t:xl-1 [tudd-] drink. Ex. tudum [tuddum] 'he drinks' [Source: Diary I] tugung noun (tu·'gung) lt:~g:Jng! [tuggung] axe [Source: Diary 1] tugunig noun (tu·'gu·nig) lt:~g:Jnig/ [tugerneeg] bread. Ex. nutugunig [nutugerneeg] ln:rt:~g:Jnig/ 'my bread' [Source: Tale; Emma 'tughanick'; Gladys; Stiles 'tuckkonneage'] -tuk noun final (-tuk) 1-t:id person [Source: Diary 2] tumu- verb (tu·'mu-) /t:xn:r/ [turner-] cut [Source: Diary 1] tumung noun (tu·mung') /t:m:Jng/ [tummoung] tobacco pipe [Source: Diary 2; Noyes, Stiles '(wut)tummunc']

u -ud pronominal suffrx (-ud) /-:x11 [-ud] you (Conjunct Order, Secondary Suffixes) [Source : Diary 2] -ug suffix (-ug) 1-.W locative suffix [Source: Diary l, Diary 2, Sermon, Tale] ugi see (o)ki -ukpronominal suffix (-uk) 1-:Jk/ [-uk] l. l (Conjunct Order, Secondary Suffixes); 2. we (Conjunct Order, Primary S~ffrxes); 3. you all (Imperative Order Transitive Animate) [Source: Diary 2] -ukud pronominal suffix (-u·kud) /-:Jic:x1/ [-ucud] we (Conjunct Order, Secondary Suffixes) [Source: Diary 2] umbswdgs noun (umb·'swags) !:mbswagsl [umpsuauges] alewife [Source: Stiles] umbusk noun (um·busk') !:mb:J.Skl [umbusk] medicine [Source: Diary 1]

umki- verb (um·'ki-) /:mki-1 [umki-] get up [Source: Diary 1] -umobudic pronominal suffix (-u·mo·bu·dic) 1-:moh:xlic/ [-u~uhuditch] let them (Imperative Order Transitive Inanimate) [Source: D1ary 2] umsqui noun (um·'squi) /:mskwil [umsque] blood [Source: Diary I] -umudu b pronominal suffix (-u·'mu·dub) 1-:m~:xl:Jhl [-ermuduh] let us (Imperative Order Transitive Inanimate) [Source: Diary 2] . -umuk pronominal suffiX (-u·muk') 1-:m:Jk/ [-ermuk] you all (Imperatzve Order Transitive Inanimate) [Source: Diary 2] -un pronominal suffix (-un) 1-:Jnl [-un] you (Conjunct Order, Primary Suffixes) [Source: Diary I, Diary 2]

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55

-unc pronominal suffix (-unc) 1-:Jnc/ [-unch] Jet her/him/it (Imperative Order Transitive Animate) [Source: Diary 1, Diary 2] unday particle (un·day') I:Jnday! then [Source: Diary I, Sermon, Tale] -undi pronominal suffix (-un·'di) 1-:Jndi/ let me (Imperative Order Transitive Animate) [Source: Diary 2] -unduh pronominal su.ffzx (-un·'duh) 1-:Jnd:J/71 let us (Imperative Order Transitive Animate) [Source: Diary 2]

ungowtims noun (un·'go·wams) I:Jngowtimsl [ungowa-urns] old wife [Source: Stiles] ungutug particle (un·'gu·tug) I:Jng;X:Jg/ [ungertug] 1. cloudy; 2. dark [Source: Diary 1] unkupi noun (un·'ku·pi) I:Jnkgpil [unkupe] 1. alcoholic beverage; 2. rum; 3. whiskey [Source: Diary 1; Noyes 'unchape']

unkx- verb (unkx-) I:Jnk.S-1 [unksh-] sell. Ex. unkxo [unkshoh] 'he sells' [Source: Diary I]

w wabayo particle (wa·ba·'yo) lwabayol [wahbayoh] windy [Source: Diary I] wabi particle (wa·'bi) lwabil [worbe] 1. above; 2. over [Source: Diary 2] waji particle (wa·'ji) /waji/ [wogge] [woggey] 1. in order that; 2. in order to; 3. so that [Source: Diary 1, Sermon] wajian- verb (wa·'ji-an-) /wajian-1 [wodgian-] have. Ex. wajianu m [wodgianum] /wajian-:ml'he has' [Source: Diary 1] wambayo particle (wam·ba·'yo) /wambayo/ [wombayoh] [wombeyoh] white [Source: Diary I; Stiles 'wumbiou'] wambiy- verb (wam·biy'-) /wambiy-1 [wombey-] come. Ex. wambiyo [wombeyoh] 'he is come' ('he comes') [Source: Diary l] wami particle (wa·'mi) lwamil [womme] all [Source: Diary l, Diary 2, Sermon, Tale]

-unx pronominal suffix (-unx) 1-:Jns/ (-unsh] you (Imperative Order Transitive Inanimate) [Source: Diary 2] upagi noun (u·pa·'gi) l gpagi /[uppagi] beast [Source: Noyes]

wampxa noun (wamp·'xa) lwampsa/ [wompsha] goose; plural wampxa uk [wompshauk] /wampsa-01kl'geese' [Source: Diary I] warn noun (warn) /warn/ [worm] egg; plural wamunx [wormunch] lwtim:Jn-sl'eggs' [Source: Diary I]

upukajib noun (u·pu·'ka·jib) I:Jpoicajib/ [uhpuckachip] gull [Source:

wang particle (wang) !wang/ [wong] I. also; 2. and; 3. too [Source: Diary

Stiles]

-(u)w- infix (-(u)w) 1-(u)w/ [-(u)w-] an infix connective [Source: Diary 1' Sermon, Tale] -(u)w pronominal suffix (-[u]w) 1-(~)w/ [-uw] 1. he; 2. it; 3. she (Independent Order Indicative) [Source: Diary: I Diary 2 Sermon Tale]

'

'

'

-(u)wak pronominal suffix (-[u·]wak) 1-(~)wak/ [-uwak] they (animate; Independent Order Indicative) [Source: Diary I, Diary 2, Tale] -(u)wax pronominal suffix (-[u·Jwax) 1-(~)wa$/ [-uwash] they (inanimate; Independent Order Indicative) [Source: Diary I]

I, Diary 2, Sermon]

wanjug pronoun (wan·'jug) /wanj:Jgl [wonjug] 1. all those; 2. everyone ( animate plural.) [Source: Diary I] (o)wanuks noun ([o·]wa·'nuks) /(o-)wan:Jksl [(o)wonnux] white man; plural wanuksag [wonnuxag] lwan:Jks-akl [Source: Tale; Gladys] wasus noun (wa·'sus) /wtisa5/ [wahsus] bear [Source: Diary 2; Emma 'waughssouce'; Gladys; Stiles 'awausseus'] watu- verb (wa·'tu-) !wtit:r/ [wohter] know. Ex. ni watu [ne wohter] 'I know' [Source: Diary I; Noyes '-wawt-']

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57

wutugaci noun (wu·'tu· ga·ci) /w:X:Jga-Ci/ [waugtUggachy] deer (Der. wutuga (yo) 'wet'+ c(o)y 'nose') [Source: Stiles] watx- verb (watx-) /wats-1 [wotsh-] 1. depart; 2. go (from); 3. leave. Ex. ni watxo [ner-wotshor] 'I went from'

wawigwanung noun (wa·wi· gwa·'nu ng) lwawigwan~g/ [wawegwanunk] cart [Source: Noyes] wawixttin- verb (wa·wix ·'tan-) /wawistan-1 [waweshtown] make better [Source: Noyes] wawusapata- verb (wa·'wu ·sa·pa·t a-) /wawusapata-1 [wawussapatah] 1. glisten; 2. shine [Source: Noyes] wayinu particle (wa·'yi· nu) lwayin:i around [Source: Diary 2] waykaj amunk (way·k a·ja·'mu nk) lwaykajam:mnkl [wycojomunk] 0 dear me! [Source: Diary 2] wi noun (wi) lwil [whee] wheat (Der. English 'wheat') [Source: Diary 1]

wibi particle (wi·'bi) lwibi/ [webe] only [Source : Noyes] wic- verb (wic-) /wic-1 [weech-] 1. laugh; 2. smile. Ex. wico [weechu] 'he laughs' [Source: Diary 1] wicina particle (wi·ci·'n a) lwicina/ [wichenah] when [Source: Diary 1; Noyes 'chewock']

wigatu- verb (wi·'ga· tu-) lwigat:r/ [wegatu-] to be done. Ex. wigatu [wegatuh] 'it is done' [Source: Diary l]

wigo noun (wi·'go) /wigo/ [weegoh] house [Source: Noyes] wigo particle (wi·'go) /wig-o/ [wegoo] good (animate) [Source: Diary 1,

Diary 2, Sermon, Tale] . wigun noun (wi·'gun ) /wig-:m/ [weegun] good (thing) (inanimate); plural wigunx [wegunch] /wig-~-s/ [Source: Diary 1, Diary 2, Sermon , Tale] Wigun ta (wi·gun ta')/wig~ ta/[wegun tah] good day (Der. wigun 'good' + ta 'heart' ?) [Source: Diary 1, Diary 2]

wigungzo noun (wi-'gung·zo) Noyes]

lwig~gzol

[wegunkso] evening [Source :

wigwa- verb (wi·gwa'-) /wigwa-1 [weegwa-] 1. be good; 2. be well; 3. live [Source: Diary 2] wigwam noun (wi·'gw am) /wigwam / house [Source: Noyes 'wigwom'; Stiles 'wigwaum'] wigwantig noun (wi·gwa n·'tig) !wigwantig/ [weguanteg] candle [Source: Noyes] wigwas un (wi·gwa ·'sun) /wigwas:m/ [weegwasun] good mornin~ (Der. wigwa- 'be well' + -s subjunctive suffix + -~n 2nd person smgular Conjunct Order pronominal suffix) [Source: Dtary 2] wigwom un verb (wi·gwo ·'mun) /wigwam~ [wigwomun] come in (Der. wigwo/ am 'house' ? + -un ~nd person singular Conjunct Order pronominal suffix? ) [Source: Dtary 2] wiji particle (wi·'ji) /wijil [weege] 1. together; 2. with [Source: Diary 2] wikco particle (wik-'co) /wiktol [we.ekchu] 1. handsome; 2. pretty; 3. sweet [Source: Diary 2] see also Wiktwiksub agud verb (wik·su ·ba·'gud ) lwiks:rbag:xil [weeksubahgud] 'it is sweet' (Der. wikco 'sweet' + bagu- '?' + -d participial suffix) [Source: Diary 2] wikt- verb (wikt-) /wikt-1 [weekt-] love. Ex. ni wiktum un [ne weektumun] /ni wikt-;}fll-~/ 'I love someone'; wiktum [weaktum] 'he loves' [Source: Diary 1] wikum- verb (wi·'kum-) /wik;}fll-/ [weehcum] call [Source: Noyes] wimo particle (wi·'mo) /wimol [wemoo] tight (not dark) [Source: Diary 2] winay noun (wi·nay ') /winayl [wenai] (old) woman {Sourc~: ~iary. 1, Diary 2, Tale; Emma 'weenisee'; Gladys; Noyes 'weemc e; Sttles 'wenyghe'] winoma y particle (wi·no·may'Y~inomayl [wemooni] true. This form has been metathesized. [Source: Dtary 2] winupa rticle(w i·'no) /wino/ [weeno] very [Source : Diary 1; Noyes 'ween'] wisuk noun (wi·'suk ) /wis:Jk! [wesuck] bed [Source: Diary 1]

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59

wisuqua- verb (wi-'su·qua-) /wis:icwa-1 [wesukw-] hurt oneself. Ex. ni wisuquan [ne wesukwon] 'I hurt myself [Source: Diary 2] witun noun (wi·'tun) lwit:m/ [wetun] wind [Source: Diary 1; Stiles 'wuttun'] wiwacum noun (wi·wa·'cum) /wiwac:Jml [weworcherm-] corn; plural wiwacumunx [weworchermunch] /wiwac:Jm-:1n-sl [Source: Diary I; Stiles 'wewautchemins']

wiwusig noun (wi·'wu·sig) lwiw~igl [weywusseg] knife [Source : Noyes] wixag noun (wi·'xag-) /wisag-1 [weeshawg] hairy (animal); plural wixagunx [weeshawgunsh] lwisag-:1n-sl [Source: Diary 2; Noyes 'weshongunsh'] wixbayum verb (wix·ba·'yum) lwisbay:ml [wishbium] Get out! (Der. unknown) [Source: Diary 2] wixkim- verb (wix·'kim-) /wiskim-1 [weeshkern-] arrange [Source: Diary 1] wixkun- verb (wix·'kun-) /wisk:1n-l [weeshkern-] make a bed [Source: Diary 1]

wixquuts noun (wix·'quuts) lwiskw:Jisl [wishquutz] walnut tree [Source: Stiles] wiyao noun (wi-'yao) lwiyanl [weyon] tongue [Source : Diary I; Noyes 'menam']

wiytizig noun (wi·ya·'zig) lwiyazigl [wiyauzzege] knife [Source: Stiles] see also wiwusig wiyoo noun (wi·'yoo) lwiyon! [weyoun] moon [Source: Diary I; Stiles

'weyhan'] wiyoogo particle (wi·yoo·go') lwiyongol [weyongoo] yesterday [Source : Diary I] wiyos noun (wi·'yos) lwiyosl [weous] 1. flesh; 2. meat [Source: Diary I; Noyes 'weyous'] see also biyox wiyosiboyj noun (wi·yo·'si·boyj) lwiyosiboyjl [weousiboige] soup (Der. wiyos 'meat'+ boyj 'porridge') [Source: Diary 1]

wiyot noun (wi·yot') /wiyotl [weyout] fire [Source: Diary 1, Sermon; Stiles 'yewt'] wizig- verb (wi·'zig-) /wizig-1 [wheezig-] afraid (be) [Source: Diary 2) wizu- verb (wi·'zu-) /wiz~l [wezer-] named (be) [Source: Diary 1, 2] wizuwaog noun (wi·'zu·wang) lwiz:JWangl [wezerwong] name (Der. wizu'be named' + -(u)w- connective suffix + -ang nominalizing suffix) [Source: Diary 2) woci particle (wo·'ci) /wocil [wotche] [woe hi] from [Source: Diary 1, Diary 2, Sermon, Tale] wocimiparticle (wo·ci·'mi) !wo-Cimil always [Source: Sermon] wodquunx noun (wod·'quunx) !wodkw:1nsl [woodqunch] wood for the fire wojuwas noun (wo·'ju·was) /woj:JWasl [woojerwas] fly [Source: Diary 2] womban noun (wom·'ban) /wombanl [womban] 1. morning; 2. tomorrow . Ex. wombaosiyun /womban-s-iy-:m/ if tomorrow (comes) [Source: Diary 1, Tale; Noyes 'womban'] wonzug noun (won·'zug) /wonz:Jgl [wounzug] all [Source: Sermon] wosgwig noun (wos·'gwig) !wosgwigl [woosgwege] book (D~r. wosgw(o)'write' + -ig instrumental noun-forming suffix) [Source: Dtary 1] wosgwo- verb (wos·'gwo-) /wosgwo-~ [';"sgwo-] write Ex; wo~gwoso [wusgwosu] !wosgwo-s-ol 'he wrttes (Der. wosgwo- . mark + -s reflexive suffix+ -o 3rd person singular suffix) [Source: Dtary 1] wot noun (wot) /wotl [woot] mouth [Source: Diary 1; Stiles 't6neege'] wotupig noun (wo·tu·pig') /wot:J[Jigl [woothuppeag] 1. bucket; 2. pail [Source: Diary 1] wu- pronominal prefu (wu-) /w~/ I. he; 2. her; 3. hers; 4. him 5. his; 6. it; 7. its; 8. she [Source: Diary I, 2, Sermon, Tale] wu- -uw(aw) pronominal affixes (wu- -uw[aw]) /w~ -:JW{aw)/ [wu- o(waw)] I. them' 2. they; 3. their [Source : Diary 1]

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wuhugpronoun (wu·'hug)

lw:rh~/ [wohug] 1. her; 2. herself; 3. him; 4. himself (Der. wu- 'his'+ -hug(i) 'body') [Source: Diary I] wuhug uw pronoun (wu·'h u·guw ) /w:rh~-:m4 [wohugoo] 1. them; 2. themselves (Der.wgu- 'his' + -hug(i) 'body' + -uw plural suffix) [Source: Diary I] wunam o particle (wu·na ·'mo) !w:Jnamo/ [wunahmo] truly [Source: Diary 2]

wunks noun (wuoks) !w:Jnks! [wunx] fox [Source: Diary I; Stiles 'a'waumps'] wunsa tu noun (wun'·saHu) !w:Jnsat:l [wonsarter] Wednesday (Der. English 'Wednesday') [Source: Diary I] wutug a- verb (wu·'tu·ga-) /w:t~a-1 [wutuga-] be wet. Ex. wutug ayo [wutugayo] lw:Jt~a-y-o(wY 'it is wet'; wutug apa [wutugapa] w:Jt~a pa/ 'it would be wet' [Source : Diary 1] wutugayo particle (wu·tu·ga·'yo) Diary 1]

/w:t~ay-ol

[wutugayo] wet [Source:

X -x pronominal suffix (-x) 1-s/ [-sh] you (Imperative Order Intransitive) [Source: Diary 1, Sermon] xini particle (xi·ni') lsinil [shenee] that [Source: Diary 2] xkok noun (xkok) /skok/ [shkook] snake [Source : Diary 1; Stiles 'skoogs '] xkun noun (xkun) lsk:Jnl [shkun] bone; plural xkunx [shkunsh] [Source : Diary 1] xpuk noun (xpuk) /sp:id [shpuck] meat [Source: Diary I] xqua noun (xqua) lskwal [shquaw] 1. girl; 2. woman; plural xquasu k [shquawsuk] /skwa-s-:id [Source : Diary 2, Tale; Stiles 'squas'] see also sqmi xquan u particle (xqua· 'nu) /skwan:l [shquonu] sharp [Source : Diary 1; Noyes 'whishquun']

xquasis noun (xqua·'sis) /skwasisl [shquawsees] I. girl; 2. litt,le woma~ [Source: Diary 1, Diary 2; Emma 'squassese'; Gladys ; Noyes squasees, Stiles 'quausses'] xquud u- verb (xquu· 'du-) /skw:xl:rl [shquddu-] angry (be) [Source: Diary 1; Noyes '(mu)squ1-1to-'] xquuo d noun (xquun d) /skw:Jndl [shkwund] door [Source: Tale] xtut- verb (xtut-) /st:t-1 [shtut-] wash oneself [Source: Diary 2]

y

yagi noun (ya·'gi) /yagi/ [-yoge] wife [Source : Noyes] yaoaqu a- verb (ya·'na ·qua-) /yanakwa-1 [yonokwa-] sew. ~x. yaoaqu aso [yonokwasu] /yanakwa-s-o(w)/ 'he is sewing' [Source: D1ary 1_1 yats noun (yats) !yatsl [yots] rat (Der. English 'rats') [Source_: Da1ry 1] yaw particle (yaw) !yawl [yow] [~ea~] fo~r [Source: D1ary I; Emma 'yough'; Gladys; Rogers /yawl; Sttles yauh] yaxa- verb (ya·'xa-) /yasa-1 [yahsha-] breathe [Source: Diary l] yin particle (yin) /yin/ [yeenapog] high [Source : Noyes] yo particle (yo) /yo/ [yo] now [Source: Diary 2] . . yo pronoun (yo) !yo/ (you] this (animate) [Source: D1ary 1, D1ary 2, Sermon, Tale] yoday particle (yo·day') !yodayl [youdi] (yeowdi] here [Source: Diary l, Diary 2, Sermon, Tale] , ., yodup quaug noun (yo·du p·'qua· ug) /yo-d:1pkwa-~l tonight (Der. yo th1s + dupqu a 'night' + -ug locative suffix) [Source: Tale] yogpronoun (yog) !yogi [yog] these (animate) [Source: Diary 1, Dia: ~] yoh pronoun (yoh) fyohl (you(gh)] 1. these; 2. this (animate obvwtz ve)

[Source: Diary 2] . . yokig noun (yo·'kig) !yokigl [yokeg] parched corn [Source: DLary 2, Noyes 'yoakheage'] . yombiwang particle (yom·' bi·wan g) lyombiwangl [youmbewong] agam [Source: Diary 1, Sermon]

63

62 yombowi nou~ (yom·bo·'wi) lyombowi/ [youmbowe] morning (early) (~er. yo 'thts' + -mbow- 'morning' + -i 'nominalizing suffix) [Source: Dtary I; Noyes 'yowmbowe']

yona particle (yo·'na) lyon-a/ [yuna] fresh [Source: Noyes] yonabtig noun (yo·'na·bag) lyona-bag/ fresh water (Der. yona- 'fresh'+ bag 'water' [noun final]) [Source: Noyes 'yunapog'] yow pronoun (yow) /yowl [you] this (inanimate) [Source: Diary 1, Sermon, Tale]

yoway particle (yo·way') /yoway/ [youwhye] far {Source: Noyes] yoxpronoun (yox) lyos/ [yosh] these (inanimate) [Source: Diary l] yokcawi particle (yok·'ca·wi) ly:JkCawil [yukchawwe] l. there; 2. over there; 3. yonder [Source: Diary l] yond- verb (yond-) ly:JI'Id-1 [yund-] hungry (be). Ex. goynodom [geryundum] /g:}-y;md-:m/ 'you are hungry'; noyondomi /n:}-y:JI'Id-:mi/ 'I am not hungry' [Source: Diary l; Tale; Noyes 'schiant-'] yonjan- verb (yon·'jan-) ly:JI'Ijan-1 [yunjan-] open. Ex. yonjanom [yunjanum] 'he opens'; yonjanomx [yunjanunpsh] !y:JI'Ijan-:m-s/ 'Open!' [Source: Tale] yot- verb (yot-) /y:}-/ [yert-] think. Ex. yotom [Source: Diary 1]

[yertum] 'he thinks'

yuxamag noun (yo·'xa·mag) lya5amagl [hyushamag] husband [Source: Stiles]

z zab particle (zab) lzab/ [zob] tomorrow [Source: Diary 1] zambwi particle straight [Source: Dairy 2] zatata noun (za·'ta·ta) /zatata/ [zotortar] Saturday (Der. English 'Saturday') [Source: Diary 1] ziwambayo particle (zi·wam·ba·'yo) lziwambayol [zeewombayoh] blue [Source: Diary I]

zixkonos noun (zix·'ko·nos) /zisk:JI'I~-1 [zeeshkunus] milk [Source: Diary

1] see also min zogo- verb (zo·'go-) !zag:}-/ [zooger-] rain. Ex. zogoyan [zoogeryon] 'it rains' [Source: Diary 1] zogoyan noun (zo·'go·yan) lzog;J)lanl [zoogeryon] rain (literally: 'it rains' [Source: Diary 1; Stiles 'sokghean'] zomoks- verb (zo·moks'-) /z:m:Jk.s-1 [zermuks-] lie down. Ex. ni zomokson [ne zermuksun] 'I lie down'; nozomokson /n:}-z:m:Jk.s-:11111 lie down' [Source: Diary 1] zonata noun (zo·'na·ta) /z:Jnata/ [zunatar] Sunday (Der. English 'Sunday')

[Source: Diary I] zongwat- (zon·gwat'-) /z:JI'Igwat-1 (zungwat-] be cold. Ex. zongwatom [zungwatum] 'it is cold' [Source: Diary I]

65

64

AN ENGUS H-MOH EGAN INDEX A able to about about to above accordingly across added to afraid (be) afterwar ds again alewife all all those (animate) already also always among and angry (be) anus any anyone anything appeara nce apple approximately arise arm around arrange

dabi babami gitawi-, mowi wabi niga nowi nab-, nabniwiziggi, nimaci yombiwang umbswags wami, wonzug jagwan, wanjug kuji wang 0

•

•

0

Clffil, WOCiffil

ginuki da, daka, wang xquudu-, gixquudmoskut, sibod nani awan, bazug jagwan, cagwan kunung, hugi a pis babami gutumki pud wayinu wixkim-

kigom nabaji ay• bani tugung

arrow as far as as long as away axe (noun) B baby back bad bag basket basket splint bass be beach beans bear beast beaver because because of bed bedstead before beget bellows beside bestow betray better (make ... ) between

papos opsgs muci, mucu, nunibixkot, nunubiskuto baginod, bidunx manoda bumbayj musukig ah-, tidokamag muskuzits was us upagi tamunqui somi niwocay bid, wisuk bidunk niguni bawuxuwa bapadawig gixki nowihinnumagihigwawixtannaxawi, nanaxawi

67

66 bewail beyond big bird bite black black (he who is .•. ) black duck black person blackbird blackfish blanket blood blow blue bluefish body bone bonnet book boy brant bread break breathe breathe hard brook brook (small) broom brother bucket but

numakimangwi gunci, mugayo jits quamsugayo sugit quaquams sugatuk acugyiz, masoyan tamg biyungut umsqui boquiziwambayo aquandunt hugi skun, xkun bunid wosgwig kajuks, mukacuks, mukiyawis akobayiz tugunig bokxayaxamugayaxasibog sibowis bakumi, biyom ci, kanis, mud wotupig kut

naxpi bayoway

by means of by~ bye

c call (verb) can can not candle canoe carry cart cat catch cattle certain chair chicken chief child cider clam cloudy cloudy day coat cock (rooster) cold cold (be) comb (noun) come come in Come in! come to pass completely

wikumdabi mutcog wigwantig mixwi kinunwawigwanung bapos ca-, kunugituzug cunei apudmag, giyay moyx sunjum papos saydi quahag, suksawag ungutug gopquad akawung gongiyaks kayo zungwatnizug biy-, hax-, mawi-, wambiysigwi-, sugwiWigwomun bacabaxani

68

69 babami -ttabutbimunt wiwacum kidusu huggax bajumanunx bajum junay JUnayum junayxqua sunkatidiyomaw-, numakimgajaksid mudap-, mudapawbunid-, tumutumusu-

concerning connective infix content (be) cord corn (sg.) count cover cow cranberries cranberry crazy crazy man crazy woman crush cry (verb) cunner curse cut cut oneself

D dance (verb) dark daughter day (noun final) daytime dead (be) deer deer (=wet nose) depart desire desire (verb) devil

mutagsugayo, ungutug, dupqua tunis -gisk, -kad, -quad gisukad mucnawic watugaci gagi-, watxkiyowigcu-, cuntbibi, dibi, jibay

macun-, mucun-, nup-, sicamundo -is akotox (o)ki tinutiya wigatuaqui squund ciphugi bitkuz tudpaxa gukiwodiquadung gwagwikum mudxquanu gitus. migucid abukanug

die diety diminutive suffix dipper dirt do dog done (to be ... ) don't door dreadful dress drink drizzle drunk(be) drunk (noun) duck duD (=not sharp) dung dwell dwelling (place)

E ear earlier earth earth (all the ... ) eat eel egg eight eighteen eleven

tawa nawad (o)ki bamkugi micnix, nixwags warn ciwiask nabniciwiask nabniniquut

70

71

enough enter eternal evening ever everyone (animate) everything evil evil spirit excrement eye

baca, tabi sigwi-, sugwicimi, micimi wigungzo ninuquudu wanjug jagwan ciphugi bibi, dibi, jibay migucid skisuk F

face fall down far father feather fee fifteen find finished fire

first person plural suffix first person plural suffix fish (noun) fish (verb) five flat flat bill flesh flour fly (noun)

kunung buxkozitiya-, duksuniyo way ox migwan apig nabninipaw konbaca, kuji wiyot -un(an) -(u)mun piamug piamug canipaw quanog baquumx wiyos biyoway wojuwas

fly (verb) fool (female) foot forever forgive fortnight four fourteen fox fresh fresh water Friday frighten frog from

bodunaxjunayxqua sid cimi hi kidniswik yaw nabniyaw wunks yona yonabag bayta quonwihaygkopayas

future time particle future time particle

-co mus

WOCI

G gasp gather genitalia get out! get up get up ghost girl give give up glisten go go away

mugayaxamukun-, suskanuki wixbayum gutumkiumkijibay xqua, xquasis mixbikid-, bukidwawusapataayxa-, gitawi-, hax-, mawi-, mowi-, watxmujag-

72

73

go after go before go out go to sleep god going to gutowi-, mowi good (animate) good (be) good (inanimate) Good day! Good day! (= good heart) Good morning! goose gooseberry grandfather grandmother grease great great man great many greatest ground gull gun

nuncidnigungagigawimundo gad, gitawi-, gutaquix, wigo wigwawigun Bosu! Wigun ta! Wigwasun! gohung, wampxa basquadam ojunas anu bum gunci, mugayo mixayo muxaniwag maxakid (o)ki upukajib baxkig

H hair (human) hairy half hand handsome hard

opsgs wixag boquiso jix wikco casun

haste (make .•• ) hat have hay he he (3rd person pronoun object) he (conjunct order) head health (be in good) hear heart heaven hell hello help hen her here hers herself hideous high gwinungwis, yin him him (3rd person obviative object) himself his hot hot (be) house house house (European) how

joyquatkub catung-, wajiancuguns, kucux nagum, -(u)w, wu-ong -d kunung, squixigun tayanupudta mundonag dibikanung, jibaykanug aquuy tayn(u)moyx nagum, wohug, wunini, yoday wuwohug mutudayazo dahigman, gwinangan, nagum, wohug, wu-owu wohug nagum, wugusubuto gusubut-, gusudwigo wigwam jaquiyun no, to

74

75

Howareyou? human being hungry (be) hurry (verb) hurry (be in a) hurt oneself husband hut

Dun gutay?, No gutayanu? ski dum yundgibxaxjoyquatwisuquayuxamag chasobata I

I I (conjunct order, secondary suffix) I (conjunct, primary suffix) ice if in addition to in order that in order to Indian Indian man infant instead it it (conjunct order) it (intensive) its

ni, nu-uk -on gupad gi nab-, nabniwaji waji incun incunin nozas nambi nagurn, -(u)w, wu-d janaw wu-

J jointly just a little

rnajo kuncuci

K kill

nux-

sunjum bunidwang, wiwusig, wiyazig jaqunowa-, watu-

king knife knife (verb) know L

lake lake (noun final) lame language large lasting later laugh (verb) lazy (be) learning leave leg let her/him/it let me let them let us liar lie (prevaricate) lie down light (not dark) little little (noun initial) little bit little woman live (verb) lobster locative suffix

nibic -hag bungaso gigitokuwang gunci, mugayo micimi gi wicmigixkudugiyodumcawung gagi-, watxkundis -ac,-c,-unc -ti, -undi -ahudic, -umohudic -duh,-urnuduh,-unduh tayandis tayandzumukswirno b(u)waco pibawisa xquasis abu-, wigwamuxundag -ug

76

77

maxidawung, quitos gunay, quini, quiniyo quinibag kumumpnuncidkuts wikt-

log long long pond look (at) look for louse love

wot mutawi gusug cunct ni, nunuhug

mouth much mud must my myself N

M make make a bed make haste man many maybe me meadow quail meat medicine meet meeting melt milk Mohegan Monday moon more morning morning (early) mortar mother mourn mouse

stowixkungibxaxin mutiwawag bakidu, bakimus, sasi ni, nu-, nuhug bawixons wiyos, xpuk umbusk sussusmo sabaxmin, zixkunus mohiks mundita wiyon anwi womban yombowi duquang anung mowapazoaniks

name named (be) near nearly necessary (be) neck need (verb) never new newborn child next to night nine nineteen no nominalizing suffix noon nose not not enough not yet nothing now

wizuwang WIZU-

bazo, janaw ciwi cu-, cuntsojipog cu-, cuntninuquudu ciway papos gixki dupqua bozokoquang nabnibozokoquang mud, mudu -ang buxqua coy mud nodaxa asquam, axquim majag, mudjag(wan) yo

79

78 0 0 dear me! ok old man old wife old woman on both sides of one one thing only only a little open or our (his & mine) our (yours & mine) ourselves (him & me) ourselves (you & me) out of doors outside over over there oyster oysters hell

waykajamunk bawisa kocays ungowams winay aydawi bazug, boyzug, niquut bazugwan janaw, wibi kuncuci yunjanazu niyawun giyawun nuhugun guhugun quajug quajug wabi yukcawi apunihag apunihag

p pack-basket pail parched corn part of partridge pass away past lime particle peas

mutombi wotupig yokig nawuji bapuquatis, gutquas sicarna bix

pixkut bakidu, bakimus macun-, mucunski dum ski dum -tuk gwunsnag mukunquunos biksis ponbiyatay nab-, nabninipsawag -bag boyj buwiz tad us onguzwikco bawisa tayandkanuki pon-

penis perhaps perish person person person (noun final) pestle pick pickerel pig place plate plus pond pond (noun final) porridge pot potatoes pray pretty pretty well prevaricate private parts put

Q quail quart queen quick quick (be) quill

ayugi, bapuquatis gwat suncsqua skixo joyquatmigwan

80

81

R rabbit rain (light ..• ) rain (noun) rain (verb) rap-rap rat read reciprocal verb suffix red red blanket red squirrel reflexive verb suffix remain remove rib rising river robbin rock rodent rotten rotten (be) round clam rum run

duksas paxa zoguyan zogutiti yats kidusu -su squayo asugwanod squaniks -su abugadpicog badunta as it quiquisquic sun, son aniks mucu mucboquahag unkupi quaqui-

s sachem sachem (female) same satisfied (be) Saturday

sunjum suncsqua nan tabutzatata

say second person plural suffix second person plural suffix see

seek sell seven seventeen sew sharp she she (conjunct order) shildrake shine shoe shoot short shout (verb) shower (small rain) sick (be not well) sick (be) sing singular verb suffix sit sit down six sixteen skunk sleep (go to) sleep (verb) sleepy (be) small smile

iwa-uw(aw) -(u)muw kan-, nawa-, numnuncidunkxnizux nabninizux yanaquaxquanu nagum, -(u)w, wu-d muxizig wawusapatamukus boxqubimung, tayaquy baxkax-, hodumixayan mutayanomomocingutuma-(u)m abumudupkudusk nabnikudusk skunks kawikokski-, gawikudukb(u)waco wic-

83

82 smoke (noun) snake snow (fallen) snow (falling) so so many so much so that sock soft soil some of someone something soon sorry (be) soul soup speak evil spirit light spoil spoiled spoiled (be) spoon squirrel starve stay steal stick stingy stocking stone straight

bukud xkok gon sojpo niyani daxi jaxi, somi waji gongo mowiho (o)ki nawuji awan jagwan, cagwan gidumay siwatmibxab wiyosiboyj mudapawguxkucung mucitmucu mucgiyaman squaniks poyantabugumodmitog sunkatidiyo gongo sun, son zambwi

tikbimunt mikigo micmikigmikig-s gi soktax gizuxg zunata cunei quudguxkucung mudapawwikco wiksubagud

strike string strong strong (be very ... ) strong (be) subjunctive su.ffu subsequently succotash sun Sunday sure swallow swamp fire swear sweet sweet (it is ... ) T table take otT talk (verb) taste temptation ten terrible thankful (be) Thanks! (for that) that (animate) that (inanimate) their them themselves then

dabi gadgigitokquatstummudapawangan bayag ciphugi tabutTabutni! no ni, xini nagumaw nagumaw, wohuguw wohuguw unday

84 there there (far away) these (animate obviative) these (animate) these (inanimate) they (animate) they (conjunct order) they (inanimate) think thirsty (be) thirteen this (animate obviative) this (animate) this (inanimate) those (animate) those (inanimate) thread three throat Thursday time time (noun medial) tired tired (be) tobacco tobacco pipe together tomorrow tongue tonight too too much tooth

85 niday yukcawi yoh yog these nagumaw, -(u)wak -cuk -(u)wax tayatu-, yutgongutnabniciwi yoh yo yow nig nix bimunt ciwi quudung dozata ambi -mbi/osasuni sasuni-nitsisimo tumung majo, wiji zab wiyan yodupquaug wang somi but

naqut mitog winomay wunamo quugidosita doyibas nabninis nabibayag, nisuncobunis nabniniciwiask nabnininipaw nabniniyaw nabninibozokoquang nabnininiquut nabnininizux nabninikudusk nabniniciwi nabnininis nis

toward tree true truly try Tuesday turtle twelve twenty twenty-eight twenty-five twenty-four twenty-nine twenty-one twenty-seven twenty-six twenty-three twenty-two two

u mutudayazo gutuma baji bami sokidungnuhugun, niyawan guhugun, giyawun

ugly unless until upward urinate us (him & me) us (you & me)

v vanish very very mucb

mujagaji, winu matawi, micimi

86

87

visage

hugi

w walk walk in walnut tree want want (verb) warm oneself wash wash oneself water water (noun final) we (conjunct oirder, primary suffix) we (conjunct order, secondary suffix) we (he & I) we (you & I) weakfish weary (be) weasel Wednesday weep well (be) wet wet (be) whale what wheat when where where in which whistle

bumxasigwi-, sugwiwixquuts kiyowigcu-, cuntjuwaygixtutu-, kutxittxit-, xtutnupi -bag -uk -ukud niyawun giyawun cigut sosum amukx wunsatu mawtayanu-, wigwawutugayo wutugabudumbag jagwan, dun, to WI

wicina cahag, doday, to jahug jagwan gwiksu-

gungwiksuma wambayo (o)wanuks awan towaj hayok, yagi guxkucung witun wabayo mukawis cu-, cunt-, kudumoygow wiji muks squa,xqua winay mitog wodquunx aykunzo aykikuzbamkugido wosgwo-

whistler white White Man who why wife wiU-'o-the-wisp wind windy wippoorwill wish (verb) witch (bad) with wolf woman woman (old) wood wood for the fire work(noun) work(verb)

world (all the ...) write y

yes yesterday yonder you (conjunct order, primary suffu) you (conjunct order, secondary suffu) you (imperative intransitive) you (imperative transitive inanimate) you (singualr) you all

nay, nuj(s) wiyongo yukcawi -un -ud -x -unx gi, gu-, guhug -ak, giyaw, guhuguw

88 you all (conjunct order transitive animate) you all-(imperative transitive inani"!ate) you all (imperative) young young girl young man your (plural) your (singular) yourself yourselves

89 -uk -umuk -q

gung gung xquas gunggum giyaw gi, guguhug guhuguw

6. BIDUOGRAP HY.

Bloomfield, Leonard 1946 Algonquian. In Linguistic Structures of Native America, ed. by Cornelius Osgood. Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology, No. 6, pp. 85-129. Viking Fund, Inc., New York Cowan, William 1973. Pequot from Stiles to Speck. International Journal of American Linguistics, 39(4): 164-172. Goddard, lves 1978. Eastern Algonquian Languages. In Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15 (Northeast), Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1978, pp. 70-77. 1996. Introduction. In Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 17 (Languages), Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1996, pp. 1-16. Goddard, lves and Kathleen Bragdon 1988. Native Writings in Massachusett. 2 vols. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. Granberry, Julian 2003. Modern Mohegan: The Dialect of Jits Bodunaxa. Lincom Europa, Munich.

Haas, Mary 1954. Phonological Reconstitution. Personal letter to Julian Granberry.

90

Languages of the World/Dictionaries

Noyes, James 1669.

Pequot Indian Glossary. Ms. in Beinecke Library, Yale University,

In this series

New Haven, Connecticut. Prince, J. Dyneley and Frank G. Speck 1903. The

Modern

Pequots

and

Their

Language.

American

Anthropologist, vol. 5, pp. 193-212. 1904. Glossary of the Mohegan Language. American Anthropologist, vol. 6, pp. 18-45 Siebert, Frank T., Jr. 1975.

"Resurrecting Virginia Algonquian from the Dead". In Studies in

Southeastern Indian Languages, ed. by James M. Crawford. The University of Georgia Press, Athens. 1975, pp. 285-453. Speck, Frank G. 1904.

A Modern Mohegan Text. American Anthropologist, vol. 6, pp. 469-476.

1928.

Native Tribes and Dialects of Connecticut: A Mohegan Diary. In the Bureau of American Ethnology 43rd Annual Report, pp. 199289.

Stiles, Ezra 1762.

A Vocabulary of the Pequot Indians, Obtained in 1762 at Groton, Connecticut.

International Journal of American Linguistics,

39(4):164-172 [in article by William Cowan, Pequot from Stiles to Speck].

01 Wang Xianzheng, Zhu Yongzhong, Min he Mangghuer- English Keith Slater, & Kevin Stuart Dictionary 03 John Keegan

Dictionary of Mbay

16 Michel Ferlus (ed . by P. Jacq & P. Sidwell)

Nhaheun - French - English Lexicon

21 Pascale Jacq & Paul Sidwell

Comparative West Bahnaric Dictionary

23 Pascale Jacq & Paul Sidwell

Loven (Jruq) Consolidated Lexicon

25 Mairi Blackings

Madi-English Dictionary

28 Gregory D.S. Anderson & K. David Harrison

Tuvan Dictionary

29 Julian Granberry

A Lexicon of Modern Mohegan