Lexicon of Alchemy

A Lexicon of Alchemy by

Martin Rulandus the Elder Translated by Arthur E. Waite

John M. Watkins London 1893 / 1964 (250 Copies)

A Lexicon of Alchemy or Alchemical Dictionary Containing a full and plain explanation of all obscure words, Hermetic subjects, and arcane phrases of Paracelsus. by

Martin Rulandus Philosopher, Doctor, and Private Physician to the August Person of the Emperor. [With the Privilege of His majesty the Emperor for the space of ten years] By the care and expense of Zachariah Palthenus, Bookseller, in the Free Republic of Frankfurt. 1612

PREFACE To the Most Reverend and Most Serene Prince and Lord, The Lord Henry JULIUS, Bishop of Halberstadt, Duke of Brunswick, and Burgrave of Luna; His Lordship’s mos devout and humble servant wishes Health and Peace.

In the deep considerations of the Hermetic and Paracelsian writings, that has well-nigh come to pass which of old overtook the Sons of Shem at the building of the Tower of Babel. For these, carried away by vainglory, with audacious foolhardiness to rear up a vast pile into heaven, so to secure unto themselves an immortal name, but, disordered by a confusion and multiplicity of barbarous tongues, were ingloriously forced. In like manner, the searchers of Hermetic works, deterred by the obscurity of the terms which are met with in so many places, and by the difficulty of interpreting the hieroglyphs, hold the most noble art in contempt; while others, desiring to penetrate by main force into the mysteries of the terms and subjects, endeavour to tear away the concealed truth from the folds of its coverings, but bestow all their trouble in vain, and have only the reward of the children of Shem for their incredible pain and labour. Unto both these classes I wish to come forward with help, that they may not only seek more diligently into the writings of the Hermetists, but that they may understand them better, and that in this manner the divine Art of Alchemy may be more successfully taken in hand. For which reason I have concluded to publish this Lexicon of Alchemy, formerly compiled, and enlarged and completed since by me. Which also I would dedicate to one who shines over all princes, not only in knowledge of the learned languages and more celebrated arts, but also daily shows himself, by his singular industry and skilful hand, most intelligent and studious in the Art of Chemistry. Whence I have justly brought this trivial work to be consecrated by your patronage, well knowing that it will receive no small increase of reputation from the greatness of your erudition and from your illustrious name; and as in some way a monument of most humble reverence, it shall stand forth to its own greater adornment and preservation in the future. Fare thou well, most serene and learned lord, and hold me and mine as committed unto thy care. With humblest deference, Your respectful Servant, MARTINUS RULANDUS, Doctor.

A LEXICON OF ALCHEMY by

MARTINUS RULANDUS, PHILOSOPHER AND PHYSICIAN.

AAA AABAM, ABARTAMEN, ACCIB, AIARAZAT --- are all Hermetic equivalents for lead. See Plumbum and Saturn.Other equivalents in use were the Scape-Goat, the Dual Chibor, Draiccium, Elevator, Araxat, Alusa, Ruba, Alech, Allonoch, Alabrig, Alokot, Armic, Amioch, Amitich, Araxat, Azoro, Balamba, Cartistilium, Koal, Molybdos, Mosquet dei, Molibra, Mosider, Rasas, Rasasa, Rolos, Roe, Rocli. All these are technical terms, which in themselves have no meaning, but which were used to signify Lead.

ABACUS --- A counting-board, table or tray, etc. ABACUS MAJOR --- A larger table, etc. ABESAMUM --- The mire or grease which accumulates on the axle of a wheel. ABESUM --- Unslaked lime. ABESS --- is the same as Rebis, to wit, the last matter of the nutriments which are absorbed by the body; that is to say, it is the excrement of the bowels. ABESTUS --- Albesten, Abesten, and Morago, are Hermetic names for Asbestos. ABICUM --- A cover. ABLATIO --- A separation by means of the superior part. It is performed after several manners. In the dry region, where there is less specific gravity, such cleansing can be effected by the hare's foot or like agents. Sometimes we accomplish separation with a feather, with small knives, spatulas, etc. At other times, we purge in a narrow bag, with twigs, and with wooden, iron, and bristly substances. ABLUTION --- is exaltation by means of successive lustrations, washing away the impure refuse, and reducing the matter to a pure state. It is also called Imbibition and Cohobation, or digestion. ABLUVIEN --- Cleansing. ABNELEITEM --- is Alum; also called Asfor. ABOIT, or ABIT --- is White Lead. The same thing is signified by Alkarad, Almachabar, and Alsiden. ABRIC, KIBRIT, and KIBUZ --- are names of Sulphur. ACACIA FERREA --- An iron spoon. ACAHI --- is Alum-water; called also Fefcol. ACAID --- is Vinegar, or sour substances. ACALAI --- is Salt; called also Alet. ACAMECH, or ACEMECH --- is the scoria or refuse of Silver. ACARTUM --- is Cinnabar or Red Lead; called also Azemasor. ACATO --- is Soot; called also Araxos. ACAZDI --- is Jupiter, or Tin; called also Alkain and Alomba. ACCATU --- is Tinsel; called also Aurichalcum, properly Orichalcum, which is the brass of the ancients. Accatem signifies the same.

ACCORDINA --- is Indian tutty; called also Alcordine. ACETABULUS --- A vessel for vinegar, or a cup-shaped vessel, holding as much as would an eggshell. ACETUM --- Vinegar. ACETUM AMINEUM --- White vinegar. Acetum also signifies sour wine, and in this sense Acetum Amineum would be sour white wine, wine of Aminaea, which was distinguished for vine culture. ACETUM PHILOSOPHORUM --- is Philosophical Vinegar, that is, Virgin's Milk, or Mercurial Water, in which metals are dissolved. One of its Hermetic names was Sophic Hydor. According to Theophrastus, the Philosophical Vinegar is the Chemist's Vitriol-water, but the Turba states that it is the water of mercury which dissolves gold. Others affirm that Philosophical Vinegar is that which is made from fresh shells of tortoises by sublimation and distillation. ACETUM RADICALE --- is Radical Vinegar, or Vinegar distilled from its proper radix or matrix. It is also called dissolvent water. ACETUM RADICATUM --- or Radicated Vinegar signifies in some authors that most sharp liquor of vinegar which remains at the bottom of the retort, after the phlegmatic part has been evaporated. It is made by distillation in the retort out of the crystals of the dregs of vinegar. Or good vinegar, made from wine, may be placed in a retort, distilled gently by a moist heat, often poured back upon its caput mortuum, and dissolved in dung, after which it must be finally distilled, when that which is left may be taken and liquefied in a strong fire. The result is radicated vinegar. ACHATES --- The Agate, first found in Sicily, near the river of that name, and afterwards in other localities, as testifies Pliny, 1. 37 c. 10. There are various species, each bearing separate names: Jaspachates, Ceradhates, Sardachates, Haemachates, Leucachates, Dendrachates, the veins of which are like unto minute trees; Autachates, which, when burnt, gives forth fragrance of myrrh; Coralloachates, distinguished by a golden speckling, after the manner of the sapphire; this variety is found in Crete. Agates are a safeguard against the bite of the spider, and eagles carry them to their nests to defend their fledglings against venomous animals. They allay thirst and strengthen sight. Concerning the rest, consult Pliny in the place cited, who also relates that various impressions of figures appear in agates; in some, for example, may be seen rivers, woods, cattle, beasts of burden, herds, war-chariots, minute statues, and the furniture or ornaments of horses. In particular, he relates (1. 37, c. 1) how Pyrrhus had an agate gem in which could be seen Apollo and the nine Muses, with their insignias. I myself have beheld a gem belonging to a nobleman, which, however, was not a true agate, but when the blemishes had been dispersed, it exhibited a rustic and a complete plough. I found also another at Albion Silicem, near the gate of Tangra, wherein appeared the likeness of a wolf or a lion, near a half-rose, so clearly cut by nature as though the work had been done by a jeweller. Most credible truly are those things of Pliny when writing of the impressions upon this kind of stone. ACIES--- Steel. ACORTINUS --- A lupine, wolf's-bean, or horse-bean. ACSUO --- is Red Coral.

ACUREB --- Glass. ACUS --- A needle. ACUSTA --- Saltpetre. ADAMAS --- in Arabic Subedhig, in Latin Adamas (Pliny, 1. 37, c. 4), the diamond, which is found both apart from gold and in gold, contrary to the opinion of the ancients, who knew it only as native in gold among the metals of Aethiopia. But for the better understanding of this subject, observe the ensuing scheme, which we have elaborated out of Pliny in part, and in part from other authorities. Not found in gold, and of this there are two species. The Indian diamond, not having its birth in gold, is known by its translucid crystal colour and sexangular sides; it is either cone-shaped at one end or else it has the form of a lozenge; it is sometimes as large as a hazel. This species is said by Serapion to approximate to the colour of Sal Ammoniac. The Arabian diamond, likewise not found in gold, is smaller than the preceding. Native in the most Perfect Gold. I. The Greek stone called Cenchron, because it is the size of a millet seed. II. Macedonian; generated in gold of Philippi; like the seed of cucumber in size. III. Cyprian; found in Cyprus; approaching brass in colour; most efficacious in healing. IV. Having the splendour of iron sideritis (that is, according to Pliny, a precious stone; according to others it is loadstone ; and again it is the plant ironwort); surpassing the others in weight, but differing from them in nature; can be broken by blows, and pierced by another diamond. The two last are degenerate, and scarcely deserve their name. The best diamonds are impervious to blows on an anvil, which they repel, so that even the anvil bursts asunder, while they themselves leap away invulnerable. And inasmuch as the diamond is indescribably hard, it contemns and conquers fire, nor has ever been consumed thereby. Whence, from its indomitable life and strength, it has the name *** among the Greeks. That herb which is mentioned by Pliny (1. 24, c. 17), which cannot be torn up, was also called adamant. The stone, however, can be shattered by the flesh, or rather by the warm blood of a young goat; more especially when the goat has first drunk wine or eaten rock parsley and mountain skirwort. For the above reasons, diamonds are much in request among lapidaries for cutting and shaping gems and other substances, for which purpose they ought to be mounted only in iron. Other metals they will by no means tolerate, while by lead, wonderful to say, they are themselves dissolved. Furthermore, the diamond is so hostile to the loadstone that it will not permit iron to be attracted in its neighbourhood, and if a magnet at close quarters should have attracted a piece of iron, the approach of a diamond will cause it to lose its hold.

In short, the diamond binds the magnet and strips it of its virtues. Oh, how wonderful is God in all His works! For the rest, the diamond irritates venomous animals, drives away frenzies, lemures, incubi, and succubi; it makes men strong and lively, and is for this reason called anachitis (that is, anancitis --- from the Greek *** --- to free from distress). It prevails against contentions and quarrels, and cures viscous fluxes. Consult Serapion and Evax. Some will have that the diamond is cold and dry in the fourth degree, others, on the contrary, that it is hot and dry, inasmuch as it is mixed with warming medicines. Did the matter receive investigation, doubtless diamonds would be found in our mines, as they have been found in times past: witness Pliny on the authority of Metrodorus Scepsius. In Bohemia stones of excellent quality are still seen, which surpass Oriental diamonds in shape and lustre. Consult Solinus, De Adamante, c. 55. The ancient astrologers referred the diamond to the Moon. ADAMAS ACUMINATUS --- A four-sided diamond point. ADAMAS QUADRATUS PLANUS --- A flat square diamond. ADAMATUM --- A kind of bright stone. ADAMITA --- A species of tartar; a kind of wine-stone or kidney-stone. (Wine-stone, Germ. = Tartar.) ADARCES, ARTIS --- According to some this is a marine flesh, a spongy growth, a froth or efflorescence, a congealed saliva having birth in sea-shallows, especially of Cappadocia and Galatia. The Indian species is found among reeds and cane-brakes on the shore. It has similar qualities to the substance called Halcyon. It was termed formerly Pericalamite and Calamoch. Some physicians make use of these ridiculous substances while they despise more noble things. They have even gone so far as to invent obscure names for it, which would be a puzzle to Oedipus himself. Some having written as follows: Take the fat of the deformed child and the tears of the vine of Dionysius. Who shall understand this save Oedipus? Who shall quickly interpret the deformed child to be the she-bear, and the gum of the vine of Dionysius to be the gum of the ivy? The Adarces here referred to must be distinguished from the true Adarces or Oysters. It is a sort of thick, salt scum which collects about reeds in marshy places. Its proper name is Adarca, but this Rulandus confuses with the oyster, and says that its power in diseases is declared by Dioscorides (1. 5, c. 84) and by Pliny (1. 32, c. 6), who represents it as coming into existence around tender reeds amidst the spume of fresh water and sea water, and accredits it with caustic virtues. ADARNECH --- is Orpiment. ADARRIS --- is the spume or foam of sea water. ADDERE --- To augment; but also used as an equivalent of temperare, to combine in due proportion, to keep within bounds. ADDITAMENTA --- Addition, increase. ADEC --- Sour milk. ADER --- Fresh skimmed milk. ADECH --- is our interior and invisible man, who raises up in our minds the image or archetypes of all those things which our visible and exterior man copies and forms with his hands. Each works

after his own nature, the invisible thin; unseen, the sensible, under form sensible, those things which are within the dominion of the senses. ADEPS --- A fluid in its final distillation. ADHEMEST --- with its equivalents Aiohenec and Altohonec, signifies a plate. ADHEHE --- Another term for sour milk. ADHO or ADHOC --- Milk. ADIBAT --- Mercury. ADIBISI or ADEBEZI --- The tortoise, also tortoise shell. ADIDACHOS, ADIDE ALARCOS, ADIDA LARCHOS --- Various terms for "mixed with lime", slaked. ADIRIGE --- Ammoniac. ADMI SURAB --- Earth. ADOS --- Water in which red-hot iron has been plunged. ADOLESCENS --- Young man. ADORAT --- A weight of four pounds. ADRAM --- Metallic salt, Cappadocian salt. ADRARAGI --- Garden Saffron. ADRARIGES --- is green atrament ; also blue sulphate of copper. ADROP, AZAR, AZANE --- A kind of stone. ADSAMAR --- Signifies urine, but also lotion, fountain, etc. ADVERSA VENAE PARS --- Against the grain, literally, against the direction of a current; hence, opposition in general. AER --- Equals breath, breeze, spirit, wind, weather. AERIS --- That is, verdigris. AERIS SCOBS --- Ordinary copper AERIS FLOS --- Metaphorically so called, was termed by the Greeks, Chalckou Anthos, and is misnamed Calcantum, that is, vitriol, the shoemakers' black of the Latins, the ignorant believed of old, being deceived by the similarity of the terms. But Flower of Copper differs among the ancients and moderns. For the ancients, as appears, denominated Flower of Copper those purple globules

which rise suddenly when the melted copper runs from the furnace, and is purged from impurity by the sudden sprinkling of clear water. Of this kind of Flower of Copper Dioscorides speaks (1. 5, c. 43), and enumerates its medicinal powers and virtues. Among the moderns, however, the Flower of Copper signifies verdigris. This distinction should be remembered in comparing ancient and recent authors. It should also be borne in mind that formerly they intermingled copper scales and Flower of Copper, whence a new substance was developed which was called Lepis, as appears out of Pliny. At the present day Flos Aeris is not included in the Pharmacopia. Concerning its virtues Pliny says (1. 34. c 11): The Flower of Copper is useful to medicine; verily there is not a mineral throughout all the mines of so useful a nature as it is. It purgeth the stomach, strengthens the eyes, remedies hardness of hearing, stayeth bleeding at the nose. There are two kinds of Copper Scales, namely, dense and light. Of the first Dioscorides treats (1. 5, c. 44). It is called Copper Slag by the Germans, but this, which is broad and thin, is produced from copper by hammering. Dioscorides (l. c.) avers that which is beaten from bars in the forges of Cyprus, and called Helitin, or Hammered, to be the best, but that which is beaten from poor and vulgar copper, or from white copper, is wholly to be condemned. He leaches further the virtues and the lustration of Aeris Squama. He makes mention in addition of Stomoma, the fine scales which fly off in hammering. There is another stomoma which is the same as the lighter variety of Aeris Squama, and is mentioned, not by Dioscorides, but by Pliny. It is called Copperborn by the Germans. And there is yet another stomoma which is, as it were, slack from the ore and is pierced easily. Yet again, there is that stomoma which is ferrum purgatum, purissimum, our chalybs, which is steel. It was Pliny (1. 34, c. 2) who first taught that coarse copper scales differed from Flower of Copper, when he said: Now these scales come by being driven and smitten off from those bars which they use to forge of the said masses and lumps of copper, and all these most commonly are found in the Cyprian forges; herein only is the difference, that the aforesaid scales are driven forcibly from the masses of copper, whereas the flower of verdigris fails off by itself. And yet there is a second kind of these scales, more fine and subtle than any other, to wit, driven and smitten from the very outside and uppermost part of the bar, and this they call Stomoma. He adds that both the one and the other are calcined either over earthen or brazen vessels, and afterwards washed. Finally, he also avers that the scales made of the white metal are indefinitely less efficacious. But neither the scales nor the flower are used by our doctors as they were in the time of Pliny. AERUGO AERIS --- or Verdigris, which the moderns, as we have shown, contradictorily call Flower of Copper, is twofold, natural and artificial, the former being found in metallic Cypriot stones, having some proportion of copper; upon these the verdigris bursts out as in bloom, and this, though small in quantity, is the best, and is also found in our copper mines. Dioscorides (1. 5, c. 45) mentions its varieties, with their proportionate worth, and the manner in which they are sophisticated. Concerning artificial verdigris, which is produced upon the surface of copper when the metal has become sufficiently green, this is of threefold kind, namely: 1. The smooth or scraped, whereof Dioscorides speaks firstly, and shows after what manner it is made. 2. The vermiculated, or worm-eaten verdigris, which is also duplex, that which is mineral and that which is made.

The former is the better, and is scraped by itself from the copperstone, upon which see Pliny (l. 34, c. 12), who disputes at great length as to whether it be a species of vitriol, or chalchitis itself. Great indeed is the knowledge of verdigris, of the natural above all, of Flower of Copper, of Chrysocolla, and of Vitriol, that is, true Chalchitis. Do thou, most excellent reader, well consider it, and judge the erudition of Pliny. Vermiculated verdigris, of the manufactured kind, and the way of making it, are taught by Dioscorides and by Pliny. 3. The third species of manufactured verdigris is goldsmiths' verdigris, which is also treated of by Dioscorides, and this is Santerna, which is used for alum. Some call it Tinckar or Arabian Borax. Goldsmiths' verdigris is nothing else but Chrysocolla, on which consult Pliny (1. 33, c. 5; also 1. 34, c. 11 and 12). All these species answer to Burnt Copper; they are astringent, they reduce, and heat, which is the case with all kinds of copper rust. After what manner the rest are burnt, consult Dioscorides. In our own day similar species of copper rust are largely manufactured in Spain. The Arabians, if I mistake not, call all the above enumerated species by the name Zinckar; and these are the species according to Pliny, Dioscorides, and others. But if we consider deeply, there are some which have not been distinguished by them, and are set forth in the following tabulation: Verdigris or Copper Rust is: Scraped: Natural / Manufactured (1. Scraped; 2. Vermiculate --- Mined / Manufactured; 3. Goldsmiths’. Scissile: Natural, i.e., copper-green. Gold-gluten / Manufactured, goldsmiths’ green, scraped, manufactured copper, green. The remaining species are distinguished thus: 1. Verdigris, colour of green copper; things dyed with green copper rust are so named by Martial. 2. Natural verdigris found on copper quartz. 3. A variety from Satberg, of leaden colour, found in rude copper ore. 4. Verdigris found on pure solid copper. 5. Manufactured verdigris. 6. Sublimed or distilled verdigris, used by painters. AERARII LAPIDES --- Natural copper stones. 1. Black scissile copper ore in which are natural plates of copper. 2. Ore containing natural green chrysocolla. 3. Ore containing natural blue chrysocolla.

4. Scissile ores in which is interspersed copper of a golden, ruddy, blue, purple, violet, or black colour. 5. Scissile ore, having seams of gold-coloured copper. 6. Ore containing seams of copper like the purest lead ore. 7. Cuprine scissile slate, burnt in the open air. 8. Burnt. 9. Burnt in the open air, afterwards melted out, and the dross separated. 10. Small globular slate-stones, perfectly circular, hard and heavy, of different sizes. Also found among copper quartz, with an ashy surface, as if composed of fine sand; if broken with a hammer, they are like silver or ash-coloured pyrites inside. Sometimes copper and some times silver is melted out of them. 11. Very hard, small pebbles, showing ruddy in black; found in scissile copper ore, like the kidneys of animals; when broken, they are of a deceptive colour, showing rich cuprine hues, but if searched with fire they possess no metallic quality. 12. Sterile ore, found beneath copper ore, showing white in ash-colour. 13. Primary masses melted out of rude copper. 14. Secondary, in which silver or gold are still present, which are sold to masters of laboratories for the separation of the silver and copper. 15. Crumbling or spongy masses, out of which, when lead is added, silver can be extracted. 16. Masses of silver and lead from which copper has been separated. 17. Copper containing silver combined with lead. 18. Copper, of fine quality, free from torrefied, crumbling, or cloven masses. 19. Copper masses free from all other metal. 20. Sharp-pointed ore stones produced in torrefying masses of crumbling ore. 21. Copper nuggets full of sharp points. Also layers of sharp-pointed copper. 22. Sharp-pointed nuggets of copper and lead, produced in the fusion of masses of ore. 23. Sharp-pointed pieces from nuggets which have been once subject to fusion. 24. Fused copper, containing gold. 25. Fused copper, containing silver. .

26. Fused copper, containing both gold and silver. 27. Tinged with magnesia. White copper. 28. Tinged with metallic cadmia. Yellow copper. 29. Gold-coloured copper. 30. Flattened copper wire out of which garlands or wreaths are made. 31. Copper showing flaxen colour in red colour. 32. Copper showing swarthy in red. 33. Copper tinctures with gold-colour by chemical art. Alchemical gold. 34. Gilded copper. 35. Copper coloured silver by chemical art. Alchemical silver. 36. Copper mixed with white lead. 37. Cremated copper. 38. Copper fused with white lead. Manufactured bell-metal. 39. Copper alloy, containing equal parts of copper and silver. Cobalt. 40. Copper fused in iron pipes. Finger-shaped pieces of copper. Used in testing. 41. Copper reduced to granules; vulgarly called granulated copper. 42. Flower of copper, given off from incandescent masses of copper; in appearance like millet seed. 43. A more minute kind, given off from molten crucibles, like flying poppy seed. 44. True flower of copper, given off spontaneously from red-hot crucibles. Very fine Cyprian copper dust. 45. Baked copper, hardened with hammers. 46. Scales of copper, beaten out by the hammer. 47. Most pure scales of copper, with which potters colour their vases. Brown copper, found useful in all coppersmiths' work. 48. Copper melted into the form of globules. Coarsely granulated copper. 49. Copper filings. 50. Plates of Copper, called sometimes by an Italian name, batitura. Sheet copper.

51. Copper wire. . 52. Gilt copper wire. 53. Silvered copper wire. 54. Copper wire overlaid with white lead. 55. Black refuse, separated in the first melting, from copper ore. 56. Metal extracted from copper ore which is once fused and separated from its refuse. 57. The same, but melted up to the sixth time, then finally baked, and separated from its first and second refuse. 58. Yellow copper thread. Copper wire. 59. The first recrement of red colour is the material of those pitchers out of which we usually drink must, or unfermented wine. 60. The second recrement, mixed with brass or lead, is called, in our vernacular, stone, and is again added to the metals in the second melting when they begin to flow rapidly. 61. The third recrement remains in the furnace, when the copper, in which silver is still present, flows out. Out of this recrement, when pounded and prepared for another melting down, iron is extracted. 62. Recrements separated from torrefied copper masses. 63. The first recrements of copper are light. 64. The second are heavier. 65. The third are heaviest of all, and black, blue, purple, and red in colour. On the surface of the Islebian mountains there is found a red earth, or red ore, with which the copper ore of the mines is mixed in digging out. Beneath this there are eleven other species of stone, before the object of mining is attained, i.e., before the copper veins are reached. 1. Granite. Hyalomite. 1A. A hard, rude stone, of earthy colour. 2. Another not so hard, and of ashen hue. 3. Smokestone. Smoky topaz. 3A. A third harder and rougher, and of colour similar to the first. 4. Zechstein, permian limestone. 4A. A fourth, showing swarthy in ash-colour, but more solid than the second.

5. Smoky topaz. 5A. A fifth, ashen, hard, and rough. 6. Fulgurite. 6A. Another, like to the fourth. 7. Another similar to the second, but softer. 8. Another blacker than the seventh, small, and harder. 9. A ninth kind, showing ashen in white, soft, and may be broken like marl with a penknife. 10. Another of ash-colour, hard and solid as marble. 11. A layer of black horny slate. 11. Showing more black in ash-colour than all the others. 12. Scissile Islebian stone, dark ash-colour, rich in copper. Slate-stone, rich in copper. AES --- or Copper is attributed to Venus by chemists. (N.B. --- Aes signified any Ore; i.e., any metal as it is dug from the earth, but especially refined copper.) It is a metallic body of a bluish colour with a dark ruddy tinge; it is igneous and fusible, and occupies a middle position between Sol and Luna, gold and silver. It is composed of quicksilver, but impure, unfixed, terrestrial, combustible, ruddy, and not clear; and, in like manner, of sulphur wanting in fixity, purity, and density. Bad and feeble sulphur, like a father of ill complexion and disposition, copulates with a noble mother, that is, with quicksilver, and generates copper of good quality, a son of bluish colour, tinged with dark red. This copper is obtained from veins in the mines, where there is abundance of pyrites, or marcasite, which beget the various natural species of vitriol, copperstone, copperas, inkstone, tutty, etc. Out of copper ore when it is melted there are obtained the several varieties of artificial Cadmia, Pompholyx, and Spodos (Pliny, 1. 34, c. 10-13). In the operation of the furnace, burnt copper is obtained, and scales of copper indifferently by cooling the heated metal and by hammering. Finally, verdigris is deposited on the surface of the excocted metal. There are, broadly, two species of copper, first, that which is found pure in copper and silver mines, and is in need of no purifying. Intertwined veins are sometimes met with, and again whole plates of thin metal which encompass the stone. Of this Albertus was ignorant. The second species is that which is melted out of pyrites or marcasite, and other substances; such as, slate, stone, as well as out of various earths and clays; also out of Chrysocolla and Azurite, like gold. Aes, however, does not always denote copper, but sometimes gold or silver, as they exist in nature, without any mixture of other metal or stone-a pure, unmixed metal, out of which money was stamped sometimes, in the same way as from alloys artificially prepared. This substance was first found in Galilee, but in a small quantity. In our own day it is likewise seen, but rarely, and is only to be obtained by a miracle. (The German version says: Properly it is called copper, some call it

simply gold or silver ore which has not yet been melted, but has been prepared by nature, and out of which coins have been occasionally struck.) (The copper nuggets referred to by Pliny are identified with burnt copper by Rulandus, who also enumerates, Loaf-shaped copper masses, completely baked ; Aes Caldarium, a copper warming vessel; Aes abstractum, copper extracted from the ore; Aes residuum, refined copper; Aes liquefactum, copper melted in an iron pipe. There is no context to explain the object of these enumerations.) AERUGINATIS --- Copper rusting, is the gilding of the earths in the ferment; the red earth which is resolved and cooked, which is the second operation. AES HERMETIS --- is the same as Mercury. It is also Solar Dust, the Head of the Raven, our copper, citrine earth, the thing containing and the thing contained, our lead. Mirerius calls it Gold extracted out of Metals; it is also termed Venus; Vitriol; Orpiment; Arsenic; Money; the Soul; the Green Lion; Green Water, because it germinates; Permanent Water; Wine; Blood. But it is truly and properly an imperfect body, not yet prepared, and in its original state. AES USTUM, or CREMTUM --- Burnt copper according to Dioscorides (l. 5, c. 42) is obtained by arranging alternate layers of copper bars with salt and sulphur, or alum, in an earthen vessel. The same author enumerates other methods, and burnt copper is made in our own day out of copper, sulphur, and salt. Dioscorides praises the aes ustum of Memphis and Cyprus. It is astringent, desiccating, restrictive; it reduces, draws out, and cleanses; and it heals ulcers. It is serviceable in complaints of the eye; it is a good emetic, when mixed with honey. It is cleansed like Cadmia, and is regarded as hot and dry in the fourth degree. The scum or excrement of copper, prepared after the same manner, has the same virtues, in a weaker degree. Consult Dioscorides as above. The other species of Copper Ore and Copper are as follows: 1. Pure native copper. 2. Native red copper, unalloyed with other metals, found, clean and solid, in its own mines, in the Duchy of Mansfield. 3. Mined copper, found in its own veins. 4. Pure copper mined from argentiferous veins at Scheberg. 5. Red Mansfield copper, which contains silver. 6. Red native copper of Suacensis in the Rhetian Alps, which contains gold within it. 7. Copper of a chestnut brown colour, which adheres like a thin plate to the hard stone. Solid copper. 8. Of the ordinary colour, in a violet fluor-spar. 9. Of the ordinary colour, intermixed with stony substance. 10. Of its own colour, cleaving to hard stone, which has the glow of hot ashes.

11. Of its own colour, cleaving to a scissile stone. The German context speaks of a red copper mixed with sulphur on a slate bed; ruddy, solid copper. 12. Thin shavings of copper, in a white flint. 13. Veinlets or fibres of copper in a bright, ruddy stone; a preparation of a copper ore in a hard stone. 14. A rich vein of copper; a speedy process for pure copper. 15. Rough, native, impure copper. 16. Pure solid copper of Moravia. 17. Natural yellow copper, gold-coloured copper, cleaving to brittle Mansfield stone. 18. Blue copper, cleaving to brittle stone. 19. Copper, entirely blue. 20. Brownish or violet copper, cleaving to brittle stone. 21. White copper, similar to rude white silver, in a brittle stone; a rich white copper ore. 22. Black copper ore. 23. Copper ore so abundantly mixed with brittle stone that 100 lbs. contains 40 lbs. of copper. 24. A natural solid copper of several colours, distinguished into zones of gold, purple, saffron, flaxen, green, and blue. 25. Friberg copper, allied to black lead, of so many excellent colours that they shine as if they were transparent. 26. Copper native in white lead, having the brightness of polished gold. The German version reads, born in black lead, as crystallised tin-ore. AETHNA --- This name is given to a subterranean, invisible, and sulphureous fire which burns stones into coals similar to asphalt; they are full of resin and bitumen, and some nations use them instead of coals or wood, especially spurious sophisticators of metals. Formerly, these subterraneous fires were to be seen in several places, as, for example, that called Aetna in Sicily, and another in the Neapolitan Kingdom not far from Naples. In ancient times the men of those days, wonderstruck as to what could be the cause of these fires, and after great investigation being unable to assign it, became so desperate that one among the most celebrated philosophers, physicists, and doctors, Empedocles, cast himself headlong into the flames, choosing to be vanquished by shame rather than by ignorance. Again Caius Plinius delivered himself to suffocation from the smoke of this fire. Oh insane talents of men, who, whilst they will be ignorant of nothing, have attempted no labours, so that they can know nothing, and have nevertheless borne a shameful death, esteeming it better not to live than not to know that which at the same time they knew to be transitory! Housewives, when they have done cooking, shut up the fire in their grate, so that there may be no entrance of air, by which means the fire dies out, for it can live only in air. But if a draught be

admitted before it is quite extinguished, the flame will revive. In the same way we must regard volcanoes, whose fires originate in the earth's centre, which holds them like a grate. They are the air-holes of the earth, by which the central fires have their nourishment from the atmosphere, and without which they would be extinguished like the fires in a grate. (An invisible sulphureous fire in mountains, which turns stones into coal.) Item. All fused ores are understood by the name Aethna. AETHNICI --- are igneous spirits, or spirit-men, burning in the midst of flames. They appear in various modes and manners, like burning fires, live circular coals, or fiery globes; they are also seen amidst the sulphureous eruptions of volcanoes. AETITES --- are Eagle-stones, so called on account of their colour and their virtue, for without them can no eagle bring forth. For the Eagle-stone alleviates parturition. It is also called Lapis Erodialis and Lapis Aegreileius. It is a gem of several species. The first is the Pregnant-stone described by Dioscorides. When it is shaken another stone can be heard rattling in its stomach. It is of globular shape, is hollow, like the oak-apple, and bears another stone within it; this species is found in the vicinity of the Saale and the Elbe, and especially in that district which we now call Steuermarch. Very great virtues are possessed by this species; in particular, it relieves the sense of heaviness experienced by women before child-birth if the uterus be rubbed with it. The second species of Eagle-stone is that which is filled with earth, i.e., with white or saffron clay, and this is the Geodes (full of earth, earthy), a precious stone mentioned by Dioscorides. Varieties of this sort, containing earth or clay, are found at Dresden and in Saxony. I have myself seen a species, containing a saffron clay, on the banks of the Elbe, and another, full of white clay, is met with in the vicinity of the Saale. The third species is filled with water, and perspires in a warm place. It is called Enydros; hence those lines of the poet: "The Enidros pours forth perpetual tears, Which spring like water from a fountain full ". Pliny (1. 37, c. 11) and Solinus (c. 40) make special mention of this species. Says Pliny: The Enydros is always perfectly round; it is white, and of little weight, but when moved water is seen to flow within it like the liquid in eggs. And Solinus: The Enydros exudes moisture, as if a spring of water were contained within it. The fourth species of Eagle-stone is full of sand and tiny pebbles. The fifth is full of chelonitis, the sixth of a white lime; this is the variety which I discovered by the Elbe; it was of oblong shape, very hard, and honeycombed on its surface. I met also with another species separated from the matrix and of a peculiar shape similar to the variety described by Pliny (1. 10, c. 3), called Gagates by other writers, said to be found in the nests of eagles, especially in those of the bearded eagle, and termed the Pregnant-stone. When struck, or shaken, another stone can be heard rattling within it. It is not consumed by fire, a quality it possesses in common with the true Gagates (this is a species of bitumen), whence the identity of name. Those Eagle-stones, which are taken from the nests of eagles have the greatest medicinal virtue. Pliny also pretends (11. 36, c. 27) to distinguish two kinds of Eagle-stones which are found in the nests of these birds, a male and female, which are both necessary to the hatching of their eggs. After the same manner, the eagle places an agate under its unfledged young to protect them from poisonous reptiles. Pliny otherwise distinguishes four species of Eagle-stone. 1. The small soft African eagle-stone, containing soft white clay, as in a womb. It is easily crumbled to pieces, and has been regarded as feminine. It is found at the present day full of yellow clay, and is the Geodis of Dioscorides.

2. A variety from Cyprus, similar to the African, but larger and broader, globular in shape, soft on its surface, easily crumbled, and containing fine sand and pebbles. Varieties of this sort are also found pregnant with lime and conchylii. 3. Found near Leucadia, in the island of Taphus, whence it is called Taphinsius; it is met with in rivers, is white, and round in shape. In its womb it contains the stone called Callimus, and it is exceedingly soft. 4. A hard Eagle-stone like the oak-apple, found in Arabia, and believed to be masculine; it contains a reddish stone, also hard, and is much praised by Dioscorides. This also is familiar to us, and has been previously described. All species of aetites assist parturition and prevent abortion, as also Pliny witnesses (1. 36, c. 21). They are to be distinguished from the Echite which is an herb of the clematis genus; from Echites, a stone spotted like a viper; and from Echitis, a variety of the last. Consult Pliny as above, Solinus, c. 40, Serapion, Albertus, Rhasis, and others. The eagle-stone is also classified as follows: 1. African male aetitis, very hard, black and red in colour, containing a white crumbling earth. 2. Feminine, from Hildesheimer, mud-coloured, with yellow ochre adhering to it. This species contains a hard, mud-coloured earth. 3. Another kind, with a loose stone inside it, which sounds when shaken. 4. Hard, ruddy aetites, having an iron-grey stone. 5. Another, from Motteschanus, shaped like the human head, round, and very hard, having quadrangular, crystalline fluors like adamant. 6. A concave, iron-grey stone, found in iron ore, and containing nothing but air. The German Druse. AFFARX, or AFFARIS --- is Atrament. AFFRONITUM --- is Froth of Nitre, in Arabic Baurach; or it is that pseudo-Froth of Nitre which is called Glass-gall by the Germans; or it is the metallic salt called Cappadocius and Gemma. AFFENICUM --- is Soul. AFFEOS, or AFROS --- is Froth or Spume. AFFORMAS --- is Glass. AFRICUS --- Mid south-west. AFFRODINA --- is Venus. AFFROTON --- is frothy, spumous, etc. AFFRENGI --- is Minium, Red Lead, Vermilion.

AFFIDRA, or ALLMAT --- is White Lead. AFRAGAR --- is Verdigris. AFROS --- is our Lead, the unclean body. AGABAR --- is Prepared Calx. AGAR, ALGIT, ALGERIT --- Names of Calx. AHENUM --- is a metallic vase of copper, or iron, two feet high, and of about the same width. On the top there is a cover which fits it exactly, and is made in the following manner: A plate of copper is made in exact correspondence with the capacity of the ahenum (for the sake of convenience some affirm that a wooden cover may be substituted), and of circular shape, in the centre of which (when the ahenum is intended for the reception of only one cuppingglass) a little door is cut, of the exact size of the vase which is to be placed in the ahenum, and out of which at the same time it can project a certain distance. On one or the other side, and near the bottom of the ahenum, another door must be made, through which the heat can flow under, and more water be supplied to make up for evaporation. The use of this covered ahenum is manifold in the operations of the baths. AHIUS --- is Rock-Salt, or Muriate of Soda. AHUSAL --- is Arsenical Sulphur. Also the Eagle. AIARAZATH, or ALHENOT --- is Lead. AKIBOT, ALCHIBIT, ALCHINIT --- are names of Sulphur. AKON --- is a sharp-pointed stone. Hence aconite, an herb which grows on rocks, derives the name it bears. There is another sharp-pointed stone, with which knives and other instruments are sharpened, and it is called Whetstone. Of this we have several species-black, white, yellow, and one which is of a very deep black. Dioscorides (1. 5, c. 93) signalises the uses of the Naxian Stone which is worn away by the sharpening of instruments thereon. The species under notice is also called Heraclean and Lydian Stone ; it is the German Touch-stone, which is known to our goldsmiths and is called Coticula by Pliny (1. 33, c. 8). That stone which is found in Misnia, and is now used by book-binders, is also a species of cos-stone. There is, moreover, a variety which is of green colour, and is called Eye-stone, or Oil-stone, because instruments of various kinds are sharpened upon it after it has been lubricated with oil. There are additional species which the reader himself will be able to recall to his mind without further enumeration --- Lydian Stone, Grind-stone, Clinthy Slate, etc. ALABASTRITES --- Alabaster, from the town of that name in Upper Egypt, and also from Damascus of Syria. It is a species of marble, and is familiar to the Venetians. There are three kinds; the first is white and shining, and is that white alabaster of which in times gone by it was usual to make the images of saints and -the monuments of the departed. The second species has black spots. The third is white and ruddy, and is hence called Onyx, ruddy Alabaster, because it has the tint of human flesh. It is the species referred to by Dioscorides when he says: Alabaster, also called Onyx, when burnt with pitch or resin, removes indurations of the body. For the various uses of the onyx, and concerning the vessels and boxes for ointment which are made of it, consult Dioscorides (1. 2). At the present time there are two species found in Germany, in Cheruscis, not far from Northusia, and in Saxony, near Hildesheim. Pliny (1. 36, c. 7 and 8) says: Alabaster is used for vases

containing unguents, and is medicinally valuable in plasters to be placed over burns and scalds. He also informs us that its native places are Thebes of Egypt and Damascus of Syria. There is, however, a useless and inferior species which comes from Cappadocia, a country of Asia between the Black Sea, or rather Pontus, and Cilicia. Consult also the same writer in the thirteenth chapter of his thirteenth book of the History of the World. ALABONI, or ALOANACH --- is Lead ALAFOR, ALAFORT --- Salt of Alkali. ALACHASCHE --- is a caltrop. ALAFREG --- is a species of white lead. ALAHABAR, ALABARI, ALCHONOR, ALLARINOCH, ALHOHONOCH, ALRACHAS, ALASTROB, ALOMBA, ALOOC, ALLABOR, ALCAMOR --- are all names of Lead. See Abam, etc. ALAHATIB --- is a ruddy stone. ALAHIC --- according to some is an oven of the alchemists; according to others, it is Charcoal. ALARTAR --- is burnt Copper Ore. ALASALET --- is Ammoniac. ALATAN --- is semi-vitrified protoxide of lead. ALAURAT --- is Nitric Salt. ALBANUM --- is Salt of Wine. ALBANI --- is a stone of salt of milk. ALBARAS --- is Arsenic. ALBATIO --- Whiteness; white ashes left by calcination. ALBERICK --- is White Copper or Metallic Ore. ALBESTON --- is Quicklime. ALBETAD --- is Galbanum, a disputed substance, supposed to be the resinous sap of an umbelliferous plant in Syria. It is referred to by Pliny and Suetonius. ALBI --- That is, Sublimated. ALBIR --- is Pitch from the bark of the yew. I believe it to be a substance from which ink is made. ALBOR --- is Urine. ALBOT --- is Goldsmith's Brick.

ALBOTAT, ALFIDAS, and ASFIDE --- Names of White Lead. ALBOTIM, or ALBOTAI --- is Terebinth, Turpentine. It has other arbitrary names, such as, Albuhen, Altilibat, Albotra, Bora, Debutum, Helcabatan, Helkaboni, Helcalibat, Helcalidar, Kytram. ALBUHAR --- White Lead. ALBULA --- Pearl-white. ALBUM --- is White Copper. ALCADP --- is White Atrament; a contradictory designation because atramentum is essentially a black liquid. ALCALI --- Symbolical principle of the Chemists. It is the salt derived from the ashes of any substance without the limes of the bodies, and it inheres in all substances whether aqueous or fiery. It may be called Salt of Ashes, or Salt of Limestone. ALCAOL --- is Sour Milk, otherwise Mercury. ALCAHEST --- is prepared Mercury; some will have that it is tartar ; but the special meaning of any writer may be judged easily by the description of his preparation. ALCAHESTI --- Mercury prepared as a medicine for the liver. ALCANNA, or ALCONA --- according to Avicenna, are long slender plants, knotted like reeds, which are used as spears by the Arabs. Some also understand it to be the Guaiacum, or Tree of Life of America. ALCEBRIS VIVUM, VIVIFIC ALCEBRIS --- is Sulphur. Called also Alneric, Anerit, Aneric. ALCHEMY --- is the separation of the impure from the purer substance. ALCHITRAM, or ALCHIERAM --- is Oil of Juniper, Liquid Pitch, Arsenic purified by washing. ALCHITRAN --- is also Oil of Juniper, but especially the dregs left after distillation. ALCIMAD --- is Antimony ; called also Alcofol, Alfacio. ALCOCL --- is Sour Milk. ALCOHOL --- is a most subtle powder. ALCOHOL --- is Stybium or Antimony. ALCOHOL OF WINE --- (sometimes termed Distilled Wine) is thus called when every superfluity of wine has been so purged away that the whole is consumed and neither dregs nor moisture remain in the retort. The most subtle powder that can be made. If alcohol of wine be added, it is rectified, distilled wine.

ALCOLISMUS --- is crushing or corrosion. ALCOL --- is Vinegar. ALCONE --- is Aurichalcum, i.e., Brass, Bronze. ALCOOL --- has been most incongruously interpreted by some writers to be a powder ground to extraordinary fineness by a brass or iron mortar; but their error is made sufficiently plain by the fact that Paracelsus speaks in many places of alcool of wine, which he uses for rectified Aqua fortis, and this has nothing in common with a powder. The alcool of any bodies whatever is therefore nothing else but the purer and cleaner part separated from the impure. As regards the Paracelsian Alcool of Antimony, it is nothing else, according to this author, than antimony not merely ground with pestle and mortar, but exalted into its volatile condition without change in the natural colour. And it is needful that this should be done by the exclusive conduct and guidance of fire and heat, in such a manner that after it has been ground in the vulgar fashion, it shall be disintegrated further by sublimations, which are the philosophical pestle and mortar. Paracelsus also teaches elsewhere that such sublimation is to be performed without a caput mortuum, i.e., without leaving a residuum. It is further certain that no refuse must be present before sublimation. This sublimation of stibium is wholly indispensable, or frustrated energy and vain labour will be spent upon the flowers of antimony. Most of those who have attempted to analyze the preparation of Paracelsian substances have failed over this arcanum. By vulgar trituration the substances evaporate into white smoke, and it is easier to ascend into heaven than to produce in this way the citrine or ruby flowers, as they have proved to their own cost. The operation is not vulgar and the philosophical artifice is known to few. But it is made known to the Sons of the Doctrine. The sublimation is performed by a carefully tempered fire, so that the powder of antimony may be liquefied as little as possible, but at the same time may ascend until the flower of the powder is seen sticking to the walls of the furnace. ALCOR --- is Copper, burnt till it is fine as powder. ALCORE --- is a kind of stone having spar like silver. Called also Altores. ALCUBD --- is Crude Butter. Called also Alumbair. ALCUBRITH, ALCUR, and ALUZAR --- are all names for Sulphur. ALEC --- is Vitriol. ALECHARITH --- is Mercury. ALECHIL --- is three-footed. Cf. Tripod. ALECTORIA --- is a gem mentioned by Pliny (1. 37, c. 10), which is like crystal or clear water; and he shows that this crystalline substance, which is as large as a horse bean, is found in the gizzard of poultry, or, as Albertus has it, of a castrated cock. It is found after the bird has attained the age of four years. It renders the possessor rich and of warlike aspect. And they report that Milo of Crotona was made invincible by such an Alectoria. It conciliates girls and quenches thirst. See also Solinus, etc. ALEFANTES --- is Flower of Salt. ALEMBACI --- is Burnt Lead.

ALEMBIC --- is Mercury. ALEMBICUS --- or Capitellum (helmet) is a vessel set over the retort to receive and collect vapours. The Alembic is of two kinds, beaked or curved, and without beak. The first transmits the resolved vapours by a channel or neck to the receiving vessel. The second, which is without a beak or conduit, is used in sublimations, and in some cases is pierced at the top for the passage of the rising vapours. ALEMBROTH --- is Salt of Mercury, or Philosophical Salt, Salt of Art, and Key of Art. ALEMBROTH DESSICATUM --- Dessicated Alembroth, is by some called Salt of Tartar, the Magistery of Magisteries. ALES --- is compounded Salt, or manufactured Salt. ALEXANTHI --- or Altingat, is Flower of Copper. ALEXIR --- is a medicine alchemically prepared. ALEZARAM --- is the washing of lead. ALFACTA --- is Distillation. ALFADIDAM --- is Dross of Gold. ALFAMADI --- is ashen. ALFATIDA --- is Burnt Copper, or Plates of Venus-Copperplate. ALFATIDE --- is Sal Ammoniac. Among its other Hermetic names are Salmiax, Alacap, Alorap, Alfol, Alisteles, Alcob, Azonec, Anoxadic, Anacab, Andex, Aquila, Butrum, Alizeles. ALFASIT, or ALVASIT --- is Brick, burnt Clay ; also Earthenware. ALFUSA --- is impure Protoxide of Zinc. ALGA --- is a reed, according to the German context, but it is properly sea-weed. ALGALI --- is Nitre, or Saltpetre. ALGEMET --- Coals. ALGERIAE, ALGERIE --- is Lime. ALIGULUS --- is Confection, Composition. ALIM --- is a sand found in auriferous metals, out of which lead is extracted.

ALINZADIR --- is cold and dry earth. It is called in Arabic Boneza and Tinckar. Arles calls it Salmiac. ALIOCAB --- is Sal Ammoniac. ALKAES, or ALCHOCHOS --- is fine powder. ALKALIA --- is the vase or vessel. ALKALE --- is Oil of a Hen. ALKALID, ALKES, ALCOB --- are Burnt Copper. ALKALI --- is Vitriol from the mines, or fluid Vitriol, calcinated in aludal. With others Alkali is a pebble of salt, derived from pounded limestones, extracted by moisture and coagulated by the dissipation of moisture. Above all alkali signifies the elaboration of the essential form of the said stone, freed from what is impure and separated from its body. The term is also ascribed to calcined and diffused substances when they are reduced to a solid consistency, as when common salt is dissolved by moisture and again coagulated. Also when pearls are calcined entire, are dissolved, and again coagulated, they are in themselves magisteria, and are called alkali symbolically. ALKAMIS --- Name of the philosopher. ALKANTUM --- Sometimes Burnt Copper, sometimes an aromatic substance, sometimes Arsenic. ALKANT --- is Mercury, or a species of inky matter. ALKARA --- is a gourd. In medicine it is a cupping-glass, and in alchemy a Cucurbite. ALKARANUM --- is green Duenech, or Antimony. ALKASA or ALKAZOAL --- is goldsmith's brick. ALKASIAL --- is Antimony. ALKIBRIC, ALKIBERT, ALGIBIC, ALKIBIC, ALCHABRIC --- are names of Living Sulphur. ALKIN --- is Woad Ashes, or woad-colour Ashes. ALKIR --- is Smoke or Coals. ALKITRAM --- is Liquid Pitch. ALKO --- is Tartar. Theophrastus says that it is the purer substance of a thing separated from the impure. Thus Alcool of Wine is aqua ardens rectified and cleansed, the best and purest, the most subtle and celestial. ALKOEL --- is the finest Lead of the mines; Lapis Lazuli; Antimony. ALKOSOR --- is Camphor.

ALKY OF LEAD --- is the soft substance of lead. ALKYMIA --- is the powder of the basilisk. ALLABROT --- is a certain species of manufactured salt. ALMA --- is Water. ALMABRI --- is a stone like amber. ALMAGER --- is Synopide, like red grains (cf. Synephites). ALMAGRA --- is a copper bolus, or laton, which see. A red soil or clay, used as a lubricant by wheelwrights. Also a lotion. ALMAKIST, ALMAKANDA --- That is Litharge. ALMARCAB, or ALMARCHAZ --- is Litharge. ALMARCAT --- is Dross of Gold and Cathmia of Gold, which see. ALMARCAZIDA --- is Litharge of Silver, or Argyritis. ALMARCHAT and ALMARETH --- signify Silver Litharge. ALMARGEN, ARMALGOL, ALMARAGO --- Names of Coral. ALMARTACK --- is Ash of Litharge. ALMATATICA --- is a Mine of Copper. ALMATKASITA --- is Mercury, the Mineral Stone. ALMECHASIDE --- is Copper. ALMENE --- is Solis Gemmae ( Solis Gemmae is a kind of glittering precious stone, mentioned by Pliny. But the German version seems to refer to Sal Gemma, which see.). ALMETAT --- s Dross of Gold, or Refuse of Gold. ALMISADIR --- is prepared Sal Ammoniac; called also Asanon, Meradum, Almisadu, Amizadir; it is the German Salmiak. ALMIZADIR --- is Verdigris. ALNEC, ALLENEC, ALKALAP, ALETH, ALMIBA, ASEREBRAN, ASEBUM --- are names of Tin. ALOE, EPATICUM ALOE --- A medicine for the liver. ALOFEL --- is the cloth which covers the Vase.

ALOHAR, ALOHOC, ALOSOHOC, ALOSOT --- are names of Quicksilver. ALOS, ALO, ALIX, ALMELE, ALEC, ALKALAT, ALKALAC --- are names of Salt. ALOSANTHI --- Flower of Salt, in use among dyers. ALRAMUDI --- Ashen. ALSECH --- is a species of Alum. ALSELAT --- is burnt Copper, or Calcecumenon, which is burnt Earth. ALTAMBUS --- is the Red Stone, to wit, blood from men's veins. ALTANUS --- is the South-west or South. ALTARIS, ANTARIT, and ALOZET --- are names of Quicksilver. ALTHANACHA --- is Orpiment. Called also Alernet and Albimec. ALTIMAR, or AYCAPHER --- Burnt Copper. ALTIMIO --- is Dross of Lead. ALTINURAUM --- is Vitriol. ALTINGAT --- is Flower of Copper. ALUDEL, or ALUTEL --- is a glass vessel used in sublimation. ALUDIT, ANTARIC, AZOMSES, AZON --- Names of Mercury. ALUSIR --- is redness. ALUECH --- is the pure body of Jove. Called also Aluach. ALUEUS --- is boatlike, otherwise a vessel shaped like a boat. Alueus minor is a vessel of like shape but smaller size. ALUIS, or ALAFOR --- Called also Vabs, is Salt of Alkali. ALUMBOTI --- is burnt lead. ALUMEN --- is known to all, and signifies Mercury, because it dissolves. It is the best of all crystals. Its species are various, of which some are called technically Jamenum, Roccum, Scissum, Rotundum, Zacharinum, Debelgamo, Genoese Nitre, Alum from the mines, Fusible Alum, Scaly Alum, Liquid Alum, Preserved Alum, Common Alum, Alum Placodes, Burnt Alum, Sodden Alum, Rock-Alum, and Native Alum. Albertus distinguishes four broad species-Simple, or Common Alum; Black, White, and one which he describes fully in his book on Minerals. But here follow the several species of Alum.

1. Alum of the mines. 2. Liquid, clay-like, pale yellow Alum, from the Island of Elba in the Mediterranean. When handled it becomes so soft that it almost flows. 3. Natural liquid yellow Alum like a soft butter; it is found in the lead mines near Naples. 4. Grey liquid Alum from the same place. 5. White scaly Neapolitan Alum. 6. Very white scissile Neapolitan Alum. 7. Yellow Neapolitan Alum. 8. Scissile Alum, mixed with black dye, and redolent of sulphur when burnt. This also is from Naples. 9. Fibrous Neapolitan Alum. 10. Globular Neapolitan Alum. 11. A Neapolitan variety, found in layers, having wide crusts. 12. Manufactured saccharine Alum. 13. Square-shaped Alum of a violet colour. 14. Bright reddish Neapolitan Alum. 15. Manufactured Alum, having the appearance of fluorspar. It is produced by placing any igneous crux (untranslatable in this connection) into deep vessels, to which it adheres as if consubstantial with them, and crystallises in four-sided figures. 16. Pure bright digested Alum, found in Thuringia at Lobestein. 17. Venetian Alum which shows reddish in grinding, but is otherwise white. 18. Common Alum. 19. Burnt Alum. 20. Bright melted Alum of Dibanus, from which a sort of inky copperas exudes. 21. A variety of the above, combined with Atrament, and found in a moist clay. 22. Alum combined with Atrament excocted from Lye. 23. Pure white cocted Alum from Dibanus; this is pellucid and free from inky matter. 24. Bohemian Alum.

25. Alum of Misnense, mined in Burgos and Heringisdorf. 26. Alum of Tolpha, first mined in Italy during the pontificate of Pius the Second. 27. Veins of Alum mixed with Persulphate of Iron (misy). 28. An exceedingly white earth, out of which Neapolitan Alum is melted. 29. Rocca stone, from which Alum is derived. 30. Earth in the black ash of Dibanus, from which Alum is excocted. 31. A vein of globular Alum found on the top of the mountains near Naples. 32. A black Lobestenian vein, wherein there is a white natural Alum. ALUMEN --- A name of Antimony. ALUMEN ALAP --- Possibly Clay-like Alum. ALUMEN ALAFRAN --- Final State. ALUMEN ALAFURI, or ALAFOR --- Native Soda. ALUMEN ALBEDANE --- Zacharine Alum. ALUMEN ALBUM --- i.e., Learto (unexplained). ALUMEN ALKORI, and ALUMEN ALKALI --- Saltpetre. ALUMEN ALEXANDRINUM --- Soda, or Natron. ALUMEN BULGANUM --- The German Eyestone, a species of Varnish. It is red and transparent as mastic. ALUMEN CALCILIEN --- Arabian Azub, or Alum. ALUMEN CREPUM --- is tartar obtained from good wine. ALUMEN DE ALEP --- is Greek or Macedonian Salt. ALUMEN DE BABYLONIA --- is Zacharine Alum, and the same as globular alum. ALUMEN DE CRYSTALLO --- is Alumen roce, which is untranslatable. ALUMEN DE PLUMA, or ALUMEN SCARIOLA --- is Gipsum Or Gypsum. ALUMEN FASCIOLI --- is Alkali, and is identical with Cabia. ALUMEN GLACIOSERO --- is fixed, saline alum.

ALUMEN IONID --- is Limpart. ALUMEN LAMENUM --- is laminated Alum. ALUMEN LIQUIDUM --- is Amonum, an aromatic Balsum, otherwise limpart ALUMEN LOSE --- is scaly Alum. ALUMEN MARINUM --- is a humid spirit. ALUMEN ODIG --- is Salmiac. ALUMEN PHILOSOPHORUM --- is Lime of Egg Shells. ALUMEN ROSA, ROSE ALUM --- That is, Burnt Alum, Baked Alum, and Alum consumed by fire. ALUMEN ROTUNDUM --- which is laminated Alum, is also called Zacharinus. ALUMEN SCARIOLE --- is Gipsum. ALUMEN SCAROLUM --- is split Alum. ALUMEN SCISSUM --- is laminated alum. ALUMEN SYRACH, ALUMEN SYSARACH, ALUMEN ALKOKAR, ALUMEN ALURINT, ALUMEN LANIOSUM --- are all names of Alumen combustum, which is Alum after it has been treated with fire. ALUNIBUR --- is Luna --- Silver. ALUNSEL --- is a drop. ALUSAR --- is Manna. ALUSEN --- is sulphurated. ALZEGI --- is Atrament. ALZEMAFOR --- is Cinnabar. ALZILAT --- is a weight of three grains. ALZIMAX --- is green. ALZOFAR --- is burnt Copper. AMALGAMA --- is a composition of Gold or Silver and Quick Silver. AMALGAMATION --- is a calcination of the familiar metals by means of artificial Quicksilver. At the same time, the operation of calcining is not carried out invariably to its utmost limit, and it is

enough for the metal to be sufficiently melted to assume the consistency of the pulp or amalgam of the goldsmiths. The disintegration into a most fine powder which takes place under this process is also called a calcining. Further, amalgamation is calcination of a metal by Quicksilver; and it is performed when a metal, after being reduced into fine filing, thin plates, or lamina, is blended and mixed with six, nine, or twelve parts of Quicksilver, so that it becomes a homogeneous mass; and in this way also is the metal calcined and disintegrated. For the metal is reduced into the condition of a fine ash by evaporation with Quicksilver over a gentle fire. AMANDINUS --- is a stone of various colours. It destroys and binds all venomous animals, and is in no way contemptible; for which see Albertus. AMASSA --- means confect, got together; hence, to amass. AMBRA --- is Spermaceti. AMENE --- is Common Salt, called Apostolus. AMENTUM --- is Powdered Alum. AMETHYST --- is a gem of violet colour, which Pliny says (l. 37, c. 9) approaches the hue of wine, yet, before it thoroughly taste thereof, it turns into a March violet colour, and its purple lustre is not fiery altogether, but declines in the end to the colour of wine. India is the native place of the amethyst, as Pliny also testifies. Thence the finest are brought; their colour is an absolute purple, and indeed the dyers would give anything to reproduce it. There is, however, another species which approaches hyacinth, which colour the Indians term Sacon, and the gem itself they call Socondion. There is a third species which is paler, and is called Sapenos and Paranites. A fourth species is wine-colour; a fifth approaches crystal, having a whitish purple tinge; and by some this species is termed Anterotis, by others Pcederotos, and by yet others the jewel of Venus. Amethysts are also found in Arabia Petrea, Armenia, Egypt, Galatia, Tarsus, and Cyprus. But these are of a miserable and worthless quality. The superstition of the Magi declares amethysts to have power over drunkenness and evil thoughts, to protect against poisons, to hive access to the persons of kings, and to avert hail. Upon the colours of the amethyst, consult Pliny (1. 20, c. 8, and 1. 9, c. 38). Inferior amethysts are found in many parts of Bohemia, and in its mines are fluorspars similar to these. The following varieties are inferior to Oriental: 1. Amethysts of Misnia, from the mines of Bergenbricht. 2. Amethysts from the waters of Misnia, and from the river Trebisa near Misena. 3. Amethysts found in the Bohemian mountains. 4. Amethysts which have the appearance of crystal. 5. Amethysts having crystalline lines. 6. Quadrangular and sexangular amethysts, brown and pointed. AMIANTHUS, or AMIANTUS --- On the testimony of Dioscorides, is a stone of Cyprus, not unlike certain species of alum. It is impervious to fire, from which it issues more brilliant. It is fabled by the Germans to be produced from the hairs of a Salamander, which is accounted for by its fireproof nature. It is a kind of stone which may be split into threads and spun. It is without doubt a

scaled or feathered Alum, which can burn for ever (i.e. to say, it is Asbestos). In other respects, the Amianth is not of great virtue; however, it absorbs moisture. Pliny (l. 36, c. 19) says that it is similar to alum, losing nothing in the fire, and especially defying all the witchcraft of sorcerers. If we consider well, we (Germans) ourselves are possessed of a species of Amianth, which is found in our mines, and which we call Micah. It is of a silver colour. It is called Cat's Silver, by similitude, because cats' eyes shine like the Amianth at night, or because it is useless and thought only fit for burning. But if we consider deeply, it cannot be burned like the true Amianth; but is rather purged, and assumes another colour; a thing of no moment. What is more important to know is the power which resides in a certain stone called Asbestos, which is found in the mountains of Arcadia, as Pliny assures us (1. 37, c. 10). It is of an iron colour, and Albertus tells us that it exists also in Arabia. When this stone is set on fire there is scarcely anything that will extinguish it. Its nature is humid and unctuous. There is also the vitreous, ruddy-veined Absinth or Wormwood Stone, which will burn for days at a time, and is said to make blood, or to cause blood to flow, and is the opposite to Hematite, which congeals or checks blood. Pliny (1. 37, c. 16) calls this stone Apiston. There is again the stone called Iscultos by Albertus, and you shall judge by his own words whether it is the same as the Amianth, or a stone of other species. It is similar to the flower Saffron, he tells us; it is found in the farthest parts of Spain and in the vicinity of Cadiz; it is of a crumbling nature, on account of its dried up viscousness. If garments be spun from it they may be cleaned and made white by fire without burning. It is this perchance which is called the Salamander's hell, a wool, spun, as it were, from a humid stone. AMIDUM, or AMYLUM --- is a most white meal. AMMONIS --- A precious stone of an ashen colour, representing a ram's head. It was held sacred in Ethiopia. Otherwise, a horn-shaped stone, without polish, about eight fingers wide, and over two pounds in weight. There is a variety from Hildesheimer, also without polish. There is a third or polished form which has an iron-coloured surface. A fourth is overlaid with aurichalcum, a metallic substance resembling gold, and usually regarded as mythical. There are also the following varieties: 1. Ammonites minor, like ova of fish, the lesser Rainstone. 2. Ammonites major, or greater Rainstone. 3. Lepidotus, or multi-coloured, like the scales of fish. 4. Strombites longus, the Snailstone, like the marine snail because it tapers off even as, for example, the whorl of a univalve, in a high and elevated spire. 5. Strombites brevis, a smaller variety of the same. 6. Ctenites parvus, Musselstone, ashen-coloured, striated, comb-shaped. 7. A shining sandy stone, in which Musselstones are imbedded. 8. A hard ashen stone, found in Lusatia, and containing Musselstone. 9. A polished ashen stone, overlaid with gold colour, and in which a stone like the Chama is found. 10. Onychites, having the appearance of talons. 11. Ostreites, oyster-shaped Ammonites.

12. Ostreites, another species, consisting of six of the above kind joined together. 13. Tellinites, precisely similar to the molluscs, called Tellina, overlaid with a gold-coloured covering. 14. Chemites, ashen, similar to Chama. See above, species 9. 15. Conchites, similar to a bivalve shell, with a gold-coloured armature. Another variety of the Snailstone. AMNIS ALCALISATUS --- is water filtered through limestones. Alkalis are waters filtered through the stones of the earth. AMONGABRIEL --- is Zynobrium. AMPULLA VITREA --- is a retort. There is another Ampulla Vitrea, which is a vessel of glass. AMYGDALAE (Almonds) --- Signifies among surgeons a certain fleshy excrescence which forms at the root of the tongue. The German version calls it mouth-almond. AN --- Father, Sulphur. ANATON, AMATRON --- Native Soda. ANATRON --- Refuse of Vitrum (glass). ANATRON --- i.e., Baurac, which see. ANATRON --- i.e., Sagimen (salt) of Vitrum (glass), or Salt of Alkali. ANATRON --- Froth of Vitreum, Gall of Vitreum. The German context terms it Sandiber, Gall of Glass. ANATRIS, or ANTARIS --- is Mercury. ANATOMIA ESSATA --- is the parent of diseases. ANATRUM --- is Vitreum melted into various colours. Called vulgarly Smaltum or Saracenic earth. The species are numerous-black, red, blue. It is also a substance which grows in stones, and is itself of a white and stone-like character; by some it is called Native Soda. The ancients erroneously called it Gall of Vitreum, whereas it is Gall of Stone. ANCORA --- is calx. ANCOSA --- is lacka. ANDARAC --- is red orpiment. ANDENA --- is Chalybs, i.e., Steel, brought from Oriental places. It melts in flame, in the same way as other metals, and can be poured into moulds.

ANFAXA --- is a congealed substance. ANHELITUS --- is smoke, otherwise horse-dung. ANIADA --- are the fruits and powers of Paradise and of Heaven; they are also the Christian Sacraments. In things physical they signify the astral potencies, and the celestial potencies, and they are those things which, by thought, judgment, and imagination, promote longevity in us. But these things are the gift of God, and make for life eternal. ANIADUS --- is the efficacy or virtue of things. ANIADUM --- is the archnatural body which in us Christians is implanted by the Holy Ghost working through the most holy Sacraments. Or it is the spiritual man reborn in us. ANIMA --- As the philosophers conceive three principles, Salt, Sulphur, and Mercury, so also they conceive three other divisions-Soul, Spirit, and Body, not that the Soul and the Spirit are to be distinguished as cattle from men, but by way of similitude. The Soul is nothing else but a living, formed Body, that is turned into Mercury, and when this is done to the dead Body and Spirit, then the whole is made living Elixir. Therefore, do not make a mistake, when the philosophers speak of one Soul instead of two Souls, for it is all one thing. The Mercury has in itself the Soul, and is called our Mercury, which is the house and dwelling of the Soul. Also the Soul is called Spirit, and the Spirit is called Soul. The Spirit produces the Soul from the Body, and returns it when it is white. Therefore, it is called the Life of the Soul --- Vita Anima. Should the Spirit depart from the Soul it could not give the life. The Soul unites and conjoins the married, Body and Spirit; so the Spirit unites the Soul with the Body, so that it is all one thing. There are two Souls --- one of gold, the other of silver. The Soul of the gold must remain, and cannot do so without the Spirit, nor yet the Spirit remain without the Soul. There must be fixed, abiding, undying Souls. At first the Soul lies hidden under the Spirit; finally, the Soul and Spirit remain hidden under the Body. Then dost thou first behold pure Mercury. Through the crude Spirit is the mature Mercury taken away from the released Body, which is a fixed ash remaining behind to be dissolved further. Out of this is extracted a petrine, incombustible Olitet or Gum, which vivifies, unites, and welds the natures together, and as they separated the natures through the Spirit, accordingly through the Soul they unite them again. This Olitet preserves the colour of the Spirit even to thickening. Then is it fit for the production of royal weapons and metallic figures. It manifests itself as golden in golden and as argentine in silver. The Soul's ascent is when the Body becomes white, clear, and fluid. Immediately they are one and living. Then is there danger. If the Soul escapes or burns it is lost. So is the Soul quickly given to the Body and takes shape. The Soul proceeds out of the unified Body; she is herself the living body, and is called REBIS, Putrid Water, Corruption of the Dead, Blood and Blood Water, Lymph, the Animal Stone, Blessed, Blood, Sulphur, Olitet. The Soul is a simple thing, which sometimes has power to bring the Body with it.* [* It is the tincture withdrawn from the body. Soul also is said to be in Arsenic.] ANIMA SATURNI, or ALTHEA --- (Literally, Marshmallows) of Saturn, is a most mellifluous sweetness which is extracted from Lead by vinegar. (A right noble sweetness, according to the German.) ANNORA --- is Calx of Eggs, or living Calx, or Quicklime. ANNUS PHILOSOPHICUS --- The philosophical year, is the vulgar month.

ANODUS --- is the nutriment which is separated in the veins. ANONTAGIUS --- is the Philosophical Stone, the gift of God, Sulphur fixed by Nature. ANORA --- is Quicklime. ANOTASIER, ALIOCAB, ALEMZADAT --- are names of Sal Ammoniac. ANSIR --- Son, Mercury. ANSIRARTO --- Spirit, Salt. ANTAL --- is a pure lotion. ANTERIT --- is Mercury. ANTHERA --- is extract of the medicinal properties of the Hyacinth. It is also the yellow centre which is found in such flowers as the Lily. ANTHONOR, ATHONOR --- That is, Oven. ANTHOUS --- is properly ROSEMARY, but in the terminology of metals it signifies Quintessence, or Elixir of Gold. It means further the extracted medicine. ANTICAR --- is Borax. ANTIFIDES --- is Calx of Metals. ANTIMONIUM, or ALKOFOL --- A stone from a lead vein, or vein of Othi. It is also Marchasite, a kind of Saturn, a kind of Antistinus (unknown), and Stybium. It is a muddy Marchasite, having a fixed Sulphur, and is insoluble. It is of two kinds. One is the ordinary black species of Saturn, and is called Magnesia, Bismuth, Contersin. It is of the race of Jupiter, an immature, ill-favoured product. It is Dross of Lead and has the virtues of burnt Lead, being of similar substance. It is cold, dry, and astringent. ANUCAR, ANCINAR --- is Borax. ANYADEI --- Eternal Spring, the new world, the Paradise to come. APENSALUS --- A utensil with a narrow mouth, used in manufacturing oil. APHEBRIOCK --- is Sulphur. APHRODISIA --- is the venereal state. APHRONITRUM --- Froth of Saltpetre, Wall-salt. As salt and froth of salt have great affinity for each other, so also have Nitre and Froth of Nitre in like manner. For the rest, Aphronitum, Froth of Nitre, Flower of Stone, or Wallflower (like froth of salt) is excessively light, lumpy, crumbling, frothy, pungent, and that which approaches a purple colour is the best kind. We term Froth of Nitre both Aphronitum and Frothy Aphronitrum which grows on walls and stones; in many places it is known by the German name of Mergell. Froth of Nitre varies in its species according to the stones

and walls where it grows. Its virtue is similar to burnt salt. Froth of Nitre, Flower of Stone, and Flower of Stone of Asia are very nearly the same, differing slightly in substance. If it melts in fire, it is Flower of Stone of Asia; if not, it is our own Froth of Nitre. At Iena, in Thuringia, which is rich in simples, a very beautiful species of Aphronitum is found, which corresponds in the main to the Flower of Stone of Asia, described by Dioscorides. AQUA--- i.e., Liquid; the elemental matter from which water can always be obtained. It is not water from the clouds, but a dry mineral first substance, a catholic water, which dissolves all metals, and can be reduced to water even as ice is reduced. It is almost like a blackish gum, according to R. W. This water cleans, washes and expands, it renders substances spongy and liquid, and afterwards dries and fixes them, making them white and red. Therefore Gebir says: Burn it in water and wash it in fire. The end of the Epistle to Thomas of Bonona describes this water. As ordinary water in which vegetables are boiled partakes of their nature and virtue, so also is it with the mercury which is boiled with metals. Out of this water all things grow and have their nourishment. It unites itself with metals, which can be performed by no common water without aqua fortis. The fruit shall not be disturbed for the intercourse of the bridegroom and the bride, but no ordinary water shall be extracted from the mercury, for if the mercury be changed from its first nature, it is useless for this purpose, because it has lost its spermatic and metallic character. Therefore our water is not clear and translucid, but dark, for the (philosophical) earth is beneath it. There are two kinds of water; the first dissolves and makes its subject spongy ; the other completes the operation. This is truly fire, and even stronger than fire, for it is a universal solvent. One is simple, though evil, the other is composite; both are philosophical. The Water is Adam, the Earth is Eve, and these two are one flesh. They are also called Salt Urine, Salt Water, Vinegar, Sour Wine, Living Calx, Water, Sea Water, Ashen Water, Yeast, Alum, Nitric Water, Dog Bane, Dragon's Tail, Soul, Wind, Air, Life, the Illuminating Gift, Broad Daylight, Virginal Milk, Armenian Salt, Saltpetre, White Smoke, Red Sulphuric Water, Gummy Water, the Male, Tartar, Saffron Water, Burnt Ore, White Composition, Putrid Water, Putrefaction of Dead Bodies, Blood, Mercury, Cucurbit, Alembic, Vase of the Philosophers, of which the upper part is called the Grand Man, or Head-piece, the middle is called Belly, the end is called Foot. When the vessel is put in the oven, a vapour rises into the funnel, and passes as water into the belly, immediately producing a soul. The water dissolves the rest and absorbs it upward. This takes place in a philosophical month of 40 days. It is called the Flying Dragon, heavenly natured, dividing the elements of bodies and again uniting them. At last it turns thick like honey, and of green colour. It is called the Green Bird. AQUA ALMA --- is Water produced from Wine by sublimation. AQUA ALREGI --- is Lime Water. AQUA COELESTIS --- Celestial Water, is rectified or sublimed Wine, partaking, in a certain way, of the nature and likeness of heaven, passing through many revolutions. It is the German Himinels Wasser. AQUA CCELESTINA --- is Mercurial Water. AQUA CEREBRI --- is Tartaric Water. AQUA CORRODENS --- is Vinegar, or any corrosive liquid.

AQUA ELSABON --- is Water of Common Salt. AQUA FIECUM VINI --- Water of Wine Lees (in German Weinhesen Wasser) is made when the lees, having been evaporated, whitened, and calcined, are dissolved with water in a marble basin, after the manner of oil of tartar. AQUA FOETIDA --- is Mercurial Water. AQUA FORTIS --- is composed of corrosives combined in a certain proportion (that is to say, it is impure Nitric Acid), and distilled by a fierce fire; it has a most piercing corrosive power. The strongest is called Stygian, which rules Sal Ammoniac with the rest, as therein gold is dissolved. The other species have various qualities. Aqua Fortis, increased by careful mixture, to be suitable for certain purposes, is called Gradatoria, which is applied to the graduation of dyes. And they (the other kinds) become like Aqua Fortis of the same material, but this is done by the addition of colouring matter like cinnabar and alum. In which (operations) it should be noted that it dyes nothing unless there be cohibition over the feces at least eight or ten times, since otherwise they will not be fixed. AQUA HOLSOBON --- is common Salt Water. AQUA LILII --- is Orpiment. AQUA LUBRICATA --- or Mucilage, is Water combined with Sugar, julep, and similar substances, such as claret and spirituous liquors. AQUA MARINA --- is sea water. AQUA MERCURII --- Mercurial Water. Essential Water of the stone. AQUA NITRI --- is Salt of Alkali, or Aqua Fortis. AQUA PERMANENS --- Enduring Water, is that which is made by the philosophical solution out of two perfect metallic bodies. It is Sol and Luna dissolved in water, and likewise united. It is also called Celestial Water, and Mercury of the Philosophers. It is Incombustible Gum, the very best Vinegar; a sharp, penetrating Water, which dissolves bodies; and the Spiritual Virtue. Called Mercury because it has sharp and clear Mercurial power and property. Also Male, or Husband, and White Smoke, because it rises and goes up. Also Dragon's Tail, and Flying Bird. AQUA PHILOSOPHICA --- Philosophical Water, signifies, with some writers, Sublimed Vinegar; with others, Circulated Wine; with yet others, Perennial Water, which does not wet the hands. AQUA PALIESTINA --- Palestine Water, is Flower of Copper, or Verdigris. AQUA PLUVIALIS --- is Rain-water, Soft-water. AQUA RUBICUNDA --- Ruddy Water; Aqua Megi and Aqua Segi are Vitriol Water. AQUA SALMATINA --- is Water made from Salt.

AQUA SATURNIA --- is Water generated from the first principles in the bowels of the earth, and resolved into small diaphanous stones. Radicated Vinegar Water. Chalybeate. Aqua Saturnia is also that which retains the nature of the three first principles through which it passes, such as thermal springs said to be naturally medicated. AQUA STILLATITIA --- Dropping Water, is a specific extract of aqueous consistence produced in the condensation of vapours after distillation. It is of two kinds, solvent and simple distilled water. Simple distilled waters are specific material arcana, distilled from substances in such a manner that, while retaining the arcane virtue, they are nevertheless softer and weaker than are solvent waters, and approach nearer to a phlegmatic element; more correctly, simple distilled waters, which are softer, and more diluted in strength and consistence, are produced by a more simple distilling. For the phlegmatic element is cruder, and differs little from common water in appearance. Simple distilled water has a more aqueous and less igneous character than solvent water, but is more igneous and less crude than phlegm. And although all the water is used up in distillation yet it is first named from its office, and in the end more properly receives the name of a solvent. It differs from simple distilled water by its penetrating and ardent sharpness, and laborious distillation, so that it has a minimum of aqueous element, but is more like a flowing fire, or a fiery water. By Gebir it is termed Aqua Acuta; by others, the Key of Philosophers. Quicksilver obtains in certain cases the whole strength of this water. Other substances have the same office, as lye, stalactite, and honey, also undefiled aqueous substances, like sour wine. It is the vulgar custom to distinguish between simple distilled water and corrosive water. True solvent water is the same as aqua fortis. (Solvent water is distilled vinegar; also called sea water, because in distillation there is more fluid than residue; and again cloud water, because of the brightness of rain-drops. AQUA VALENS --- is Aqua Fortis. AQUA VITRI --- is glass dissolved with water. AQUA VITAE --- is Mercury, but the term is sometimes used for distilled Wine, and for various Waters mixed with distilled Wine. AQUARIUS --- is iron colour. AQUASTOR --- is a simulaerum, which stands for a thing, but is not the thing itself. AQUILA --- The Eagle, queen of birds, signifies Sal Ammoniac, because of its lightness in sublimations. In many places Paracelsus, however, uses it for Precipitated Mercury. AQUILA --- is Birdlime, which appears reddish in the first coagulation. It is also the Spirit that is changed into Earth, i.e., the Spirit of Mercury, the stone itself. The Turba says: The perfection of every single thing is in its own order. Therefore the adept fixes ten Eagles, etc. It is also said to be Sal Ammoniac and Fixed Sulphur. AQUILA --- is Arsenic, or Sulphur. AQUILA --- is Aurum Guttendo (probably gold liquefied), also Fidelo, Edel, Sedalo, arbitrary terms not explained by Rulandus. AQUILA PHILOSOPHORUM --- The Eagle of Philosophers is the Mercury of Metals, i.e., a metallic nature reduced into its first matter.

AQUILLO --- Wild Marjoram. ARAGON --- is Laton, i.e., Aurichalcum. ARBOR MARIS --- is a metalline substance which grows in the sea. That is, it is a coral, and its other names are Corallia, Curallion, Gorgonion, Dendrites, and Lithodendron. ARBORES --- Same as Morphea (? Morphew); a scurfy eruption of the skin, at first without ulceration, which, however, follows in time. ARCANUM --- is a secret, incorporeal, and immortal thing, which no man can know save by experience. It is the interior virtue of any substance which can achieve a thousand more wonders than the thing itself. The unrevealed principle, undying essence. ARCANUM MATERIALS --- or Physical Secret, is a specific extract akin to the matter of a body. But when the matter of fixed bodies is composed of a duplex element, namely, humid and dry (note that air and fire are more properly formatives, and possess an efficient faculty), then does the Arcanum imitate a like condition: distilled water and coagulate specific. ARCANUM SPECIFICUM --- is an extract of the interior nature, related so intimately to the substance of any species that the same may be known therein. It must be educed with care lest the gross substance perish. For this reason is it called specific. And it differs from quintessence, which, by reason of its extreme subtlety and excellence, seems almost to have deserted its species, and gone over to the class of ethereal things. But the Specific Arcanum exhibits the substance, shape, and specific difference of composites as an extract more akin to the interior body. The Specific Arcanum is duplex. One is of the essential and substantial form, and is called Astral, the other is Material. ARCHATES --- as it were, the pillars of the earth, the Paracelsian foundation of the earth, which does not appear to be supported by its fellows, but by a great and secret power of God. Called also Archallem. The power which upholds the earth by itself, for the other elements do not hold it up. ARCHAEUS --- is the divider of the elements; he disposes them, and relegates everything to its place, genus, and species. ARCHEUS --- is a most high, exalted, and invisible spirit, which is separated from bodies, is exalted, and ascends; it is the occult virtue of Nature, universal in all things, the artificer, the healer. Also Archiatros --- supreme physician of Nature, who to every substance and member dispenses in an occult manner, by means of the air, its own individual Archeus. Also the primal Archeus in Nature is a most secret virtue producing all things out of Master, doubtless certainly supported by divine virtue. Or, Archeos is an errant, invisible species, the power and virtue of Nature's healing, the artist and healer of Nature, separating itself from bodies, and ascending from them. Archeus signifies, in addition, the power which educes the One Substance from Iliaster, and is the dispenser and composer of all things. It individualizes in all things, including human nature. ARCOS, AYCOPHES, AZAPHORA --- are names for Burnt Copper. ARCUS --- is a small bow.

ARDENTIA --- Ardent or fiery matters, which are not assimilated in food and drink and are by their nature obnoxious to operations, as, for example, Carabe, Therebinth, Bitumen, and similar substances. That which naturally burns, or gives forth fire. AREA --- Any flat or open surface, as, for example, a heath. In metals, a mass excavated from a mine. Tow. AREAE --- Clear spaces. AREA CAPITIS ADVERSI TODINARUM --- Shaft of a Mine. Mine where ore has been found. AREA ROTUNDA --- A sandy circle. ARE MAROS --- Cinnabar. ARENA --- Sand is the clear body of the stone. The Species of Sand are as follow: 1. Common sand. 2. A beautiful white sand dug up in deep gulleys to the west of Misena. 3. Pestgrana, also from Misena. 4. Thirsty or absorbing sand, which is washed and sifted, and has the character of German blottingpaper. 5. Table sand, or Block sand. Sand which has not been washed. 6. Sand found at Groede, in the Netherlands. 7. Sand from the pits of Misena. 8. River sand, which is mixed with lime, and is made use of in building. 9. Metallic sand from gold mines, in which particles and grains of gold are found. 10. Metallic, out of which gold is washed in the Elbe. 11. Metallic sand of Misnense, in the district spoken of by fishermen, near Leisnic. 12. Sand of Misnense, from the bank near the bridge of Schellenberg, and in that wood. 13. Coarse sand which is strewn over roads-sand for pathways. 14. Coarse black sand, from which those small black pellets are obtained out of which white lead is extracted. Sand containing tin. 15. Coarse, barren Sand.

16. Red Sand of Thuringia. 17. Yellow Sand of Glogaw. 18. Sand of a golden colour, from which the Roman mountain derives its name --- Golden Mountain, formerly called Janiculum. 19. Grey Sand. 20. Shining or Sparkling Sand 21. Sea Sand. 22. Sand out of pools and stagnant water. Muddy Sand. 23. Slimy metallic Sand. ARENAMEN, or ARENARMEI --- Armenian Bolus. See Bolus. ARENAS RIVORUM FLUMINUMQUE LAVARE --- A scouring, washing with lather. The cleansing of any sand from the foreign matters which are mixed with it. ARES --- Not to be confounded with the chemical Mars. It is the giver of seed, the occult dispenser of Nature in the three prime principles, and the bond of their union. It distributes to all things whatsoever its peculiar form, species, and substance, so that it may put on its proper and specific nature, and no other. Between these three there is therefore to be noted a difference in nature beautifully ordained by divine providence. Ares is the spirit in Nature which out of the three prime principles gives to everything its shape, genus, and substance. These three are Iliaster, Archeus, and Ares. Iliaster is a substance of most widely spread nature, consisting in the universal first matter of all things, which it first distributes into the three principles, Sulphur, Mercury and Salt. Iliaster is the substance, the First Matter of all things, out of the said three principles. Archeus is the first dispenser of Nature. He produces and creates, like an artificer, all things, after their own kinds, out of this Nature. Ares, or the Assigner, extends the peculiar nature to each species, and gives individual form, so that it is by him that, for example, in the vegetable world, plants are endowed with root, stalk, flowers, leaves, and sap. ARFAR or ARSAG --- is Arsenic. ARGENTUM --- The Luna of Chemists, to which also it is attributed, is the metal ranked next after gold, white with a pure whiteness, unspotted, hard, resonant; and the colour of its whiteness is due to pure, very fixed quicksilver, which is also white and clear. In like manner, it is composed of sulphur, clean, fixed, white, and clear, which has precipitated the substance of quicksilver, but is something deficient in fixation, colour, and weight. Silver is, as it were, a daughter of Nature most near unto gold, produced from the copulation of quick silver, and white, incombustible sulphur. Silver is found in our mines. 1. Pure, unmixed silver, needing no cleansing in the furnace; solid silver, wanting no fusing, generated in perfection, possessing a perfect colour, firmly encrusted with a species of rock or ore. At this present time such silver is still turned out from our mines. But of this species Pliny was ignorant when he said (1. 33, c. 6): It is never found but in pits sunk on purpose for it, nor is it ever found pure and solid, nor are there any bright sparkles, as in gold mines, to indicate its existence in

the ore. The earth that engenders the vein is either reddish or of an ashen grey. So far Pliny. But this pure silver surrounds the stone in extremely thin plates; sometimes also it exhibits a species of small hairs upon its surface, or little curls of thread, also small twig-like filaments, either white or red, or like such fibres of red silk as are used in spinning. Again it bears impressions of trees, instruments, mountains, herbs, and other objects. I have myself beheld likenesses of fish; I have beheld the crucified Christ and our Lady; I have seen a serpent, a scorpion, etc., formed out of pure silver in the bowels of the earth. 2. Rude silver ore, of which various kinds are produced from our mines, namely, deep red, leaden, black, purple, ashen, and reddish in colour, of which we proceed to treat successively. 3. Silver melted out of other metals, such as leaden pyrite, mica, etc., concerning which see also below. Rude silver of a ruby colour- --- called red golden ore by the Germans. It seems to be a kind of carbuncle. The carbuncle has, however, an intenser ray, but this rude silver is of a paler ruby. It is found in mines, valleys, and other places variously deposited, but chiefly after three manners: Firstly, in a black-coloured ore ; secondly, like minute bright particles adhering to a certain species of rock; thirdly, in pure solid masses or nuggets cleaving to stones or rocks. It is sometimes found by itself, sometimes in combination with a foreign substance, which projects in a sharp-pointed pyramidal or top-like manner. Sometimes it assumes a square or quadrangular form, sometimes it is sexangular, like the Iris stone; frequently it consists of many unequal angles. Thus by a wonderful operation does Nature practice geometry in the bowels of the earth. Lastly, rude ruby-coloured silver is found beautifully aspersed with blue, so that Nature would seem to have exhausted her ingenuity over the formation of the metals, and to have diverted and amused herself with so many and such brilliant colours, that no art, however high, could possibly attempt to follow. This last species of silver was unknown to Dioscorides, to Pliny, indeed to all the ancients. Theophrastus was the first to make mention of it, when he said: There is another gem of a colour like unto plums, which loses a little of its weight in melting, as the smiths know". It should be noted, in fine, that a most admirable colour for painting is composed out of this species. It might also have a place in medicine did any one make the experiment. It has been erroneously confused with Sandarach, as will be shown under that head. Rude silver of a lead colour. Nature, by hot and dry vapours exhausted in the bowels of the earth, tinges or dyes the sap or moisture whence silver is made, or joins it with various colours, as we find in these species of rude silver. The first of these is of red colour, sometimes aspersed with cerulean. The second, with which we are here concerned, has the hue of lead, and is found in vale and mountain. It is conspicuously like the lead ore with which it is connected by name. But this is as regards colour, for in other points it differs, as the illustrious Georgius Agricola very plainly lays down in his Berinannus, or Metallic Nature. But to return to our subject. I have said that rude leadcoloured silver resembles lead ore, but it differs in this, that lead ore is of crumbling nature, and falls to pieces easily when struck with a knife. But the silver species cannot well be pounded; it can be cloven, it is true, with a knife, like lead, but when it has been bitten with the teeth it rebounds again, and lead ore will not do so to any appreciable extent. This species of silver is found in large lumps in its own veins, as if imbedded in a nest. It is also found in conglomerated masses, looking something like buds distributed on the branches of a tree, with perfectly circular nodules, cleaving to rocks, or imbedded therein. At other times it assumes the shape of little sticks, or other similar figures. Agricola testifies that he has seen perfect specimens of metallic instruments such as shovels and small hammers taken from the ore. I myself have beheld natural figures or images of small fish, lions, wolves, etc. Truly Nature is not idle in the darkness and the depths of the earth. Other varieties of this species adhere like thin plates to the rock.

Rude black silver, the black silver ore of the Germans, is the third species of rude silver. Occasionally it shines in the black ore, much like the lead-coloured species which has been already described. Again, it has little particles of the red-coloured variety, or particles at other times of white silver, and the more it abounds in these, the more metal does the ore yield when it is melted, which was unknown to Pliny and the ancients. Occasionally the ore is sterile, when it is simply termed black earth, and as such is treated in its proper place, s.v. Terra. Rude purple silver, the fourth species of the rude metal, the Braun Erz of the Germans, was unknown to Pliny and the ancients, but it has no little percentage of silver in the ore. It is found chiefly in the mines of Tarcicus. Rude reddish and ash-coloured silver, otherwise grey ore, is the fifth of the rude varieties, and yields more metal in melting because its proportion of silver exceeds the others. Thus we certainly see that the grey ore is frequently rich in silver, more especially when it is somewhat hard, so that it can be cut with a knife, or if it be soft, with very thin morsels of silver shining in the leaden ore. When it does not possess this colour, it is then of least value, having the smallest proportion of silver. With these two varieties Pliny seems to have been acquainted when he says (1. 33, c. 6.), One ore is ruddy, the other ashen; I find little of any other kind. And these were known to the ancients. These are the six species of rude silver ore which are known to German metallurgists. Perchance there are others also which might be discovered by a diligent examination of the mines, such as we ourselves may undertake at a future time when our leisure is greater than at present. The refuse of silver, called also Scoria, Helcysma, Encauma, Silver Slack, :; that which is left after the metal has been melted out, or which is commonly removed from the furnaces where silver is subjected to the operation of fire. Dioscorides (l. 5, c. 51), affirms that the recrement of silver has the virtue of lead wort, or plumbago, which is an astringent, and draws out. It should, therefore, be an ingredient in plasters placed upon wounds. But do you, candid reader, consider how complicated with us is this matter of the recrement of silver? For silver is melted out of pyrites, that is, out of copper ore, and out of lead ore. Do you judge whether this, which is our true recrement of silver, is that meant by Dioscorides, who was unacquainted with these same species, and how, therefore, could he know the true recrement of this precious metal? But we will set aside these considerations. Consult Pliny on the recrement of silver (1. 33, c. 6). It may be granted out of hand that silver cools and desiccates, and, therefore, its scoriae are of a drying nature, as .va may experience in our own recrement of rude silver, if we put faith in the recrements of medicine. ARGENTI SPUMA --- is Litharge, which still contains a certain percentage of silver; it used in plasters, and has otherwise a penetrating quality. It differs little from recrement of silver obtained from the leaden ore, and is very like lead spume. Dioscorides, who was well acquainted with the workshops where metals are melted, and little with the mines, enumerates (1. 5, c. 52), three species of silver litharge: 1. Molybditis, spume of lead, which is melted out of sand in furnaces, until it burns with a perfect flame. 2. From lead, which is made from leaden plates; Dioscorides praises the Attic and Spanish, and afterwards that which comes from the warm wells of Puzzoli, Baia, the Campania, and from Sicily. 3. Litharge of silver, which is of two kinds, Argyritis, German silver litharge, from silver-coloured silver, which at the present day is used in a crude and not a prepared state. Chrysitis, which is of gold colour, and is the gold litharge of the Germans, not that it is made from gold; it is derived from

silver, and the reference is to the colour only. The virtue of these varieties, according to Dioscorides, is astringent, mollifying, restoring, restraining, and cooling. Consult also Dioscorides upon the methods of burning and cleansing litharge of silver, how colouring matter is added to it, how its mature state is ascertained, and what its virtues are. Pliny (1. 33, c. 6), makes three species of silver litharge: 1. The best, which he calls Chrysitis. 2. Argyritis, made from silver. 3. Molybditis, fused out of lead, whence its name is derived. Hence it would appear that Pliny represents Molybditis to be fused out of lead, while, according to Dioscorides, it is obtained out of sand, unless the species derived from leaden plates was formerly called Molybditis. Pliny, who, according to his custom, transfers all the information of Dioscorides concerning litharge of silver to his own pages, notes also that litharge from scoria differs as much as possible from litharge obtained from recrement. There are others who regard Sterelite and Pneumenis as species of litharge. When litharge of silver is drunk, it is said to be a potent and speedy acting poison, which also Dioscorides affirms (1. 6, c. 27). And Nicander, to whom Dioscorides is in this place considerably indebted, in the twenty-second recipe of his Alexipharmaca, which may be consulted concerning symptoms and antidotes. On this point, see also Serapion, his book of Aggregation, in the chapter on Marechet. See also Paulus on the virtues of Litharge of Silver, s.v. Galenum. Silver is otherwise thus divided. 1. Rude white lumpy silver from Schneberg, which can be cut with a knife and beaten out with a hammer. Snow-white solid silver; thick silver. 2. Nuggets of solid silver in a very white metallic spar. Capillary. 1. Silver of Anneberg, solid, white, capillary silver. 2. Solid capillary silver, having a multitude of wiry fibres bundled confusedly together. 3. Very white silver, like a ball of minute silver threads ; twisted silver. 4. Like a silver curling iron, in a crumbling earth of a nut-brown colour. 5. In a shiny loam-coloured earth. 6. Silver of Marieberg, in a gray, metallic, fluid cobalt. 7. In a very white horn stone. 8. In a red quadrangular translucid fluor spar. 9. Silver of Marieberg, in a hard grey stone.

10. Capillary silver of Anneberg, in a mass of lead-coloured silver. 11. Capillary silver of Anneberg, with silver of a lead-colour in a very white spar, combined with a red-coloured pyrites. 12. Capillary silver, combined with lead-coloured silver in white fluor spars. 13- Capillary silver found in the valley of Joachimica, in a forest of fir-trees. 14- White ore of Anneberg, containing rude, ruby-coloured capillary silver, of transparent appearance. Also rude lead coloured silver clearly distinguished in the same stone. Golden ore and vitreous ore combined, yet clearly distinguished. Compounded in other Forms. 1. Deposited in the form of little trees. 2. A flame-shaped ore to which little masses of lead-coloured silver are found adhering. White. 1. Pure, solid, white plates of silver in a fatty stone. 2. Thin solid plates of white silver in hard grey ore of Marieberg. 3. Pure white silver in iron pyrites. 4. A clear, solid silver in a clear mountain Chrysocolla, from the Alps of Suacia. Lead-coloured. 1. Lead-coloured silver, easily cut and made into coins, and easily hammered into plates. 2. In hard and very white pyrites. 3. In sexangular white fluors. 4. Impressed, or stamped, vitreous ore, which has not been tried by fire. Soft, and therefore easily broken. 5. A pure, quadrangular, vitreous ore, of conical or pyramidal form. 6. In transparent, purple, quadrangular fluors, blunt-pointed. 7. Rude ruby-coloured silver in the centre of a solid vitreous ore of lead colour. Grey or Ashen. 1. Grey solid silver, in shape like tongues of flame, found in the hard cobalt of Anneberg. 2. A specimen of solid grey ore.

3. Grey silver in a very white flint. Black-coloured. 1. Black solid ore in a sheer hornstone, or flint. 2. In grey pyrites. 3. Shaped like a branch of the cypress tree. Transparent and Ruby-coloured. 1. A small nugget, like a carbuncle or amethyst. Fine ruby-red, gold-red ore. 2. Like a carbuncle, with six, seven, or eight angles. Of the shape of an upright beam, in grey pyrites, and natural yellow sulphur. 3. Like the bristles of the hedgehog in a black metallic cobalt; shaped like a head. 4. Little masses seeming to be compacted of red garnet. 5. Larger nuggets compacted like transparent red garnet. Non-transparent Ruby-coloured. 1. Blood-red, seven-angled, gold-red ore. 2. A nugget in a white metallic spar. 3. A nugget in a gold-coloured pyrites, similar to natural cinnabar. 4. In white sexangular fluorspar, like the exterior cortex of the chestnut rough and sharp and prickly. 5. In an ashen flint. 6. Beaten, golden-red ore, cleaving to a grey hornstone. 7. Showing white in a very golden-red ore. 8. White, red, and gold in a soft white stone. 9. In ashen pyrites. 10. In a worthless sulphuret of lead. 11. Silver containing gold; golden silver. 12. Dark golden red. 13. Liver-coloured, golden red.

Yellow-coloured. 1. A yellow capillary silver in a yellow earth. 2. Like copper pyrites, to which lead-coloured particles adhere. 3. A transparent horn-coloured pure silver of Marieberg, scintillating with light. 4. Solid dark silver, like an ordinary grey earth. It is heavy, and if struck with a hammer, will sparkle. Many experienced miners are unacquainted with it. Blue-coloured. 1. Containing in its centre, like a kernel, a rude red silver. 2. Mixed with lead-coloured silver and pure white nuggets. 3. Green silver of Anneberg, mined in celestial blue veins. 4. Purple or brown-coloured silver mined in the same place. 5. Silverine stone. 6. Veins of silver in a hard gravel-stone. 7. A rich silver ore from which the recrement has not been removed. 8. Silver mixed with lead, separated from copper. Mixed with lead, i.e., tin, black lead. 9. Rich ore mixed with lead. 10. Lead or pig of workable lead, rich in silver. 11. Mediocre, a thin line in the vein. 12. Poor, a freshly deposited layer. 13. Hard layers, rich in metal. 14. Soft and dry, with a large proportion of black lead. 15. A small specimen of silver nuggets. 16. Refined silver. 17. Grey recrement of gold; grey silver slag. 18. Black silver slag. 19. Silver litharge.

20. Prepared silver, rich in lead. 21. Refined silver, purged from other metals. 22. Burnt silver. 23. Fine, prepared silver. 24. Pressed or stamped silver. 25. Gilt silver. 26. Silver drawn into wire. 27. Silver plates. 28. Silver separated by washing from copper. 29. Silver dissolved into grains. ARGENTUM POPULI --- Alkali or nitre. ARGENTUM VIVUM --- is the chemical term for Mercury. It is simply a viscous water, in the bowels of the earth, of a subtle substance, having the nature of white earth, made one with a perfect union, up to the last point and particle, until that which is humid is modified by that which is dry, and the dry again by the humid, until the whole is absolutely homogeneous. Also Vivific Silver, i.e., the philosophical substance which is to be distinguished from common quicksilver, is the complementary part of the stone of the philosophers, as the chemists tell us; the second principle, the mother of all the metals, and in proportion as it copulates with their father, the male sulphur, it engenders perfection and imperfection in metals, and when it predominates the metals (like a foetus) derive more from the mother than the father. Into that also from which they most originate are they most resolved. Now quicksilver is twofold-natural and artificial. Natural, possessing without excoction its own inherent colour, in which state it is found among metals in the smith's troughs, commonly in the form of filaments. True, Native Quicksilver, the mother and element of metals. This species was known to Pliny, 1. 33, c. 6, who says: Within these veins and mines there is a certain stone found which yields from it a humour continually, and the same continues always liquid; men call it Quicksilver. It may not have been seen by Dioscorides when he said: Quicksilver is also met with among the debris of silver mines, exuded in drops; others testify to having found it by itself among metals. Artificial, which is made out of the minium secundarium of Pliny (l. 33, c. 7), or out of veins of minium, or cinnabar, which is found in our mines. The first was known to Dioscorides (l. 5, c. 60). He describes the method of its preservation, its use, its poisonous nature, and the antidotes thereto. Consult also Pliny, 1. 20, c. 5, and 1. 28, c, 9, 10, as well as other places and authors. For the rest, it may be noted that the Greeks called both native and artificial Quicksilver by the name Hudrargyron. But Pliny only distinguishes the natural species, as appears by our former quotation, by the name of Quicksilver, and that which is artificially produced from cinnabar, or derived from its ore, he distinguishes, if I err not, by the name Hydrargyron --- a classification which is also observed by the most learned Leonicenus. It may be finally noted that Quicksilver,

while in its liquid state, is called crude in our workshops; when mortified, it is called concreted, or by some sublimated. It is warm and moist in the fourth degree. Some say that it is cold in the fourth degree. The chemists consider it both cold and moist in the fourth degree, liquid in the third, white in the second, and dark in the first degree. There are, moreover, other opinions. The following species of Quicksilver are also enumerated: 1. Vivific Silver (Philosophical Quicksilver), i.e., Spirit, or Mercury, which is also the Fugitive Servant, Asoc, Ydrogiros, Sanlarum, Anzatig, Asoc, Zaylat, Azehoc, Kyregiros, White Smoke, Alsohoc, Asob, Ayor, Azec, Alozet, Azoar, Aurarid, the Dragon. 2. That which is obtained without smelting, pure among metals. Pure Quicksilver. 3. Quicksilver smelted from veins of cinnabar. 4. That which is called Sublimated Quicksilver. 5. Precipitated. 6. Mortified, or killed. 7. Quicksilver solidified, or fixed by art. 8. Native Minium. 9. A hard round nugget which the Arabs call Cinnabar. 10. Fragile Cinnabar. 11. Artificial Cinnabar. 12. Natural Cinnabar, or Red Lead. The vein from which it comes. 13. A vein of Cinnabar in which Quicksilver exists, and which exudes in drops when the ore is broken up. 14. Solid Quicksilver from the valley of Joachimica, similar in colour to rude ruby coloured silver ore. 15. Similar to coccolite, with pyrites of gold. 16. Similar to coccolite in a white fissile stone. 17. A variety in a grey fissile stone. 18. Liver-coloured ore, rich in Quicksilver. 19. Similar to rude golden-red silver in silver coloured loadstone. 20. A swarthy-red Quicksilver ore from Hydrensis, which exudes drops of Quicksilver when broken with a hammer.

21. Liver-coloured Quicksilver ore from Hydrensis. 22. Tawny-coloured Quicksilver ore in which there are layers of gold coloured pyrites. 23. Recrement of Quicksilver. ARGILLE --- are so called because they are similar to the clays used by potters. Potters' Earth. There are numerous species of these clays, which are distinguished by their colours, and are found in our mines, distributed through many places. 1. White Seburg clay. 2. White clay of Anneberg. 3. White Islebian clay, sparkling with silver particles. 4. In white ashen Islebian deposit, which is found in copper mines under a red sandy earth. 5. Fine grey ash-like clay of Misnense. 6. Light green ashy clay of Misnense, near Risa and the Elbe. 7. Cinereous clay from Herlesberg, which the people of Nuremberg combine with a sandy earth to make those melting pots in which brass is manufactured. 8. Combined with a sandy earth ; clay for the melting-pot. 9. Slime of Misnensis, of beautiful yellow hue. 10. Yellow clay of Anneberg, or silver clay. 11. Like red earth from the district of Okroll. 12. Red Islebian clay, in which silver particles are sparkling. 13. Iron-coloured Bavarian clay, with which those furnaces are coloured wherein iron is treated. An iron-grey sand. 14. Purple clay, which much abounds in my own country. When the spade is removed it appears quite red. 15. Ash-coloured. 15. Bohemian, crumbling, loamy, rich in ore, abounding in garnet. Colours may be manufactured from all these species, provided they are not over-moist. The best jars and pots are made from them, if the clays be treated rightly by the potters in moulds shaped according to the prescribed rule. But this I leave to the potters. ARGISTATA is engrafted. ARGYROS is Silver ; hence lithargyros, argentiferous-stone. For lithos signifies a stone.

1. Aridura is the wasting of any bodies, or menstrua, in what manner soever. It is especially the shrinkage of metals, dissolution, dying. It is also called Sideratio, Numbness, Sphacelus, Sphacelismus, Telia, Necrosis. 2. Aristolochia has a white flower, red inside, like a stone itself. 3. Arles Crudum --- not translatable; the Germa context menas soimpletpons or ninny, which seems irrelevant. What are refered to, however, are drops of water falliong in June as the dew in May. Caled also Hydatis (a precious stone of te colour of water), Stalagmi (consisting of drops; also a species of vitriol, Stagen and Straax. 4. Armoniac Sal, i.e., star. Called also Genzir. 5. Arohot --- Quicksilver. AROLPH --- Mandragora. ARSALTOS, ASPALTUM --- Asphalt. ARSENICUM --- is the Greek Nitre, Effulgence of Metals; Salt of Metals, and of Saturn Called also Artanek, or Artanech. Found in many places. It is also Luna, and our Venus. According to Gebir, it is Sulphur's companion. It is the soul, the hermaphrodite, the means whereby Sulphur and Mercury are united. It has community with both natures, and is, therefore, called Sun and Moon. ARSENII --- is Lacten, (?) milky. ARTAVECK, ARTANECK --- ARSENIC, of which there are three species: White, Yellow and Citrine. Yellow orpiment, golden dye; crystalline arsenic. Item: Red Greek Sandaraca which is of two kinds, rough and manufactured; the former was a red arsenic mixed with brimstone, the latter a kind of vermilion. ARTEFICIUS --- Deficiency of some member. ARTHOICUM or PANNONIUM --- A red oil from the roots of certain herbs obtained by their digestion with bread in horse-dung. ARTIFEX --- Refiner, one versed in ores and metals; an assayer. ASABON --- Soap. ASAFOETIDA --- Fetid inspissated Sap from an Indian tree. ASAGEN --- Blood of the Dragon. ASAGI, or AZEGI --- Vitriol or Red Atrament. ASAMAZ --- Verdigris. ASAPHATUM --- Impetigo, a cutaneous disease, and Serpigo, twisted ringworm. Ulcers and blemishes of the skin are of cognate character.

ASEB, or ASEP --- is the German Alaun, Alum. It is a metallic substance or vein of earth, which occupies a middle position between vitriol, or copperas, and salt, and is found in mines. It is like a salt substance, or liquor, issuing out of the earth (see Pliny, 1. 35, c. 15). It is composed of water and slime; whence its nature is that of an earthy efflux. It is drawn off in streams during winter, and it is perfected by fermentation under the summer suns. It is like a vein of earth which is transmuted into a white colour by excessive heat. Every species of chalcantum contains alum. Now the name alum signifies something manufactured (in this place the sense of the text is obscure); we may admit several species of alum on the authority of the learned, and most certainly that alum is made in hot places, and above all in those which are sulphureous and igneous. But as there are indeed many kinds of alum, we proceed to tabulate them for the sake of those who are interested in this matter. ASEB, SEBEL, ALPAR, ALUMAIC (in Arabic; Scipterea ; in Greek, ALUMEN, ALAUM) --is hot and dry in the fourth grade, according to Avicenna. Others say that it is hot and dry in the third degree. It is found native in mines; it is composed of water and slime, and is like a salt of earth. It is either white or black in Cyprus, and there gold is purged with it. The white is thick or concreted, and liquid; it is called Alumen de Rocha, or Rocca, otherwise Liparine (? from the island of that name in the Etruscan Sea, but Lipara was also a precious stone). The Scissile is three-fold: Cloddy, Round, Scissile. 1. The cloddy again is two-fold-mined and manufactured. That which is manufactured is, further, of two kinds-that which is obtained by melting (generally of natural mined alum), and that which is coagulated. Of all these species we have the cloddy alone at the present day. 2. The round Zuccarine Alum, so called on account of its likeness to Zuccar (unknown), is again two-fold : Mined, and Manufactured. The mined is, if I mistake not, called Strongylos. Round Alum from the mines is also two-fold: Spongy, and Porous. The spongy variety is easily dissolved in the mouth, and is wholly worthless. The porous is better, and is full of hollow pipes, like the sponge. It more nearly approaches white, with a certain fattiness, is devoid of sand or grit, and is easily crumbled. It is neither as black as that of Egypt nor as white as the celebrated White Alum of Melos. Manufactured Alum is that prepared by hand, and is worthless. 3. Scissile Alum is thick, hard, and massive. It is called Schistos by Pliny (1. 35, c. 15). It distributes itself into small threads, and is termed Trichitis, or Capillary. It is also made and falsified out of Scissile Stone, and is now called Scaly Alum, or Feathery Alum, and by the vulgar Scaiola ; without doubt also the Amianthus of which we have before treated is our Scaly Alum. What they call Chalcitis and Trichytis is also alum, or rather the exudition of the stone thereof when it is coagulated into spume. Some" term alum Copperine because it occurs in pyrites. Hence Chalcitis is frequently called Concrete Alum. But this alum does not possess astringent virtue, only a dry quality. It is also called Scipterion, Alumen Jamenum, and Broken Alum. When alum is generically spoken of, this species is understood. Alumen Jamenum is brought from Babylon ; and because it is not astringent, but of drying quality, it is therefore not alum, much less broken alum, and has only the appearance of alum. Take notice of this error of learning.

Liquid Alum, called Alumen de Rocha, or Rocca, or Liparine, is two-fold (r) Soft, fatty, limpid, milky, called Phormion, the falsification of which with the sap of the pomegranate we are taught to detect by Pliny. (2) Rough, pale alum, which stains like the gall-nut, and is called Paraphoron. It is astringent, hardens, and eats away. It is found in Spain, Egypt, Armenia, Macedonia, the Pontus, Africa, the islands of Sardinia, Melos, Lipara, and Aeolian Strongylos. The virtues of these varieties are astringent, heating, purging out, and lessening. They are burnt like Chalchitis. For the rest, consult Dioscorides, Pliny, Serapion, Avicenna, etc., on the medical virtues, native places, and appearances of these kinds. Alumen. The round, scissile, and liquid species are of use in medicine. There is another kind, which is called Alumen Affar; or in Arabic Usnen; and in Latin, Sparrow's Dung, several varieties of which are enumerated by Serapion and Avicenna. Some call it Salt of Alkali, and indeed it is not alum, but a sort of salt. ASED --- is the Lion. ASEDENIGI --- Haematites. ASEGEN or AZOGEN --- Blood of the Dragon. ASENEC --- is Sol. ASEPH --- is Broken Alum. ASMAGA --- is the permixture or commixture of any metals with each other. ASOPER --- is Soot. ASPALTUM or ASPHALTUM --- Flower of Copper, Red Bitumen, or Indian Bitumen. ASSALA --- is Nutmeg. ASSALIAE --- are worms which eat into boards, wood fretters, formed between the boards. ASSANEGI, ASANIRGI, ASARAGI --- A powder which falls from walls of salt. ASSATIO --- A species of hard and dry Ash. ASSINGAR, ASUGAR, ASMIAR, ASIM --- Names of verdigris. ASSER TRIANGULARIS --- Hand-barrow. ASSERCULI or PALI --- Small Planks, or Poles, on which miners sit for working the mine. ASSERES --- Boards joined by their sides. ASSERES --- An outside plank or slab. ASSOS --- An artificial alum of the appearance of the stone, i.e., white. See Morien. ASTERITES --- Quartz.

1. Astroites Mas, male Astroites, shaped like half a globe. An asterite full of stars. 2. The female variety, without the stars of the male, but having representations of caterpillars, in which way the stars are thickly compacted by nature. 3. Little Globules of Asterite, on which prayers, like the Lord's Prayer, were told formerly (Rosary Beads). ASTRUM SYNUS --- The Sidereal Celestial Star. Here star signifies the virtue and potency of things, obtained by preparations, as for example, the star of sulphur is the augmentation of sulphur, whereby it is changed into a most notable oil. Note. The star of salt is its resolution into a water or oil, by which it is endowed with more than its normal virtues. In like manner, the star of mercury is its sublimation, by which it acquires a wonderful increase of virtue and power, far exceeding, and far more subtle than, what it naturally possesses. (German version : Astrum.) But in our chemical art, it signifies the nature and power of a thing, which it receives from preparation, as when mercury is sublimed, sulphur lighted with a spark of fire, salt dissolved, and dissipated by itself. Then they become astral, starry, and are called the Star of Mercury, Sulphur, or Salt. The Star is the Alkol or Quintessence, the sheer and clear power, the extract, the cream, and the property of the thing, says Bacchus. ASUB --- is Galaxia, Constellation. ASUBEVEGI --- is a stone which cuts other stones. ASULCI, or LASURD --- is Azulite. ASUOLI --- is Atrament. Called also Soot. ATACK --- is Talc or Nitre. ATANOR --- is a perforated vessel. ATEBRAS --- A hook (literally); Uncus Aquinus, is a vessel for sublimation. ATHANOR --- Called both philosophical and arcane, is an oven adapted for composing the stone of the philosophers. The fire does not touch the base, and the required heat is suitably and uniformly imparted. Many vain things have been imagined by many persons concerning the method of constructing this oven. But the one of our invention, even as it exceeds all the other ovens which have been described by its superiority over all, requires to be minutely treated of in this place, as much on account of the contiguity of the fire as of the equable nature of the same. A circular wall is erected of the height of one foot. On either side of this wall a vacant space, with a small door, is left. This is for the removal of the ashes. Above this structure there is placed a small iron gridiron, and above the said gridiron we erect another small door, which is broader at the bottom than at the top, and is an aperture through which the coals can be stirred with a poker. When this turret has been set in an upright position in the manner described, and has been filled with coals to the top we cover it with a covering of clay. But at the same time, in the hindmost part of the wall, and in that portion of it which is nearest to the gridiron, we leave a small hole open, through which the heat may be able to approach the Athanor, and we stop this aperture with a spatula (a long instrument for stirring), or with an iron bar (some term it a register), which can be raised and lowered. We make also at the top of the turret, of the breadth of five inches, beneath the cover, a small aperture, through which the index finger shall just be able to pass, by which the fire may draw the air, as if a

fuel, to itself. Over against the turret constructed in the manner described, there is set another oven, which is the Athanor itself. After the same manner, a circular wall, one foot and a half in height, is constructed, which completely fits with its sides the posterior opening of the first turret. On this wall we erect an oven, leaving on the top of the furnace a small aperture, like an imperial thaler, whereby the heat in this part, to some extent pressing upon the furnace, can pass upward to the next nearest furnace. Then we again build an eighteen-inch wall by the place where we commenced the furnace ; we cover the same with a lid, again leaving a small aperture at the top, as in the case of the lower one. However, it is necessary that in one side of this part there should be left a clear space where the matter can be put in and taken out. For in this middle part is the workshop where the matter is prepared in its proper vessel, placed over a tripod. In order to fill up the clear space, and close it up lest any air should be produced, a wellfitting lid is made to.cover it. Finally, with a third lid, we cover the whole of this second furnace, leaving, however, at the base four air-holes, which also have covers, whereby the heat may be increased or diminished. This is the philosophical distillatory oven, the Turba Clibanus, or Reverberatory Oven of the Philosophers. ATINCAR, or ATINKAR --- is Rock Borax. ATRAMENTUM ALBUM --- is White Vitriol. ATRAMENTUM CITRINUM --- is fixed Vitriol. ATRAMENTUM HISPANICUM --- is, I believe, Vitriol. ATRAMENTUM RUBEUM --- Red Atrament, is called Asaric or Asagi. ATRAMENTARUM --- is Akata; another variety is Alfrein; another, Kalkadis; another, Chalcanthum, is Egythian Atrament. ATRAMENT --- is variously classified. 1. Scrivener's Atrament, Writing Ink. 2. Printers' Ink, Oily Atrament. 3. Shoemakers' Ink, or Tanners' Atrament, Shoemakers' Wax, Chalcanthum, Hydride of Copper, Cobblers' Black, Copper Ore, or Vitriol, red inside and having red stripes. 4. Atramentum Rubeum, Red Burnt Vitriol. 5. Atramentum Tectorium, Vel Pictorium, Soot, Painters' Black. 6. Atramentum Album Tenue, soft, white Atrament, Hydrate of Copper Flower. 7. Atramentum Fossile, Native Copper-stone (apparently from which the ore has been extracted). 8. Atramentum Candidum, Durum, Stalacticum, native Stalactical Vitriol. 9. Reddish and spongy native Hydride of Copper.

10. Red Stalactical Vitriol, of good quality, native in white earth. 11. Hard green Copper Stone washings, native in Goslaria. 12. Native porous Green Atrament. 13. Green hard Stalactical Atrament of Goslaria. 14. Grey Stalactical Atrament in a white earth, natural grey Copperas. 15. Grey hard native Copperas. 16. Green hard prepared Copperas or Vitriol of Goslar. Green hard native stalactical Vitriol. 17. Green hard porous prepared Copperas of Goslaria. 18. Grey native Neapolitan, with a pure yellow Sulphur. 19. Very beautiful cerulean prepared Copperas from Cyprus. 20. Green bluish prepared Copperas from Goslaria. 21. Blue Roman prepared Copperas. 22. Blue Hungarian prepared Copperas. 23. Blue Hungarian Copperas combined with a very white Alum. 24. Blue prepared Copperas from Radeberg, similar to Pannonian. 25. Radeberg Copperas combined with Sulphur. 26. Blue prepared Silesian Copperas combined with Alum. 27. White hard transparent sublimed Vitriol or Copperas. 28. Distilled Copperas or Oil of Vitriol. 29. Burnt Vitriol. 30. Burnt Cyprian Copperas. 31. Recrement of Atrament, Salt, Nitre, and Alum after distillation. The dead body of Aqua Fortis. 32. Recrement of Atrament from which Sulphur of Radeberg is afterwards melted out. ATRAMENTUM --- i.e., Duenec, Malagislaca, Black Chalk, Brittle Pitch. ATRAMENTUM SUTORIUM --- is nothing else but Vitriol, i.e., Chalcanthum, i.e., a sort of Flower of Copper. It is not however Kalkou Anthos, or true Flower of Copper, as we have before stated. Chalcanthus, or Vitriol, or Atramentum Sutorium, is one thing; the ancient Flower of Copper

is another, and was obtained, among other ways, from the washings of copper ore, while Flower of Copper has in modern times been given as an alternative name of Verdigris, or Copper-Rust. Once again then Atramentum Sutorium is Vitriol formerly used in leather tanning. But because it is corrosive to shoes, another kind was devised by shoemakers, which is in fact our present Cobblers' Black. But with the ancients Atramentum meant Vitriol, that metallic substance which is simply a congealed water, having a quality of copper, but differing in its form and nature with the stone to which it adheres. In a discourse upon springs and rivers, Seneca tells us that the earth contains various humours, and a spirit like that of the human body where there are also various humours, of which some are vital, some corruptible, some more fatty, and some which in time become dried or hardened. Of this substance are all metals which are melted out of the moisture in stone. Such also, in like manner, are those metals which chemists have not inappropriately termed spirit, and which are different from things which flow. Dioscorides (1. 5, c. 64) says that soft and hard Atrament are both Sutorium, or Shoemaker's Atrament, but that there are three species: i. That which is concreted from humours which are collected by droppingsin mines, and is called Stillatic Vitriol. The best quality is furnished by copperine metals. This species is also called Pinarion and Distillatic. It is the German native Distillatic Vitriol. 2. That which is termed Pecton, i.e., concreted and congealed Vitriol; which forms in caves and grottos, and brought afterwards by a simple process into excavated trenches, assumes a concrete form. Now, these two species are natural, and differ in shape and manner of formation. This is the German Copper-smoke, or Soot of Copper, or Pyrites, concreted or congelated in the mines. Both species have their medical uses; they are astringent, healing, and induce the formation of skin. Classified according to colour, there are three species of Shoemakers' Black or Vitriol. White Vitriol, not mentioned by Dioscorides, but which Pliny describes (1. 34, c. 12). On account of its white colour, or similitude of colour, he tells us that it was called Leucoion (white violet), and is used by fullers in their trade. Shoemakers' Wax and Sory are akin to this species. For the rest, the white violet Leucoion of Theophrastus and Dioscorides is well known in physics. (But this probably refers to the herb called Leucoion. Some editions of Pliny read Lonchoton, following Dioscorides, instead of Leucoion in the passage cited above). The second species of Atrament is green. The third is blue, and is said by Dioscorides to be the best stillatic atrament; it is heavy, close-grained, and translucent. By others it is called Lonchoton (see above), because it forms in the figure of a javelin. The method of operating upon this species by fire is taught by Dioscorides: And a great thing verily is the knowledge of the virtues of Flower of Copper, i.e., of Verdigris, according to the moderns, and of Chrysocolla, and of the Vitriols. Manufactured Atrament is made in Spain, and the mode of its manufacture will be also found in Dioscorides, who further informs us that it is of high service in dyeing and colouring. By the Germans it is called Hydride of Copper, which is manufactured either simple or in clusters; that is reputed to be the best which is of a blue colour. Pliny (1. 94, c, 12) divides Chalcanthum, i.e., Vitriol and Shoemakers' Black, into Native Mined and into Manufactured. Of the first there are three varieties: 1. That which is dug up in trenches, or obtained from caves. 2. That which comes from mines in the rocks.

3. That which is obtained from sea-water, on admitting sweet water, and by means of violent heat. The manufactured species is made from materials found in those pits and pools of Spain where there is the same kind of water from which native Atrament is derived. The Metamorphosis, transmutation, or transfiguration of these Minerals by the Artifice of Nature alone. Great is the Knowledge of Flower of Copper, the Verdigris of the moderns, of Chrysocol, of the Vitriols, and other species of Atrament. I. Green Zeg, or Shoemakers’ Black, or Vitriol, or Chalcanthum (native or changed or passes into: 1. Misy, very easily. 2. After a long time into Chalchitis, as regards outward appearance; internally it is still Shoemakers’ Black. 3. Filaments, when it is old. Manufactured Chalchitis is then wrought from it. Also Chalcanthum changed into Chachitis can then be made into Misy. II. Chalcitis, or honey-yellow Zeg, according to Pliny; brass colour, according to Diosorides (Zeg is the name given by the Arabs, who also call it Colcothar), has a middle position between marchasite (i.e., Black Zeg, or Pyrites, or Black Atrament), and Vitriol (i.e., Green Zeg, or Chalcanthum), and when old can be changed, and passes into: Sory, very easily; Sory and Melateria pass on the other hand into: Chalcanthum Leucoion, i.e., White. The Arabs call Atrament Zeg simply, and distinguish these species thereof: 1. Black Zeg, i.e., Black Atrament, i.e., Marchasite, i.e., Pyrites. For Marchasite, or dissolved Pyrites, makes Ink, which Serapion calls Black Zeg, which mixed with wine and vine garis resolved into a black colour; Avicenna calls it (De Atramento, 1. 2) White Atrament, because before it is dissolved it is white. 2. Zeg Colcotar, or Chalcitis, or Zegi, of a citron hue, or copper colour, according to Dioscorides. Also called Citrine Atrament. There are in all four varieties: Red Zeg, or Ruby Zeg, or Ruby Atrament, or Red Atrament. It is called Asuria. 3. Green Zeg, or Green Atrament, which is Chalcanthum or Vitriol, already described. And this is Shoemakers' Black. Serapion in his chapter on Zeg affirms that he has himself seen in the mines Black Zeg, i.e., Marcasite, i.e., Pyrites, and afterwards Colcotar, i.e., Chalcitis, and Green Zeg, i.e., Vitriol, or Chalcanthum, in combination.

And he says that these three species differ in subtlety, and grossness. For out of them is derived the grosser kind, i.e., Black Zeg, i.e., Pyrites ; and also the finer, i.e., Green Zeg, i.e., Chalcanthum, or Shoemakers' Black. But Colcotar is a middle species between the two others. This is also called Chalcitis. Moreover, Green Zeg and Colcotar are liquefied by fire, but Black Zeg is not easily melted. Green Zeg, Chalcanthum, or Shoemakers' Black, more especially the Cyprian kind, is solid, though it is the finer species of Atrament, and it is easily changed into Misy. Outwardly also it becomes Chalcitis, though inwardly it is still Shoemakers' Black. This transformation is very beautiful. All these are natural metals, namely, white, green, or blue Chalcanthum ; also Chalcitis, which is copper-colour ; also Misy, which is gold-colour ; also Sory, which is almost the hue of Melanteria (Shoemakers' wax) ; and they all are mentioned by Galenus, and were used by him in plasters; nor were they less valued by others of the ancients, for they were held in high respect of old, and were used universally in Cyprus. I do not know whether they are found in our silver mines, but I do not deny that they might be, if they were diligently sought. They are met with in the copper mines of Goslaria and in other places, though but rarely, it must be allowed. It is a remarkable thing that wherever Marcasite, i.e., Pyrites, exists there also are all the others, namely, Chalcanthum, Chalcitis, Misy, Sory. All these species blacken, and hence are called Atramen. Chalcanthum is hot and dry in the fourth degree, according to Paulus. We have treated of Shoemakers' Black from the ancient and the modern standpoint. We must now briefly consider with Dioscorides the subject of Scriveners' Black, or Writing Ink. The methods of its manufacture which are described by Dioscorides, are, however, quite obsolete. We now compound ink for writing in a very different way, namely, from Vitriol, Gall, Gum, and in other fashions, as our clerks have reason to know, seeing how inks vary with the ingredients that compose them. It would be permissible to classify writing ink into natural and manufactured. The first is an extract well known to all scriveners, namely, Sepia, derived from the Cuttle-fish, on which consult Dioscorides, Pliny, and Nicander. It is also obtained from Eruca, a kind of plant which some call white Mustard, on which also consult Dioscorides in his 1. 2. The manufactured species, according to the same writer, are these: 1. From the Resin of Pine Trees. 2. From the Soot of other Resins, and Corrosives of Painters. But among us manufactured ink is obtained: 1. From Stone, which we shall treat of in the section De Paigite. 2. ? From burnt Bark (ex carta combusta --- but there is no such word as Carta). 3. From the Seed of the Alder. 4. From Milk and Curds [? the text reads cate, but there is again no such word in Latin]. 5. From the Soot of oily or fat substances. 6. From Vitriol, Gall, and Gum. Pliny (1.35. c. 6.) gives other methods --- as from Sulphur-coloured Earth, from Coals, Soot, etc.

ATTAGAR --- i.e., Stone. ATTINGAT --- i.e., Flower of Copper. ATTINGIR --- i.e., a small clay Coffer. ATTRACTIVA --- is a name given to some Medicaments, also called Magnetite, which have an attractive power. ATUREB, or AZAZEZE --- is Glass. AURANCUM, or AURANTUM --- Signifies Egg-shells. AURARIC, or AZOCH, AZOG, AZET, BESECH, BESEC --- are names of Mercury. AURUM COCTUM --- is Gold-leaf. AURUM COTICULA EXPERIRI --- To test gold with touchstone. AVIS HERMETIS --- is that Red Lead in the middle of the egg which rises above itself, which flies on high, and again descends to earth for its nourishment, for earth gives nourishment to all things. It is also the Soil in the Matrix, and is called otherwise the Goose. AURIPIGMENTUM --- is Orpiment, Arsenical Earth, the Operment, Yellow Gold, of the Germans, and is used by painters. It is a native metallic substance, and is found in combination with Sandarac (Dioscorides, 1. 5, c. 70). It is covered with a crust, and glitters with a gold colour. In its fundamental nature it is a certain kind of sulphur, and is, so to speak, a terrestrial excrement in the caverns of the earth, which in the long process of time is turned into Orpiment. There is also a fissile species, of scaly character, found in Mysia Minor on the Hellespont. Another variety is pallid, cloddy and granular, having the colour of Sandarac; it comes from Pontus and Cappadocia. The Arabs say that Orpiment is similar to Lapis Specularis (which see), but the latter has no unguent quality. The Arabs, however, confound Sandarac with Arsenic, and, in fact, give the name of Arsenic indiscriminately both to Sandarac and Orpiment, distinguishing only their variety according to colour. Chemists as well as physicians call our Sandarac Red Arsenic; and Arsenical Earth what we call Orpiment. Avicenna speaks of White Arsenic, but true White Arsenic is never found in mines, and his description may possibly refer to certain manufactured species, one of which is mud-colour and the other white, which are manufactured chemically, and are both at the present day known only by the general name of Arsenic. Concerning all these species see Serapion (lib. Agg. cap. Harmech) and Avicenna (cap. on Arsenic), who treat of its good and evil qualities. Sublimed Arsenic, or Arsenical Salt, destroys life, and White Arsenic in its natural state is also fatal. They are all poisonous. (See Diosc., 1. 6.) Orpiment is also the Blood of the Stone. The Turba calls it the female which we use to colour the Sun and to cook with Mercury. It is, however, genuine Sulphur. Quicksilver Orpiment is Sulphur which rises from the composition. There is also Auripigmentum Lempinas, which is Lily-water, Crusty Orpiment, Cloddy Orpiment, dry Yellow, Cloddy Orpiment, mixed with Sandarac, Ruby Orpiment, or Realgar, white Sublimated Orpiment, differing from that of the mines, and Sublimed Orpiment from black, ruddy, and mudcoloured veins of ore.

AURUM --- Gold, called Sol by chemists, and dedicated to the Sun, is the most tempered of all the metals; it is said to be warm and dry in the second grade, and red in the third grade. It is a metallic body, of citrine colour, effulgent, heavy, equably digested in the womb of earth, washed with mineral water during a very long time. It is composed of pure living Silver, fixed, and of a clear red; also of a clean, fixed, red, incombustible Sulphur. In fine, it is the most subtle substance of Quicksilver. Truly we have beheld Quicksilver absorbing gold which it receives most willingly, even as a mother receives her son. Further, Gold consists of a small quantity of clean Sulphur and of a pure redness; the greater the quantity of Vivific Silver, the more does it derive from the mother than from the father. Purest Sulphur copulating as father with Quicksilver as mother, generates finest Gold as a son. Briefly, coagulate Quicksilver, together with Sulphur, like a pure fire, yet not burning, produces Gold. This is that beloved son which Nature ever intends to beget, after which she ever strives ; but various accidents intervene and procreate the other metals. Now Gold is duplex-native and prepared by fire. Pure Native Gold, which is naturally pure, whose lumps or masses are called in Spain Palacrae (ingots), and by the Germans Solid Gold, this is found 1. In rivers, such as the Tagus, Elbe, Saale, Schwartza, etc., as you may learn from the gold washers. 2. In Arabian mountains, in mines, and wells; in part pure, in part with its grains cleaving to a certain species of white stone which the Germans call Quartz. Found plentifully at Cottenheyd. 3. In the heads of fish which we call trout. Gold prepared by fire or by melting: 1.Out of Pyrites, of the colour of ashes and leaden ore or dross. 2. Out of a certain purple Earth, so tempered and effected by the vapour and breath of the earth, that it is fruitful of gold, and in many places gold is melted out of it in the furnace. 3. Out of Borax, or Antiphane. Out of Cerulean (Jasulis), of which we shall speak in its proper place. Situation, however, as we have frequently had reason to see, is serviceable to the quality of gold. There are differences in distinct grades between Arabian, Spanish, Hungarian, and German gold. Gold is the substance and ferment in the philosophical gold which doth ascend into the height. For the Mercury of the Sun is a seed, according to Bernard. It is the Soul and the Red Knight who takes the White Lady in marriage. It is then he is robed in his kingly apparel, even the white gold, wherein is no metal but only gold. It must, however, be purified by means of Cement, through the repository of ashes, and very carefully cleansed by means of Salt and Brickdust. When it is dissolved with water, it is made into a spirit by the intervention of Chrysolite. Mix Gold with Gold, then Gold cannot become Silver unless it be corrupted, adulterated, and black; and when even it becomes Silver, then does it become Gold. But then we must apply processes. Says the adept Senior: The Sun rises when the Moon increases, and is hidden in the same; it is next drawn out from thence. The Body of the Sun and Water of the Sun is Mercury of the Philosophers. Yes, it is threefold, being black, white, and red. It is called the imperishable, because it cannot be destroyed. The Moon makes the Sun soft, spongy, and fluid, and it refines it from impurity. It is the Mother and the Field wherein Gold should be sown. Otherwise we need it not, except in Sun and Moon. Says Theophrastus in his ninth book of Archidoxes : The essential being of Gold is devoid of Salt

that congeals, therefore it penetrates and dyes the metals. The ordinary Gold is dead, but the philosophical is alive, and is a true nutriment. The common Gold goes out of men as it enters them. These are the words of Rupecissa in his third chapter. But Paracelsus in his book on Minerals has this concerning the Generation of Gold. Know that there is a Sulphur which is in the highest degree sublimated by Nature, and cleansed from all its blackness and refuse, and so highly diaphanised that there can be nothing among metals which is, or could be, higher in the bodily order. This also is the Sulphur which is the first matter of Gold, one of the three principles. If the alchemists might find it -- (it is a gold tree and it is possible to discover it by its roots) --- then would they have cause to rejoice. For it is the Mercury of the Philosophers, which is produced from Gold, not that other which is made from Mars and Venus; it is the Scrupulus (i.e., the Rough Stone), the Universal Substance. Now the Mercury, by a metallic art, is separated to the greatest possible extent from all terrestrial matters and accidents; it is transformed only into a pure mineral body, in every respect transparent. This is the Mercury of the Philosophers, which generates Gold, and is the second part of the First Matter. Afterwards comes the Salt, which is the third of the prime principles of Sol and of the Tree out of which Gold grows; it is crystallized to the greatest possible extent, and so perfectly separated and purified from all its sharpness, acidity, and flavour of alum and vitriol, that it is said to have no beginning, but is free in itself, to the greatest extent disengaged, and in the highest degree diaphanised. Now are the three together. Gold is the Microcosmos, a small world. It has three principles and four elements; it is a heavenly substance, heaven, and the rays of the Sun. Therefore it withstands fire, and is the most eminent medicine. It has in itself all the stars of heaven and all the fruits of earth. It is called Incombustible Sulphur, Italian Antimony, Metallic Glass, Loadstone, Vegetable Iron (? the labiate plant called Siderite), Marcasite, Cercilium Auri, Gold-Spiral, Purple Gold (i.e., Powder of Cassius), Chrysocolla (Borax, also a precious stone), Gold Stone, i.e., Chrysites, a precious stone of the colour of gold, the Green Mountain, Borax, Chrysocome (another name of Chrysites, but it may also mean Flax-Weed, or Beard of Jupiter), Gold Grain, Chalcedony. There are, however, several species of Gold: 1. Pure gold, which has not been tried by fire, such as is washed out from sand in the Elbe, and in many rivers of Misena. Solid washed gold, liquid gold, gold grains, etc. 2 Gold in an unmixed state, mined in a mountain of Carpathos. Solid gold. 3. Gold obtained in a small quantity from a ferraceous ore in the same mountain. 4. Solid gold in a hard white flint, from the same mountain. 5. Solid gold from the same mountain, found in a stone called Armenian. Solid gold in pot-stone. 6. Thin plates and dust of purest gold, in a hard white flint, from the borders of the province of Pannonia in Hungary. 7. Yellow, argentiferous gold in an ore containing Quicksilver. 8. Gold mixed with silver in an ashen flint, obtained from Noricum, between the Danube and the Alps, or from Styria, and called Electrum, which is gold with a fifth part of silver. 9. Gold combined with silver after purification by fire.

10. Gold prepared by fire and separated from other metals. Fine gold, called by the Greeks, Obrussa, Assayed Gold. 11. Gold which is combined with silver, equal or clean gold. 12. Gold coloured by copper. 13. Gold beaten into wire. 14. Gold beaten into plates. 15. Pellets, found in streams, near the bridge of Honstein, and out of which gold is extracted. 16. Pellets or shavings of gold from the same place. Solid gold strips or granules. 17. Veins rich in gold, found in the mountain of Carpathos. 18. Light pellets of gold from the same place. 19. Gold filings, collected, cleansed, and made into pellets. 20. Froth of gold. 21. Refuse of gold. AURIGA --- Fuse-Mallet. AURIA MASSULA --- Small mass of Gold. Queen. AURICHALCUM --- Brass, or Ore. Copper Ore, etc. AURUM LATUS --- is gold in a weak tincture or colouring, which dyes those substances with which it is combined. AURUM OBRIZUM --- is Gold Filings. AURUM PHILOSOPHORUM --- Gold of the Philosophers, i.e., Lead. AURUM POTABILE --- Potable Gold, devoid of corrosive quality, known to very few, and, among these, they who prepare it at the present day do so rather to the destruction than salvation of men. AURUM VITAE --- Gold of Life, is Precipitated Gold, or Mercury precipitated with Gold, and reverberated to a deep red. A precipitate made with gold, and brought by means of fire to an intense redness. AURUM VIVUM --- Living Gold is Quicksilver. AUSTROMANTIA --- is another superstition which some have devised from observation of the winds, in such fashion that when the stars which govern the winds cause more violence in them than is common, thence men, more idle than curious, draw an omen of the future.

AUVER --- is Pure or Limpid Water. AXICULUS --- a small axle-tree, beam, pole, or roller. AXICULUS FERREUS --- Axle-pin. AXUNGIA DE MUMIA --- Fat of a dead body, sometimes written Mummy of Marrow, is the marrow of bones. AYCOPHOS, or ALECOFOC --- is Burnt Copper. AZAA, or MAGRA --- is Red Earth. AZAGOR, or AZRAGAR --- is Verdigris. AZAMO, CALOR INDUS --- Unknown. AZANEC --- Ammoniac. AZARNET --- Orpiment. AZCI --- Atrament. AZEC --- Green Atramant. AZEFF --- Broken Alum. AZEDEGIM --- Hematite. AZEG, AZEZI, AZEGI --- Names of Vitriol. AZEGI AREC --- Water of Atrament, Ink, Blacking Water. AZEM --- is melted butter. AZEMASOR --- is Red Lead, or Cinnabar. AZENSALI --- is a black stone found in gold ore. It is also moss which grows on the rocks. AZERNEC --- is Burnt Copper, or Plates of Copper. AZIUS --- is a stone on which Salt is encrusted. AZIMAR --- is Flower of Copper, or Burnt Copper. AZOCH --- is our Mercury. It is a double Mercury of the Material Stone. Therefore they say: Azoch and fire are enough to whiten the Laton, and to prepare the whole work. In the first work it appears white. Then the woman overcomes the man, who thereupon becomes black. According to Braccesca, when Azoch turns into Salt, then it washes the Laton, or the metallic Sulphur. When it does not part with the red and become white, then it is useless. This Sulphur is called the Male. At

first it is red, and when this red, or the sap which causes the redness, departs, then it is said that the Sulphur has departed. AZOG --- is Sweet Alum. AZOTH --- is Quicksilver, drawn out of any metallic body, and properly the corporeal Mercury, the Mercury of the metallic body. With Paracelsus especially, it is the universal medicine, to which all things are alike, uncovering every species of substance, and imparting an immense strength, and catholic central virtue. It includes in itself all other medicines as well as the first principle of all other substances, their accidents excluded. Enclosed in the pommel of a sword, great exploits shall be performed by the wearer into whatever place he goes. For the rest, Quicksilver is extracted out of metal. But Theophrastus celebrates one Azoth for its eminent medicinal virtue. Some think it to be the philosophical stone. Azoth is drawn from bodies by means of Mercury, and is called a living spirit, a spirit endowed with a soul, our Water, Vinegar. Mary of Egypt says: When the Laton is whitened, it is called Azoth. Therefore men say Azoth whitens the Laton, then the Laton again whitens other things, and when again red, it re-assumes the name of Laton. Gebir says Azoth is the Mercury which is drawn from substances through the Mercury of the Philosophers. Therefore it is, and it becomes, an elixir, i.e., a substance dissolved in Mercurial Water. It is called in Arabic Azoth, a dissolved silver; it is also the metallic earth in the mines, and is called Vitrefied or Vitre-coloured Azoth. It is white and shining, but red internally; also it is black and green to look at, and it has a colour like a poisonous earth. It is nearly related to the metals. AZUBAR, or BEDIGAR --- is the chemical vase. AZUC --- is Red Coral. AZUMEN --- is weight; also berry-covered, pearl-covered. AZUR --- See Turba, fol. 30. AZURIC --- is Red Vitriol. AZUS --- is the Arabic for Alum. Called also Azel. AZYMAR, or AZAMAR --- is Vermilion or Red Lead.

BBBBBBB BACAR --- Weight, ponderosity. BACILLUM --- A short stick. BACILLUM FERREUM FOSSORUM TERES --- Iron rod, with which a passage is forced. BACILLA EX ACIE FACTA --- A punch; otherwise, spike. BACILLA FERREA SUCULA INCLUSA --- A rod used in raising a winch, windlass, or capstan. BACILLUM FERREUM --- A nail, or push-pick. BACILLA FERREA --- Merchant-iron.

BACULUS FERREUS --- is an iron instrument for the support of a super-imposed vessel. BACILLA MAJORA FERREA UNCINATA --- The same, but larger, and furnished with iron hooks. BACILLUS TERES STRIATUS --- A long hollow stick. BAGEDIA --- A pound of 12 ounces. BAIAC --- is Wax. BALZIAM --- is a kind of pulse. BALASIUS --- Burns and glows with a red colour, and is by some called Placidus. Some think it to be the Carbuncle diminished in colour and virtue, in the same proportion that the strength of the female differs from that of the male. Some have ascertained that the outer portion of one and the same stone belongs to the Balasius, the interior to the Carbuncle, and thus the Balasius is said to be the house of the Carbuncle. The potency of the Balasius consists in arresting and restraining impurity and evil thoughts, conciliating differences between friends, and conducing to the health of the human body. When preserved and drunk with water, it assists weakness of the eyes, is serviceable in diseases of the liver, and, what I conceive to be more wonderful, if the four angles of a house, garden, or vineyard, be touched with a Balasius, it will enjoy immunity from lightning, storms, and worms. BALITISTERA --- Red Earth. BALNEUM MARIAE --- Warm Water. BALNEUM, ALUID MARIS, ALUID RORIS --- A bath of sea water, or dew. BALNEUM MARIS or MARIAE --- is the dissolution of a substance in a suitable vessel of warm water, after which it is placed in the copper vessel belonging to it, and therein the operation is completed. BALNEUM RORIS --- is so called when a vessel does not touch the water, but is heated by the ascending vapour of hot water, and the matter in the vessel is dissolved thereby. BALNEUM MARIAE, and BALNEUM MARIS --- As it is called by many, is a distillatory furnace containing water, into which, when hot, a chemical vessel is placed for the putrefaction of the substance contained in it, for the separation of its component parts, and completing the process of that kind of humid evaporation. BALNEUM RORIS or RORITUM --- Bath of Dew or Dewy Bath is a furnace in which the distillatory vase is suspended only over the steam of water, in such a manner that the waters do not touch the body. We call this bath also by the name of Vapour Bath --- Balneum vaporosum or vaporarium. BALSAM --- Pitch, the moisture which remains. BALSAMUM --- Balsam is a substance which preserves bodies from putrefaction. It is internal and external. In man the internal is a certain very moderating substance neither bitter nor sweet, neither

acid nor mineral salt, but a fluidic salt which most effectually prevents putrefaction. It is also called a most tempered gluten of the nature of any body to which it belongs. Briefly, it is the liquor of an interior salt most carefully and naturally preserving its body from corruption. The external is Terebinth, which, according to Paracelsus, suffers nothing but digestion from the operation of fire. In German, the term Baldzamen, i.e., quickly joined, is applied in chirurgery to anything which effects a speedy cure. It is also a distilled oil of the highest purity, and any principle which preserves a body, whether dead or alive, from putrefaction. (A preserver of all bodies from destruction and putrefaction. Of two kindsinternal and external. The internal is tempered or moderate, neither sour nor sweet ; a resolved salt or juice of the salt in man. Externally a balsam which prevents decay.) BALSUM OF MUMMIES --- is Balsam extracted from flesh. BALSAMUS ELEMENTORUM EXTERNUS --- External Balsam of the Elements is Liquor of External Mercury, i.e., Mummy of the Exterior Elements, one of the three Principles of all Things, the Firmamental Essence of Existences, the Quintessence. BARACH PANIS --- Saltpetre. BARCATA --- The Way of Fire. BARDADIA --- A Pound. BARNABUS, BARNAAS --- Wine of Saltpetre is a very acid vinegar. BASILICUS MINOR --- A kind of Lizard, Newt, or Eft. BARURAC --- Glass. BASURA --- Semen. BASED, or BESED --- is Coral. BATITURA AERIS --- Cubelatas. See Infra. BATILLUM --- A Shovel or Chafing-dish. BATTITURA RAMI --- is Copper Slag. BATTITURA AERIS --- is Metallic Slag; in Greek, Lepidos; in Arabic, Cubel, or Tubel, or Fuligo (smoke, soot); in German, Haneerschlag. BAUL --- is Urine. BAURACH --- is Conglomerate Salt. BAURAC --- A substance obtained from the scum of glass, or nitre --- is Bores (untranslatable) --is Metallic Salt ; also a blemish in gems --- is bleached Litharge of Sapphires, white Litharge Composition --- is a kind of Salt, Sal Abzedi ; and Diabesis, i.e., covering of Quicksilver --- is Vitreous Salt, Vitreous Refuse, Vitreous Spume, Vitreous Gall --- is Attinckar, i.e., Rock Borax ---

is a certain species of Brine --- Acurum is Baurac prepared by fire --- is a Plaster with which fissures are covered. Also Goldsmith's Meal --- is also Saltpetre, Armenian and Sulphureous. BAYDA --- is a vessel over which distillation takes place. BELESON --- is Balsam. BERCOS --- is Circular. BERNA, or BIRMINA --- is a Transparent Vessel. BERILLISTICA --- is the art of perceiving visions in the Berillus. BERILLUS --- is a Crystal Mirror superstitiously consecrated to auguries. BERRIONIS, or COLOPHONIA --- A dark-coloured Resin obtained from Turpentine. The Gum of the Juniper. Called also Bernix. Also a preparation of Linseed Oil. BERYLLUS --- This stone has much the same nature as the emerald; Beryls are indigenous to India and are rarely found elsewhere. They are all embellished with six angles, and their colour does not change, but is increased when the angles are struck. The varieties of Beryl are as follow: 1. The best and most esteemed are those which excel the green of the deep sea, or are otherwise of a middle colour between sea-green and cerulean. 2. Next to this species are the Chrysoberylli, a little paler, exhibiting an effulgence in a gold colour. They glitter more faintly, and are surrounded by a cloudy golden. 3. Chrysoprasus, more pallid than the last. They have a composite lustre of gold and leek-green. They are regarded as a species of Prasius on account of their gold-coloured spots, which seem, as it were, coagulated in the sap of a leek, as before stated. 4. Hyacinthizontes, which properly should be classified with the Hyacinthus, as their appearance demonstrates. 5. Heroides. 6. Cerini, i.e., wax-coloured Beryls. 7. Oleagini, i.e., of the colour of oil. 8. Similar to crystals. These have blemishes, cloudy spots, speckles, filaments, etc. Beryls are found about the Pontus. The Indians who, more than any other nation, delight in Beryls, have falsified them by operating on crystals. For the rest, the Beryl is supposed to compel love, to cure complaints of the eye and liver, and to diminish the violence of vomiting ; exposed to the sun, it is said that it will kindle a fire. See Pliny, 1. 37, c. 5; Solinus (Polychist, c. 55) and Albertus (Lapid.) BESACHAR --- Fungus, Sponge.

BESONNA, BEZONNAR --- Toadstool. BEZAAR or BESAR --- Green Stone, Diabase. BIARCHETUNSIM, PYTHIUM --- Names of White Lead. BILADEN --- is Calips, Calybs, or Steel. BISEMATUM --- is the lightest, palest, and poorest species of Lead. BITRINATI --- Coeruleum Montanum. Glazed. BITUMEN --- Jews' Pitch, Fossil Tar, Dry Coal. BITUMEN --- Called by the Greeks Asphalt, possibly on account of the asphalt lake in Judea, which is now called the Red Sea, where once stood Sodom and Gomorrah. Out of this lake a viscous asphalt is obtained which is useful to man when everything else near it is utterly barren. Bitumen is also said to exist in large quantities in Assyria and Chaldea, where it was used as mortar for walls. Indeed Semiramis is said to have built the walls of Babylon entirely with bitumen. Bitumen is said to be plentiful in Babylon because lightning is so frequent in that place. Bitumen is nothing but a lime of water, very slowly extracted, similar to pitch, and, as it were, an earthy pitch. On this account Dioscorides, in his first book, makes mention of Bitumen immediately after treating of pitch, and enumerates the species which are brought from Xtolia, Babylon, Zacynthos, and Sicily. He states that it is of good quality when it is of purple colour, or has a purplish brilliancy ; it is, on the contrary, bad and corrupt when it is black. For the rest, as to its nature, Bitumen is twofold, viscous, hard, earthy, and fluidic; in water also and in springs, as Curtius testifies, in which state some use it instead of oil, calling it erroneously Sicilian Oil. Pliny affirms that Bitumen is either Lime or an Earth; it is obtained in the form of lime from the Judean lake. In Babylon it is found both white and liquid, and this is Pissasphaltus (a mixture of pitch and resin), more liquid and nearer to the nature of pitch. A beautiful passage in the ninth metamorphosis of Ovid refers to the Bitumen derived from the earth: "As the tenacious bitumen flows on the bountiful earth ". The best quality is that, however, which comes from Judea. It is undoubtedly a species of naphtha, but not naphtha proper, as some will have it. See Serapion in his chapter of Brafalendus. Naphtha is Petroleum, and a liquid oil. But Bitumen is Asphalt-hard, tenacious; can be often reduced to powder, but is not soluble, and has the offensive smell of naphtha. I am surprised that it should at times be found in water, and is thus occasionally a substance in an element which is hostile to fire, and again in an element which is friendly to fire; it burns more fiercely when cast into running waters. Nicander, in his Antidotes against Poison, affirms that Bitumen drives away venomous animals. When drunk with wine, it certainly cures epilepsy. Its vehement and sharp spirit expels the quartan ague. It is not incredible, therefore, that it drives away venomous animals. It was used formerly in colouring statues and hardening iron. See the Arabian writers on this subject, also Dioscorides, Pliny, Solinus, Strabo, and others. A word may be added concerning Pissasphalt. It is lighter than bitumen, and has its name from picth and bitumen ; perhaps it exhales a mixed odour of both. It is of two kinds --- that which is produced naturally, and that which is manufactured by art from pitch and bitumen. The one is described by Dioscorides (1. 1, c. 18), the other by Pliny (1. 24 c. 7), (when bitumen and pitch are melted together). That passage in the Third Georgics about the pitch of Ida and black bitumen must be understood as referring to a cure for scab in sheep, unless we are to understand the sordid and evil black Bitumen, or liquid Sicilian Bitumen. For the rest, natural

Pissasphalton is obtained from the neighbourhood of Epidaurus. Other varieties of Bitumen are considered below. BITUMEN PERVERSUM --- is a liquid of uncertain nature, a kind of lime, or juice. BITUMEN SULPHUREA TERRA --- is a fatty sap or exudition; Brimstone, Copper Ore containing Quartz, etc. There are many species of Bitumen: Liquid, like oil in appearance, and petroleum. There is the odorous liquid Bitumen of Saxony, cleansing, and with a smell of natural camphor. There is the gross, black Bitumen, which takes its name from the Lake of Sodom; with this the Moors embalm dead bodies. There is the black, gross Palestine Bitumen, which is dug up like coal from the earth. BLANCA MULIERUM, and BLACTARA MULIERUM --- are names of White Lead. BLICARE --- is prepared Presil (unknown). BLINCTA --- Red Earth. BODAGI --- is a kind of vessel. BODID, OVUM --- Egg. BOF --- Living Calx. BOLESIS --- Coral: BOLUS --- Slime, clay, devoid of any mineral substance. BOLUS --- is, in metallurgy, ore decayed by the weather; in mineralogy, a substance formed in small crystals on the surface of a stone. BOLUS --- is a specific coagulate, which is essential and chemical, a certain essence freed from impurities and foreign matters by coagulation, which is necessarily preceded by solution; it is a separation and solidification such as that which is seen in boli, to give them a fixity and homogeneous shape like the Bolaris, but it makes little difference to the essence. [N.B. --- This passage almost defies translation.] 1. The white Julian Bolus, made of the yoke of eggs, approaching red in colour. The Armenian variety is not dissimilar. 2. The true Pannonian Bolus. 3. The Yolk of Theophrastus. 4. The Bohemian Bolus, white or red, invented by Paracelsus. 5. Bolus of Anneberg; mountain Bolus. 6. The true Armenian Bolus, prized by the Turkish Sultan, and used by the Turks against fever, plague, and quinsy.

The Armenian Bolus, Cartwrights' Earth. The Armenian Bolus, found in abundance at Villacum and Halberstadt; it is hard and like Pumice Stone in colour when first removed from the earth. Some term it Hematite, Blood-stone, Red Earth, or Chalk. BOLUS INDIACUS --- is Al (unknown). BONATI --- That is pellucid. BORADES --- Fit for polishing. BORAX --- is Chrysocolla (Borax), or Ranunculus. BORAX --- is a gum with which gold and silver are combined. And it is called natural Attinckar. BORACO --- is also called a band of gold. BORERS, or CARBAS --- East by North. BORITIS --- is the White Stone after the Black Slate. It reduces earth to water. BOTAMUM --- is votive lead. BOTUS, BOTIA, BOTUS BARBATUS, or BARBOTUS --- is a vessel called Cucurbite, which see. BOTUS BARBATUS --- is a vessel imposed on another vessel into which gold is melted. BONUS BARBOTUS --- Vessel for melting --- Vessel into which liquids are poured from above -- Vessel for mixing --- joined for the operation of fusion. BOTIN, or BUTIMO --- is Turpentine. Item. Balsam of Turpentine is the essence concentrated therefrom, according to the law of balsamic influence, a state when it is thought to have drawn more virtues from the heavens. BOTHOR --- is a pimply, postulous, tuberculous eruption on the skin, generally white; abscesses. Called also Box, Cezesmata, Pyrhedones. BOTIUM --- An abscess without excrescence in the gullet, like a wen. Boxus-Misletoe. BRACTIA --- A thin plate or scale of metal. BRACTEAE LAMINAE --- Larger plates of metal; an instrument like the sole of a shoe. BRACTEAE FERREAE --- Plates of iron. BRACTEAE SIMUL JUNCTAE --- Plates locked together. BRACIUM --- Copper.

BRARICIA --- Glass. BRASATELLA, BRASADELLA, OPHIOGLOSSUM, LINGUAR SERPENTINA, LANCEOLA, LINGULACA, and LANCER CHRISTI --- terms for the most part signifying sharp pointed instruments like lances --- are found frequently near Strasburg, and are natural objects. BRASE --- Coals, charcoal. BRELISIS --- That is, Katanos (unexplained). BRUMATI TERREUM --- A transparent vessel. BRUNUS, BRIMIS --- St. Anthony's Fire, Erysipelas. Called also Erythopelas and Pyragion. BRUTA --- is a certain virtue of the celestial influence which is manifested to reasonable beings through the brute creation, as in the Chelidonia by the swallow, and in Salt by the stork. (The celandine is said to be used by swallows to restore sight to their young). N.B.--- There is also a stone called Chelidonius, which was said to be found in the maws of young swallows. BUCCELLARE --- To feed, or fatten. BUCCELLARE --- To cut in small pieces. BULBUS BULBI --- Probably the Sea-Onion or Sea-Leek. Officinal Squill. BUCCATUM --- Transparent. BUGA --- Leathern bottle in which running water is poured through a pipe. BULGARE SE HAURIENS AQUAS --- A leathern bottle for drawing up water. BULGARUM GUBERNATOR --- Overseer of the workshops. BURINA --- Pitch. BURAC --- Any species of Salt, called also by other names, such as Baurac Barago, Borax, Uritar, Angar. BUSTA --- Oiled with poison. BUTIGA --- Red spots or swellings, is an eruption of the whole face. BUTYRUM SATURNI --- Cheese of Saturn, i.e., Altheus of Lead.

A Lexicon of Alchemy by Martin Rulandus

CCC

CABABUS --- i.e., a vase holding three Chores (? cubic feet). Also a lid or cover of a pan. CABALA, CABALIA --- Cabalistic Art is a most secret science which is affirmed to have been made known in a divine manner to Moses at the same time as the written law; it reveals to us the doctrine of the Messiah of God; it constitutes a bond of friendship between angels and the men who have been instructed in it; and it gives knowledge of all natural things. It also illuminates the mind with a divine light, and drives all darkness therefrom. The name is of Hebrew origin; in Latin it is called a Reception. It is that more secret and true exposition, forbidden to be set down in writing, which Moses divinely received upon the Mount, together with that other law which was afterwards given in writing to the people of Israel. It was handed down from generation to generation under the seal of an oath lest the divine mysteries made known to the profane multitude might be degraded or misused. This science was diligently studied by the Persians, as appears by the name which was given to their wise men. For they called their priests and those men among them who were intrepid explorers of secret things by the name of Magi. Such were those three wise men who came from the East to Bethlehem that they might adore Christ. They were not kings, as it is imagined by the vulgar and ignorant. Much upon these matters has been written by our own Reuchlin, by the Italian Mirandula, and by Petrus Galatinus. Indeed, Galatinus asserts that by means of this Cabala the ancient Rabbins came to the knowledge of the Trinity, and of Christ the Son of God. Therefore this art is not folly in the opinion of many persons, but a certain and heavenly science, through which Theophrastus, as he himself tells us, developed his own doctrine by God's mercy; nor has it anything in connection with evil spirits, though this has been calumniously ascribed to it by its envious enemies. At the same time, I grant that in the hands of a number of persons it has, like other arts, fallen into abuse. For Theophrastus says that the Jews have done nothing but degenerate, and as in the doctrine of God, so in this science. Whence the Cabala has come to be divided into a true science and a false art. In addition, there is the literal Cabala which must be numbered among deceptive subtleties, more especially when it does not proceed from a Hebrew source. The true Cabala has its foundation in the Holy Scriptures. CABALA --- is a secret art bestowed by God upon Moses, which he afterwards, not by means of writing, but orally, handed down to his posterity; and these by knowledge of the Divine Essence can know the properties of all creatures in a wonderful manner, and use it to their own profit and that of others.

CABALATER --- is Nitric Salt. CABEBI --- i.e., Iron Filing. CABEL --- is Dung. CABILLI, CABALES, or LEMURES --- are the astral bodies of men, who die immaturely, and before they have accomplished their natural course of life. They are supposed to wander over the earth until they have reached the proper term of their existence, so that what they should have lived out corporeally, they now live out spiritually, if it be right in God's sight to believe so, and indeed it can be ascertained from the Holy Scriptures that such a view is not opposed to true Christian religion; now in those Scriptures is to be sought the touch-stone by which we are enabled to discern and condemn everything which is not of the true gold of the Gospel. CACEDONIUM TARTARUM --- Actually a species of Tartar, but used to signify an offending matter in the human body, which may apparently be either stone or sand in the bladder, or an alburninous concretion. CACIA FERREA --- is an iron screw. CACHIMIA --- is a white argentiferous Chalk. CACHIMIEN --- are, as it were, the refuse of flesh, of feeble power, the enemy and robber of metals ; nothing can be made of them. Like Marcasite, Red Sun and White Moon-Red Pyrites and White Cobalt-Tutty is the dross of copper Bell-Metal. Perfect and imperfect Arsenical Sulphur in the body of the Mercurial Talc; red, white, and yellow in the body of the Salt. Accordingly, Theophrastus on Minerals writes that Bismuth, Marcasite, etc., are spirits produced by mixture of Venus and Mercury. Bismuth has an earthly Sulphur of Mercurial nature. Marcasites are found in all grades, and are,as it were, a superfluity of metal. The material is too abundant, and cannot become metal when the Archaeus differentiates. Accordingly, the Cachimien are imperfect metals, sports, monstrosities. There is more Venus and Mercury in the Cachimiera; it is more salt, and is a more fixed and excellent digest than Marcasite. CADARIA --- is Tutty. CADMIA --- is of two kinds, native and manufactured. Native Cadmia is also of two kinds: one which is found in mountains and rivers, and sometimes in torrents. I saw Cadmia sometime since which was obtained from the torrents of Westphalia, of which possibly Galenus has written. Others maintain that it is the gem Iris, but I neither wish nor would venture to affirm anything hastily in this matter. The other native Cadmia is found in metallic mines, fossile and petrine, as may be seen at the mine called Verona. It is this stone which the Germans call Kobalt, from the name of the demon who formerly haunted houses, as we see in Saxony (? Kobolds, a house-dwelling spirit of German folk lore). Pliny calls it Copper-Stone. And this stone or native Cadmia, fossile Cobalt, does not much differ from Pyrites or Marcasite, and is indeed very similar. The liquids out of which Pyrites and Silver are obtained are found compactly joined together in one body, and it is the same with native Cadmia. There are some who consider it identical with Pyrites because where there is one usually there is the other also, or because of this similarity in deposition. There are also persons who distinguish them, because Cadmia is so powerfully corrosive that it eats away the feet and hands of the miners, while Pyrites has little corrosive power. Hence Pliny well remarks (l. 34, c. 10), that the stone Cobalt, from which Copper

is obtained is of itself useless as medicine, but that it can be rendered useful by combination with Cadmia. As regards colour, Cobalt, or native fossile Cadmia, is found in three ways in the mines: 1. Black Cobalt, which seems to have been first known to the Germans, for so we call those black imps who are seen in houses, and especially in kitchens, and after these perhaps, on account of its colour, we have named this metal. If this etymology be rejected, I would say that it derives the identity of name from some fabulous coincidence. 2. Ashen-grey Cobalt. These two species are the most common. 3. Iron-grey. This is not so common. I met with it formerly in those ancient mines of Thuringia which are situated at the extreme north. Whatsoever substances may be obtained from this, it abounds much more in silver than does Pyrites. Dioscorides was unacquainted with this species, as appears from these words in his 1. 20, c. 40. There are not wanting persons who believe that Cadmia is found in stone quarries, but it is through a false knowledge of stones. He describes how Cadmia is extracted from a mountain in Cyprus, which is covered to its base with the burnt stone called Pyrites ; and after how it differs from the known stones which are falsely called Cadmia, namely, in weight, scent, and taste; in concreteness, in manner of combination, in mode of burning, and in colour. But this native fossile Cadmia, from the burnt Pyrites in Cyprus, is now unknown, so far as I can say, while, on the other hand, our own fossile Cadmias were unknown to him. The stones which are known to us by the erroneous name of Cadmia, i.e., which we know of, but are falsely so called, are found in many places in our mines. They are sterile, and hence have no corrosive quality. Simple men, Ignorant in the matter, have taken them for true Cadmia, and have grievously erred. For the rest, it should be noted that there is another stone which must be distinguished from true Cadmia; it is by some called Cadmia earth, and the stone Calamine. In certain places, by reason of its weakness; in others, on account of weight, it is possible to take it for true Cadmia. True native Cadmia is at the present day generally unknown in our laboratories, as, indeed, is all manufactured Cadmia, except Botryites, which the Arabs call Tutty, and that Alexandine Cadmia called hard or solid Tutty. True Botryites Cadmia (that is, clustering like grapes), is, however, different from Tutty, as the Arabs affirm with Serapion. For Tutty is Orpine (or Spodion), but it may be, I grant, used as a substitute for Tutty, if prepared, as Serapion witnesses. Spodion, and not Tutty, is mentioned by Dioscorides, lest he should record the same thing twice. In fine, that which the Arabs call Tutty, the Greeks call Pompholyx, and we Spodion. It is an error, not in qualities, but matters. For they differ with the locality in which they are made. When made in the mouths of the furnaces it is called Capnitis (a kind of jasper or chrysolite); when made on the top it is called Pompholyx. Pliny 1. 34, c. 1), says that copper is made from the cuprine stone called Cadmia, celebrated formerly in Asia and Campania. But he also says that it was found in his time in the country of Bergamus and in the German province. Here I judge that Pliny is simply speaking of our Cadmia, and galls it a cuprine stone. Hence it appears that in the time of Pliny, Cadmia was found in our country. Possibly it was at a still more distant period that the Germans began to work their mines. Their iron and brass mines are most ancient. It was afterwards, under Otho the Great, that the mines of black lead were opened up, and after a long interval those of silver. Cornelius Tacitus emphatically states that the Germans of old possessed neither gold nor silver, much less mines of those metals. And now it has come to pass that our alma mater has far surpassed other places in the abundance of all species of metals. Praise to the good and great God for ever! Manufactured Cadmia.

Manufactured Cadmia is the substance and finest ash of pyrites, or of another metallic ore very similar to pyrites, translated to or ejected upon the sides or topmost roofs of the furnaces, as Dioscorides testifies (1. 5, c. 40) when he says that Cadmia is derived from copper burning in furnaces, ejected in casting together with soot, and collected on the sides and tops. Others define manufactured Cadmia after this manner: Manufactured Cadmia is a substance which is obtained when coherent corpuscules are rejected from copper by expulsion through the summits of the furnaces, and collect together in globular masses, one of which will sometimes contain either one, two, or a number of species. This is a true definition, and they who make it give Cadmia the name of Acestida. At the same time we would say that Cadmia is either ash of Copper or of some other metal. The best is obtained from copper. That which comes from other metals, and even from gold, is of no moment. It is also made from silver, and this quality is whiter and less heavy than the others, and it is not at all like the cuprine species. By copper we would in this place understand pyrites, of which the best quality produces Cadmia in coction. The Cadmia of Goslaria is the finest, containing not only silver or lead, but all other metals. When the pyrites is pure it produces Placodis and Botryitis; when mixed with other substances, then Cadmia alone is obtained. Dioscorides praises the Cuprine and Botryitis. There are many species of manufactured Cadmia, some of which are treated of by Dioscorides and some by other writers; they differ with the places in which they are made, and they differ also in shape, as Dioscorides teaches, and his interpreter Pliny. As these species can be understood by a child, we subjoin them in order. Species of Manufactured Cadmia. 1. Botryitis, like a cluster of grapes, dense in appearance, but not very heavy, and liable to decrease in weight, orpine in colour, ashen, and cuprine. This and onychitis, subsequently described, are useful in medicaments for the eyes. There is also another botryitis, which was possibly unknown to Dioscorides, and is made either in round coals or spear-shaped; for when the little flames play round the furnace, then botryitis is deposited, and afterwards collected. This kind is called Alexandrian Cadmia, because in that place many seek to make it; it is also called solid Tutty, and it is very like the barks of certain trees. It is produced by sublimation in the manufacture of brass, and is of two kinds --- Alexandrine and Arabian Tutty. 2. Onichitis, similar to the stone onyx, blue on the outside, white and veined within, like that which, according to Dioscorides, was mined out of old metallic ore. In which place, do not understand that the mines were old themselves, but that the metals had been long deposited by nature. The reference is to the vast ancient stags, now again being melted; it is found in these. 3. Placodis, i.e., covered with a crust or shell. Among this species is the variety called tinctured or zoned, which is adorned with many rings. 4. Ostracitis, thin, black, crusted with burnt earth. 5. Capnitis, i.e., of the furnace, or volatile; it is very like Spodion (orpine matter) or Pompholyx (arsenic). It is found in the mouths of furnaces, and there is little difference in its varieties ; they are materially the same. Capnitis, Cadmia, and Arsenic possess the same qualities, but they can be distinguished by the places where they are made. The species under notice is good for plasters, and all are hot and astringent, in the same way that pyrites is styptic, as Serapion affirms. It is their nature to heal open sores, to cleanse the unclean, to remove fleshy excrescences, to dry up superfluous humours of the body, to help in the formation of skin, etc. As these species of Cadmia are exceedingly hot and dry, they are operated on with fire and washed in special ways set forth by Dioscorides, so that they may be useful in plasters and other medicaments. Would that our own

physicians, more especially surgeons, did not ignore the virtues of Cadmia, but brought it once again into use! Concerning these manufactured Cadmias consult Pliny (1. 34, c. 10), where he says: Cadmia is begotten in furnaces, whence its name of Furnace Cadmia; it is carried up with the flames, and by a gentle breath or wind, being a substance disengaged from the matter in the furnace; it adheres to the top or sides, according to its lightness. 1. The lightest is deposited at the mouth of the furnace, and in its exceeding lightness is similar to ashes. It is called Capnitis. 2. Botryites, which is of better quality, is of two colours --- ashen, the inferior of the two, and that approaching purple, which is the superior kind. This is found in the interior of the furnace-roof. 3. That which is deposited on the sides of the furnace and cannot ascend to the top on account of its heaviness; this is crusty Placitis, of which there are also two species-Onychitis, outwardly almost blue, and within spotted like the onyx --- Ostracitis, which is wholly black, the most powerful of Cadmias, and useful for wounds. All Cadmia produced in the furnaces where Copper is smelted is the best kind. So far Pliny. For the rest, how Cadmia is cleansed, and how treated with fire, may be learnt from the same place in Pliny. See also Galenus, Avicenna, and others. Certain writers who were utterly ignorant upon these subjects, confound all the varieties together in a chaotic heap, and in a way which I am ashamed to behold or read. This has come to pass through the neglect of the thing itself, and through barren disputes over words. The excellent Simon de Janua says that the name Cadmia may be applied to three substances: 1. To the fumes which arise from certain metals, such as gold, silver, and copper. And this is the true manufactured Cadmia of which we have been here treating. 2. To the stone Calamine, vulgarly called Marcasite. And here this most excellent writer is ignorant that Calamine is one thing, while Marcasite is another, and is that Pyrites from which copper is obtained --- a species of native Cadmia which we call Cobalt. From this Pyrites also the best manufactured Cadmia is made. 3. That which is found in mines of metals, and especially in copper mines. And this is the native Cadmia of which we have treated. It will be seen how confused this classification is, and how the same thing is said twice over. To sum up: our native fossile Cadmia is our Cobalt, with its several species. But the best manufactured Cadmia is made in furnaces from pyrites, that is marcasite; in other words, it is simply made from copper, as Dioscorides teaches. But its name varies with the place where it is manufactured, and with its form and its colour. Cadmia is duplex: 1. Native: In mountains and rivers. Described by Galenus. Said to be the German Iris. Fossile, from mines. Otherwise, Cobalt. If this there are three kinds: 1. Black, 2. Grey-ashen, 3. Iron colour. 2. Manufactured: 1. Acestis; 2. Like ashes and exceedingly light. Derived from: 1. Copper, 2. Silver, 3. Other metals, such as gold. Of these there are also various species which differwith the locality where they are made, and are also distinguished by their appearance: 1. Btyrites, i.e., clustered like graes; now falsely called Tutty. This is also duplex --- one of an orpine colour, the

other (manufactured) like ashes. Alexandrine, which occurs by chance I coals, and is made by art in iron tubes; 2. Oninchitis; 3. Ostracitis; 4. Placodis and Planitis; 5. Capnitis, which is made in the mouth of the furnace. Also Pompholyx, i.e., Arsenic. Furnace Cadmia. 1. Furnace Cadmia, obtained from the shaft of the furnace, differs from native Cadmia, in the ways hereinafter to be shown. 2. White Cadmia is a poisonous matter which sticks to the walls of the furnace, being given off by metals when they are burnt or melted. 3. Yellow Cadmia. 4. Red Cadmia. 5. Grey Cadmia. 6. Finest Cadmia, made in copper furnaces from pyrites, or metallic Cadmia. 7. That which sticks to the walls of the furnace where copper ore is smelted. 8. That which sticks to the walls of the furnace where silver is smelted. 9. That which sticks to the walls of a furnace where gold ore is smelted. 10. That which is obtained from furnaces of White Lead. 11. Impure furnace Cadmia, or slag. 12. Containing silver. 13. Containing gold. 14. Cadmia of Copper, of which various species are found in our metals, to which also Dioscorides and other Greeks gave names borrowed from their shape. 15. Crusted Cadmia. 16. Zoned Cadmia, having bands or lines encircling it. 17. Onychitis, of various colours, similar to the veins of the onyx. 18. Ostracitis or Testacea, which scarcely sticks to the furnace wall. 19. Botryitis, in clusters like grapes, of a grey colour, hanging from the sides of the furnace, as grapes from a vine. 20. Black Botrytis, having thin copper-colored plates. 21. Stalactical Cadmia, or Cadmia concreted like icicles.

22. Alexandrine Cadmia, now used in our workshops 23. Cadmia which sticks to the roof of the furnace. 24. Sublimed Cadmia. 25. Atramental Cadmia. Cadmia of Metals, or Mined Cadmia. 1. Metallic Cadmia is abundantly mined in the veins of Bohemia and Misnia. It is called by our metallurgists Cobalt, which name is also given to the imps of the mines, for what reason is beyond the scope of our inquiry. 2. Mined Cadmia, which the metallurgist digs up in Lower Germany, in Westphalia. By us it is called the Stone Calamine. 3. Mined Calamine, or Cadmia of red colour, which has not been subjected to fire. 4. Well-burnt Cadmia, melted fourteen times, and then used for tinging other metals. 5. Purest soft Cadmia or Calamine. 6. A naturally grey Cobalt. 7. Crusty Cadmia, shaped like a head. 8. A Sulphureous Cobalt which burns very readily. 9. Cadmia on which there is a rude, red transparent silver. 10. Black Cobalt, in the block. 11. Very hard grey Cadmia. 12. Crusty, iron-coloured Cadmia. 13. Heavy, brittle, grey Cadmia. 14. Hard, grey Cadmia. 15. Light, grey Cadmia. 16. Light Cadmia, similar to pure, native grey lead, easily broken into small pieces with a hammer. A brittle Cobalt, like a solid bismuth. 17. Hard Bismuth, like polished iron. 18. Combined with grey lead. 19. Mined Cadmia, found in grape-like clusters in the mountains and torrents of Westphalia.

20. Sulphureous. 21. Bituminous. 22. Containing gold. 23. Shaped like a bare head. 24. Concave, full of very fine dust 25. Fluidic Cobalt, from which a poisonous sap exudes continually. 26. Fluidic Cobalt, from which an acrid yellow sap continually exudes. CADMIA --- White Liquor. CADMIA ACINOSA --- i.e., Tutty. CADMIA CYPRIA --- Cuprine Calamine. CAL --- Green Arsenic. Item, Vinegar. CALAMINA --- i.e., the Stone Calamine. CALAMUS, CANNA, CANNUTUM --- A Reed. CALCADINUM --- Vitriol. CALCADIS, AL, SAL ALKALI --- Names of White Vitriol. CALCANTHOS, or CALCANTHUM --- Signifies: 1. Flower of Copper. 2. Calcitis, a kin of Vitriol. 3. Vitriol. 4. Burnt Copper. 5. Green Vitriol, generated and nourished in powder of Atrament. It melts in salt, and congeals in cold. If red, water prevails; if green, copper preponderates. The Species of Chalcanthum are: 1. Chalcitis, i.e., Colcothar, Zeg, or Green Zeg. 2. Misy: Native, having affinity with gold. Manufactured, when Chalcanthum is changed into Chalcitis. 3. Melanteria, Shoemakers’ Wax: 1. Mined, 2. Maltria or Melatria found in the tunnels of mines, 3. Bitria, found at the mouth of mines. The Arabs say that these are species of Colcothar, i.e., Chalcitis. 4. Sory: 1. Egyptian, 2. Lybian, 3. Spanish, 4. Cyprian. 5. Diphyrygis of two kinds: Native, of which we have two species. Manufactured: Dross of Copper. Burnt Pyrites.

CALCANTUM or CALCADIS --- A kind of Atrament. CALCATON --- i.e., a Trochish of Arsenic. CALCITHEOS --- Copperust. Item, Marcasite. CALCATA --- i.e., Citrine Atrament. CALCATAR, COLCOTAR --- Ruby Atrament. CALCITEOSA or CALCITHEOS --- i.e., Litharge. CALCITHOS --- i.e., Green Copper. CALCEUS SIPHONUM --- Pump-handle. CALCIDUM --- An Arsenical Medicament. CALCINATIO --- When the matter is like snow-white calx, full of fire and thirst. And this is the Dragon, who drinks up the water therein. He dies and bursts. This is the division between body and soul, pale or white and dead. Then comes the resurrection and the life, through the Red. Calcination of Bodies is Combustion, which takes place in a strong heat; or it is the solution of coagulated matters into Calx. It is of two kinds: that of Corrosion and of Ignition. Calcination by dry corrosion is when dry corroding substances are added, instead of moisture, to the calcining matters, and are calcined thereby. It is cementing and commingling. Calcination by vaporous corrosion is when the metallic bodies, reduced into thin plates, are calcined by an acrid and corroding smoke. But the methods of this vaporous calcination are several. Sometimes the laminated bodies are suspended over aqua fonts, sometimes over the recrement of the wine-press. Sometimes, especially with the nobler metals, the fragile parts are reduced and brought to powder by the vapour of melted lead or quicksilver; sometimes other modes are used which it would be too long to recount. Note: To reduce Chalybs into a subtle condition by a vaporous corrosion, I proceed thus. In the first place, I prepare a small quantity of aqua fonts out of rock salt and vitriol calcined to whiteness in equal parts, and melt it in a glass cucurbite. Then in the upper part of the vessel I suspend plates of steel, and I close up the mouth of the cucurbite with clay, lest the spirits of the aqua fonts should endeavour to escape at any point, and for twenty-four hours I permit it to steam in hot sand. Next, having opened the vessel, I take out the plates, to which a yellow and very fine powder will be adhering, which I purge with hare's foot. Subsequently, I replace the plates, and repeat the operation continually until no more yellow powder can be made to rise up from the spirits, or to deposit on the steel. So also lead is calcined into white lead or ceruse over vinegar; so again copper over the refuse of grapes; and thus, in like manner, are the other metals corroded by vapours. Calcination, by moist immersion is, when the body is plunged into some liquid which corrodes, then Calcines, and finally perfects by amalgamation or precipitation. Reverberatory Calcination is solution into Calx. Calx, in its general signification, is any powder ground till it is impalpable, which we are accustomed to call Alcool. Thus, the term includes Calx,

properly so called, Alcool, which is obtained by pulverisation, ash, and powder obtained by corrosion. Reverberatory Calcination is of two kinds: Calcination, specially so called, and reduction to ashes. Special Calcination is that by which is produced true Calx in a reverberatory combustion. In this truly philosophical process, there is accomplished, after a most searching manner, an object of much importance towards the completion of our work. Herein a substance is calcined by itself alone, or with other substances added thereto, which materially help combustion, such as Sulphur, Nitre, etc. We make this addition in those cases where the solidity of the matter is great and indestructible. Nevertheless, things volatile are dissipated quicker than fixed things are conquered by flame. An airhole, or vent, is required for nitrous compounds, to insure the safety of the vessel. Every so called greater Calcination is that which is made sweet by spagyric art and not by nature, and is serviceable to a speedy, marvellous healing, as the Sweet Vitriol of Mercury, Salt, and the like, which are very rapid in consolidating. Every lesser Calcination is that which is by nature sweet, and has the virtue of quickly healing, such as Manna, Honey, Sugar, Nostoch, and the like. CALCITARI --- i.e., Alkaline Salt, Alkael. CALCITIS, CALTICIS, CALCOTA --- Names of Red Atrament. CALCOCOS --- i.e., Copper. CALCUKEUMENOS --- Burnt Copper; Scales which fly off from Copper when hammered. CALDAR --- Tin. CALECAMENON, CALCUCEMENTUM CASTICUM --- i.e., Burnt Copper; called also Calcutium, Costicium, Calcute, Endebastum. CALENDULE ---Saffron Yellow. CALERUTH --- is an endeavour to revert towards the first everlasting substance, as when any matter seeks to return into its first matter, whence it originated, CALI --- Woad Ashes. Item, Jamen Alum CALLENA --- A species of Rock Salt. CALLIETTE --- are certain Yellow Fungi, found on the juniper. CALMET, COSMEC, COSMET, CASMET --- Names of Antimony. CALOR ARTIFICIALIS --- is that heat which can be administered, applied, and directed at the will of the artist. It is either simple or compound.

CALOR CINERUM --- is when the more fixed parts of a matter are extracted by ashes. This is intermediate between the heat of the bath and of sand; by the help of this, not only are there extracted the more subtle substances approaching to the nature of water, but also colours and fixed parts. CALOR DIGERENS --- is when the matter to be dissolved is digested, which takes place i the athanor, or in dung. CALOR FIMI --- is when the vase is placed in dung, and the material therein is digested. This form of heat is much in use among artists in the operations of melting, digesting, and the putrefaction of substances. Sometimes horse-dung is substituted, the vessel being buried therein. Formerly, a wooden vessel was filled with hay or straw instead of dung. CALOR FORTIS --- is when the matters are separated by a fire very much increased intensified. It is either bound or free. In the first case, the matter or the vessel, is separated from the fire by another vessel. It is either a heat of sand or of iron-filings. Sand-heat is intermediate between ashes and iron-filings. The vessel which contains the matter in a sand melting-box surrounded with sand, ejects a substance more fixed than the ashes can. Here it is to be noticed that fine sand does not furnish a more powerful heat than coarse. The heat of iron-filings is of a higher intensity than that of sand; it approximates to the glow of an open fire, and expels the matter, or educes it. CALOR LIBER --- is that which is immediately contiguous to the matter or vessel. By this beat, those things which contain a persistent moisture are best treated, whether it be on account of an inherent aridity or paucity of the moisture in question, or because of its homogeneous and viscous character. I omit its use calcination, fusion, and other operations. It is either a heat of charcoal or of same. Heat of coal or charcoal is when the matter, or vessel, is in contact with metals. It is useful in melting, joining, testing, calcining, and disintegrating. Heat of flame is when the flames are caused to leap up and have contact with the matter or vessel, on the addition of fuel to the fire. This heat is called Living Flame, and hereby the operations of reverberation and calcination are performed upon all kinds of metals. By this also the spirit of a substance is educed. CALOR NATURALIS --- is that operation by which the solar rays cook the matter either of themselves, or collected in the focus of a concave glass. Artificers make use of this fire. We can dissolve and calcine thereby. Some state that it is to be used in the preparation of the philosopher's stone; while I leave this 'opinion to those who maintain it, I do not, on the other hand, think that it should be neglected altogether. CALOR SIMPLEX --- is that which serves for one operation, either of digestion or separation. CALOR VESICA LEVIS --- The heat of a thin bladder-is when the matter is placed in a bladder, then in the alembic, and the moist part is thus educed. CALUFAX --- i.e., Indian Oil.

CALUFA CYPTAS or SPEDRES --- i.e., crystal. CALX --- in its chemical meaning is any powder reduced by the separation of superfluous moisture into the most fine and impalpable state. CALX ASSATA --- Roasted Calx, Alum of Fruits. CALX EXSTINCTA --- Extinguished Calx. CALX FIXA --- is a permanent and inconsumable matter. CALX LIGNORUM --- The Ashes of Wood, which are not converted into a vitreous nature and remain ashes. CALX JOVIS --- Calcined Tin, wherein is the spirit of tin. CALX LUNE --- Silver, Calcined Silver, or Blue Flower of Silver. CALX MAJOR --- Calx of Eggs. CALX MANILA ALGA --- is white Tartar, Calx Peregrinorum, or the Calx obtained from the bleached bones of certain fish or sea shells, especially mussels. CALX MARTIS --- The Yellowness, or Rust, of Steel or Iron. . CALX MERCURII --- Precipitated Mercury. CALX NON EXSTINCTA --- Living Calx, is Asbestos, and it is made in several ways. In some places it is made from certain stones or pebbles of the seashore, which are of the colour of cats' eyes, and otherwise grey or white, the stones being either dug up in fields by the shore, or simply collected. There are also regular asbestos mines, as at Sala, and in other places. It is also made from the shells of oysters, of the sea murex, and from egg-shells, as Dioscorides informs us (1. 5, c. 80), and Pliny (1. 36, c. 24, 29), etc, Living Calx is of two kinds: white and blue. It is of a hardening, igneous, biting, and encrusting nature. In a word, it removes and extracts. It has a natural antipathy for water, by which it is burnt; it has affinity for oil, with which it blends easily. Consult also Serapion. CALX PEREGRINORUM --- Tartar. CALX PEREGRINORUM --- Calx of Mussel Shells, or the Bones of Fish. CALX SATURNI --- Red Lead. CALX SOLIS --- Calcined Gold. CALX VENERIS --- Verdigris. CAMET or LAMES --- i.e., Silver. CAMINUS --- Furnace, Forge, etc.

CAMBILL --- Red Earth. CAMBUCA --- i.e., Bubo, Abscess, etc. CANALES CUNICULI --- A Water-filter. CANALES OCCLUDERE --- to close the channels. CANALES RECLUDERE --- to open the channels. CANALICULI --- Apertures. CANALICULUS --- A kind of sieve. CANALIS --- A Channel for conducting water, Aqueduct; also Windmill. CANALIS AQUARII --- Water-pipes. CANALIS, CAPSA BREVIS PATENS --- Ashpan, or Sieve. CANALIS CAPUT --- Ash-pan or Sieve. CANALIS ET CANALIS DEVEXUS --- A forked or branched Channel. CANALIS LONGUS --- A long Channel. CANALIS TRANSVERSUS --- A transverse Channel. CANALISCULUS --- A small Channel. CANCELLI --- Grate or Lattice. CANCIN PERICON --- The heat of horse-dung. CANFORA --- The Gum of a Tree. CANNA or SIPHUNCULUS --- A small Tube. CANTACON --- Garden Saffron. CAPILLUS --- Lapis Rebis, which see. CAPISTRUM AURI --- Borax. CAPITELLUM --- Soapy Water, Water Saturated with Vegetable Salt. CAPRICORNUS --- Lead. CAPSA --- A deep Vessel, a kind of sieve. CAPSA PATENS --- A species of chest.

CAPSA PUTEALIS --- A wide Basket. CAPSAE --- In which ore is placed before distribution. CAPUT AREAE --- The top of the stove. CAPUT FODINARUM --- The mouth of the pit or mine. CAPUT FODINARUM ADVERSUM --- The place where a mine is first opened up. CAPUT FOLLIS --- The mouth of the bellows. CARBONES COELI --- The Stars. CARBUNCLE --- is also the name of a precious stone, and is so called because of its dusky fire. When it is not sensible to fire it is called Apyrusta or Apyrotus. The Carbuncle is also undoubtedly the Pyropus, which was celebrated by Ovid in his second Metamorphosis as the house and dwelling-place in the sun. There are distinct species or kinds of Carbuncles. The first are those which are native to India and the African Garamas. These are called Cardedonius. The Indian are base and of a dead lustre. Among this species those which shine with a weaker and more livid light are termed Liviucias. These are much more numerous than the true Carchedonius. The second species is the Ethiopian Carbuncle, which does not radiate lustre, but is aglow with a secret fire. The third are the Scabri of Alabanda, which are darker than the rest. The fourth species is found, on the testimony of Theophrastus, both in Thracian Orchomenus of Arcadia, and a darker variety in Chios. The fifth species is the Traezenius, which has white spots or blemishes; of this there are many varieties. The sixth species has a pallid whiteness, is called Corithius. For the rest, all those Carbuncles which have a sharper and more liquescent brilliance, which are more black and more lucid than others, are termed masculine, while to all those which have a feebler light the name of feminine is applied. The best Carbuncles are called Methystisonte because their extreme glittering approaches the violet of the amethyst. Very nearly allied to the Carbuncle is the Syrtites of Callistratus and Pliq which radiates a kind of broken or feathery light, and has been spoken of as a species of white Carbuncle. Moreover, that Anthracrite which is so similar appearance and in qualities to coal, and is mined in Thesprotia, is classified by Pliny (1. 37, c. 8) as a species of Carbuncle. The Greeks would appear to have called many substances by the generic name of Anthracias (Anthrax), for example, natural cinnabar, red lead, vermilion, minium, hematite, and for Carbuncle itself, of which the Rubinus, or Lychnis, is undoubtedly also a species. The same Pliny describes a variety of Anthracite which is encircles by white lines, and which is reckoned to be superior from its colour. More over, it has the peculiarity that if it be cast into the fire, it perishes, losing all its lustre; but if sprinkled, on the contrary, with water, it seems to burst into flame. Related to this is the Garamantitis, or Sandastron of India, which also is found in Arabia, and in its translucent depths seems to be glittering; with golden drops. There is also a stone which has a purple or scarlet colon and radiance; when warmed by the friction of the fingers, or by the heat of the sun, it will attract straws; it is found in Caries and Orchosa, and ma probably in India; it belongs, according to Pliny, to the Lychnis species, be is also, as it were, a kind of deficient Carbuncle. Our own Rubinus is species of Lychnis. Albertus also bears witness that the Carbuncle was called Anthrax by the Greeks, and that it was made to shine like a live coal in the dark when it was placed in a glass vessel and sprinkled with clear water. The species varied according to the country of its origin, and the splendour, a the substance thereof. There are gems found in our own mines which, plunged in water, seem to dissolve by their own fire; and these are of the nature Carbuncles. It should also be noted that Albertus describes a gem, which calls Pelagia,

possibly after that kind of shell-fish which produces a pure dye, and is mentioned by Pliny as the Purpura, or Pelagia. It is of a transparent ruby colour, and is either a feminine Carbuncle, or else is the house of a gem, because a Carbuncle is found in its matrix. There are also stones which are partly Pelagia and partly Carbuncle. For other information concern the Carbuncle, consult Pliny, Solinus, and others. Other Carbuncles: 1. Garnet from Meissen. 2. Zeblicius, mined in the hill which is over against the stone-quarry whence Ophites are obtained; very plentiful in the neighbouring river. 3. Ethiopian, or Oriental Garnet. 4. A Bright Red Ruby. 5. Amethystizon, or Ruby. 6. Lychnis, or Yellowish Ruby. 7. Falsified Carbuncle, combined with Crystals, usually having a colour like the Amethyst. 8. Alabandicus, a precious Garnet from Asia. CARBUNCULUS --- A poisonous Ulcer, much the same as anthrax, which, however, is of a more cruel character; and from the thick black blood, of which it is adhering, it more quickly eats into the flesh. CARDANUM --- Garden Saffron. CARDIS MARS --- Iron. CARDONIUM VINUM --- i.e., Wine medicated with herbs. CARENA --- The twenty-fourth part of a drop. CARIUM TERRAE --- Lime. CARMITI --- i.e., Obulus, or Farthing. CARNIT, CANNA, CUSANUM --- Various kinds of vessels. CARSI --- i.e., Saline Water. CAS --- i.e., Gold. CASA --- A House inhabited by the Superintendent of the mine. CASA CAMPHORA --- Camphor. CASEUS PREPARATUS --- is the worthless residue remaining in the dregs of milk flowing from cheese.

CASPA --- Mud Trough. CASSATUM IN SPECIFICO DIAPHORETICO --- is an unhealthy or dead blood in the veins, which prevents the motion and circulation of good blood. CASSIDBOLT --- i.e., Coriander. CASTELLUM, or LACUSCULUS --- A Chest, Chest of Water. CATELLUS FICTILIS --- Potsherd. CATENA --- a Chain. CATTENA DUCTARIA --- an Iron Rope or Chain. CATHIMIA --- is (1) a vein of the earth, out of which gold and silver are taken, according to the saying of some masters. 2. Cathmia grows in furnaces of gold or silver. 3. Gold. 4. Spume of silver, 5. The smoke given off in the process of burning copper, and which is deposited on the upper walls of the oven. CATHMIA AFFIDIA --- i.e., Cathmia of Silver, having the colour of Litharge, i.e., Burnt Lead. CATHMIA --- i.e., Scoria of Gold, Copper, or Siiver. CATHMIA FERRI --- Scoria of Iron. CATILLUS --- A Porringer. CATILLUS CINEREUS --- A Coppel. CATILLUS CINEREUS --- is a Melting Vessel with two parts of moistened cinders of light wood, purified from all ashes and other dirt; and with one part of cinders properly ground out of bones that have no marrow [let not these bones be taken from pigs because they are so expensive] which have been reduced into a paste or mass, and properly mixed together in a mortar. Let this mortar be filled with moistened cinders, and the pestle, which is commonly called monachus, is hammered into it with three blows of a wooden mallet, and let there be cinders put inside, by means of a hair sieve, from the head of a calf. One or two blows may be added with a stag's horn. Then let the matter be removed and dried. CATILLUS FERREUS EX ACIE TEMPERATUS --- A Porringer of tempered iron or steel. CATINUS --- A kind of dish or platter; a Crucible. CATINUS AEREUS --- A round Pan or Caldron. CATINUS AREXARIUS --- the common sand Coppel, an earthen Vessel, shaped like a round cap, with a rim of three or four fingers broad. Made of some hard earth. CATINUS FERREUS --- An Iron Caldron. CATINI MEDIA PARS --- the Inside of a Caldron.

CATMA --- the polished Surface of Gold. CATROBIL --- i.e., Earth. CATHOCITES --- Like the Iron Magnet, a kind of Sagda which attracts straws. There is also the Catochites or Catochitis, mentioned by Pliny, a kind of precious stone, which, by means of its very soft gummy or glutinous nature, causes the hand to cleave to it. It is found in Corsica, as Solinus tells us (Polyhist, c. 9). See also Pliny, 1. 37, c. 10. CAUDA FOLLIUM VECTIS --- Handle of the Bellows. CAUDA VULPIS RUBICUNDI --- The Tail of the Red Wolf; is Minium, obtained from Lead. CAVERNOSUM --- Glandular. CAURUS --- The North-west Wind. CAUTELA --- Caution; in the Spagyric Art, is that industrious habit combined with wariness, by which the Professors of the art do more easily carry out and accomplish their operations. CAUTERIUM, or KAUTIR --- is a Surgeon's Instrument, by which they remove the skin for the cauterisation of ulcerous and putrescent gatherings on the body. It is also a simple corrosive Medicament, by which the skin is taken off without pain. CAVA --- A Hole, Cavity, etc. CAVERNA --- Council House. CAVERNULE VENARUM --- Ore decayed by the weather. CAVUM LIGUORUM CONJUNCTORUM --- A Rut, a Space between two parallel planks of wood. CARDIR --- i.e., Tin. CEDRIA --- The Gum from the Cedar Tree. CEDUE --- Air. CELSA --- Literally, a Hill, according to the German; according to the Latin, literally, the Muscle of Life. It is the Pulse which is the sign of life. CEMENTARE, CEMENTIREN, STRATIFICIREN --- To place any substances in alternate layers. CEMENTATIO --- is Gradation by Cementing. CEMENTUM --- is a sharp and penetrating Mineral Substance by which the metallic layers to be cemented or welded, are, chemically speaking, reverberated upon. It is either simple or mixed; in form, it is either a powder or paste.

CEMENTERIUM --- A Welding Pot. CENIFICATUM, CINIFICATUM, or CALCINATUM --- is that which is Calcined. CENIPLAM, or CENIPLOTAM --- is an Instrument, used in Epilepsy, for opening the head. CENTRUM OVI --- i.e., the Yolk of an Egg. CEPA PORCI --- i.e., Squilla, i.e., Officinal Squill. CEPINI --- Vinegar. CERATIO --- This operation is defined by Gebir, in the first book, and the fifty-fourth chapter of his Sum of Perfection, to be the mollification or softening 7to a liquid state of a hard substance or infusible juice. It is called by this name, because it easily reduces the philosophical medicine into a liquescent substance, like wax melted by fire. When the philosophers desire to convert quicksilver into gold or silver, it is necessary that they should possess the medicine in a flowing state, which, in the words of Gebir, doth suddenly before the flight thereof adhere thereunto in the depth, and thereunto is conjoined by those things which are least. And it doth thicken it, and conserve in fire by its fixity, until there cometh unto it the leniency of a larger fire, containing the humidity thereof, and converting it by this artifice in a moment, to a true moist and a true dry, according to that for which the medicine was prepared. Ceration is performed upon a body which is hard and of dry humour by continual imbibition until melting takes place. According to the second book, and the twentyseventh chapter of the Grand Rosary of Arnoldus, the sign of perfect ceration is when the medicine, being most swiftly projected upon a burning plate, resolves itself, without smoke, into the consistency of molten wax. Ceration is a subtilisation or making subtle of the parts, in order that their virtue and power may be poured out and dispensed into the bodies. And the moisture which is necessary is the science of the complements or the completion. This ceration cannot take place without a disintegration or dispersion, so that the matter may become as a piece of wax, melting and softening under a temperate heat. Note that such ceration is altogether a discovery of the Masters. CERARE --- i.e., to combine or incorporate. CERAUNIA --- Under this head there appear to be two kinds of resplendent gems which are referred to by Pliny (l. 37, c. 9). One is a shining and gleaming stone; the other is said to fall during storms of rain and lightning. There is the Asteria and the Astrios, or Astrion. The first encloses light like the apple of the eye. It is found in India and Carmania. The Astrios belongs also to India and Macedonian Pallene. In the midst of it there shines, as it were, a star, with the light of the full moon. When exposed to the stars, it is said to attract lightning. The best Asteria: come from Carmania. The poorer species are what some call Ceraunia; the worst have a light which is similar to that of candles (or perhaps of a certain fish mentioned by Pliny which shines in a calm night). There is also a kind of Astrios which has the phosphorescent light of a fish's eye. It glitters with radiance like a sun. There are white Ceraunia:, which seem to have stolen the splendour of the stars. Others gleam with a crystalline blue splendour. There are black and ruby-coloured varieties, found only in a place which has been struck by lightning. Consult Sotacus sad Zenothemis on the authority of Puny. These are the Thunderstones of the Germans, which fall from the clouds with a great noise. They are found in Grania, and there is a white variety from Spain; in Germany they are met with about the neighbourhood of the Elbe, where there are some specimens of Ceraunia, which are like crystal informed with cerulean blue, being also of divers forms, sometimes like a stick, sometimes like a pyramid, or sugar-loaf. They are never found perfect, perchance on account of the force with which they are propelled towards the earth. They are said to induce sweet sleep, to protect against

thunderbolts, and to give victory in battle and in law cases. See also the twenty-third chapter of Solinus. CERDAC --- i.e., Mercury. CEREBRUM --- Water. CEREBRUM ARIETIS --- White of Egg. CEREBRUM BOVIS --- Burnt Tartar. CERVICULAE SPIRITUS --- is a bone of the heart of the stag. CEROBER --- i.e., Water. CERUSA --- i.e., Rust of Lead, White Lead, the Psimytim, Psimytion, or Aphidegi, of the Greeks, a Poisonous Body, according to Dioscorides and Nicander, which is cold and dry in the second degree. It is, however, well known to almost every one, and retains its name of White Lead in our pharmacopia. It is the powder, ash, rust, or ceruse of White or Black Lead. If manufactured from White Lead, it is called Spanish, and this is the whitest kind. At the present day it is made at Venice and Nuremberg. That which came from Rhodes, Corinth, and Lacedaemon was formerly much celebrated. Dioscorides (1. 5, c. 53), teaches the method of its manufacture, and also after what manner it may be roasted until it is like Sandarac or Sandix, and becomes a manufactured species of Sandarac. Consult Vitruvius and Serapion. It should be noted that there is some confusion both of names and ideas in regard to this substance. Sandaracs, or Sandaracha, is a kind of red colour; there are two species, rough and manufactured; the former was a red arsenic mixed with brimstone, otherwise red orpiment; the second was a kind of vermilion, and Pliny says that the colour Sandyx was formed by mixing equal portions of this substance and rubrics. Sandix, or Sandyx, is thus a manufactured red colour, which is referred to in the fourth eclogue of Virgil (1. 45), where some without need, would understand an herb, because Pliny ( 1. 35, c. 6), in speaking of this colour says that Virgil considered it to be a herb; but the colour of the herb may be understood. Hesychius speaks of a shrub called Sandyx, of which the flowers are a scarlet red. But Pliny speaks of a metallic Sandix, and of our adulterated ceruse, artificially roasted, which is like Sandarac. Consult Dioscorides, Serapion, and Avicenna. The finest of all ceruse is used as a cosmetic by women, and is referred to in Ovid. CHAMBAR --- Poison, the fruit of Poison, or Magnesia. The Turba says: It is the White Stone, and calls it Orpiment, Zendrio, Abaemech, Chalul. But when it has become white and innocuous, then it is called Lead, Exobmich, Magnesia, Martech, White Copper. CHACEF --- A Potter's Vessel. CHALCOS --- Sulphur Water. CHALCITIS --- Under the sections Atramentum and Calcanthos, we have exhaustively handled the qualities and differences which characterise Chalcites, Chalcitis, and Chalcanthum. There is that Chalcites or Chalcitis out of which copper is malted. This is Copper-stone, Marcasite, Pyrites, Macer, Mesne, the Stellate stone, etc. There is Chalcitis, a kind of precious stone, resembling copper or brass. This is Trichitis, a kind of capillary alum, which grows in pyrites. It is also called concrete Alum and Schistos. And the Arabs make mention of Colcotar. Chalcanthum is vitriol or copper, and the Chalcitis to which we refer under this heading is a species of Chalcanthum, which is

a kind of Flower of Copper, and has a middle nature between Vitriol and Marcasite, i.e., it is Pyrites. This true Chalcitis is of two kinds: native and manufactured. There are also two kinds of native: Cyprian and Babylonian. The first has the ruddiness of copper. This is Zeg, or Citrine Atrament, which has elsewhere been sufficiently treated. It is also Colcotar. It is properly Red Vitriol, but not Sory; the Arabs, however, call it Sory, by a pardonable slip, for Sory is made from red vitriol. I have never found it in silver mines, but it is to be found in those of copper, as, for example, at Goslar. The second native variety, or that of Babylon, is described by Serapion; it is hard, and when broken has white spots inside. Manufactured Chalcitis is made from old Chalcanthum which is passing into a threadlike condition. Among other species of Chalcitis we may mention 1. The hard, red Atrament. 2. Brittle, milky, red Atrament. 3. Hard, red Atrament, combined with Misy. 4. Hard, red Atrament, combined with Sory. 5. Hard Atrament mixed with Pyrites. 6. Red Cyprian Atrament. CHALCOPYRITES --- Lead, according to Synesius. CHALCHOS --- i.e., Copper. CHALCHITOR --- Marcasite. CHALCUTE --- Burnt Copper. CHAMBELECH --- Elixir. CHANCHED --- Steel. CHAOMANTIA --- is an Art by which Omens are found in the air when the stars of the air disclose and make things visible, so that men see and prognosticate by means of the air. CHAOS --- The Unformed Matter, and the Confused First State of all Things. According to Theophrastus, it is Air or Master. CHARATRA --- Waterspout. CHEIZI --- This is a term of Paracelsus. When it is applied to minerals, it refers to Quicksilver. When it is concerned with the vegetable world, it means the Flowers of Vegetables and Plants. When it occurs redundantly, or in repetition, as Flos Cheiri, from silver, it signifies the White Elixir, or its Quintessence, as Flos Anthos, Red Elixir of Gold. Others say it is Potable Gold; others again that it is Antimony. CHELIE --- Shears, or Scissors; it may also mean a Rock or Cliff in the sea.

CHELIDONIA --- is Gold. CHELIDONIUS --- Several distinct things are liable to be confused under this name. There is the Chelidonius Lapillus of Pliny, a kind of stone which the ancients supposed to be found in the maws of young swallows. Reference has already been made to this belief. There is the Chelidonia, which is the herb Swallow Wort or Celandine. Swallows were said to make use of it to restore sight to their-young. There is the Chalidonia Ficus, a kind of fig which ripens towards the winter. There is the Chelidonia Gemma, so called because it resembles a swallow in colour. There is the Chelonia Gemma, a species of precious stone, properly, the eye of the Indian tortoise. It is sometimes called Chelonites. Finally, there is the Chelonitis, a Precious Stone in the form of a tortoise, which was found formerly where the Tangra joins with the Elbe, and of which there are several species; some of large size, and some so small that they are scarcely visible to the eye; some bright or pale tawny, or gold colour; some with black lines, after the manner of the shell on the sea tortoise. There are also some which have an oblong shape, and the quality of the ostracias. Others shine like the onyx. There is also a stone which Pliny calls Chelonia, and which is said to be the eye of the Indian tortoise, as already stated, or by others to be found in the heart of the tortoise. CHEMIA --- Some linguists say that Chemia is, and is called, an Art of Melting or Fusing, an Art of Analysis, and that the prefix ali is an emphatic and expletive particle, much as in the word manack, to which al is also prefixed, and then we have almanack, wherein the whole year and every day is numbered, and many other things are reckoned. But others would derive our term from the Greek, so that it should mean Archimia or Archodunia, the prime wisdom and knowledge, since it, moreover, has in itself the highest and most miraculous secret, and he that attains thereto will be facile princeps in all the other arts. Theophrastus, in the Book of Nature, says that in former times it was called Usopus and Usopaica; it is an art of melting and fusing which the world cannot dispense with, since hence come all wealth and property, medicine and handicraft. It is also called the Spagyric Art, the Art of Separation, whereby we learn to recognize the genera and species of all minerals; their beginnings, causes and effects; how they may grow, and are subjected to cleansing, improvement, alteration, commingling, union, augmentation and diminution. The ordinary definition runs as follows: Chemia is the Art of Separating Essences from any mixed substance whatsoever, and of suitably preparing the magisteries of artifices. It teaches the method of removing that which diminishes the grade, which detains or impedes. It teaches how to separate the false from the true, and to reduce things to perfection. Theophrastus also says: The third foundation of medicine is Alchemy. Nature never produces that which is perfect, or that which is complete in its condition, but man has to complete. This completing art is called alchemical. For the baker is an alchemist up to the point of baking bread; the tender of wines in that he cools wines is an alchemist; so also the weaver up to the point of making cloth. Therefore concerning that which is produced by Nature becoming useful to mankind, whosoever brings it into that condition which was ordained by Nature is an alchemist, however dull and unskilled otherwise he may be, even he who turns a raw sheep skin into a fur cloak. Therefore there is no art without alchemy. Again Theophrastus writes thus: Alchemy is an art which teaches how to distinguish the stars from the bodies, in order to direct the stars following the constellation in obedience. For direction is not in the bodies, but in the firmament. Hence it follows that what the brain assimilates is implied in the course of the Moon; what the milk assimilates produces Saturn; what the heart assimilates produces the Sun. Therefore the external firmaments are the directors of the Balm for a long time. Melissa will not wait upon the mother, unless she takes Venus away. Some derive Chemia from the Greek word which signifies to melt. CHRISTI PABULUM --- i.e., Virgin's Urine. CHROMA --- i.e., Colour.

CHRYSOCALCOS --- i.e., Brass. CHRYSOCOLLA --- It is necessary here to distinguish between the Chrysocolla, which is another name for Borax, and that which is another name for a precious stone called Amphitane by Pliny (1. 37, c. 10). Distinction must also be made between both these, and the imitation Borax, which was used by painters of old, and also passed under the name of Chrysocolla. The Chrysocolla here mainly treated is not Borax of the common sort. It is, as it were, a gluten of gold; it is the German mountain-green, and that viridity which is sometimes found on slate. There is a native and there is a manufactured kind. Dioscorides treats of native Chrysocolla (1. 5, c. 54). There are varieties from Armenia, Macedonia, and Cyprus, and some excellent species of German origin. It is obtained from gold mines and copper mines, and up to the present time has been unknown to our physicians. It is also mined in Hungary, Burgundy, and Silesia, and gold is extracted from it by smelting. It is a sort of species of nitre. It may also be called a scissile green, as verdigris, or green of copper, is a rasile green. Pliny (1. 33, c. 5) calls it a putrid vein of humour congealed into a sort of slime in pits, and describes it as obtained from copper, gold, and silver mines. The manufactured Chrysocolla may be distinguished into hard, medium, and herbaceous, slimy, etc. But Dioscorides classifies them all among the species of verdigris, which are now used by goldsmiths, and were used formerly by doctors. He speaks of native Chrysocolla as formed of the urine of infants. And this is also called Tinckar and Borax. Native Chrysocolla has a dispersing and consuming quality. Pliny enumerates it among painters' colours. There is a distinct difference between manufactured and native Chrysocolla. Out of native Chrysocolla and azure blue, the best gold is made. Mica or Catsilver, of which we have already treated, is a species of Chrysocolla, concerning which consult Serapion, s.v., Tincar, who says that Chrysocolla is found on the shores of the sea, and is a species of salt which is hot and dry in the fourth degree. As to its medical uses, and how it is cleansed, see Dioscorides. Note that an over-dose is poisonous. Chrysocolla is also called Azot, Rebis, Water of Sulphur, Flower, Soul, Ghost. 1. Pure native Chrysocolla from Carpathos. 2. Chrysocolla from Misnia in a metallic Copper Stone-pure mountain green. 3. Native Chrysocolla from the Rhetian Alps, combined with Molochites, or Malachite. 4. Chrysocolla from the Slate Stone of Islebia. 5. The greenness which appears on slates. 6. Artificial Chrysocolla. CHRYSOLITHUM --- The precious stone called Chrysolite, which, like the Hyacinth, comes from Ethiopia, and is translucent with a gold light, whence it receives its name. Consult Pliny (1. 33, c. 9 and 12). Solinus calls it Chrysolampin, and Pliny says that its colour grows pallid by day, but shines like fire in the night. Albertus speaks of it as a gem which is very beautiful in the morning; but, as the day waxes, it loses the charm of its lustre, and seems altogether to deteriorate. It has antipathy for fire, which causes combustion in it. The same writer regards Marcasite as a gold-coloured species of Chrysolite, and calls it a blue and red stone. The virtue of Chrysolite is to raise melancholy spirits, to cure scabbiness and ulcers, and to mitigate the heat of fever. In the second Metamorphosis of Ovid, we find that it enters into the composition of the chariot of the Sun, the axis of the wheel being gold, the spokes silver, and the yokes of Chrysolite. CHRYSOCOLITE --- also signifies Arsenic, and the unknown stone Achesium.

CHRYSOS, or CHRYSION --- i.e., Gold. CHYMIA --- is derived from a Greek term which signifies the process of melting. Whence we have sap, or juice, and chemistry becomes the art of making or extracting sap. But among the ancient chemists the idea of coagulation was included under that of solution, and hence we have the term Chymia as the science of solution and coagulation. The prefix al is of Arabic origin, and with the Arabs the term signified the Spagyric Art, the art of extracting and condensing, also of separating and cleansing. Thus, chemistry is the science of dividing the pure from the impure for the confection of medicines, not alone for the healing of human bodies, but also, by another adjustment, for educing metals to the highest state of perfection. CHYMUS --- i.e., Mass. Also, refuse. CIANUM --- Whetstone. CIBATIO --- Corporation. CIBUR, or CHYBUR --- i.e., Sulphur. CICATRISANS --- What burns leaves. CICINUM OLEUM --- The Oil of an Egyptian tree, called also Croton. CIMENTARE --- To Unite. CINEFACTIO --- is that process by which substances are reduced to ashes. But alkalis and metallic soot are sometimes called ashes. The name applies properly to substances that have been reduced by fire. Its administration is twofold close and open. CINIS --- The Impure Body. When the Mercury kills the bodies, there remains a precious ash, and it is called Calcination, Cibation. The ash is a white powder. CINIS HEDERAE --- Ash of Ivy, or Clavellated Ash. CINIS CLAVELLATUS --- i.e., Alkali. CINIS EX CINERE --- is Salt, Extracted Water. The ash is fixed therein. It is a cinder of a cinder; it is called Congealed Coagulate, for it coagulates water into earth ; it is also called the Ferment of Ferment, i.e., it ferments gold, as Rosinus states. Senior says: The purified Ash becomes an incrustation, and it is called Lime, Glass, Silver Litharge, Pure Water, Ashes. Then the bad earthly nature is removed, and that is their leaves and flowers-spirit and soul. CINIS FARMENTITIUS --- is called by the Germans Ashes of Vine Twigs. It is useful not only to physicians and surgeons, but to chemists. Pliny and Dioscorides enumerate its more secret virtues. It contains the potency of salt in a milder form. It removes fleshy execrescences. But its virtue differs according to the difference and quality of the material which is burnt. See Serapion and Galenus. CINIFICATUM --- i.e., Calcined. CINERICIUM --- A Goldsmith's Basket wherein gold or silver is totally burnt.

CINERIS VENA --- Ash. CINERITIUM --- is an Amalgam of Gold or Silver, by some called Regale. CINNABARIS --- There is very great doubt among doctors as to what is actually signified by Cinnabar, for the term is applied by different authorities to very diverse substances. For the better distinction of true, fictitious, and manufactured Cinnabar, observe the following tabulation: Cinnabar is of two kinds. True, Cinnabar, of which we here treat, which was called by the ancients the Blood of the Dragon, a name it still retains. It is also twofold, namely, Metallic, of which we treat below. 1. Red, like Sandarac and red lead. It is found in the form of small lumps. It was used by Venetian painters, because it is blood-colour. It is an antidote in medicine. 2. Black, and of globular shape; but this is an adulterated kind, which is shown by its excessive toughness. It is sometimes sophisticated with gum, and in this state is sold by apothecaries as genuine. Pliny (l. 33, c. 7) speaks of Indian Cinnabar, which differs from the other varieties, and calls it the corrupted blood, or gore, of the dragon, when that animal has been crushed by the weight of an elephant which it has destroyed, and Cinnabar is really a combination of the blood of them both. To this Solinus assents. Other writers regard it as a metallic substance, and Dioscorides places it among metals. The Arabians classify it as a sap. Serapion says it is the sap of the plant ironwort, but when Dioscorides very exhaustively describes this herb, he does not mention its sap. Those who consider that Cinnabar is the exudation of a plant, or rather of a tree, say that the fact is indicated by its taste and flavour. They affirm that the tree comes from Lybia and the neighbouring regions, and that in our own parts it is obtained from the pitch or resin of the pine, which the apothecaries of Italy sell for the resin of the terebinth, to which it is similar in colour. So also Platearius affirms the blood of the dragon to be the sap of an herb or tree in India or Persia. There is also metallic Cinnabar, called Nulton and Minium, or Red Lead. It is of two kinds, native and manufactured. The first is red in colour, like Sandarac, and when melted it makes quicksilver and sulphur. It is otherwise called Minium, and is of red colour, like Sandarac. It is found in silver mines, according to Pliny. Cordus says that it exists also in the vicinity of the Rhine, and in very large quantities at Schonbach. There is a vein of it in the mines of Misnensia, and the Germans call it Quicksilver Earth or Ore. It was held precious by the Romans, as Pliny informs us (1. 33, c. 7), and is referred to in the tenth Eclogue of Virgil. The former writer speaks of it sometimes as a vein of Minium and the stone Minium, and we find that it commonly adheres to a species of fissilestone. The continual exudation of the stone in these veins is called quicksilver. According to Vitruvius, Anthracite was regarded as a kind of Minium, and at any rate the concrete Anthracite is found in close proximity to metallic Cinnabar, and when the latter is dug up the spade of the miner causes quicksilver to exude visibly, and it is straightway collected by the delver. It is to be noted that the term Anthrax was applied to many substances by the Greeks, and among these: 1. To the veins of Red Lead, as appears from the words of Vitruvius already referred to. 2. To the precious stone called Hematite, which see. 3. To that most noble gem which Pliny calls Carbuncle.

4. To a species of earth, which is mentioned by writers on husbandry, and I believe it to be that which is dug up in some parts of Saxony, is dried in the sun, and is then used for wood, and for fires; it is undoubtedly a species of bitumen. And bitumen dried on the surface of the earth by the heat of the sun is the mother of that coal which is bitumen hardened by heat inside the earth. 5. There is also that substance which Theophrastus describes as like coal yet hardly coal, and nevertheless used in fires, as if it were coal. But it is lighter; a variety of this substance is found in our mines, and is called Pit Coal. It is not mentioned by Pliny. That also should not pass without a reference which Theophrastus terms true Minium, not using the Greek word which signifies Cinnabar in its sandy state, but which he calls also Cinnabar, not that it is that substance, but because it is like it in appearance. There is one important difference between native Minium and Sandarac. From Minium frequently, both the adapted and the rude kinds, Quicksilver may be obtained, which in the case of Sandarac is scarcely possible. Again when the ore containing Minium is cleansed previous to roasting, a part of it changes into quicksilver, and when it has been dried and pounded returns to its original colour. It is named either after the nation which uses it or the purpose to which it is applied --- either Sinopia or Rubrica, or Artisan's Milton. Manufactured Cinnabar is composed by chemists of quicksilver and sulphur. There is also an adulterated Minium which is called Cinnabar, and is made from lead. Finally, there is a false Minium in argentiferous and saturnian alloys which is burnt out of a stone found in veins, and of this Pliny writes (1. 33, c. 7). The same author's account of the method used in the confection of minium is borrowed from Theophrastus. CIRCIUS --- North West. CIRCULATIO --- is the Exaltation by the agency of Heat of a Pure Liquid through a circular solution and coagulation in the Pelican. It is only for those liquid substances which are to be resolved or attenuated into air, and can thence in return be brought back into a liquid state; it most frequently follows those extractions by which essences are made. Not uncommonly it discharges the office of rectification, since liquids when they come out of it are not any weaker, but purer, more potent, and more translucid. Several operations concur in its administration, such as digestion, sublimation, vicarious distillation, etc. For example, much trouble and care are required for the proper extraction of spirit of wine, so that it may be obtained without any phlegmatic part. For as often as it is elevated, it always takes some moisture with it. Next, we will show by an experiment the manner of this circulation. The very best wine that can be obtained is taken, and it is poured in a capacious circulating vessel. When the aperture has been sealed up, it is left in the water bath for fourteen days, so that it may continually boil in water. Then it is taken out and put in a phial, and is in winter time placed still hot into cold snow water, an alembic being at hand with a receiver. But in summer it is placed in a cellar, in a refrigerating vessel, and the spirit being pure and free from all moisture, passes from the alembic and is discharged into the receiver. When no further ascension takes place the receiver is removed, and the phial is taken away with the wine, which now contains no true spirit but what Theophrastus terms vinum adustum. The spirit of wine is caused to revolve in the circulating vessel until no further liquefaction can take place; it is then dealt with by a humid elevation. When the material on which it is to operate is placed in the receptacle, it absorbs it readily, and relinquishes flight. CIRCULATORIUM --- is a Glass Vessel in which the liquor there placed is rotated, as in a circle, by alternate ascending and descending. It is used chiefly in rarefactions and circulations. There are many varieties in the conformation of this vessel, of which the two most important are the Pelican and the Diota.

CIRCULUS --- is a round Iron Utensil for cutting glasses, the iron being heated and passed lightly round the glass, until that also is hot, when in this state it is aspersed with cold water, or subjected to a cold air, and so severed. CISIA BIROTA --- The Stand for the Whetstone. CISSUM --- A Tub for measuring. CIST or KIST --- is a Measure and a half of a Measure, according to the measuring of wine-about four pounds. CITRINATION --- is the Resurrection. CITRINULORUM, PHARMACUM EX COLCHOTARE --- i.e., Calcined Vitriol, reduced to an Alkali. It has much of the transparency which characterizes crystal. CITRINULA --- i.e., Flammula, an Herb mentioned by Paracelsus. CITRINULUS --- Crystal. CLARETA, LEUCON, or LEUCOMA --- White of Egg. CLARUM --- That which is made out of Crystal. CLAVI CORNUTI --- The curved Peg to hold the Leather of the Bellows. CLEPSYDRIA --- is the subduction of the liquor through the eye of a solid vessel perforated underneath. This was formerly performed in horological instruments, i.e., in instruments which registered the time taken over the work. Hence the name. Water, oil, and mineral solutions were treated in this way. The term eye signifies the door by which the subduction took place, although for this purpose other names are used, such as channel, funnel, the top of the tube, lid, etc. The method varied, as in other cases. CLIMIA ERIPS --- i.e., Cathimia of Orpiment. It has also a brilliant colour ; it resembles Cathmia of Silver, or Cathimia. Taken by itself, it signifies Chalk of Silver, or Silver Chalk. CLISSUS --- is the secret virtue of things going from and returning whence it first started. It displays itself first in shoots, then in leaves, then in flowers, and seeds, and then again in taking root. CLYSSUS --- is a composite species made of the several varieties of any matter, separately elaborated. Thus, Clyssus may embrace the entire essence of a substance, when, all impurities and refuse having been separated, the essential parts of the species are amalgamated into one composition. Or, it is the extraction of the subtlety of all portions of a plant, commonly conjoined. The unification is accomplished in two ways. All the extracted virtues of the various members are conjoined and incorporated, or, otherwise, the oil is obtained in one cucurbit, the salt in another, the aqueous liquor in a third, and then the three are distilled through a common channel communicating

with each cucurbit into one alembic, and there united. But this process does not easily succeed. For oil and water do not rise up equally. But the oils and the waters may be united separately. COADUNATIO --- is Elaboration, by which things that are separated may be united. It is sometimes called Coagulation, and hence that dogma of the philosophers, that chemistry consists in solution and coagulation, which, nevertheless, refers chiefly to the mystery of the stone. Thus Coadunation is the reduction of a solution into a coagulated state, when it is possible for the substances operated on to assume that state. There are two kinds: Composition and Coagulation. COAGULATION --- is the condensation from a tenuous and fluid consistency of things of the same nature, and their reduction into a solid state. Thus, those substances which have been attenuated by an aqueous, aerial, or fiery resolution, are hereby reduced into a homogeneous body. And thus Coagulation is co-ordinated by many other operations-divaporation, exaltation, sublimation, distillation, etc. It is performed in two ways : by Segregation and Comprehension. And it is either cold or hot. Cold Coagulation is when the substance dissolved by heat is coagulated by cold. Hot Coagulation is when by means of a suitable heat the dissolved matter is coagulated. Coagulation by Segregation is when, certain portions being segregated, the rest are concreted. The operation may he termed Concretion. It is performed with heat, whereby the humour is evaporated, or exhaled, and thus the cause of fluidity is removed. COAGULUM --- A coagulating or macerating mixture, planter of Paris ; it is produced from milk, and causes milk to coagulate; it is also a ferment. Mercury is the milk. Our Mercury is the coagulator of its Sulphur. Mary the prophetess calls the Sulphur of the Philosophers Coagulating Coagulate, the Soul of the First Matter, and our Gold, because the Sulphur coagulates Mercury. It is also Ash Out of Ashes. COAGULUM --- i.e., Mercury. COAGULUM SPECIFICUM --- is the material earthly essence congealed into a dry consistency by Coagulation. COAGULATION --- by Comprehension is performed when the whole matter, comprehended together and remixed, is coagulated into a uniform substance. COATETZ --- is Half a Drop. COBASTOLI --- i.e., Ash. COSATIORUM FUMUS --- Cobalt. COCHLEA --- A Screw. COCHLEARE --- A Ladle, or Trowel. COCHLEARE ALBUM --- A white Ladle. COCILIO --- i.e., A Weight of two ounces.

CODAX --- Uvula. COELI PLANETARUM --- signify with Paracelsus the proper orbs, or the spheres themselves, not imaginary ones, to which certain motions are attributed by the heathens, Pliny and Empedocles, of which motions they knew as much as of the cause of volcanoes. If ignorant as to things that are upon earth, how could they judge of things at an immense distance except by deceptive conjectures? It is just that, on account of their infidelity, they should, amid their speculations and imaginations, receive no truth, whereas true visions are reserved by God for the faithful. False visions proceed from the enemy of the truth, and hence result the speculations of the infidels. COELUM PHILOSOPHORUM --- is some matter which far transcends the nature of the vulgar elements, such as the Stone of the Philosophers, the Universal Medicine, etc. COELUNA --- is a Heavenly Spirit which makes its way into the essential forms of things, and thereby solidifies and purifies them. It is the purest of all things, the quintessence, complete and abiding, and conducts with it all the stars of the circle of the underworld. This is Microcosmos, the smaller world. Their proper spheres are in the planets. This under-heaven has earth and water, which must be separated and purified, and again conjoined to produce life and motion, COEMENTUM --- is dry Corrosion, by which any metallic body is arranged in layers with corrosive salts and other dessicating substances, and is so calcined and broken up. Calcination is performed in the following manner: The body to be cemented is reduced into thin plates, and cut up with forceps into small pieces. The corrosive substances are pounded into powder and steeped in vinegar, wine, or aqua fortis, till they are like a pulp, or poultice (some go to work with dry corrosives). The poultice or powder, or rather a part thereof, is placed in the box of the cementing vessel, a layer of the metal to be treated is deposited over it, then another portion of the corrosives, and so in succession, until the receptacle is full, or until all the metal has been exhausted, when it is covered with a final layer of corrosives, and the whole sealed up with pitch or some tenacious substance, and the operation of cementing is then performed with fire, or over a furnace, which must continue, according to the grade of cementing required, for four, six, eight, twelve, or twentyfour hours. N.B.-Let us suppose that it is my intention to prepare the Flower of Mars, or Chalybs, and that by cementation. I take a proper quantity of living calx, and compose it into a paste by means of an adult's urine. I place so much of this pulp in the bottom of the box of the cementing vessel as will be a finger's breadth deep. Over this I arrange plates of Chalybs, and seal the vessel as above. Everything being otherwise made ready, I place the box in a cementing furnace, and keep up for twenty-four hours a continuous fire rising from the third to the fourth grade. Then taking the matter from the vessel, I operate upon it in the mortar till it is reduced to a very fine powder; I separate the calx from the chalybs by heat; I dry the residuum; and the result is the best quality of Crocus Martis. Crocus Veneris is obtained in the same way, and is useful in many operations. COENUM --- i.e., excrement. COERULEUM --- so called on account of its colour, is Lapis Lazuli. The varieties are these: 1 Very beautiful Ultra Marine, or Cyprian, Coeruleum, similar to the best manufactured kind. 2. Native Coeruleum, in little clods, concave within, and removed from a very white earth. Beautiful blue, azure lumps which are internally hollow, and are found in a whitish grey earth. 3. Paduan, which is found in light grey earth. A blue and dark grey clod.

4. Native Thuringian, dug up in large quantities near Muchella. Ordinary blue, found in Thuringia. 5. Native, found abundantly, cleaving to hard, ash-coloured earth. 6. A fine Polish Lazuli. 7. A native Polish Lazuli, mixed with a hard, greyish earth. 8. Impure Lazuli on a white stone. 9. Spanish Lazuli, containing fine gold. 10. Native Snebergensian, cleaving to a rough stone. 11. Islebian mountain Lazuli, in a slate stone. 12. A beautiful mountain Lazuli, with mountain green in an iron ore and white quartz. 13. Native Snebergensian, together with a pure Chrysocolla on a hard and white flint, distinctly cleaving to it. 14. Native Gieshubelian, in a pyrites from which silver is excocted, and this is mixed with a congealed green sap, and is arranged in rings or zones, and the sap in question flows freely and plentifully outside the vein. A Mountain Lapis Lazuli in an extremely beautiful copper ore, out of which there is daily produced a grey colour or sappy exudation. 15. Manufactured Lapis Lazuli. 16. Manufactured Ultramine, which is affirmed to be brought out of Spain and from Thrace. 17. Blue green, which appears in a slate. Native mined Coeruleum, or Lazuli, is of two kinds. It is found in the mines of Cyprus, according to Dioscorides (1. 5, c. 56), among cuprine alloys, and a most excellent quality in our own gold and copper mines, as, for example, those of Saxony and Silesia. It is also found in Hungary and Lotharingia. It is like a little pebble or stone under the earth, and adheres, like Chrysocolla, a scissile stone. Gold is extracted from it in Silesia. Its medicinal virtue astringent and dispersing. It is burnt like Chalcitis and washed like Cadmia. Pliny gives warning against its use in a crude form. He enumerates three species, Egyptian, Scythian, Cyprian, and to these may be added Campanian and Spanish. The right understanding of Coeruleum is as important as that of Chrysocolla. It is hard and yields little in this to iron. There is a brittle species which is beautiful in colour, but is impure and of scant use. For the rest, consult Serapion (lib. Agg., c. Hager), Alzanard, etc. Some will have it that Coeruleum is hot and dry in the third degree ; others that it is hot in the second and dry in the third. It has affinity with Armenian-stone, which is blue according to Dioscorides and green according to Pliny: it is not so hard as the emerald, but is sometimes used as its substitute: The second kind of Coeruleum is found in hollows under caverns of the sea, among the sea sand. Manufactured Coeruleum. Of this there are many species, some prized by chemists. Pills are occasionally made from it by a grave error, as they should be prepared from the native kind and from the Armenian, the purging virtue of which has been described by Aetius.

COHOB --- is Sand, or Dust. COHOBATIO --- is the frequent abstraction of the moisture of a body by continual effusion. COHOPH --- is a Paracelsian term very often made use of in the sense of Cohobation. It is that operation by which the matter is frequently soaked in liquid, and the moisture subsequently removed by distillation. It is that also by which the vegetables are steeped in their own sap, and then are left, or caused to putrefy and corrupt in a glass or in the Balneum Marie, or else in dung, until it is possible to separate the pure from the impure. Also the separation of the sap from the substance. COHOS --- is whatsoever the skin covers in the whole body; and the allusion is to the chaos reduced into order by the divine power which comprehends and spreads over all created things, issued from the primeval chaos, even as the skin comprehends and spreads over the whole mechanism of humanity. COLCOTAR --- with Paracelsus, is properly fixed Vitriol, from which the phlegmatic part has been extracted by distillation until no moisture remains therein. It is also the serpent or green lizard, which devours its own tail. It very often signifies Caput Mortuum. Vitriol is made red in a simple way without cohobation. It is also called red or citrine Atrament. It is made red until it calcines. It is ironically called Red Henry, to satirise certain lying surgeons, etc., who pretend to treat all kinds of sores and wounds by means of this one medicament, and destroy rather than cure the sick. COLERITIUM --- is a Liquid composed of Corrosives which are destructive to metals. Gold is the only metal which can withstand it, and, accordingly, it is assayed therewith. It will demonstrate the existence of the minutest alloy of inferior metals. COLICA --- is a Pain in the Womb or Bowels, and is caused by tartar dissolved in the stomach. COLIS ASSURGENS CIRCA MACHINAE CASAM --- Heap of Rubbish. COLLECTA, SYMBOLUM --- Contributions to any expenditure. COLLECTAM EXIGERE A DODLINIA --- to ask contributions from the masters. COLLIQUATIO, or COLLIQUEFACTIO --- is the conjunction by an igneous melting of several fusible substances, molten into one composition. COLOFONIA --- i.e., Greek Pitch, Resin, or Gum at the Pine. COLORATIO --- or Colouring, by means of a Liquid Ingredient, is a method frequently resorted to. It is the liquid tinging. The substance to be coloured is made to drink, or to imbibe the colouring matter. It is performed in various ways, according to the quality of the subject, its texture, hard or soft, its degree of moisture or dryness, etc. Then also regulate the number of times that the operation must be repeated. It should be noted that there is a colouring of two kinds --- when the whole substance of a thing is to be dyed, and when only an external coating is required. External colouring concerns only the surface of a material, and is performed in many ways, the sides of the object being successively turned to the light when it is only required to tone down, or cause a fading in the actual hue.

Colouring by the heat of the sun is another method, made use of when it is required to educe a latent colour from potentiality into activity, or from the unseen into the manifest. It is serviceable also in arcane tinctures, such as invisible ink on paper. Colouring by ablution is when dull, dusk, or obscure colours are washed with acid waters, and the colour is thus heightened and refurbished. COLORITIUM --- is a gradation of colour by means of a penetrating paste. It is a process for tinging, used principally with metals. It will not enter far below the surface, because of its grossness, unless, indeed, it be plentifully mixed with moisture, and thus formed into a thin slime. COMBUSTIO --- is Ignition, the reduction of bodies into CaIx by burning. It is either incineration or vitrification. COMISDI --- Gum Arabic. COMFLEXIO --- is the Nature of a Thing. It is the quality of Heat or Cold. According to Paracelaus the latter has a humid nature, the former a dry nature. There are therefore two complexions, not four. For the proper nature of things hot, when simple and unmixed, is always dry, and if such a substance should absorb humidity, it will be changed by the cold nature, and the latter will receive a dry quality from the former. COMMINUTIO --- The reduction of a matter into minute parts by the application of some kind of force, such as grinding, pounding, hammering, etc., The dessication or cribation of the substance will sometimes facilitate the process. COMPOSITIO --- is the Conjunction of Substances that differ. It is either mixture or conglutination. COMMISSURIE SAXORUM --- Fissures in the Stones. COMPAS, INSTRUMENTUM --- ? An Instrument with an Index. CONCHA --- A Glass Vessel in the shape of a trough or tub, with a mouth and a handle. CONDER --- i.e., Frankincense. CONFIRMAMENTUM --- The Stellar Body, or Astral Body of Man. CONFORTATIVA --- Tonics are Medicaments which strengthen the hearts and natures of man, and fortify the system so that what is hurtful cannot enter therein. This in a very eminent way is the method of all medicine, and herein consists the whole spagyric art. For nature is her own doctor : the man who bears the name of physician is only the minister of nature, and the servant of the true physician. If any one presume beyond this point, he is a molester of nature, and her destroyer. A tonic is that which strengthens man's nature and enables it to throw off accidental malady. CONFUSIO --- which is a pouring together, is a process for the commingling of liquids, which are naturally fluidic. Whether of the parts or of the whole, the consistency is aqueous, or fluidic. At the same time, there are many liquid substances which will unite readily without any methodical process.

CONGELATION ---When the matter becomes thick and flows no more, but is instead tenacious, and stands firm, like ice upon water, then is the hard part broken, that all may become fluid and aqueous. CONGELATIVA --- are Medicaments which repress fluxes, and are of restraining and drying quality. CONGLUTEN, or CONGLUTINATUM --- That which by putrefaction turns into a lime or glue. CONGLUTINATIO --- is Composition by glueing or sticking together, the nature of the substances remaining the same. So also this is reduction, or integral restitution. Now, the nature of gluten varies, and the name is applied to any substance which by virtue of a tenacious viscidity joins one thing to another, or holds things together. CONJUGIUM --- is Copulation --- the union of the man and wife. Some say that there are three kinds of it: the first of the spirit and the earth, the second of the ferment and the stone, the third of the medicine and of the subject. But here we speak at the commencement, when the red man approaches the white woman by means of the water. The conjunction is the copulation of the congealed spirit with the dissolved body, as Theophrastus states. When the blood of the Red Lion and the blood of the White Eagle are united, the Red Lion can become the White Eagle, and be one with it. The Red Lion becomes white in order that the white may become red. Secondly, they must be married alive; then the woman approaches the man; the man renders her fruitful; then they must be placed in the sealed bed, in order that the woman may not flee away, and, lastly, into the bath of the sea --- that is, the black solution of conception. The matter suffers, the form works itself, making the matter like it; the matter desires after the form, as the woman after the man. The commencement of the union is the calcination; then the Mercury calcines and triturates the bodies; coition takes place when the matter begins to become white ; then the feminine seed coagulates ; and there arises from both a third substance. Then this loses its individuality, and commences anew. Aristotle tells us that the true seed is a celestial and heavenly thing; it is possible to separate it, although it be indeed a separate and distinct power of life; for, when the matter of the seed enters, a living spirit doth also find s way therein. But the matter of the seed comes out, and then indeed a living spirit doth most assuredly find its way therein. CONSOLIDATIVUM --- is a Medicament which assists the formation of new flesh over wounds and ulcers. CONSERVANTIATIA PHRYSICORUM --- are especially Medicaments which preserve life and the body from corruption. They are to be sought for the most part in those things which naturally possess a persistent and long-living quality, which also have a tendency towards corruption --- as perennial and evergreen plants in the vegetable world; in the mineral world, substances which possess an abundance of essential liquid; among metals, those which are least subject to rust and verdigris. That which sustains the health of men, and therefore wards off sicknesses. CONSOLIDA AUREA SOPHIA --- An Herb having leaves similar to hyssop, and circular ewers, like the Flammula of Paracelsus. It is also called Milkwort and golden Thalictrum. It is somewhat obscure and humble, it is not much down; but its virtues were familiar to Paracelsus. It is found in Carinthia and about the Danube, in Argentoria and other places, including parts of Alsatia. Note that this plant seems to be the same as wild honeysuckle.

CONSTELLATIO --- Supernorum astrorum in inferna virium et virtutum impressio operatio. The influence of the superior stars upon things below, and the operation and infusion of virtues according to a natural and harmonic law. This doctrine is a combination of hermetic principles with the arcane theorems of Paracelsus, and is concerned with the impressions produced and the operations performed by the constellations of the superior stars acting on inferior things. It embodies a most excellent physical science concerning the signatures of natural objects and the sympathies and influences interacting between that which is above and that which is below. CONSTRICTIVA --- are surgical Styptic Medicaments which close up the mouths of wounds. CONTERFEHE --- Iliac Passion, bursting of the guts, a painful form of gripes. CONTORSIO --- Iliac Passion, burstig of the guts, a painful form of gripes. CONTRACTIO --- is Impotence, or deficiency of the virile members. CONTUS --- An Iron Tool. CONTUS FERREUS --- Pushpick. CONTUS FOSSORUM --- Crowbar. CONTUS TERTIUS --- A Trial Rod. CONTUS UNCINATUS --- A Tapping Bar or Matlock. CONUM --- i.e., the top of the alembic. COOSTRUM --- The middle of the Diaphragm. COQUERE --- To steep. COR --- Fire, or any great Heat. Among metals it signifies Gold. COR FUFFLA --- is the impurity of bodies. CORALLUS, CORALLIUM, BASSAD, BESED, BASSATH, the Arabic BELISIS --- are all names for Coral, and it was known to the Greeks as Gorgian, among other significations, on account of the fable that the substance originated from the head of Medusa. See Pliny, 1. 32, c. 2. It is also called CEeralium, Ciralium, and Curalium. It is to be distinguished from Coralloachates, a kind of precious stone or agate, which from its gold-coloured spots resembles Coral. See Pliny, l. 37, c. 10. True Coral is nothing else but a marine shrub, of which the nature is well-known, though many fables have been coined to account for its origin; among others that in the Fourth Metamorphosis of Ovid, where the legend of Perseus and Medusa is very prettily introduced to account for it. When Perseus concealed the head which he had severed from the Gorgon under twigs and leaves on the sea shore, it was found that the plants in question became hardened or petrified. In this state they were found by the sea nymphs, who scattered the twigs over the sea; and from their seeds we have Coral, which still possesses the stony quality imparted to it by the head of Medusa.

According to Pliny and Solinus the stone Lyncurium, Lyncorion, or Lyncurinus, a precious stone, or, as some say, Amber, which some of the ancients believed to be formed from the urine of a lynx, congealed in the air, changes adorning themselves with gold. Solinus, in his eighth chapter, cites Methrodus and Zoroaster as his authorities, for I know not what fables about the virtues and potencies of Coral-how it protects against lightning, and those whirlwinds mixed with fire which are mentioned by Valerius Flaccus. Those who will may consult Serapion in his Lib. Agg., where it will be found that the root of Coral is called Nigem and Mergem, whereas the branches pass under the name of Bassath. Avicenna also treats of Coral, and both writers say that it is good for epilepsy, that it improves the blood, prevents bad dreams, and is generally a useful medicament. Other authorities signify other virtues, and experience itself teaches that red Coral has a whitening quality, and is most powerful in dispersing stone in the bladder. Pliny (1. 36, c. 19) says that Coral is called Pyrites, but it is not pyrites, nor any species of marcasite, but he seems to understand by the term any stone from which fire can be struck. Coral actually is a glutinous and humid viscosity of the earth which by its own heat and that of the sea is transmuted into a stony substance-that which has more aquosity being white-and that it is fashioned by nature after the manner of branches of trees. I have seen Coral specimens of immense size, and also true white Coral near the port of Tangra, which was undoubtedly formed of the viscosity of the earth, hardened by its own heat and by water. I have seen flints in the same place. As it is certainly true that the same things are at times made after different ways, so it is possible that coral may be produced not only by the induration or petrefaction of a marine plant, but also by a viscosity of the earth. We frequently find that lampreys, eels, and so on, are generated out of a viscous slime. They breed also by rubbing together, and so producing a sort of soft spume or froth. Finally, they breed by the ordinary fashion of depositing eggs. But enough of this matter. To return to our subject, Coral is made by art in imitation of Nature, and we find manufactured specimens which seem almost to equal, so closely do they resemble, the genuine kind. On this point the practical chemists may be consulted, and also as to the composition of counterfeit coral. CORIUM TERRAE --- Earth. CORNELIUS --- or more properly Corneolus, is a gem or stone found on the sea shore in Italy, and now also in Germany, where it is well known, as it is frequently set in rings. It appears to me to be, and so far as my knowledge extends, it is a species of jasper. But there are two kinds of Cornelian, one which is bright red, and another which is paler in its colour, for it approaches flesh tint, whence some say that it has its name of Corneolus. There is also a Cornelian with small white spots, another with white lines, yet another which is spread all over with a dusky redness, while some specimens are brilliant like vermilion. Its medicinal quality is to stop bleeding, to check menstruation, and hemorrhage. It is also said to assuage passion, and is a cleansing dentifrice for the mouth. CORNU CERVI --- is in chemistry the Beak of the Alembic. In Paracelsian medicine it is a healing herb for wounds, having leaves like the horns of a stag, with which it is connected by the doctrine of signatures. COROCRUM --- i.e., Ferment. CORPUS --- (1) The body is a metallic entity, wherein the virtue' of the Universal Spirit resides and fixes the spirits. That which is fixed is called a body. It is also called substance and ashes, because it is fixed. It also has a fixed Sulphur. It is, moreover, called Earth, Magnesia, Caba, Matrix, Key, Holy Virgin, the King's Crown, Talc, Glass, Spirit of Glass, Alum, Gum of Scotland, Sulphur Water, Lunar Froth, White Gum. For there are four bodies. (2) The bodies are not naturally dark, gloomy and black. When living they are bright, white and clear. A perfect body is ferment and

tincture. The white is imperfect, the red is perfect. (3) The body is the earth which remains on the floor as dead. For the virtue ascends with the spirit. (4) The soul is the virtue of the body, which, being sublimated with the spirit, is the oil of the body. The spirit is the mercurial water which extracts and sublimates the soul. CORPUS INVISIBILE --- is the soul, so called because it holds a middle position between the visible body and the spirit. It is called a body because it participates in the qualities of a body, and invisible because it participates in the nature of an invisible spirit. These are physical and not theological definitions. CORPUS PHYSICUM --- is the subject of Nature. CORPORA SUPERCOELESTIA --- are those bodies which are known to the mind only by means of imagination, and not to the eyes of flesh. They are the subjects of wonderful spagyric operations. CORROSIO --- is a Calcination, reducing coagulated substances by means of corrosive spirits into Calx. It is either vaporous or immersive. Corrosion by Stratification is performed by Calcination, when that substance which is to be corroded is arranged in any vessel, in alternate layers with corrosive powders. The matter is either cut into thin plates, or broken into conveniently small pieces. Corrosion by Paste is performed when the thin metallic plates or fragments of stone, etc., are made into a kind of pottage or plaster. Hence this operation might be called a plastering. The plates are set aside somewhere until the corrosion takes place. It is requisite that the pottage should consist of separate materials, such as salts or sour chalcanthum. CORROSIVES --- are Surgical Medicaments, by which callous and superfluous flesh is removed. They are also called Catharetica, Nemomena, Septica. CORTEX AERIS --- Flower of Copper. CORTEX MARIS --- Philosophical Vinegar. CORUSCUS --- The Ear of a Mouse. COTICULA EXPERIRI AURUM --- to assay Gold. CRATER --- A Kettle which is wide above and narrow beneath. CRATICULA --- A Grate, is an iron instrument consisting of four iron bars, about the thickness of a finger, with a breadth of about half a finger between them ; it contains the fire beneath the chemical oven. CRETA ARGENTARIA --- is Argentiferous Earth, in which the presence of the precious metal is denoted by small silver sparkles. 1. Silver Chalk-stone.

2. Good Drawing Chalk. 3. Hard Chalk-stone. 4. Soft Waldenburg Clay. 5. Tophacea. 6. In a hard violet-coloured Ash. 7. Blue, mined in Thuringia, used in colouring walls. 8. Hard Green. 9. Semi-green. 10. Soft Black. 11. Soft Black, with Argentiferous Sparkles. 12. Hard Black Chalk. 13. White Artificer's, of which the walls of Matrona in Catalan are built, and of which the port of Algiers is also said to be constructed. CRETA NIGRA --- i.e., is Black Sulphur. CRIBRATORIUM --- A kind of sieve, colander, or strainer. It is also Mercury. Senior (an adept) says: Strain it with the strainer, that is, with the top of the retort or cucurbit. Let it, otherwise, be threaded, for it cometh out like a thread. Also a Barrel. CIBRUM --- A Sieve. CIBRUM ROTUNDATUM --- A Copper-lined colander, having an iron bottom. CROCUS AURICHALCUM --- Yellow Bronze. Also Fire, with its companions, dried. CRUCUS FLOS --- Saffron Flower. CRUCIBULUM --- is a Melting Vessel, made of some earth which can absolutely withstand fire; it has a narrow base, and widens out into a round or triangular body; it is used for melting and liquefying metals. There is also a species of crucible which is vulgarly called a Cupel, and is adapted for melting metals. CRUOR SALIS --- The superfluous Saline Matter, separated from natural Salt in digestion. CRUSTAE --- Scales. CRYSTALLUS --- is a Stone congealed out of snow by the intensity of frost. It is certainly ice, because it cannot tolerate heat. Hence also its name. It is brought from the East, India, Asia, Cyprus, and the Alpine range. This is on the authority of Pliny (1. 37, c. 2), where he also cites the opinions

of various authors as to its country, size, etc., also as to whether it is found in the earth, in pits, between rocks, and whether it is brought down by torrents. Certainly the white fluor which is found in our mines, and of which we have before treated, is, in all respects, similar to crystal. In the impassable Alpine crags, where no ray of sunlight ever penetrates, it becomes of immense size. Nor is this wonderful. For the snow never melts, and it increases daily. Pliny says that six-sided crystals grow spontaneously. I have seen smooth and triangular crystals which have, perhaps, been so shaped by art. For as with electrum, so also with crystal, it is possible to prepare and cleanse it True crystals have many flaws. They are sometimes rough, sometimes have ruddy stains, sometimes there is a cloud in them, sometimes an internal abscess or tumour, etc. The pure and limpid specimens are called Acentala, that is, unblemished, by Pliny. Of these the best vessels and drinking cups are made, and it is a pride of luxury to make use of what perishes so quickly. When broken, there is no way of repairing or piecing together the fragments. For the rest, crystal has a medicinal use in consuming bodies. Placed under the tongue, it is said to quench thirst. Ground and mixed with honey, it increases the milk of mothers. It has other powers and uses. Consult Solinus on the crystal in, the twentieth chapter of his Polyhistory. It was referred by the old astrologers to the Moon. Chemically speaking, the crystal is a fragile stone made by a chemical congelation. The congelation takes place in such a manner that the aqueous humour is withdrawn, and the sap congealed, so that a stone forms, without any operation of manifest heat. If, however, a part of the moisture be evaporated, the work proceeds more quickly. There are many species of crystal. 1. The most pure Alpine Sexangular Crystal. 2. Translucid Sexangular Crystal of Bohemia, combined with Pyrites. 3. Mined in Misnia at the mountain of Cribenstein. 4. Impure Sexangular Crystal, of the colour of whey. 5. Shining with a yellowish colour. 6. Polished and shaped into various figures. 7. Combined and coloured with Cinnabar. CUBIL --- i.e., Red Earth. CUCULATUM --- i.e., Brandy. CUCURBITA --- is a Vessel shaped for the most part like an inverted cone. One form is globeshaped at the bottom; another is flat. CUCURBITA AGRESTIS --- The Potato. CUCURBITA COECA --- A Vessel in which dissolutions of salts and other substances are thoroughly filtrated by vapour. CULATUM --- i.e., Calcined. CULTELLUS --- A small Knife. CULTELLUS UTRINQUE ACUTUS --- A two-edged Knife.

CUNEUS --- A Wedge of Ore, cut into pieces. CUNEUS FERREUS --- An Iron Wedge. CUNEUS SUSSCUS --- Another species of Wedge. CUNICULUS HABENS JUS POSSESSIONIS --- A smaller species of Wedge. CUNICULUM AGERE --- To extract the live lode for working. CUPEROSA --- i.e., Burnt Copper. CUPEROSUM --- A Vein of Cuprine Ore. CUPPA and CUPPA PARVA --- A kind of round knob. CUPRUM --- i.e., Copper, Venus, Cancer. CUPRUM KUBEUM INCOMPLETUM --- Red Copper. CURCUMA --- is a yellow substance called Siradonia, in use among dyers. CURTUMA, or CURSUMIA --- i.e., Gold. CURYATURA ROVE --- Wooden Twist, Block. CUTIS --- Skin. CYCIMA --- Lithargyrum, Silver Litharge. CYMOLEA, or CHYMOLEA --- Sedge or Reeds. CYMOLIA --- White washed Ore, White Silver Litharge, Marl, or Fuller's Earth. CYNNIA, CYMIA, CARORA --- A Vessel shaped like an urinal. CYNNABAR, ZINGIFUR --- i.e., Cinnabar. CYROENIA, CROCOMMA --- i.e., Refuse of Oil and of Saffron.

A Lexicon of Alchemy Martin Ruland

DDD

DACH --- A species of Rock. DACTILETUS --- is Meadow-Saffron, or Daisy. Also the timeless. DAIB, DEHEB, DEHEHEB, DEAD --- Names of Gold. DANITI --- A Weight of six barleycorns. DANK --- A Weight of six grains. DANSIR, or DENSIR --- is Sand. DARAM --- is Gem, jewel, etc. DARAN, or DAMATAN --- is Gama. [Unknown.] DASAT --- That is Lime, Birdlime, or Misletoe. DAURA, HELLEBORE --- Winter Aconite. Others say that it is Gold-leaf. DEBESSIS --- i.e., Tortoise-shell. DECIMAR --- is Lead, used for paying taxes. DECUMA --- Decade. DECUMANUS --- A tenth part. DEGEGI --- i.e., a Hen. DEHEN --- in Arabic, Zaic, or Zaich, is called Oil by every one, i.e., it is oil extracted from olives. DEHENE --- i.e., Blood. DEHENES, or DUENES --- i.e., Atrament. DEHENEZ, DUENEC, DUHENEC --- Names of Roman Vitriol.

DELIQUIUM --- A melting or flowing down, is the cold bath or solution of the chemists. Any coagulated substances are exposed upon glass or marble slabs either in a cold chamber, a well, or in a chamber of frigid air, when the same bodies, by reason of the surrounding temperature, and by the- aid of the external moisture, are resolved into liquid, and flow and distil into a vase beneath. Calcined Ashes, Salts, and bodies which are largely composed of Saline matter, are the most easily operated on in this way. But all bodies which melt in the cold can again be coagulated by heat. DELIQUIUM IN AERE --- Melting in air, is the Liquefaction of a concrete substance, which is accomplished by impregnating it with external humidity, dissolving its dry nature, so that the whole flows. The resolved matter is called liquor, and has an aqueous consistence. (Albeit, when, as sometimes occurs, limestones are dissipated by atmospheric or aqueous heat, this process is not called Equation, nor is that which results from it liquor.) Melting, or Deliquium, is of two kinds: Vaporous and Embaptic. The Vaporous Process is that whereby the matter, having been educed into a subtle powder, is exposed to the decomposing action of the air, and is dissolved by humectation into liquor. This corrupting air is warmer or colder, according to the nature of the subterranean waters. And unless the thing is capable of being dissolved by itself, it is laboriously reduced to the nature of a Salt, or something of that kind, this being principally effected by calcination, or by restoration to a dry state, which absorbs the external moisture with avidity, and is soon saturated. It is necessary to overcome the coherent tenacity, and to induce the crumbling quality of Salt. The Embaptic Process is that by which the matter is immersed in moisture and kept there till it is melted. This is done in two ways. For the matter is either placed first in a vase, which is then immersed in the moisture in such a way that the moisture does not itself touch the matter, or it is gradually permeated by a very subtle sweat, such as would work through a vessel of wax, or an ox bladder, and is taken out when the melting is completed. This process, if the moisture be warm, as is frequently the case, serves the purpose of a bath. In the second method, the matter is wrapped in a linen cloth, or else, without any covering, is immersed in the same moisture. The liquid may be either cold, which answers for the dissolution of saccharine matter, sap, etc. In other cases, it is in need of heating, as is the case with manna, and those substances which have a tenacious, sticky fattiness or sap. The humour, which is the medium of the solution, should be of such nature that, if requisite, it can be easily separated again, and it should add nothing to what it dissolves, unless it is necessary that it should do so. DEM, or DEHIN --- is Blood of Man. DEMENSUM --- Slacking of Lime. DEMENSUM DUPLICATUM --- is Double Measure. Might be also a Two-edged Tool. DEMETIRI --- To Measure out. DEMOTIVUS LAPSUS --- is Sudden Death. DENEQUAT --- i.e., Borax. DENODATIO --- i.e., Dissolution. DENS PILI --- A small Vein. (In Mining.)

DENSES --- Wedges. DENTES AXIS --- A Knob, Lift, or Tappet. DENTES PILI --- The Boundary of a Gorge. DERSES --- is the Secret Smoke or Vapour of the Earth, out of which every tree is born and grows. DERUET --- i.e., Vernix. DESCENSIO --- Distilling. Or --DESCENSIO --- is the name of a process whereby a thing becomes less noble, as when the sun becomes Mercury. Afterwards we call it falling and refining, when the vapour again descends, so that the water drawn from the earth is again poured upon it. The sediment remains in the glass. DESCENSIO, DESCENSION --- is a process by which the subtler parts of any matter are caused to settle, or go down. It is warm or cold. The Warm Descension (vulgarly, Distillation by Descension) is the distillation in an inverted vase of the liquor dissolved out of bodies. It is in this way especially that all kinds of trees, bones, and other substances, the liquor of which is too heavy to ascend, are dissolved. And it is done in this manner. I take a clay cucurbit, and place therein certain portions of the substances that are to be dissolved; and these, lest they fall out when the cucurbit is inverted, I cover with some bigger pieces, or sticks, transversely arranged. The preliminaries being thus dealt with, I fit another cucurbit, in which there is a little water, to the inverted one, in such a way that the upper one shall be exactly suited to the orifice of the lower; but, at the same time, between them I arrange a strong plate of iron of concave shape, pierced with holes, to receive the falling fragments, and prevent them from getting into the vessel below. Lastly, I encrust the firm structure with the best clay; I place the vessel in its furnace; and set the receiving vase in sand or ashes, so that, safe from the fierceness of the fire, it may receive most easily the deposited moisture. DESCENSIO FRIGIDA --- the Cold Descension is that process by which the liquor descends, being resolved in cold. This is Deliquefaction or Filtration. DESCENDUM, or DESCENSORIUM --- An Oven Or Chemical Furnace into which liquid goes down when separated from the gross matter. DESCENDERE --- is to Liquefy, or to Melt together. DESCENDERE GRADIBUS SAXO INCISIS --- To go down Steps cut out of a Rock. DESERERE FODINAM --- To Abandon a Mine. DESTILLATIO --- is Purging or Clarifying. DESTILLATIO, DISTILLATION --- is a process in which the essence is extracted in the form of a liquid, and is brought away condensed in the form of drops, from the vessel containing the matter, into a receptacle placed underneath. It is necessary that the matter to be distilled shall be resolvable into a moist condition, whether such moisture be added from without, or be inherent in it. Some matters are exceedingly vapourous, and some have oleaginous spirits. Hence if they are not

naturally capable of distillation, they must be rendered so by art. Distillation has been invented chiefly for extracting essence, yet, at the same time, it serves for abstractions, purgations, and similar processes. Distillation by Ascension is performed when the extract, before it is distilled, is sublimed into a kind of vapour. The operation should be continuous, from beginning to end, for if broken off at any point, that which is left can with difficulty be induced to ascend. Distillation by Descension is performed when the moisture is drawn forth and distilled downwards without elevation. Distillation by Inclination is when the vase containing the matter is inclined on one side, with the mouth downward. When the vessel used is a retort, as occurs often, the process is called distillation by the retort. Sometimes also it is called distillation by descension, because there is a slight elevation, and afterwards a very strong reflux downward, or because the spirit is most urgently brought down again, and, without an alembic, descends coagulating in the bending. DEVEXUM VEL DECLIVE MONTIS --- The Declivity of the Mountain. DIAMASCIEN, DYAMASSIEN, or DELIATITEOS --- i.e., Flower of Copper. DIAPENCIA --- is the Plant Alchimilla. DIAPHANUM --- Any substance which shines transparently. DIAPHORETICUM --- Promoting Perspiration. DIASATYRION --- is a confection which excites venereal desire. DIATAETIS --- An Innate Art Or Nature. DIATESSADELTON --- is Precipitated Mercury. DIENEZ --- are Spiritual Essences which inhabit large stones. DIKALEGI, DICALEGI, DITALEM --- Names of Tin. DILUTUM --- Lye manufactured by means of Earth. DIMIDIATAE ARMILAE FERREAE --- Fang of a Windmill. DIONYSIUS LAPIS --- The Stone called Dionysius is a gem which takes its name from Bacchus, and is either black or dark ruddy, mixed or sprinkled with ruddy spots or blemishes. When rubbed, it has the flavour and smell of wine. It is said to check drunkenness, by dissolving and expelling the fumes which cause intoxication. A precious gem, concerning which consult Pliny (1. 37, c. 10), Solinus (Polyhist., c. 40), Albertus in his Lapid., and other writers. DIPHRYGES or TUTTY --- is divided by Dioscorides (1. 5, c. 69) into three chief species. The first is native mineral Tutty, which is found in Cyprus, and is extracted only in the form of mud or slime. A pit is made in the mud, and that which is taken out is allowed to dry in the sun, and is then burnt by means of lighted faggots placed round it. And it is hence called Diphryges, i.e., twice

burnt. The native Tutty is in appearance not unlike Chalcanthis. It is a humour, like mud flowing through channels. It is believed that it is obtained only in Cyprus. However, a similar substance of yellow colour, approaching misy, is found in the caves of Goslaria. But it is not so shining, or so much like the colour of dry leaves. It comes from its own earth. It is occasionally utilised by surgeons. If it be Islebian Pyrites and not that fissile stone or slate which is called "Pig", it is certainly the first species of Tutty. There is also another species of native Tutty found in the pits of Islebia, and it is called Barleystone. So, if the matter be considered, we have two species of native Tutty. The second species recognised by Dioscorides is manufactured Tutty, also of two kinds. The first is nothing but the dregs of Purified Copper, just as manufactured Molybdena (Lead Ore) is the dregs of Silver, as already shown. It is made at the same time as Flower of Copper, by the obfusion of water, and it is found sticking to the lower part of the furnace when the copper has been removed; it has the astringency and flavour of copper. For the rest, whether in our own day Tutty is produced at the same time as Flower of Copper, the coppersmiths may best be consulted. The other species of manufactured Tutty is obtained when pyrites is burnt in a furnace until it becomes red. Dioscorides relates that this species is by some affirmed to be derived only from copper ore which has been dried in the air and subsequently burnt in the pits. And this species is adulterated with burnt ochre. The adulterated and genuine kinds may, however, be distinguished by their taste. Tutty which has been burnt out of true pyrites or its substance, has the taste of copper and verdigris; it is astringent and drying to the tongue. On the other hand, burnt ochre has no such taste or virtue. Concerning these species of Tutty, consult Pliny (1. 34, c. 13). Serapion (lib. Agg. s. v. Diphrygis). Tutty is most useful in medicaments; it is astringent, purgative, eradicating, drying, consumes execrescences, and assists the healing of ulcers. But unfortunately nothing of the virtues of Tutty is known now to surgeons, nor is it included in the pharmacopia. To such a degree are things excellent contemned by the stupid. O that such like substances were again brought into use among our physicians! But I tell my tale to deaf ears. The species of Tutty: 1. That which remains at the bottom of the furnace after the copper has flowed out. 2. That which is produced from consumed Pyrites. Slag from the furnace. 3. That which comes from burnt Copper Ore, otherwise from Cuprine Stone. 4. Mansfield Slate. 5. That which is deposited in deep vessels and furnaces. DIGESTIO --- A Change of any Substance into another by a process of natural coction. DIGESTION --- is simple Maturation, by which an uncooked matter is digested in a digestive heat. The true digestion is after the pattern of that process to which food is made subject in the stomach, a corresponding warmth which restores dissipated energy. So do things which are intractable become, by digestion, more apt and amenable to processes. And if there be anything present which is semicocted, it is brought to the condition of those which are perfectly digested, so that afterwards there may be more abundantly a harvest of essential virtue derived therefrom. This name Digestion is used sometimes for elaborations, and, in another terminology, it is called Maceration, also Nutrition, as when slag was formerly said to be nourished, i.e., steeped (macerated) in vinegar. The coarse part or thick juice is, as it were, subdued, and made smooth; and not only does it increase in

essence, but it can be easily separated from its inert dregs. For maceration has a certain penetrating, fortifying and cleansing power. Digestion may also be described as a chemical operation, or process, by which any matter is ameliorated unto the separation of the pure from the impure. It sometimes stands for the glass vessel or furnace in which this magisterium is performed. Digestion is, otherwise, Subtilisation, the dissolution of a crude matter in a digesting heat. It is also Putrefaction and Extraction. Digestion is performed in the athanor by the filling of the turret of the athanor with coals to the top, kindling the fire in the furnace, and increasing the heat by the use of the poker, or the register, thus transmitting the warmth of the fire to the athanor. But after what rule this heat is to be conducted, when it should be diminished and when increased, the philosophers are not unanimous. Some contend that what they term the operation of nature should be imitated, and that it should be continuous and equable from first to last. Others would distribute it in grades, beginning with a white heat, passing to golden, and thence to a most deep red. To which view we ourselves incline, basing our opinion on numbers of authorities, and on many weighty reasons, and leaving its alternative to those who have originated it. DISCESSUS --- Discession, or Separation, is performed when the essential potencies of a substance are separated and disjoined by the action of solvent heat. This is done by exhalation and resolution of composites. Separation by the first process occurs when a component part is so attenuated that it passes into a spirit. And that is chiefly termed exhalation when a substance is liberated and set free into the air. When it is intercepted, the process is called Distillation, or Sublimination ; which operations serve sometimes in place of exhalation. There is exspiration, i.e., exhalation, from things moist and from things which steam. DISCRETORES --- Separaters of Ore. DISCUS SOLIS --- is Quicksilver extracted out of Gold. DISPOLIARE --- Dissolution of dead matter. DISTILLATIO --- Distilling, Humid Elevation, is that process by which the more subtle humid parts, elevated into an ethereal consistence, and collecting on the cold roof of the alembic, are condensed into moisture, and pass off in drops through a pipe, to be received in another vessel. It is performed after this manner The matter to be distilled is put into a cucurbit, of sufficient amplitude and not of less height (for the height occupies the artificers in vessels and the amplitude controls the height); thereupon is placed a great alembic, which easily receives the ascending spirit and resolves it into moisture. Afterwards, on account of the matter that is to be elevated, a fire is prepared, which shall be adequate to the business, and contiguous to the receptacle of the moisture which is to be treated. The latter, however, is to be well shielded at all points from the flame, which must be graduated until all the humidity has passed through the alembic. We may take an instance from vegetable substances. I fill a cucurbit a third part full of fresh roses, and place it in a cold water bath. Afterwards, I fill an alembic with the leaves of red roses, from which the useless thorns have been removed, and place it over the cucurbit; then I make a fire of the branches contiguous to the receptacle, and to the juncture of the vessels. The moisture ascending occupies the alembic; the tincture is extracted from the roses, and, condensed into water, distils rose-red into the receptacle. It is to be noted that, if the thorns are not removed, it is impossible for the water to have the pure rosered tint. I keep up the continuous heat until no further moisture rises up, and the roses in the alembic

have become white. I have cited this because of the artifice whereby the tincture is extracted from roses by their own moisture. This method of elevation is very much in use. For we avail ourselves thereof when we extract or elaborate anything by means of the bladder, as also when we elevate a substance by means of an alembic joined to a cucurbit. Oblique Distillation and Elevation are performed when a moist substance is elevated in a vase inclined obliquely. This kind of distillation is also performed with a retort. DISTRACTIO --- is a Disintegration which takes place after two manners known as Separation and Calcination. The different constituents are separated, though each remains intact. It is a separation of things which naturally heterogeneous, and has nothing to do with disjoining substances possessing affinity for each other. DISTRIBUTOR --- A Divider. DIVAPARATIO --- is an Exhalation in the form of dry vapours, for the chemists have both a dry and humid spirit. The process is performed by various degrees of heat, and takes place in a vessel which may be like a boiling-pan, frying-pan, cucurbit, etc., according to the nature of the substance treated. DIVERTALLUM --- is Generation of the Elements-that which is produced from metals. DIVINATION --- is an uncertain Presage, or Prediction, which is interpreted by reflection after the judgment of a private light, as when it is said : My mind or heart for tells this and that to me; or : This the angel, my spirit, indicates. DOAL --- i.e., Sol. Called also Elemptis. DOLET --- i.e., Red Vitriol, or Red Atrament. DOMICILIUM --- is Brine, Salt held in Solution. DRACATIUM --- i.e., Saturn. DRACO --- is Mercury, also the Black Raven, or the Black on the Floor. It devours the tail, drinks the mercury. It is called Salt and Sulphur of the Dragons. It is the Earth from the body of the Sun. It is killed when it loses the soul [i.e., the earth is killed], and rises again when the soul returns. The Dragon devours the mercury, like a poison, and dies; again drinks it and is made living. If he puts off all impurities he becomes white and truly living. This is also called the Woman who kills her Husband, and is herself killed in return. DRACONITES, DRACONTIAS, or DRACHATES --- is a Precious Stone which Pliny represents (1. 37, c. 11), as also Solinus (c. 33), to be found in the brain of serpents, but unless it is removed while they are alive, it will never become a precious stone, by the inbred malice of the animal who, conscious of death approaching, destroys the virtue of the stone. Therefore the head is removed from dragons while asleep, and thus the gem is secured. The energy of the living soul is imparted to many things which the corruption of death in the humours impairs. The colour of the Draconite is white; it drives away all poisonous animals and cures envenomed bites. It is much affected by Eastern kings, for in the East there are many serpents. Our own Chelydrus and watersnake sometimes have gems in their heads, as I have myself seen; these may be called Draconites by analogy. Such stones may perchance grow from the brain, or, as others say, from the

foam which these creatures make by rubbing one against the other in Spring-time; or again from the foam which they produce with their hissing, and which is hardened by the sun. I have seen pyramidal Draconites of this kind, both black and cerulean in colour. Albertus testifies that he beheld a Draconite taken from a serpent like our Chelydrus, which was of an opaque black, surrounded by a pale ring, and having a very beautiful outline of a serpent on the surface. These species also drive away venomous animals and heal poisoned wounds. The Syphar, i.e., the Old Skin, or Slough, of our Chelydrus, has medicinal virtues. It wonderfully heals complaints of the posterior and falling of the womb, when these parts are fumigated therewith. Also the skin of the eft or lizard, which is very rarely found, because it is eaten by the animal itself (even as the peacock devours his own dung, which to man is so valuable), is good for the falling sickness. DRACUNCULUS, CRASSATELLA, OPHIOGLUSSUM --- are names of wild adder's tongue. DRAGANTUM --- the vulgar Zeg, is Vitriol. DRAGANTUM, or DRAGANTIUM --- is Spanish Vitriol. DRAGANTUM --- is a Gum; some say it is Vitriol. There are four kinds-Indian and Arabian, which are yellow, Cyprian, which is green. The fourth (terra Francisca), is black Atrament. DUAMIR --- A Medical Preparation, good against the bite of serpents. DUBELECH --- is a concave Abscess, generally running with matter. DUBEL COLEPH --- is a Composition of White Coral and Amber. DUCTARII FUNES --- Leading Strings. DUELECH --- is a species of Tartar in the human body, a Porous Stone, dangerous and very painful. DUENECH --- Azoth of the Stone; Green; then he begins to grow. DUENECH --- is Antimony. DUENEGE --- Green Vitriol. DUENEZ, or DAENECK --- i.e., Iron Filing. DULCEDO SATURNI --- is Altey, or Ceruse. White Lead. DUNEQUER --- Borax. DURDALES --- are Corporeal Spirits which inhabit trees. DUO FRATRES --- The two brothers, Saturn and Jupiter --- Venus and Mars --- Gold and Silver -- Edar and Michati. DUUMVIRI JURATI --- Guards of mountain mines.

DYOTA --- is a circulatory Vessel, having two ears or arms. The lower part is like a cucurbit, whereupon is placed an alembic, having a channel at the top, through which water can be poured. In a convenient place, there are curved beaks, conveying the condensed moisture from the top into the cucurbit. See sections which treat of the alembic and cucurbit. (It is to be noted that as in the ancient writings of Gebir, so here, these descriptions are hard to understand.) DYOTRA --- is a small perforated lath, or small wooden tablet, furnished with a handle, and pierced through the side, so that we can examine the condition of the work and of the fire, without injuring the eyes, by simply looking at them through this object.

A Lexicon of Alchemy by

Martin Rulandus

EEE

EBEL --- i.e., SALVIAS, i.e., juniper Seed. ECHIDNA --- i.e., Female Viper. ECHIES CATULI --- Viper's Whelps. The viper is a serpent which is known to us as the adder. It inhabits the neighbourhood of houses, and especially thickets near water. It is very accurately described by Nicander. Some things have been fabricated concerning the manner of its copulation. At the time of pairing the male viper puts its head into the mouth of the female, and so injects the seed. The female, whether conscious of her coming trouble, or moved by the pleasure which she experiences, or aware that the male is in the habit of committing adultery with eels, immediately bites off the head of her husband. Furthermore, the young, thus conceived, when they are conscious that the moment for their birth has come, tear their way through the womb of the mother, and enter the world by matricide. The viper is the only member of the serpent-tribe who carries the ova in the womb; the rest all lay their eggs in nests after the manner of birds. Nor are these vain fables which we have just related. I have myself beheld a female viper which had been thus gnawed through by its offspring, and the young were lying about like earthworms in the open air. From this name of the viper is derived that of the echitis, or adder-stone, so called, either on account of its colour, or because its marks are not unlike the form of the adder. On this subject, see Pliny, 1. 37, c. 11 and Solinus, c. 40. The stone is a preservative against venomous animals, and the same virtue is possessed by the forked tongue torn from the living reptile. Also by the head when cut off and dried. So Nicander testifies in his Antidotes. ECHIS --- i.e., Male Viper. ECLIPSIS --- i.e., the Head of the Raven. EDELPHUS --- One who prognosticates by means of the Elements. EDES --- i.e., Gold of Elempius. EDIR --- i.e., Iron or Steel. EFFIDES --- i.e., Ash of Lead, White Lead.

EFFILA --- Freckles, Spots caused by the sun upon the face, or other parts of the skin. EGILOPS --- i.e., Wild Oats, Straw, etc. ELABORATION --- is a Manual Operation by which the vital, inmost, and essential substance, or quality, of a matter is developed, and the whole nature is changed. Now-a-days, we term Elaboration that process by which we separate the ignoble, or worthless, portions of any substance, and most powerfully draw out whatever belongs to its essential part. Thus the separation of the pure from the impure proceeds quickly. Elaboration is either Solution or Coadunation. ELANULA --- is hard Alum, like Iron. ELAQUIR --- i.e., Green Vitriol. ELECTRUM --- is Amber, a Gum from a Tree. ELECTRUM --- is Gold, according to Pliny. It is Gold containing one part of Silver to five of Gold. It is called Electrum because it shines in the sun like the pure metal. It is found in mines, but is also manufactured. ELECTRUM --- according to Theophrastus, is a Metallic Composition containing all the metals attributed to the seven planets. Of this substance were made those bells of the ancients which were used to give the signal for the execution of male or female adulterers. Also it was used for the manufacture of drinking cups, which had the signal virtue that no poison could be placed in them. For the moment it was put there, a great bubbling or spluttering would ensue, as if nitre were thrown on live coals. Paracelsus relates that he was acquainted with a Spaniard who had a bell made of this metallic composition, and inscribed with strange signs and words. With this instrument the Spaniard could at will produce the apparition of spectres and kindred prodigies. Paracelsus makes out that the virtue mainly resided in the magical signs and characters, but supposing there was virtue in the characters, there was, doubtless, much more in the metal. ELEMENTA --- The Elements are the Matrices of Substances, and in and out of these are all things generated. For Fire, Air, Water, and Earth are the four Universal Matrices. Each of the four elements individually contains all the others. The more simple a thing is in its occult nature, the more general is it found to be by the adepts and spagyric philosophers, and by so much as it is particular is it found to be composite and material. For example: by so much the more that a species is removed from its essence, so does its substance approach the simple elements, and in like manner the form approaches the most simple, general, and universal influx or influence. It is not so in manifest nature, wherein special parts deteriorate and are inferior, by so much as they are removed from the universal part. This takes place because the principles of natural things contain all things potentially in themselves. Most true therefore is the judgment of the spagyric philosophers concerning the difference of occult nature from manifest nature, and vice versa. ELEMENTUM --- That which proceeds from the Matrices of the Elements. ELEMENTUM PARACELSI --- is the corruptible and transitory Essence of the World and all therein, which all suffer mutation and are a prey to anxiety and necessity, even until the last day and final consummation of the world. There is also the Essence of Spirits subsisting in a concealed manner in the elements; and these are the stars thereof. ELEMPTIS or EZEPH --- i.e., Sol.

ELEPHAS --- is Aqua Fortis; it also stands for Leprosy, Elephantiasis, and the varieties of these diseases. ELEPODATUM --- i.e., polished, refined. ELERSNA --- The Manipulation of Silver, Silver Vein, Lead Vein, and this also is Molybdena. ELESMATIS --- Burnt Lead. ELEVATIO --- Elevation, is Rarefaction, when the spiritual portions of a substance are elevated from the corporeal portions, the subtle raised from the gross, the volatile from the fixed, in the form of a vapour, by the power of fire, and are condensed at the top of the vessel. It is either dry or humid. Dry Elevation (vulgarly, Sublimation) is a process by which the subtler dry parts are elevated, with adherence to their proper vase. It is performed in the following manner: I take any material which is to be sublimated, whether by itself, or combined with other substances, and place it in any vessel of glass or clay which has a broad or round base, in such a way that the vessel is one-third full and two-thirds empty. Over this vessel, or cucurbit, I impose a blind alembic, perforated at the top by a small aperture. I make it fast, and cover it with clay, to prevent any escape of the spirit or sublimed parts. Afterwards I place it in a deep vessel, with three fingers' depth of sand at the bottom, and round the sides, or in an open fire, and increase the heat by degrees. In the first degree, it is necessary to remove all the moisture. I discover if this has been accomplished by placing over it a smooth iron plate. When any moisture remains it appears upon this plate, but when it has all been absorbed then the dry spirits rise up, and, on this account, I seal the mouth of the alembic with a sufficient quantity of good clay, and continue to graduate the fire, until all the matter which has to be sublimed is elevated. In place of a cucurbit some operators make use of a scutella (a square salver or waiter), or otherwise of a shell-shaped clay vessel, which contains the material, and over which a tight-fitting glass cone or helmet is imposed. Additional note: I take two pounds of the best purified green sulphur, five pounds of common salt, and five of Hungarian vitriol, which has been partly calcined; I pound them severally, place them in a cucurbit, and impose over it a blind alembic, perforated at the top; I kindle a fire of the first grade, until the moisture has disappeared, then, closing the orifice, I proceed by degrees until all the sulphur has ascended in a subtilised form. This sulphur (called flowers of sulphur by the chemists), taken out of the alembic in the second or third alternation, I rectify by adding a fourth part of salt and of vitriol, restored by sublimation, and obtain the finest flowers of sulphur, of use in many complaints. The Humid Elevation (vulgarly known as Distillation) is the rarified sepa. ration of the moist parts into vapour away from the dry and crude parts. It is either direct or oblique. The Oblique Operation is when the moisture is drawn out of a vessel which is bent on one side. The Direct Operation is when the moisture is drawn out of a retort; either of these ways are useful in dealing with substances that give up their spirit reluctantly. ELIDRION --- is Mercury, like to Rha. ELIDRIUM --- is Gum Mastic. ELIDRIUM --- is a Preparation of Gold or Silver, which is produced from two parts of silver and one of gold, together with one of copper.

ELIXIR, or ELEI --- i.e., the Medicine. Elixir is an incomparable Medicine for conserving life and eradicating diseases. Or: Elixir is a Ferment of which the smallest quantity will amalgamate a large mass of any generic substance, or substance with which it has affinity, into a confection like unto itself. Here the confection signifies the spirit of the life of man, and the internal balsam of life. It is that internal conserver which preserves the body in a fitting condition. Elixir is also an external balsam, extracted and prepared from external things into a Spagyric ferment. Or: Elixir is a Medicine fermented either out of gold alone, or out of the seven metals. (A medicine made of gold or all the seven metals. It is like a leaven, of which a little lasts a whole day.) Elixir is a species of diverse nature, composed of many species of simple substances, as, for example, when oil of terebinth is compounded with flowers of sulphur and oil of myrrh; when the quintessence of wine is mixed with tincture of saffron, etc. It is also called Elixir when the magisteria of vegetables are combined with mineral magisteria, essences, or other extracts, and composed into a homogeneous medicinal compound. Liquid Elixirs are, however, the most preferable, those especially which have the appearance of Bezoardic waters, and other distilled compounds. It is to these also that the term is chiefly applied. Some writers distinguish Elixir from all other essences, because it is compounded of many substances, and is used for the preservation of normal health, for curing or preventing diseases, and for preserving bodies from putrefaction. Or: Elixir is the Ferment, the Leaven, the Dough, which is produced from Water. It is a Coloured Water, mingled with Bodies; it is also the White Stone, Olitet and Powder, for it is all one thing. It is also called the Treasure, First Matter; this is an imperfect Elixir. When it is perfect and ready, it is then truly a treasure. Lacinius says: Elixir is made of three things-Sol, Luna, and Mercury. But it must be of a moderate quality, between hard and soft --- softer and more subtle than Mercury. Otherwise the gold that is made of it cannot be hammered. Out of the Elixir comes Azoth, and is the first part of the work. Therefore is the Elixir of two kinds-white and red. When it is red, one adds the ferment to it, and it is multiplied. Or: Elixir, otherwise Xir: It is a subtle and penetrating Medicine, which is made and derived from things of vegetable nature-that is to say, from four spiritual essences, by the mediation of a certain body, and this body is the ferment of a medicine, or, more tersely, it may be termed a medicinal ferment. ELOANX --- is Orpiment. ELOME --- is Orpiment. ELOPITINUM, or DRAGANTUM --- Vitriol. ELOS MARIA --- i.e., Burnt Lead. ELPIS --- i.e., Recrement of Silver. ELTZ --- i.e., Flower of Copper. ELZIMAR --- i.e., Flower of Copper. EMA --- i.e., Blood.

EMATITES --- i.e., Bloodstone. EMBULA --- i.e., is a Vessel like a reed. EMUNCTORIUM --- is the place through which the expurgation of corrupt matter or disease takes place. An outlet for corrupt matter. ENDICA --- is the Impurity, the Excrement on the floor. Morien says : Seek Endica in glass vessels, and shut it up till it begins to taste like vinegar, for you can do nothing while it is sweet. When this is applied to bodies and turned to earth, keep it that it may not burn, for when bodies lose their soul, then they burn easily. Endica is serviceable to all bodies, makes them vital and valuable, and prevents their destruction by fire. It is called also Mose Hazuania. ENS --- is the First Extract of Mineral Natures which have not yet attained their final perfection, and are richer in seminal virtue. Hence it is also termed First Matter, which is that principle of every genus out of which the first natural life-impulse derives to the substance of that genus, and possesses potency like unto it. The primum ens is to be sought above all things in the mineral world. For in this world there is a rich potentiality, not developed by Nature. In the vegetable world it is to be sought among plants which are still in the blade, i.e., still sprouting, and among unripe fruits. In the animal world, there is not much profit in seeking it, unless it be in the blood, or in the ova. The spawn of frogs and similar organisms are utilised for this purpose. ENTALE --- i.e., Vessel. ENTALI --- is Broken Alum, White Lead (Ger. Federweiss, a name given to several mineral substances), when it is melted from Cappadocius by the Spagyric Art. ENUR --- is the Arcane Vapour of Water, out of which stones are generated. EPAR --- i.e., Air, or Ether. EPATUM --- i.e., The Hepatic Aloe. EPIPOLASIS --- when a sublimed matter rises as far as the surface and settles thereon. Indeed, essences are drawn up first of all from the centre to the surface. But sometimes the same operation serves for repurgation. The process is of two kinds: Dry and Moist. Moist Epipolasis is performed when the sublimed substance floats from the matter in the form of moisture, and emerges visibly at the top. It may be called Sublimation by Floating, or Emerging. It is assisted by the natural upward tendency of a light body, and by the disagreement of diverse natures. It is procured by actual and potential heat. Dry Epipolasis is performed when the sublimed matter rises immediately from the thing itself, and coheres to it intimately in a dry state. It is performed in many ways, which are variations of heatelevation, allowing an egress through the doors of the vessel. EPOSILINGA --- i.e., Iron Filing. ERODINIUM --- is an Omen of any thing or occurrence to come, which meanwhile is hidden from man until it takes place. Afterwards, it is a certain Presage which signifies the recurrence of the event.

ERYSIPELAS --- The Beautiful, the Clouds. ESSARE --- are small scabby Pustules, like bubbles, unless they have a fleshy swelling caused by burning. ESSATUM POTENTIALE --- The strength, power, and virtue which dwell in vegetable and mineral things. ESSATUM VINUM --- Herbs steeped in rectified and distilled Wine, so that it may draw out their essences. Such is Honey Wine, useful in asthma, and Pulmonary Wine, which indeed is the same thing. ESCIRA or ESTPHARA --- is black, Dead, or Bruised Flesh, which by means of a cautery or of corrosive medicament is removed from healthy and living flesh. ESEBON or ALSABON --- i.e., Common Salt. ESSENTIA --- Essence, is a simple Extract which contains the whole nature and perfection of the substances from which it is derived. And it is called Essence because originating and comprehended in the elementary divisions of Nature; it is the perfect part of every composite substance, and is informed with their virtue, nature, and essential quality. It can be extracted from every species of mixed substance, mineral, vegetable, animal, with great success. Essence is of two kinds : Sap, or juice, and Mystery. Quintessence is the bodily matter of all things wherein there is life, separated from every impurity, and most subtilely purged from corruptibilities. Therein is all the potency and heating quality of substances. Quintessence is so called because it is something higher than the elements, nor does it originate from these or from what is gross therein, but is divine in source and in effect. ESSODINUM --- is a certain Presage of a future thing by means of a sign. ESTHIOMENUS --- is the complete Corruption of a Member, which is entirely eaten away, as takes place in lupus, consuming ulcer, St. Anthony's fire, etc., etc. ETESLE --- West, North-west. ETHEL --- is the Black, also the Fire. The Turba says : Ethelia is the Burnt Body, parched and dry, red and white, fire and sieve, or riddle, which holds together the water of the Mercury. It is the red Tincture. It is also the white Blossom of Gold. They call it the boiling when the black mounts to the top. ETHESIUS LAPIS --- i.e., Chrysolite. ETHEEs-Precious Gold. EVENTILATIO LINTEAMINUM JACTATUO --- The Purification of Linen by Shaking. EVESTRUM --- is the Eternal Substance of Heaven in the regions of the four elements. It is also the Prophetic Spirit which forecasts by the interpretation of those signs which go before events. It is

also the Sidereal Body of Man whose apparition foretells to us our approaching death or some other evil. EUXOXORUS --- South-east wind, or S. by S.E. EUXUS --- Middle South-east, i.e., S.E. wind, or wind generally. EYEB, EFFEBEB, FILON --- Names of Gold. EXALTATIO --- i.e., Sublimation. EXALTATION --- is an Operation by which a Matter is Altered in its inclinations, and is elevated to a higher dignity of substance and virtue. It is twofold-Maturation and Gradation. Or: EXALTATION --- is rarefying, the gradual transmutation of a substance, by dissolving into a purer and higher degree of its own virtue. It is done by circulation or ablution. EXCOQUERE --- To Smelt. EXCOCTOR --- A Smelter. EXCREMENTA --- Excrements, are in general all Superfluities that are Ejected by Nature. The excrements of women are the menstrua. EXHALATIO --- Exhalation is performed when dry spirits are caused to depart upwards into the air by the operation of heat. It is accomplished chiefly in dry substances, which have been triturated, and placed upon iron tables, or in deep flat vessels, or at the bottom of ovens, etc. The matters are heated by a fire from below, around, or above, until the spirits are consumed, as happens in metallic veins. EXSILERE --- To spring out of. EXITURA --- Refers in general to all kinds of Abscesses which exude matter. EXORCISTA --- A Superstitious Operator who evokes shades and spirits by adjurations, and causes them to appear. EXPERIRI VENAS --- To Assay. EXPRESSIO --- is Extraction by means of a Press (e.g., wine-press) which causes the substance of a thing to flow out in the form of liquid. Its chief use is for extracting oils and juices. EXTRA ORDINARIA OPERA --- Work done in overtime. EXTRACTIO --- Extraction is Digestion, a process subsequent to the separation of the recrement, dissolving, by corporeal concretion, the subtler and purer parts of a given substance. Thus I take any quantity of rhubarb, and, having pulverised it, I pour thereon sufficient spirit to cover the substance and float over it to a height of four inches. I then seal up the vessel and for the space of four days digest the matter in a bath. At the end of that time, I open the vase, and separate the root from the tinged spirit by inclining the vessel on one side. I again pour spirit upon the matter; again seal and digest it, and repeat this process until the spirit is no longer tinged by the rhubarb, from which all

the tincture and essence is now extracted. I combine the extractions together, and abstract their spirit in the Balneum Maria; the essential residue I reserve in a glass vial for future use; it is good in bilious complaints and in other affections. Or: Extraction is the Separation of the Essential Part from its body. It is really a similar operation to the disintegration of composite substances, and has affinity with calcination, melting, etc. Moreover, the essential nature of any matter cannot be extracted without a continuous dissolution. For the rest, extraction and its connected operations are often interchangeable. Extractum, or the Substance Extracted, is that which is separated by corporeal concretion, the elemental grossness being left behind. It is a species of marrow, the most noble portion in the elements of an entire substance being educed, the seminal potency being conserved therein, and a still higher virtue being elaborated. There is a fourfold root of the elements, between which there is an intimate intercourse and a collateral nourishment continually interchanged; the chief sustaining power being at the same time derived from the power of the creating God, and the secret influence of heaven. This extract puts on the nature of ethereal and celestial things, and when it has been thoroughly and skilfully prepared, it can perform great works in medicine, which are very serviceable to the health of man, and for which God be blessed 1 When it is fully and perfectly liberated from its elements, or matrices, for the fourfold root is of unequal quality, and elaboration must be performed upon each, it differs in a special way from magisteries, wherein the elements still persist. When an extract is thus carefully educed, the subtlety of its essence endows it with a great power of penetration into the substance of bodies. It has received many appellations, which must all be understood as referring to this full and perfect extraction of elemental property. Such are the Soul, the Balsam of Life, the most Pure Essence, the Celestial Nature, and indeed it has a certain quality of heavenly being. It is also the Second Matter, which is produced in the separation of the celestial light, the pure Transcendant Ray of the Arcane Philosophy, from the obscure earth, which is reprobate and accursed. It is the Aethereum of Plato, and the active Manifestation of Heavenly Power and Virtue in the bodies of sublunary or inferior things. EZEZICH --- i.e., Salt.

A Lexicon of Alchemy by

Martin Rulandus

FFF

FABA --- The Third Part of a Scruple and Gram. FABA AGRESTIS --- i.e., Horse-Bean. FABIOLA --- Bean-Flower. FACINUM --- i.e., Metal, Ore. FALCANOS --- Otherwise Arsenic; vulgarly Orpiment. FASCES VIRGULTORUM --- Bundles of Twigs. FASDIR, or SASDIR --- i.e., Tin. FASSIN --- A Matter which flows out when Stones are Melted. FATUM --- The permanent imperceptible Influence of the Stars of Heaven, the Sun, and the Moon. FAULEX --- i.e., Steel. FAVONIUS --- The West Wind. FECES --- Capt Mortuum. FECES CANDIDAE --- i.e., Ruby and Saffron Waters. FECLA --- i.e., Dregs of Wine, or of Vinegar. FEDUM --- i.e., Saffron. FEHLECH, or FAULES --- i.e., Iron. Called also Falex. FEL DRACONIS --- is Living Silver extracted from Steel. FEL VITRI --- is Froth of Glass.

FELLA --- is Sulphur Water. FEMINA --- i.e., Sulphur. FERMENTATIO --- The Exaltation of a Matter into its essential part by means of a ferment which penetrates the entire mass, and operates therein in a peculiar manner, acting immediately on the spiritual nature. Thus, it is found that out of an agent of medicinal fermentations which is of little symbolic value, the most noble substance is produced which nature suffers us to attain. But it exists much more abundantly in metals, the nature of which is more akin to it. It takes its name from its likeness to a fermented mass. Or: Fermentation is the incorporation of a fermenting substance with a substance which is to be fermented. For even as a small modicum of ferment, or yeast, can leaven a large mass of flour, so does the chemical ferment assimilate itself to the thing that is to be fermented. Whatsoever be the nature of the ferment, of such is the fermented matter. By ferment the philosophers understand a true body and a true matter, which, united to its proper Mercury, convert it into the nature thereof. Some will have that the stone itself is the ferment of a perfect body. For when the stone is so subtle, as the philosophers term it, that when it is projected over an imperfect body it floats after the manner of an oil, without combining therewith, we need some other body, which still retains traces of its former affinity therewith, which shall receive and introduce it into other bodies. FERMENTUM --- is Elixir, a Leaven, which makes the body spongy, which ascends, and the spirit finds place, so that it may be prepared to be baked, since now the meal is no leaven, and the meal and the water and the whole dough are thoroughly leavened, and indeed mere leaven, therefore also is the stone itself the Ferment, yet are gold and mercury also called Ferment. 2. Hermes says: Ferment displays the work, otherwise nothing comes of it. 3. Gebir says (L. Form., c. 19) : Resolve Sun and Moon into dry water; this is what is called Mercury. Also the twelfth part of the water holds a part of the perfect body. After forty days you will find the body resolved into water. The sign of the complete dissolution is the blackness which appears above, and is our Mercury, which we take for a Ferment. 4. The Paste which we wish to Ferment, which we extract from imperfect bodies, the white out of Saturn and Jove, the red out of Mars and Venus; but every body shall be dissolved in its own ferment. 5. The English Richard says: Take white Ferment, but for the red take red; nevertheless, the red can give white. 6. Gebir says: After the fermentation, it must be shut up; thus the material is brought to the white stage in forty days; to the red stage in ninety days; in one vessel and operation. 7. Lully says: The ordinary gold cannot be a Ferment, for it must have an actual, effectual, and working power, and be full of spirit; yet it is also called Ferment, and silver is called White Ferment. Or: Ferment is a firm, and, as it were, a fixed matter, which prepares a substance after its own nature to become of its own fixed condition, which also before it was prepared had itself no greater fixity ; as, for example, Ferment of Bread is flour condensed into a paste which will also communicate the fermented state to other flour.

FERMENTUM ALBUM, or FELDA --- is Silver. FERRAMENTA --- Plate of Hammered Iron. FERRAMENTO EXPOSITA --- Another Mining Instrument. FERRAMENTUM PRIMUM --- A Mining Instrument. FERRAMENTUM QUARTUM --- A Miner's Wedge. FERRAMENTUM SECUNDUM --- A Pitching Tool. FERRI SCOBS --- Iron Filings. FERRUGO --- Rust, Must, Iron Mould, or Scoria of Iron. Iron Refuse. FERRUM --- Iron, is a Metal, for the most part, of a livid colour, but having also a certain quality of redness and a kind of impure whiteness, while it is also hard in texture. If fixed, earthy sulphur be mixed with fixed, earthy quicksilver, neither being pure, but partaking of a livid whiteness, and if the sulphur predominate, then iron results. In fine, if the quicksilver be porous, terrene, and impure; and if the sulphur be also impure, fetid, and terrene, then their copulation produces iron. This metal is attributed to Mars by the chemists, and is so called, because of its many uses in war. By some the stone Sideritis is called Iron Filing, or Scale of Iron, and the magnet, which attracts iron, sometimes has the same name. Now, iron is of two kinds, native and melted, or excocted. The native is pure, and is found in mines, either in grains or nuggets. The second species is that which is produced in the forges of Germany after one of two manners: either from iron ore, as it is in a certain valley which takes its name from Kings, and in a number of other places. It is to be noted that the same veins which produce iron frequently produce loadstone, which has affinity with iron. Iron is also melted out of ruddy ferruginous earth, among other places, in Silesia, where I have myself witnessed the process in a foundry not far from Berlin, and am in a position to affirm that, even as some Pyrites is hard, solid, and close of grain, while other is brittle, and easily pounded, so also some iron ore is solid, and requires much melting, while some is brittle and like a rusty corroded earth, which can be operated on with little fire, as is the case with the rich ore of Silesia, and the earth of Marchia and Nicia. There are also very ancient mines of iron which were worked, as Tacitus informs us, by the Goths of Gaul. In Germany the first mines worked were those of iron. For the rest, concerning what iron is good and what bad, I refer to the smiths. If I mistake not, in Thuringia the Dylmeratian species is commended, while that which is derived from a vitreous ore is condemned for its brittleness. On the varieties of iron and its metallic alloys, consult Pliny (l. 34, c. 14, 15, etc.), and Dioscorides (1. 5, c. 46), who treats of Iron Rust and its virtues. Iron rust has a powerful, restringent, medical quality, and is also binding and drying. It is warm and dry in the second degree. With it Hercules is said to have healed the wound of Telephus, to which occurrence an allusion is made by Ovid in his first elegy: " Either no one, or Achilles only, who inflicted the wounds, can heal me ". Dioscorides also (l.c.) treats of Recrement of Iron, or Iron Slag, which he also calls Scoria and Excrement of Iron, or the Stone Sideritis, the German Thunderstone (Arolite). For even as all the higher metals yield recrement when melted, so also does iron. Thus we have: Recrement --- of Copper:Copper Slag; of Silver: Silver Slag; of Iron: Iron Slag; of Lead: Lead Slag. Recrement of Iron has the same kind of virtue as Rust of Iron, but it is of less efficacy. This will apply also to that broad and thin scaling of iron which is obtained by hammering. For the rest, on these subjects, consult the Arabian writers, Serapion, and also Nicander, who calls Scoria of Iron by

the name of Iron Feces, and says that it is an antidote to Belladonna, which Dioscorides appropriates after his usual fashion. 1. Pure Iron of an iron colour, found in seams in a white flint. 2. Pure Naricum Iron, found in river sand. 3. Liver-coloured Iron-stone, mined in Franconia, and containing particles of purest Gold. 4. The same, from the same place, but containing particles of purest Silver in place of gold. 5. Combined with Loadstone. 6. Solid, pure, heavy, liver-coloured Iron, found in seams of Gishubelia. 7. Liver-coloured Iron in grape-like clusters. 8. Liver-coloured Iron in White Flint, so combined that it is like Leucostic Marble. 9. Cuprine seams of Iron. 10. Mixed with Cobalt. 11. Containing White Lead. 12. Spongy, liver-coloured Iron, from a rich iron ore. 13. Containing White Lead. 14. Seams of Iron in a fissile stone. 15. Best liver-coloured Iron. 16. Iron of Norica, extracted from ferruginous water. 17. Iron of Sagana, in Eastern Germany; when the iron is removed from the ore more metal is produced. 18. Black, hard, heavy Iron Nuggets, shaped like the human head. 19. Iron obtained from a mine in that district which lies between Hoenicha and Veterocella. 20. Iron combined with Ochre, mined between Francoberg and Chemnic. 21. Black, hard Iron, similar to Gagates, and as if composed of many fibres, originating from one clod, and being of a saffron tint, owing to a certain terrene exhalation. 22. Iron of a normal colour, with a black tinge derived from a hot vapour. 23. Cloddy Iron, of normal colour, similar to Gagates, covered with a black stratum. Light-grey Ironstone.

24. Ashy, similar to thin stalks. 25. Like Hematite. 26. Combined with mud or clay. 27. Botrytis, i.e., in clusters like grapes, black in an ashen deposit. Like pellets of Gagates, black in colour, and surrounded by white floors. 28. Containing a sterile Plumbago. 29. Containing Mica. 30. Containing gold-coloured Pyrites. 31. Combined with sterile Lead, similar to sterile Pitch. 32. Iron that has been melted out. 33. Living Iron of Pliny; Iron tinged with magnetic virtue. 34. Burnt Iron Ore. 35. Washed Iron Ore. 36. Best Iron of Norica, melted out from a coagulated slime in a ferruginous water. 37. Slimy Earth, from which Iron of Norica is melted out. 38. Ilmenanum Iron, melted from a chestnut brown earth. 39. That which is melted from a ruby-coloured ochre. Hepatic, Copper ore. 40. That which is melted from old mounds of Iron. 41. Melted from cuprine recrements, which remain at the bottom of the caldron. 42. Hard, the pure part which remains at the bottom of the vessel, and is extracted with difficulty. 43. Hard. 44. Tenacious Suevian Iron. 45. The best Iron-that which comes to the surface in smelting. 46. Full of fissures. Slatey Iron. 47. Iron changed into Steel by continual extinction. 48. Iron from which recrements are removed. Iron Ashes.

49. To which Steel is added. Iron made into Steel. 50. Ductile Iron. 51. Brittle Iron. 52. Small Sticks of Iron. 53. Plates or Shavings of Iron. 54. Iron Wire. 55. Iron Filings. 56. Iron Rust. 57. Polished and so prepared by art that it does not rust. 58. Polished Iron. 59. Gilt Iron. 60. Overlaid with White Lead. 61. Silvered Iron. 62. Coloured Iron. Atramental Water, coloured like copper. 63. Iron naturally changed into Brass in the Spring of Cepusius. Black Recrements of Iron: 1. Ashen. 2. Cerulean. 3. Smith's Recrement. 4. Given off from a hot Iron mass, when it is compressed and kneaded into a mass by a mallet. 5. Shavings of Iron which are given off in the making of iron bars, shaped by large mallets. FERRUM INDICUM --- A species of Iron which most nearly approaches Steel. FERRUM SIGNATORIUM --- A Stanchion. FERU, or ZEGI --- is Tin. FERVERE --- To Boil. FEUSTEL --- A kind of hammer or mallet.

FEX VITRI --- i.e., Vitreous Salt. FEXA --- is the Scum or Lees of the Germans. But we always understand it to be the Dregs of Wine, as Dioscorides teaches (1. 5, c. 79). He adds also Dregs of Vinegar, and describes how it is dried by fire and in other manners; he refers also to its medical potency, which is abstergent and heating, and the various properties of the crude, burnt and washed species. Consult Serapion (I. Agg., c. Haarim.). Concerning indurated wine dregs, consult Paulus, De Tartaro. FIBULA FERREA --- An Iron Buckle, a Cramp Iron. A Triple Band. FIBULAE --- Clasps, Braces, Buckles, Bands, etc. FICUS CUTIS --- Lichen of Pliny and Dioscorides, a Wart or Swelling on the knee of a horse, a good Medicament for the matrix. FIDA --- i.e., Gold or Silver. FIDDA or FIDHE --- i.e., Luna, FIDER or FIDEX --- i.e., White Lead, Ceruse. FIDO --- i.e., Quicksilver, sometimes Gold. FIGERE --- To make Fixed, so as to withstand Fire. FIGURA DISCI --- Eye. (The Centre of a Circle.) FILLETIN --- i.e., Plates of Iron. FILIUS --- i.e., the Son, the Child. According to Morien it has a father and mother, by whom it is nourished, and is one with them, yet where the chicken is not hatched and born it dies in the egg, just as bread which is sufficiently baked, and soap which is sufficiently melted. 2. When he is born, he wants food and nouruishment. The nourishment is the augment. When the material is nourished by means of the ferment, then the child becomes a seed again. 3. The Stone is at first the old man, then young; then the strength and working is like those of youths full of blood and fighting power. The aged are grey and white. At first the Egyptian is moist and white, afterwards red and dry. Therefore it is said: The son killed the father; the father must die; the son must be born; die with one another and so rise again, according to the saying: He who dies with me must live with me. The Sun kills the Mercury and hardens it. 4. His nourishment is first in the bath or in the matrix of the earth, which receives and nourishes until body and soul become one thing, and of a fixed nature. Bernard says: The feminine germ nourishes the Stone, not by dissolution but by addition, thereby it grows strong and great. 5. Turba (fol. 89): Take the white tree; build about it a round and gloomy house; surround it with a tower and put therein a centenarian. Then shut it up so that no wind or dust can get to him. Leave him there eight days. I say to you that the same man must not cease to eat of the fruit of the tree until he grows young again. 0 what a wonderful quality! Here is the father become a son, and born again.

FILIUS UNIUS OSTUM --- is Vitriol or Orpiment. It is also the generated Stone which is eaten. It is, moreover, the Mercury which destroys the son or the father. FILTUEN --- To Clean through a Colander; to Strain. FILUM ARSENICALE --- i.e., Sublimed Arsenic. FILUM EX ALUMINE PLUMOSO --- Virgin Thread. FILIUS UNIUS DIEI --- Son of a Single Day, is the Philosophic Stone. FILIUS UNIUS OSTUM --- An Egg. FILIUS VENERIS --- i.e., Brass. FILTRATION --- is Subduction by Filtration in a Colander; but this process in the chymical filter may be also called Straining, or Percolation ; it is performed chiefly in operation upon moist substances, from which the aqueous part passes through the colander, and those which are oily or thick are left behind. The practice is principally this. A sheet of commercial paper [carte emporetica], or a rough basket, is shaped into the form of a bag, or applied to the vessel, after the manner of a funnel, etc. The infused liquid passes out by degrees, to be distilled into its receptacle, whence this operation is called Distillation by the Colander. Or: FILTRATION --- is a Frigid Descension, the aqueous portions of the matter treated, passing through the colander, or filter, or funnel, etc., the refuse being left behind. But, in place of the filter, some employ other instruments, especially the chemical glove, woolen bag, flax bag, etc. FIMUS EQUINUS --- Horse Dung. FIOLA --- A Glass with a long neck. FIREX --- i.e., Oil. FIRFIR --- i.e., Ruby Colour. FIRMAMENTUM --- i.e., Lazurium. FISARUM --- i.e., Confection of Sal Ammoniac. FISSURAS AGERE VEL ADIGERE --- To dig Trenches. FISTULA --- i.e., either a Fistulous Ulcer, or a narrow reed-like Opening, Pipe, or Channel. FIXATION --- is an operation upon a volatile subject, after which it is no longer volatile, but remains permanent in the fire, to which it is gradually accustomed. It is performed by calcination, or by slow decoction, taking place daily, or by frequent sublimation and coagulation, or by the addition of a fixed matter. FIXIO or FIXATION --- To make Firm, to Solidify. FIXIO --- Making Firm or Tenacious.

FLAGIE --- are Spirits who divine the Secrets of Men; invisible, and yet concealed among us; ever present in our words and works. FLAMMULA --- Crowsfoot. FLEGMON --- Common Abscess. FLORIFICIREN --- Flowers, or the production thereof. FLOS --- is BOLUS (which see), extracted by sublimation. It is also elevated and produced from the centre and inmost parts, that it may coagulate in a dry form at the top. The spirituous Flos, or Flower, is the substance of a thing. Every flower of a matter is in itself volatile and spirituous, although it is possible to fix it by a masterly skill, and to bring it to the nature of Turbith (which see). FLOS AERIS --- Verdigris. Flos AEris is the coagulum, the spirit of the male essence which works upon the female essence; the masculine spirit which completes the work. FLOS CHEIRI --- i.e., Essence of Gold. FLOS SALIS --- is the Greek Alasanthos. Fine Salt. FLOS SECTOREM CROE --- Some say that this is Saffron Flowers. It is a substance mentioned by Paracelsus, and there is supposed to have been a mistake in his manuscript. For myself, I understand it to be the Flower of Moss-nut [? Florem muscatce nucis. Red Emuscata.] Others suppose it to be Flower Extract of Celandine. FLOX --- i.e., Flame. FLUORES --- are Stones similar to gems, but less hard. They are called Fluors by the metallurgists, because they melt and flow under the heat of a fire, even as ice does in the sun. But there are also species which dissolve under the influence of a spirit, and of the air. Theophrastus, if indeed he is referring to these things, calls them *** [Greek], because they are produced in a terrene flux. But I believe that they were unknown to all the ancients. In order that the various species may be better known, we subjoin them in the interest of the student. Fluors are the rudiments of gems, and like unto the same in appearance; they are found in mines and are: 1. Of red colour. At first sight this kind is like rude reddish silver, or carbuncle, but it is of less effulgence. Also the carbuncle withstands fire, whereas the Fluor melts immediately under its influence. 2. Of pale purple colour. This kind is at first sight like pale green amethysts, such as are found in Bohemia, and certainly are not very different from these. As uncritical persons are deluded by the similarity they are unable to judge amethysts. They are unlawfully set in rings and sold as the genuine stone. 3. Of white colour, looking like crystal. 4. Of clay colour, looking like topaz. 5. Of ashen colour.

6. Of semi-black colour. But there are also Fluors of other colours, if we look closely into this matter. It is the custom, when metals are smelted, to treat them and cast them in. The material is restored in a more fluid state, even as with the kind of stone out of which pyrites is made. If the experiment were made, I consider that the best colours would be obtained from Fluors thus treated. Red Fluors: 1. Showing ruddy in white, sexangular, and pellucid. 2. Long red Fluors, like an upright beam, whence are obtained those small black stones from which White Lead is obtained. 3. Pyramidal quadrangular and sexangular Fluors. 4. Sexangular Fluors, showing ruddy in white, like the sea-urchin. White, transparent Fluors: 1. Long, white, pellucid, sexangular Fluors, like crystal. 2. Long, white, pellucid Fluors, in the middle of which is a small black stone, from which White Lead is made. 3. White, pellucid, sexanguar Fluors, like a straight beam, such as Misenian Bisalt. 4. White pellucid, quadrangular Fluors, like adamant, adhering to a red metallic marble. 5. White, pyramidal Fluors, transparent at the top, in a white metallic rock, which are overlaid with saccharine matter, like grains of coriander in appearance. They also contain bright particles, as it were, gold-coloured pyrites. 6. Long, white, pellucid, sexangular Fluors, in white, aqueous plumbago and pyrites. 7. White, pellucid, quinquiangular Fluors, in a hard metallic rock. 8. Long, white, pellucid, sexangular Fluors, in an argentine mica. 9. White, pellucid Fluors, as it were, composed of scales. Ashen Fluors: 1. Long, ashen, sexangular, transparent Fluors, in a hard, ashen stone, like the sea urchin, interspersed with silver-coloured grains of pyrites. 2. Semi-ashen pyramidal Fluors. 3. Tessellated semi-ashen Fluors. Black Fluors: 1. Square, and not transparent.

2. Very black and multiangular-not unlike the black stones out of which White Lead is excocted. 3. Cloddy, and like dark, glossy bitumen in appearance. Blue Fluors: 1. Blue, pellucid, quadrangular Fluors, like sapphire. 2. Non-pellucid. Purple Fluors: 1. Of the colour of amethyst, found in a stone at Trebisa. 2. From the Geodes (a kind of valuable stone), found at Motschen. 3. Showing red in white, and found in a metallic marble. 4. Quadrate Fluors, in a hard, white mica. 5. Quadrate, pellucid Fluors, covered with silver-coloured pyrites. 6. Non-pellucid, from which Chrysocolla (or Borax) is derived. 7. Purple Fluors, combined with green layers. 8. Blood-coloured Fluors of Aldenberg, white inside, outwardly coloured with metallic water. Scarlet Fluors: 1. Of scarlet-colour, pointed and sexangular. 2. Long, non-pellucid, scarlet, sexangular Fluors, with white, cloddy Fluors, like the sea-urchin ; adhering to it is a very beautiful native Ochre. Yellow Fluors: 1. Long, whitish-yellow, sexangular, pellucid Fluors, in a metallic marble. 2. Yellow, transparent Fluors, with a grey metallic marble, in which there is a sexangular stone containing Lead. 3. Tesselate, transparent Fluors, with silver-coloured pyrites, in a simple grey stone. 4. Solid Fluors, white on the upper surface, and, as it were, sprinkled with large grains of salt. 5. Yellow, Hanoverian, pellucid, crusty Fluors, like the mirror stone. 6. Pellucid Fluors, like chrysolith. 7. Transparent Fluors, like topaz.

8. Square transparent Fluors, covered with white Fluors. 9. Triangular transparent Fluors, covered with gold-coloured pyrites. 10. Crocus-coloured, transparent, square Fluors. 11. Fluors in colour like falernian wine, similar to amber. 12. Non-transparent, pointed, sexangular yellow Fluors. 13. Altenburg Fluors, white inside, yellow outside, tinctured by metallic water. 14. Opaque, square Fluors, sprinkled right at the top with, as it were, gold-coloured sand. 15. The same, sprinkled at the top with magnesia. Green Fluors: 1. Green, square, transparent prase-colour Fluors. 2. Transparent Fluors, like emerald. 3. Green, mixed with transparent slime in layers. 4. Square, tesselated Fluors, in which there is plumbago. 5. Solid Fluors, white on the upper surface, and, as it were, sprinkled with large grains of salt. Opaque and imperfect Fluors. 1. White, imperfect opaque Fluors. 2. Long, white, opaque, sexangular.Fluors, like an erect beam, in a beautiful silver-coloured pyrites. 3. Long, white, pellucid, sexangular Fluors, which in one part are like a white metallic stone, covered as it were with coriander grains, and which are sprinkled with grains of gold-coloured pyrites. 4. Long, white, sexangular, opaque Fluors, like an upright beam in a tesselated lead ore. 5. White opaque Fluors, ornamented with beautiful grains of silver-coloured pyrites and purple Fluors. 6. White, opaque, sexangular Fluors, covered with gold-coloured pyrites. 7. White, opaque Fluors, native in soft coal. 8. Long, upright, sexangular white Fluors in a grey flint, partly covered with very small scales of different colour, mud-colour, ruby, ashen, black, and which are sprinkled with grains of goldcoloured pyrites.

9. White, crusted, opaque Fluors. 10. White, smooth Fluors, like mirror-stone. 11. Purple in white quadrangular and sexangular Fluors from the earth of Moteschano. 12. White Fluors in which there is pure white capillary silver. 13. White Fluors, concreted as in layers. 14. White Fluors, like thorns of the bramble, rising out of gold-coloured pyrites, and to which, as it were, numberless scales are affixed. FOCUS, etc. --- A Hearth on which Lead is purified. FOCUS, etc. --- A Hearth outside the house, on which masses of Lead are melted. FOCUS EXCOCTORUM --- The Hearth of the Furnace. FODINA, CUNICULUS --- A Pit, Mine, Underground Passage or Channel. FODINARUM FRUCTUS EXSTANS E FORNACE --- The Product of a Mine coming out of the Furnace. FOEDULA --- is a species of Mushroom. FOENIX, or PHOENIX --- The Son of One Day, the Philosophical Stone. FOLIA --- Leaves; that which is absolutely separated. When they say: Change gold into leaves, i.e., dissolve it in water, so that the soul may be extracted from it; which soul is sulphur, and it tinges. FOLIA DATURAE QUASI OLIA AUREA --- Leaves like Gold-leaf. FOLLES SPIRITUALES --- A five-fold Ventilator for a Mine. FOLLIS --- Bellows. FOM --- i.e., Sound or Voice. FONS PHILOSOPHORUM --- The Bath of Mary, which see. FORAMEN FISTULARUM --- The Opening of Channels or Fistulas. Item, of a trunk or chest. FORAMEN SPIRITALE FOLLIUM --- Contrivance for catching the wind. FORAMEN SUPERIORIS TABULATI FOLLIUM --- i.e., Bunghole. FORAMINA SPIRITALIA --- Airholes FORCEPS --- Pincers.

FORCEPS FERREUS --- Iron Pincers. FORES QUIBUS VECTIS INSUNT --- Doors with Dampers. FORFEX --- An oblong instrument like tongs, which can be easily opened or shut, and is useful for stirring and moving coals under the vessel, or for taking hold of the vessel itself. There is another kind, not unlike forceps, by which the vessel is generally lifted off the fire. FORICULA --- Small Doors for Ventilation. FORMAE RERUM --- The celestial influx which things below derive from things above; the secret potency, power, and virtue of a substance. FORMICAE --- Emmets, Ants; in skin diseases, Pimples, Warts, a kind of Abscess, Black Warts, Pimples raised by irritation, etc. FORNACIS MAGISTER --- Overseer of the furnace. FORNACULA --- Assaying Furnaces. FORNAX --- A Furnace or Oven. FORNAX PRIMA VITRARIORUM, ET ETIAM EA, IN QUA EXCOQUUNTUR VENIE --A Smelting Oven. FORNAX, etc. --- A Refining Oven in which silver is separated from lead. FORNAX, etc. --- A Furnace or Oven in which iron ore is smelted. FORNAX, etc. --- An Oven in which copper nuggets are melted by baking. FORNAX, etc. --- An Oven in which copper nuggets are heated. FORNAX, etc. --- An Oven similar to a furnace. FORNAX ANEMIA --- is an Oven shaped after the manner of a tripod, with a conistery and a grate, divided into two parts by a gridiron. The conistery is made fast by an iron gate, by which air can enter. The grate is open and covered with coarse clay. The free space is called Ergastulum. The matters are frequently prepared, or treated, in a frying pan, baking dish, saucepan, triangular vessel, etc., so that they may be set upon the burning coals, or quickly removed therefrom. Frequently the fire is increased by a fan, or bellows, but usually a proper draught of air is sufficient. It should also be said that the gate of the conistery can be opened by the current of wind or air. The only other exit should be that of the shaft or chimney; more especially when a matter has to be melted or calcined by a great heat. FORNIX --- A Vaulted Place. FORNICULAE --- A kind of lancet. FOSSA LATENS --- A Cross-cut.

FOSSA LATENS JUXTA LACUNAM --- A Cross-cut by a pool, ditch, etc. FOSSA OCCULTA --- The End of a Passage in a Mine. FOSSAM LATENTEM SUBSTRUERE --- To build a shed in which rubbish may be thrown. FOSSAM PATENTEM DUCERE --- To construct a Channel for getting rid of water in mines. FOSSOR --- A Miner. FOSSORES, QUI COLLEGERUNT INTORTA --- Miners who have to work in a stooping position. FOSSOS DUCERE --- To construct Channels. FRONDES LAURI --- Laurel leaves, or of the colour thereof. FUGILE, PAROTIS, ABSCESSUS SECUS AURES --- Literally an Ear-ring. In diseases, a Tumour of the Ear. FULIGO --- Painter's Black, Cream-soot, is made in several ways and of many materials; among us, out of pitch. Dioscorides says that it is obtained from glassblowers. Its medical virtue is astringent and consuming. FULIGO METALLORUM --- Properly Arsenic, but it often signifies Mercury. FULMEN --- In the present connection is the Flowers of Cupellated Silver, in the cleansing thereof with lead. Consequently, Metallic Fulmination is, especially with the higher metals, a process of purging. FULMINATION --- is a Metallic Gradation, with Excoction, educing the pure part, the perfection thereof being indicated by an irradiating splendour. Hence the name of the operation, because there is a coruscation accompanied, like lightning, with a reverberating noise. After the foreign substances have been separated, a kind of sulphureous cloud appears on the surface, followed by a purplish splendour, which is called the brightness, lightning, or flow. When this has passed away, the matter has already begun to grow cool. FULTURAE NATIVE VEL FORNICES --- Natural Supports or Arches. FUMIGATIO --- Fumigation is Calcination by an aerial and corroding smoke. It is performed in diverse manner, the nobler metals by an afflatus of fused lead or artificial quicksilver; the fragile parts are given up, and subsequently triturated by rubbing with salt. FUMUS --- is the Scoria, an incrustation on the floor, yet properly that which arises and brings the body with it. For there are two kinds of smoke, which mix with the earth, make the stars fall from heaven, make also comets and rainbows about the sun and moon. When the batia finds a mineral matter, then it is to the smallest extent mingled with it. It also becomes fixed and a metal, but should the batia not find any, then it becomes a mercury; but the mineral power which it ought to find is clear sulphur washed, and partially fixed, and it is found in the extracted stones, and in sand. It shines like silver, and because nothing can be produced without this, it is found in every place

wherein metals are generated. Consequently, metal which contains much sulphur is called the lake of the generation of metals. FUMUS ALBUS --- is Mercury, the Soul and the Tincture, Heavenly Water, the Quintessence of Venus; this smoke conducts the colour of the gold by a dry process into the height. Then the snake climbs up into the tree, and finds the mother with two children, and devours them all. That is to say, the smoke rises over itself, and finds two sulphurs with the Mercury. It dissolves all, generates it in itself, becomes fixed, and is petrified. The white smoke is the soul of the dissolved bodies; it imparts life and whiteness. FUMUS CITRINUS --- is Yellow Sulphur. FUMUS RUBEUS --- is Orpiment. It is also called Gold because it is bright. FUMUS VIRIOSUS, or VIRUS --- is poisonous, pestilential Smoke. FUMUS CASAE --- Smoke from a house chimney. FUNIS DUCTARIUS --- A Rope. FUNIS EX PHILYRIS, TILIAE FACTUS --- Rope made from the Bark of the Linden Tree. FUNICULUS CANAEINUS --- String. FURES CANDIDI --- Red Water. FUROGI --- i.e., a Cock. FURNI TECTI --- Covered Furnaces; those which have a roof. A Covered Furnace is either simple or compound. A Simple Furnace is that which stands by itself, and has no connection with any other furnace. It may be either a calcinating or dissolving furnace. A Calcining Furnace is one that is used for calcination. It may be a welding or reverberatory furnace. A Welding Furnace is one in which the fire is conveniently arranged for welding substances. It would be possible to mention various kinds of furnaces for conducting this operation, but that which I am now about to describe is more satisfactory than all the rest, both on account of its continuous fire, and also because of the easy regulation of the degrees of the same. A square brick wall is built, having internal breadth of a cubit, and extending upwards to the first compartment a height of one foot, thus forming the ash-pan. It extends to the second compartment one foot, thus completing the Ergasterium. Next, the furnace should incline towards the tower a height of one foot. Next, from the top of this furnace we must erect a tower three feet in height, and having an internal capacity of one foot. The height of the furnace so constructed will be six feet or three cubits. But two doors must be left in the interior wall-one in the ash-pan being a third of a cubit in length and the sixth of a cubit in breadth, convenient for removing ashes and inducing currents of air ; the other door in the oven must be nine inches. Between these doors an iron grate is placed, and over it we set an earthenware plate, which can be surmounted by an archshaped roof. Coals supplied through the

upright tower burn upon this roof. Moreover, four apertures must be made in each wall, so that on any side the coals can be stirred by a poker. Also, let the tower have an aperture at the top about the breadth of a little finger, which in most cases is to be left open, so that the fire may draw the air which sustains it. The outer doors and apertures are duly closed by their lids, so that the furnace may sustain the fire for an uninterrupted space of twenty-four hours, according as the work requires. The Reverberatory Furnace is that wherein the matter is calcined by bounding or resilient flame. It is constructed in the following fashion. Let a brick wall of oblong shape, and of the height of one foot, be erected to serve as an ash-pan, having an aperture of the breadth of four fingers, which will serve as a door for the removal of ashes. Place upon this wall a grate obliquely, and over that let there be a wall extending to the height of one foot, to serve as an oven. In the ash-pan there must be a door four fingers broad through which the ashes can be removed. Above it there must be another door in the wall of the grate, wherein wood can be put. After these arrangements have been completed, let a sort of gallery or terrace [solarium] be constructed of bricks, which shall not be in contact with the posterior wall, and shall be three fingers in breadth. Through the aperture thus left the flame will make its way, and being stopped at the arched roof, will reverberate upon the matter. We next leave a moderately sized door in the interior partition above the gallery, through which the matter to be reverberated upon may be put in and taken out. We cover the remaining portion of the furnace with an arched roof, which is a little lower down than the other part. We cover the anterior and posterior portions of the furnace, and strengthen them with walls of brick, after having left four ventilators, side by side, being of the space of two fingers, in the said upper door. By means of these ventilators it is possible to regulate the fire readily and conveniently, to increase and diminish the heat at will, as the operation requires. When everything has been constructed after this fashion, we make a lid to fit each down, and adjust it thereto. The furnace is then ready for use. The Simple Dissolving Furnace, dissolves matter by its power of resolving the coarse into the refined. It may be either an ascending or descending furnace. An Ascending Furnace is that which dissolves by ascending. It is either dry or humid. The Dry Furnace is a vessel containing the matter, the vessel in question not being put into water. The dissolution is effected by means of an external moisture. It takes place in a bladder and sand melting box. The Bladder Furnace is that which serves for dissolving the matter in a bladder. It is as follows: Four walls are erected in a square, being of the height of one foot (the breadth varying according to the capacity of the bladder), and this serves as an ash-pan. But from one side of the bottom two fragments are so placed at the corners as to leave in their midst a vacant space of six fingers' breadth and the same height for the ash-pan, which completely fills up the space designed for it. Over this structure we must place iron bars to form a grate, and then we shall have finished with the ash-pan. Above this an oven is to be constructed by means of similar walls, eighteen inches high, a door being left in the centre of the furnace by means of which the coals can be manipulated. Over this wall-structure we place an iron bar, which holds the bladder suspended. Having made this structure, the wall is continued to the height of the bladder. It is to be noted that the furnace is to be constructed with such a capacity that a space of at least two fingers' breadth shall exist between the furnace and the vessel, so that the latter may be properly encircled by the heat. Having put in the vessel we cover the furnace ; nevertheless, we allow the orifice of the bladder to protrude, and the four ventilators are also left open. Finally, we construct a lid for each hole and adjust it thereto. The Sand Vessel Furnace is that which dissolves metals by means of a sand box. It is made after the manner of the furnace described above; there is no difference in the structure, except that instead of

a bladder, we place therein a melting, or any other vessel containing the matter, and we keep a watch on the furnace. But if we wish to dissolve anything by an open fire, i.e., without a vessel of sand, and by inclining the other vessel which contains the matter upon its side, let the furnace have a vacant space in one of its walls, four or six fingers wide, according to circumstances, and of a suitable capacity. Such a furnace is of great use in all kinds of dissolutions, either when performed by ashes, by sand, or by iron, or even by naked fire. FURNUS --- A place wherein the fire for chemically operating upon a matter may be properly and conveniently placed. The furnace may be either open or closed. An Open Furnace is one which has the upper part open. This kind may be either a testing or blasting furnace. A Testing or Assaying Furnace is a furnace wherein the nobler metals are refined and searched, or, to use a more correct and technical term, are fulminated. It is constructed of potter's earth, iron plates, or tiles. An iron or earthenware plate is taken, and a four-sided structure is built, in such a way that its base is eleven feet square, but its height is sixteen feet. After the first eight feet of its height it becomes narrower by four feet, yet must the mouth of the furnace be seven feet wide. It is correct also for the plates to have a thickness of one foot and a half, but the floor and the base should be potter's clay, half a foot thick. Having erected this building, we measure three feet upwards and four feet along. This constitutes the lower doorway. From the post of this doorway a wall is continued for two feet, which takes up the space between the first door and that next to be mentioned. Measuring three feet and a half above, and four feet along, we have a convenient door for taking things out and putting them in. We must next proceed to bore a certain small hole at a foot's distance in the centre a hole in which the little finger can be placed, this is convenient for the poker whereby the coals are stirred. Moreover, three-quarters of a foot away, and at the extremity of the door, partitions must be placed on the right and left, where the two holes are of the breadth of an ordinary finger. Into these holes, with which two others should correspond in the opposite wall, are placed iron rods, extending to the breadth of four fingers along the wall. Lids or stoppers must be fitted to either door, having a handle, so that they can be removed and replaced. The upper of these lids must have an oblong hole, so that when the door is closed the interior may yet be visible. Let the lower lid be provided with a circular and larger hole, so that the fire may attract the air which sustains it. Over the rods let an earthenware plate be placed, hollowed out on three sides, but intact on the fourth side, and fitting accurately to the anterior wall. Then the floor of the compartment must be fixed, and an arch-shaped roof placed above, which must be distant two feet and a half from the side and back. Further, let a circular hole-as it were, another door-be cut out, to provide air. When everything has been constructed on this model for the furnace, before it is baked, let the iron plates which constitute the furnace be properly fastened together and riveted. Let, finally, the whole construction be dried in a sunny place, and properly baked by a potter. This manner of making a furnace is the most convenient possible, both because it is not easily choked up with ashes, and because it is sufficient for all assaying purposes, far excelling all others in the facility with which the fire can be directed. A Blasting Furnace, or Anemia, is an open furnace wherein, by means of a current of air which increases the flame, the minerals are liquefied and melted. Should the metals be exceptionally difficult to fuse, so that the blast cannot produce sufficient heat, or the worker desires to melt something very quickly, a bellows can be conveniently attached to the furnace, to increase the fire and accelerate the melting. The blasting furnace may be constructed with its own bellows in the following fashion. Erect four walls, a foot apart either way, and a cubit in height, to serve as an ashpan. On either side of the ash-pan let there be a door, by which the fire can draw the air, and the ashes be removed. Moreover, above the ash-pan, let iron bars be arranged to form a grate, for holding the coals and the vessel placed therein. Let there be another hole of the breadth of a finger beneath the grate, through which the beak of the bellows can pass. Then let the furnace have an

oven added thereto. When it is sufficiently dried by coal-dust, and washed over with mud mingled with water, the bellows may be affixed. This furnace, in case of necessity, may also be used for calcination. FURNUS BALNEI --- is that in which we dissolve the matter when hot in the bronze vessel which contains it. This furnace is built in the same way as the two others, and instead of a bladder or sand box, a brazen box made for the purpose is substituted. But in the vapour bath another vessel of copper made in the following manner is fixed to the top. The vessel is round, and two or three feet in height, the base being comprised in the interior of the ahenum, and the whole arrangement is so exactly adjusted that no vapour can escape. From one side of this vessel a canal or pipe projects, the lower end of which is in contact with the ahenum, so that, if necessary, fresh water can be poured through it. In close proximity to the ahenum, this vessel has a kind of twist upon which a perforated plate something like a diaphragm is placed, containing the vessels. It sometimes happens that more things require to be digested than can be contained in one vessel, whence it is necessary, in order to supply this deficiency, that a second and even a third vessel should be added, according to the need of the moment, and the number of things to be digested. We fix on the top of the vessel a copper lid, which fits exactly, lest any vapour should escape. But when we wish to abstract anything by means of the vapour bath, we do not need this vessel. A cucurbit is placed in a deeper ahenum, care being taken that no water shall reach the glass. It is necessary, however, that the vapour should surround and heat it. As a further precaution, let the lid itself have a cover. A Descending Furnace is that whereby we drive the moisture downward, and so dissolve the matter. Walls are erected for the ashpan, that the containing vessel may be sheltered from the violence of the fire. Upon the ashpan a grate is arranged with a circular aperture in the centre, through which the orifice of the upper vessel may pass. The walls are continued to form the oven, where also the ergasterium is constructed, and in this the vessel is put reversed. Then, a fire of the required temperature being sustained, dissolution takes place. Composite Furnaces are those in which one fire is used for all. Such are the Athanor and Acediae (time-saving) Furnaces. The Time-Saving Furnace is that where many furnaces are sustained by one fire with very little trouble. It takes its name from idleness, and is called "Idle Henry" by the Germans. A round or square tower is erected in the fashion before described, and we leave apertures over the grate which conduct the heat to the side furnaces. There may be three, four, or five of them. Iron stoppers must be provided, by which the heat can be cut off or communicated. By the means of these separate holes another furnace may be closely connected. Nevertheless, it is necessary that each furnace should have its own particular ash-pan and pyreterium, with a separate grate and chimney. By the help of these time-saving furnaces almost any purpose can be accomplished. FURNUS PANIS --- A Heated Oven. FURNUS SABULI --- A Heated Sand-furnace. FUSI --- Spindle, Windlass. Perhaps also a Pulley over which a rope runs. FUSIO --- is Liquation by Heat. FUSION --- by Antimony is that process by which we separate true gold not only from imperfect metals, but also from silver, and it is performed in this manner. I take gold combined with other metals, and mix with it three parts of pulverized antimony. I then place it inside a crucible which

will withstand fire, and this vessel I place in a blasting furnace. Afterwards (if necessary, with the help of the bellows) I transfer the duly liquefied substance into a heated pyramid, then, having struck the sides with a mallet, the regulus containing the gold will settle itself at the top, and we strike off the top with a mallet. The residual antimony contained in the pyramid I again put to the fire and proceed as before, up to the third time, so that all the gold may be taken from the antimony. Each metal regulus thus obtained, having been put into an earthen vessel, and coals having been piled on the top, I set a light to them just like the fire of a furnace, and keep up the flame until all the antimony being evaporated, there is a residue of pure unalloyed gold, which instantly solidifies. FYADA --- i.e., Mercury, White Smoke.

A Lexicon of Alchemy by

Martin Rulandus

GGG

GAGATES --- is a Stone which is to be distinguished from the Gagites of Pliny (1. 10, c. 3). The latter is the Eagle-stone. True Gagates, with which we are here concerned, is the German Jetstone, Agatestone, etc. It is, in fact, a dark, glossy bitumen. It is native in the sea and in rivers, and is doubtless made from petroleum, i.e., a subtle naphtha, or natural liquid bitumen. The stone Thracius or Black Agate is a kind of Gagates, which is composed of black naphtha or bitumen. When bitumen or liquid naphtha flows in the sea or in rivers, that petroleum, I say, makes Gagates. The Germans confound Gagates with amber; the matter differs in the two cases, though it may be granted that they are allied, both having the power, when heated by friction, of attracting threads and straws, as the magnet does iron and the Sagda wood. Moreover, they are both of inflammable nature. But amber does not burn in water, whereas Gagates, which are composed of bitumen, burn very fiercely therein, and the water itself seems to be set on fire by the strength of the bitumen. Amber is not bitumen, but an exudation of the poplar tree or of the pine tree. Gagas or Gagates: Yellow: Jetstone, Agatestone, Wellstone, Amberstone, Pearstone, of the colour of the ion’s coat, also very closely approaching green. Black: This is the stone Thracius, Black Agatestone. Yellow and Black Gagates are indurated stone of naptha or bitumen, i.e., petroleum from Cilicia and the river Gages in Lycia, where it falls into the sea. Sunstone: A stone composed of indurated naptha or bitumen, indurated by a terrene heat. It is a species of Gagates. Amber: Wood Glessum Amber, yellow in colour; it is a gum or resin indurated in the sea; of the poplar according to Discorides. Also of the pine, or the wild pine. Basthard Amber is whitish in colour. We shall treat subsequently of amber. The name of the stone Gagates is derived from the place and river Gagas in Cicilia. This is on the authority of Dioscorides (1. 5, c. 92). But others say it is the city of Gangis in Lycia, where this stone is found on the shore, being of great size and green colour. This is supported by Nicander in

his Theriaca, and he calls the stone Engangin, or Gangitis. He affirms also that the vapour which it gives off in the fire, by reason of its bituminous character, drives away serpents. It is, as I have already said, its nature to burn, to set fire to water, and to be quenched in oil, because it is composed of bitumen. And hence Nicander says it destroys the impetus of a strong and consuming fire. Also Dioscorides teaches that it must take rank before all things of like nature, because it burns with such facility and gives off the odour of bitumen. Pliny (1. 36, c. 29) says that its name is derived from the place and river of Gagas in Lycia, that it is cast up by the sea in Leucola, and is there collected. If I mistake not, Galenus declares that he is unacquainted with any river of the name in Lycia. But it is possible that the name may have changed, as occurs sometimes. Strabo and other geographers are in agreement with Dioscorides on the point, that the river is in Lycia. Is it not possible, moreover, that it is a small river, not generally known, which also is the case with some streams in our own country? The Orla, the Schwarza, and the Pangera are very celebrated streams, but because they are small and of no length, who really knows anything about them except those who live in their vicinity? For the rest, consult Dioscorides and Pliny in the places already cited, concerning the virtues of the Gagates. Its vapour in burning drives away serpents. It arrests dangerous disease when a fumigation is made of it, and eases contraction of the womb. Within my own experience it has an assuaging and dispersing virtue. Gagates were formerly a favourite ornament of matrons, wherewith they were wont to deck themselves as with corals. They are still worn as a favour, by those who desire to beget boys, in some places. Shields, swords, and helmets are also ornamented with them. I have myself seen a church near the port of Tangera which was built and enriched with many gems by the Emperor Charles IV, the windows of which were made of Gagates in a wonderful manner. I have also seen, in the same church, a dagger belonging to this emperor, the haft of which was made, with extraordinary skill, out of a single Gagates. Would that at this day our kings and princes had such care for religion as this good Charles! At the present day amber is preferred, as its smell is sweeter. For the rest, every species of Gagates has one thing in common with the eagle stone, because it is but little reduced by fire. Hence eagle stone is also called Gagites, but it is not the same as Gagates, which we affirmed at the beginning. Some make it out to be a species of Gagates, because of its colour, which is like lion-skin. The Gagates of this colour is our common Agate. There is a second species, which is black, with white veins; a third, which is black, with yellow veins; a fourth, which is spotted, as with blood, and is found in various parts of India, even as the third is of Cretan origin, while the fifth and last species is black like coral. The stone Gagates is made of naphtha, that is, petroleum. The stone Thracius is another species of Gagates, and is made of black bitumen, or naphtha. Of this also there are two kinds: a certain scissile stone, and lithanthrax. Amber, however, is made of the resin of the poplar, according to Dioscorides, distilled in Eridanus, and hardened either by its own heat or by that of water. Among its other names may be mentioned Electrum, Glessum, Chrysophoros, Chrysolectrum, and it has received different appellations from different learned persons. We ourselves possess a true amber, as Tacitus commemorates. The islanders still collect Succinum as it is washed up by the waves on the shore. So also do the Britons. He is called the master of the shore who pays the wages to those who collect the amber. True Amber is nothing but the sap of certain trees which falls into the sea, and there hardens. It can be set alight like pitch, and the flame is nourished by its oily substance. It is of two kinds-Electrum and Succinum. Electrum is opaque, white, almost like bone, and very valuable. It is commonly called Basthard. Succinum is yellow and transparent like glass. Because of its glass-like transparency, it was called Glessum by the ancients. Hence also we learn on the testimony of Pliny (1. 37, c. 3, and 1. 4, c. 26), that the poplar, whence amber is obtained, was itself termed Glessinga, Glessaria, etc. In the neighbourhood, about Borussia, and along the sea-coast of that part, Electrum would appear to be obtained not from poplars or alders, but from wild pines and fir-trees. Succinum can also be made from the resin of these trees, and its piney nature is known by the odour it emits

when it is set alight. (See Pliny, 1. c., and Solinus, c. 23). Thus, Succinum is not made only from the alder or poplar at Eridanus, and what the poets have written on this subject is very fabulous. Consult Irenxus and Tacitus. For the rest, Succinum is an exudation or resin of trees, chiefly of the pine and the wild pine, which is shown by its odour, colour, and substance generally, when set alight. Thus it exists first in a liquid state, and it is for this reason that we find it to contain flies, particles of dust, spiders, worms, and such insects as gnats, which get into it when it is in its liquid state, and are still incorporated with it when it has become hard. See Tacitus and Pliny. Some writers, moved by I know not what considerations, will have it that it is the prolific seed of a viviparous fish, hard, and like a clod of earth, found in the sea, and floating to the shore. Others state that it is brought from the Caspian Sea. Benedictus Veronensis (De Morbis, 1. 13, c. 26) describes a kind of succinum of a combined black and white colour, having a smell which is at first disagreeable. I do not know what this can be, unless it is a species of impure Basthard. In fine, great has been, and still is, the division between authorities as to what amber is. I affirm that it is a resin of trees, and especially of pine and the wild pine. Pliny enumerates other species of electrum, besides the white, which is an extremely odorous Basthard. There is, moreover, the pale yellow, which is Glessum; and also a kind which has a softer brightness, and is called Falernian, because it is like Falernian Wine. Finally, there is that which is of a pleasing honey colour. And these species are found among our own ambers, if the subject be properly considered. Pure electrum is said to be obtained from the mines of Liguria, but I believe it to be simply Gagates from the bitumen of the earth, and not amber. Or perhaps it is another kind of stone, for there are many gems of kindred colours, such as the topaz and lyncurion. Formerly, amber and Gagates were both worn by matrons who wished to obtain children, now amber is worn only, and is supposed to induce the conception of male children. This stone is very potent against madness, and it is an amulet, which, on the authority of Pliny, is more available than anything against contraction of the womb, if the smoke or vapour, given off from it when burning, be applied to the nostrils. It prevails over disorders of the stomach, it sharpens the understanding, and is good for epilepsy. The logical position is as follows: Whatsoever emits a pleasant smell exhilarates the spirits: Electrum emits a pleasant smell, and indeed is of the best and sweetest fragrance. Thus it exhilarates the spirits, and by consequence is good for epilepsy. For the rest, consult Avicenna, Serapion, Paulus, Galenus, and others, s.v. De Karabe, i.e., Electrum, or Succinum. For the rest, amber, when rubbed till it becomes warm, attracts straws, threads, and dry leaves, like the Gagates, and even as the magnet draws iron, and the stone sagda draws wood. Consult Hesiod and Euripides on amber. Apollonius, in the 4th Bk. of the Argonautria, says that it does not originate from the sap of poplars but from that of the laurel. Consult Solinus and Strabo, and the opinions of various writers recorded in Pliny, 1. 37, c. 2 and 3.. Gagates: Jetstone, Agatestone, Wellstone, Pearstone, Burningstone, a tenuous liquid Bitumen which is found on the surface of springs (Bornstein, in Germany); Silverine from White Naptha, i.e., petroleum, in Cilicia; Black from Bitumen or Black Naptha in Thrace; an indurated stone, of which the species are carbonaceous stones and scissile stones. Succinum Electrum is improperly confounded by the Germans with Gagates; it is a gum, resin, or indurated exudition.

1. Of poplars, according to Dioscorides, Ovid, and others ; otherwise of the alder, though these writers seem to regard the alder and poplar as the same tree. 2. Of the pine. 3. Of the wild pine, whence comes the Basthard of the Germans-bright, transparent, yellow, like honey-water. GALA --- i.e., Milk. GALACTITES, GALACTITIS, or GALAXIAS --- is a precious stone of a milk-white colour, with white and red stripes. It exudes a milky sap of a greyish hue and a sweet taste, especially when mixed with water. I have seen it as it originates in Saxony earth, and while it was still increasing. Consult Dioscorides and Pliny (1. 37, c. 20), who says that it is like the medlar. Pliny also calls the Galactites the Leucogogxa, Leucographia, and Synephites. It increases the flow of saliva, and is said to be of very great use in developing the milk of women who are suckling infants. It also refreshes the memory. That variety of the Emerald which has white lines surrounding it is by some called Galactites. Consult Albertus, who attributes to Galactites I know not what magical virtues. Also Solinus (Polyhist., c. 13), who says that the black scrupulus is composed of white sap. GALAXIA --- Star-colouring, purification. GALLICUS --- North, North-East. GAMATHEI --- are certain Mysterious Stones wherein the celestial potencies and the superior constellations are imprinted, and take shape in wonderful characters, signs, and symbolic figures. They are found occasionally by miners on the mountains and on the banks of rivers. GANGRIENA --- Incipient Mortification of a Diseased Part. GASAR --- i.e., Lomus [unknown). GATRINUM --- i.e., Woad Ashes. GAZA FUMI --- i.e., Crystalline Arsenic. GEBALUM --- i.e., Reparation. Coagulare sometimes has the same meaning. GECHARSUN, or DIFDAHA --- i.e., a Frog. GELION, FOLIUM, PHYLLON, COME, CHOETE --- Names for a Leaf. GELUTA --- i.e., the herb Carlina. GEMMA EX ARANEO --- Stone from a Spider. In Germany, we have a species of domestic spider which is of immense size, which takes its name from the Cross, and is called the CrossSpider --- I know not why, unless from the shape of its web, or from the transverse colouring of its body --- and it is considered wicked or unlucky to injure it. It is said to drive away every kind of poisonous reptiles from houses, and in times of pest it is seldom or rarely seen. A precious stone is found in the heads of these spiders, which is of singular value as a preservative against poison and sorcery. I have never seen it, as I have not had the courage to dissect such a spider. But there is no

cause for surprise at the virtue of the gem when even the webs of these creatures are held by many in the highest estimation. GEMMA BERYLLUS --- The Stone Beryl. 1. The Beryl. 2. Chrysoberyl, or Yellowish Beryl. 3. Chrysopras, or Green Beryl. GEMMA CERAUNLE --- Shining Stone, Gleaming Stone, Lightning Stone. There are two varieties --- round and long. GEMMA IRIS --- (1) Iris is a Sexangular Stone, of white colour, which, under the rays of the sun, radiates like a rainbow; (2) Manufactured Iris in imitation of the true stone. It is made of the stone called Brontia, which is white and polished. Item: Translucent Yellow Fluors such as I have seen at our jewellers. GEMMA OPALUS, or POEDEROS --- A kind of opal. GEMMA PRASIUS --- A Stone similar to the leek in colour. GEMMAE RUBETARUM --- The Frog, Toad, or Rubeta, an ugly animal, dwelling in holes, contains a certain gem. There is a species in Spain or Gaul, which has horns, and spots of yellow and livid black. It is called Borax, and has a stone in its head of the same name, i.e., rubeta. The colour is between white and brown. I have seen a specimen at the house of a nobleman. If the stone be extracted while the toad is alive, it will have a blue eye in the middle. Sometimes it is black, with little livid black spots, like our own toads, or toadstones. I have possessed a specimen, of round shape, about the size of a bean. Some are green, some variegated; such are found by the Boraxseekers. These stones are called commonly Cropodina. Sometimes they have the figure of a toad upon them. Rings set with these stones are worn by princes, for, when they are in the presence of poison, they change colour, and emit a sweat. They are greatly desired by our frogs, who endeavour to leap away with them, as I have myself seen. They gather round them when they are set upon the ground. For the rest, whether the Borax stone actually grows in the head of the toad, like Draconites and Echites, I leave to the reader. Others say that it is produced in a viscous spume, which toads blow upon the head of the special toad whom they desire to be their king. See Pliny. Nowadays our toads are hung up in the air till they are dried, when they are said to be a cure for every flux of blood. GEMMA TARTAREA --- Common Stone of Transparent Tartar. GENULA EX TRANSPLANTATIONE PASTINACAE --- A kind of monstrous Parsnip. GEOGKAPHIA --- The Art of the Knowledge of the Earth. GEOMANTIA --- is a notable Art and Science of Earthly Things. It is also the manifestation of the stars of earth to men, whence they obtain a prophecy or presage. It is called also Astronomy of Earth, and is operated in two ways, either by astronomical calculations, or by spots. GEOMETRIA --- A Measure in Land-surveying; length ten feet.

GEPHULLE --- A species of Rock. GERSA --- i.e., White Lead. GESOR --- i.e., Galbanum, a strong-smelling Gum. GI --- i.e., Earth. Also a material in use among painters, which is obtained from glass ovens or chimneys. GIBAR --- i.e., the Medicine of Metals. GIBUM --- i.e., Cheese. GICH, or GEPSIN --- i.e., Gypsum. GIGANTES --- are long and tall (but what the text does not say), placed over the vessel. Also men who exceed the stature and laws of nature. GILLA, or GRILLUS --- is Vitriol, which resolves of itself into water. Some call Water of Sal Ammoniac by this name. It purges the stomach. GILVUS, or HELVUS --- is intermediate between white and brown. Called also Melinus, Cirron, Balion, Citrinus, Citrinon. GIPSUM --- i.e., Armenian Earth; Plaster of Paris. GIR, GITH --- i.e., Living Calx. GIRLIES --- i.e., White River-stones; also Perch. GIRMER --- i.e., Tartar. GISISIM --- i.e., of Gum. GITENON --- i.e., Common Lime. GLACIES DURA --- i.e., Crystal. GLADIALIS --- is that art by which swords and daggers are manufactured in correspondence with the course of the stars of heaven. Even the anvil cannot resist these swords. Hence the art is also called Incusina. GLASSA --- is a kind of Dry Varnish. GLIMMER, MICAH, or CAT SILVER --- has a certain appearance of silver, but is not silver. It is called Cat Silver by similitude, because cat's eyes shine at night in the same manner, or because it is vain and useless, bears no fruit, and is only fit for burning. But if we consider profoundly, it is not so much burned, or consumed, as purged, as I have observed elsewhere, and assumes another colour, being doubtless a species of amianth. Consult Serapion (Lib. Agg. c. Tincar), who says that native chrysocolla is found on the sea shore, and has a saline nature. It is hot and dry in the fourth

degree. As to its medicinal qualities see Discorides. Note that chrysocolla is poison if an overdose be taken. GLISOMARGA --- is a White Clay or Chalk. GLOMER --- i.e., Round. GLUTEN --- i.e., Oxgall. GLUTEN --- is Glue or Blood. Also Lime. GLUTEN, SIMONIA, or SINOVIA --- is the most noble part of the body, subtle, pure, white, transparent, a sweet resolved salt, and natural humour, or liquid, in all the joints of the members, like the albumen of eggs. When tartar is generated in this matter the result is gout. GLUTINIS TENACITAS --- is a Mineral Resin, as the resin of the terebinth tree. GLUTA --- The virtue and efficacy of Pitch. GNI --- A species of rock. GNOMI, HOMUNCULI --- Corporeal Spirits who dwell in the Earth. They are scarcely a foot high. Called also Pygmies. GOBEIRA, MESPILA, AGABOR --- Dust. GOSEL --- A beast with horns. GRADATIO --- is the gradual Exaltation of Metallic Qualities by which their weight, colour and fixity are excellently increased. It accomplishes the transmutation of a matter into its essential substance, provided it is performed gradually. It also manifests concealed potency without changing the original species. For example, if nature produces white gold, gradation makes it red; if nature produces what is volatile, gradation fixes, purifies what is impure, etc. GRAECA MAGIA --- A Superstitious Art invented by the Greeks, or a form of worship, by which useless visions are obtained, so that things which are not real appear, and whereby wise men captivate the imagination of the vulgar. It is nothing but a troubling of the sight, and a deceptive, mendacious machination which is represented in the likeness of the thing itself. GRANATUS --- The Garnet perhaps takes its name from the pomegranate. It is undoubtedly a species of carbuncle. It is a transparent, ruby-coloured gem, like the blossom of the pomegranate, and is more dusky than the carbuncle. There is one species which is between ruby and violet, and is called the violet garnet. It is very similar to the amethyst-coloured carbuncle. It is native in Ethiopia, and the sand of the sea. The garnet raises the spirits, and drives melancholy away. It is called the feminine Paeantis, which garnet is also termed Michedon. And they say that at certain times this gem conceives and bears a stone. See Pliny and Solinus. The Pxantis is the German Gemmaho, which also Pliny calls gelnonida, and it is said to conceive, bear, and undergo parturition. It is found in Macedonia, and is a species of congealed white water. GRANULATIO --- is the Process of Reduction into Powder. It is sometimes subsequent to fusion. It is special to metals, and is performed in several ways, such as by the pouring of molten metal into

water. The melting should be done in an iron vessel. Sometimes small brushes of dry twigs are introduced into the water to assist granulation. Sometimes, instead, a perforated tablet or very narrow sieve is used. GRANULIREN --- Reduced to Powder. GRANUM --- is Indian Seed. GRANUM VIRIDE --- is the Fruit of the Terebinth Tree. GRASSA --- i.e., Attinckar or Borax. GRATIOLA --- An Herb, formerly imported at great expense, and since found native in the vicinity of Norimberg. Abundant at Argentora. GRAVUS --- Marble, Porphyry, Porphyretic Stone, of reddish purple colour, useful in spontaneous solution of substances. GRUMA --- is Tartar. GRUS --- An ancient Elevating Apparatus, a Crane. GUARIL --- i.e., Newt or Eft. GUARINI --- are Men who Derive Life from the Influence of Heaven. GUMA --- i.e., Quicksilver, Mercury, Dual Quicksilver. GUMA or GUMI --- Olitet Sulphur and Coagulum. It is a Ferment, and may be dissolved by milk. GUMA CUPRI --- Verdigris, or Vitriol. Also called Gypsum, Stucco, Plaster of Paris. GUMA PARADISI --- Orpiment. GUMICULA --- The herb Valerian, Limicula, Phu, Baldrian. GUMMI ASIMAR --- i.e., Almond Gum. GUMMI ARBORIS NUCUM --- A sappy Exudition from the nuts of certain trees, also Catkins [tremulae arboris]. GUMMI CEDRI --- The Gum of the Cedar called also Cedrina, Kedria, Kydria, Kitran, Alkitran, Xerbin. GUTTA ROSACEA --- Is a red Breaking Out on the Face, Incipient Leprosy. A Scabby Disease. GUTTEO --- A Gum found in the Sea. GYPSUM --- Probably the derivative of a spar. It is cognate to calx, but not so hot in its nature. It differs also in this, that when calx is extinguished by any moisture, it acquires heat, but Gypsum when thus extinguished does not acquire heat. Its virtue is in its astringent quality; it restrains and it

destroys. Its use is chiefly in external application, on account of its extremely drying and destroying nature. Gypsum is of two kinds. The one is native mined Gypsum obtained from the earth, and especially from clay. It is a substance very similar to nitre, and occurs sometimes in broad layers. It was known to Theophrastus and to Pliny, who borrows from Theophrastus. Its name is retained by the Germans who call it Gyps. It is found in several places, including the vicinity of the Elbe. Spar and Gypsum, are always deposited during the inundation of that river. The other Gypsum is manufactured, and is made, or melted out, from a white stone similar to alabaster, which stone is found in the seams of Jena, in the wood of Hyrcinia, in the mines of Salveldia, and in the rivers of Saxony. It seems to me that it is, as it were, a hardened marrow of stone or otherwise a species of aphronitum, true Gypsum, or the Stone Calminar. So also the people of Saxony call this stone Our Dear Lady's Ice. There is a second kind of manufactured Gypsum made of a scissile spar called Mary's Icicle, because it has the appearance of an icicle. This is the best Gypsum, as Pliny testifies (1. 36, c. 2c}). Concerning true spar, see infra, s.v. De Lapide Arabico et Selinite. Albertus says that the extremity of Gypsum is spar, i.e., of native Gypsum. For the rest consult Pliny in 1. c., also 1. 35, c. 12 and 17, and Serapion, 1. Agg. s.v. Gypsen. Gypsum: 1.Very white, solid, Cyprian Gypsum from which drinking cups and vessels for holding scents are made. 2. Another very white Cyprian Gypsum distinguished by grey veins. 3. A very white Gypsum from Hildesheim, not unlike ebony. 4. A very white Gypsum of Narthusia from which also drinking cups are made. 5. Another kind from the same place adorned with greyish lines, from which also drinking cups are made. 6. Block Gypsum, which glitters and sparkles after the manner of marble. 7. Soft block Gypsum, like sugar in appearance. 8. Capillary Isfeldian Gypsum. 9. White Scissile Isfeldian Gypsum. 10. White Gypsum of Ienum, found in contiguity to a grey, calcareous stone. 11. Greyish Gypsum of Hildesheim, found in the block. 12. Grey Gypsum from the same place, consisting of many layers. 13. Transparent and honey-coloured Gypsum. 14. A reddish Gypsum of Misena. 15. Burnt Gypsum of Thuringia which is utilized in place of calx. 16. Another burnt Gypsum of which many images are made by the modellers.

A Lexicon of Alchemy by

Martin Rulandus

HHH

HADID --- is Iron. HAEMATITES --- In Arabic Sedeneg, in German Blutstein, Bloodstone, on account of the blood colour with which it is tinged, and which it is also seen to have, which is dug up in mines, and on account of its effect in stopping the flow of blood in all kinds of bloody fluxes. Pliny distinguishes between several species according to the places in which they are found, as Lybia, Egypt, Spain, and between the Weser and Elbe in Germany; also in Saxony and Anneberg, at Sala, Goslaria, Geuro, Salfeldia, Salburg, Iona, many species occur. Hematites may also be classified according to their degrees of hardness and softness. I am acquainted with the following species: 1. Those which are described by Dioscorides (1. 5, c. 90), and which are mined in Egypt. They have a black ground, are full of colour, and are hard, crumbling, smooth in quality, unmixed with any dross, and not encircled by zones. This species is found among the Hematites obtained from our mines, but very rarely; I have barely met with a couple, and to the vulgar they are wholly unknown. 2. A black species, found at Gossaria, which exudes a yellow fluid; very hard and unknown to jewellers. It is found, but that rarely, in the portion of the ancient Hercynian forest which filled the country between the Weser and Elbe. It is undoubtedly the black stone Medus of Albertus, which also when broken exuded a yellow fluid. There is another species of a green colour. The name Medus refers to Media whence it is brought, and it is also found near the Phasis, a river of Colchis. 3. The scissile, purple Hematite, found in many places, notably in the mines of Hassia. 4. A very beautiful variety which is dug up in Geuro, Anneberg, and Salfeld. It is much praised by goldsmiths, because it is extremely hard at the side, and is useful for polishing gems. This also is black and is like a top in shape. 5. A variety from the same places, black, but exhibiting three colours at the sides, and is probably the Trichrus of Pliny (1. 37, c. 10), an African stone which he describes as black and exuding three kinds of moisture --- at the bottom, black; in the middle, blood-red; at the top, white. This also is top-shaped and hard. 6. There is a sixth species found between the Weser and the Elbe, in Cherusca, and in certain mountains, which generally has the shape of a bare head. This is the most beautiful of all, and its

shape cannot be sufficiently admired. I have experienced its wonderful virtue in stopping bleeding at the nose. Pliny distinguishes between the Hematite and Schistos (1. 36, c. 20), and between the red-veined Hematite and the crumbling species. He also calls Hematite by the term Anthracite, a word which the Greeks gave to many things, including the carbuncle. Sotacus distinguishes five species, besides the stone Magnesia. The Haematites of Pliny are as follows: 1. Ethiopian, good for the eyes, classed among the Panchresti, as universally useful objects. This is the grand Hematite of Pliny. It is found in Ethiopia, whence also comes the Ethiopian Magnesia, or loadstone, to which it is closely allied, even to the ruddiness of its colour. If broken, it gives forth a red and yellow fluid, but it does not attract iron like the loadstone. Great indeed is the knowledge both of loadstone and Hematite. Hematite can be made from loadstone when it has been burnt by a fiery heat. 2. Androdamanta, or Atrodamanta, of extraordinary weight and hardness, whence its name. This also is black, and exudes a blood-red fluid; it is found chiefly in Africa, and it attracts iron. To this our own Hematite from Geuro very closely corresponds, being very hard at the side, which is tricoloured. 3. Arabian Hematite, hard, and scarcely exuding moisture on its aqueous side, sometimes similar to saffron. This answers to ours which is found at Goslar, and in the Hercynian wood. 4. Elatites, Bloodstone in the rough state; in its finished condition it is called Miles. It is useful for burns, and more so for all species of red eruptions. 5. Schistos, of which Schistos Nigrum, or Schiston, another species, is found in Africa. When broken on the aqueous sides a black-coloured moisture exudes from the root, and a yellow from the other portion. For the rest, consult Pliny and Dioscorides on the virtues and efficacies of these species; where is also to be found the method of burning and corrupting Hematite ; also where Hematite is chiefly found, namely, in red Sinopis, and how it may be made from loadstone fiercely burnt by an artificial fire, or by the heat of the earth. Where loadstone exists it is most likely that Hematite will be also found, and vice versa, which is the case in iron mines where loadstone is found. Dioscorides also states in the same place that Hematite is produced naturally among metals in Egypt, which is found to take place also in the mines of the Bohemian mountains. For the rest, consult Serapion on the Hematite, s.v. Sedeneg. The ancients consecrated the Hematite to Mars. HAEMORRHOIDES --- A flux of Blood from the Anus. HAGS --- is Stone. HAL --- is Salt. HAL, or HOL --- is Vinegar. HALCYON, ALCION, ALCEDO, ORNIS ACTAE --- Sea-fowl, Cerylus, Ice-bird. HALCYONIUM --- The Halcyon Birds, beloved by the goddess Tethaeos. See Pliny (1. 10, c. 32; 1. 2, c. 49; 1. 18, c. 26) as to the manner of their pregnancy, the mode in which they prepare their nests, and their appearance. Compare the very elegant fable in the eleventh metamorphosis of Ovid, and other writers who have treated concerning these birds. Deservedly indeed did these most

beautiful Halcyon birds partake of the pleasures of the Nereides, as our Virgil and Theocritus tell us. From these same Halcyons we derive the name Halcyonium Ceycum from Ceyce, Kingfisher. It is simply congealed seafoam, internally brittle, stimulating to throat and eyes. It is at this day called Spuma Maris, Sea-foam, in the workshops. But it is not the Spuma Salis, or Maris, of which we have before spoken, though it is related thereto. Spuma Salis, or Froth of Salt, is a wool or fibre of sea-foam congealed into stones. But Halcyonium is a concrete, scissile, and spongy Sea Spume. It is so called because the Halcyons make their nests floating on a calm sea from this spongy and spumous substance, as the poet says; and Dioscorides (1. 5, c. 8) enumerates five species. Today we have barely two. There is the Halcyonium Spissum, thick, and of astringent taste, with a spongy surface, and a foul, fishy smell. It is found upon the seashore and at Havel, where there are Halcyons, called by the inhabitants Spur-winged Water-hen, but improperly, and also more correctly, Kingfisher, because it builds its nest in the cold winter, and also hatches its young. By the latter name also another bird is signified. The second species of Halcyon is like the lashes of the eye, spongy, full of holes like pipes, light, and smelling like sea-weed. These two first species are included as ingredients in the purifying medicine of women. In De Medusa Facie, Ovid tells us: Add medicines taken from the nests of quarrelsome birds. These banish pimples; they are called Halcyons. The third species is similar to a worm in shape; it approaches purple in colour, and is called Milesius. It promotes the flow of urine. The fourth species is not unlike the wool shorn from a sheep, but still hanging together. It is light, and honeycombed like a sponge. The fifth species has the appearance of a fungus, without any repellant odour; it is found in the Sea of Marmora, near the island of Besbica, and on account of its place of origin, because it is salt and bitter, they call it Halosachnem. It is useful for cleansing the teeth, and is used in purifying medicine and depilatory unguent. For the rest, after what manner Halcyonium is prepared by fire and cleaned, consult Dioscorides and Bulkasis. Pliny (l. 32, c. 5) affirms that Halcyonium is made from the nests of the Halcyon or Kingfisher, or from a gross spumous refuse, or from lime, or from sea-wool. He enumerates four species: (1) thick, ashen, and coarse smelling; (2) soft, lighter, and with an odour of sea-weed; (3) whiter and worm-shaped ; (4) that which is called Milesius, and is the best kind; it is porous, like rotten sponge, and approaches purple in colour. Consult Pliny and Serapion on the virtues of these various species. Also the third tractatus of Almansor in the chapter on Sea Spume. All these species are said to be hot and dry. Later authorities have affirmed that Halcyonium is not Sea Spume, but the manufactured substance which is called Adarca and Sea Flesh. HALIMAR --- is Copper. HALINITRUM --- is Saltpetre. HARA --- is juniper. HARMAT --- is the Berry of the Juniper. HARMEL --- is Seed of the herb Rue. Also Grains of Silver remaining on the hearth. HARO --- is a Fern like the Polypody, or Wall-fern. HARPAGO --- A Hooked or Crooked Instrument. HARPAGO PRAEGRANDIS --- A Hooked Or Crooked Instrument of large size. HARTWERCH --- A kind of copper or Brazen Loaves. HASACIUM --- Sal Ammoniac.

HEINRICUS RUBEUS --- Vitriol calcined to the Red. HEL --- is Honey. HELEBRIA --- is a species of black Verarrius (? Weratrum, Hellebore), putting forth red flowers. HELLE --- Viscidity. HELIOTROPIUM --- is the Melissa (Bee) of Paracelsus; the Root of the Sun; the Dandelion; the Balm of Paracelsus. HELIOTROPIUM --- is a Gem found in Ethiopia, Africa, and Cyprus, of a leek-green colour, similar to the emerald, but distinguished by its red speckles. It is called Heliotrope because, if thrown into a vessel of water and exposed to the sun, it changes to blood colour, and this is especially the case with the Ethiopian variety. Concerning the Heliotrope, the impudence of sorcerers affirms that the unguent made from the sap of an herb so named will make the person using it invisible. The Heliotrope is also said to bring riches and good name; it is a safeguard against poisonous reptiles and bloody fluxes. (See Albertus Magnus and Pliny, 1. 37, c. 10). HELNESED --- is Coral. HELUNHAT --- is the Ring of Solomon which figures in Necromantic Art. HEMICYCMUM, HADE --- A mining term. HESMIC --- The fourth part of a pound. HIDUS --- Flower of Copper. HINNICULA, GENICULA, GUMICULA --- The medicinal root, Valerian. The variations I conclude to be mistakes of transcribers. HISMAT --- is Froth Or Scum of Silver. HISPANICUM VIRIDE, or HYSPALENSIS --- is Verdigris. HOLSEBON, HELSATON, HELSEBON --- Names for prepared Common Salt. HOMO FUNEM IN BRACHIUM VEL PECTUS INVOLENS --- A man carrying a rope twined round his arm or waist. HOMUNCULI IMAGUNCULAE --- The Minute Image of a Man or Homunculus, the invisible sidereal man made in the likeness of man. Diminutive men who have within them the invisible, sidereal man. HORIZON --- Mercury or Quicksilver of Gold. HUNC, or HUCCI --- is Jupiter, or Tin. HUMOR VITAE --- Vital Moisture, which prevents all living things from becoming dry, the Radical Humour, the Food and Nourishment of the Natural Heat.

HUMORIS RECEPTACULUM --- A Receptacle of Moisture. HYACINTHUS --- A Gem which differs from the amethyst, the violet which is so conspicuous in the latter being paler in the former, pleasing at first sight, but seeming to grow pale before the eye is satisfied, fading more quickly than the flower which bears its name (see Pliny, 1. 37, c. 9, and Solinus, c. 33). Hyacinthus and Chrysolites are brought from Ethiopia, India and Arabia. The Arabians distinguish three species-of a, red, citrine and antimony-colour, i.e., silver-white. Albertus makes two species of this class, the first showing white in saffron, watery in red, which he calls humid; the second sapphiric, which is very yellow and translucid, and is called the Ethiopian Sapphire Hyacinth. The Hyacinth has the virtue of promoting sleep; it preserves against poisoned arrows; it raises the spirits of men; and it fortifies the heart. I omit other qualities which seem to me magical. In conclusion, the ancients dedicated the Hyacinth to Jupiter. 1. Hyacinth showing reddish in golden. 2. Golden. 3. Approaching amber. 4. Rough. 5. Manufactured and falsified. HYARITH --- is Luna. HYDROMANTIA --- is an Art of Divination derived from the astrology of water or from the stars which rule the water and which make known to men the approach of unusual inundations, high floods, and other phenomena. HYDROPHOBIA --- Dread of water, a stye in the eye. HYDROPIPER --- Red Water-pepper, or Persicaria. HYPOGLOSSUM --- Hippoglossum, Epiglossum, Epiphyllocarpon, Uvularia, Boni facia, Lingua Pagana, Bis Lingua --- Names of plants, the Laurel, the Campanula, the Uvulum, the Gypsophila.

A Lexicon of Alchemy by Martin Rulandus

III

ICTERITIA RUBEA --- Erysipelas. IDAM --- Victuals, Food. IDIOTAE --- are the Despisers of the True Arts, although they may be most able professors of false ones. IDROAGIRA --- Alkaline Water. IDRAOGIROS --- A Dung-hill used as a Furnace. IFFIDES --- White Lead, Ashes of Lead. IGNIS --- is, according to some opinions, the Oil which comes to the surface in distillation. IGNIS --- Fire for the Stone of the Philosophers. 1. Bernhard says he would have preferred to reveal it; they say it should be made with dung, lamps, or coals. The first degree takes place in water, the second in ashes, the third in sand, the fourth in iron, or in the flame. 2. Rosarius says: The heat of dung operates in digestion; the bath is useless. Some will have it that ashes should be put into the bath, and if the fire is to be increased, sand must be put therein. 3. They compare the rule of the fire to the four seasons of the year. Aurora says: Make a dampish fire; digest and coct it steadily, without letting it flicker or boil over; skilfully enclose all round with air, so that nothing may burn, alter, or penetrate. So also says Trevisan. 4. The first grade of the fire lasts until the white appears, and takes place with one lamp in three months. The next takes place until the white breaks up, with two wicks in the space of three months. The third until the white is fixed; the fourth until the end of three months. 5. The flame must not touch the cask.

6. The glass must not be taken out until all is ready. Let not others deceive you. 7. When you have decided to put in the matter, the glass and the matter must he warm; then shake the whole effectually together, so that it may sink to the bottom; then seal it. 8. In the distillation the alembic must be of glass, and covered at all joints. 9. Trevisan says: Cook it so that the elements may remain, and regulate it so that the water may not be destroyed. Regulate the earth 5o that the air may not be destroyed. The ash is a dead thing and cannot be raised up. But the calx can be raised up. IGNIS ALGIR --- is a very powerful Fire. IGNIS CALOR --- Caloric is either natural or artificial. IGNIS CLARE ARDENS --- Clear burning Fire, is Sulphur. IGNIS ELEMENTARIS --- is Sulphur, but not vulgar sulphur. IGNIS EXSTINCTUS --- Extinguished Fire, is Sulphur deprived of its virtue. IGNIS PERSICUS --- Persian Fire, is an Ulcer torturing with a fiery heat. IGNIS PRUINUS ADEPTUS --- Adeptic Frozen Fire, is Quintessence of Wine, Spirit of Wine, rectified with Tartar. IGNIS LEONIS --- Fire of the Lion, Elemental Fire, Aether, called also Pyr, Ethos, Jupiter Argos, names for the element of fire. The four grades of fire must be studied by operators, for so is fire distributed, there being not one grade merely at the crowd conceive ; so also the beginning, middle, and end of these stages must be considered, as they were observed by the primeval philosophers. They must be appreciated, however, not by the senses only, but by their effect in their proper subjects, and by judgment joined to the perceptions of sense, and chiefly of sight and touch. The first grade is very slow, and is like an inactive lukewarmness; it is called the heat of a tepid bath, of excrement, of digestion, of circulation, etc. This grade is shown to the touch when the finger of a sensitive man can stand it without begetting any acute feeling of heat. Of this nature is the vapourous fire of the philosophers which is likened to the warmth generated by a fowl when hatching its young, or of a man rightly constituted by nature. It is generally as follows: such as is yielded by a furnace of a gently kindled vapour-bath, or such as is that of an earthenware melting-pot placed on a furnace, or of a vapourbath placed in a sound vessel over a moderate heat. The second grade is fiercer, yet such that it is safe to touch, nor does it injure the hand. They call it the heat of the ashes, because it is produced by a fire kindled under a cinder-pan. Cinders on account of their fineness do not produce much air. The third grade will burn the hand, and is compared to boiling sand or iron filings; it is called the fire of sand or of iron plates. The fourth is the highest grade, and is generally the most destructive. It is the reverberatory fire, and a living flame is produced from wood or coals easily influenced by the bellows. These grades when we refer to their effects in certain cases differ very much. The grade which is last in that of vegetables is first in antimony; but the first grade may be understood as the heat of a bath. Nevertheless, in the operation of the bath, there may be all four grades; the first when heat is produced with a little water, the second when it is very fierce, the third when it rages, the fourth when it destroys by extreme ebullition.

IGNIS SAPIENTUM --- Fire of the Wise, is warm Horse Dung. IGNITIO --- is Calcination, the Reduction of Bodies by the powerful action of fire into Calx. It is also Combustion and Reverberation. ILECH CRUDUM --- Crude Ilech, is a composition of the first matter of the three prime principles --- Mercury, Salt and Sulphur --- whereof all things are composed. ILECH MAGNUM --- is the Ascendant or Star of Medicine, which we receive with the medicine, wherein it is concealed ; as the superior stars in the firmament, so the inferior in man. It is given in medicine, but it is also implanted in man. ILECH PRIMUM --- is Principle or Beginning. Called also Ileias and Ileadus. ILECH SUPRA NATURALE --- Supernatural Ilech, or Primal Ilech of the Stars, is a supercelestial conjunction and union of the stars of the firmament with the stars of inferior things. ILEIDOS --- is Elemental Air, the Firmament, Heaven. In man, it is the Spirit which permeates every member. ILIASTER --- signifies in general the Occult Virtue of Nature, by which all thing increase, are nourished, multiply and quicken, concerning which consult Paracelsus in his book of Meteoric Generation. But it is understood variously concerning the elements and concerning man. In the elements it is the Vegetative Essences of Nature, which are fourfold, according to the number of the elements, and it is called Chaos. ILIASTER, ELIASTER, or ILIADUM --- is the first chaos of the matter of all things, constituted of Sulphur, Salt and Mercury. There is nothing in the wide nature of things which does not consist of this triplicity, and these are the three principles of Theophrastus which are discovered by spagyric analysis. We find nothing outside this triad which exists in each of its three components in each element. Fernelius comments on them in his Medicine of Inherent Moisture. Of these also the ancients treated, and they were not therefore discovered by Theophrastus, but he recalled them when they were forgotten from darkness into light. It is quadruple, we have seen, in the four elements. There is the chaos of earth, the chaos of water, the chaos of air, and the chaos of fire. There are also four Iliastri of men, constituting long life. The first, or implanted, is the span of life, even life itself or its balsam in man. The second Iliaster, prepared Iliaster, is the span of life, and the life itself, which we derive from the elements or from elementary things. The third Iliaster is the prepared span of the balsam which we derive from the quintessence of things. The fourth, or great, Iliaster is the passage of the mind or soul into the other world, as took place with Enoch, Elias, and others. IMAGINATIO --- is the Star in Man, the Celestial or Supercelestial Body. IMAGINES --- Images, are Effigies in Wax or Metal, wherein the celestial virtues operate. IMBIBERE --- To Imbibe, is to thicken by rubbing, polishing, etc.

IMBIBITIO --- is Ablution, when a liquid joined to a body is made light, and, finding no exit retreats into the body, and washes it so long with frequent lustrations, until it is wholly coagulate therewith, and is unable to rise further, but the whole remains fixed. This assuredly is a philosophical operation, nor does it yield its secret to the vulgar. IMMERSIVA CORROSIO --- takes place when bodies are plunged in other substances, and reduced to a calx. It is either humid or dry. IMPRESSIONES --- Impressions, Seals, or Signatures are invisible fruits of the stars of inferiors, not of sun and moots. IMPURUM ALCALI --- is Froth of Alcali, which is carried off in repurging after building up. IMPURUM TARTARI --- A Rough Salt, Dregs of Tartar. IN GLOBULOS DISSOLVERE --- To Melt into Globules. IN MARMORE VEL IN MARMARIO TERERE --- To Rub upon a Marble Slab. INANIMATI --- are the Pygmies. INCARNATIVA --- of Surgeons are Medicaments for contracting the skin over wounds, or Flesh Astringents. INCERATIO --- is the combination of moisture with a dry matter to the consistence of soft wax by a gradual blending. It is hence called a waxing over. There is also an imbibition performed by irrigation, the dry substance absorbing the moist. This is also the nutrition of physicians, in which the gum sarcocolla, litharge, and other things are absorbed by moisture, and become suitable for use. INCIBIA --- Graves walled over or covered with stones. INCINERATIO --- is an Ignition converting bodies into ashes by means of a powerful fire. We speak of vegetables or animals as incinerated, but the same operation performed on minerals we describe (in chemical language) as reduction to a calx. INCINERATIO and SCOURING --- When the black begins to yield, and the matter to whiten like ashes, then fire and water, or earth and water, combine; the water disappears, earth increases, till all is parched, dry, and like powder. INCLINATIO --- Inclination is the bent of Nature, or the disposition which indicates the nature of a man. INCORPORATIO --- Incorporation is Commingling, in which things moist are immediately blended with things dry into a conglomerate mass. But this is not done by a slow imbibing, but the whole fluid is at once poured on in sufficient quantity to produce a paste, whence the operation is called impacting, or kneading, or by others subaction and pounding. Incorporated substances are, however, left for digestion by means of heat, so that by mutual action and passion a common mingling may obtain. INCUBA --- is the Bride of the Sun.

INCUBUS --- is a Nocturnal Demon which tempts and deceives women in sleep, as if they had carnal intercourse therewith. INDICUM SAL, SAL GEMMAE --- is Cappadocia Gemma, a Precious Stone found in Phrygia and polished in Cappadocia. INDICUM --- Indigo, is a Spume of two species, namely, Native Indigo, which is found to exist spontaneously in certain Indian reeds. It is called Indigo Stone by painters, but erroneously, for it is not a stone. Adarca, a thick salt scum which collects about reeds in marshy places, is very similar to indigo, but it is afterwards treated by art, whereas indigo is natural. There is, however, a second species made by dyers ; it is of purple colour, and is manufactured in caldrons. This is the better kind. It has a blue appearance, and is called by the Germans Woadflower, or Indian colour. It i slightly astringent, bursts, purges, and reduces ulcers. Pliny (1. 35, c. 6) remarks that natural indigo is as to its nature and constituents undetermined. The manufactured is produced from the black scum which adheres to brazen or copper caldrons. Others affirm that it is simply the sap of herbs, with which clothes are dyed, that they call indigo, that is woad, which is otherwise domestically familiar in Thuringia, where it is much used in dyes. This is properly a manufactured indigo, but there is also a wild woad. Consult Dioscorides, 1. 2. INDICUS COLOR --- Indigo Blue. INFLUENTIA --- Influx; when by thought and imagination we attract to us the virtues and natures of the planets and superior stars. It is two-fold, that which derives to us through the medium of created things, such as the influx of heaven through the firmament, and that which is given to us immediately, that is, by God alone ; the second is supernatural as the first is artificial, natural, and moral. INFLUENTIA NATURALIS, or NATURAL INFLUX --- is that which is poured down by the superior stars of the firmament, in accordance with natural law, into or upon inferior things, whereby they govern and rule through inclination in men, animals, etc., and through potencies and efficacies in insentient things. Hence we learn that this inclination is a certain brute force and magnetic attraction, which i easy to resist and withstand by moral influence; being assisted by the divine inspiration in any cases of special difficulty. INFUNDIBULUM, or FUNNEL --- is a Metallic Vessel of oblong shape, having a handle, hollow within, for the reception of molten metal, Its configuration is like that of a staff or rod. The Germans call it a Gutter or Dunghill. INFUNDIRIN --- To Soak or Moisten. INGESTORES --- A Carrier on the Mountains. INHUMATIO --- Humectation in a Dung-bath. INHUMARE --- To Bury under the Earth, to Putrefy, or also to Reduce into Earth. When the solution takes place, the old man is buried in a bath; then he is covered with blackness, and remains hidden without any lustre. The sun has entered a gloomy grave. INSIDERE IN BACILLO --- To Set on a Cross-beam secured by a rope. INSIDERE IN CORIO --- To Sit down on Leather.

INSTRUMENTUM CUM INDICE MENSORUM ALPINORUM --- An Indicating Compass. INSTRUMENTUM FERREUM, QUOD MACHINE FOLLES COMPRIMIT --- An Iron Instrument which works the bellows. INSTRUMENTUM FERREUM, QUO TERRA VERBATUR --- An Iron Instrument with which the earth is beaten. INSTRUMENTUM METALLICUM, SIGNIFICANS MUNDI PARTES --- The Metallic Instrument which shows the quarters of the world, i.e., the Compass. INTERIOR MURUS FORNACIS --- The Inner Wall of the Furnace; Lining. INTER VENIUM --- A Wedge-shaped Rock. IOS --- is a Poison, or Drug. IOTA, or IORA --- is a Green Branch. IPACEDES --- Hairy Beard. IRIS --- is a Stone similar to crystal, and according to some is the Root or Foundation of Crystal; the hexagonal Iris is found frequently in Arabia, and, according to Pliny (1. 37, c. 9), in a certain island of the Red Sea. It is found in our own country in the mountains and rivers of Westphalia between Treves and the Rhine. It is maintained to be the native Cadmia of Galen, which we have treated under its proper head. They also say that the latter is hexagonal, although a round one is sometimes found, even as the holes in the centre of a honeycomb are hexagonal, and at the edges round. It is an exceedingly dry stone and very fine in constitution. Some say that it is composed of the essential moisture of water, which laves the matter of the stone, the same being generated in a red slime. It is called Iris because in the middle there are defined, rainbow-like lines; or because when shone upon by the sun indoors, it sends forth the colours and appearance of the rainbow upon the nearest walls. So testifies Pliny, and he adds that there are certain rough sides and unequal corners, which, when exposed out of doors to the sun, send forth rays which are reflected upon each other, but some also illuminate surrounding objects. He says also that an Iris like wax, but very hard, is found in Persia, but it has not the quality of the gem which he calls Zeros, a crystal encircled by a line. Compare the Demon Stone of Albertus, which was of two colours like the Iris, was good in fevers, and an antidote to poison. IVA ARTHETICA VEL MUSCATA --- A Medicine for Lame Limbs. IVA POTABILIS --- A Draught that restores Soundness to Lame Limbs.

JJJ

JACENS --- Base of the Mountain. Bottom of the Mountain.

JASPIS --- Hematite, Bloodstone. There is a green variety. The Jasp of the Germans is a stone of many species. Dioscorides enumerates seven: 1. Green jasper, like the emerald. 2. Jasper like crystal, similar to phlegm in colour. 3. Jasper not unlike copper. 4. Smoky jasper, called Capnias. 5. Assyrian jasper, encircled by white and lustrous lines. 6. Jasper like terebinth, called Terebinthizusa, being of the colour of turpentine. 7. Jasper, similar to the stone Callais. All these species are amulets, and, according to Dioscorides, hasten parturition when applied to the thighs. Pliny (1. 37, c. 8 and 9) enumerates several species, according to colour, country, and quality, some of which may be added in this place: 1. Translucent green Jaspar, like the Indian emerald, worn by many people. It is regarded as an amulet in all the East, and when surrounded by a transverse white line it is called grammatias and polygrammos. 2. Green or grey-coated Cyprian jasper. 3. Persian Jasper like copper, and hence called aerizusa. 4. Cerulean jasper from the vicinity of Thermodon, a river of Pontus. 5. Purple Jasper of Phrygia. 6. Dull purple or cerulean Jasper of Cappodocia. 7. Thracian Jasper similar to Indian. 8. Dark Jasper of Chalcis. 9. Violet Jasper of Sardis. 10. Crystalline or phlegmatic Jasper. But the best, according to Pliny, is purple, rose-coloured, or emerald. He also notes an onyx called Jasponyx, which is a spotted stone, clouded as with snow, and dotted as with bright sparkling stars, similar to Salt of Megara, and as if discoloured by smoke. This he calls Capnias, but it is included by Dioscorides among the varieties of jasper. Pliny, Theophrastus, and Dioscorides, do seem in a measure to disagree. But this we leave to be threshed out by more learned persons. The stone which we now call Turquoise is beyond doubt a species of jasper. Its hue inclines to cerulean, yet it is sometimes flaxen, glittering, white, shining, and as if milk had mingled in a yellow colour. It is supposed to have the virtue of strengthening sight, and preserving from many mischances. We also

in Germany possess a most beautiful species of jasper, which has great efficacy. It is found in Bohemia, and is of green colour, glittering with red lines and spots, or otherwise of a brown colour, or chestnut. It is found in Thuringia, Misnia, and other places. I have found jasper highly efficacious against excessive menstruation. It helps parturition and protects the foetus. 1. Jasper, on the one hand, similar to emerald, on the other, cerulean, obtained by mining. 2. Similar to emerald, ornamented with lines. Having blue bands. 3. Blue in green; bluish jasper. 4. Black in green; blackish green jasper. 5. Green, milky jasper. Whitish green jasper. 6. Jasper, called Borea, like a serene blue sky. Oriental Turquoise. 7. A variety of the former, but part green. 8. Another, shining white on blue. 9. Manufactured Borea jasper. 10. Jasponyx, part jasper, part Onyx, or Chalcedony. 11. Purple jasper, mixed with Chalcedony, and having white spots. 12. Purple jasper, full of spots and white blemishes. Also a similar species of flaxen colour. 13. Purple jasper, very strangely composed of Chalcedony and red and yellow jasper, in spots and lines. 14. Pure Purple jasper. 15. Corensian jasper, from Misnia; colour of red blood. 16. Black in red. 17. Pale yellow. 18. Beautiful reddish yellow jasper. 19. Yellow, with red spots. 20. Liver-coloured. 21. Dark liver-coloured jasper. 22. Islebian jasper, red in colour, with white, pellucid, sexangular fluors, like the stone geodes. JASSA --- Herb of the Trinity, Pansy, or Heartsease.

JUDEX METALLICUS --- An Assaying Officer. JUMNISUM, or JUMNIZUM --- is Ferment. JUPITER --- is Tin. JURATUS PARTIUM VENDITOR --- A sworn broker of mining shares. JUSSA --- is Gyps; a kind of plaster.

KKK

KACHIMIA, or KAKIMIA --- is the Immature Minera of any Metal, otherwise an Imperfect Metal, still in its first state, like the child hidden in the womb of his mother. Thirty species are known. KAIB --- Sour Milk. KAL --- is Salt from a torrent. KALD --- Vinegar. KALI --- is Clavellated Ashes, i.e., Potash, Woad-Ash, or Pearl-Ash. A Salt, Vegetable, or Plant. Its ashes, if burnt, combine into a heap. It is Soda from which Glass is made. The Salt which flows out in melting during the process of Glass-making is Sal Alkali. KALI --- The Arabian Usnen; Rhasis identifies it with Alumen Asfur. KALNOS --- is Smoke. KAMAR, CAMAR, or KYANA --- Names of Silver. KAMIR --- is Ferment. KANSOR --- is Tin. KAPRILI --- is Sulphur. KAR --- is a brilliant and fiery precious Stone. KARABE --- is a Gum, like amber. KARLINA --- is Dill or Anise. KARTINA --- Wild Spice.

KASAM --- is Iron. KATIMIA, GREEK CADMIA, LATIN CALAMINA, or CALAMINE STONE --- is Ore of Zinc. But Calamine is a Root of Tutty, and indeed Tutty itself, in a raw state. It is the Stone, whereby the ore is dyed into brass-colour. True Tutty cleaves to the top of the oven. KAYL --- is Sour Milk. KAYSIR --- is Pumice Stone. KAZDIR, KASDIR, KACIR, KASSICEROS --- are names of Tin. KIBRIC --- is the Father and the First Matter of Mercury and all Fluids. That from which Mercury comes. The Stone is also called Kibric. KIBRITH --- is Sulphur. KISES --- Salt from a Spring. KOBOLTUM, KOBALTUM, or COLLETUM --- is a Metallic Substance, darker than lead or iron, sometimes of ashen hue, wanting in metallic tint or lustre. It can be melted and made into plates. It is not fixed, but takes away the higher metals with it in smoke. It is also Cadmia Stone, from which a useful medicine is made, Copperstone, Climia, Cathimia, Ore of Zinc. It is a pillaging Sulphur, which takes away the good ore in smoke. KOMA or KOMARTOS --- is living Calx. KONIS --- is Ash. KOST --- is the Beech Tree. KUHUL --- is Lead of the Philosophers. See Turba, Fol. 21. KUMEN --- is Unity. KURIA or KYMIA --- is Lump, Mass. The same art is called Alchimia, Alkymia. KYBRIUS or KEBRICK --- is Arsenic. KYMIT ELEVATUM --- is White Sublimed Cinnabar. KYMUS --- is Lump, Mass. KYMUM or KYMINUM --- is a joining or Uniting. KYMIA --- is the Instrument or Cucurbit used for Distillation. KYMENNA --- is a Vessel of Clay, narrow-necked and big-bellied. KYMOLEA --- is Slime which collects under the whetstone, on which weapons are sharpened.

KYRAM --- is Snow. KYVA --- is Opoponax, Gum-resin of Parsnip-root.

A Lexicon of Alchemy by

Martin Rulandus

LLL

LABOR SOPHIAE --- i.e., Paradisus, the other world. LABRUM --- Fan, Winnowing Basket, Tub. LAC PAPAVERIS --- i.e., Opium. LAC VIRGINIS --- is Mercurial Water, the Dragon's Tail; it washes and coagulates without any manual labour; it is the Mercury of the Philosophers, Lunar and Solar Sap, out of catholic earth and water. LACERTA CARNIS CORPORISQUE CAVITAS --- A Skin Disease. Also a Fleshly Protuberance or Muscular Growth, a Cavity made by disease in the body. LACERTA RUBRA or COLCOTAR --- i.e., Red Vitriol, Hungarian Vitirol. The Alchemical Green Lizard. LACUNA --- A Marsh, Pit, or Cavity. LACUNE --- i.e., Embossed or Wrought Earth. LACUSCULUS --- A small Pit. LACUS --- Washing-tray, or Trough. LAMAC --- i.e., Gum Arabic. LAMARE --- is Sulphur. LAMARE LAMPE --- The same. LAMINA --- Plate. LAMINA --- i.e., Orpiment.

LAMINA CURVATA EXCOCTORUM --- A Smelting Plate. LAMINA FERREA, UTRINQUE CAVATA --- An Iron Scraping Instrument. LAMINA FERREA CRASSA --- A Coarse Iron Plate. LAMINA FERREX PARS --- A Part of an Iron Plate. LAMINAE AEREAE --- A Pan of Brass or Copper. LAMINAE FORAMINE PLENAE --- Perforated Plates. LAN --- i.e., Dead Silver. LANX --- i.e., Bitter Almond. Item, a dish. LAOS --- i.e., Tin. LAPIDES: 1. Dense, iron-coloured, masculine, Misnensian Magnet, mined at Swartzburg. 2. Female, black, from Suarceburg. 3. A species of Theamedes from the same place; on one side it attracts, and on the other repels, iron. 4. Theamedes, the Stone which repels iron. 5. Sterile or adulterated Magnet, which neither attracts nor repels iron. Item: tin ore dispersed throughout the rider. 6. White, the sixth species of Pliny. 7. A Burnt Magnet-stone. 8. Cloddy, iron-coloured Hematite of Misnensis. 9. Black, cloddy Stones of Hercynius. 10. A Black Bloodstone which exudes a black sap. 11. A black Stone from iron mines which exudes a yellowish black sap. 12. A black Stone of Hercynius, shaped like a head. 13. A Crustaceous Stone, like cinnabar or red lead. 14. A Bloodstone like burnt coal. 15. Burnt.

16. An iron-colour Schist or Bloodstone, easily divided into long sections. 17. Wedge-shaped, iron-coloured Bohemian Bloodstone. 18. A Stone of Hercynius, with an internal glittering like minium. 19. A species of Schist or Hematite from Anneberg, the size of a walnut, very hard, and when struck, causing the hammer to rebound. 20. Burnt. 21. A Red Rock containing Schist and Hematite. 22. A hard greyish Stone with an outer surface of iron-colour. 23. A red Earth like Rubrica, containing Hematite. Stones that emit sap when struck: 1. Morochtus, or Leucogia, or Leucographia, a soft variety from Saxony. 2. The same, from the same place, but of hard texture. 3. A hard Galactite, exuding a milky sap when struck. From the copper mines of Hildesheimer. 4. Ash-coloured Galactite. 5. Black Hematite, emitting a yellowish black sap. Other Stones of divers kinds: 1. Stelechites, found in a clay near Misena. 2. A Pentagonal Stone. 3. A Stone having thirteen angles; white; found at Hildesheimer. 4. Armenian Stone; slimy; found in true Armenian bolus, as the Samius is found in Saurian earth. 5. Emery, iron-coloured, and harder than iron. 6. A Stone found in flint, shaped like the almond nut. 7. The Stone Menoides, or Moonstone, or Pharmacite. 8. A white, heavy, cuprine Stone, composed of little pipes, like a honeycomb. 9. A yellowish Stone, light, like the gravel-stone Tofus; also of honeycomb nature; mined at Rabsich, above Misena. Sometimes its surface is smooth, sometimes excrescent.

10. A white, hard, round Stone, having on one side a number of small circles described round the same centre, and on the other side having the appearance of beams of ash. 11. Very hard black Zeblician stone, with a preponderance of granite. Rough Stones: 1. A rude, green Stone, like unpolished jasper. 2. A rude Stone, like pyrites. 3. A sterile Stone, like lead. Stones which are liquefied by fire. Of these there are three genera: 1. Similar to a translucid fluor. 2. Opaque, soft, as is the first also, and fire cannot be struck from it. 3. Hard; gives out sparks when struck ; it is a flint of which glass is made. Watery or Aqueous Stones: 1. The lesser Ammonite, like the egg of a fish. 2. Greater Ammonite. 3. Lepidolite, like the scales of fish, having many hues. 4. Long Strombites, like the aquatic snail, whorl shaped. 5. The short Strombites. 6. Ctenites, greyish, striated, something like a comb; a scallop. 7. White, sandy, in which Ctenites is imbedded. 8. A hard, grey Stone, found in Lusatia, and containing Ctenites. 9. A grey Stone, covered with gold-coloured armature, containing a kind of lynx stone. 10. Onychites, like sweet-smelling nails. 11. Ostracites, like oysters. 12. Another, made up of six oyster shells. 13. Tellinite, in every way like Tellinus (unknown), covered with gold-coloured armature. 14. Hildesheimer Conchites, like a bivalve shell, with a gold-coloured armature.

Lightning Stones: 1. Black Ceraunea, i.e., Lightning Stone, large, heavy, almost wedge-shaped, perforated on its broad side. Its length is nine fingers, its breadth four, its weight three and a half pounds. In the year 1544 this stone was cast on a house in Vienna, and penetrated through the wine-cellar, being driven twelve cubits into the earth. 2. Another, hammer-shaped, bluish-black, perforated at the narrower end. In the year 1560, this stone fell at Torga with great force. 3. Another, greenish-black, quite wedge-shaped, perforated in the middle. About the size of the bluish-black one first mentioned. 4. A pointed ruddy Ceraunea, long, round, and somewhat smooth, driven into a tree at Torganus. About the size and density of the first one. 5. These Ceraunea are the product of lightning or thunderbolts, and stones of a similar kind are found at Epirus. Glossopetrse, or precious Stones resembling the human tongue: 1. White, with blue lines on the surface. 2. White, and sharp as a saw on either side. 3. Prussian grey, like the tongue of the woodpecker. 4. Grey, like the tongue of the wren. 5. Dark brown. 6. Bluish grey, found at Tungros. Sometimes covered with iron, sometimes not. 7. Black, from Prussia. Selenite Stones: 1. Selenite which shines like the moon, and hence its name, shaped like the specular stone, or Mary's ice, 2. Transparent and scissile, used for window glass in Thuringia, Saxony, etc. 3. Mesoselenus, greyish, small, striated, curved like a horn, having the appearance of a crescent moon. 4. Another, like the third, with a gold-coloured armature. Stones formed of petrified wood: 1. Elatites of fir-trees.

2. Oaks turned into Stone. 3. Beeches turned into Stone. 4. Alders turned into Stone. 5. Sometimes these trees are found, on the other hand, to contain a white fluor, and sometimes a yellow pyrites. 6. A Stone is made of the alder-wood as follows: A piece of that wood is selected of the size required, and is placed in the vessel of brass in which hops are boiled to make beer. When the hops have been well boiled, the alder-wood is taken out along with them, and is then placed in the hop cellars, or beer cellars, and is covered with sand or gravel for the space of three years. After this time, it is taken up, and is found to have become Stone, and can be used for sharpening knives. Stones called from living things-heavy and pointed: 1. Hieraclites, in colour like the wings of the hawk. 2. Perdicites, coloured like the breast of the partridge. Thunder Stones: 1. Brownish, hemispherical, with ten lines on the surface, not radiating from a single point. A grey Thunder Stone, marked with ten lines distributed in pairs. Full of small holes. 2. Another, mud-coloured, twice the size of an egg, with twenty lines, grouped by fours. Full of small holes. 3. Of the same colour, having ten lines without holes. 4. Reddish, hemispherical, having ten unpunctured lines. 5. Brownish, with semi-circular lines, unpunctured. 6. Yellow and smooth on the surface, the lower part being perforated. Heavy Stones: 1. Belemnites Major, ash-coloured, has a white earth, and when rubbed smells like burnt horn of oxen. 2. A smaller species, of the same colour, containing grey earth. 3. A large Stone, containing sand, without smell when rubbed. 4. A small Stone, containing sand, without smell. All these are found at Hildesheimer. 5. A Prussian Stone, reddish black, transparent, containing earth. 6. Another, but wax-colour, also transparent, and containing earth.

7. White, as if burnt, found in Hildesheimer earth. Contains a black hard stone. The best colour. Does not much differ from the smell of white sap. LAPIDES, etc. --- Stones like bones and shells, called Osteodes and Ostracodes : 1. Enosteos, a Stony Concretion found on fallen trees. 2. Osteocollus, white or grey, porous ; when taken into the body it joins broken bones in a wonderful manner. 3. A variety from Misnia, found in a clay, clay-coloured, hard and solid. 4. Lithostracus, a shell-coloured stalactite. LAPIDES AB ANIMALIBUS, etc.: 1. Thuringian Myites, superficially full and round, and like a seated mouse in appearance. There is another mentioned by Georgius Agricola, which is like a mussel shell. 2. Grey, oblong Hessian Myites. 3. Onyx, or Onydrite, like the human nail. 4. The Stone Enorchis, like testicles. 5. Triorchis, like three testicles, found in rivers. LAPIDES COLORATI: 1. Ashen, Violet, Aldeberg Iolite. 2. Red Aldenberg Iolite. 3. Laurenstein, found by chance; when moistened and exposed to the sun it exhales a smell of violets. 4. Marieberg Iolite; when struck with a mallet it gives forth an odour of musk. 5. Thuringian Iolite, which exhales an odour of wild thyme. 6. Zeblicius Ophites, of which some have no smell, and others a musty scent. 7. Solinum Echites, having a fragrance of wine, and therefore a kind of wine stone (Tartar). 8. Hildesheimer Iolite ; when struck with another stone, or with a mallet, it smells like horn. LAPIDES GEODES --- A Stone containing Earth, of oblong shape, filled with a hard ochrine sand, and rattling when shaken; the Stone Chemnicensis, of a ruddy colour, like iron-stone, and containing a moist clay. LAPIDES JUDAICI :

1. Like the stone of an olive, striated, and still called Olive Stones in Palestine. 2. Another, also striate. LAPIDES TROCHITlAE ET ENTROCHI: 1. White Spangeberg Trochites, called by us Wheel Stone. 2. Grey Wheel Stone. 3. Subashen Wheel Stone. 4. Slimy. 5. Equally long, White Hildesheimer Entrochus, consisting of fourteen Trochites. 6. Another of slimy quality, consisting of ten Trochites. 7. Grey, consisting of three Trochites. 8. A smooth Trochite, puffed up in the middle, and having zones, or encircling lines. 9. A rude Grey Stone of Spangenberg, in which there are Trochites. Found on a lofty mountain, mountain and citadel thereof being perhaps named after it. LAPILLI --- Pebbles: 1. Alectorius, said to be found in the gizzard of a cock. 2. Chelidonia, said to be taken from the swallow. 3. Crabstone. 4. Perch Stone. 5. Impure Pearls. 6. Indian Pearl. 7. Adulterated Pearl, made of very white glass. 8. Another, made of bone, tinged with spume of silver. 9. Another, round, and of Oriental origin. LAPILLI COLLECTI EX MATERIA, QUAE LAVATUR --- i.e., Soapstone. LAPILLI MINUTI, etc. --- Pebbles washed up by waves. LAPILLI NIGRI MAGNI --- Very large black Stones.

LAPILLI NIGRI MAJUSCULI --- Small fragments of Ore. LAPILLI NIGRI MEDIOCRES --- A Bed of Hardened Mud over a vein containing ore. LAPILLI NIGRI PARVI --- Small black Stones. LAPILLUS --- is a Coagulation of Extracted Humour, which is crumbling and vitreous. The humour is of a middle quality. The lapillus also coagulates into moisture. Sometimes it is thicker and like slime, sometimes thinner. It is not often as large as hailstones, but it is frequently like grains of salt or particles of snow. LAPILLUS FISSILI AEROSUS --- i.e., Slate. LAPIS --- Stone, in chemistry is any fixed substance which does not evaporate. LAPIS --- or Stone, from which black lead is obtained. LAPIS ADIZ --- i.e., Sal Ammoniac. LAPIS ANIMALIS --- The Animal Stone, is Human Blood. Item, Curenta, the turtle, who carries his house on his back. LAPIS ARABICUS --- is similar to masculine ivory on the authority of Dioscorides and Pliny. It is chiefly useful in dentistry and in stopping hemorrhage. But such is the quality of this stone that many learned men have disputed about it and still do so. But if the subject be properly considered, Arabian Stone is nothing but the Moonstone or Mary's Ice, or Spar. Windows were formerly made of it, with thin wooden frames instead of lead. The best Gypsum is also made from it, as Pliny witnesses. It is according to Albertus the extreme part of Gypsum, and he calls it Aphroselinum, because at night it reflects the likeness of the moon, or because it is made from dew by the foam of the moon. Some dispute whether Selenite is the Moonstone which Dioscordes calls Aphroselinum. But of this elsewhere. This true Moonstone is called Lapis Arabicus, because first found in Arabia, though Albertus affirms that it was at first discovered at Saguntia in Spain, and that more abundantly than elsewhere; afterwards in many places in Germany. If the subject be considered, there are many species of this stone. There is first the small stone, of spotted appearance, found at Bononia in Italy, according to Pliny; it is like a blemished ebony, and Dioscorides calls it Lapis Arabicus. A second is found among us; it is blackish, and deficient in brightness. We have also one which is very transparent, and was formerly used as windowglass. This is the Selenite mentioned in Scripture. There is a fourth in Saxony, which is like ebony, and is the Arabicus of Pliny. There is a fifth with black or red blemishes, which may also be the Lapis Arabicus of Dioscorides. Albertus distinguishes three species of Moonstone-one clear as glass, of which windows are made; another black like atrament; a third of citrine colour, which he calls Orpiment or Arsenic. It should be noted that the Arabians speak of arsenic or native Orpiment as similar to Moonstone, having regard to its outward crust. But although the Moonstone is citrine it is not merely orpiment, and Albertus errs. It has not the same fatty nature, and a comparison which is founded only on the outward crust is exceedingly foolish. The Moonstone is a precious gem, and, as it were, a concreted humour of the earth, petrified or congealed into a crystal and hardened stone, and is hence called Mary's Ice. Some say that it is the dew of heaven coagulated under the rays of the moon into a species of stone, especially the clearest kind, called Aphroselinum. The Moonstone is found in our mines, and in many other places. The Elbe brings this stone down with it as well as gypsum when inundations occur. For a more perfect knowledge of the subject consult Pliny (l, 36, c. 22), as we omit much on account of brevity. Finally, this should be noted : Whatsoever may be the affinity between

Moonstone and gypsum, it is certain that the former has great use in healing, while the latter is poisonous. A piece of Moonstone the size of a filbert is often used for dysentery. It also stops hemorrhage, and is a good dentifrice. Consult Dioscorides and Avicenna. LAPIS ASIUS --- The best kind is, according to Dioscorides, that which is like pumice stone in colour, fungous, crumbling, scissile, and with mud-coloured lines inside. It is called a Stone because of its colour and nature, but its texture is ot that of a stone, for it is light and fungous. It has been called the Asian Stone because it comes from Mount Troas of Asios, and not alone in Asia. Its virtue is astringent, removing, and slightly corrosive. It is also called sarcophagus. Pliny says that sucking this stone is a speedy cure for gout and all kinds of shin complaints, which indeed is a quality of all metallic substances. When placed in coffins containing the bodies of the dead, it will consume them all except the teeth in the space of forty days. What this stone actually is, few now know. Yet it exists in Germany on the surface of the earth. Underneath and around it an efflorescence appears, a kind of false flower of nitre, which is called flower of Asian rock, which according to Dioscorides is sometimes of yellowish colour, sometimes white, sometimes like pumice stone. It approaches the consistency of slime, is harsh to the tongue, has stronger qualities than the stone it comes from, is drying and cleansing, and has many medical uses. It will be seen that Aphronitrum, or Spume of Nitre, Flower of Rock, and Flower of Asian Rock, are very similar to one another. They differ somewhat in substance, for Flower of Asian Rock is melted by fire, and is therefore not burnt, whereas Spume of Nitre is not so melted. A very beautiful species of Aphronitrum is found at Jena, which in many ways corresponds to the Flower of Asian Rock described by Dioscorides. And the latter is no doubt a species of Flower of Asian Rock. Adarca, already described (see A), is similar in colour to the Flower of Asian Rock. For the rest, consult Pliny, who says that Flower of Asian Rock is like red pumice stone. Consult Serapion, who calls it a Sap, or juice, and distinguishes several species, some being white like that of Jena, some red or ruddy, and some approaching yellow. Others say that this substance originates from marine dew. LAPIS AUREUS --- Urine itself; otherwise the Golden Stone. Also Hair, and the Blood of Beasts. LAPIS BEZAAR --- According to Serapion, the term Hagar Bezaar signifies, in the first place, every Medicament which is an Antidote to Poison, and, secondly, that Stone which forms in the eyes of stags, just as the eye of the hyena is said to petrify, and the stone so produced is called Hyxnia by Pliny. It is said to be a solidification of the tears of the stag after it has contracted snake poison. The poison passes from the animal through its tears, and although its foundation is venom, it is a great antidote to poison. There are species of various colours-citrine, dust-colour, pale green, and white. Some say that they are found in Syria, India, and the East. But we also have a substance of the same nature, which is an ossification of the eyes of our stags, and is collected by stag hunters as an antidote to poison, a good stomachic, and an enlivener of the spirits. In appearance like a bone found in the head of the pike, is that species of bezaar which is in reality a bone from the heart of the stag. It is good in parturition, and quickens pregnancy. The same virtue is attributed to a stone found in the intestines of the same animal. While speaking of the stag, it may be said that its marrow is serviceable in all inflammations, especially those of the womb. Its genital part is good for nervous afliictions; its blood strengthens the womb. Its horns promote good fellowship at festivals. Its lungs are excellent for consumption. LAPIS CALAMINARIS --- i.e., Tutia. LAPIS CALCIS --- i.e., Recrement of Copper, Copper Filing, or Slag.

LAPIS CARPIONIS --- A Triangular Bone, found in the hinder part of a carp's jowl, and said to be a Gem, or Stone. Its size varies with that of the fish ; it is white outside, and yellow inside. It is good for the gravel and biliousness. It is also a safeguard against colic. LAPIS DE MONTANIS --- i.e., Rebis, Tortoise. LAPIS EX CANCRO --- is the Stone called Crab's Eye, which is white and round. It is said to be found in the stomach and intestines of hares, and is supposed to break up stone in the bladder. Some say that it is of a frigid and humid nature, others that it is dry. LAPIS EX PERCA --- A Gem or Stone of the Perch. It is found in the head. There re generally two in one fish, and they are really very white Bones. Nothing is better for breaking up stone in the bladder, and it is therefore eagerly collected by fishermen. A certain part of the gut of the same fish possesses similar virtue. LAPIS FACILE IGNI LIQUESCENS --- i.e., Flux. LAPIS FAMOSUS --- Salt of Urine. LAPIS FOSSILIS AEROSUS --- Cuprine Slate. LAPIS JUDAICUS --- Hornstone, the stone Agapis. LAPIS JUDAICUS --- This is a name of the stone Thecolithos, because it is found in Palestine and Judea. There are two species, of which the larger is like the Phenicite stone of Dioscorides, and the acorn stone of Pliny. It has a variety of names, a fact which deceived the author last cited, who imagined that there were as many species. The stone in question is found in Germany, near Tangra on the Elbe. The smaller species, which is cylindrical (whereas the other is round), sparkles when broken. It was evidently unknown to Dioscorides. It is found in Saxony, and at Tangra on the banks of the Elbe; it has wonderful virtue in all difficulties of passing urine, and in stone in the bladder. Consult Dioscorides and Serapion. LAPIS MAGNETIS: 1. The Livonian, silver-coloured, sparkling magnetic Stone, which can be broken into thin scales. 2. Misnenian in a scissile Stone. 3. Opaque, lead-coloured, in which there are many hard, round, heavy pebbles. 4. Cloddy, like impure carbuncles. A beautiful silver white Stone containing pebbles. 5. Onolsbach, crustaceous, iron-coloured, of which leaves of tables are made. 6. Bohemian, iron-coloured, mixed with brass, which appears like minute scales. 7. Pitch-coloured, in a metallic flint, full of fissures both on the surface and within. 8. Dust-colour, embedded in rock, which is heavy as lead. It is sometimes, but rarely, like that sterile metallic matter which we call our excrement of geese.

9. Round red Stones, found in a silver-coloured magnetic clod. 10. White Mica on the surface of the rocks. 11. Black Mica, like a block of white lead, but scarcer and softer. 12. Cloddy, silver-coloured, Marieberg Mica, in crustaceous flints, i.e., Hornstone. 13. Soft or crumbling Ammochrysos, out of which a dust like gold is made; used by clerks instead of sand. The Roman Janiculensis is called mountain of gold because it abounds in this sand. 14. The stone Hoplites, called Armature by the metallurgists. 15. Shining Armature, like polished iron. 16. Another, like brass. 17. Another, with which Hildesheimer conchites is covered, as with a single layer. 18. Armature, like scales over a pyrites. LAPIS MAJOR --- is composed out of the four elements, and is called the Sun of One Day. According to some opinions, the Calcined and Purified Body. LAPIS MAJOR --- i.e., the spirit extracted from the four bodies. LAPIS NIGRI MEDIOCRES --- Medium-Sized Pebbles. LAPIS NON LAPIS --- The Stone which is not a stone is a substance which is petrine as regards its efficacy and virtue but not as regards its substance. According, however, to Avicenna and Kodar, the Stone which is not a stone is the Elixir, and is called the Stone because it is tinged 6r coloured, and not a stone for the reason that it is melted. LAPIS OCCULTUS --- i.e., Blessed, i.e., Egg. LAPIS PHILOSOPHICUS --- Elixir. LAPIS PHILOSOPHICUS --- is the most potent virtue concentrated by art in the centre. Outwardly, it is a Tincture. Or it is that Universal Medicine by which age is renewed in youth, metals are transmuted, and all diseases cured. It was made by Theophrastus. It is the Stone of the Wise whereby the imperfect metals are improved. The augmentation of the Philosophical Stone takes place in two ways: firstly, by repeating solution and coagulation; secondly, by projection upon the white or red body in such a way that itself becomes elixir. They must then be laid each in its menstruum and water to dissolve. Thus the first elixir is produced in the ferment of the tincture. Grind the medicine, and dissolve it again into its mercury; coagulate it gently, and liquefy it again like wax, whereby the body will be doubled. If you dissolve and cook it again, then you will have multiplied it one hundredfold, and so on, the oftener the better. Take care how much gravity is obtained by your medicine; for the more powerful it is, the more mercury must you add to it in

augmentation. When it has doubled the power that it had at the first multiplication, then add double the amount of mercury. But if the power have tripled, and you desire to increase the potency and strength still further, then take water. If, on the other hand, you wish to increase the substance and the quantity, then take sulphur, or the first matter of the stone, and cook it with the elixir. Thomas Tolet says: To twenty parts of the elixir allow four parts of mercury; seal it, and cook it for eighteen days in a fire of the first grade; in the second grade for twelve days; then put it again into the mercury, and cook it as before. You will complete the process in thirty days. Then take as much as a third or even a seventh part of the elixir of Thomas Aquinas; mix it with virgin's milk; add thereto seven parts of purifying mercury ; mix it, and wash it as before. Dry it by means of a cloth or leather, so that only the seventh part of it shall be fixed. Thus you will have increased its virtue sevenfold. Take a part of this second powder; add thereto a seventh part of mercury; wash it and dry it thoroughly, and fix it. Make it seven times more, and so forth. The solution of the Philosopher's Stone is a revelation of the hidden; it makes that which is coarse to be clean and fine, the hard and dry to be fluid. Then if the matters are to be united by their least parts, they must become water. Calcination takes place by means of the first water, but solution does not take place with violence; it is better in its raw state than cooked; it is better moist than dry, mild, bright, clear ; it alters nature, breaks and divides; is better black than red. All ordinary solution and sublimation are of no use; everything must take place by means of water and without hands. This is called the acute vegetable water; it is the mortar and the stone for grinding with. Roger Bacon says: The first destruction of the world took place by means of water ; the second will take place by means of fire ; therefore it is already here. The Turba says: Take iron; beat it into thin plates ; sprinkle it with poison ; put it into the vessel ; stop it well ; by means of this cooking the third part of the water is destroyed; the rest turns into air, which carries the Chambar (unknown) in its own body. The Senior says: At first it is dissolved with its water, but ultimately with fire, even as fruit in spring requires moisture, and afterwards warmth to mature it. The first solution is recognised when the body, together with the water, becomes completely yellow, or an intermediate colour between yellow and white. The time of the Philosophic Stone: The times which belong to the greatly desired stone. Kalid says: Prepare the stone into the white stage for 130 or 140 days. Trevisan says: Macerate unto the red stage for nine and a half months; and, says the King, look at yourself in the fountain after 130 days. Go out again after 282 days. Clanga Buccinarum [Clangor Buccinae] says: It requires 280 days, that is, forty days, until the white stage, ninety till the red, and 150 till the ferment appears. Lilium says: Some have prepared it in nine months, some in twelve, some in three, some even in eight days. Maria the prophetess is said to have "dissolved" in three days. This is the three labours. Night follows day, and the imperfect work must reach its perfection. On the sixth day a solution appears ; it is afterwards like an island when it is properly regulated. For the black there are twenty-one days, and the half of the work. Should you find that twenty-one weeks have now already gone by, do not make a mistake, for to them a day, a night, and a month are alike. The different length of the time counteracts the differences of weight, for he that takes much water must cook it all the longer. When it will not get black in forty or fifty days then increase the fire, wherein the metal shows itself as a hyacinthine liquid.

1. Grade Fire. Saturn clothes the King in black in forty days, and Jupiter with a grey coat in twenty or twenty-four days. 2. Grade Fire. Luna clothes in white linen in forty days. Venus clothes with yellow in twenty days. 3. Grade Fire. Mars clothes him in red in forty days. 4. Grade Fire. The Sun completes it in forty days. Then he perspires for three days in a potter's oven, and is perfected. Compendium of the Confection of the Stone. Rosaries says: Take gold-coloured Olitet, and therewith dissolve your Stone after the first fixation two or three times three or four days, in order that we may excuse you much solution and coagulation, so that you may have done in thirty days. 2. Cook the white Magnesia with a strong fire, until it is blood-red; then take the King out, and to his three parts, add one part of polished gold, and gold water two parts ; mix it until the body is concealed, and cook it equably until it is red. Then increase it with gold water. Corruption Stone: It belongs to the digestion as a chief part of the work, whereof all chemical books are full. It is a true dissolution of natures, and of that which connects them, both as to the form and the substance, in order that a new form may be introduced, for without putrefaction nothing can grow. It takes place therefore in the shade of the purifying fire in forty or forty-six nights. Then takes place the union by those things which are least, and lasts about five months, or 156 days, etc. That which is coarse perishes in the fruits, and makes the black, shutting the door on the volatilised. Then he goes out of the purifying fire into Paradise. There is life, light, and glory. The Weight for making the Stone: 1. Some take 10 parts of the water and 1 part of the body. 2. Of the water 12 parts. Sol 1 part. 3. Of the water 4 parts. Sol 3 parts. 4. Lully takes equal proportions of each. 5. Water 4 parts. Sol 1 part. 6. Termis. takes 12 parts with X 1 part. 7. Theophrastus 2 parts with 7 parts. 8. Zenon takes 1 part and 3, saying that it does not much matter about the weight, so that the cooking takes places in such a manner as the instructions direct. 9. Of salt, 3 parts; of mercury, 2 parts; of sulphur, 1 part. The Fermentation, Libation, or Nourishment of the Stone: Then is the Sun caught in the plated white earth, and is called our gold. They feed the moist at first with very little water or milk, and it gradually gets stronger and stronger. At first divide the water into two parts, in accordance with the process. Afterwards imbibe the dry parts, or ashes, earth, and rust, with another part, not once, but

seven times, so that the matter may not be drowned. This takes place in fifty days; thereby it becomes sweet and large; treat everything with mild fire, so that the soul may not depart until it fixes itself. Then roast it. The Scale of the Stone: The ash is the ferment of the gold, and the gold is its water. Body and ferment shall afterwards be a clean powder; dissolve them both in water before they are united. The ferment shall be the fourth part of our ore, i.e., four parts of ore and one part of ferment. But Rhasis speaks of 19 parts, another of 3 parts of gold and 7 of water, because the ferment is manifold, so also is the process. Sometimes the ferment is the Stone, and sometimes gold and silver, alone or both together. Ablution of the Stone: Ablution is used to increase it in power. 1. It cannot take place in one process, although it is one operation and one matter. 2. It is first called Ablution of Water, because the matter, in comparison with its future perfection, is still moist and cold. 3. Ablution of Earth, because it is dry and stiff, or almost reaching the white stage. 4. Washing of the Fire is the Red Medicine, is the Golden Fiery Nature which penetrates; some call it Separation of the Elements, also the Washing. The nature comes out of it, calcines, etc. The Calcination of the Philosophic Stone is the highest purification; it receives the inherent moisture, restores the natural warmth, and introduces dissolution. Floresc. Angl. (unknown work) says: The unlearned confuse the bodies which are calcined with the ordinary species of calcination, and they err therein. For our calcination is not ordinary, but Sol and Luna are calcined, together with the first water, so that they may expand, become spongy and subtle; so that the other may begin to work. This is our true calcination. It is turned into a fixed earth, and is called Coagulation and Incineration, Division of the Elements, Extraction and Quintessence. Then the body becomes ghostly, light, white, and dry. It is called Sublimation, Incineration, Solution. Then the refuse becomes sublimated, so that the Olitet may be obtained. It is also called the White Death, Understanding, Putrefaction, Disintegration, Cooking, etc. The Sublimation of the Stone: Arnoldus says: Our Sun must be raised from the earth on to the cross in the air, so that he through suffering may become glorious. L. V. Venet. (unknown) says: Through one single Sublimation the whole work is accomplished and completed. Turba says: Sublimate Chambar of Mercury ; thus Sulphur becomes mixed with Sulphur, and is called Ethelia, Orpiment, Zendrio, Chulul, Magnesium, and under many other names is his white nature set forth. In him is no shadow. Therefore it is called White Lead, Martech, White Ore, and is an improvement. But there is a three-fold Sublimation: 1. When the body becomes volatilised and united with the Mercury, even though he does not ascend.

2. When the Mercury is united with living Calx, and becomes nobler and improved. 3. In the colour and fixing. Bacchus says: By means of Sublimation are Soul and Spirit dissolved and expanded in the dissolved body of the Sun. This is the Arcanum, the Mystery, and the Power. The Red Spirit in the first Sublimation, purified by the salted minerals, is no use to us. This purification effects nothing. The Redness of the Stone: The white is the colour of life, and the red of immortality. Now perfection comes. When it is yellow like the yolk of an egg, then it is elevated, thin, and subtle, and is called Air, red Olitet, and by all the names of birds and spirits. When it is red, it is called Heaven, Gold, Red Sulphur, Carbuncle, and has the names of everything that is red and costly between heaven and earth, such as Red Gold, our Gold, Tinging Poison, Body of Magnesium, Treacle, the Pure Body, Ashes, Olixir, Kibric, Incombustible Sulphur, red and fixed Sulphur, ferment of the Sun, Gold of Coral, Superfluity, the Red, red Orpiment of the Philosophers, Ore, green Vitriol, Almagra, Laton, etc. The Whiteness of the Stone: When the water covers the earth, then the white is over the black; but when the air comes above it is crocus colour, and when the fire rules it becomes red; but when the air arises, and the earth sinks to the floor, they denominate this Death of the Sun. Then Mercury conducts the Soul of the Sun into the height, and the body lies in the grave as a dead person. Therefore it is called the White, Water of Life, Continual, Permanent, Spirit, Soul, and is a Dissolved Earth, or like a blackberry leaf. It is also called Lead, Exebmich, white Bismuth, Martech, white Ore, white Stone, white Gold, the Full Moon, white fruitful Earth, Living Sulphur, Living Earth, clean pure Earth, white Lime, the Calcined Body, Metallic Salt, and by the names of all things that are white --- Salt, Alum, and Marble, Crystal, Ethelia Alba, white Silver Litharge, Arsenic, Nitre. The Blackness of the Stone: Should you make the fire too strong the matter becomes red too soon, and perishes. It appears first a red, then a green colour, and afterwards assumes almost all colours before it becomes properly white. It coagulates and dissolves frequently; it twice becomes black and white. The blackness is a sign of corruption, consumption, or reception. Then there appears an island in the sea, which gradually becomes smaller, until the white prevails, and is called the Raven's Head, Pitch, Coals, Ethelia, black Ore, our Ore, Alkali Mortali, Penny, the Dragon who devours his tail; it is also called Earth, Lead, black Sulphur, the Husband, and by the name of every black thing upon earth. The Digestion of the Stone, Cooking, Maturing, Dividing: Digestion renders the humours thin and spongy, matures them, and prepares them for their separation. They speak of it in an extraordinary manner. Often, as in dealing with other things, the neglect to follow nature leads to error. They have four methods of separating the elements --- that of Olitet, of the Spirit. Of the Earth, of the Soul. It is all true, and everything is one. Take heed, dear reader; it is reserved for the understanding, but it is misleading to the wayfaring man. When the mixture is completed, it is called fermented Philosophical Tincture, Cor Suffle, Colla Auri, Poison, Brilliance of the Sea, Ethelia, Orpiment, Kanderich, Mercury out of Chamber, Thickened Gold, Zendria, Absemech, Magnesia, Bismuth, Chulut, Rust that adheres to Ore, a Leech, Ore, Rust, Stone (see folio No. 67). It is also important not to separate the water from the body in the glass, as in that case they would burn, and would perish.

See folio 67. Be careful not to open the door unto him that will not flee. See folio, No. 63. The water is wonderfully transformed into powder, while, on the other hand, the body is transmuted into water. It is, therefore, for this reason that they denominate the water Sand. The powder they call Gold Water. LAPIS PHILOSOPHORUM --- Is the Hair of Men. LAPIS PHRYGIUS --- The best species is pallid in colour, moderately heavy, not of great density, and is grained with white, like Cadmia. Dioscorides treats of its native place, its virtue, and of the mode of burning and cleansing it. It is called Phrygian, because formerly the fullers of that country used it in dyeing. We have several species : one is the glutinous sap which we call Fuller's Earth. Another is a porous glutinous Saxony Earth also used by Fullers. Pliny says that another name for it was glebous Pumice-Stone. LAPIS QUIRIS --- The obscene hoopo is a bird with a folded crest extending the whole length of its head. In its nest there is found the stone called Quiris, which is said to betray secrets, and occasions dreams. The bird itself is one of omen and augury. LAPIS REBIS --- is the Hair of choleric or sanguine men. LAPIS REBUS --- i.e., Tortoise. LAPIS SPECULARIS --- Mirror Stone --- a Transparent Stone that can be separated into thin leaves: 1. Thuringian, white, transparent. 2. Adulterated, white, flexible,, sexangular. Found at Hala in Saxony, and there called Salt without Savour. 3. Opaque. 4. White, Transparent Thuringian, with grey gypsum. 5. Mixed with gypsum, and also from Thuringia. 6. Burnt. LAPIS THRACIAS, THRACIUS, or THREICIUS --- as it is called by Nicander, is found in that river of Scythia which is called Pontus. It has the quality of gagates; it burns in water, and is extinguished in oil, like bitumen. It is simply another species of Gagates, Agate, or Amber. It is composed of black Naphtha, or liquid black bitumen, even as yellow Gagates from Petroleum, i.e., white liquid Naphtha when it drops or forms in the sea. It is indurated into a stone by its own heat and that of the water. Lithanthrax is one of its species-a carbonaceous stone of variable density. Another is the fissile stone, Slate. That the Thracian stone is bituminous is shown by its smell, its substance, and its black colour. It is squalid, crusty, and light. In fine, it is of the same genus as Gagates, of the same material, but differing in colour. The black variety is more crusty than the yellow, on account of the impurer quality of its Naphtha, which is more terrene than the diluted white Naphtha. Nicander, from whom Dioscorides borrows, very well describes this stone when he says that when aflame it will burn and shine very brilliantly if water be thrown on it, but that a very little oil will extinguish it. The scholiast on Nicander says that the river of Threicius whence it

comes is in Media and India. There is no information of value in the Lapidary of Evax. All the information in Pliny evinces its close affinity with Gagates. The Thracian stone is found in Lybia and Britain, and on the shores of the German Ocean. The images of St. James were made from it, and it is very serviceable in statuary. The magicians also made use of it in axinomancy. LAPSUS DEMENTINUS --- is a Seizure more dangerous than apoplexy, and resulting in sudden death. LATER LICTRO --- Quicksilver. LATERES --- Iron Tiles. LATERIUM, LIXIVIUM, or CAPITELLUM --- i.e., Lie or Ley. LATON --- i.e., Brass. LATON --- An Impure Red Body, says the Clangor. It is the first blackness when it leaves off being red and then becomes red again. Then it is again called Laton, and is composed out of the Sun and Moon. So there are two Latons. And if it does not become white, it is of no use. However, it is whitened by means of sal anatron. By means of the salt its blackness is removed, If you wash him until he shines like fishes' eyes, then there is a possibility of it being useful. They also call it Amalgam. Maria says: When the Laton is burned with Alzebric it is changed into gold. Laton is Copper tinctured with Gold by means of the Stone Calamine, which by senseless chemists is called Electrum. It is composed from one metal, whereas electrum is made from many. Calamine is not a metal but a mineral matter which has not attained perfection, a caco-mineral body, which destroys rather than improves metals, even when it augments. True Electrum is made only by nature from gold and silver, and nothing is more prized for its wonderful virtues. Mixture of copper and gold. LEBETEN --- A Trough, Frying-pan, etc. LEFFA --- i.e., the Predestination of Herbs, or the use to which each is ordained. LEFFAS --- is that Occult Vapour of the Earth by which plants are made to grow and flourish on the earth. LEMPNIAS --- Some call this Orpiment, but wrongly, for it is a Red Sigillated Earth. LEMPNIAS CALCIS --- i.e., Scale of Copper. LEMPNIAS LEMPNIA --- i.e., Orpiment. LEMPNIA --- A Soil wherein Gold Grows or Incrustates. LEMURES --- Spirits of the element of Air. The Ethnics understood them to be the Shades of the Dead. LENTISCUS ARBOR --- Ash Tree. LEO VIRIDIS --- is the Ore of Hermes, Glass, and Vitriol, also the Blood from Sulphur, the First Mercury of Gold, altered by means of the Lunar Body. It is also Green Water which dissolves the

living lime. The green is that which is perfect upon the stone, and can easily be made into gold. All growing things are green, as also our stone. It is called a plant. The stone cannot be prepared without green. LEO RUBEUS --- The Red Lion, is Red Sulphur, which is dissolved in Mercury; Lion's Blood; Male Gold. LEO VIRIDIS --- Gold according to some opinions. LEO VIRIDIS --- Vitriol. LEO CITRINUS FOLIATUS --- Orpiment. LEO --- Gold. LEPHANTE or LEPHANTEUS --- is a First Species or Bolus of Tartar ; it has a middle place between stones and clay, and it can be cut or broken. LEPI FERREI --- Iron Scale. LEPOS CALCIS --- i.e., Dust of Copper. LETA --- A reddening or scorching Heat. LEUCASIA --- Living Calx. LEUX, AMYGDALA --- An Almond. LEVIGATIO or ALCOLISMUS --- is Calcination, which educes the matter into Alcool by pulverisation. And it is also the reduction of some substances by glutination, of others again by fusion or fulmination. LIBRA, LIBRA PENSILIS --- A Level. LIBRA STATUTA --- A Legal Pound. LIBONOTUS --- South-West. LIGNEA BRACTEA ROTUNDATA --- A Wooden Plate. LIGNA STATUTA --- A Small Door. LIGNUNC FOSSUM --- Tool for Hammering. LIGNUM CRUCIS --- Wood of the Cross. LIGNA IN SARA --- Wood found in Rock. 1. Branches, Leaves, Bark, Pieces of Wood, Coals, Bones, Shells, incorporated into Rock, which occurs at Viadrum, not far from Frankfort.

2. Branches, Leaves, Bark, Wood, etc., incorporated into Rocks at Misnia. 3. Beams of Wood changed into Rock, found near Torga on the Elbe. 4. Subterranean Ebony combined with Shoemaker's Wax. 5. Beechwood incorporated into Stone, but half remaining Wood. 6. Manufactured Rock. 7. Manufactured Bricks. 8. Cement which holds under water. 9. Lithocolla. LIGO --- Pick, Pickaxe. LIGNEA --- A Little Tongue. LIMBOS --- The Universal World, the Four Primal Elements of the World, and of all things, Seed and Matter. LIMPIDUBI --- Pure, Purged. LIMOS --- Mud. LINTEA --- Made of Linen. LILIUM --- Mercury and its Flowers. Also Tincture of the Philosophers, Quintessence of Sulphur, Fixed Flowers, Fixed Sulphur. LIQUA MUMIA --- Human Grease. LIQUATIO --- is when that which is solidified is melted by liquefying, so that it can flow. LIQUATUM --- is that which assumes a fluid consistency. LIQUEFACTIO --- is the Liquefying of a Mineral Body. It is either simple or testing. Simple Liquefaction is when a body is melted, and the process has no other object than to bring it into a flowing state. Probatory Liquefaction is when the body is tested, and the imperfect part separated from the perfect, either by antimony or earth ashes. LIQUATIO --- Liquation is Fusion or Melting. LIQUINUM RESOLUTUM --- is the reduction of anything into its first matter by melting. LIQUOR AQUILEGIUS --- Distilled Wine.

LIQUOR ESSENTIALIS --- is Essential Liquor extracted from the inward parts, and transmuted into Flesh and Blood. LIQUOR HERBARUM --- is made from Herbs by pounding them entire, shutting them up in a glass vessel, cooking them in the water-bath, and straining the sap through a colander, etc., when it has attained the consistency of honey. LIQUOR ET MULTARUM RERUM OLEUM --- The Liquor and Oil of many substances is obtained by the addition of the essence, which is their fundamental principle. The Liquor of Terebinth is the Oil of Terebinth. LIQUOR MERCURII --- is the Balsam of All Things, wherein consists the strength of health. This Mercury is very potent in Tereniabin and Nostoch, which see. LIQUOR MUMIAE DEGUMMI --- i.e., Oil of Gum. LIQUOR SALIS --- is Balsam of Nature, whereby bodies are nourished, and putrefaction averted. LIRAMENTUM --- Axle-tree. LITHANTHRAX, PIT COAL, STONE COAL --- A species of Gagates, and nothing but Bitumen indurated and excocted by heat under the surface of the earth. There are two species of this Coal, one of which is light and of little density, while the other is heavy. It is said that the former will sometimes float upon the surface of water, and it is referred to by Theophrastus as an earthy or stony pit coal. The second species was known to the Greeks, but it is not mentioned by Pliny, and was in all probability unknown to him. It seems to have been described by Theophrastus as a sort of Bituminous Stone, and has therefore an affinity with the fissile slate, which has also a bituminous nature. LITHARGYRUM --- These are the species of Litharge: 1. Argyrite, Silver Litharge, or Spume of Silver. 2. That which is made when Silver is separated from Lead. 3. Formed from the mixture of Silver and Lead. 4. From the mixture of Gold and Lead. 5. From the mixture of Gold and Silver. 6. From the mixture of Lead and Copper. 7. Potter's Slag, Blue Recrement of Litharge. LITHARGYRUM, or LITHARGYROS --- Scum collected from Silver. LITHARGYRUM OF PARACELSUS --- is Spume of Mercury, otherwise of Silver or Lead, otherwise Silver of Repurging. LITHARGYRIUM, or ALMARACH --- The Ashes of any Metal.

LITHARGYRUS --- He who seeks and finds Ore. LITIM --- A fourfold or eightfold Thread, completely drawn. LIXIVIUM --- Lye. LOCI DEVEXI ET CONCAVI --- Defiles or Recesses. Also Manufactured Ashes. LOCUSTA --- signifies either a Locust or Grasshopper, namely, the well-known devastating Winged Insect, or else a species of Lobster, or else the Tops or Young Shoots on Trees and Herbs. It was these that were eaten by St. John in the desert, and not the poisonous winged insects as theologians once thought. LORCHA --- The Whole Sweetness of Locusts, even to the centre of their substance. LORINDT --- A Commotion of the Waters, accompanied by loud Sounds and Noises. LORUS --- i.e., Mercury. LOT --- Urine. LOTIUM --- Urine of Infants. LOTORES --- Washers, or Buddlers of Ore. LOTORES --- Washers. LUBAN, or LUBEN --- is Frankincense. LUBRICUM --- A Moist Substance, one which is not solid. LUDUS LAPIS --- A Stone Removed from the Bladder, a Remedy for all Species of Calculus. LUMBRICI --- Worms are also found in man, every member having its own species. There are long and short and round intestinal worms, and various kinds of Ascarides. Worms are also found in water. LUMBRICI NITRI --- Worms found either in the Earth or in Dung. LUNA --- i.e., Silver. Sometimes a Month of Four Weeks. LUNA COMPACTA --- Fixed Silver, or White Gold. LUSTUM --- Fat, Flower, Cream of Milk, the Lower Cream, Cream-soot. LUTIREN --- To plaster over. LUTUM ARMENICUM --- i.e., Bolus. LUTUM MAGISTERII --- Made of chalk, and of the burns of blisters.

LUTUM MAGRA --- Ruddle, Red Earth, or Chalk. LUTUM SIGILLATUM --- Sealed or Stamped Earth. LUTUM STELLAE --- Gypsum. LYNCURIUS, or the STONE LYNCIS --- a precious Stone, or, as some suppose, Amber, which some of the ancients believed to be formed of the urine of the lynx, coagulated in woods and mountains. The yellow and bright shining variety is the product of the males. The white and pallid kind is produced by the females. It is to be noted that the opinion which identifies Lyncurius with amber is an error, albeit the male Lyncurius, it is true, will attract feathers. The gem is mentioned by Ovid, Solinus, Albertus, and Evax. It is said to be good for gravel, stone, some species of flux, and generally for pain in the stomach. Some would identify it with the Dactylus, or Dactylos, a kind of precious stone, called Idmus, because dug out of Mount Ida. For the rest it should be noted that the lynx is the only animal which has two little toes in the heel. From these talons are obtained which are of the greatest use in medicine. They are worn by children as a preservative against epilepsy, etc. It is not incredible that the urine of the lynx may be indurated into a stone by the heat of the earth. This is certainly the case with the wild boar, and also with the castrated domestic pig, whose urine is hardened into a stone which is itself a remedy for stone in the bladder. Why should not the same thing occur in the case of the urine of the lynx?

A Lexicon of Alchemy by

Martin Rulandus

MMM

MACHA --- i.e., a Flying Beetle. MACHAL --- i.e., Fastened. MACHINA --- Axle-tree. Called also Axis and Axis Strata. MACHINA AQUAS TRAHENTIUM OMNIUM MAXIMA --- A Wheel that can be turned in any direction. MACHINA QUA RES GRAVES DEMITTUNTUR IN POTEUM --- A kind of Crane used for wells. MACHINAE SPIRITALES --- A Vent. MACHINA TRACTORIA --- A Windlass. MACRA --- Red Chalk. MACULA OCULI --- A Disease of the Eye, Cataract, etc. Called also Hyposchysis and Hyposchyma. MADIC --- i.e., Butter Milk. MAGIA, or MAGIC --- is a Persian word; in Latin it is Sapientia, i.e., Wisdom. It is twofold. The first is natural and permissible, the mother of true medicine, the secret lore of nature, hidden and concealed in the very centre, and compared with which all human reason is sheer foolishness. It is truly the gift of God, displaying to us the knowledge of things supernatural, and not proceeding from the inspiration of demons, wherein is no perfection or instruction. The other magic is unlawful, superstitious, and forbidden by the whole Church of Christ. It has the name of Necromancy; it is accursed, and nowhere to be tolerated. Consequently Wisdom has hidden her head.

MAGIA METAPHYSICA --- Metaphysical Magic is neither concerned with sorcery nor with superstition, but it is a supernatural art, by means of which any hidden secrets desired are revealed, just as a manual teaches a mechanical operation. MAGISTER --- A Handicraftsman. Clerk of the Kitchen. MAGISTER EXCOQUENS FERRUM --- A Smelter. MAGISTERIUM --- is a Chemical State which follows the process of extraction, and in which a matter is developed and exalted by the separation of its external impurities. In this manner are all the parts of natural and homogenous concretion preserved. But they are so exalted that they almost attain the nobility of essences. Whence also there is left almost the same mass or quantity which nature gave. It is, however, impossible to prevent at all times the loss of a certain proportion of the essential matter along with the foreign matter which is removed, and a small percentage of such loss may in certain cases be overlooked. From which you may understand that we find what the chemists call alteration is here of great use. There is a Magisterium of Quality and a Magisterium of Substance. The Magisterium of Consistency is when the essence being preserved the consistency is changed into a nobler kind, This is performed in various ways, not so much that the nobility of the matter is itself increased, but that it is made adaptable to more numerous and better purposes. The Magisterium of Fixed Substances is when volatile and spiritual bodies are reduced to a fixed state. The fixed is opposed to the inconstant and the volatile, and fire is the standard of comparison. That which resists fire is fixed ; that which yields to it is volatile; indeed it flies from fire and escapes in the form of a spirit or a smoke. That which reduces matters from a soft to a hard state is a kindred process, and comes under the same name. The Magisterium of Odour is when a matter is exalted by odour. And this artists preferably use in those operations in the course of which an offensive smell is developed, as in the treatment of oils and waters by fire, as also in those substances which have naturally an offensive odour, or no odour at all. Even when the smell is not offensive, it is capable of improvement. The Magisterium of Paracelsus is that which is extracted from natural things, without separation of the elements, by means of addition of other substances, whereby that which is extracted is separated. The Magisterium of Weight is when the substance is exalted in weight. This is chiefly required in gold and silver, and it is one of the notes of perfection, since among metals gold is heaviest, and the weight increases its value as a coin. If there be any deficiency, it is compensated by art. A mass of gold or silver which is lighter than it should be is excocted in urine with precipitated coral ; or artificial quicksilver is rubbed into a homogeneous mass with the gold or silver, until it becomes of a uniform colour; or, gold and silver are cooked in a paste formed of sulphur and living calx; or, they are cemented with sulphur, or with fixed precipitate; or again, mix half an ounce of pulverised salt of Saturn, or the same quantity of powdered brick dust, with three ounces of fixed vitriol. Smear thin shavings of gold with albumen, sprinkle calx of silver, which has been previously dried with powder. Arrange them in layers one over the other, and cement them in a pyx, or between tiles. Then the gold begins generally to become white. Add colouring matter and hold with pincers in the fire, until red hot, afterwards extinguish in urine.

The Magisterium of Colour is when the colour of a substance is educed to the highest perfection in its own degree. The colour is simply brought out from potentiality into manifestation. Sometimes a foreign colour is given to it which is excellent in its own way. If the colour be at once fixed and constant, the magisterium is more noble. The Magisterium of Powders is the reduction of matters into a uniform consistence by making them into a powder. It is chiefly performed by calcination, and is vulgarly called Calx or Alcool. The end in view is to overcome the tenacity of any given substance. The Magisterium of Principles is when a composite substance is again resolved into its constituents. The Magisterium of Quality is when the matter, elaborated by certain forms, is exalted. It is performed in two ways, either in accordance with the secret or the manifest qualities. The Magisterium of an Occult Quality is concerned with that which permeates the nature of a given substance, and is known by the effects it produces and not by an outward appearance, as for example the perfect exaltation of an essence which may have no outward difference from the same essence in a lower state of exaltation. If such a quality be hurtful, it is altogether abolished, though some of the substance may be destroyed in this process. Thus the perfection of a substance consists not in the thing itself, but in the use of the thing. In things healthful there is perfection both in the matter and in the use of the matter. If it be impossible to abolish altogether what is hurtful, it is restricted or restrained, so that it can be used without any injury resulting. The Magisterium of a Manifest Quality is when a substance is elaborated by means of its outward forms. There are as many magisteries of this kind as there are outward qualities appealing to the different senses, and chemistry is concerned with the exaltation of each of them. Some of them are connected with the nature of the body and some with the forms thereof. The Magisterium of Savour is when there is an exaltation or increase of flavour. The process concerns both the kitchen and the apothecary's shop. Chemically, it is chiefly used in correcting acidities, and in toning down what is too pungent or highly spiced. The Magisterium of Sensitives is when a substance is exalted in its own sensible qualities, as for example in those which appeal to the sense of touch, namely, heat, cold, moisture, dryness, etc., of which the magisterium is developed. The Magisterium of Sound is that process in which the sound is corrected by the chemist. This takes place chiefly in minerals, the sound being regarded as a proof of excellence; or those things which are dangerous in fire by reason of their explosive nature, which is obviated by this process. The Magisterium of Volatiles is when the volatile is produced from the fixed. It has affinity with that process by which a tractable, ductile, or even fluid quality is produced out of the hard, rigid, and inflexible. It is performed by extinctions, macerations, incerations, sublimations, solutions, etc. Commonly we seek here the restoration of the moisture which has been removed, or the increase of a deficient moisture, or the removal of an objectionable asperity, etc. The process concerns volatile substances; its end is that they should put on the nature of spirits. MAGNA CAPSA LIGNEA --- A Great Wooden Box. MAGNALIA, OPERA DEI --- God's Works.

MAGNES --- i.e., Mercury. MAGNES --- The Magnet is so called after its discoverer. See Pliny, 1. 36, c. 16. It is also called the Herculean Stone. Hence the Greek proverb about Herculean stones. It is so called from the city of Heraclea in Lydia (or, as some say, in Magnesia) where there is a most admirable magnet. Lucretius says: The magnet which the Greeks name after its origin, because it originated in its native mountains of magnets. The magnet is also called the Sidereal Stone because it attracts iron. For the Greek word Sideris signifies iron, although Sideritis is different from iron scoria, and is a remarkable gem, mentioned by Pliny, 1. 37, c. 10. By the Germans the magnet is called, after the Latin, Magneth. By the Saxons it is termed the Sailor's Stone, because of its use in navigation, it being its nature always to turn to the north. According to the testimony of Dioscorides (1.5, c. 93), its colour inclines to dark blue. The best is always dark blue. It is thick, not heavy, and attracts iron by a congenital property, as it were, just as the gem Sagda attracts wood, or as amber and gagates attract straws and feathers. Even iron, which is most obstinate in its property of resistance, is overcome by the magnet; and, what is more, when iron is touched by the magnet it will draw along with it another piece of iron. Thus iron, the mistress of all things, is held and remains in the grasp of the magnet. On the other hand (whereat I greatly marvel), garlic and onion are quite contrary to the magnet, and if the magnet be smeared with their sap, it by no means attracts iron. However, it recovers its properties when dipped in the blood of a goat. The magnetic gem is also found in veins of iron, and in our mines --- for example, in the territories of Bohemia, by Schwartzberg; and certainly at Sualvedia in ancient iron mines; also at Goslaria, in an old mine half covered over by rubbish, the magnet is to be seen in a vein of its own. This also is said to be the case in Spain and in other places. It is affirmed that the magnet possesses a great affinity with hematite. For hematite is called a magnet by Pliny, the reference being to an Ethiopian species of hematite, and a magnet burnt, whether by the heat of the earth or by artificial fire, becomes hematite, and is sold for it. Pliny also enumerates five genera, according to Sotacus, and states that it derives its name from Magnes Armentarius. MAGNES, MAGNETH: 1. The Ethiopian, which is most praised, and is found in Ethiopia, in a sandy region, together with the Hematite Magnet, which is of a bloody colour, and of which more above. This Ethiopian Magnet not only attracts iron but also a magnet of another genus. Hence those lines of Sinesius: The Ethiopians, a people not unknown to the Nile, who cut the magnet: their only boast is the magnet. They attract uncooked stone. 2. The Red and Black Magnesiacus of Macedonia. 3. In Echium of Boeotia, which is more ruddy than black. 4. A Magnet found about Alexander and Troas. It is black, of the feminine sex, and totally useless. 5. In Asiatic Magnesia, white, useless, does not attract iron. The difference in the various kinds of magnet is according as they are male or female, and also in the matter of colour. Concerning the affinity which exists between iron and the magnet, consult Pliny (1. 34, c. 24), who describes the Cantabrian Magnet, found with freckled bubbles. He also informs us that in the same part of Ethiopia where the magnet abounds there is a stone called Themanides, which repels all pieces of iron, and rejects them, being of an antagonisticc nature to the magnet. He further testifies that the magnet has another property, namely, that of attracting to

itself the liquor of glass. Just as the magnet by its natural potency and power attracts iron and the liquor just named, and has affinity with them, so conversely it disagrees with garlic and onions, and has so little sympathy with adamant that in its neighbourhood it ceases to grasp or to attract iron. Consult also Serapion (lib. Agg. c. Hager Abnantes, or Almagritos). He refers to the abundance of the magnet on the shores of the Indian Ocean, and says that all ships in those parts are put together with wooden nails, as those of iron would be torn away by the force of the attraction. The Magi assert that the magnet having such great agreement with iron, has also the property of producing and maintaining peace among men. As to the further medicinal use of the magnet, consult Dioscorides, Pliny, and others already cited. Evax states that there is a kind of magnet which attracts flesh, especially human flesh. But possibly this statement is borrowed from Aristotle. Albertus states that the magnet is found in France, and there has the appearance of rusty iron, burnt with pitch. Would that the French would seek for these things! Doubtless it would be found in Thuringia, which borders on France, if any one were to look for it. Moreover, the same Albertus states that in his day a magnet was discovered which at one end attracted iron, and at the other repelled it. Aristotle, if I mistake not, also mentions this species. If this be the case, we can understand Pliny's statement concerning the stone Themanides. Thirdly, Albertus adds that the Emperor Frederick possessed a magnet which did not attract iron, but was attracted by the iron itself. MAGNESIA --- i.e., Seafoam Stone, or Sulphul. Also, Tortoise and Tortoiseshell. Magnesia generally stands for Marcasite. Artificial magnesia is melted tin when mercury has been injected into it, and the two have been mingled together until they form a brittle substance, and a white mass. It is also silver mixed with mercury, an extremely fusible metallic compound which is liquefied as easily as wax, is of a wonderful whiteness, and is called the magnesia of the philosophers. Magnesia is produced when silver and quicksilver are united together so as to form a heavy fluid metal. It is also the matter of the philosopher's stone. Magnesia is further the mixed water congealed in air which offers resistance to the fire, the earth of the stone, our mercury, mixtures of substances. The whole therein is mercury. Magnesia is a Stone having the virtue of marcasite. Or, it is a Stone like hematite. MAGNESIA --- The Woman. MAGNESIA --- Bismuth, or Barren Earth. MAGNETINUS TARTARUS --- A very hard and Spongy Stone in Men. MAGNUS CLAVUS FERREUS OSTUSUS --- A Big Blunt Piece of Iron. MAGRA --- i.e., Red Earth. MAGRA --- i.e., Cornelian. MALECK --- The Arabic Term for Salt. MALLEI SPECIES --- A Hammer for Splitting. MALLEO PERCUSSUM DILATARE --- To Extend, to Flatten. MALTHEORUM --- i.e., Sal Gemmae, which see.

MANBRUCK --- i.e., Silver. MANDELLA --- Black Hellebore. MANDIBULARUM LIQUOR --- Liquid from the jaws. Oil from the jaws or jaw Bone. MANGONASIA --- Art of lifting heavy things without difficulty. MANNA, or MAMMA --- That Substance with which Vessels are Annealed. MANNA --- i.e., Dew Fallen from Heaven. A Species of Balsam, the Product of the Air. Also a Sweetness Extracted from many Substances. Otherwise, Honey Dew, Dosomeli, Pure Honey, Melligo, Saliva of the Constellations. MANHEB --- i.e., Scoria. MARCASITA PLUMBEA --- Leaden Marcasite, i.e., Antimony. MARCASITA ALBA --- White Marcasite, i.e., White Arsenical Pyrites. MARCASITA --- Marcasite, i.e., Incrustations of Ore, such as Climia --- Incrustations of Gold and Antimony --- Incrustations of Lead. MARCASITE --- is an Imperfect Metallic Substance of as many Species as there are Solid Metals. Thus, there is Golden, Silver, Tin, Iron, Leaden, and Copper Marcasite. The last mentioned is Pyrites, or Stone of Light, Fire-stone, a Brazen Stone abundant in Ruddy Sulphur, and sending forth many sparks. Pyrites contains much Red Sulphur, Flint-stone, Copper Ore, and Metal Regulus of Copper. MARCELLUS --- i.e., a big Mallet. MARCHED --- i.e., Litharge. MARGARITA --- The Indian Ocean yields us precious pearls, also the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, about Arabia, and nowadays, the British waters. Now, a pearl is nothing else than the production and offspring of a pearl-oyster. For these shell-fish, at that particular time of the year when they are stimulated by the season to giving birth, expand, and, as it were, gape. They thirst for the dew, as if it were a husband; it is in consequence of desire that they gape, and long to be filled with a dewdeveloped foetus. When the lunar dews have melted away, they drink in the dew, absorbing the desired moisture as into a gaping womb. Thus impregnated, they bring forth pearls, according to the quality of the dew absorbed. Should pure dew have been imbibed, pearls of a marvellous whiteness are produced. But if, on the other hand, muddy dew has been drunk in, the foetus will also be muddy. Moreover, pearls grow pale if the sky threatens tempest at the time of conception. If the shells obtain their desire by gaping at the seasonable moment, the pearls become large. If, at the time of conception, lightning flashes, the shells close up, and yield pearls only in a meager fashion. Should it thunder, the shells close in terror, and then those abortions are produced which are called Physemata. It is also alleged that if, subsequent to conception, many peals of thunder are heard, the shells cast forth the pearls into the rivers, where they are found in large quantities, as, for example, in the Moselle, among the sands. Should a ray of sunlight have fallen into the gaping shell, together with the dew, then the pearls are tinged with red, as we sometimes see them to be. For this reason, when the sun rises, the shells dive, for they feel, as it were, that they are going to produce ruddy

offspring. Finally, the pearl is produced in a more magnificent manner if the shells receive the seed of the morning air, i.e., the dew, rather than the seed of the evening air. Thus there is a wonderful affinity between the pearl and the shell in its copulation with dew, the seed, so to speak, of the air. Not without reason are pearls ascribed to Venus, on account of their marvelous copulation. The pearl is also called unio, because two have never been found together. Its value consists in its whiteness, size, weight, rotundity and polish. In the water all pearls are soft like coral. When removed therefrom, they immediately harden and become stones. But Pliny (1. 9, c. 35) should be consulted concerning pearls and the nature of their shells. Serapion and Solinus assert that they are cold and dry. They are good for heartburn or stomach ache, for syncope, diarrhoea, preservation of sight, etc. They retain the menses, cleanse the teeth, purify the blood, etc. MARICH --- In German Shacken. MARCKASITA --- i.e., Calcithes. MARMORA CANDIDA --- White Marbles. 1. White Lunensian Marble in. Etruria. 2. White Cartariensian Marble. 3. Patavian Marble cut with iron. 4. Italian Marble with ashen veins. 5. Marble from Ratisbon, out of which the slabs of tables are made. From this the altar of Anneberg was constructed, consisting of one solid block of stone, and there is not a more elegant altar to be found in Italy. 6. Very white Marble, of which the Caroline baths are built. 7. Ivory-like Marble from Hildesheim. 8. Ivory-like Arabian Marble. 9. Annebergian Marble, found in a spar, or in mud. 10. Marble from Hildesheim, having ash-coloured markings upon white ground, and smelling like burnt horn. MARMORA CINEREA --- Marbles of ashen hue. 1. From Hildesheim, smelling like burnt horn. 2. Zeblician, with white lines and spots. Called by the natives Serpentine. 3. Zeblician, ingrained with Carbuncles, which show up admirably when the Marble is polished. 4. Rochlician, having black marks which resemble the claws of crows. 5. Rochlician, with muddy spots.

6. Italian, with black spots, resembling serpents. MARMORA FLAVA --- Marbles of yellow hue. 1. A yellow Spar, found among metals. 2. Dull, opaque Belgian. MARMORA NIGRA --- Marbles of black hue. 1. Belgian, from which was hewn the tomb of the most illustrious Duke Maurice the Elector, and especially those slabs upon which inscriptions are carved. Item: Black Netherland Marble. 2. Marble from Anneberg. 3. From Ratisbon. 4. Belgian, which smells of sulphur. 5. Another variety, quarried in the same place, and smelling like burnt horn. 6. Andegavensian, polished, very black, quarried near the city. 7. Stolpensian, having the colour and hardness of iron. Agricola calls it Bisalt, and we call it Basalt. MARMORA RUBRA --- Marbles of red colour: 1. Egyptian Porphyry, uniform. 2. A beautiful red Marble. 3. Red Marble from Ratisbon. 4. A brilliant Marble with white spots, from Ratisbon. 5. Bohemian Marble, black on red ground. 6. Belgian, white upon red ground, distinguished by various spots. 7. Annebergian, found among metals. 8. Red on white ground, found amongst all metals. MARMORA VIRIDIA --- Marbles of green colour. 1. Laconian, quarried by the Venetians. 2. Light green, with markings of brilliant green. 3. Another from Laconia, with black marks upon green.

MARMOREUS TARTARUS --- A very hard Stone, found in man, like marble in hardness. MARS --- i.e., Iron. MARTACH, or MARTATH --- is Litharge, Silver Litharge. MARTEGON --- Silphium. MARUCH --- Oil. MARUCH --- Oli. 1. White, fatty, soft, fluid Targatta. 2. White Juliacensian. 3. White Crustaceous Marl. 4. White, stony, hard Hallensian Marl. 5. Light ash-coloured Marl, found between Dresden and Meissen. 6. Ash-coloured Stony Marl. 7. Ash-coloured Stony Marl from Hallee, used by artificers in producing pictures. 8. Yellow Crustaceous Marl from Radeberg, found in sandy earth. 9. Hard, yellow, sandy Belgian Marl, from a more elevated region, used by the natives, as in other places, for manuring fields. A kind of Marl from Mxstricht. 10. White sandy and crumbling Marl, from Hildesheim. MASAREA, or MYOSOTIS --- Mouse's Ear. MASELLUM, MOSEL --- i..e., Jupiter. MASCULINUM ET FOEMINUM SEMEN --- Masculine and Feminine Seed, the substance of Mercury and Sulphur. For the Mercury is transformed into Sulphur; it is a spirit which possesses both natures, and is called Mercury. Out of one pound of Matter, scarcely half an ounce can be extracted. It is also called Ore, Penny, Lead, Albor Aeris; Turba, folio 16, calls the Female Magnesia. The white is red Sulphur. When the two are again united, they are still called Magnesia, until the end of the cooking. It is the medium between fixed and not fixed. MASCULUS --- i.e., Quicksilver. MASSA EX CANCELLIS FORMATA --- (?) A Mass of Ore formed of transverse bars like a lattice. MASSALIS, MOSEL, or MASSERIUM --- The Mother, i.e., Mercury.

MATER METALLORUM --- Mother of the Metals, i.e., Living Silver. MATERIA DISPERSA --- Ore distributed for treatment. MATERIA LAPILLORUM EXPERS --- Metallic Ore devoid of petrine matter. MATERIA METALLICA --- Metallic Ore. Also an alloy of Copper, Lead, and Silver. MATERIAM METALLICAM DISCERNERE A TERRIS --- To Separate the Ore. MATERIA PRIMA ET HUJUS VOCABULA --- The philosophers have so greatly admired the Creature of God which is called the Primal Matter, especially concerning its efficacy and mystery, that they have given to it many names, and almost every possible description, for they have not known how to sufficiently praise it. 1. They originally called it Microcosmos, a small world, wherein heaven, earth, fire, water, and all elements exist, also birth, sickness, death, and dissolution, the creation, the resurrection, etc. 2. Afterwards it was called the Philosophical Stone, because it was made of one thing. Even at first it is truly a Stone. Also because it is dry and hard, and can be triturated like a stone. But it is more capable of resistance and more solid. No fire or other element can destroy it. It is also no stone, because it is fluid, can be smelted and melted. They further call it the Eagle Stone, because it has stone within it, according to Rosinus. 3. It is also called Water of Life, for it causes the King, who is dead, to awake into a better mode of being and life. It is the best and most excellent medicine for the life of mankind. 4. Venom, Poison, Chamber, because it kills and destroys the King, and there is no stronger poison in the world. 5. Spirit --- because it flies heavenward, illuminates the bodies of the King, and of the metals, and gives them life. 6. Medicine --- the one most excellent medicine, for it speedily and marvellously heals all the maladies and infirmities of mankind and of metals. 7. Heaven --- for it is light and bright, indestructible, and is Heaven in operation. 8. Clouds --- for it gives celestial water and rain upon its own earth. 9. Nebula, or Fog --- for it ascends from the earth and makes the air dark. 10. Dew --- for it falls from the air and stimulates the soil, together with that which grows upon it. 11. Shade --- for it casts a shadow over the earth and the elements, and causes darkness. 12. Moon --- for she is in her nature and quality cold and moist; her influence extends to the Under World; she receives her light from the Sun; hence she ministers to the time of darkness, by means of the shade of the earth.

13. Stella Signata and Lucifer --- the pre-eminent and morning star, for she gives the sign in operations, she shines first, then comes the sun, both evening and morning, which is a marvel to behold. 14. Permanent Water --- metallic water of life, leafy water. It remains in fire, air, and earth, and cannot be destroyed by any element. 15. Fiery and Burning Water --- for it is exceeding hot, melts up all metals more quickly than fuel and flame, yea, melts that which resists fire. 16. Salt of Nitre and Saltpetre for it possesses their nature and kind. It also rises with greater strength and violence than any saltpetre whatever. It is, moreover, extracted from the earth. 17. Lye --- for it washes and cleans the metals, and the garments of the King. 18. Bride, Spouse, Mother, Eve --- from her royal children are born to the King. 19. Pure and Uncontaminated Virgin --- for she remains pure and unimpregnated, notwithstanding that she bears children. She is a most extraordinary mother, who slays her husband and offspring, and revivifies them by means of her breasts. Assiduous says: The Mother of our Stone, which is now perfected, is still a Virgin, never having reclined in the nuptial couch, because this hermaphrodite and universal matter of the Sun and Moon has intercourse only with itself, and is not yet impregnated in any special manner, such as the golden, silver, or mercurial process, etc. Consequently, it is a pure, virginal birth. 20. Milk of Virgin, or of the Fig --- for it renders things sweet, white, delicious, and wholesome. 21. Boiling Milk --- for it warms, cooks, whitens, and matures. 22. Honey --- for it sweetens, confers a pleasant smell, and renders things delicious and wholesome. 23. A Spiritual Blood --- for it is like blood, and so remains; it reddens, vivifies, and has the spirit therein. 24. Bath --- for it washes and cleanses the King, and metals, and causes them to perspire. 25. A Syrup --- for it is acid, and produces strength and courage. 26. Vinegar --- for it macerates, makes spicy, pickles, renders savoury, strengthens, preserves, corrodes, and yields a tincture. 27. Lead, for it is heavy, and is at first impure; gives colour and weight. 28. Tin --- on account of its whiteness. 29. Sulphur of Nature. Lime Alum --- for it consumes and burns up. 30. Spittle of the Moon, incombustible saliva. 31. Burnt Copper, Black Copper, Flower of Copper, i.e., Ore --- as also Ore of Hermes.

32. The Serpent, the Dragon --- for he devours and destroys. 33. Marble, Crystal, Glass --- which is all clear and intelligible. 34. Scottish gem. 35. Urine of boys, urine of the white calf --- on account of its acrid nature. 36. White Magnesia, a Magnet --- because it attracts gold, or the King, unto itself. 37. White Ethesia, a white Moisture. 38. Dung --- for it manures the earth, which it renders moist, fat, and fruitful. 39. White Smoke --- for it renders white and glistening. 40. Metallic Entity --- for it is the true Essence and Quintessence of Metals. 41. The virtue of mineral Mercury. 42. The Soul and Heaven of the Elements. 43. The Matter of all Forms. 44. Tartar of the Philosophers. 45. Dissolved Refuse. 46. The Rainbow --- on account of its colours. 47. Indian Gold, Heart of the Sun, Shade of the Sun, Heart and Shade of Gold --- for it is stronger than gold; it holds the gold in its heart, and is itself Gold. 48. Chaos --- as it is in the beginning. 49. Venus --- On account of the fruitfulness of Nature. 50. Microcosmos --- because it is a likeness of the great world, through heaven, the sea, and all elements. Other Names, not mentioned by Rulandus: 1. Adarner. 2. A Drop. 3. Asrob. 4. Agnean. 5. Eagle.

6. Alartar. 7. Albar lEvis. 8. Alkaest. 9. Alcharit. 10. Alembroth. 11. Alinagra. 12. Almisada. 13. Aludel. 14. Alun. 15. Abzernad. 16. Amalgra. 17. Anatron. 18. Androgyne. 19. Antimony. 20. Aremaros. 21. Arnec. 22. Arsenic. 23. Asmarcech. 24. Azoth. 25. Borax. 26. Boritis. 27. Caduceus. 28. Cain. 27. Chyle. 28. Cock (The). 29. Dragon.

30. Ebisemeth. 31. Embryo. 32. Euphrates. 33. Eve. 34. Feces. 35. Flower of the Sun. 36. Hermaphrodite. 37. Hyle. 38. Infinite. 39. Isis. 40. Kibrish. 41. Laton. 42. Lion. 43. Magnes. 44. Magnesia. 45. Mars. 46. Menstruum. 47. Mother. 48. Orient. 49. Salamander. 50. Sonig. 51. Sulphur. 52. Tincture of Metals. 53. Vapour. 54. Lord of the Stones. 55. The Bull.

56. The Sea. 57. The West. 58. Bird of Hermes. 59. Shadow of the Sun. 60. Philosophical Stone. 61. Animal Stone. 62. Lead. 63. Spring. 64. Vegetable Liquor. 65. The Moon. 66. The Garden. 67. The Spouse. 68. Summer. 69. The Woman. 70. The Son of the Water of Life. 71. Water of Gold. 72. The Belly of the Ostrich. 73. Anger. 74. Butter. 75. May Blossom. 76. Golden Wood. 77. The Tree. 78. Silver. 79. Whiteness. 80. Soul of Saturn. 81. The Lamb.

82. Sun and the Moon. The matter of the Magnum Opus is the subject on which the philosophers exercised their practical science. All who have written on the art have concealed the true name of this matter, as the chief key of chemistry. Having potentially all the qualities and properties of elementary things, they have given it the names of all kinds of things. It is a fifth element, a quintessence, the material beginning and end of all things. It is the matter of which the Heavens are composed, says the Hermetic author. It is the quintessence of our sublunary matter, the soul of the elements, which preserves all things sublunary from destruction, and from corruption. It is the bird of Hermes, which descends continually from heaven to earth, and as continually ascends and goes back from earth to heaven. It is even as the mysterious ladder of the vision of Jacob the prophet, whereon the angels of God forever came and went between earth and the world which is above the earth. It is also the seeds of bodies, even the seminal life of all things, whether vegetable, animal, or mineral, which do propagate and continue their species by means of seminal generation. Now the seed of bodies is the first matter of the chemists; and this matter is found only in the seed of bodies. But each seed is to be found after its own kind, in its own species. There is a seed of individuals according to the three Kingdoms of Nature, and this seed is diverse in each. In the mineral kingdom, it is called a Sperm, and this sperm is the Sulphur of Metals --- an unctuous, sulphureous and mecurial vapour, says Aristotle. MATERIA SAPPHIREA --- A Liquid wherein there is no noxious matter. MATHEDORUM --- i.e., Sal Gemmae. MATHEMATICA --- Consists of many Arts and Sciences-Arithmetic, Astronomy, Geometry, Geomancy, Physiognomy, Chiromancy --- Perspective. MATRICES RERUM OMNIUM --- Matrices of all Things, i.e., the Elements. MATURATIO --- is the Elevation from a Coarse and Rough Condition to Maturity and Perfection. There are four kinds of Maturation, each of which is accomplished by a moderate heat of the first grade, or near it, it mud, in a bath, in scum of olive oil, in fine cut straw, in a dry stone, with damp hay, with grape stones, by sunshine, the moon, etc, The four kinds are called--Digestion, Circulation, Fermentation, and Projection. MATURATIVA --- Maturatives are Surgeons' Medicines, which bring any Abscesses or Ulcers to Maturity. MECHANICAE ARTES --- Mechanical Arts, Manual Operations. MECHANO PEOTICA --- Inventions for Managing Water, such as artificial fountains, drawing up water by means of syringes, by pipes, bellows, and the like. MEDEAE GEMMA --- Medea's Gem, from the black Median Stone, which is brought from the Land of the Medes. But the Medean Gem, or Medea, is so called, because it was first discovered by the poisoner Medea. It is black, having veins of a golden colour; it yields a saffron sap, with a vinous flavour, and is extremely efficacious against drunkenness, and useful in the cultivation of friendship, as the Magi assert. It is, without any doubt, a species of the Median Stone, or Black Hematite, which yields a saffron sap. It is found in Cherussia, where there is also Black Hematite, although the veins are not of so golden a hue. Consult Pliny concerning Medea's gem.

MEDITATIO --- The name of an Internal Talk of one person with another who is invisible, as in the invocation of the Deity, or communion with one's self, or with one's good angel. MEDIUM COELI --- Middle of the Heaven --- the Mid Day --- Noon --- the Zenith --- White, also Margesia. MEDULLA CANDIDA --- White Marrow of the Stones of Targensae, white soft Lithomarge. 2. White thick Marrow of Targensian Stones. 3. White and soft Marrow of Rochlicensian Stones. 4. White hard Marrow from the same. 5. White Metallic Marrow, growing in veins of silver, which, when first extracted, yield a liquid like cheese in colour. In the air this immediately hardens, and yet it will melt like butter in the mouth. 6. Extremely white Metallic Marrow, thick and soft. Found in veins of iron at Sachsenfeld. Its touch resembles that of saponaceous earth. 7. White Metallic Marrow from the same place. Found in iron stones. 8. Hard yellow Lithomarge. 9. Yellow friable Lithomarge, found at Meissen on the floor of storehouses. 10. Red soft Lithomarge which is medically used with great success in place of the Armenian Bolus. 11. Lithomarge, flesh-colour or white. 12. Black Pirnensian Lithomarge, resembling pitch. 13. Greenish Lithomarge, from Chemnitz, above Hilberdorf. MEHELUM --- A Glass with a long neck, a Retort. MELA --- i.e., Lead. MELANTER --- i.e., Opium. MELANTERIA METALLICUM CHALCANTI --- A species of Copperas Water, or maker's Black, a species of Vitriol. Its colour is blue and grey, depending upon the different earths in which it is produced. According to Dioscorides (1. 5, c. 67), it has a twofold origin. Some of it solidifies and accumulates like salt in the cavities of mines, whence copper is obtained. Sometimes the same species is found upon the copper itself, and (if I mistake not) is called Maltira by Serapion, and by others Melatria. Secondly, Melanteria is found on the surface of mines, like earth, salt, etc. The Arabs call it Bitriant. It is sometimes found by digging in Cilicia, and other districts. Dioscorides affirms that the mined species is the best, especially that which has the colour of sulphur, and is light, pure and equable. According to the Arabs, on contact with sufficient moisture to moisten the

finger, it immediately hardens. It also possesses a caustic virtue. This quality is scarcely to be found in our mines, although we have two species of it, which the Arabs maintain to be a kind of Colcothar, i.e., Fixed Vitriol, because its properties are the same. Also Melanteria is the rust of old iron nails, or Shoemaker's Black, being almost the same as is now produced by our shoemakers. MELAONES, or MELONES --- Black Insects, sending forth a good odour when crushed. They are found during May in the meadows --- a kind of Green Beetle, shining with a muddled yellow hue. MELCELHON --- i.e., Mulbra. MELECH --- i.e., Salt. MELIBOCUM, MELIBCEUM --- i.e., Copper. MELISEA, MOTHERWORT, MELISION --- Is used for Manna or Balsam, being obtained from the higher vegetables by means of the Magistery. MELITITES --- A Stone now almost unknown, especially in laboratories. Dioscorides asserts that it resembles Galactite, and possesses the same virtues and potencies, only that it has a sweeter sap. Pliny (1. 36, c. 19) states that Melitite, when pounded, yields a sweet and honey-like juice, or sap, and that when mixed with wax, it is a medicine for excessive phlegm, spots on the body, ulceration of the jaws, and the pain of wounds. MELLISODIUM --- Burnt Lead. MELUSI --- i.e., Mercury --- Albach, Messalis. MELUSINA and MELIORA --- were Kings' daughters in France, snatched away by Satan because they were hopelessly sinful, and transformed into spectres horrible to behold, and monstrous ghosts. The preceding is not a fictitious account. They are thought to exist with a rational soul, but a merely brute-like body, of a visionary kind, nourished by the elements and, like them, destined to pass away at the last day unless they contract a marriage with a man. Then the man himself may, perish by a natural death, while they live naturally by this nuptial union. MEMPHITES LAPIS --- Memphite Stone, found near Memphis, in Egypt, and deriving its name from the locality, and the size of the pebbles. It is thick, of the colour of the worm, according to the description of Dioscorides and I'liny. In fact, however, its nature is now unknown. MENFRICE --- i.e., Mastich. MENSIS PHILOSOPHICUS --- The Philosophical Period of Digestion, a space of homy Days. It is the time of putrefaction, the period which follows, or imitates, the movements of the Moon, which is in some cases thirty, and in others forty days. The space occupied in the composition of the Philosopher's Stone is also known by this name, but fewer days compose this month, which must be determined solely by the nature of the matter, and by the completion of the work. MENSOR --- A Measurer, a Mathematician. A Measurer of Mines, a Surveyor. MENSTRUUM --- is that from which all metals are derived. It is of two kinds. One is like unto whey, and this is useless. The other is mercurial, and this is of good account. It is the Mercury

wherein gold is dissolved. The whey is the superfluous moisture which comes from the matrix and cannot be dried. Consequently, when the solution is obtained it appears in the form of a menstruous blood. Our Water is a Fire, a Salt, Fire, the true universal Menstruum of Vegetables, stronger than the fire of wood, since it transmutes the physical gold into a spirit, the Fontin Vinum Aminaeum, Vinegar, the Water of the King of the Philosophers, the Genuine Extracting Solvent and Universal Vegetative Menstruum, without which the Sun and the Moon cannot be prepared, neither black nor white. MERCURIUS --- i.e., Sulphur. MERCURY --- is mentioned everywhere, in every alchemical work, and is supposed to perform everything. Everybody wastes his brain and his money in endeavouring to produce a quantity of it. Now, Mercury is a thick gluey liquid, yet it does not stick, for it is of a dry nature, Moist and Warm Water, almost inseparably mixed with Earth, so that they either remain together, or depart together. 2. Speculum Alchimiae states that Mercury is Living Gold, and kills or makes alive, moistens and drys, warms and cools, becoming opposite things according to the measure of its regimen. 3. It is also called Vinegar, Oli, a Father of all Wonders, and the Chief Medicine; also Living Silver because it possesses a soul; also Bath, a continually Stagnant Water, Water of Sulphur, Burning Water, Water of Life, of Gold, of Saltpetre, Pure Water, White Karo, Vapour, Seed, Shade, Fiery, Poison, Fire, Ore, Lime, Azot, Gold, Orpiment, Lunar Saliva, Strftarna Boletorunr, Citronat, Juice, Wine of Souls, Brightness of the Sea, Heart of Salt, Kanderich, Colla Auriborites, Alum from Apples, Kuhul, Esbuit, Stomach, juice from Metallic Roots. 4. An essential of all metals, as it is in itself a poison to them all. It cleanses gold. 5. It is of the nature of silver, and of the spirit of the same, the White Stone, the Disappearing Water, Virgin's Milk, the Proud Lady. 6. When he conquers, he is white; when overcome, he is red; he is a Powerful Water. 7. Mercury of the Body is White Earth. 8. Exuberatus is Earth of the Body, which, along with the Menstruum, has arisen over the bright part of the body. 9. Mercury of Mars is red yellow, even as Mercury of Venus. 10. Crude Mercury dissolves the bodies, but Mercury of the bodies effects nothing. 11. The Earth wherein to sow the grain. It is incombustible, whether it sustains the brightness of the fire, or whether it flows right away. It is an index of perfection that nothing should remain in the fire. 12. Trenes --- Mercury is the Subject and Matter of the Stone. When you have amalgamated with it the calx of the perfected body, press it through a linen cloth, and again through a hare's bladder. If it passes clean through, then all is well. 13. Rosin. Our Stone consists of fixed Mercury, which possesses in itself Soul, Spirit, and Body.

14. Lully says: Ordinary Mercury cannot be the Mercury of the Philosophers, no matter however prepared. 15. Bernard states that Mercury is in some fashion reckoned among the Metals, but it is the Medium for Uniting the Tincture; it is not itself the medicine, but an aid thereto; it is purified through sublimation, washed with salt and vinegar. 16. Mercury is the bane of all metals, even of all things, for he eats away and devours the vessels; all things immersed in him swim to the surface, except gold which, however, he attracts to himself and purifies. He conducts the feces with himself through the strainer, and leaves the gold pure. 17. Adam of Mercury is the Essence of Sulphur and Earth. 18. Theophrastic Mercury is hardened by the Sulphur of Metals, and is transformed into the nature of the sulphur of that metal with which it is hardened. 19.Mercury is extracted from the body by means of solution, distillation, sublimation, and subtilisation: it becomes a Tincture of Mercury of the Sun; it is volatile, nevertheless, has the property of fixing, and does not blacken like the ordinary Mercury. 20. You must always be careful to distinguish what is generally and particularly stated concerning Mercury, as to whether it be about ordinary Mercury, or about our Mercury. Do not make a mistake; otherwise, the information will be useless. MERCURIUS --- Mercury naturally coagulated is a solid Metal, but we coagulate it artificially either with Metals or with Minerals; or without the aid of these either by itself or by other substances, not Minerals. MERCURIUS --- Mercury is the material principle, gaseous, of a watery nature, subject to generation; by its virtue shape is formed or impressed upon all things, and all things receive their perfection. MERCURIUS --- Mercury is one of the three principles in which the property of things is contained. MERCURIUS --- Quicksilver, C.C., S.Z. MERCURIUS ARGENTIPIGMENTUM --- Mercury of Silver Pigment is Sulphur, Vitriol, Alum, Salt, because it dissolves bodies. MERCURIUS CHAMBAR --- Magnesia, Fluid Body and Water. MERCURIUS CORALLINUS --- Mercury reduced to Red Coral by passing through the oil of eggs and other liquids. MERCURIUS CRUDUS --- Mercury which is crude remains unseparated from the oil. MERCURIUS CRYSTALLINUS --- is often sublimated into the form of Crystal until it assumes the transparency of the latter.

MERCURIUM EXSUPERANTEM, etc. --- Mercury Triumphant is, according to Lully, when they bring to the King a white banner, with a picture of the moon on the increase, out of which pearls are made. MERCURIUS LAXUS --- is Mineral Turbith. MERCURIUS METALLORUM --- Mercury of Metals is that from which the nature of the bodies is derived, the Quintessence and Permanent Water, Spirit, Seed of Passive Female, the Bath and Mother of the King, who draws the King to herself because they are one and love each other. MERCURIUS METALLORIUM --- Mercury of Metals is precipitated Mercury of the body, physical Mercury, when metals are reduced to their first matter and precipitated into Mercury. MERCURIUS MINERALIUM --- Mercury of Minerals, the Oil or Grease extracted from Minerals, Gold and Silver, or Gold and Silver Ore. MERCURIUS REGENERATUS --- The First Entity of Mercury. MERCURIALIS SIEVA, MERCURIAL CRUDENESS --- Water of Alum Wherein Mercury is generated. It is also a Purging Salt of a golden colour, found in salt caves, best known to diggers. It is often drunk for pneumonia, a disease of the lungs. MERDASENGI --- i.e., Powder from Burnt Lead. MERGEN BASSEC --- i.e., Coral. MESBRA --- i.e., Alexandrine Tutty. MESEL, MOSEL --- i.e., Tin. MEST, MISAL, MASAL --- i.e., Sour Milk. METALLUM --- i.e., Vein, Ore. METALLUM --- i.e., Melted Silver. METALLUM CURRENS --- i.e., Living Mercury. METALLUM RUDE, A TERRIS ET SAXIS SECERNERE --- Separation of Metal from Earth and Stones. METALLUM FERRAMENTO FORFICIS SIMILI CONCIDERE --- The Cutting of Metallic Substances by means of Shears. METALLUM MALLEO PERCUSSUMM DILATARE --- Extension and Flattening of Metallic Substance by means of a Hammer. METAS, MECAL, MEKAL --- i.e., Weight. MEZ --- The Son of the Servant of Red Copper.

MICHA --- i.e., Venus. Passive Female, the Bath and Mother of the King, who draws the King to herself because they are one and love each other. MICHACH --- i.e., Copper. MICROCOSMUS --- A Small and Intermediate World placed between the Firmamental World and that of the Elements, as is only natural, since it, namely man, participates in both. Whatsoever is actually and visibly contained in them is in like manner spiritually and potentially held in man. Hence it results that thence there can and ought to be one philosophical classification, living, not dead as of a corpse, true, equally essential, and manifest. MIFRES --- i.e., Asphalt. MINERA --- i.e., Iron. MINERA, VENA TERRA --- i.e., Vein of Ore. MINERA --- An Iron Hooked Stick, or Pick. MINERALE VAS --- A Vessel of Mineral Substance, either Metallic or Earthenware. MINERALIA --- The Place of Minerals. MINISTER --- An Assistant, a Servant who brings Coal or Ore. MINIUM --- Mercury of Saturn precipitated, or Saffron of Minium. MINIUM --- Ordinary Red Paint and Burnt Lead. MISADIR or MIXADIR --- i.e., Sal Ammoniac. MISSADAN --- i.e., Quicksilver. MISSERASSI --- i.e., Gypsum. MISTIO --- Composition. There are four kinds --- Inceration, Incorporation, Smelting and Melting. MISTURA --- A Pallid Kind of Paint. MISTURA EX AERE ET ARGENTO EQUALIS --- Cobalt. MISY --- According to some writers, is a Genus of Myrrh. Otherwise it is something derived from swellings (See Pliny, 1. 19, c. 3). But in this place, according to our judgment, it is a metallic substance like Rock Alum, being a coagulated moisture out of a species of Copperas. Now, Misy and Sory have an affinity with the genus Chalcitis, being produced from the same source. Misy is the more delicate, Sory the coarser substance. Nowadays, Misy is altogether unknown, and has fallen out of use for many centuries. Misy, like Rock Alum, is of two kinds, native and manufactured. Native Misy, produced spontaneously in mines, is coagulated with water. It is found in the copper mines of Goslaria, and resembles gold according to the descriptions of Dioscorides (1. 5, c. 66). It is hard and when polished assumes a golden hue, shining like a star. Some imagine that it is dyed by water which flows from ochre. Pliny, however, states that it is accumulated and

collected by the stone itself, and that the best quality is found in the laboratories of the Cypriotes. Some call it Red Vitriol or Red Zegi. The metallurgists themselves are ignorant of the German name; the wisest of them think that Misy is Mountain Vitriol. This name, however, seems properly to belong to Native Vitriol. Chalcanthum easily changes into Misy. But Misy, according to Dioscorides, is burnt like Rock Alum itself. Sporicon is made of it. Manufactured Misy is produced when Chalcanthum is changed into Chalcitis, a fact mentioned by Galen. Misy: 1. Misy that can be pulverised; Yellow Atrament. 2. Hard Yellow Atrament. 3. Yellow Atrament mixed with Red Atrament or Rock Alum. 4. Hard Yellow Atrament mixed with Black Atrament. 5. Yellow Atrament, having delicate White Atrament on the surface. 6. Yellow Atrament with Red Hard Atrament and a delicate White Atrament on the surface. MITIGATIVA --- Mitigating Medicants. Anodynes which soothe and diminish pain. MODIOLUS ROTAE --- Nave of a Wheel. MODULUS --- A Wooden Tub. MOLA MATRICIS --- Abortion in the Womb. MOLE --- Millstone. MOLIBOTO, CHALCUM --- Ore of Lead. MOLERE --- To Grind. There are several methods. MOLIPDIDES --- Stone of Lead, Leaden Stone. MOLIPDINA --- Incrustations of Silver and Gold. Pliny says it is the ordinary Vein of Silver or of Lead. MOLOCHITES --- An Opaque Gem of a Deeper Green than Emerald. It derives its name from the colour of the mallow. It is of great efficacy against all infantile disorders. It comes from Arabia. Molochites of moderate size may be seen in a church at the mouth of the Tangra. (Consult Pliny, 1. 37, c. 8. Also Solinus, Albertus, Evax, etc.). MOLYBDENA --- Hard Lead Incrustations found at the Bottom of the Furnace. MOLYBDENA and PLUMBAGO:

1. Hard Lead, as above. 2. Produced from Lead and Copper. 3. From a Mixture of Lead and Gold. 4. From a Mixture of Lead and Silver. 5. Smelted from Plates of Lead. 6. Deposited in the Middle of the Vessel. 7. Ashes of Black Lead from the Incrustation of the Furnaces. MONETARIORUM MAGISTER --- Master of the Mint. MONETARIUS --- Minter, Coiner. MONSTRA --- Monsters are certain Animals which have been originated outside the order of nature, and which heaven hatches in the egg of their putrefaction. The fruit of an unlawful and accursed copulation. They generate nothing in their turn, because they were born from the copulation of diverse seeds, as of a man and a brute, or from empoisoned parents. Thus the giants of old originated, and other monstrous men, contrary to nature, whose sight provokes horror and cursing. They are not produced by any honourable means, but by the guile of men who force animals of diverse kind to come together, as the horse and the ass, in order to produce beasts of burden. Such is the wisdom of this world. These Monstrosities are impotent and useless for breeding purposes, since nature absolutely shrinks from them. MONTES --- Cucurbits, Retorts, Tops of Retorts, etc. MORBILLI --- Smallpox, Measles, Discharges of Phlegm, Cutaneous Eruptions. MORO, MORUS --- A Mulberry, an Abscess in the Flesh, a Swelling like Warts. MOROCHTHUS --- A Stone called Galaxia and Leucograph by Dioscorides. In Egypt it is produced in such a soft state that lines can be drawn upon it; it is extremely white, easily fusible, useful for whitening garments, even as Galactite. Hence we see that Pliny errs in confounding Morochthum, Galaxia, or Leucograph with Galactite. Elsewhere, Pliny, so far as I know, has nothing about Morochthus, unless (in 1. 37, C. 10), we prefer to read Morochthus for Merocte, which exudes a milk-like juice. Nor is this now found in laboratories. However, it is produced excellently in Saxony, especially at Hildesheim. As to its medical value, see Dioscorides, 1. 5, c. 93. MORPHEA --- A kind of Leprosy. MORS --- is called Death or Corruption. The body dies when the soul departs. The colour goes, the spirit or water is extracted. When it returns to it, it awakes, becomes living, bright, henceforth immortal. MORTARIOLUM --- is a small Model for forming Cinder Pans, generally constructed of Brass, in the shape of a wide circle or perforated pan. This model is furnished with a mortar, commonly called monachus, which is a pestle with a round protuberance, projecting from the centre of the

broad base. The pit or hearth of the pan is constructed by means of this pestle. For larger pans, that is, for those which contain more matter for formation, we employ an iron circle and a proportionately large mortar. MORTARIOLUM --- Brazen Figures, which are engraved upon a Chemical Cupel. MOS --- i.e., Mycra. MULCEDAR, or MULCODAR --- i.e., the Dragon. MULE --- Blisters caused by Cold or Heat. MUMIA --- Not only the name of Human Flesh preserved with Balm, but also of other things, not dead naturally but killed, and possessing healing virtues. MUMIA ELEMENTORUM --- The Balsam of the External Elements. MUMIA MEDULLE --- The Marrow of Bones. MUMIA TRANSMARINA --- i.e., Manna. MUMIA VERSA --- Liquor of Mummy. MUNDIFICATIVA --- Medicines for Purifying Weak and Putrid Flesh, and separating it from the healthy and live flesh. Also Aperients, External Medicines, Cathartic Drugs. MURIA --- Salt Liquor, has the efficacy of Salt and Marine Water. There are two kinds --- native, whence comes our ordinary salt; manufactured, when a little salt is mixed with rain from heaven. When the salt liquefies, we call it light salt; when it does not melt we call it hard salt. Note that garum is a salt liquor in which flesh and fish have been pickled. There is also sour brine, produced from vinegar and sea water. Pliny apppears to confound salt brine with garum. MURIA --- Salt Water, Stinking Menstruum. MURMENTUM --- Mountain Rat, Marmot. MURUS --- Mouse. MURUS NIGER --- Black Mouse; a Shrew. MUSADI, MUZADIR, MISADIR, LIXANDRA --- Names of Sal Ammoniac. MUSCILAGO --- Mucilage, a thick and slimy liquid of the consistence of Calamine. MUSCULA SCIURUS --- Hedgehog. MUSTUM --- Dark Blue Must. MUSTUM IMMATURUM --- Must not perfected. MUSTUS --- A White Lime of Urine; a kind of Fat; Water.

MYSI --- Yellow Atrament. MYSTERIUM --- is the Essence of the Interior Nature, the sum of the whole substance in the subtle and withdrawn part of the given matter. Hence it differs greatly from sap, as much indeed as sap differs from the body. And because it is concealed in the most retired recesses of corporeal matter, and has an exceeding subtle nature, it is called a Mystery and an Arcanum. It is obtained immediately from the given thing, but after a certain necessary preparation. Also sometimes from a magistery and a sap. There are two varieties of this Mysterium or Essence, as it may be variously denominated. They are, namely, Quintessence and Specific Arcanum. MYSTERIUM MAGNUM --- The First Matter of all Things, the Principle and Mother of all the Corruptible Creatures of God, the Chaos, dark and rude.

A Lexicon of Alchemy by

Martin Rulandus

NNN

NACTA --- An Abscess of the Breast. NAFDA, or SINAPTA --- i.e., Petroleum, or Asphalt. NAPELLUS --- Wolf's bane. NACDA, or NATTA GIBBUS --- A Hunchback, or Dwarf. NAPTA --- i.e., Gum. NAPTA ALBA --- i.e., is White Petroleum. NAPHTHA --- We have said that the Bitumen of Judea is a species of Naphtha, but is not true Naphtha. For Naphtha is nothing else but Petroleum, that liquid oil which, although in an impure form, is manufactured in our own land. Dioscorides (1. 1, c. 84) says that Naphtha was called Bitumen by the Babylonians, or Colamen of Bitumen, and that there were black and white varieties. White Naphtha is our Petroleum. Black is perhaps that pitchy and glutinous matter of Amiantus, Asbestos, or Earth-flax, which is not dissimilar from Bitumen, and which when it has once been set on fire can be extinguished by nothing but dust being heaped over it, like that slime from the lake of Comagenes mentioned by Pliny. By some among the ancients this black Naphtha was believed to be the Excrement of Demons, concerning which I venture to affirm nothing ; but we also have an excrement of demons, namely, the plant silphium, which produces the juice called laser. Many stinking substances were held precious by the ancients. Naphtha is a violent potency of fire, as Dioscorides teaches, and there is no substance which can compare with it for sustaining and nourishing fire. Pliny cites an example which occurred in Media at the execution of an adulteress, who had a crown of naphtha placed on her, and when this crown was set on fire the woman was consumed. Pliny also bears witness that there is a naphtha which is found in Babylon and Parthia which is like Liquid Bitumen. Thus Naphtha is twofold-natural, dealt with by Pliny, and properly Petroleum-manufactured, which is Colamen of Bitumen, as Dioscorides terms it. And of this there is one kind which is white, and may be a species of Petroleum, but is inferior to the native. And there is another kind which is black, and which may be the Excrement of Demons, so called by the ancients. I affirm that it is from a subtle Bitumen, i.e., from Naphtha (which is true Petroleum) indurated by the operation of the sun, as Ovid says of amber, that gagates is made in the sea, and not from manufactured White Naphtha. Thus Bitumen is twofold, in the sea, and in the earth, liquid,

and hard, or glutinous. Pissasphaltus is also twofold-native and manufactured. Naphtha is twofoldnative and manufactured. Thus Bitumen, Pissasphaltus, and Naphtha are almost various species of one thing, and so is the stone Gagates, which is formed of natural Naphtha, i.e., true Petroleum, as its smell indicates. The Thracian Stone, another species of Gagates, may be formed of black Bitumen or black Naphtha. This also burns in water, and is put out by oil. Succinum, or amber, on the contrary, is made of the resin of trees, though both have the power of attracting hairs and straws. Succinum does not burn in water, because of the poorness of its resin. Gagates burns fiercely, and its flame is increased by water, because of the strength of the Naphtha or Bitumen of which it consists. So also those coals which are found in our mines, and which we call Pit Coal, are a kind of Gagates, and nothing else but Bitumen hardened under the earth, or excocted by heat. This stone also is put out by oil, and burns fiercely when sprinkled with water, as is the nature of Bitumen. And those coals also are bituminous with which the mountains Etna and Vesuvius are burning, as Pliny sets forth, and as we also see to be the case in many places of Germany, and especially in the night, because in the day the heat of the sun weakens them or overwhelms them; but in the night, which is cold and moist, the matter is excited by the moisture. That species of pyrites, called the Fissile Stone of Islebia, is evidently bituminous, because it burns quickly, gives forth a bituminous smell, and takes impressions very easily. For impressions are made upon a body of this bituminous quality, which is prepared to receive impressions with as much ease and celerity, as the chemists say, that a soul enters its body. But of this enough. Petroleum, i.e., Naphtha, which is manufactured by the Agyrtx, does not come from the tomb of some saint whom I forget, as is falsely represented. For the rest, there is another manufactured Naphtha, which is described in the antidotes of Nicander. There is also a Bituminous Peat which is dug up in Saxony. NAR --- i.e., Fire. NARBASAPHAR --- i.e., Brass. NARCOTICA --- A Soporific Medicament, which removes pain, or at least deadens its. keenness. NARDINUM OLEUM --- A kind of Oil, Spikenard. NARIS --- Nostril. NATARON, or NATRON --- i.e., Nitre. NEBULGEA --- is a Salt which is deposited by the moisture of a Mist, and is hardened by the Sun. NECROCOMICA --- are Portentous Presages, signifying something which is to come by signs falling from heaven upon earth; those crosses, for example, which fell in the days of Maximilian the First. NECROLIA, or NECROLICA --- are Medicaments which prevent death and preserve life. NECROMANTIA --- is a Forbidden Art, by which formerly divinations were obtained from the dead. But true Necromancy compels the dead to manifest, and extracts answers and speech from them, and compels them to perform wonders. Any operations connected with the death's head, bones, shroud needles, shrouds, or cerements, quivers, sepulchres, and such like, are comprehended under this cursed art, which is wholly superstitious, and avoided by Christians. NENUFARENI --- A name of those Spirits who inhabit the Elements.

NEUTHA --- A Child's Caul, sometimes covering the eye, sometimes the ear, and sometimes the whole face of a new born child. NIGELLA --- A Rat. NIGROMANTIA --- Formerly a Natural Art, by which man, after a natural manner, sought to discover the secrets of minerals, metals, and things hidden in the earth. Afterwards, by the suggestion of the devil, and through the perversity of wicked men, it fell into abuse, and became a diabolical art. NITRUM, BAURACH, ROCK SALT, SALTPETRE, NITRE --- is Hot and Dry in the Second Degree. It is a substance having affinity with Salt, and is a species of Salt. Hence, Transparent Salt, Alexandrine Salt, Salt of Anderena, Salt of Nitre, are one and the same. But Nitre is formed from coagulated moisture. We do not know exactly what were the species of Nitre which are described by the ancients, but they differed from our own. They were used in food, and blended with wine, as we learn from Pliny 0. 14, C. 20, and 1. 18, c. 17), as well as from the Georgics of Virgil. Formerly, they seem to have been also of a rosy colour, bitter, light, spongy, and easily consumed by fire, whereas, ours in no way correspond to these descriptions, and are derived from the air, while the ancient Nitres were of terrene origin. Ours also are of greater medicinal virtues, provoking humours, and possessing laxative qualities. It should be noted that there are several species of manufactured Nitre, which are mentioned by Pliny (1. 31, c. 10). By us, Nitre is manufactured in several ways --- in stables, sheepcotes, ancient dormitories, in rocks, cellars, walls, and other such places, as well as in old and disused sand-pits. There is also that Nitre which is called Spumous, and is Aphronitum, Saltpetre, the Spume of Nitre, and a true species of Nitre. It has affinities with the flower of the Asian rock or stone, referred to by Dioscorides, and of which we have already treated (see Lapis Asius). If we consider rightly, Green Chrysocolla, the Scissile Copper-Stone is a species of Nitre, i.e., Native Nitre. Dioscorides (1. 5, c. 78), describes Spume of Nitre along with Nitre, both as regards the country of its origin, and its quality. He indicates their medical virtues, how they are to be treated by fire, and the uses of the crude mineral. Information upon the same subject will be found in Serapion, under the name of Baurach. It will be seen that the species of Nitre may be classified broadly as follows: Native mined Nitre, similar to salt from the mines. Under the generic name of Burach the following varieties are included : 1. Armenian, and this is the best kind. 2. Nitre from Rabath, which is either white --- very similar to salt from the mines, and having a medium flavour between salt and vinegar --- or black. 3. African. 4. Egyptian. 5. Roman. 6. Babylonian. Manufactured Nitre, like a petrine or saline efflorescence. It is derived by coction from salt or saline water. The first and the sixth species were alone known to the Arabians. The Babylonians also had two kinds, namely, Nitre (rock salt, purple, moderately bitter), and Baurach, with which, when

dissolved in water, it was the custom to besmear loaves before baking, and thus produce a gloss upon the crust. There is copious information in Pliny (1. 31, c. 10), on Nitre and spume of Nitre. Nicander also treats in his Antidotes of Nitre as prevailing against a poisonous potion compounded of bullock's blood. Nitre is also an ingredient in the powder of the tormentors, as is well known to the apothecaries of Satan who take their name from torments. NITRUM --- The Saline Stone, i.e., White Sulphur. NITRUM ALEXANDRINUM --- i.e., is Clavellated Ash. NITRUM --- is a kind of Salt. It is also Borax, and one kind of Armenian Salt --- black, red, or sapphire. NITRUM --- is a certain Brine from combinations of Urines prepared in Salt. NITRUM --- i.e., Baurac. NITRUM --- Nitre. NITRUM --- Sago, Talc. NITRUM, TINCAR, or TINCKAR --- Which See. NITRUM --- i.e., White Salt, Baurac. NITRON --- Vitreous Refuse. NITRIALES --- Whatever Calcines and Burns, as Sulphur, Saltpetre, whereby one calcines Pearls, Precious Stones, and Corals into a Saltpetre. NOAS --- in Arabic; Calchos in Greek; Copper in Latin; Ore in German. NOAS or NOAC --- Brass or Copper. NOBACH --- A Necromantic Instrument. NOCHAT, NUCHAT, or NUCHOR --- i.e., Venus, Copper. NOCASIT --- i.e., a Perforated Vessel, Sieve, or Colander. NODI ARTICULORUM --- Indurated Tumours, Knots in the joints, as in gout. NOERA --- i.e., a Cover over a Distilling Apparatus. NORA --- i.e, Calx. NORA --- i.e., is Nitre. NORA --- Every kind of Salt. NOSIDIDACH --- (?) A joint (Artus).

NOSTOCH --- A Ray or Radiation of a certain Star, or its off-scouring, superfluity, etc., cast on earth. It falls, chiefly during June, July, and August, upon broad fields or meadows, being like a large fungus or sponge in appearance, and of a yellow or dark tawny colour, like a coagulated juice, and to the touch like jelly. By Nostoch some understand Wax. NUBA --- i.e., Copper. NUBA --- is a second species of Manna, red in colour, such as falls in Ireland. NUHAR --- i.e., Venus, or Copper. NUMUS --- Lead, Black Lead. NUSIADAT --- i.e., Ammoniac. NUTRIMENTUM --- is Material changed by Putrefaction in the Stomach. NYMPHAE --- Spiritual Men and Women, or Corporeal Spirits, inhabiting water, such as was Melusine. NYMPHIDICA --- The Spirits obtained by heat artificially from water may be so called. NYSADIR, NUSSIADAI, NESTUDAR --- Sal Ammoniac.

OOO

OBELCHERA --- i.e., Cucurbit. OBELKARA --- i.e., Cucurbit. OBRIZUM AURUM --- i.e., Pure Gold. OBRIZUM AURUM PURUM --- Gold Calcined to a Dark Red by means of Art. OCOS, OCOP, OBAC, or OCAB --- i.e., Sal Ammoniac. OCRA ---Yellow Earth; called Uger. OCRA GRAECIS --- A Slimy Earth, called Sil by the Latins. It is twofold-native and manufactured. Native Yellow Ochre, or Yellow Earth, is obtained in the mines of Germany. There is a variety like Chrysocolla, and another called Sander's Blue. Dacian and Hungarian Ochres are most in use among painters. Our own is somewhat despised. Dioscorides (1. 5, c. 58) praises that of Attics, which is very light, brittle, slimy, aqueous, and free from grittiness. He also states that it can be burnt and cleansed like Cadmia, and that its medical quality is astringent, biting, and dispersing. There are various species of Ochre --- some metallic; some hard, as is our own; some simply a

yellow earth, and this also is found in our mines. Theophrastus merely describes it as Ochrine Earth. Pliny enumerates (1. 33, c, 12) divers kinds of Sil, or Ochre, and says that the best of these pigments-whether yellow or blue-are derived from Metallic Ores containing Gold and Silver, that Ochre is properly a slime, that the Attics is the best, and that its nature is like marble. There is also compressed Ochre from Cyrus; Achaica, Gaul, India, etc. In the thirteenth chapter of the same book he says that dyeing with Ochre was first invented by a Myconian. Ochre is also found in rivers, as the Elbe, and above all in the Ocra, which flows through Brunswick, whence the substance takes its name, and is called Ochre in Saxony. If the matter be rightly regarded, we have four species of Ochre. 1. From the mines, of a stony quality, and found also on the shore and banks of rivers. 2. A Dust, or Dry Earth, adhering to stones, like Chrysocolla, Blue, etc. This is obtained from the stone quarries of Salveldia. 3. Another Dry Earth, found on river banks. 4. Slimy and sticky, or tenacious, of the nature of marble, and obtained from mines. That Ochre which is found in mines and by rivers, being parched by the heat either of the earth or the sun, is changed into native toddle, and consequently into a kind of clay. Ochre which begins to be changed into ruddle, but is still partly Ochrine, receives its colour from the sun or earth. Artisan's ruddle is made from artificially burnt Ochre. Manufactured Ochre is made from Lead. OCHRA ATTICA --- Ochre which is yellow as the yolk of an egg. OCCIDENS --- i.e., Vinegar. OCCIDENS STELLA --- i.e., Sal Ammoniac. OCCIDENS --- Mercury, Saturn, Salt, Spice, Hermaphrodite, Living Water, Viscous Water, etc. ODORIFERA MEDICAMENT --- are Medicaments which infuse health by their fragrance, and so dispel also diseases. OFFICINA --- A Workshop in which Lead is separated from Silver. OFFICINA --- A Workshop in which Silver is Separated from Brass. Any Place for Refining and Roasting metals. OLEA SOLUTA --- Dissolved Oils, are those which separate by a melting of the subtle oleaginous parts. Accordingly, this is done in the same way as the magisteries of liquids, except that for the magistery all the matters are dissolved into a liquid, and in this case the internal essential parts are dissolved into a thick sap, the coarser parts being left. It is necessary that there should be a preparation in order that they may flow and yield oleaginous matter. Hence they are generally prepared like magisteries, by calcination, maceration, cooking, etc., unless the matter is so tenuous that it will flow with little trouble. OLEUM --- i.e., Fire, is extracted from a dry substance, but the water from a moist substance, for the oil and the water distil each other, and that which remains below is called earth. OLEUM --- is called the First Water, i.e., distilled from blood or hairs.

OLEUM BENEDICTUM --- is made of bricks. OLEUM FRUMENTI --- Spring Barley Oil, prepared in two ways, on a glowing plate, and by an ascending distillation. OLEUM SULPHURIS --- A Vapour Extracted by Elevation from Prepared Sulphur. OLEUM FIXUM --- is that which is reduced to an oily consistency out of dissolved matters, purified by filtration, by means of frequent abstraction, chiefly of spirit of wine. And what we call fixing is causing that which is diffuse and of small density to become oily and firm by abstracting or digesting its aqueous part. Hence it is needful that it should be dissolved in water, so that the coarse parts being separated by filtration, the thin parts may be immersed in moisture, whence they may be reduced by means of such a fixation. It is a common practice to dissolve the matter in any liquid, applying maceration, cooking, or melting, either to the matter alone, or combined with other things, The refuse is purged off by filtration. OLEUM --- Oil is either Distilled or Secreted. Distilled Oil is that which is extracted by distillation, which is performed either by ascension, descension, or mixing, or combination, which is absorption. Every absorption is performed by distillation only, but mixing can be effected in other ways. OLEUM PALESTINUM --- Vinegar. OLEUM STILLATITIUM DESCENSORIUM --- is Oil Obtained by Distillation downwards. OLEUM PER ELIXATIONEM EXTRACTUM --- is that which is extracted by cocoon, which can be performed either by boiling in moisture, or by a dry flame. OLEUM EX ASSATIONE --- is Oil obtained by roasting at a dry flame, no menstruum being used. Sometimes the method of burning is substituted for that of roasting. OLEUM ARDENS --- is Oil of Tartar, consummately corrected. OLEUM VITRIOLI AURIFICATUM --- Aureated Oil of Vitriol is Vitriol sweetened by Gold. OLEUM COLCOTHARINUM --- is Red Oil of Vitriol. OLEITAS RERUM --- is the Sulphur which exists in all things. OLYMPICUS SPIRITUS --- The Star in Man, the Astral Body which sends forth doubles. OLY --- is the Moisture or Glue of Metals which flows upon the Menstruum when they are dissolved. ONYX --- is a Gem which, according to Pliny, 1. 37, c. 6, is shaped like a nail or talon. There are many species, some having the colour of Chrysolith, some of Sand, some of jasper. Those of India are black, full of fire, hard, encircled by white veins, which give the whole stone the appearance of an eye. There are Arabian Onyxes which are also black, and have white bands, but they thin from the Indian forms. (See Pliny, 1. c.) We call the gem Sardonyx, from Sarda, which name has affinity with Onyx, and some say that the one stone is found in conjunction with the other. It is said further that Onyx in an erudition of a tree which hardens into a stone. When fire is applied to it, it emits a

smell and various figures and marks appear on it. Albertus distinguishes red, black, and white species of Onyx, all of which when they are rubbed resolve into a substance like the human nail. They also say that these gems cause sadness and apprehension. They act upon melancholy temperaments, and provoke turbulent dreams and contentions. They increase saliva in boys. In conjunction with Sard or Sardonyx, their power is softened, and they make men chaste and modest. ONYX: --1. Pure, transparent, horn-coloured Onyx. 2. Horn-coloured Onyx, having distinct white and purple transverse bands. 3. Horn-coloured Onyx, having milky bands in the upper part, and transverse purple bands in the lower. 4. Horn-coloured Onyx, which is naturally ornamented with lines of red Jasper. 5. Horn-coloured Onyx in which there are lines of dark brown jasper. 6. Horn-coloured Onyx full of red spots. 7. White, transparent Onyx, on which escutcheons are inscribed. 8. Impure, whey-like Onyx. OPALUS --- India is properly the Land of the Opal. It is a Precious Gem, inasmuch as it has the fire of the carbuncle, but somewhat softened ; the purple effulgence of the amethyst ; and the sea greenness of the emerald. There are several kinds. Some Opals have the smooth and equable hues of orpiment, some the ardent glow of sulphur, some the splendour of burning oil. The size of the opal is that of a hazel-nut. Those are corrupt if the colour be of crystal or like hailstones, or if they have spots, eyes, or other blemishes. On account of its beauty, it is called Paederos after one of the Cupids or Loves. Opals are also said to be found in Egypt, Arabia, and the Pontus, but these are the poorest ; better qualities are from Galatia, Thrace, and Cyprus. OPHITES --- is a species of Marble, of which Dioscorides enumerates three species --- one black and heavy, another of ash colour, with grey lines and spots, found in Germany, at Mount Joachim; a third, with white bands. It is called Ophites because of its serpent-like hue. It is not true Echites, which is spotted like a viper, though the latter may be a variety of Uphite; nor is it dracontias, nor our serpentine marble ; and, again, it is not to be confused with the stone which is said to be taken from the head of the dragon, or to be composed of the froth of the dragon. That species which has black and grey lines is exactly like our serpents in colour. At the port of Tangra, where once was the royal seat of Charles IV., in the citadel, the temple is adorned with gems, and the walls on all sides are enriched with this kind of Ophite ; the same is a species of adder-stone, which has marks like a viper. There is also another species of Ophite, more nearly approaching the form of a serpent, because it has scales like the serpent; it is, moreover, a crustaceous stone. It is found in many parts of Saxony, but is altogether disesteemed. There is also a third species of Ophite, found on the banks of the Elbe, near Tangra. It is a slender, oblong stone, in shape, like a serpent, as though a serpent had hardened into stone. Within it is black approaching blue; without it is white. Pliny says that its name is derived from its serpentlike spots. He distinguishes two classes-the soft and white, and the dark, which is hard. From the white, he tells us that vessels and caskets are made. Ophite is good for lethargy, headache, and snake-bites.

OPERARIUS --- A Workman. OPERCULUM --- The Cover of a Refining Furnace. OPERCULUM AMPULLAE --- The Cover of an Alembic. OPERCULUM SUPERTORIS FORAMINIS TABULATI FOLLIUM --- A Door, Stopper, or Plug. OPERIMETHIOLIN --- A Mineral Spirit. OPILARE --- To Shut, Cover, or Conceal. OPILATIVA --- An Astringent, Constipating Medicine. OPPODELTOCH --- is the most excellent Sticking Plaster of Theophrastus. OPS METALLUM --- Quicksilver. OPTOS --- Patched, Sewed On. ORALE --- i.e., Vessel. ORBIS --- A Dish, or Circular piece of Leather. ORBIS SAXEUS --- A Round Stone. ORBICULI --- Precipitated Cryetals of Salt in the Salt Pan. ORIENS --- i.e., Urine. ORIENS --- A Solution of Iron in Muriatic Acid. The Ascent, Red Olitet, the Father, Red Vitriol, the Ruby, Husband, Salt of Urine, Sun, Gold and Sulphur, Summer, Tartar, Ashes, Ore, Wine. ORDOLEUM --- is a Small Ulcer in the Eyebrows, like Grains of Barley. OREXIS --- is Heart Burn, a Heat rising from the Stomach to the Throat. ORGANOPEOTICA --- The Art of Making Warlike Instruments. ORICHALCEA FILA --- Brazen Threads, or Brushes. ORIZEUM --- i.e., Gold. ORIZEUM FOLIATUM --- Gold Beaten into Thin Plates with a Mallet. ORIZEUM PRAECIPITATUM --- Gold Reduced to its Flowers by means of Flowers of Mercury. ORIZA --- i.e., Rice.

ORMS --- i.e., a Hen. ORNITHAE CECIAS --- South-East. OROBO --- Metallic Glass. OROGAMO --- Gold. OS --- Month. OS FORNACIS --- The Eye of the Furnace. OS SPIRITALE --- A Damper for Current of Air. OSTRACITES --- is a kind of Stone, or Precious Stone, or a species of Calamine, so called after the Shell of the Oyster, for it can be separated into flakes after the same manner as the oyster-shell. Pliny seems to speak of one kind only. Nevertheless, it may be regarded as divisible into three species, of which the first is like mussel-shell, the second like oyster-shell, and the third like agate. The first has scissile veins, and is found in Saxony, as also is the second. On the authority of Dioscorides, Ostracites checks menstruation, is good for inflammation of the breasts, and for corroding sores, or swellings. OSOROR --- i.e., Opium. OSSA PARALLELI --- is a Medicament universally used in Gout. OSTRUTIUM TRANSPLANTUM --- i.e., the Herb Angelica. OTHAN --- The Mercury of the Philosophers. Ovum, i.e., the Blessed Stone. OVUM PHILOSOPHICUM --- The Philosophical or Hermetic Egg used in Alchemical Operations. OXOS --- Vinegar, or Oil of Palestine, which is Vinegar. OXY --- i.e., Pointed. OZEMAN --- White of Eggs. OZO --- i.e., Arsenic.

A Lexicon of Alchemy by

Martin Rulandus

PPP

PALANTINA ET PERSINA --- Were Queens like. Melusine and Melora. PALOS IN TIGNA IMMITTERE --- To Support Beams by Cross-pieces. PALUS --- A Stanchion. PANES AERIS FATHISCENTES --- Cake, Carcase. PANES EX PYRITE VEL CADMIA CONFLATI --- Stones made of Pyrites or Cadmia. PANIS ARGENTEUS --- Silver Plate. PANNUS --- A Mole or Birthmark. PANUM AEREORUM SPECIES --- Matte of Copper. PANUM EX AERE FOSSILI SPECIES --- Troughstone. PANDALITIUM, PANERITIUM, PASSA, VERMIS --- An Abscess at the End of the Fingers. PARS CUM PARTE --- A Composition of Equal Parts of Gold and Silver. PARTHENION --- is Roman Camomile. Some say it is Persicaria. PARTES FODINAE VEL CUNILI --- A Share in a Mine. PARTES FODINARUM VEL CUNICULI --- Shares in a Mine. PARTICULAE EMINENTES --- Trunion, Gudgeon, or Stud. PARIES --- Wall. PASSUS METALLICUS --- A Metallic Foot. PATER --- i.e., Sulphur.

PATER ANTE FILIUM --- i.e., Patricide, i.e., Satyrion, the Herb Ragwort. PATER ET MATER REGIS --- The Father and Mother of the King. The old philosophers have had such wonder and admiration for the Stone, and so greatly rejoiced therein, that they have not known how to describe it sufficiently, or how to glory in it or praise it. They have called it the Microcosm, the Element, Heaven, Earth, Stars. Unto all things have they compared it. Also they have called it the State of Marriage and the Birth of Children, as the old proverb runs. The Sun is its Father --- Noha, Coelum. The Moon is its Mother --- Aretia, Nohae, Woman, Vesta. The Wind carries him in its Bosom --- Air, Spirit. The Earth nourishes him, etc. Then the Sun is, with its warmth and power, the Father of all Vegetation; the Moon, with its moisture, is the Mother; the Air must embrace and carry all things; and the Earth must nourish. But there is something peculiar in this operation, for the Metallic Sun is a true Father, and gives the masculine seed. The Moon is a true Mother, and gives the feminine seed. The Wind and Air must raise it and conduct it, as Hermes says. Our Mercury rises in the glass; the Earth lies beneath and comprehends in itself soul and spirit, so that a perfect child and king may be born. The father is our sulphur, the mother is our Mercury, which carries the sulphur within it. For the woman shall have a ruddy-coloured child. When it is born, the red again becomes visible, and the woman becomes changed into a red man. She becomes an androgyne. The man, says Senior, is without wings, is taken up and down. When it is coagulated, the moon is dark; therefore he is called a shade. The wife is bright, is called a ray, and shining of the sun; she draws the shadow out of the brilliance, which is coagulated. The husband is called Lead, Mars. The wife is called Venus and Arsenic. The husband is also the wife, and the wife is also the husband, like Eve. The sleeping man lost his ribs. However, he is not glorified, because he does not die. After death, in the resurrection is he glorified. So also is it the case with our Adam. Even in his first sleep Eve is given him. Afterwards, in the second solution he dies, and he arises gloriously. Then Eve can never moree be torn from him (S. Ternesius). The father is the calcination ; the mother is the solution ; the fountain is its mother. And he is yet older than the fountain, because he is born perfect. For that which is perfect is before that which is imperfect. But there is in Mercury that which is desired by Philosophers. PATIAS, or LEPIDA --- Scaly, a Scale, Metallic Shavings. PEDAGRA --- Tartar. PEGERNUS, or PEREGRINUS --- Mercury. PEGERNUS --- Lime from the extremely White Ears of Marine Fish. PELECANUS, or PELICAN --- is a Circulating Vessel, in the shape of a Pelican pecking its own breast with its beak, and thus feeding its young. It has a full body, which narrows towards the neck,

and the neck bends round and the mouth goes back into the body. This vessel has a channel at the bottom, by which the liquor is poured in, and then the entrance is hermetically sealed. PELICIDE or PELUDE --- is Boiled Honey. PENATES --- are Secret or Interior Spirits of the Element of Fire, or of Heaven, born with us. They are also called Penuarii, Lares Hercii, Ephestii, Etesii, and Meilichii. PENETRATIO --- i.e., Submersion. PENTACULA --- Called also Periamata, Periapta, Apotroptea, Parartemata, is an Amulet which is worn round the neck, and is supposed to preserve the wearer against evil spirits and sorcery. PERDONIUM --- Wine seasoned with Herbs. PERDETTAE --- Small Yellow Carrots or similar Vegetable. PERIODUS --- The Muscle of Life; the Pulse. PERONES --- Water, Fishing, or Jack Boots. PERPURGARE --- To Purify by Burning. PERTICA --- A Bar. PERTICAE --- Measuring Rods. PES METALLICUS --- A Measure of One Foot. PES LUCUSTE --- i.e., Jamen Alum. PETRA SANGUINARIA --- Hematite; Bloodstone. PEUCEDANUM --- The Herb Angelica. PHANLEC --- i.e., Iron. PHANTASMATA --- are Apparitions which haunt desert places and the seashore, and speak with imaginative people. They are not diabolical, though they frequently cause terror. They are born of imagination. PHIALA --- A Glass Vessel used frequently in coagulations and solutions. It has a globular body and a long slender neck or funnel. PHIBIT --- i.e., Violent; Rapacious; a Robber. PHLOTRON --- A Species of Flux caused by the Coostrum (unknown). PHOENIX --- The Quintessence of Fire, or the Illustrious Philosophic Stone.

PHIONITIDE --- Things naturally hostile to one another, as the stork to the frog, cats to mice, spiders to flies. PHRASIUM VIRIDE --- i.e., Flower of Copper. PHTHISIS --- Atrophy; Consumption; the plague which parches up, cessation of nourishment, arising through fear or from excessive appetite. PHYSIOGNOMIA --- is the Art by which a Man's Nature is judged from his Bodily Appearance. PILA --- Post or Pillar. PILAE --- Brazen Vessels wherein Things are well pounded. PILIZENII --- White Hairs round the Tail and Neck of the Hare. PILOSELLA --- A Mouse's Ear. PILOS --- i.e., Clay, Slag, or “Fired Hearth" PINGUEDINOSA --- i.e., any Fatty Substance. PILUM --- Pump-handle. PILUM, or PISTILLUM --- Mllllet. PILUM EXCOCTORUM --- Bat Beater. PILUM --- A Beam. PILUM DENTIBUS CARENS --- A Smooth Pole. PILUM, VEL CAPUT PILI --- The Top of the Instrument with which Copper is pounded. Also Broken Pieces of Copper or Brass. PIRSTEIN --- A Kind of Copper-stone. PISARE --- To Strain anything through a Colander, to Filter. PISTARE --- i.e., to Beat, Crush, Pound. PISTILLUM --- Pestle, Mallet. PIX LIQUINA --- Terebinth. PIXARI --- Pitch. PLANITIES MONTIS --- The Hauling Gallery driven for the Dip of the Vein. PLUMBUM, AFFROB --- Our Brass, is the Husband, and Impure Bodies.

PLUMBUM ALKALI --- The Hermaphrodite. PLUMBUM, or LEAD --- Is attributed to Saturn by chemists and is so called. It is a Livid, Terrene, Heavy, Metallic Body, with very little Whiteness and much of Earthy Nature. It is converted into Tin by cleansing. Thus Tin is more perfect than Lead. And Lead has more of the substance of Fixed Sulphur in its composition than Jupiter, i.e., Tin. Lead is an Impure Body, procreated from the copulation of Imperfect Living Silver, which is impure, unfixed, terrene, feculent, somewhat white on the exterior, but red inside, with a similar quality of Sulphur. It is wanting in purity, fixation, colour, and fire. In sum, Living Silver, which is of bad quality, gross, of bad taste, fetid, and of feeble power, like a menstruous mother, unites with a livid or leprous Sulphur, and frigid Saturn for a son is the result, and this is Lead. Note that pure solid Lead is not obtained from the mines. I have never read, heard, or seen that it has been so found. Three qualities of Lead are excocted --- black (which is true Lead), grey, and white. Black Lead is excocted from Galena, or Lead Ore, or from Pyrites. As to its cleansing and burning, and its medicinal uses, consult Dioscorides (1. 5, c. 48). Purified Lead is still used medicinally for inflamed ulcers and cancers. True burnt Lead is more efficacious than washed or purified Lead. And potters use it to colour their vessels. Scoria or recrement of Lead is the same as burnt bead, and it abounds in the workshops of Misnia where Lead Ore is smelted. PLUMBUM CINEREUM --- Grey Lead is the German Bismuth. It differs from the black and white species, and is, as it were, a metal by itself. It is more noble than Lead, but inferior to Silver, and has a middle position between both. The Ore from which it is excocted is like that of Black Lead, with this difference, that unless it is solid, it blackens the hand. When solid, it is not brittle, like Galena. It is blacker than the variety of rude Silver which we term lead-coloured. It often contains Silver, and where it is found there is generally Silver lower down, for which reason it is called the Roof of Silver. Many articles are now made from it, even as from Silver, such as drinking-cups, vases, etc. A species of blue is also obtained from it. The Arabs and many chemists were ignorant of this metal. As Black Lead is called Lead simply by the Germans, or Black Lead, so White Lead is called Ceruse or Tin. But it is an error to term our White Lead Tin, for they are distinct things. White Lead is more pure and perfect than Black. Pliny calls it Cassiterion, from the Cassiterides Islands, where it was first found by Midacrytus. Like Black Lead, it is now melted out of Pyrites or out of Galena, Gravel or Coarse Sand, as well as out of those Black Pebbles which are mentioned by Pliny, who also says that White Lead is found in Britain, Galicia, and Lusitania. Caesar, De Bello Gallico, 1. 5, also affirms its existence in Britain. PLUMBUM NIGRUM --- Black Lead. 1. Native Black Lead in a black ore, but impure. 2. Black Lead in a vein of white ore like Opaque White Floors. 3. Black Lead in a white vein like Clear White Fluors. There is sixty percent of the metal. 4. Caldebornian Black Lead, like Grey Marl. 5. Like a white Sandy Stone. 6. Like a Metallic Flint, with veins of Living Sulphur.

7. From Polonia, mixed with Native Ochre. 8. Flowers of Black Lead, like White Corals. 9. Yellow, full of lines of Slimy Sulphur, hence called Lead Sulphur. 10. Smelted Black Lead from Villacense. 11. Very soft Palatine Black Lead. 12. Refined soft Lead. 13. Containing much Silver. 14. Raw Lead containing Gold. 15. Raw Lead containing Silver. 16. Raw Lead, mixed with Silver, Copper and Gold. 17. Purified Lead, which is used for testing purposes. 18. Hard Lead, composed of Spume of Silver and Lead Ore. 19. Lead smelted from Spume of Silver. 20. Added as a flux to metals in excoction. 21. Granulated Lead. 22. Reduced to the finest powder or granules, and so used by the Venetians. 23. Common Lead Ochre. 24. Best English Lead Ochre. 25. Ceruse. 26. Native Ceruse from Vincentinus. 27. Minium made from burnt ceruse. 28. Minium imperfectly burnt. 29. Minium obtained from a Lead Stone rich in Silver. 30. Recrement or Scum extracted from Lead. 31. White Tapping or Recrement of Gossarian Black Lead. 32. Impure White Tapping of Lead.

33. Lead reduced to ash by the power of fire. 34. Alchemistic Lead Pigment-Lead Ash of the chemists. 35. A poisonous, slimy Lead Smoke, generated in smelting lead from silver. 36. Cleansed or Washed Lead of Dioscorides. 37. Burnt Lead of Dioscorides. PLUMBUM CANDIDUM: 1. Purest White Lead from the valley of Joachim. 2. Small White Granules obtained at the same place by washing. 3. Filaments of White Lead, collected in rivers. 4. Purest Native White Lead, mined at Slacchenvald. 5. Lead Crystals of Aldenberg, like Clear White Fluors. 6. Yellow Crystals, like Living Sulphur in Hegnist Metal. 7. Slimy. 8. Red-yellow Lead Crystal. 9. Purple. 10. Green Lead Crystals, found in the waters near Schreckenberg. 11. White Lead Crystals collected in rivers. 12. White, found on the riverbanks near Schneberg. 13. Minute Black Lead Crystals deposited by the rivers. 14. Small Black Stones containing Lead. 15. Moderate-sized Black Stones containing Lead. 16. Large Black Stones containing Lead. 17. A Black Pebble, pure and unique. A very Rich Calcareous Sheolite. 18. Black and Yellow Pebbles, combined, from Hegnist. 19. Small Black Stones, combined with Thin Plates of the Finest White Lead, in a Yellow Fluor. 20. Black Stones of Slacchenvald, in a White Metallic Stone.

21. Black Stones in a Grey Metallic Stone. 22. Moderate-sized Black Stones in a Metallic Marble. 23. In a White Sexangular Pellucid Fluor. 24. Bohemian, in a Ruddy Cuprine Stone. 25. In an Iron Stone. 26. In White Pellucid Mirror Stone of Slacchenvald. 27. With Pyrites. 28. Of a Greyish Black Colour. 29. Stone of White Lead in a Metallic Flint. 30. A Vein of White Lead, combined with Metallic Cadmia. 31. A Mined Substance similar to Mica Silver. 32. Best and Purest English White Lead. 33. Purest Cooked White Slacchenvald Lead. 34. Adulterated Lead, to which Black Lead is added. 35. Lead containing Silver. 36. Hard. 37. Soft. 38. Reduced to Powder. 39. Soft Cancellate Lead. 40. Lead formed in Hard Blocks. 41. Smelted out of Recrements. 42. Ceruse from White Lead. 43. Small Black Sterile Stones, similar in form and colour to Black Aerolites. When melted with White Lead Stones, that which remains becomes hard, and is marked with spots. 44. Anneberg Lead Stones; when struck with a hammer, they appear like clay. They are not suitable for combination, because they contain stony matter. 45. White Lead, Cooked, and to which Grey Lead is added.

46. Recrement of White Lead. PLUMBUM CINEREUM --- Grey Lead. 1. This is called Bismuth by our Metallurgists, and it is also usually termed the Roof of Silver, Silver being generally found beneath. 2. White Flower of Grey Lead. 3. Purple. 4. Red. 5. Pure Native Grey Lead, which is Solidified into Stone in the Mountains by Internal Heat, and takes the form of Indian Salt. 6. Aldeburg Lead in a Hard Grey Stone. 7. Crustaceous Lead from the Valley of Joachim. 8. Glebous Lead of Schneberg in a Black Friable Stone. 9. In a White Stone. 10. In a very Hard White Flint. 11. Tessellated in a Grey Stone. 12. Veins of Roasted Grey Lead, from which, by the potency of fire, granules like unto the Purest Silver are extracted. 13. Excocted Grey Lead. 14. Impure Blocks from Grey Lead. 15. Pure Blocks of Grey Lead. 16. Scarce Excocted Grey Lead. 17. Veins of Burnt Grey Lead, or Saffron-coloured Lead, used by Potters for Glazing. 18. Recrement of Grey Lead, of a Saffron Colour. PLUMBUM IN GLOBULOS REDUCTUM --- Lead reduced into Granules. PLUMBUM DIVES --- Rich Lead. PLUMBUM IGNIS VI IN CINEREM RESOLUTUM --- Lead reduced to Ashes by the power of Fire. PLUMBUM DEPAUPERATUM ---Uncalcined Lead.

PLUMBI ARTIS IMPURA --- Untranslatable. According to the German version, Black Lead of an Impure Kind. PLUMBAGO, GALENA, and BLACK LEAD --- are one and the same. We prove this statement in the following manner. First, Black Lead and Silver are prepared from our mined Plumbago, out of Glance and Lead Oil, at Friburg and Misnia, at Goslaria, and many other places, just as Pliny (1. 34, c. 18), treating of Molybdena and Galena, says. Therefore our Plumbago, our Glance, is Galena and Black Lead. Secondly, the mention of the word proves it to be one and the same; for what Pliny (1. 33, c. 6) or the Spaniards call Galena we now call Glance. But Marcellus, the interpreter of Dioscorides, a man on other points leaned enough, asserts that it is not called Galena, for Pliny denies that Black Lead is made in Galicia. It is nevertheless made from Galena. Thirdly, our Plumbago is chiefly of the colour of Lead, and for this reason is called by the Greeks Molybdena, and by the Romans Plumbago, or the Stone whence Lead is made. Thus it may either be called the Lead Stone, a vein of Lead Ore, or Lead Earth. Fourthly, Pliny says nothing about the stone Molybdos, of which, nevertheless, Dioscorides wrote, and was contented with the name of Galena. Then the Galena and the Molybdos of Dioscorides are one and the same. Fiftly, Galen says that he has himself seen a kind of Native Molybdena lying along the banks of rivers; nor does he make mention of the Lead Stone, because he considered them one and the same. Therefore Molybdena and Lead Stone are the same. In the sixth place, Galen states, in his book concerning the composition of medicines, that out of Ceruse and White Litharge, and from Grey Molybdena, which is of an ashen colour, Hydrelagon is made, and this is our Galena, not indeed the yellow but the leaden. Therefore Galena and Molybdena are one and the same. Seventhly, according to Dioscorides, our Galena, which is of the colour of Lead, is called the Leaden Stone, because it is a species of Lead, and contains the matter of Lead in itself. Moreover, it has the same properties as Washed Lead and Lead Scoria. It is washed in the same manner. It differs from the Native Molybdena of Dioscorides in colour alone, not in matter, for he writes that his mined Yellow Molybdena is brilliant, but the colour can easily be changed in the case of Plumbago by means of different gases stirred up from the bowelss of the earth. Thus, with us, in our mines, Black, Blue, and Liver-coloured Galena are all found. Just as Yellow Galena can be certainly found in warm regions, also there is found a Galena in our mines which is covered with a yellow colour, possibly the Molybdena of Dioscorides, and this yellow with which the Galena is tinged is sometimes found in veins, and is sometimes tempered by the heat of the earth. It sparkles, especially when split up, so that it seems to contain a metal. The Arabs know nothing about Molybdena, or think it to be the same as Litharge. They are indeed the same in temperament. Molybdena, however, is slightly colder. Its parts are denser. It does not possess the power of cleansing. Serapion has little or nothing about the virtue of Molybdena. (See lib. Agg., s.v. Hasas.) If indeed you wish to have any difference or distinction, call Molybdena the Lead Stone when it contains Lead alone. On the contrary, when it contains Lead and Silver, call it Galena. Whereas, therefore, Molybdena, Plumbago, and Galena are one and the same, note that Galena or Molybdena is twofold, native and manufactured. The native is again double, i.e., I. Fruitful, which is a Vein of Lead alone, and then it is called Lead Stone by Pliny and Galen. Pliny (1. 33, c. 6) calls Galena a Vein of Lead, found near Veins of Silver. Next, because the Vein contains both Silver and Black Lead, we smelt lead and silver from it, and then it is truly Galena. This fruitful Galena is again twofold-as respects colour, not substance. They are of the same matter, though the colour differs; 1. A kind of Brilliant Lead, and this is our Plumbago, Galena, or Molybdena of Pliny. By Dioscorides, however, it is called the Lead-like Stone. 2. A Yellow Lead also Brilliant, described by Dioscorides. It is found at Sebastia and Coricum.

It is also mentioned by Pliny, who says that Molybdena or Galena is better when it is of a more golden colour, when it is less leaden and brittle, and is slightly heavier. In warm regions it is possibly given this colour by parched gases from the bowels of the earth. For if you rightly consider our Plumbago, as to its colour, and how it received that colour in the bowels of the earth, you will find that Plumbago has received the following colours in our mines, owing to different vapours: 1. Black. 2. Blue. 3. Liver-coloured. 4. Covered with a Yellow Colour --- possibly that of Dioscorides. By the Germans all these species are called simply Lead Ore, or Glance, on account of their brilliance. II. Sterile Plumbago is of no account. Its colour is not unlike the fruitful species, but it is altogether barren, and is wholly consumed by fire. Manufactured Plumbago, made in furnaces of Gold and Silver. It is called Metallic by Pliny (1. 34, c. 18). It is called by the Germans Graphite, or Compressed Galena. By some it is called Silver Litharge, because of its affinity with Scoria of Silver. This is not its proper name. Pliny also regards it as a species of Silver Litharge. Dioscorides states that manufactured Plumbago competes with Silver Litharge. Emplastrum is made from it as from native Galena. Note that this metallic substance liquefies when treated by fire. Moreover, when cooked in oil it assumes a liver colour, which is not the case with the native, as Pliny affirms, who in this place misinterprets Dioscorides. Native Plumbago, cooked in oil, has the colour of the liver. Note, finally, that Sylvaticus in his Pandectis calls Molybdena Burnt Lead, and the Refuse of Lead. Truly there is an agreement here! This Molybdena, or Black Lead, is by no means Lead, or the refuse, or the scoria, of Lead, but it is the residuum, so to speak, of Plumbago, which contains Silver and Lead, and which adheres to furnaces, and Pliny notwithstanding, again becomes cooked Lead. Sylvaticus, however, errs in this passage; concerning the properties and the methods of washing and burning it, consult Dioscorides and Pliny, as also concerning its excoction (1, 34, c. 16), where the latter says that the source of Black Lead is twofold, for it exists either in a vein of its own, or else in combination with Silver. It is melted from mixed veins. The first liquid that begins to flow in the furnace is Tin; the second, Silver ; that which remains in the furnace is called Galena, which is the third portion added to the vein. This, again smelted, yields Black Lead. Metallic or Native Plumbago, in Spanish Galena, i.e., a Vein of Lead and Silver indifferently. 1. Glance. 2. Simple Plumbago, Pure Glance. 3. Rich Plumbago, containing Cobalt and Arsenic. 4. Mixed with White Pyrites. 5. Cubical Glance in White Lime-stone. 6. Tessellated, in Long, White, and Pellucid. Fluors.

7. Intermixed with Yellow Fluors in a White Stone, which Melts in Fire. 8. With White Pyrites in a White Flint. 9. Quadrangular, in Purple Fluors. 10. Octagonal in another Barren Plumbago, or a Sulphuret of Zinc. 11. Polish Plumbago, containing Yellow Ochre. 12. Cloddy, in alternate layers, with a Grey Crustaceous Pyrites. 13. Mixed with Flint. 14. With Yellow Transparent Fluors. 15. Tessellated in White Fluors. 16. Of a Red Colour, whence Lead is abundantly smelted. 17. Black Glance, so dyed by a Vein of Copper. 18. Of a Liver Colour, which is derived from other Metals. When the external colour is rubbed off, its proper colour remains. 19. Of a Yellow Colour, like Muddy Fluors. 20. Of a Red or Rusty Colour, like a Solid or Refined Copper. 21. Cloddy, from Friberg Glance, containing Cobalt and Arsenic. 22. Like Copper Glance. 23. From Islebia, in a Slate Stone. 24. Rich in Gold and Lead. 25. Abundant in Copper and Lead. 26. From Friberg, dyed various colours, a kind of Glance. Barren Plumbago: 1. Resembling Barren Pitch. 2. Containing Cobalt and Arsenic. 3. Yellow and Brilliant, from Schurfenberg, near Meissen. A Light Yellow Pseudo-Galena. 4. A variety of the preceding.

5. Sterile, resembling Galena. PNIGITIS --- is a certain kind of earth, which Dioscorides says resembles Eretrian Earth in colour, for which also it is sold. It has, however, a larger clod, and is cold to the hand. We ourselves have a black earth, which is not Pnigitis, but it is very black. This earth sometimes contains Silver. It is then called Coarse Silver. Sometimes it is barren, and then it is called Black Earth, and is indeed the same as Dioscorides calls Melanteria. It is of a sulphureous hue, becoming black on contact with water. True Pnigitis is not found in our land. In the torrent of Garmendorf, as it passes to meet the Saale, a Black Friable Stone is met with, whence boys' ink is made. It seems to be Pnigitis hardened by heat, of great size, but light in proportion to the size. Or it is simply Ochre, which, being burnt by the heat of the sun or of the earth, turns into Rubrica, or Ruddle. It may be a kind of Ampelis. It can be reduced into an extremely delicate and well-digested soft powder. It is an extremely beautiful substance, although it may be despised by the inhabitants of those regions. POCZUS --- A Large Cask. POPANAX --- Gum. POMPHOLIX --- Concerning this substance and the varieties of the same, see Dioscorides, who seems to confound Pompholix, Spodon, and Antispodon. In the first place, Pompholix is the same as that which is called white nothing or nil by vendors of medicines. Hence the proverb that nothing is good for the eyes. They also call it White Pompholigum, which is coarser. On the other hand, Spodicem is what the chemists call Black Poncplcolix. Avicenna, if I rightly remember, calls it Succudus, i.e., full of sap. Thirdly, Antispodiusc, which takes the place of Spodium in use, is produced from the leaves, flowers, and immature berries of the Astringent Myrtle, or from a branch of Olive Wood as Dioscorides and Pliny tell us. Note that neither Spodon nor Antispodon are found nowadays; we do not actually know what they are, or how made. To deal with the substances themselves: Pompholix is a Metallic Ash, which is produced upon the tops or walls of furnaces, or of huts where there are extinguished furnaces. This Ash varies with the metals and the place of production. Grey Pompholix is obtained from Pyrites rather than from Lead Stone. Hence that of Goslar is better than any from Meissen, and contains Silver, Lead, and Copper. So also Dioscorides says that the best quality comes from Cyprus. That which adheres to the tops and walls of furnaces is Spodion. On the other hand, that which hangs from the top is Pompholix, differing from the first in whiteness and polish. Dioscorides states that the difference is specific, not generic. Spodon is: 1. Black. 2. Heavy. 3. Full of Straws. 4. Swept from the floors of Laboratories. Pompholix is White like a Bubble, or like that Greek- vessel of globular shape from which it obtains its name. It is fat, light, and pure, and is produced on the top of furnaces. There are, however, properly speaking, two kinds of Pompholix. 1. Somewhat thick, and of a copperish hue. Its proper name is grey nothing. 2. Exceeding white, of the highest polish. Produced either in perfecting Copper, when the Cadmic purposely strewn upon the surface is rubbed off; or from Cadmia melted by means of bellows.

Dioscorides gives a lengthy description of the method. The thin and very light matter which finds its way to the top of the furnace and adheres to the walls and roof is Pompholix, but the heavier substance which betakes itself to the lower parts is Spodion. Dioscorides gives us further information as to genuine and adulterated Pompholix, the method of washing it, its virtues as an astringent, cooling, purifying, obstructing, and drying agent. He describes its torrefaction or roasting, and tells us from what substances it is preferably obtained•namely, Gold, Silver, Lead, and Brass. Next to Pompholix from Cyprian Ore comes Pompholix from Lead. Pliny endorses these statements. Galen ascribes more powerful virtues to Pompholix than to Spodion. Indeed, Pompholix has a combination of virtues. Under Cadmia we have mentioned that Cadmia Botryitis, or Grape-shaped Cadmia, is called Arabian Tutty. Accordingly, that of Alexandria is called Dry or Solid. But Botryitis Cadmia is not the same substance as Cadmia, to which the Arabs and Serapion testify. For the Spodion here treated of is Tutty and a matter of importance. Botryitis is not Tutty. Dioscorides mentions Spodion and not Tutty. What is called Tutty by the Arabs and Pompholix by the Greeks is by us termed Spodion. Avicenna testifies to this fact. We can use Botryitis Cadmia instead of Tutty, that is, of Spodion, if it has been prepared. The difference between Botryitis and Capnitis Cadmic, and between Pompholix and Spodion, which are all made of the same material, depends upon the places where they are made. Cadmic Botryitis is made or deposited on the walls or the highest roofs of the furnaces. On the other hand, Capnitis is, properly speaking, obtained from the edges of the furnaces. Genuine Pompholix, or White Nothing, an exceedingly light Metallic Ash, is produced on the tops of furnaces, or even on the tops of the huts in which the furnaces are situated. If obtained from the mouth of the furnace, it is Cadmia Capnitis; if from the sides and roofs, it is Pompholix; that which adheres to the walls is Spodion. Young students should diligently observe these points. The Arabs distinguish two varieties of Tutty: Native Tutty --- White, Green, or Citrine-found among minerals on the shores of the Indian Ocean; also Manufactured, of which we treat here. Observe also that besides the Sooty Spodion of Serapion, Dioscorides, Pliny, and Galen --- who says: I have never used Spodion, because I have always found Pompholix in abundance --- the Arabs distinguish two other species. 1. Spodion from a reed and the root of a reed, or a product of Burnt Ultramarine, as Avicenna has it, who describes Spodion, saying: Spodion is a Root of Burnt Reeds, being cold in the second and dry in the third degree. But it may also be obtained from Burnt Ivory. 2. Spodion derived from the Calcined Bones of Elephants, Dogs, and other Animals. Bone is still found to exist in Spodion, at any rate in the variety which is obtained from ivory. It should be noted that now-a-days we never see either Spodion or Antispodion in our laboratories, and nobody knows them by experience; we carefully collect foreign substances, but those close at home we neglect. It should be rescued by physicians from the furnaces, but I speak to dull ears. Moreover, some call Copper Rust Spodion. The statement of Pliny should be noted, that Pompholix and Spodion are found in copper mines, and that Pompholix differs from Spodion in the fact that the first is subjected to washing, while the second is not. He also states that Pompholix is an extremely white and polished substance and is the smoke from Copper and Cadmia. Spodion, however, is blacker and heavier; it is rubbed from the walls of furnaces, and is frequently mixed with embers and coals. That from Cyprus is the best, and it is obtained by melting Cadmia and Copper Stone. The same author represents Red Mellea as a species of Spodion. Then there is another kind called Lauriotis, which is obtained from gold and silver smelting furnaces. Finally, he

mentions Antispodion, and enumerates its medical virtues. He is also the authority for the statement that Spodion can be produced from Lead in the same way as from Cyprian Copper. Spodion: From Cyprian Copper, as stated by Dioscorides and Pliny. Our Spodion Goslarian Spodos has similar qualities. From Lead, in the smelting houses of Misnia, Pompholix: 1. The Soot which is collected in Compartments of Furnaces. 2. Pompholix from Silver. 3. Slimy, sticking to the walls where Silver is separated from bead. Yellow, Poisonous, Crystalline Arsenic. 4. From Mansfeld Copper. 5. That which is collected where Silver is separated from Copper. 6. Obtained from Furnaces where White Lead is smelted. 7. Purest White. Best Crystalline Arsenic. 8. That which is Solidified from Pieces of Stone roasted when Copper is cooked. 9. White Pompholix, termed by the Metallurgists White Nothing. POMPHOLIX, TUTTY, and SPODIUS --- are one and the same. POMPHOLIX LUTEA --- Crystalline Arsenic. POPONAC --- A Gum so called. PORFILIGON --- Shavings from Hammered Iron. PORFIRETICUM --- A Rasp or Copper Mortar. PORRUM --- A Corn on the Foot. POTAEILIA --- That which can be Drunk in by the Mouth. PRASIS or GREEN PRASIMUM --- Flower of Copper. PRESSORIUM --- i.e., Press, Wine-press, etc, PRECIPITATIO --- is when bodies rusted by means of Corroding Waters and dissolved into Water are reduced to a sort of Lime by removal of the Corroding Water. Thus Silver is precipitated when it is dissolved in Aqua Fortis by the injection of Common Salt or Ammoniac. So also is Gold reduced by dissolution in Aqua Regis with the addition of a little Quicksilver. If to this we add a small quantity of Sulphur, and place it in the fire in a closed vessel, in such a manner that the

Quicksilver and the Sulphur can evaporate and depart, a most subtle Lime will be left. But by so much the more that bodies are dissolved, by so much also can they be calcined into a more subtle condition. PRAEFECTUS METALLORUM --- Overseer of the Mines. PRAESAGIUM --- A Presage, is a Wonderful Sign of a Future Event, anticipating History. Thence Prophecies are sometimes made. PRESERVATIVA --- Medicaments which Preserve Life and Prevent Corruption. PRESES SEU MAGISTER METALLICORUM --- Head Or Overseer of the Mines. PRAESES FODINAE --- Master of the Mine. PRAESES OFFICIME --- Superintendent of the Laboratory, Chief Refiner. PRAESES LABORIS LAVANDI --- Superintendent of the Washing Process. PRESMUCHUM or PRESMUCKIS --- Ceruse, White Lead. PRINCIPIA CHYMIA --- The Principles of the Alchemists are three in number: Salt, Sulphur, and Mercury, i.e., Body, Soul, and Spirit. Thence spring all things which exist; they can be exhibited in all things, and into them all things can be resolved. Salt gives consistency, colour, strength, hardness; it makes substances visible and tangible; without it, they could not be grasped. It is depicted as follows --- [Sol], fiery and watery. Sulphur imparts warmth, light, and strength; it gives the tincture. It is represented by a [Venus] fiery, with the Cross and Labour. Mercury gives sponginess, subtlety, and fusibility, also weight and malleable quality; it makes them capable of being hammered and forged; it gives also celestial efficacy; it is represented by [Mercury], which enters into many planetary characters, and is connected with the symbols of Gold and Silver. PRINCIPIA --- Principles are those things whence a substance is produced in any genus of composites. These primes, or principles, because of their immanence, have a certain basic substance, wherein they flourish, and whereby they are produced. They are not those of Aristotle, which are not primeval substances, but, as the types of every genus, have at the same time an analogy with our principles. The properties of principles are based sometimes in the elemental and sometimes in the celestial region. Accordingly, they sometimes resemble elements, and at other times essences. These principles are three --- Mercury, Salt, Sulphur. PRIMA TEMPERATURA --- The First Flux. PRIMALES or PRUMALIA --- Illusory Bodies made visible by the agency of the Stars. PROJECTIA --- The exaltation of a substance by a Projecting Medicine -which is projected over the matter to be transformed, by a sudden egression. It corresponds to the process of fermentation, which changes a matter substantially by acting within it. It differs from it, however, in that it is not

effected by means of a slow digestion, whereby the different parts undergo alteration and mixture; it is, on the contrary, performed by a violent interpenetration, which transforms at the moment of ingression. Moreover, the Medicine is not called a Ferment, but a Tincture. PROPRIETARIUS --- Landlord. PROPRIETARII PARTES --- The Owner's Share of the Profits. PROS CRIPTIO --- Demand for Subscription Due. PROLECTATIO --- An Extraction by means of a Thinning of the Subtle Parts, so that being rarefied by the change of their nature, and separated from their coarser parts, they assume a certain consistency. Accordingly, things employed in prolectation are called Attenuating Agents. Before the substance to be operated on assumes consistency, a free, gaseous, or watery matter is added; the prolectation takes place by the agency of the several elements, and the substance operated on may differ from a solid earth only by reason of its lightness and instability. PRUINUM --- A First Species of Tartar; a sort of Stone in the Stomach. PRUINA, PRUNA --- Persian Fire; the Disease called St. Anthony's Fire. PSAMOS --- i.e., Sand. PSIMITHUM --- White Lead. PSINEUS or PSINKIS --- Ceruse. PSITHOS --- Coldness. PULSATILES --- Temporal Artery; the Pulse; Arterial Veins. PULPEZIA or PULPELZIA --- A Profound Stupor; Apoplexy; Palsy; the Hand of God. PUMEX --- In Arabic Famechi or Fenec, i.e., Pumice Stone, or Stone of Vulcan. There are two kinds, black and white. The black is also called Tufa. The best quality is from Melos, Scyros, and the Aeolian Isles; it is very useful for polishing bodies, as Catullus tells us. Dioscorides describes the white variety as light, spongy, easily split, not sandy, capable of polish. He describes the method of burning it and its medicinal virtues, concerning which see also Pliny. Theophrastus, if I mistake not, says: We call it Pumice Stone on account of its hardness, not on account of its density; in this matter, it has scarcely the quality of a stone. It falls from the dignity of a stone, because it floats in water. Pumice Stone is found and produced in conjunction with Alum and Sulphur. I think it is earth completely burnt in the Isles, and to this waters are added. It is also called the Stone of Barche, and it is found on the seashore. Hence some imagine erroneously that it is the solidified foam of the sea. By the German rivers, especially the Elbe, and by the promontories of the old March, are found pale Stones, spongy and loose in texture, resembling Pumice Stone, but heavy, and which have been thought to be the foundation of Pumice Stone, or Pumice Stone not yet cooked by the sun. An experiment was made to see whether fire would diminish its weight, and it was found it did to a certain extent. Pliny states that seaweed and fungi are transformed into Pumice Stone by the action of the sun. See Serapion. Ovid, very elegantly describing the cavernous bath of Diana, represents it to be formed of Pumice Stone and Tuff Stone by Nature herself.

"In her furthest retreat is a woodland cavern not artificially elaborated; Nature by her own skill bath hollowed it out; she bath constructed it of living Pumice Stone and light Tufa". PULVIS --- Powder; Dust. PURGARE, PURGATIO --- To Purge; Purifying. 1. Some Things are Purified by Distillation, as Water. 2. Some by Distillation, as Spirit. 3. Some by Solution, as Salt. 4. Some by Washing, as Cloth. 5. Some by Burning, as Lime. 6. Some by Separation, as Metals. 7. Some by Filtration, as through Cloth. PURGATOR ARGENTI --- Silver Refiner. PUTRIFICIREN --- To Putrefy. PUTRIFICIREN --- Putrefaction takes place in Seven Ways. 1. Some Things are Cleansed by Distillation through the Alembic, as Water. 2. Some by Sublimation, as Spirit. 3. Some by Solution, as Salt. 4. Some by Washing, as Cloth. 5. Some by Burning, as Lime. 6. Some by Separation, as Metals. 7. Some by Filtration, or Straining. PULVERISIREN --- Reduction to Powder. PULVIS VALENS --- A Potent Powder. PUTEUS --- A Shaft; a Ventilator; a Pit; a Well. PUTEUS RECTUS --- A Perpendicular Shaft. PUTEUS QUI LACUNA LOCO EST --- A Conduit for Water.

PUTRIS --- Rotten, Loose, Friable. PUTREFACTIO --- Dissolution of a Composite Substance by Purification in Heated Moisture. It is necessary for the humidity to overcome the dryness by the agency of external heat. When this is done, the heat, being akin to its moist substance, is separated from the component parts, preserves its homogeneous nature, and solidifies apart. Accordingly, if the matter to be putrefied abounds in moisture, it is beaten up as it is, and operated on by the warm digestion of dung, or of the bath, a moist heat being applied externally. If the matter originally possesses little or no moisture, it is ground, and then proportionally sprinkled with moisture. Putrefaction is the Dissolution of Component Parts, which have opened out under the dissolving power of a moist heat. It is the key to the most brilliant alchemical operations. It separates not so much the elements as the celestial essences from their elementary composition. Accordingly, in such experiments we must be on our guard against a complete dissolution, using only one that shall be enough to permit the escape of the essences. Hence it becomes plain that in composite substances, unusually removed from elemental simplicity, there is something internal besides the element, and this something is regarded as incombustible. By a natural putrefaction it produces a new substance, and solidifies. This kind of dissolution is twofold-putrefaction and dissolution by medicine. There is another kind of putrefaction which occupies a middle place between corrosive calcination and putrefaction. It is called Dry and Philosophical Putrefaction. Some, not without reason, name it Sublimation of Elements, Cooking, and Solution. It takes place in the dry water of the philosophers, or very sharp vinegar, and belongs only to the Sun and Moon. Putrefaction is a Digestion, dissolving the substance of the matter by the application of external heat. It is the property of putrefaction to destroy the old, original nature of a thing, and to introduce a new nature. It has sometimes the same result as a second generation. Corrosive spirits become sweet and mild thereby, and all colours are changed into others. The pure is separated from the impure-the latter sinking to the bottom. But the matter must be placed in the vessel, the vessel must be put into dung, the heat of the dung being sustained for a fixed period. It is preferable, however, for the vessel to be put into a bath of dew. Putrefaction or Corruption takes place when a body becomes black. Then it stinks like dung, and true solution follows. The elements are separated and destroyed. Many colours are afterwards developed, until the victory is obtained and everything is reunited. Putrefaction is understood as a Corruption which changes one thing into another. PUSTA DIGESTIO, etc. --- An Internal Digestion of Iron. PYGMAEI --- Pygmies are Little Men or Subterranean Spirits. They are called also Torches and Sparks. They are said to have no parents, but are produced from the corruption of the earth, just as beetles are generated from putrid horsedung. PYRITES and MARCASITE --- are the same, for what the Romans and Greeks called Pyrites the Arabs term Marcasite and Black Zeg. Others call it the Stone of Light, on account of its effects; also Marcasite Capporosa, Copper Stone, Chalcitis, Rock Alum in its first signification, etc. All that the Greeks have written concerning Pyrites the Arabs ascribe to Marcasite in their own language.

It is called Pyrites because fire is often struck from it. Hence we give it the generic name of Flint or Fire Stone. Soldiers use it for lighting bombs. It has also this name on account of its fiery colour. Ot