The Syntax of the Boeotian Dialect Inscriptions

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554

Clal'in, Edith Frances The SjTitax ©f the Boeotian

dialect inscription

BRYNMAWR COLLEGE MONOGRAPHS MONOGRAPH

*

SERIES;

Vol.

Ill

THE SYNTAX OF THE

\

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS •

'i

BY

EDITH FRANCES CLAFLIN BRYN MAWR, PENNA.,

U.S.A.,

AUGUST, 1905

^3c

JSor5 (^afttmore (preoe THE I'RIEDENWALD COMPANY BALTIMORE, MD-,

1905

U.

S.

A.

ANNOUNC-^'?Nr '

The Bryn Mawr College Monogi. series

,

:!il

t'r^t,

Monograph

tiie

appear here for the

first

containing

of

leprints

time

;

articles

in

two

articles

that

be issued

Series,

ning

«.

the Reprint Series,

the second,

have

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appeared

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other

journals. is

it

numbers

proposed at

to

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The numbers

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into

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Professor Elmer

and Professor

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I

;

of President

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Ise/.lle

Zanders.

/

/

THE SYNTAX OF THE

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS

k

BRYN

MAWR Cq^EGE

MONOGRAPHS MONOGRAPH

SERIES,

Vol.

Ill

THE SYNTAX OF THE

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS

BY

EDITH FRANCES CLAFLIN BRYN MAWR, PENNA.,

Z^t

JSorb

U.S.A.,

AUGUST, 1905

(g&Uimoti (pttee

THE FRIEDESWALD COMPANT BALTIMORE, MD., U.

1905

8.

A.

OD PA

CONTENTS. PAOE Abbreviations

7

Introduction

9

List of the Boeotian Dialect Inscriptions Classified according to Subject

Matter

13

Chronological Table of the Boeotian Dialect Inscriptions

16

Table of Parallel References

31

I 1.

Omission of the Subject

27

§ 3.

Omission of the Predicate

27

§ 3.

Omission of the Object

31

§ 4.

Omission of Other Parts of the Sentence

31

I 5.

Peculiarities of Concord

32

^ 6.

Adjectives and Adverbs

34

I 7.

The Article

37

I 8.

Pronouns

43

^ 9.

Cases

46

I 10.

Prepositions

55

1 11.

The Voices

65

§12. The Tenses

68

The Moods

73

§ 13.

Table of Conjunctions and Indefinite Relatives with Subjunctive

and Optative

75

I 14.

The

1 15.

The Participle

84

I 16.

Negatives

89

1 17.

Conjunctions

90

Infinitive

81

ABBREVIATIONS. All references, unless otherwise indicated, are to the Corpus inscriptiomim Graecarum Graeciae septentrionalis. Vol. I, ed. 1892.

Dittenberger. L.

C.

=

Larfeld.

Sylloge inscrqjtionuyn Boeoticarum. de dialecti Boeoticae mutationihus dissertatio.

= Cauer.

Praemittitur 1883.

Delectus i7iscriptionum Graecarum propter dialectum ed. II. 1883.

memorahilium,

M.

= Meister.

Die

h'Ootischen Inschriften, in Collitz's

der griecMschen Dialckt-Inschriften.

Meyer, or Meyer,

Gr.

Gr.

=

Meyer.

Vol.1.

Sammlung

1884.

GriecMsche Grammatik.

1896.

Meisterhans te?i,

—

Meisterhans.

ed. Ill, besorgt

Herwerden

= van

monia.

Grammatik der

von Ed. Schweizer.

Herwerden.

Lapidum

attischen Inschrif1900.

de dialecto Attica

testi-

1880.

=

Olservationes epiGeyer, or G-eyer, Ohserv. epigraph. Geyer. 1880. grapJiicae de praepositiomim Graecarum forma et usu.

Lutz

=

Lutz.

Die Prdpositionen

hei

den attischen Rednern.

1887.

Dyroff =

DyroflF.

Beitrdge.

Gcschichte des

1892-93.

Pronomen Reflexivum,

in Schanz's

INTKODUCTION. The unique value of the testimony of inscriptions for the study of the Greek dialects, especially in the case of those dialects of which little if any literature is extant, has long been recognized. Indeed, the foundation of scientific dialectology was laid in 1839, when H. L, Ahrens published the first volume of his notable treatise, De Gruecae linguae dialedis, based on the Corpus inscriptionum Graecarum, so far as this had been already published, and dedicated to August Boeckh. Since Ahrens's time, works on the Greek dialects, both general treatises and special monographs, have multiplied, and, in nearly all, the evidence of inscriptions has formed an important and solid substructure, if not, as in some cases was inevitable, the only basis of research. By means of these various essays, the study of the Greek language has been broadened so effectively that the more recent Greek grammars are not, to so great a degree as formerly, merely grammars of the Attic dialect, and that, too, in its literary manifestation only, but are

more truly representative of the Greek language Until the present time, however, the

as a whole.

field of research

has been

—

mainly confined to the morphological side of the language the Laut-und-formeulehre of the numerous German monographs of which the Grammatik der pergamenischen Inscliriften^ and Der delphische Dialehf^ are typical. The assistance that inscriptions might give in the province of syntax has been hitherto comparatively neglected. With few exceptions,* such material as has been published is to be found in scattered notes of editors and writers whose main theme lies in

other fields. Only in the case of the Attic dialect have there been any considerable systematic researches in inscriptional syntax.

And even in Attic, the syntactical study has been rather incidental to grammatical study in the narrower sense, than essential and independent. In 1880, van Herwerden appended to the etylEd. Schwyzer, 1898. s

The

2

valaori, 1901.

Ohservationes epif/raphicae de praepositionum Graecarum

Diss. Lips. 1880, M. Geyer, includes syntax.

forma

ei

usu.

INTRODUCTION.

lO

mological part of his treatise entitled Lapidum de dialedo Attica testimonia, a chapter on syntax, in which he treated of final conjunctions and other conjunctions and particles. This beginning was followed by the publication of the essays of Schmolling on the use of pronouns in the Attic inscriptions.' Such essays as

may be regarded as preliminary studies for a grammar of the Attic inscriptions, such as we have in the well-known Grammatik of Meisterhans, now in its third edition, which was first published these

in 1885.

Furthermore, the authors of special treatises on various subjects in the domain of Greek syntax have in recent years felt it essential to

pay at least some attention to inscriptions, especially

the Attic inscriptions. So in Schanz's Beitrdge, Dyrofi",^ Weber,^ and Keck * have included the Attic inscriptions in their treat-

xVnd in a recent dissertation on the syntax of the -/.(nyr/ at a special period ^ the testimony of inscriptions is called upon as subsidiary to that of the Acta Sanctorum.

ment.

The syntax

of Greek dialect inscriptions other than the Attic It is the aim of the folreceived little attention. has, however,

lowing study to supply this lack, so far as Boeotian is concerned, by setting forth the syntax of this dialect as we find it in the inscriptions.

The Corpus inscriptionum Graecarum

Graeciae septentrionalis, made the basis of the

Vol. I (ed. Dittenberger), 1892, has been collection of material, and all citations by

numbers only refer to Boeotian inscriptions, LarCauer,' and Meister^ have also been taken into consideraThe Nicareta inscription has been cited according to

this work. feld,''

tion.

The

earlier collections of

Cauer's lines which represent the true order of the documents which make up that inscription, while the numbering in the Konigliches Marienstifts-Gymnasium zu Stettin, Oster-Programm, 1882. Vher den Oehrauch einiger Pronomina auf attischen Inschrifteji. Dr. Ernst '

Schmolling, II Teil, 1885. 2 8

*

Oeschichte des Pronomen Beflezivum. Zweite Abteilung, Cap. VII, § 1. Zweite Abteilung, Cap. VII, § 2. Entwickelungsgeschichte der Absichtssdtze. Vber den Dual bei den griech. Rednern mil Berucksichtigung der attischen

Inschriften. *

De Sermone Grneco Diss.

itructura).

volgari Pisidiae Phrygiaeque meridionalis {de verhorum

Bonn, 1895.

^Larfeld: Sylloge inscriptionum Boeoticaruni, 1883.

Caner Delectus inscriptionum Oraecarum, ed. II, 1883. *Meister, in CoUitz's Sammlung der griechischen Dialekt- Inschriften, 1884. '

:

INTRODUCTION. Corpus follows the original error in their arrangement/

II

Where,

however, the text cliflFers materially from that of Dittenberger, a citation from the Corpus is given. The arrangement of the Corpus is, in some respects, not such

work of this character. Amid the mass of more than 4000 inscriptions, ranging from the earliest times to the fourth or fifth centuries of the Empire, and largely composed in the y.o'.vtj (or in the case of those of Megara and Oroi^us, in Doric as to facilitate a

and

Attic), are scattered the Boeotian dialect inscriptions.

A

chronological arrangement would have grouped the dialect inscriptions together. Dittenberger has, however, in following the of the plan original Corpus inscriptionum Graecarum, rather

than that of his own Sylloge, adopted an arrangement not according to chronology, but according to subject matter. Within the groups thus formed a chronological order has, as a rule, been The advantages of followed, yet not with complete consistency.

arrangement are, of course, obvious; but it is hardly convenient for the student of the Boeotian dialect as such, and the greatest care has been necessary in order not to overlook any of this

the dialect inscriptions. The value of the testimony of inscriptions as to syntax, is, in some respects, far less than we could wish. This is due, on the

one hand, to the paucity of material, especially of the earlier and on the other hand to the limitations of language

period,

and official. Though the formulas of decrees and other documents vary from town to town, even those of the same town varying in small points, still the long series of decrees largely conventional

conferring the honor of -ot)'=v/.a., such, for instance, as those of Tanagra, or the Manumission Documents of Chaeronea, follow one another with a regularity of expression which leaves the field

Some towns, as syntactical variation somewhat narrow. Orchomenus and Thebes, furnish longer inscriptions of an indivi-

of

dual interest, yet others, like Hyettus, have left to posterity only lists of recruits, each headed by the invariable

a succession of

formula, tu\ a-typd^'ayOo iv -s/.Ttxropa^, or the like. Of the earlier period, before the adoption of the Ionic alphabet (c. 350 b. c),

has survived except dedications, military lists, and epitaphs. the remaining inscriptions the great majority fall in the

little

Of

period between 250 and 150 '

Vide Ditt. ad

b. c.

loc.

C. 1. G. S. p. 581, col. II.

INTRODUCTION.

12

Yet, in spite of these limitations, the evidence of the inscripis by no means to be neglected, especially as there are rea-

tions

sons

for

thinking that the official style may sometimes come the literary language to the living speech of the And in the case of a dialect that has shown so great a

nearer than people.'

its own phonetic peculiarities as the Boeoand so independent a disposition in representing the cantonal pronunciation by phonetic spelling, it seems fair to presume that a similar spirit may have informed official syntax, so that the inscriptions, though on the whole rather late, may give us some idea of Boeotian syntax of an earlier as well as a later day. The plan of this study is to give a complete view of the syntax

tenacity in clinging to tian,

of

the Boeotian dialect inscriptions. Meisterhans, in dealing with the great mass of the Attic inscriptions, has, in the part devoted to syntax, noted peculiarities and special points of interest in the Attic dialect of the inscriptions, rather than attempted a

systematic exposition. In treating of a more limited field and of a dialect where the number of inscriptions is comparatively small,

has seemed to me more satisfactory to present a general view of the syntax of the dialect as a whole, rather than a mere summary of peculiarities. I have, therefore, endeavored to include all constructions of any syntactical interest, and, in the case of the

it

more important constructions, occurrence.

of inscriptions

and then

To

to cite all the instances of their

Where I

a phrase occurs constantly in a certain class have thought it sufficient to give a few examples

refer to the class.

facilitate

such reference, a

classified list of the inscriptions

has been prefixed. This list is intended to include all the inscriptions of the dialect given in the Corims., except inscriptions containing nothing but names in the nominative (chiefly grave

and some mere fragments. In the ChronoI Table have logical usually followed Dittenberger where he asbut I have also compared and sometimes adopted the dates, signs

stele

inscriptions)

dating of other authorities, especially Larfeld {Dinsertatio and Tahida). 1

Cf.

Schmolling,

I.

c.

Teil

I,

p. 1.

LIST OF THE BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO SUBJECT MATTER. I.

Proxeny Decrees.

504-526,529,531,1664, 1665, 1721-1733, 2223, 2224, 2383, 2385, 2386-2388, 2407-2409, 2708, 2848, 2849, 2858,

2859-2869, 3166-3168, 3287, 4127, 4128, 4259-4261, 280, 283, 290, 352, 393. II.

Other Decrees.

1719, 1739, 2406, 3054, 3055, 3169, 207. III. Financial Transactions.

3171, 3172, 3173.

IV. Accounts of Treasurers,

etc.

1737, 1738, 1740, 1741, 1742, 2418, 2419, 2420, 2421, 3193.

V. 3170, (1739),

cf.

On

Letting of Land.

IL

VI. Manumission Documents.

1778-1781, 2228, 3080-3083, 3198-3204, 3301-3406.

VII. Military Lists. 1747-1757, 2389, 2390, 2427, 2429-2439, 2707, 2715-2721, 27812789, 2809-2832, 3065-3070, 3174-3176, 3178-3181, 3184, 3185, 3190, 3292,3293, 4172.

VIIL Other

Lists.

1745, 1746, 2428, 3191, 3192.

IX. Musical Contests. 2410, [3195].

X. Vase Inscriptions, 1685, 1874, 1875, 2245, 2246

(tile),

3467, 3468.

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

14

XI. Artists' Signatures. 530, 1873, 2229, 2532, 2471, 2729.

XII. Superscripture

(?).

2526.

XIII. Uncertain. 3283, 4143.

XIV. Dedications. 528, 552, 556, 557, 558, 1807, 1816, 1817, 1831-

a) honorary:

1833, 2465, 2466, 2471-2475, 2487, 2533, 2795,

2714

2835,

(?),

2876,

3087, 3090, 3091, 3206,

3210, 3211, 3215, 3223, 3408, 4160, 4174, 4175, 4177.

b) non-honorary: 550, 551, 554, 555, 1671, 1672-1674, 1792, 1795, 1796-1805, 1809, 1810, 1811, 1814, 1815, 2229-2232, 2384 (?), 2455-2459 a,

1793,

2463, 2464, 2467, 2468, 2723-2724

2735,

2875,

e,

2729-

3086, 3088-3094, 3205, 3207-

3209,

3213, 3214, 3407, 3410, 3411, 3413, 3564, 3575-4123,* 4137, 4155-4159, 4249.

XV. Termini. 546, 547, 1782, 1783, 1785, 1786, 1788, 1789, 1790, 1791, 2452, 2453, 2792, 2793, 4153, 4154, 4178.

XVI. Grave a) simple ini with dative or

iT:\

Steles. .

.

.

d[ii:

586, 589-611, 1623,

1689, 1891-1894, 2738-2740, 2883,

2884, 3229, b) longer inscriptions with c) /aT/j£-inscriptions

:

t'TTi'

3112,

3228,

3502-3504.

and dative: 1890,3113, 610

(?).

843, 871, 1056, 1431, 1704, 2033, 2042,

2070, 2089, 2263, 2277, 2284, 2293, 2294,

2320, 2352, 2353, 2355, 2356, 2855, 2920, 2964, 3017, 3021, 3025, 3251, 3264, 3269. d)

;^;05;ffro'?-inscriptions

:

775, 923, 932, 1050, 1184, 1243, 1312,

1360, 1423,

1453, 1454, 2115, 2631, 3514, 3543. *

Except a few Ka/lof-names on

vases,

etc.

1488, 2085,

LIST OF BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS. e)

name with

father's

name in genitive

:

15

1548, 1690, 2115 (also 2116, 2117, 2347, 2560, 3470, 596 XpetffTd:),

(cf. a).

metrical inscriptions: 579, 1880, 2247, 2852. g) other stele inscriptions 685-687, 1562, 3233. f)

:

XVII. Eesponses 4136.

of an Oracle.

CHKONOLOGICAL TABLE OP THE BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

17

i8

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

19

20

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

TABLE OF PARALLEL REFERENCES. /.

G.

= Corpus inscriptionum Graecarutn Graeciae septentrionalu. = Larfeld Sylloge inscriptionum Boeoticarum. M = Meister: Die hootischen Inschriften, in Collitz's Sammlung. C = Cauer Delectus inscriptionum Graecarum, ed. II. JS.

L

:

:

The

table does not include grave stele inscriptions.

/.

G. S.

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

22

I.

0. s.

TABLE OF PARALLEL REFERENCES.

/.

G. S.

23

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

24

I.

0. s.

TABLE OF PARALLEL REFERENCES.

/.

G. S.

25

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

26

I.

0. s.

OMISSION OF THE PREDICATE.

27

Omission of the Subject.

§1.

The subject is not omitted,^ except the pronominal subject in short ascriptions or descriptions, as opca /i'[a»]7riywv ra5£ iarh opta KioTZTjU)./ 2792, 1; Aixokkmvoi; Japiu) =: rods ayak./id itrrcv

=

'

So

AnoXXwvoi; 3407.

TaopoTzokio 2793,'

AaiJ.dTpa[^^']

EbFetTiaq hvidsixt 2730

{cf. Tu>

nru)ulo<; lap6v, SC.

Tm

ro'cJ'

//T<«ie7o[c].

2735), 'Opoq ra? ra<; ra? [[a]pa^ 1785. 1-3; "Opoc 549, 1791, 2458. In a series of military lists, with the form tu\ anzypdipavro ip. TzsXrotfopaq

(2809-2832 and 2781-2789) one (2810) omits

iffTcv,

rot.

§2. Omission of the Predicate. Verb of Being.

1.

a) In Gravestone Inscriptions

im Upoxkel dpi

(cf.

rdOiuvc

xdptffTDxpdrec,

'Avcoya Japu
i-n'

:

M 408, and SC.

£tpc,

;f/)££ffTa

'Apcaffzodcxat, sc. eipi, § 10,

im 2)

a)

),

3228

Mvap'

iT:\

1890, 2upo^ ^pecaTor 2085,

2115, 775, 890, 923, 932, 1050,

1488, 2631, 3543. b) In brief Legal Phraseology, in giving a) Names of Sureties eyyuoi; Nixtiu.[<; :

/?)

Names

of Witnesses

:

I'Zsqq.; fiarwp 6 auToq

So 3080 ad

fin.\

....

1740.

fi<7[T']op£[<;' 'O'\vda\_tp'\o<;,

xrk.

8.

3173.

295. 68.

3081 ad

fin.

\

1779. 7-10; 1780. 25

C

295. 64, 68, 71-72, 74. sqq.\ The Date: r) ;f/o«v«? 6 auzvq C 295. 72. The Name of the Secretary: rwv rsdpofuXdxwv ypap5) C 295. 77. pazehz la ... .

e)

Amounts

of

diuu

Tzivxt

Money:

rd izndpara pobpiT] raJ

reOpiio

oy5o£{'xovr[a]

'Aptarovcxo^ 295. 62-64, 67, 70-71, 73-74. to\ dnstXOsiov^rs'^ kq twv] kfsi^ujv kv c) In Military Lists rdypa(list of names) 1748. 3-4; 1749. 1-3;

npa^trihoq

o'/SoXj'w,

xrj

fiaruip

C

:

....

1756.1-4;

{cf.

1757. 1-2; 3065-3068); I<podpiao by list of recruits) 3181.

%».ro?

dnoXuTTu' (followed

^In

4136. 2-3:

avdvysi/ie AeTrdSetav toI At Tol 'Baaike'u avdepev k^ toI either the subject or the object of avdepev must be supplied. language of the oracular response is ambiguous. It is, however, n.

TpE(j)uvioi, ktI.

The

doubtless the indefinite subject of the infinitive that is left unexpressed, AendSeiav being the object. Cf. Paus. I. 34, 2 voir 6e Koi avaKeivrai irdXei^ .... :

AepdSeta Boturuv Tpofpoviu. 2

r. Ditt.

ad

loc.

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

28

d) In Accounts of Offerings, a) the Weight: Avro-pcio. oj^oXin T/>?(?)

ibid. 23,

e)

Soo(^X^av,

2.

.

rj

TzdXtoc;

,

giving

So oXxa

du'

6Xx.a

Tzopnav ypoofTiav,

.

2420. 7—9.

ydXxnn

Tzivre

opayiiij

rpi^ dpayiiTj ibid. 28, 6Xxd ^poijffioq ibid.

o?.y.a

18-19 and 38. In general, the Copula, when rd?

in

etc.,

can be readily understood

it

oviouiia Zoaaiya 3386. 6— 8 1786. 1-4.

a yd iapd Aiovouau)

J

:

xtj

Various verbs in Legal or Conventional Expressions. TO opoXoyov ~ap [^O^^dfftpov SioytTo-Mi-,

a) Parts of rideip.t'. SC.

ireOat,

122

3173. 16—17; « ffouyypatpo^

aovyypafov

(c/*.

.

.

.

diaOr)

.

.

.

rzdp

fifiddav

Tzdp

fi
C C

295. 295.

143-146).

Here, apparently, belongs a condensed expression in the accounts of the reOpoipuXdxwv ypappareoq of Thespiae, in the Nicareta inscription rd aouvdXAaypa' Nuapira diwvoq T[d]': noXioq Ep-^opsviiov '

:

iyyouw Oiiuvoq Zouvvopw, SC. TtapxareOstxey C 295. 65—67, Nicareta deposited the note (rd noovaXXayfia) of the city of Orchomenus and its surety with the board of rtdpixpoXaxzi; or [x^] rdj

i.

e.

Registrars of Loans. The same expression occurs ibid. 11. 61-62, 69-70, 72-73. to (TouvdXXaypa is expressed only in the passage cited

and

in

1.

69 and in

1.

where the entry

75,

is

incomplete.

b) In Superscriptions, the optative of a verb of Giving: Bid^ Touxav ayaOdv 3166. 1 ; SO 3301, 3302, 3351, 3082, 3176, 3167; or of a verb of Presence: Seo:;' rib d. dp-j^Cu 3386,

3191. 1

[^]jo'c, roya 2407, 0t6^, Tiobxa dyaOd 2809, 3083, 1780, 2780, 0t6<, at the head of a series of Lists of Recruits, ;

2809-2832 (in 2810, 2819, 2822, and 2824, 6to^ is omitted), also at the head of a similar series, 2781-2789 (except 2782, 2784, and 2785) 3090, 3092, 3093, [<^].-ot 1739. Forms of this verb are very frequently omitted dvziOsipi: c) in dedicatory inscriptions on statues, tripods, or other ;

So

offerings to the gods, or in accounts of offerings. a) d.'iOeixe: A^iT'/pof^f^aq Aiytr (C/.

A'oppwida[q] d'^iOsuel.']

d'.iOerxe

rcoTzdXXar.t

d'AOetx^v 'AOd'^a

.

.

\_r],n

.

[']£/>//«[?] 1793, Iu5o^

2732, 2729, 2730, 2731,

2230, 1792, {ante 350

1788-1789, 3210, 3211, 3213, 3091,

Omitting dviOtixa

:

Jauvuffos 550, 1874,

nn

I
cf.

[.

B.

.

.

ro,y

c); 1786,

3093, App.).

3205, 3215

{cf.

3216),

^

Aytimq Maripi

peydX.Tj

1811,

tfar^iuq

'Apouyiao 'Aprdptdt Iwreipr]

OMISSION OF THE PREDICATE.

29

*

2232, ndTf,(0'^ AioxXidao lapdru, "la:, Avou^t 3375. 1-2 (sim. 3308, 3380. 3; 3319.4; 3347. 2), 1832, 3223, 528, 1809, 1810, 1814, 2231, 554, 3169. 4, 3214. 2, 2734, 2456, 2458, 2465, 2467, 2468 a,

In Accounts of Offerings tliere is some indication 2472, 3090. of the verb. In n. 3055, avidsus is expressed at the beginning, and is inserted occasionally in a list consisting of nominatives of the person and accusatives of sums deposited as offerings. In n. 2420, the heading irzavO era, 11. 7, 17, 33, introduces

a similar

list

of nominatives and accusatives without a verb.

Some such heading n. 2421.

2420.

i

nd

7-9

;

probably lost in the mutilated inscription

is

T a' Avrap^ia Jd/iujvo^ detff~txd nopTtav -/pouffiav,

£

V

'Ipdva ircvdova

.

.

.

or dv

i

Oto^dza

(Tyiaruv T:ept::6p(fvpov

xr?.,

2421.

7-8. /3)

dvedirav

av,

£

Kpirio'j

xa\ Ssioffdoro:; rin

cent.?), ^lapmvuiJ.o'i, KakX't.q AXn^virio vcxdffavrog Ba<Tik£ia ruq Ocb^ 552, 'AOa>txx£i,

fj.vafi£Tov

'Aipyoj 'Aprd,u8t EihtOoirj 555, 2420.

17-18, 2795, 2835,

2229 and 3211, where d',£0iTay is and 2455 and 1831, where dvidsav is written expressed, with two subjects. dv i 6 £ i/.a.v or dv i 6 £ av In a Series of seven dedicatory inscriptions to the Ptoian Apollo, the 2471, 2487.

Y^

A\

2733 (6th

rmTziup£~u

Cf.

i

verb

one

omitted in four cases, and expressed in two; 'Ar.uXkwvt. Ihiuiot 2724 a. 1 ;

is

is

2724

.

uncertain: Boiuinn

1; 2724 c. 2; 2724 d. 1; BoiwTo\ 'A7:6Uiovc 2723. 1; d-^iO£'.a', 2724. 2; cf. 2724 e. BoKuziH ACi EleuOspioi zov [r^trrorJa] xard rdv fiavz£{av, b.

Ihiotut

wjiOiw^ ^

1672. 1—2; Aapiz£(T(Tt 3207. 2

SC. dvid£tav, zrjq

{cf. B(nu)zo\ zov

;

(ante

a.

350),

3087

...

zpinoda d>ifl£txay

d'^ld£tav zal Adfxazpi

{d^iOtav));

0£i
1671

\_M6(jr,^

(on nine stones once forming a base for a group of statues of the Muses, formerly restored [z']dd£ 8£C(n:ci£- [dviOiav 'A7:6W](uvc) 1796-

'£A]f[x]wvca5£[<7(Tc]

:

1805

1788-1789); A'aUc^cxa, KpczdXaoc;, 'Apiffziiov, KaUc^, A'aUi-idaq 'Apzdjxcdc EiX£i0{rj 3410 (sim. 3411, (cf.

1815). 5)

dvz

iz

£

i

;

is

.

Euavdpidaq

Tlaffixpiza

Awnvpav

'Apzdfxidc

2228. 2-4 (Thisbe). the only instance that I have found among the

Elk£iO£{T)

This

c

lapdv

£lfjL£v,

SC.

dvziO£izt,

numerous Manumission inscriptions (3301-3406, 31983203, etc.) in which the verb, dvzid£tzt, is omitted.

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

30

The

present tense Cf. § 12.

aorist.

readily supplied than the

is less

2.

to\ TzpaTov d^ In Military Lists: iar por sodd^ ^Avriy an ey pd^'av 6 o 3184. 6 (C/". 3179, 3180). XT/I. In a series (2809-3832) of Lists of Recruits with the .

.

.

.

.

.

form

rut aneypdi/'avOo iv neXroifupaq, one (2810) Omits rul, another (2819) omits iv neXTotpopaq, and a third (2825) omits the whole expression and consists of a simple list of names following the name of the secretary. Cf. 3293.

So

e)

.

.

8ao

.

'^'''

«[;«xf]"['''^]"=

^"'^

i
SC.

d7T£ypd
2721 (cf. the full formula in 2715-2720 and 2781-2789). In Comparative Sentences: onap'/i/iev amajq y.a6dr,tp xi) 283. 13. So in Proxeny Decrees To7? TzoXirr,q, SC. ur.dpyi, :

T^XXa ndvTa xaddizep rolq aXXot^ -po^ivocq xrj sbapyiTTj^^ sc. yiypanri), 504. 4-5 (c/. 3166. 9-10 and 529. 5 where yiypa-KTT} is expressed ; in all other Proxeny Decrees the verb

omitted). Similarly, xij t« aXXa dizorra {/\ri tDc aXXu<; 3167. 14-15; oaa xrj Tu? iiXXu^ 2708. 6 (Dittenberger's

is

reading). f)

Some verb

of

transactions

:

d^oXoi,

^Aptariiuvo:;

'A/icvoxXirj

inrd ydXxi^ot'

Fixan

dioyiTovoq 296. 1 sqq.

6']iouTipu

o^oXdx;, ivdexa yaXxiux;'

g)

or the like, in a

Payment

C

list

of

money

dioUy

nizTaps^

dxTo,

nizrapag

Some verb

of Hiring, in three lists (1740-1742) of persons hiring Sacred Land rdv apnsXuv "^Psyxiaq ^iXoyiTiovoq ^^^ 1740.5. :

h) Iv

ix aff

e :

t;

7zayx\_pdTiov'] i)

llouOirjoq to ^deurepov^ Tz^aldaq^ TlooOia

2533.

Predicate, if placed shortly (1) before: 'AvaxropuTei; Tptdxovza iivd<; SC. ffuvelidXovdo, 2418. 7, in a list of Con-

Any

'

tributors to the expenses of the Sacred War (cf., at the head of the inscription, \Toi\ -(peQ/iaza auv£^[dXov0o\ so in the same inscription the predicate is omitted 11. 911, 16-17,

and 14-15

(sing.);

Tz'^piffye'te':

Xdpu^' Addiovoc;,

5-8 3.

fivdi;

7:pt[^ffy£Uq

(cf. £'t[yi^av'\

.

Tzptffyeceq

.

20-21:

11.

^AXul^r^oi

.

1.

.]

Bua^d^.zioi [

'Avaxzopieleq

'Aptffzu

'

rpidxovza

but

or (2) after:

\jTuve^dX']<)vdo aXXioq, xzX.)

^6ppw,''Apx<><; 7ef/)£l«? 2418.

17-18,

ffuvedpoi

eivi^av

1.

24).

Omission of the Participial Predicate. [Jov deiva 6 delva

.

.

.Jt'w

rdv d8tX<pov

[xi^

^Ap]ix6a zov oulov'

OMISSION OF OTHER PARTS OF THE SENTENCE. e,

i.

BafftXeta,

vixdaavra BaffiXtia,

§ 2. 2. h).

Cf. Eevoxpiru) 'AXaXxoneviuj,

i. e.

inscr.,

2487

Etvoxpirw

% 3.

(cf.

etc.

6iu(;

552,

and

in the Nicareta

V. § 9. 23, a)

ap-j^ovroq.

KaX-

'Iap(uvo[xo':,

BaaiXzia tD?

^t? Kknjviru) fivafislov vixdaavro^

31

ad Jin.

Omission of the Object.

In dedicatory inscriptions on bases of statues, or other offerings to the Gods, the object of the verb is regularly omitted, 1.

being indicated by the offering itself: lau/ietXa lloudwvoq Jafidrept Imddiiu d',i6eus 3213.1-2; 3210, 3211, 1671, 1792, 1793,

Kpcffrjrj

2229, 2723. knotftiffe

.

.

.

pujv d'^iOecxe Tol 'A7:6X(^X^u}vc Tin Tlruyu'it.

2729, 2730, 2732.

0uvoxXi8aq AtovDuaiu)

Au

MtXcj(u

So, too, xij

when

MtXr^rj

the verb

1814.

is

.

,

.

oto<;

omitted:

So, also, in artists'

signatures: Kdvdapn^ inosiffev 2471. When expressed, the object is either the accusative of the pronoun of the first person :

dv£0ecx£ r(u-o'[A]A
II

:

So 1672. 1 ; 2724. 2. XapirefftTt 3207. 2. When the statue dedicated is one of an

individual, the

object must, of course, be expressed: Aovaiq Usdayeveta [^ov]

'iTTTzdxptTov

role ^£«i[?]

rov adeX-

1832, 1831, 528, 3223, 2795, 2835,

2471, 2472, 2473. Inn. 552: 'lapwvofioq, KaXX\q KXtrjvirw fiva/ielov vtxdaavTO<s Baai' Xsia Tix; diuq, the accusative /JLva/xeiov is probably to be regarded as an appositive to the implied object, rather than as itself the inscription: Mvd/j.' i~' 'OXiyel^iyjat fi' 6 Tzarijp In another stele inscripli'\7Z£0rjX£ 0ai>6[y]Ti 1880, on a grave stele. tion 'AfjL
object

(cf.

the

:

So in

0{Xwvoq 'Ep/irj ed^dv to the omitted object. appositive App. 3. Any object of a verb may be omitted when it can be readily supplied from the context: auvtdpoi ehiqav {SC. r6 '/poaiov') luxTcq is

probably omitted). 3093, eu^dv

['^jo:]
is

KapaTi-(ou, [_n']ap/xeviffxo(; Uupdfxou 2418. 24-25 (c/*. (Tuvzdpoi Bu^ai/riojv [eTyj^av] ro ^puffiov Kzpx'ivoq ElpoTtfiw, 'Ay . . . ibid. 11. 11-13, cf.

17-19 and 5-8). £///?«[
rdfi TzpoTrjvi

T']dy ydy ibid.

1.

ififidvra,

SC.

ray ydv, 1739. 14 (cf 6

5).

§4. Omission of Other Parts of the Sentence. 1. Other parts of the sentence may be omitted when they can be readily supplied from the context or from a familiar formula.

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

32

a) Prepositional Phrases. ^

1749. 1-3 {cf. T(n a7tE:iX0s.i()v\req i^ rdy/ia' 1748. 3-4 and 1756. 1-4; 1757. Toiv] i
Tdyna)' Avriyiov

h

;

5-6,

and in other inscriptions of the

2781-2789)

.

;

.

.

8ao

.

2809-2832 and

series

"^t^'

«[jo;f]"['^'^]"?'

i^Tj/Jwy, sc.

^<^^

iv

2715-2720). Cf. 520, where an appositive is apparently omitted, and 1740-1742. b) Conditional Eelative Clause. Tz^Xroip6paq,

2721

{cf.

Tzapapeivavraq dffauru dq xa ^(oet dvsyxXeirwq auTcu, SC. a? xa Z<^t^
xij

Tt)?

yovioq

§5. Peculiarities of Concord. A. Of the Subject and Predicate in Number.

The

predicate (both verbal and adjectival) is often in the preceding, even if the subject is plural or if there singular, are several subjects xoupioq etrzcu 6 iapehq xij ru lapdp-^rj xij tu 1.

when

:

This construction xij dapt6ovreq 3200. 12-14. with either two or three sets of subjects is regular in the Manumission inscriptions of Orchomenus, 3198-3203. a7r[(>]za/)u$ara> (Tuuvedpu aooXwvret;

.

.

.

'Eniripo'^

Udpt^oq

xij

xij

AaXXtxpdrrj^ 1780. 19-22.

Cf.

aouv-

xij

'

dtxoq

S£vuxX:8a[^ql^

.

.

Trapi[^d^vToq

aodmpu, 3329. 3-5

.

^yjdcpoq

AyetffiXaoq

0cX()ps:l^X']w,

So in the Genitive Absolute pavreu'Ep^opevcto 2724 a ad

3173. 9 sqq.

^iXinnui, xtX.

opivio ^Ovupd(JTu> fin.',

J/va(7:[c^]i/a»,

:

Bttanieloq, ndrpiuvo:;

abzYj

{cf.

3202. 2

AdXX.mvoq

.

.

.

Ttpiddao, Aap.aytiru}

ha
sqq.').

A

neuter plural subject, denoting persons, may take a efjaruxTav 8ouXa 3322. rd dk yswrjOivra iq abrihv verb plural oura rd but 11-13; 7Ta\^paxaTa]ri6eTai ff(w[//]a[Ta] 1780. 10-11. 3. With two subjects, the verb is sometimes dual, sometimes 2.

.

:

plural

.

.

:

a) dual

M

'

'T~aT68ojpoi;,

:

1130 (400-350

Apc(TffTo[yiTuj<>^

B.

[to£c] ffeoJq dv£0ira'>

k-KosKrdrav

C), ['AptyToylir^oc;

2229

xai

Betj^aiu}

A'(*[/i]a:]

400

B. C), Ka(pia68uipo(; Mavri^ 'O^sXeipcda AtzoXXwvi rircuiot dvtdirav {c.

xij Kpiriq Kopav Bull, de Gorr. Hell. 14. p. 6 {ante a. 250 b. c).

^ivioq

b) plural: cent.

?

ffbpa'/ov

llrtotiov, ),

Mdaroq

rol

'Iffptiviot

'Ap^^caq SpatTupd'^ioq^

Xappidao roJq

Oso'i';

dviOeav

2455 (6th

favaqapira Xappidao Bpa-

dviOeav 1831

(c.

350

B. C).

PECULIARITIES OF CONCORD. In one instance, the verb

33

dual and the modifiers plural

is

vtxdaavTsq Ahovixtdi avsOirav 3211. 2

200

(6".

:

B, C).

These, and the instance cited § 5 D a), are the only occurrences of the dual number in either verbs or nouns, except the following: [. to\lv .

1792 {ante a. 350 B. c), 3875 In a later epoch B. c). (350-250 K6pot[v] 150 B. c). AiooKdpoiv d[vWfiK€v]

.

.

.

of

we

ArTJffwva

.

.

.

aoTuv

,

i
xrj

2-4, the

xzX. 504.

xij

el/iev

.

Tzpo^evov slpev

auroi^ yd-

made

abro'iq is

pronoun

.

ov Acoa-

find AiocK/ypoLq 554 (250-

In the formula of the Proxeny Decree, as

4.

Evk

/i?)

xij

.

.

.

fuxiaq em:a(nv,

number

to agree in

with the plural appositive to the subject, u.brov xij iirydvu)-:, rather than with the subject itself. This construction is regular in the Proxeny Decrees (504-529 etc.'), but occasionally the singular is found, in strict reference to the subject: vrpo^evov el/xev auTov xij iayovwq, xij £][/jt£v] aunn yd- xij focxiac; en'Avztyovov .

.

.

280. 4-5

;

So the

5.

393. 7

4260.

.

;

sing. 1721.

4; 1726. 5;

ti-7; 1725.

6.

Of the Predicate Adjective and Predicate

B.

.

,

506.

xtA.

Tza^iv,

.

Participle in

Gender.

A

1.

predicate adjective or participle in the plural is mascuto which it refers are of two genders,

when the substantives

line,

masculine and feminine, or feminine and neuter denoting a mas'

rdv culine person E-niniio^ xij \_Ei)]wpo(T6'MJ. av/[r]t'^£VT; 3325. 3321. So 3317. 1-4; 1-4; avidpco,nv noUpevei 3315. 2-5. UouOi'mq [ 1-5 ; 3328. 3-10 ; 3352. 2-7 ; 3358. 2-3. hv']TiOetTi .

:

.

.

.

.

rdv [

ftdiav

0£pd7:rj\'\_av

lap']aj- T£f

.

.

.

.

^

ru

xij

Eapdnei 3313. 2-5

Xi8a xuL lluOiv xai to

.

.izatddpiov

.

\_-atdd'\pU)v

(cf. dvaridTjtrc
.

.

.

i^ aura?

.

.

.

rdq idtaq dobXaq KaX-

hpohq

ovo/za Nixwv,

,

ru

.

ruj

Sepdncdi

3322. 5-7). 2.

A

predicate adjective or participle is neuter, when its subdvanOiaffiv rd Souis neuter denoting a feminine person

stantive

:

Xtxuv

abrwv xopatriov ZwfTt/av Ispov

3-4

{cf.

to

dva'iepin

3331. 5-8). 3. In the

.

.

xo/)d
.

Manumission

predicate complements

2-3. C.

xij

Of

Case.

;

ovitp.a

Nixcu,

ispov zui

I'epdni

noun with

its

regularly used to include masculine fcoiux;

douXwi;

lapwq zel 2!epdnt Tzapap.etvavzaq, xzX. 3201. 5-6.

3314.

Iwzrj\_pC\y^av

So 3365. 2

fj

Hepdnt, napaiiivav, xzX, 3325.

inscriptions, a masculine

is

and feminine persons: Mr^XU ^(uztpov

rut

.

.

.

dvaziOr^zc

zihz

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

34 In

n. 3349, EoSajxa'^

.

.

.

dvriOeiri rov fidiov douXov

MeXiTw^a lapbv

the predicate participle lapdnt TzuOeixovrc is apparently attracted into the case of the pronoun [xeidevi, from the accusative, in agreement with its substantive rel

.

.

.

p.e\ TroOeixovrc p.ei0£v\ peiOiv,

douXov, into the dative case.

D. Of Attributive and Substantive.

Number. With dioo or

a) in

M 6-9

<^iou

295. 63

;

502. 4, 5,

and 8

;

(C.

200

B.

dual number

(^oo), the

C

^lou ofioXiiu

C.)

;

is

found once

:

several times the plural Sum ofioXoi 6Xxa 8u' dfinhn, rpi{q) xaXxun 2420. :

havrC\i>v duolv

iyybuiv

1739.

6-7,

is

doubtful. b) in Gender. An attributive adjective is neuter, when it belongs to substantives of different genders denoting things: ^Qxudoa arrrpaydXtoq Tterra/ta^, arpulHiXov^ pdcrrtya, datda^ dpyoupia^ SC.

dvideue, 2420. 21-23 {cf.

pavor ztj Mi'mvdpoq ^etpfizidat; 26-28). An apparent violation of Concord or variation of Gender in n. 2421, 'Ipdva xrj

.

.

.

7:edi(Txag \_dp']yiiupia<; ibid.

fftvdova

KappaxTW^ 7:<>p\^p(fijpa<; k'^iivra 1. 9—10), Seems to arise E.

from an erroneous supplement. Of the Relative.

In the sentence, Nix68apo^

rptned[^d~^ira'Z (^SC. dvideixe) rdv

-apxa-

TaOeixav dv eXafiev Trap IlouOctuvo^ HouOcyju}, o enpa^e Adpwv, Spay^pd^ fixari nirrapaq, xrX. 2420. 33-37, the

a

sum

antecedent of the relative

of course, not -rapxaraOeixav, but the general idea of The relative clause of money, implied in the context. " a contributed

pronoun

o is,

thus defines -apxazaOdxa-^, banker, Nicodemus, the deposit which he had received from Pythion, consisting of the sum which Damon collected, twenty-four drachmas, e^c." There is, therefore, no violation of Concord. § 6. 1.

Adjectives follow

Agreement of Adjectives.

rules of agreement. 2.

Adjectives and Adverbs.

Comparison.

the usual

On peculiarities of agreement, v. § 5. The inscriptions offer little material for study

The comparative degree is followed of the syntax of comparison. by the genitive in C 298. 47-48 izXiv^a rcuv yeypjapp^ujv. Other :

comparatives that occur are phiv (=p£h)v) in 1739. 14:

z//

otroc']

ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS. xa [//]?ov eupsc,

and the comparative forms

35

cited in §

7. 10.

g) and

§ 6. 5. b).

Patronymic Adjectives. In inscriptions of the period be250 B. c, patronymic adjectives are regularly used instead of the father's name in the genitive case (except with names in -Sae;, which do not form patronymic adjectives): Imzap^iovroi; 3.

fore

c.

AeSiTZTTw ZauxparsiU), fiXap^to'^rtov

Moroy^oc; Bpaffojviu)^ 'Encrifitu Sao-

So 537, 538, et j^assim. y-pareiu) 3087. 3-4; Aoo(t\(; IhSayeveia 1832. About the middle of the third century b. c, the genitive of the father's name begins to be used side by side with the patronymic adjective,

and soon afterward the use of the genitive prevails

to

the exclusion of the patronymic adjective.' This gradual change is well illustrated in the series of inscriptions nos. 2429-2437.

Adjectives Used Substantively. Adjectives are freely used as substantives, either with or without the article. So a) Masculine or feminine adjectives as personal substantives 4.

:

raq

b)

dpeizra.'^

With y tr

3301.

2.

ellipsis of a

(t)v

dcoZoTa

.

masculine substantive ff^Cffrov

(sc.

:

yCTWva) neptnopfupov,

[.

.

.

2421. 8-9.

e/jr,]Ta £?.

^AXalxo[^ij7\£viu) Ellipsis of p-eiv is COmmon TZ£zp[a8t a'\niuvT(K 504. 1; 508. 5-6; 'Ofj.
(!£ iv {(ly^v)

:

,

Cf. [letvoq Aafiarpiu)

vto/iecvifj

505. 1

;

523. 1

;

534. 1

;

neivuc;

^

'iTznodpofiiu) nporptaxddi 531. 1 ; p.ef^o<; AXakxopeviu) Tterpddt After the preposition h, however, /xetV dniovro^ 506, 1.

never omitted:

is

npoffzaretpioi

fieivi

kv roT Aaparpiot 2406. 13.

p.ecvc

1739. 6;

i:v

ro'ji

of an obol): TzirzapfK; (y^^ 296. 2 et saepe ibid; 2420. 37; 6Xxd 8o' d^ohn t/>t(?) ydXxioi 2420. 9.

9ydXxco<;, a copper coin 6l3oXuj<;,

ivdexa yaXxiwe;

also a weight (7

T

ar e i p

(f).

:

C

ypobirUK; ivxiivcffrdg, oXxd ypouaioi (sc. ffTareip^

2420. 38. f a

fi

c

(I

up o

q.

TO T£ npoffcovpov ineirxeoa^e xai tov dp(pi-

Otoopov {sc. o}xov?) dviOetxe 2876. > In certain inscriptions (e. g. n. 3782), where the use of the genitive is fully established in the bodj- of the document, the patronymic adjective remains in the genitives absolute of the heading. This was probably due

to a desire to avoid an

berger'a notes on

n.

accumulation of nouns in the genitive

2715 and

n. 3782).

{v.

Ditten-

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

36 K

I

£ T

t:

i;

raJv

.

rapavrivwv

(^SC.

Imtiwv)

2466.

dvayeo;x£v(^()<;^

6-7. c)

With

ellipsis of a

Oed.

Ju MiUyu

feminine substantive: MiXiyji {sc. 'AfiTa/JMH?) 1814.

/.ij

d/iif)a, regularly omitted fi£ivd(;

(v.

supra

4. b)),

expressed in

C

295. 171-172.

'AXaXxo/ieviw deuripoj dfiiprj ivaxyjdsxdrrj

dexdrav ok oiffovOi 1739. 15; «~o dsxd^Ta<;^ 2456.

ixepiq.

? TZST fid!i£ cv

o^

zw

a period of four months ruv ra/uav Tzerpd/iecvo'^ C 295. 14 and 52. :

,

KfnidpyuvTa rdv rpirav 9

T,

a fringe or border of a garment: 'Ipdva Tzappa-ziht; ~op\_
ap pa-KT 6

(Tiviiova

q

^

So the feminine adjective 9-10). in the dative: ayipipzv used adverbially xuvT) {xotvfj) ... T« lapd ypeipaza xuvrj 4136. 4-5 J ^ovfj (= xwti/j)

7r]rcu? TTopcpopaq ibid. 11. is

.

dviOr^xa-j

d) Neater adjectives in various relations

Most common

is

;

352. 3

Then,

z o

6

p

393. 5

;

H

to xo tvov

Confederacy: evepyhu'^ 283. 2

o

;

loyov, the thing agreed

6

,

the Boeotian

Butmzwy 280. 4; ibid 1. 2; and in other Proxeny Decrees.

rcb xtnvu)

to,

:

'''

z b

.

:

iwr wv

the contract

xaz zb opdhryuv C 295. 26, 168-169. zb d'^ziypa^ov TO a V T i Y p 'i (f » y the copy ibid.

.

4249.

zw

:

opo/.oyu)

36.

1.

xaz dXu~ o

xazdXuTZir,

dyaOov,

C

V

,

the remainder

:

za/ua^ d-i(^iox£

.

.

.

zb

298. 15-17.

a benefit: to*?

.

.

.

.

]

dya06>

[^zi

7:oiiu'\vza<;

auzd[y

2383. 18.

pizzdv,

the middle:

-xorrai; lacTTZtv £yio<7av ypouffidiov (itd

pizzw 2420. 19-20. i-dvO£za, additional offerings: ypappaziiidovzoq Ka
xzL 2420. 6-9

;

so ihid.

1.

17 and

1.

.

.

33.

lia
With ellipsis of a neuter substantive Auiav (^SC. pdziov. Epezpulq :

'

I

2419.

5-7 of Col. II;

Tapavzlva ibid. 5.

The

1.

Tapa-jzlvo-^

IpdzuvJ) iTzapWupov"^

nalfnopfuptiv 2421. 4;

3.

principal adverbs in use are as follows

:

THE ARTICLE. a)

37

Adverbs of Manner. o gT

w

£uv

6

oZrco hTzi8o,j.tv 1737.

.

lo

q

14

1.

(c/.

i:apa\_ii.tt\jdvT£ai ebvow:;

,

11 and

17).

1.

1780. 7-8.

dveyy. keirioq, r.apaiitbwjzaq ahri^ [aji'i^x/ej'rw? 3314. 3, in the Manumission Documents of Chaeronea,

and usually 3301-3406. £

y

ru

.

e5

5'

.

Tzpd
.

.

2852.

b) Adverbs of Time. t:

p6T

t:

p

o T

e

p

Tj

V

I)

V i

.

Tzpdzoy.

zd ye^ypappiiva izp6rep\jiv 2410. 10. TtpoTTj'A ip,3d'^ra 1739. 14.'

Top

.

C

z(Hi r.pdzuv ifTzpuzsuaOrj

292. 6

C

;

293. 6

C

;

294. 13.

at,

£z

2858. 3-4.

ypeiffipos; iazi zuir: d\ (Jetpivoc;

8i xa £zt 8(6ei 'Adavodwpa 3083. 14; ezc diva^ 3377. 12. c.

TJ

entza.

truza

-apaipelpa,

3083. 19-20

eaztu

[[«]/><)?

'^(Offa^

3082.

;

Hap-

5.

.... 8paypd^ fixazi xapayps'ipa

xazi[iaXz

3303. 5-6. c)

Adverbs of Degree. ez

I.

iTztds).

"/[-]-aiv

....

sox[p]eifTziw[^,-] dtaze?.iq

d)

....

xazitTzaire

ezc

5[s]

xij

.

.

.

.

2383. 2-16.

Adverbs of Inference. V u.

u)v

ZTj .

ojv xij

ooTzspapepiri axoupu vu evdw

oTztuz u)v

d TtoXc:

favepov
§7.

tec,

....

C

295. 165.

ds86ydrj

C

euydpc^nra']:; iuxra

The

283. 8-11

;

ottw?

2383. 16-17.

Article.

1. With Names of Divinities. With names of divinities the

article is freely used and as No distinction omitted.^ of freely meaning is observable. In the earlier inscriptions (6th to 3rd cent.) the use of the article The presence or absence of epithets has slightly predominates.

no

effect

a)

on the employment of the

With the

article:

article.

KpizuM xai

A\

8ei6(78ozo<; zoT

ziunwpeh

2733 (6th or 5th cent.), pw^ dvsdsixe znl M7r»/(;.)wv£ Toi nzwceU 2729 (6th cent, or earlier), so 2730, 2731, 2732, dviffecav (of about the same date), 2735 (5th cent.), .

.

.

.

1

»

and schol., and and 3.

Cf. Eur. Rhesiis, 512 sqq. Cf. Meisterhans, §86. 2

n.

2406,

1.

6.

.

.

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

38

Tot JdfiaTpt

1671 (ante

a.

350),

Kof)f)i,>d8a\_';] dviOeu£\^'^'\lz']
[']/i/>//a[!] 1793 (5th cent.), //rwi'wi/, dviOeav 2455 (6th cent, or earlier), Till KajSifxn 2457 (5th cent.), 'AvOiiia

Md(TTO<; Tin

'I/T/jscvim

dviOecxe

Ja£rwi'(5rt[^]

rol

rrai[f5i]

zw

Kafii-

2458 (5th cent), 3985, 'lapd^ rib Kafiipu) 3585 (5th or 6th cent.), '/a/x)? ra» Kaiii\^i,m'\ 3942 (6th cent.), so 3943, 3944, Tw Ka^ipio 3756, 3859, 3898, 3900, 3909, 3919, 3926, ^;[w]

3929,

{ante

3600, 3655,

3661,

3928,

350), roi Ka[iipin

a.

3665,

3676,

3578

{inc. act.),

3685, 3708, 3709, 3711

(right to left), 3717 (boustrophedon), 3722, 3736, 3682, nn -dhh 3579, 3626, 3628, 3634, 3643, (all ante a. 350), ante a. 350), t^ 'yJ/>Ta//[£]5: r^ EihOiri 3386. 3736, (all

9-10; so 3385. 2 Xei

xij

cent.) x[ri

;

3391. 4-5 (230-150 b. c); tD A\ rei liaffi3054. 15 ; SO 3081, 3083, 3080. 2 (2d

ret Tpeifiovtec ;

T/;]

4136. 2-3

4-7;

TU) 'AffxXantu) xij rib

1674. 2; nn

230-150

(C.

Tzoh 3091.

'

B. C.)

Aidq

rS>

Ar.oXXwvoq 1779

2724. 2

;

ru>

rol [J\]

nn

//affjAefr;]

Ba^ 4136. 6-7;

(c.

300

230

B.

c); 1672. 2

;

C); xar rdv fj.av. ruj reiav 'ATr6X{X)iov()<; rib Hrwtio 2724 C (c. 250 B. C) nn //Twi'w 2-3 350-200 b. 4153. (c. c); M7ro'Aw[v]o[r t]«) 'AnidXwn rol Ihwtu 4136. 3; t^c ^/[w^rj^j? 1790. 3-4; rdn 'A-rtoXXui-H

(C.

B.

;

'EX.cxwMw<7d[u)v Ta>]v Elfftodtiwv 1785. 4-6; Tj^r Muxttj': r^q 1788, 1789, rr.T? ^£
vtdHeff^rt

2471 (c. a. 250), 4177 (c. 230-150 b. c). d-Ko <5£za[raT] b) Article omitted: A\ 'OnoXcutui 'Aystpco'^da^ J£( 3206. 3 2456 {ante a. 350 B. c), I'wr/7/>£ (329 b. c), a dyiOEav 2463 (c. 300 B. C), (7O'^l0ij']rri 'AOdvri .

.

Tofi]

.

.

E'ipwi llru>ilei]i 2734 (5th cent.), 7«/^<« 3586 (right to left), 3945, 3946, ha^ipw fa/><;[T] 3753 (5th cent.), 3587,

3588, 3805, {ante

a.

350), 'Apyeia Ko.^ip,n 3611, so

Aa/3j>>r;£

3577, 3580, 3581, 3582, 3601, 3602, 3603, 3611, 3654, 3659, 3668 (5th cent.), 3675, 3738 (boustrophedon), etc. (all ante 350), h'ai3tpio 3589, 3590, 3591, 3592, 3593 et multa alia, {ante a. 350), Kd^iipiK 3599 {ante a. 350) black-figured ' vase, UaiHi A [a/Jt'/Jw] 3986, Utniunn AtzoXX.wwc Unutot dvifftav a.

2724 c. 2 2724 d. 1 so 2724 a. 1 ; 2724 b. 1 2723. 1 4155. 2; 4156. 2; 4160. 3; [/)'o!w]ro( Ihojun 'AIttW.w,: or llUntonn

250

B.

;

;

;

nn 'A-oXXw^'] nn Ihwun

dl>i0etav

;

2724 6 (300-

C), 'Axprjfteh^ 'ATtoXJ.wvi Uruntoc rdv rpi-oda xar rdv

liavrtiiav rat 'ATZoXX^ajvor: rib 1

Cf. §

llnuiiiu

7. 8.

4157. 1-3;' 8uvox/Uda<:

1

du

Atovouniu)

tin /iKi iLi^n.

MiXiy^u

'EXeuffepan 1673. 1

Eni:uXy^
1814 (230-150

B.

c),

200); Ju Tpe
(c. a.

^f' !'(>€-

f^soxxw 'Epfial'iu ldpec[^a'] Ihnetddovi 2465, a ya lapa Aiovooacj xij t5.(: tzoXui': Oenrneiiov

3087. 1

(fwvioi

MiXixrj

xij

39

(c. a.

250)

;

1786 (230-150

b. c), J/iVa 'ApTdfwJt EiXetOotrj 3214, 555, 2228. 3-4, 4175, 4174, 'Aprd/udt 1809, 'Aprd/jndt Iwreiprj ^ 2232, Jd/jLurpi 6e(T/x()^t)po 2876. 2-3 ; Ast^ia': A
2231, Jioaxopin-: 554, (all c. 250-150 b. c), 'AyetniMaript psydXri 1811 (230-150 B. C), 'AyaOin %i(>v[t] 1815

Ooyir)

(c. a.

150

230

B.

? ), /r«;5;>oj x^ -ai(5:

c), 3584 (ante

2467

250), 3583 (230-

(c. «.

T^diSt

a.

h'o.[-iipui 3620, 350), Auiytra 3622, so raiUt 3635, 3639, 3644, 3649, 3734. Beoi or at the head of Decrees and other Public Documents,

3621

a,

^'((Jt,

or Bio^, Tcaoya 'AyaOd, 1739. 1; 2809-2832.

With Names of States. With names of states the article 2.

is

almost invariably not used

:

d noXc: 'AOavTjWv 1738. 4; oirkp rib odptu ' AOavrjiov 1737. 3-4; ['v4] TtoXir: 'Op^^o/isvlwv 3223, xard rov vopov Xaipwviujv 3376. 7—8; suepyirav

rac ndXcK Tavaypyjwv 504. 2-3; 505. 3-4; 506. 3; 509. 2, et al; rd^ KoXutz 'Apiapritov 2848. 5 ; detffKcisz 1796-1805, (Tuvsdpoc Bu'^avriwv 2418. 11 ; nptffyeU^ 'AXu^aciuv ihid. 1. 18 Tin xdivoi Hotu)TU)'> 280. 2 ;

tuepyirav

tu>

only once, tw

3, etc.;

fragmentary

and the formula (but

C/. § 10,

rcuv

liaiwzibv 352.

ttoXc^ the article

is

7-8. 1.

7.

In the very

So

to)

regularly used,

Ic^el-

supra

cf,

-Kpo^e^iDXeoixivov el/iev aozh TTuT Tov ddfiuv 522. 8, et

TzoTi ddp.uv ^:r=

zofvoi]

n. 4143, Ditt. reads r
[£]t C 283. 5. With 3d;io^ and

al.

;

xotvw Bocwr&v 2858. 5; 2861. 4; 2864. 2; 393. 5; 352.

2848. 2

;

C

295. 11, 43

;

and always

i-!:\

noXco^,

1) b)).

With HaacXe 6^ and i? a (7 ;'/lj
3.

Before the

The

name

•

of the father.

used before the father's name, even when the in the Genitive Case.' Ex. jJnssim. An ap-

article is not

personal

name

is

parent exception

is

Eb^dpt rfibrpyjrKpdvru) 3467. 2 {cmte

So, perhaps, MljLXQyu)

The contrary and n. 1781. 1

•

is

tu> Meveffdivsio':

a.

350).

1674 ad Jin.

the case in the Attic inscriptions.

V.

Meisterhans,

§ 86. 8

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

40

The

article

found once before the patronymic adjective

is

an

in

archaic dedicatory inscription, according to Kretschmer's reading {Hermes XXVI p. 123 sqq.) TtimaiftXoz .... o llpaoUeio-:. :

The Influence of the Boeotian custom is seen in an inscription in the n. .3202, where we find ^i^.o^ivov Evvdfiov and two other instances of tlie omission of rov before the father's name after a name in the Genitive.

Koiv)'/,

Conversely, in the archaistic n. 3195, the article in Evaptog tu ndiTuvor, V. Ditt. ad loc. betrays the influence of the koiv^.

So, also,

the father's 3372. 4-5

3,

when two sons are mentioned, ol is not inserted before name (as in the xocv-rj): 'Apior hal-

3309. 3—4

Xuf/drti)':

1.

(c/*.

Zmh)<-

xa\

Evfiouh)': ol

3363. 2;

hau

3376. 17).

;

As Equivalent to a Possessive Pronoun. The article is often used as the equivalent

4.

of a possessive

pronoun in expressing personal relationships:

Moyia didwri ra

yuvaui dmpov 3467, [7:]a/>t['''.']r(>-: aurr, ru) ["]'-'[Qw 3204. 6-7; SO 6 avzip 3199. 15 3317. 2 ; 3365. 1-2 ; 'ApiaroTact-: 6 nareip, llouOoyira ;

^

rdv douyu^zipa d fidretp Ootviav rwTc Oeol-: 2471, E~rjV£T\_()': .] . 2474. 1-2; 2475. 1-3; t«t Oouly^aripa- 4175, At,o',o6la(H .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.]

\_Tov

rov ddeX^ov [z5J 'Ap^p-da rov oub'f^ 2487, 2795, .[jt'w Mvdp' 4177, in"Okiyelt}dai p' 6 Tzarrip \_kyjOrixt OaWil^rt 1880. 1-4; dstwa 6 de'tva

o(>r[c

.

.

.

Ttpoffrarelpev

S^k

aurdtv

xij

,3z[i£ia

[o]j7rt«t

^i7:i'^p.iX£(r0ai

e]

Mu[ro]fc d iXeudepia, 'their freedom,' 1780. 14-17.

With Names of Months. of months are sometimes conceived

5.

Names

as adjectives,

and

are then used with the article in the attributive position iv ru ^ 295. 54-55 ; ^i' ru AXaX[^xo'\pEvioi p.s.ivi C 295. 141Japarpiu ptvA :

142

;

sometimes as nouns, and are then used without the article '

either alone or in apposition with ptiv: pztvu- AXaXxnpeviw Ssuripio ^ dpipTi haxrjSexdrrj C 295. 171—172; AXaXxopv^iw Fixaarr^ xij ixrrj C 295.

7-8; Aaparpiu) 6.

The

vtoopetvir) nerpdrrj

C

295. 40-41.

Attributive Position.

With the

article in attributive position are

used

281. 3. a) Adjectives: r«v ayaddv pavrecav b) Participles: ^v tu ysypapphu •/(^'''"J C 295.

h

155;

to ypd-^o

TO y^ypappivo iMd. 159. c)

Possessive Genitives: d'\^£ypd4'ap£v tu TtpoXXiu 1737. 19; l-\ Tdi lh
.

173

^

Ap(.'MtxpdTz\^i

295. 172-

.

Sid zpuTzidda- Tdz IlcffTuxXsuK ibid. {Cf.

T'\dy yav

Tut

7//>axA£7[o]^

tcu

lapw

rai [.

.

.

.

1.

170)

1739.

;

5.

'0 c-,«,5«[c

THE ARTICLE.

4I

This usage

d) Prepositional Phrases.

is

very frequent: Th

ayuivap^u zh in\ UoXi[a^o cip^ovTi)'; 1817. 1—3 ; xar {^tI^^iv aroJ.av rdv iv 'i4
2418. 22—23 ^ovzo-: iv .

>1[J0C

Z£

From it

.

oozu

zd lT:acdd']pu>v zu

dTtudoffcor;

;

xij

^ttj

Eevoxpizu} apzd ndp zd'^ Ttdrd i^ aoza^ 3313. 4; zd

.

2410. 12

(J'd^tffrxa

3209

is

.

r«c rdc ooTzepa/xepcw: ndffa': C 295. 150—152

',

.

.

(^ecfTTTtr^'-

zd-;

ouTzkp

;

C

31

295.

',

(?).

the examples given above it will be seen that the article In some instances before the attribute.

commonly repeated is

twice repeated, thus supplying two qualifications: zdr ndho^ zdz N\C\Aapizar C 295. 32-33 ; sim. 1. 75 sqq. and 11. 23-23; or the noun in the attributive

OTTepapspta'Z Ta(c) xdz rac ibid.

phrase has

itself

an attribute with repeated

zdv in] ZU) ^apdd/)[^(u'] tw opov zov i(v) zf/ 68u zr,

pi\_()\'>zi)':

....

[^J^r't

ibid.

1.

be used only before the attribute, as

may

dv'\zi0etzt.

yevofievov abzu) ix zd-; dpsnzd':

3301. 2

C

At:6X(^X)wvo^ zd> Ilzwtto

'

295. 170; xaz zdv fiavzetav

h

article:

zov

op<>']v

....

3170. 9; iv zov 10; or, again, the article

Ix zd': I^oo

Tzmddptov zd

dtd zpUTiiddat; rac IhffzoxXelo^

;

2724

c.

2; 3223.

7. The Article with the Participle. The article is often used with the participle without a substantive the participle may then have an object or other modifier :

;

ZU}-:

7r]«r

d(7£j3ii)vza^

lapd\_v

2406. 2;

n£ipa\tl.t. effrc

zd

.

.

.

2418. 3; [_'^»^^ xaraXstipOivze^ iv zol ot rD- vixiuvzsffat 2410. 6; //O££'ffj/£oc

roTc d\ decfiivot^ 2858. 3-4; r]Dc

2383. 14-16;

zo\

But compare 1749.

1-3;

im^dUov 8.

\JE£'\v(>xpizu)

without

so,

//o[£:']ai/ ^;j^wvr[{>c] eu-^^p'\£i(TZiw[^v'j

^? rwv] i^d^ujv iv zdypa-

dneddewvlzer

[^d'\n£Ud£iovz£q

«/>;ff>[;/roc]

1-4; 1757. 1-2

1756.

zoi,

ic

1748. 3-4. \_i(peifi'\(JDv'

{xoivyj);

zd

3406. 16.

[

Deictic Article.

The article is used to indicate a person or thing that is well known or has just been mentioned fiavzeucrupivio zw 6sw xai droduvzo': zdv dyaOdv pavzscav C 381. 3 {cf. 1. 2,zut 'AtzoXXcuvi zdv zpir.oda :

1-3 (quoted under § 7. 1. b)). So, especially, of where English idiom requires 'this,' e. g. zdv

dvidecav); 4157.

visible offerings,

TpiKoda C 281. 2 (v. siqjra); and 'AOavodutpa Adp.azpi dsffpo
3209. Kkimi

Tzapti'z zr,

...

Eh\xW\i]

xy,

zy,

Apiaz\i]

.

,

.

3198. 7 and

Tzape'tav

zrj

3199. 13-14, referring to persons pre1739. 18 ; 3377. 3-4. viously mentioned without the article. .

xij

zTi

Tiix[^u)i\

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

42

The

9.

Article with certain Proper

iv nil r(/i] xaTaX£t
Tail

SofiEv

Mw'^uj({av xo/jLi[^TTd/ievvc

2406. 14; 10.

r^;];

h

Tdv

Names.

.... 2406. 2; .... 2406. 3 xij to)

Ihcfju^eh

;

'A<sl(j\^r\ f7T[paTeuffd/Jievot

3206.

dno-

] '

A peoTraylTTj

1.'

The

Article with Special Words, and a-rzar. izdz and aizaz are regularly used with the article, in the predicate position z^ raAAa -rzavTa 504. 4-5 ;

a) Trac

:

Proxeny Decrees), r«

505. 7; 506. 6; (frequent in

«7rav

Trtc

lor.d

C

295. 158; 1725, 1727, 1728, 1731, dpyoupto, . 7r«(Ta-- C 295. 150 55-57, 60, l\jr']npd^t': sqq.\ tu dUa

Tzd-.Ta

.

.

(fdd-^Opwr.u. TzdvTa

phrase

4127.

An

5.

'

tuv r.w^Ta ^puvov

(ii')

re)

exception

made

is

to all time,' in

which

in the Trac

has

always the attributive position, 1788, 1789, 1780. 18; 1781. 2-4 3080. 2-3 3081. 3 and in the phrases iv i:avT\ xatpo'i 'on every occasion 280. 3; 2383. IG; 3059. ;

;

;

'

13; zara

ywpwj 'through every land' 4136. 5-6. ouTor, when used with a noun, has always the b) ouTo^, predicate position: outcd tw dpyupiu) 1738. 6; [(<]'jra rd XPW^-o. 1737. 6; 1780. 11, 22-23. So o^c- in prose: dr.b rzatrav

etc.

Tda^t ra? djxipa- 3080. 3. c)

JufiaTpioc ;i£fA ixdffTco

C

Gf. §

IV.

8.

2.

IxacToi is found without the

IxaaToi.

article:

htauTW 1739. 6; zar htauTov

h

toI

exaiTTOv

298. 42-43; xaO' exaaTov b^taoTov ibid. 11. 51-52; xuTd But ra- jv^dq ixdffTa^ ibid. 1. 53. [£zaff]rov 11. 53-54.

fis'iva

d)

auro T.

'

aur«?,

meaning the same,' always has the

fiffTtop 6 auTo-

article

C

295. 68, 72, 74. fiSto-T. fi8toz 'own,' regularly takes the article, 6 Fibio-: e) ' own ' [dvri']^££r: rav Fi8iav OepdrzTjvav their or his, her,

before

it:

=

:

tw

3302. 3;

and

fidur^ fuxzTav 3198. 2;

Manumission

so regularly in the

inscriptions.

dlXi)-: is used in the attributive position to mean the other,' and without the article to mean 'other': xij TaXka izdvTU xaOdrrsp r
f) uXko',. '

506. 6-7;

507. 5-6; 4127.

Proxeny Decrees), xaTiuj', ffTaT£'tpa\_-:

20-21

;

.... 'other

frequent formula in [^6iv£;Sm^.]«v0o uXXw^ Trsvra(a

five

hundred

staters' 2418.

'AXu[^o-:] dXXaz Tpidxa-.Tu //v5c 2418. 16-17.

g) viuiT^po-:, aTepw.,

5;

Iwff^dvTun

etc.

The

article

is

used with

and with the ordinal numerals, '

Gf. Meisterhans, § 86. 15.

vjoire^oc, oua-

in

giving the

PRONOUNS. names of officials: TO)

8wp(u

'^'.(UTipu)

xa(ii piapyiovrmv 'Affwnt/o) hacftiro2420. 14—15; 'AizoXXoSutpaj ap^ovTo': tu>

ooffUTipu} 522. 1-2; 2821.

1726. 1

TipamOw

;

h) fiizzn-:. article

:

43

ru>

3-4;

[(?*]«££'>(«

dturipw 2814.

pizzo- 'middle,'

is

apyw^zo'- rib Tzipr.TU)

3.

found alone without the

lainzv^ iyuxrav ^pouffidtuv 8ta fiizzw

2420. 19-20.

§8. Pronouns. I.

Personal and Reflexive Pronouns.

Instances of the use of the personal pronouns are rare. We find p e, used as an ordinary personal pronoun (1) First Person Xfipei-: ioijjxs Eu-lotw/i ps 3468, Ilocpa-^optda': p* iTzidcoxe 2245 (ante :

:

350 350

a. a.

B.

c), 2731 (6th cent.),

.

.

.

pe d.vi[eeue] 4008, 1880, {aiite

B. c).

used instead of the possessive pronoun 2383. 8-9 (c. 230-150 b. c).

dpiu)'>,

dpiz£po<::

zt/

7r«[Aj] dpiiv[,

Second Person: zu, expressed with the imperative because emphatic: Ka)Ma Ar/'i(0)doco' zb d' eu T:pd(T[(T' w] 7zapo8wza 2852. (3) Third Person: Pot, used as an ordinary personal pronoun, (2)

not reflexive:^ -po^evov

eipev

Boiwzwv

8p^o'jj3u} KapY^aSovinv, xai slpiv \_f^oi

/.at

3-8 (366-365 B. c. Kohler, Ditt.; c. 175 b. Larfeld: {oi'j)\z'](n; Meister: [aur]or.^ Cy. (of

same tenor and

The

N(o^av

'A\_tT-

£'[7r];Ta(3'£;'

2407.

euspyizav

ydi xai [^Jojzj'a? c.

Larfeld, Meister) 1. 5 of n. 2408

auroT,

date).

pronouns of the third person, daaozv, aozdv, abzoffauzw, abzuaozwv,^ are f ound in both singular and plural, reflexive

referring to the subject of the sentence ffeizt

lapdv

fv?jx]l

.

.

.

noupi-no^ Upo^ivw

:

'Afpodtztav zb Eapdizt, Tzapapzhaaw^ daauzu

abzu) 3303.

2-4; 'Apzdptuv Zwnoupu)

dvziOsizt

Uapdpovov lapoj': zo lapdizt, Tzapapsivavza-; daauzu auzm 3348. 2-5. dffauzu in these phrases is, in

,

.

,

.

.

.

xi)

effect,

xij

zzj

you-

'Aysifftav

xij

zo': yovio';

an indirect

reflexive, since the participle is the equivalent of a clause.

In-

the personal pronoun is sometimes used 7zapap.zbmiywj 3315. 5-6; auz-?^ 3314. 3; 7ra/>/z:'vay]ra auzu xij zr/ youjTjx} 3082.

stead of auzel-:

dvzi-

it,

4; or the

:

name

repeated:

Tzapapeivaaav

Uapdi^ia

3321.

3.

So

The prevailing use except in Attic prose, cf. Dyroff, Oeschiehte des Pronomen Beflexivum II pp. 120, 125, 129-130. * foi fits the space, as avzol does not, and Dittenberger considers the read'

ing certain neque de ullius vocis lectione dubitari licet. Ditt. ad 'On the Boeotian reflexive forms, v. Meister, Griech. Dial. I :

Meyer, Or. Or. 436; Dyroff

(in

Schanz's Beitrdge)

II pp. 114, 138.

loc.

p.

274

;

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

44 aurdv:

['^4] ttwAjc

['I'\7Z7rapiTav [Elp'\o86r(D eovotai^

'Op^o/ievicov

rdq

iv

Also, as direct reflexive, abzoaaozu): vnkp auToffaurm 3055. 9; and anrh anzwv: rdv re ffwypayav, av edioy.av

aOrdv 3223.' dviffetxe

.

xar' a[d]rh «ura)[.] 3172. II.

.

.

120-121; iMd. 148-149.

Intensive Prononn.

The

intensive pronoun aoTor; is found with the usual distinctions of meaning: (1) with preceding article, meaning 'the

same': fi^rrwp

6 aurd^

Tctc auzd': TCfxar

C

C

«"'z'o^ C 295. 74; in alone the nominative, (2) standing

295. 68, 72, 74; xp^^o^ ^

283. 5-6.

or in the predicate position,

'

meaning himself,

etc.:

T(n 'Adyxvr/oi

ToTc GzpoTiwzrjr auzo\ au[ro?c? .... 2406. 4 (c. 229 B. Ttodixavza p.tizs. avzel Idwvt [itize aXXsi \^ii\eidev\ 3080. 3-4.

the oblique cases, as a personal pronoun, 'him, her, tkt^e'

1-2

;

7:pol3ej3w?.£Ofiivo'^

1730. 4-5

l^TTcJuaeadac a>;^£j[v] 8'

;

occur.'

etc.

;

el

/Se/Jet'a

oot\_w^

it':

6 dsi-m

6—8; 1728.

npoffzareliisv auzu)v

d']e

!is.\

(3) in

xrj

au[r(>]i? d ihuOspta

1739.

la]uzd

III. Possessive

The

2848. 2

[oJttw-

adzu ndz zov da;iov 522.

sl/zev

C);

acl fin. (c.

1780. 14-17; 230 b. c); 3082. 4.

Pronouns.

first and second persons do not For the possessive pronoun of the third person the

possessive pronouns of the

genitives au.zcb , a u r 5 c, in the predicate position, are used ... xrj zu'^ yovior abzu) 3348. 5 ; Tzapafietvarra-^ napaiieivavzaiz daaozo :

.

z^ ^0(;[v7;x]) auzw 3303. 4; r]av [/^]j5:aj/ dne[^X£^ud£pov 3360. 5-6. The possessive is not elsewhere expressed in this phrase (cf. zdv I'diov dnehudepov J. 3318. 5-6 ; zov Fi8iov dffauzu a[6»]ro>

xij

Eu.

OepdTzovza' A} 3083. 6—8).

ffouvso8oxiovzo(:

xtj

ziu

loulw aozdr: Elpwvoi

3377. 5-6.

IV. Demonstrative Pronouns. 1.

zoii.

The demonstrative pronoun most commonly found

zuu (zut), the article with the intensive iota, which is used always at the head of lists, in the sense of o'lds, 'these', 'the

is

3191. 2; 3192. 1; following': zoi\ [
300-250); 3292. 3-4 1

In 512. 3

— QL66upo[q

(c.

a.

230-150);

zini

.

.

npazov

kazpozeuadrj

lle^s- npofiil3u?iev/u.evov] y/iev avrv 7ro[rt ddfiov

berger writes avrv, elsewhere, in the same formula, » Cf. §8. I (1), ad fin.

— Ditten-

airi;.

3 The possessive phrase with fidtog (iSioc) which is in regular use in Boeotian in the period of the Manumission Documents (c. 230-150 B.C.) is noted in the Attic inscriptions only after 69 b. c. V. Meisterhans, p. 335.

PRONOUNS.

45

So in other 292. 6; C 293.6; C 294. 13-14 (attte a. 223). military lists: rul d-£ypd(/>avTo i/i r.sXzixpopa',, followed by a list of names, 2809-2832, 2715-2721, 2781-2789, {a. 250-200).

ode.

2.

occurs a f ew times in poetical

ode

inscriptions

;

rod'' ayaXji . . 1670 [. [J]a/xar/)o[c] dvr' Jcutvuffw ixxrsXeadvri a. NsnfjLrjdr]-; epywj dyad(h.i 350), Ed^dv {ante a. 350), [^^/)]w, KdjScpe, Tovde t[ov .... livdjJL dvidrjxs roSe 1794

perhaps

twice in prose:

,

(ante

3598 (ante

a.

[7z'\eXTo
MeXircuvo^z

350).

2389

clp-^ovro':

o?[5£]

200). d~d Taads zd- dpipa-: 3080.

elfiev Tov 7:dv\_Ta •(l^povov

^(Xffsypd^elvl

Larfeld would emend

(c. a.

iv

(r)(n. lapdv

3.

ovTo-:. ohro^ is used both substantively and adjectively. "When used as an adjective it takes the predicate position: [ojura rd xpriiiara 1737. 6 ; oLra zd ff«>[/^]a[ra] 1780. 11, 22-23 (c. a. 230) 3.

;

dpyopiw 1738. 6 (c. «. 229); zwv 6'f£Z»[v] 3083. 25-26; 'Eit\ Auxdwvi- ohzov £da4'av zh 'Ada'^aiffZTJ 685

apyi zdxw ouzio oozu)'^

z
.... dpayjid'z fixazi T.izzapa% Trivz' o",5'(oA)t(>c ohzo ypoixno': ivxoviazd':, oXxd ypouaw:, xij zpcu),3nX(>v . 'Azzixdv 2420. 33-39 (c. a. 230) ; olzo [. zoi\ baiwdioi 1738. 5-6 ; 686, 687),

(cf.

ivvia yaXxiu)-'

iVr/.ddafjLO^

;v

.

oi)\zu)r^ b~\e

obzi is

ahzmv

Tzpoazaze'ipev

found: ....

x'\(ivza

.

.

.

.

Once

1780. 14-15; 4136. 4 (Ms).

ivvia' ourt yr/ozr] (dp)y(oup)iio 'Hycvija}

In all these examples ouro^ [. nezzap]e^- 1737. 5-6 (c. a. 229). refers back to something already mentioned. 4. ixeivo(:. izeivoc occurs once in the form xeivo': in a frag.

.

mentary inscription: 200-150). 5. z av i'

is

.

.

.

2410. 13

xeivw; T:apxaX\^

.]ze

read by Dittenberger in 1739.

(a.

5.

V. Kelative Pronouns. 1.

The

definite relative

o :

(once z

6

i-),

is

found in

its

ordinary

referring to a definite antecedent with which it agrees in gender, number, and person. In the case of the neuter relative

use

0,

meaning 'what,' the antecedent

KoXeixov, zov u\_-ep zu>

22-23

(a.

355-346)

(Touyypa^dv, dv eye

;

C

Qapu)

zai

ip.

is

regularly omitted,

h

BeXipoi': iyzoXipiov Bo(.u}zo[^i]

zo\v\

2418.

rdv zs ffuyypafov, dv e[Saj]xav C 295. 19 ; zdv 295. 58 ; iffXiavdzw N. zd': ounepapepta': a? e^i

C

In the 295. 151; 'OfrdiXo-, ai[:] TzsvOo- d^xev dr.o
Aiovouacn

1-8

(C. a.

x-q zd^z noXio'Z

230—150).

Oeianeiiov, dv dvidrjxe Eeviaq Iloodtuvo^ 1786.

Nuodapoq

sXajSev Tzdp Tloudiujvoq IJoudiyjw^ o

2420. 33-37

(c.

fin.

T|0£7re(5[(5]£Vac

rdv TtapxazaOeixav dv

enpa^e Adpwv^ dpa^pd'Z fixazc, xzX. d-d [zl^dv uTze[p]ap£saec. tert.); dzodopev

—

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

46 piatov

.

noXiv 2.

«Sc

.

oq

x«

.

.

.

,

8

may

.

.

.

.

c5

295. 15-16

;

dnodofiev rav

kniOuxrav ibid. 135.

be used where the antecedent

C

Ntxapira dufria-^, a-: dat^m d

!^oxiiid8il-q

295.

is

145-146;

149-150) 7:«[A]j? 3. Attraction of the Relative. ;

C

auTav a noki':

ini6u>(7£

Nixapirt]

.

C

indefinite: ^yyouw:, ihid.

48-49 (3172.

283. 12-13.

Of the attraction of the relative into the case of the expressed or omitted antecedent, several instances occur, all of attraction from the accusative into the genitive: rdv Staypa^dv riov ^pec/idrojv wv \jzap'\iYpa4'a\i avTTJ C 295. 37-38; rco] reXeuTrjoi w i?Ai3ofx[£v 1738.

—

3

(C. a.

229); KttpaXd wv dveypdcparo a ndh- 1737. 9 (c. a. 229); rdv 6 rap.ia'Z xij wv TzudecXsTo Nuapira xij

re
Sixa 4.

C

295. 21.

Indefinite Relatives.

The

indefinite relatives

For examples, VI.

v.

which occur

are o

ur ic and

Conditional Relative Sentences,

dpfdrspori^ found

6t:

6tt

o

<: .

§ 13. 6 sqq.

in apposition with ouroc: oorw: \d']k 4136. 4-5. av f w OCCUrs in an

dyipifitv dpfpozipw: xd lapd yptifxara

archaic inscription attributed to Boeotia: [Fopyor "Iwv ^uv^ npwpnk dvidfjxav 4249. § 9.

r']

av
Cases.

Nominative. 1.

In Lists.

The Lists.'

Ex. passim. Nominative is sometimes used loosely for another case in So

a) for the Accusative: o^oXot,

TzivTS

X'^Xxiwr'

Eu(pdp.rj

C

Kafirrndcu^pw 7r^r]ra/oac, Tpl<; 296. 3-4 {cf. 1. 6: nevraxariaq

In this inscription Tptdxovra, izivrs 6j3oXoi, Sxro )^dXxioi). the nominative varies with the accusative in the numerals throughout. Cf. 2420. 33-39 (§ 8. IV. 3). b) for the Genitive: dipedptareudvTwV AwpoOeoq 'Apitrriao IlXaTTjzU';, 'E 'laprj'Ayo) ffet^r^ix;, and three other names .

.

,

.

in the nominative, 1672. 4-8. C) for the

Mixyao,

2. t:6Xi

Dative:

^rr'^'"[<^]

AaffLTTTzw, xtX.,

•

•

•

Mvdffwv

followed by a

list

Mixyao, Tehaiai; of names in the

dative, C 295. 84 sqq. In Titles of Documents, etc. 6iinXo\yC]a Ntxapir-q .... xij rfj C 295. 124 sqq. (cf. C 298. 27-28); Jiaypa
Cf. Meisterhans, § 84. 3.

CASES. rpaxiSda^

C

295. 170

;

47

rd aouvaXkayiia ibid. 65, 69, 75

;

...

Tto

Upo^evtT]- 2708 (at the head of a List of Proxeny Decrees, of which all but one are lost), 4127, 513, 529,

npo^vAa 612, 3.

As the

subject of a verb not expressed Oto^' (at the head of Lists of Eecruits

a) in Invocations:

of Hyettus and Copae, a List of Contributors to the Treasury of Aesculapius at Orchomenus, etc.) 2781-2789, 3191. 1; (at the head of a Proxeny Decree) 2858. 1; 8i6<;' Tooxa ayadd 3083. 1-2 (Manuuiission inscription of Lebadea); 2809, 1780. Cf. O'.d^ moy/v, dyaOd. 3166. 1, 3167. 1-2 (Proxeny decrees of Orchomenus); 3082. 1;

3301.

1,

3302. 1 (Manumission inscriptions of Chaeronea)

;

dyadr, royj) 3287.

b) in Concise Legal Phraseology. (§ 2. 1. b)). auTOf; C 295. 72 (in a series of dates expressed by the So raiv genitive) is practically equivalent to a Genitive of Time.

Xpovoq 6

Ts6fio
usual Genitive Absolute

.

.

.

C

295. 77, takes the place of the

— ypapfiaTeuovzo:; rw

dsl^a.

c) in Dedications. (§ 2. 2. c)).

Vocative. 4.

The Vocative

(jr^psy.

is

found

'AptffroW'a xatpt 2920,

3025, 2952,

with

in grave-stone inscriptions

/«!/>£

Udpdah xatps 3004, 2964, 3017, 3021,

et saepe.

In similar inscriptions in the Ionic as well as the vocative,

—

''EiprjSoq

[koiv/j)

dialect the nominative

is

found

AaKsdaifxovioc Xf/v x^-'P^ 3936, Aioviicrfof jaipe

As the forms of the nominative 2937, (cf. As^ldee xalpe 3933, 2959, 2967). and the vocative in so many names are identical, this may also be the case in

some of the Boeotian

dialect inscriptions.'

It is diflBcult to

say whether

to be regarded as another instance of the general loss of perception of case distinctions in late Greek (cf. the use of the genitive and even of the nominative with tn-t, in late grave-stone inscriptions, of which this usage

is

examples are cited by Dittenberger ad n. 1713), or whether a full stop should be understood between the nominative and the imperative.

The Vocative (probably with

w)

is

also

found with the Impera-

tive in a grave-stone inscription of the 6th or early 5th century: KaXXia Aiyc{d)0(>io' ru d' £u -pd(j[^r^^ w] -apo^mxa 2852. KakXia also

may be regarded as a Vocative, if, with Roehl (7. G. A. 149), we suppose the inscription to embody a colloquy between the deB.

*I have found only one certain example; Kepehcxoc XVP^ 2033 C).

(c.

230-150

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

48

parted Callias and a passer-by who calls upon him and whom he bids farewell. It is possible, however, to take KakUa as a genitive Aftivia Tode [ffa/ia]" ruv

(c/".

monument

15), the

the tomb

(or, this is)

dtXetre rzovToq dva:[fJjj?]

Roelll

/.

G. A.

" I am being represented as speaking: of Callias." ^ With the former interpreta-

itself

tion the connecting di seems

But

more harsh.

cf. § 9. 13.

Accusative.

The Predicate Accusative

5.

avridsiTt

.

.

.

lapdv in

is

used proleptically in the phrase

Manumission inscriptions:

avriOem rov fidcav duukov 3hkcrtuva iapov

t^io

Eudafioq

rsl 2'ajoa[7r:]

'0;xoX\_uj']-

3349. 3—4.

In the Manumission inscriptions of Lebadea and Orchomenus, the Infinitive el/isv is always expressed after iafj('ry; in those of

Chaeronea, lapdv is used alone. 6. The Accusative of the Inner Object akh)

el

ddixi 3081. 5;

Ti

is

found in the phrase

3080. 4;

also in the language of the llaii^oimria 3087. 2; a.ywvvd£rei\_(7a'^'\ rd

Games:

vudffavrec;

Harrckeca

3091. 3; 552. 3; Baffiketa 2487 (with verb unexpressed,

. . .
cf. § 2. 3.),

2533. 7.

iTTTzaffiTj

.

The Adverbial Accusative

is

used regularly in the phrase

TzoOeUovTa fxeiOe'A fieiOiv occurring in the tions of Chaeronea.

list

Manumission

inscrip-

This phrase is, however, chiefly found in those inscriptions of Chaeronea that are written mainly in the Common Dialect (cf. 3331. 3-4; 3326. 6-7; 3338. 6-7 and 3339. 7-8; 3349. 5-6), and in one of the inscriptions where it occurs in its Boeotian form, the Adverbial Accusative jieStv is omitted (fitl

nodiKovTa

fiEidevi

3350.

4),

while in another we find the

added to the Boeotian

Common

forms

Hence, we might infer that this particular use of the Adverbial Accusative was borrowed from the Attic. It occurs, however, in a purely Boeotian Manumission

fiTitievi /xrfiiv

pel nodt'iKursav 3329. 7-8.

inscription of Lebadea, ^E[t] 7ro^[(]Kwi; /neidevt peidev 3083. 21, beside the equivalent phrase Kara ptidkva rpdnov used in two other Manumission inscriptions of the

same town

(3080. 4; 3081. 4).

An interesting use of the Adverbial Accusative occurs in the Nicareta inscription of Orchomenus: dr.odopev Tdv Tzohv^Ep-^aps'Awv NtxapizT] dpyuupiw dpaypd^ p.oupia<; .... eff'/arov (' at the .

.

.

latest') 'OvafflQpuj apxovnx; 142.

iv

ru 'Akaklxo]pevioi petvi

Also: apyovToi; to Tzirparov 3176. 2 UobOia :ra^z[|odra>v] 2533).

{c/.

.

.

.

C

2^5. 133-

lloodiTjOq to [tieuTspov']

7r[a?(5ac] 1

Cf.

Wilamowitz,

Lectt. Epigr. Gott. 1885, p. 13,

and

g 2. 1. a).

CASES.

The Accusative

8.

Manumission

of

49

Duration of Time

is

used chiefly in

the phrase lapdv el/xsv rov r.dvra xpovov 3080. 2-3; 3081. 2-3; and with the verb Tzapfiivw. napruv TzepiTzov firia 3ixa 3083. 10-12; rtapfievT fieivavra .

inscriptions, in

.

,

.

.

.

Xpovov 3083. 17-19. In 3391. 6, 7:apfjL£iva(Tav ~uv hiaurov, oanq xa pier' Eu^inaxov apyei, we find the Accusative of Duration of Time modified by a relative

clause that defines

it

more

closely.

—

In the phrase izapajiivavraq TzdvTa rov rrjq l^to^^ auT^<; ^povov 3322. 9-10 (cf. 3324. 3-4, ndwa rdv TOO t^^v ^(povov), the accusative with limiting genitive takes the place of a temporal clause in the usual formula, T.apap.evm->za d
its

—

regarded as an Accusative of Duration of Time. Also: Tov TzpodpyovTa rdv rpirav nerpd/iecvov C 295. 14 and 52; 1788. 8-9 ; 1790. 7-8.

Two

9.

abrdv

a.

Accusatives are used with

izohq

and with

tz

w

pdrrcj'. TzpazTWaaq to ddveiov rdv

TU)v

d(pirjij.i'.

id 6

r.

(

= Tzsidui):

3

inidwas

295. 15-16; TzoXczdwv

niOovzwv abrdv

TzoXiv

d(pr/X£

C

295. 45;

and

rdv tzoXiv dpa-y^ix^dq

\n'\£vzaxaziaq 2383. 13-14.^

10.

Accusative by Attraction. oXxd y^pobawq. xij Zazupa TiopTzav y^pouaiav^

Aap.azpia

eyojffav ypou(Tidcov

In this

17-21.

by the force of § 9. 1.

a)

6Xxdv ojSoXov,

did p-izzio^

xrj

aXufftv

Zxonaq

laa-Kiv

yaXxdv 2420.

list, 6Xxdv oiSoXdv is attracted into the accusative

environment

its

(cf.

6Xxd ypobawq supra,

and

).

Accusative on Grave Steles. The simple accusative is not found 11.

in

grave stele inscriptions.''

Examples which have been cited are rather to be regarded as nominatives of feminine names, derived from neuter adjectives. On Havaiklav (n. 4211) sic ea casuum confusione, quam recentiore tempore V. Dittenberger, ad loc. magis magisque grassatam esse exposui ad n. 1713, pro TlavaiA2.a exaratum :

Namque legitimum esse meri accusativi usum in titulis sepulnunquam credam. Editores American! (C. D. Buck et F. B. Tarbell,

existimo. cralibus

Am.

Jour, of Arch.

Aiyovpov

(n.

V

(1889) pp.

1775, 3556), EvKTjpov

4.57,

(n.

458) miro errore hue rettulerunt

997)

.

.

.

etc.

^ This unusual construction with acpi^fii (which regularly takes either an accusative of the person with a genitive of the thing, or an accusative of the thing with a dative of the person, v. L. & S. s. v. cKpir/fii and cf.

Kiihner-Gerth, Gr. Or. 2,' § 411) is, perhaps, to be explained by the analogy of the same construction with npdrru, the opposite of d(pi7//[ii in this sense. 2

Cf. §

9.

13.

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

50

Genitive. A. Genitive with Substantives. 12. The Possessive Genitive is often used alone in inscriptions on statues or other dedicatory monuments to denote the Divine Possessor: 'A-oUcdxk; Aa
2793, 2464, Ka^ipuj 4121,

546, Ja/xdr/wl^'] Taopor.6Xuj

3974, 3980, 3981,

Cf.

FatTTouxpiTcij

lldidol^']

(on a

tile)

3988, ?«i/>w 3992, 2246.

Tu> Tzaidlo^']

J/va/Jto
1782.

In an inscription of Acraephia, this independent Possessive Genitive is used where we should expect a dative depending on Evf stria:; dvidecxe 2730 (cf. Kidoq hviOeue dvideixs: Tw UTU}'itto[<;']. TwndUwi'i r(>(i) IItwcsu 2732). In the former inscription we

have a form of Parataxis. Sometimes lapu-^ is appended to the genitive: Tw Ihwieux; lapov 2735, 2452, 2453; and so very frequently in the Aa/3j/}o?-inscriptions lapdq roj A'a^cpio 3585 (early :

5th cent.).

The

13.

Possessive Genitive

name

scriptions bearing the Ittc

§ 10,

is

not found in grave stele in-

alone in the Boeotian dialect.

Cf.

2) a).

occurs occasionally in late inscriptions in the koivt/, e. g. 'EpfiataKov In the early metrical grave stele inscription: Ka^P.m 2949, Ka^AtCTTwf 2694. TV 6' ev TTpna[a' Trapodura 3852, KalA'ta may he regarded It

u]

Ah/i{6)0oio-

as a Possessive Genitive or as a vocative.

F. § 9. 4

ad

fin.

On

EhyiTovicia

3508, a very early inscription), Dittenberger says: Videtur nominativus Nam meri geneesse ut Uvdiovka n. 1888, Ka?J.£a n. 1889, Moyea n. 3467. tivi usus cum omnino in Boeotia quidem tam antiqua aetate inauditus sit, (n.

tum

casus in -ao cadere debebat.

is

The Objective Genitive

14.

is

used in Proxeny Decrees in

abru ydq xij Puxiaq emzaatv 3166. 6; 2848. such xij tlptv or 2849. 10, etc.; 6; ^ac] xij fuxiaq ivcuvdv 3287. 6-7; and after as euepyiza^ T(5 xuivctJ /?ofa>ra)[v] 2858. 5; soBpyerav rdq suepyiraq,

phrases as

505-531. Also: A'hrjvircj fivapLelov 552. 2. Genitive of Measure or Value occurs in dexa dpa^pdcov dexa 3055. 4 and 6; and, perhaps, in roxov ^spizw dpa[^yp.d<;

TzuXutq 504. 2;

The

15.

eiXurai; diou']

Tdq

fi'/d-:

ixdazai;

(pspizw dpaljpdq') 1

I

I

j

C

298. 52-53.

[ctTTo]

Dittenberger' s reading.

rr6'/[a].

The nominative

paralleled.

V.

in

But Dittenberger reads

zdxov

rdq pvdq kxdaraq 3171. 52-53.

Meister reads the nominative, emending Tavpoan inscription of this kind is, however, un-

Dittenberger' s note ad

loc.

CASES. 16.

The

Partitive Genitive

51

found in the phrase rwv aXXwv and in rwv itoXixdutv rh

is

6 ^ed6,j.£-M,^ 3080. 6; 3081. 6-7; 3198. 6; [^]fj[o]v[7]£? i\y t]D Mtihxlu 3169. Tav ob-KBpajisptawv C 295. 174-175;

C

5;

283. 4-5

17.

The

18.

Genitive of Material

4137.

eipt

The

A'^rioyz'iaq

ro

rwv

ffouv/wpecOiv

izud Adipvfj

518.

and 11-12.

money: apyopiw xi(TyiXia<;

Also:

7-8. ^

[t]/>??

[xvaq

is

used to denote the kind of

3055. 11-12; y^aXxw dpayjidq Tztrpa-

4.

Predicate Genitive.

[Tih Ka]i3{pcu

dpi 3969, Fupyidao

1685.

B. Genitive with Verbs. 19.

The

Genitive

is

found with Verbs

pt\ i^slpev pstOsA a) of Touching, or taking hold of: SO 3203. Nioopwq kfd-Krearrj 3204. 13. Kapdapa^ tcpd-Tearrj 8; TU) dpyupiu) roxm oo-m of 1738. 6; b) Beginning: apyi -/.rj

.

apyi

Tu>

.

.

ypovio 6 ivtauroq 6 psrd Bbvapynv apyovza

298.

40-41. C) of

Claiming:

3080. 4; 'Eppaiaq 3081.

avrinoielryj 'AOdvtuvo^

4-5.

d) of Care: ixcpiXecrdac e)

Compounded with

.

.

.ru)'^ a'^rede{C)pivu)v

tt^oo

:

ooz\_u)<;

d'\k

3392. 4; 4136.

TtpoarazzTpzv

7.

auTUJv

1780. 14-15. 20.

In an inscription of Acraephia of which only the

are preserved: MvauiTTTTw, TUJv

' .

,

.

lo

AnuXX(>\^d'\(opuj,

rcuv

last lines

(paperpirdwv duniXtoq

(T^evdovardujv dapoxXslo'^ ZojtXu) (n. 2714), it

Seems

probable that we have the genitive used as the object of a verb of ruling, the verb of the Genitive Absolute to be supplied with the proper names in the genitive being apyovroq or the like Tu>v rapavriviov^ dvay£6p£v(^()q) T^^t^poffOi'^ec^: 2466. 6—8), 21.

A

form of the Genitive

of Cause with

(cf.

Verbs of Emotion

to be recognized in a dedicatory inscription: ['^]

is

7:uX[<; 'Opyoayrdv (n. 3223), where the genitive zwoiaq, indicates the source of the gratitude which impelled the citizens of Orchomenus to set up a statue of Hip-

psvcojv [^I'^nTtapirav [^Elp'^odoroj eu'^oiw:

rdq

tv

—

a verbal idea implied, though not expressed. pareta, C. Genitive with Adjectives.^ 22.

The

possession,

adjective iapdq, 'sacred to', as an adjective denoting' is followed by the Genitive when it is used attribu-j

1

Cf. Hesych. rapavr'tvoi

^

For the Genitive after adjectives

'

'mrKelg rtveg ovopd^ovrac.

in tlie

comparative degree,

v.

^ 6. 3.

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

52

ru> tively or as a predicate after the verb diii'. Uapdiva lapd lapdrttoq S377. 2-3; d yd lapd Aiovobffu) xij Td<; TzoXto^ 1786, lapw(; Tu) Ihiuielo': slfiev TU) lapdizio^ xtj ra? "Iukkz 3201. 6; SO 3198-3204',

2735, 'lapuv riaial:; [il/ajxat'^a? TeXeafffopio 2452, 7a/)o[v] 2453. When used predicatively, in agreement with the object of the verb dyriOsiiu, lap6c; is regularly followed by the lapov

iVo,af [a]w[y]

exceptionally by the Genitive: lapwr [ra* Many examples of the genitive with lapoq lSapd']-i()<; to be found in the Aay3£/5o?-inscriptions (3575-4123), e. g.

Dative

§ 9. 30. a)),

{v.

3365. 2-3.

'lapbq TU) Ka^ipio 3968, 3949, 3951, and examples cited § 7. 1. Only once does the dative seem to be used: {Toi. Kafii'jpot l[ap6^']

(are 3953. D. Genitive in Looser Kelations. The Genitive of the Time within

23.

Dates:

a) in

alone:

|ls^'^^

Which

used

is

psivde; 'OpoXwiu) 3301. 1; so genitive of month Bedoudiw C 298. 1—2; iisivoq ^AlaXxop.evc(o ibid.

13-14, 25-26; fietvdc; npdrw ibid. 1. 27; 3363, 2861. 1. Eegularly, the genitive of the name of the month is followed by the dative of the day, defining the date more exactly (of. 11.

§ 9. 29).

A

curious kind of shorthand expression occurs several times where the date is expressed by two

in the Nicareta inscription,

simple genitives, the

name '

Sevoxptru) 'AXakxo/ieviw

of the archon and that of the

month

:

295. 61, 65, 68,

Acouxiffxu) Otuucu), etc.

74-75. b) in the Phrase

xyj

TroXipw

xtj

Ipdva^ 283.

4-5;

2386-2388.

Cf. § 15. 5. 4).

Dative.

The Dative of the Indirect Object A. with Transitive Verbs:

24.

Moyia didwzt za yovaui

a) didiu/xi:

edcDxe EviiXo'icjvi pe

b)

d~

o d

i

pdp'/^ut;

8

u)

xij

p

t:

zot

is

found

dajpov 3467.

1-2; Xdpeiq

3468.

zdv ffouyypayuv aTtfu'^doziu Ft^idSa^ zapirj

xij

zo[^ic;'^

iyyouotq

^Apytddpu) 0wxcn ypioq dizidcuxa

C

C

zoJi^

noXe-

295. 153; Eu/ScuXu

298. 3-4; ibid. 15, 35;

dnoduvzo-; zdv dyaOdv pavztiav BoitvzoJ^ 2724. 3—4.

Also:

t:

oz id id

to p.1'.

elp.ev

Tzozidedopivov '^povov Ebi3(oXo

C

298.

36-37. iln 3083. 6-10: influence of the

avriOecTi

rv Tpeipuviv lapbv elpev (so 3080, 3081), the

main verb predominates.

CASES. C) Ypd
53

eypacpav avT^ 3172. 138—139.

uiv

d) Tzapaypatpio: Ncxapirrj xapsypdfti

dXk

e) 'Aar a^i

3303. 5-6

The long

list

o)\

xarii^als to rapt^Tj

C

295. 173.

.,.]...

dpa-^pd':

PUari

3339. 4).

{cf.

of datives in C 396 contains, no doubt, Dalives of the Indisome verb of payment or the like, lost at the beginning

rect Object after

of the inscription. f) T 10 £

1880.

'OffdiXo^, j;[:] Tzivdo': drj.v^ airncpdip.svo':

fit:

I

dvaz

g)

idzi

fi'.:

the Dative after this verb

is

especially

frequent owing to the large number of dedicatory inscriptions, 3207. 1-2.

e.

g. Boiu)zo\ Tuv rpir.oSa h'^idetxav

Often the verb

a simple nominative

and

is

dative, as ^ilujv

nn

Xapirtaat.

IivTtapiffffoi

2733, or even

KptTtuv xai SeioffdoTfK toT A\ rwTrojpeTc

3205,

rr^r^

not expressed and we find

nominative, accusative, and dative, as ^Apy_a'^dp\^ KaTziwvo': TO'^ ouluv TItu)\^ IipdTwv()(: ^iXwva rov ddelipiov rue divx XT] 2795, or again, dative, nominative, and modifying phrase,

without verb,

A\ 'OpoXwluc 'Ayetpcu'^da^ d-u dsxd\jaq 2456.

In this usage, the accusative of the direct object is often not expressed, being implied in the actual object dedicated, as Botu-ol ^AizoaIuvl UtuIoi avedcav (sc. rov TpinoSa) 2723. 1. On the other hand, the dative of the indirect object is sometimes omitted, for the sake of brevity, where it can be supplied from a succeeding clause rov rplwoda aveOeiav Boiurol (sc. rol :

deol) /lavTevcapevoj to>

Also:

deu Kal anodSvro^,

kt/1.

ixridscpc: rd^ abrdq

2724. 2-3. ^

Ttpd':

Hyoada'AT-qi:

ixreOrjxa'^dt

C

283. 5-6.

h) noTTdrruj'. TZOT^rdrTei adzel 3338. i) X ar a p 6 oj? 3055. 2.

4.

t

j) 6
bti ooOiv

C

298. 33, 49-51.

:

a)

doxiw:

Ss86y0rj

tt^

ficoX^

b) Tzodixw. pe\ TToffixovza 3-4 ; 3083. 20-21. C) sffaeipi

d)

I

ap

''lai,

£

I

:

xij

tu Sdpu 3287. 3

psi iffffelpev petOevt 3198. 3

T e u lo:

;

504-509,

etc.

peiOsvi 3350.4; 3080. 3-4; 3081.

;

Adpwv Euapidao ap^aq

3199-3204. xi]

lap£LT£U(ja';

Zapdni,

'Avob^t {sc. dvie£tx£) 3215. 1-2.

Here the datives by a kind of zeugma depend both on lapeiremag and on Marpl Qtuv 3216.

avWstKE, understood. Cf. 'I'mrapera 'Hpoddrov leparevovaa So in the following inscription: 'AOavoSupa

UoTuovpvaaTiSao lapsia^aaa Adfiawpodiovpov inEaKEva^e Kal tov ap(pidiovpov dvidEiKE (3876), Ad/iarpi must be construed as Dative of the Indirect Object with lapsid^aoa and avEdsiKE and Dative of Interest with tneoKeva^e. rpi

Qecpo(j)6pv

to

te

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

54

C. with Substantives, kindred in derivation or meaning to verbs which take a Dative of the Indirect Object:

A ay p a I

(p

TU)

Kai[5i\

C

295. 170; "AvOeiia toI also read ^Avdifia, a

Here we may

2458.

Kal3{/i\_w']

proper name

Dittenberger ad. loc). Oeoxxw 'Ep;iatw Idpe [a] B. d) supra) ^Ep.nu^.rjoli'] 2465 (cf.

Ilorecddovt.

25.

a Nixapir-q did rpaiiidda^

i

{y.

.

The Dative

of Interest

used frequently with verbs of

is

C

^

x(>payi(>vT£<^ 3211. 1 especially ap-^ovziK: ^ Krstaiao ap^ovTo<; BotioTuc^ Epyo!iev\_r\o': de Rapar^io

avdpeaat

ofl&ce,

lJ.aTi8do^/T(K •^'j[t]

{cf.

KoXzp.dpyor,

3068. 1-2

3178).

[

3067.. 1

;

290. 2

;

Ypo-P-

3174. 18-19 and 24-25

J];wvoy<7j'w,

2723. 1

;

;

;

3083. 4

2858. 1

;

;

(all

with apyOVTQr). With hpxovToq, this Dative of the People is often replaced by a preposi' tional phrase with iv and the name of the town: KpxovTO(; iv 'Epx^^/J-^vv £v Se FeTiariri Mevoirao C 298. 2.5-27; apxovrog ev Qei(nTif/g C 295. QvvdpxtJ •

.

23-24, 57, 137, 152, 171

phrase kwl ndlwg

(v.

so apxovrog iv

;

§10, kni 1)

kvv[v]

2719

'B[vu]t(Jv

;

or by the

b)).

Other Datives of Interest occur in C 298. 38-40; 1780. 16-17. a) The Dative of the Possessor occurs often in Proxeny Decrees, in the formula xij elp.ev auru ydq xi) fuxtai; eTZTratjcv ov hiovdv 3166. 6 3287. 6-7. Also, in the Nica;

295. rd^ obT£\_p']aii£piaq t«c hbaa'; aorrj 46 {cf. 55-56); and in the Manumission inscriptions: TtacSdpiov TO ytvojxzvov abroi 3301. 2 ; d ovoo/ia 3313, 3352,

reta inscription

:

3322, 3331, 1780. 6-7.

With C

^Kpsiwv i:pi)\u'\-dpytoaa euvoia

b)

The Dative

of the

elp-sv aoTL) ttot) Sdp.ov

The Dative

is found with the Perfect Pasformula of decrees npo^e(iu)l£viJ.iv<)v

The Dative

sitions is

2848.

2.

of Association.

6p.oXoy{C)a Edi3a>Xu

27.

n6h

Agent

sive Infinitive in the

26.

undpxoj: inidyj ^^n r^ 283. 2—3; ihicl. 13.

.

.

.

xrj

rrj

ndXc

C

298. 27-28

C

;

295. 124-128.

after Verbs

found most often

a) ndpecpLi'. TzapiovTvi; C 295. 126; Ttapt'iav

compounded with Certain Prepowith compounds of Tzapd: Nixapirrj zij

KXtcbi

JeSiTZTZu) ipiXo

.

.

3199. 13.

.

rw

a'^dpoq

So 3198. 7;

3317. 2; 3329. 3-4.

b) Ttapajiiviu (very frequent in Manumission inscriptions): So Tzapaixsivaaav aaaoTo xrj rrj you\yiqx'Yi abraJ 3303. 3-4. auT^ 3314. 3; abrei^ 3315. 5;

Uapdha 3321.

^Cf. Meisterhans, §84. 32.

3, etc.

PREPOSITIONS.

55

I

C) Also:

iveuovrwv abru

ovsTt

(TO

Nixiovoq

3386.

'AttoXXuj^

xrj

16-20.

The Dative

28.

and

3287. 1; 4249.

of

Manner

in xu>^, $uvr^

(

is

found in the formula dyaOrj tOxt] used adverbially, 4136. 4-5;

= z«r>^),

Dative of Means with

a) the

3169.

{7:o']zi!iu

o[8(5]arj

j(pdo/j.at:

yptu'KrdT)

8.

b) the Dative of Respect: \'ud<7avTe^ iTTTraffir] 3087. 2. The Dative of Time is regularly used in Dates, to give the day of the month, the month being given in the genitive, as fj.£cvd<; douuo TT£>rsxrid£xdTT^ 3352. 1—2. 29.

The name used alone

never put in the dative, but

when

expressed in the genitive: Qovdpyui apyo^^ro^

p.etvd^

month

of the

is

C

298. 1-2; or by a prepositional phrase AkaX[x()]ii£\>i(n [j.eivi C 295. 141-142.

detkouOiu), ^Apyiapoq, xrX,

with

iv.

To

h

TO

^

is

other words

iv is

V. § 10,

prefixed.

The Dative with Adjectives. The Dative is found a) lapd'z.

h

1) b).

30.

after lapo-: in the

Manu-

mission inscriptions where the case is at the same time dependent on the verb dvTcdeipc: d'^ridem rdv Fidiav dpsizrav Evfpoffovav lapdv ret lapd-t 3304. 2-4; and so regularly Manumission inscriptions of Chaeronea 3301-3406,

in the

and of Lebadea 3080-3083 (where, however, lapdv tljiev follows the dative, which thus depends more directly on dvTtOetp.1, cf. p. 52,

\i)

or with

£l/j.t,

y p siai

110 z.

footnote).

When

[«^o?

is

used alone

followed by the Genitive. V. § 9. 22. In a Proxeny Decree y^ptiGiyMz ion roir

it is

—

d\ dtip-ivoir 2858. 3-4.

c) etivooc.

de6p.va(TT0<;

euvoo^

icbv

diare^^X^l rol xocvoT

Bokutwv

280. 1-2.

§

lO. Prepositions. 1.

With Genitive dvzi occurs in

dv T

i.

only:

an elegiac couplets 'in return

Euydv

for'

:

ixxzsXitravTC Aiwvuao} Neop.TJdrj':

epyiuv dvz' dyaOcbv iivdyH dvidrjxe zude 2.

With Genitive only

1794.

dTZO

:

a) of Place: ^Ayidtxov Aafizao

^

HuXsla dn^

^

AXe'^a'^\8p'\siaq ?>1Q'^.

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

56 5—6^ Tuj

(cf. UuxTtjScov Acoffxopidao

\_f']d(TTw: [^w]

3170.

To[i/]

....

'AXe^avdpeTa 3166. 3—4); dno (of limits of a boundary)

3.

starting-point): lapbv el/iev rw T:dv{ra 3080, 3 (c/". 3362. 4-5). ^ ndpov 5' £l;/£[v] dnd c) of the Source (of expenditure, etc.) Twv TzoXtTuwv C 295. 40; similar expression, ^J^VZ. 1. 60; and

b) of

Time

(the

yp/iy^nv ar,b rda8t raq dfiipa^

:

rac ^[ff]5oza? [to dvdkwfia '

Tzap'jafTyovTee;

3086. 2; Ji ^0;xoXwioi

2456.

Aytifj-rnvdaq aTzb 5£xa[ra?-]

\d) as an Equivalent for the Partitive Genitive:^ {dTobbiitv) 3 litidwat aordv a noXtq C 295. dTzb [']'5v u-E\_p'\(xiJ.zpidu)v ';

14—15

{cf. Ta/7.i'a? d-idu)X£

kunov

298. 16-17,

ablative

= the

e) of

Cause

(

aouyypdifw

,

.

.

and ra? (7ouyy(p^d(pio to xaTaex with the

and the Latin usage,

Partitive Genitive),

= 'in accordance with'): C

*

;f/j£oc

dniSwxa and ra?

298. 3—4.

This use of ano corresponds closely with the use of Kara with the accusative

{cf. 66f/ev

[r]a 7rd[vra] kcit rav aovyypa(pov

C

295. 48).

Here, too, perhaps, belongs, by a slight zeugma, the use of an6 cited

under

d).

3.

With Genitive

did.

only:

found only with the genitive, in the sense 'by means of,' 'through the agency of: Aiaypa
170

;

xXe'iui;

[7:ap']iypa(pav aoTrj did

Tpanidda?

Tpanidda': NixapiTTj napzypdtpti

C

295. 38 (c/. in) Taq IIktto-

295. 172—173,

where the

idea of place is predominant) ; rav dvddtaiv noid/ievoi; did tuj ffou'^edpiu) xaT tov \"j/j.oy 3302. 4-5, a regular formula in the Manumission inscriptions of Chaeronea; once: did Tdq jdujAd-: (3349. 4) instead of did tw

ffouvsdpicu.

4.

iv.

Note on the Preposition

iv

in

Boeotian.

Instead of the two prepositions, iv with the dative and £19 (iq) with the accusative, the Boeotian dialect shows the use of only one preposition iv, expressing both rest in a place, and motion This use of an6 defines more exactly the provenance. Cf. (in the koivt/) ano KvfiTjg 3196. 15-16; ^Avrtoxevg anb Aa(pv7/g ibid. 36, 28, 38, and and v. § 10, ef c). 'AvTiox^vg and MauivSpov 3197. 3-4 1

AloXeiig

;

2

Cf.

Lutz, p. 45.

3

Cf. Lutz, p. 46.

*

Cf. Lutz, p. 46.

PREPOSITIONS.

57

into a place, with the corresponding figurative meanings, and joined with the dative and the accusative. d<; (i?) does not

In this, Boeotian represents the original usage of the to the use of en, in, in other

occur.

Greek language, corresponding Indo-Germanic languages.^ 1)

With Dative

:

Place:

a) of

h

So

iTz\

Etvoxpiru) apynvror;

iv

dtiarur^':

C

295. 24.

C

295. 57, 76, 137, 152, 170-171 (Us); C 298. 25, 26; 3083. 4-5; h 'Oyxz^srol 1747. 1; kti BeXfoi^ 2418. 23; h rb iapo 3169. 10; ^[v t]D ihdixio 3169. 7-8; d^tff-a,^

dltQ. 6; h rr) [il]'>y[^];a[5]{ (a stream) 3170. 7; Kv) T~ 68b 3170. 10; i[v] roi Mtkaixr.oddoi C 283. 15-16; 1780. 24-25; 2406. 2; semi-figuratively: ro apyoupiov t6 iv rij aroprt

h

TO l6]fxo[k6r]u yeypaiiiiivov Q 295. 158 (c/. C 298. 48); TO (pa(pi\_(T!J.aT'. 3054. 17; (fopov tov iv ttj deixfj yeypappivo'^

cy

3083. 15—16; apyoMza^ h TTi T:l6h 2849. 7-8. b) of

Time:

Tb

Iv

iv

zy/[rj] /?[uw]raii/

'AXa/.\_y.o']ixvAot

p.sv^i

C

2719

dtXTpiipsTr}

;

295. 141-142

(cf.

C

295. 54-55; 1739. 6; iv Tb yzypaiiiii^o ypdm §9. 29); iv TO -^povu TO ytypaiiiiivo C 295. 155, 159; 1739. 12; [c^]> r.avTi xatpoi 280. 3; 2383. 16; 3059. 13. c) Notions of Time and Place Combined: Xt'-wpyiiizv iv TZ/q Ooffirjq 3083. 25. .

.

.

.

,

Cf. H. W. Smyth, The Arcado-Cypriari Dialect, p. 80, {Transactions of the American Philological Association for 1887, Vol. XVIII): ^^£v,cum accus. and cum dat., is a relic of the period when this preposition was construed as the German m. The Aeolic elg and Ionic £f(et{) gradually drove out this double construction." h with the accusative is also found in Thessalian, Locrian, Aetolian, Delphian, Elean, Phocian, and Arcado-Cyprian (in the form iv). In several >

dialects (Thessalian, Aetolian, Delphian) eJf is found as well. Lesbian has always elg with the accusative. h with the accusative in Pindar is probably an instance of the influence

of these

of his native dialect.

For examples of fjf

tv with the accusative, and discussions of its relation to with the accusative, consult Allen Be dialecto Locrensium, Diss. Lipsiae :

1870, p. 70; Fiihrer:

graec.

forma

et

;

usu,

;

:

;

ische (in

dialecto boeotica,

Gottingen 1876, p. 38 sq. Geyer: Altenburg 1880, p. 26 sq. Smyth, loc. Valaori Ber delphische Bialekt, Gottingen 1901, p. 78; Meyer: OriechGrammatik (1896), p. 108, Anm. 2; Brugmann: Griechische Grammatik

Be praepositionum cit.

De

Muller's Handhuch, 3 Aufl. 1900), p. 438

Pijth. II. 11.

sq.

;

Gildersleeve on Pindar,

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

58 2)

With Accusative: a) of Place,

'into,

upon' (after a verb innplying

or

to,

nekTixpopaq, caused their names motion): dTzeypdc/'avdo to be inscribed on (written into) the list of peltasts,' 2786. 8-9, a regular formula in the Lists of Recruits *

i;j.

of Copae (2781-2789), Hyettus (2809-2832), Acraephia (2715-2721). So h zd rdy/iara 3293. 4; 1748. 3-4 ; 1756.

2-4;

rw? 6-XiTa-

iv

2-3; 2390. 3; ar\_paTzuadii£voi iTTUi-: .

.

.

.

h

.

.

iv

.

iv

drypd^'rj

3206 rdv

1

trrdXav

.

TOV opov TOV iv

.

.

.

C

295. 30;

h

\_llpdT(r^ roftov e7/Jt£]y

;

IJpojSarria'^

iv tov

dno

dsTov

4136. 1-2; semi-figuratively iv

ir:)

[f ]«-

rw

rd
iv

:

iv

Tpefcuvtov

npoedptav [zJaA; d ttoA^c

283. 3-4; ibid. 11-12; figuratively: ivsvixOei 295. 49.

6.

dv<popd

ohm C

b) of Limit: ypafipev sum of.' 2420. 37-39. .

c) of

'AfT(a\_-/']

rut

3170. 4-6-7, iu a series of which iv with the accusative

varies with ^Trt'and eVre {v. sub voce); xaTa^di;

C

283. 15;

zdv

dyopii

T-7j

in

boundary markings,

C

1739. 11, 14; T«]i

TO Xeuxwfxa iaypanpi

iv

tw? ImroTa^ 1747. 3-4; 2389.

iv

[xij]

Time:

.

iv

.

rpia rdlavra 3055. 7,

Tdv arzavra xpovov 1780. 18; 1781.

iv

*

to the

2-4; 1789.

7-8.

d) of Purpose: -opov [^5' eljasv iv oLto ('for this purpose') dnb TuJv C 295. 60 ; rou \^fTu'\.'S,3d?j)vO(t iv [r]cyv va6\_v ,

.

.

.

('for the temple') 3191. 2;

2418. 22;

Tr,\^Xil'j.a-^o^

.

.

.

('for the of the idea here treasury', though place may also be the 3055. 12-14. 'into treasury') present, e) of the Object of Feeling: ['^] ra'diq 'Op^ofisvcwv [7];r' napirav [^Elft^odoruj euvoiaq rdt iv auTdv 3223, on aCCOUnt Tp[^£^cfwvcw iv TOV ^S^r^fTaopov daptxou^

of her goodwill towards 5.

J

,,

^

,.

».

/

xzX.

du(/,

itself.'

^

i

The improper preposition ivavria occurs with the Genitive in the se-nse 'before', in two Manumission documents: dcfistrt Idcov ^ ivavTiu tw 'ArrxAuzLU) x^ rw At:6XXu)vo<^' 1779. 2-7; ^At\_C\i.v iktoOzpov ~a[^paxaT(x\TiOzTat

ouTa Td ff
['£']-tV£/jiov 1780. 10-13; 8ooTv 1739. 6-7.

ivavriov

is

ivavTia

rih

'

AffxlaiziU)

restored in iyyuiuv

-apd

ivavTi']uv

PREPOSITIONS. 6.

With Genitive only

f

^

iff^,

,

i

(;,

59

ix.

:

a) of Origin: -atddpiov rb ysvoixevov aoruJ ix ra- dpeizTaq 3301. 2; Tu [7:a£(J«]otov to i^ aurdi; 3313. 4; 7rp(i[^u^7rdp^w
283. 2-3.

b) of Transfer: vol ansypdil'avOo i
Once, with pregnant force: zu\ (2715-2721). (2721) without any verb. dTzzO\zi.Xo\dio^jTzq. iq [/5>v iv Tdyiia 1756. 2-4; 1749. 1-3. C) of Place: J/axsWva? il
i(T^

i^fri^mv

tHj^j

\J\
iizi^ei

Tiiiwv

2858. 2-3; BotwTcoq i^ 'Epxt>p[sva)']1130, Aoxpo^ iffq 'Ono£VTo^ 4136. 1; (to define more closely one's provenance, Arjddkw UepprjiSd^

i<;

(Pakdvva'; yptifniio':

iirrt,

xrX.

M

cf.

aTzo

a)

).

d) of the Agent (viewed as Source): rdv 6p6v

rav

.

iiti.

7.

I)

.

With Genitive: a) of Place where: rbv i-rti

iv tov

dsrdv

im tw

rdfu)

.

.

.

.

iv

Tuv opo']v

The second /a^a(J/>[w] ('upon')' 3170. 6, 9. approaches the sense of 'at' (
ruj

=:'on the bank'). in\ ra<; IliaToxkeTo^ rpa-Kiddaq 'at the bank' C 295. 172-173 (originally, 'upon the table', cf. 8td zpa-iddaq

C

a7r[«]za^u|aTai

ii:\

ru> fivd/xaroi;

('at the

\

\

which

295. 170, 'through the bank', in the influence of the literal meaning of rpdnedda present).''

,

is

less

tomb ')

1780. 19-20.

For the genitive Tjpui6L

2685, 2671,

v.

witli

ettI

in late grave stele inscriptions, as kwl

Dittenberger ad

b) figuratively, of

charge of:

n.

1713 and

Mvprug

n. 589.

the Sphere of Authority, 'over', 'in \ im twv lapibv 3303. 6; <^ik(uvo<; \

rb zaiu\_-q ru]

apyi)VT
2813. 2-3, a regular

formula in the Lists of Recruits of Hyettus (2809-2832) and Acraephia (2715-2721). So 4172. 1-2; 2390. 2. ^

Cf. fJTTt Tov bpov Tov £v T^ [A]ov[
1.

11 (Aovaiag is a stream or

spring). 2

Cf. Tuv fiev oIkol xpm^'^'^

.

.

.

ruv

J'tTrt r/jg rpanti^rjc bvnov,

Dem. XLV.

30.

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

6o The sphere

of authority with ap;};oi'rof is also expressed by the dative of of the people (as in the first part of this formula) or by the dative, usually of the name of the town, with the preposition kv (cf. iv

the

name

1) a)).

In 1739. 16:

dt'i

Botturwv (pepi/iBv

[eJT

im nohoq, the meaning

£?

obscure.

is

Time:

c) of

t^ri

Ssvoxpircj ^pyovroq

152, 175, 1-2;

It:'

.^>Oovroc

C

295. 23, 136-137, 1513054. 16; 1727. 1.

With Dative:

2)

a) of

Place (in inscriptions on grave-stones):

kn' ^Apiafjrodixat

*at

(the grave of) Aristodika,' lit. 'upon the grave' 3228, km Fnixiovt 2738, ^7r<£>'i TlpoxXt'd diii 3113, iiz' 'Ayeiaidt 2883, stt' 'Aystrnpivoi 2884.^ This construction is found only in early Boeotian inscriptions (written in the epichoric alphabet) and again in the very late inscriptions in the In all the intervening period only of the ancient style. KOLvri., by a revival the nominative

is

used.

Time:

b) of

V.

Dittenberger ad

'Aypcwviw

iiztvoq

'on the eighth day c) of Condition: i:
after

n. 589.

6y8[6'\7)

in)

Pixddc

3348. 1-2,

(upon) the twentieth.'

[ ra]^ onepafispca^ Xdc/'aTT] 3054. rd 9-10; dycpifisv lapd ypsiiiara xuvtj i
Ditt.

ad

.

.

.

.

.

.

loc).

With Accusative:

3)

a) of Place, 'to, (cf.

iv

2) a)

yl£/5a(j£[j«]v

toward':

and

i']rz\

irre) 3170.

10-11

;

b^

rav

'the road (leading) to Lebadea',

lil^m Xlfj'jpw.'cav 3170. 5, 10,

Tdq

rdv vpov 'to the

xocvdc; (jv^odw: xalio'jdt

C

boundary' dd^v rdv int

i(y)

t?,

6du

r/)

18; semi-figuratively: ^[r](

283. 6—7.

b) of Purpose: apyovro
Aepjuvi 579, Mvo/z' ek^ '0)l«y£[(']f5a<

1890 and

M

765

(critical

note on

/Li'

6 Trar^p

11.

2-3).

[e]ne6r/Ke 6av6[y']Ti 1<S80.

2(7/. Holleaux, Bull. XIV. p. 31. 3M. Holleaux's reading, considered doubtful by Dittenberger.

ad

loc.

Cf. n.

F. Ditt.

PREPOSITIONS. err.

8.

The improper

6l

eVre

preposition

occurs in the

sVts)

(Attic

Boundary inscription of Orchomenus, apparently once with the! rai T]ac/ Accusative and once with the Genitive: d-no [ .

rdq UpojSaffia-:

.

.

rdq llopnouXtdSoz 3170. 12-13 and 14.

xij

9.

1)

.

With Genitive

xard, zar, xay.

:

a) 'Against' (of financial obligations): rdq vvizepaixepia': rdq /.dr rdq izuhoq C 295. 157-158 ; Same expression, 11. 76-77, 1. 1.

32; also: [y^dv VT:z\_p'\aiitptdu)'^ rdy iojffdujv xdr rdq rokcoq Simi15 and ou-spa/ieptaq aq k'-^c xdr rdq -oXioq 1. 151.

larly

rav

dv

(T()uy)'pa
h/^t

xdr

noXefidp'/^wv

[ru)'/\

ibid.

58-59 (cf. 1. 20 and 3172. 149). 2) With Accusative 1.

:

a) of Place: xij xard ydv xij xard ddXarrav 3166. 7, a regular formula in Proxeny Decrees, dytpipsv /^pzip.ara .

.

.

.

.

.

xard -dffav •(Wpav 4136. 4—6. b) of Time: xdr htaurdv ixaaroy C 298. 42-43; xad' ixaffrov iviaorov ibid. 11. 51-52; xard pevm [ixaa]rov ibid. 11. 53-54. c)

'According

to':

a) of law:

C

xdr rd ^dipiffpa rut 3d,aio 295. 6-7; y-ar rdv \_diadeixav

rov ^oiio^

a regular formula in the

Manumission inscrip-

ffrdXav 1780.

ro>

Kw.ao!/,

tions of /9)

C

298. 11-12, 17-18; 4137. 5-6; xar [jldv C 295. 105-106; xar

.

23-24; xard

Chaeronea (3301-3406, xdr rd

of financial contracts:

.

.

cf. Std).

6p.6Xuyo\>

C

295. 26 {cf.

298. 31); ^o.aev [r]a ra[vra] xdr rdv aobyypawov C 295. 4S;' Tzparrwaaq .... xdr rdq ouzsl^plapepiaq C 295. 45-46.

C

y) of religion: dviOeuav

<5)

ovr(.va

u)v

This

.

.

xar rdv jiavrsuav

rpoTzov 3080. 5; xad^ 8v dei rcva

za(r) radrd de 1

.

rib

'A-oXXcuvoq

3207. 2; 1672, 1674, so xar rdv ixw^rziav 2724 c. 2; 2724 d. 2; C 282. 2; 4156. 3-4; 4157. 2; xard dk rdv didv 517. 2. of manner: xard p.-idiva rpdr.uv 3080. 4; 3081. 4; z]a6''

/car

C

295. 31;

C

disappears in Dittenberger's text:

aohvypaipov 3173. 148-149.

rponuv 3081. 5;

283. 5. 66fiev [/c]a7'

ai[ri] ai)[rw]i'

j

\

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

62

10. fie T d 1)

.

With

Genitive, 'with':

\t(ov nfdsfidp'/ojv jl.

22 sqq.;

xrj

tS>v

[dnodoij.e']'^

ypi(><;

xaroTzrawv Tiedd

C

t:

,

£

8d

.

a-Kidojxa

298. 5-6;

ra)[v] noXeiJ.dpyvr^

and Taq aooycpdipio TieSd Same expression, iMd.

C

295. 52-53.

In these expressions, evidently legal forms, Trfdd implies not only participation in the financial transactions indicated, but also joint responsibility, and is almost equivalent to in the presence of, and with the consent '

of

the polemarchs,

2)

Cf. our 'by and with the consent of the Council.'

etc.

With Accusative,

'after', of

6 ivcauTu-: 6 [xtrd duvapyo'^ clp-yovra

xa per' EulSutaxov

With

up-^^i

rib

ypovw

298. 40—41; rov ivtauTov, oartr

ap d)

y

Tz

dp.

Genitive:

Source:

a) of

C

time or order:

3391. 6-7.

o-pyti

11. (n

1)

C

xexopiarrj

298. 29-30

C

Tzokio-:

Eu^wXo': Ttdp ra? TroAtoc to

Sd'^ttov

xopid\dei^r-q Nixapira to dpyooptov Ttdp Tdq 295. 148-150; to ysvo/iey^ov nap rac nohoi; 3054. 11. ;

b) of the Agent (conceived as Source): NixapiT-^ Ttaptypd(pEi Tzdp UoXtouxpiTuj .... ovTzkp Taq izohoq C 295. 173. 2) also,

With Accusative, 'beside'

(after verbs of motion), 'with';

'along by':

=

' 'into their keeping, a) of Place (specifically, with persons or the like): diadr) psaiyylolov Tzdp Viftddav C 295. 147; so TO dfiokoyov to Tzdp di6
(c/*.

11.

35;

1.

36—37)

;

Tdv

auyypa(pu'^

7:a[paxaTa]T{0zTai

['£]-/rj,a«>,

ouTa

xtL 1780. 10-14.

,

tolv

Td

.

TeOe'irrai'

-dp Fc^iddav

<7aJ[/jt]a[ra]

Here,

too,

and rd?

AiwvuGur^ Tidrjpt).

ff()uyypd(pu)^

-napd

.

belong the fol-

lowing: rd? aouyypd
.

.

xifii-yw: Kap Eu
xij .

.

Tzap

C

298. 7-8 sqq. and 19 sqq. (xeipac, as passive of In these expressions, the verb is sometimes

omitted, being implied iu the case after the preposition d aonyypci.ifoz r.dp Fi(fiddav C 2'^'5. 121-122, SC. hiOet or xIttj. :

So C 295. 168-169; 3173. 16-17. Tov

41-44 .

.

.

lu the last

;

Tzdp

ar.oypdffeaOrj 8e ..

Ta T£ xaupaTa twv -pofid-w^, xt).. T.apptiva-^Ta xdp Tdv fiaripa 3083. 10-11 ;

Tuij.{av

.

.

.

.

C

izdp

298.

-appevl

Awuov 3083. 17-19.

two examples we

naturally expect the dative.

find the accusative with Trap

The usual construction with

where we should Tvafjuivu (a

verb

PREPOSITIONS.

63

of frequent occurrence in Manumission inscriptions) is the dative alone. These instances of ira/m with the accusative where -apd with the dative

would be more regular are probably to be regarded as showing the tendency to encroachment on the part of the accusative in late Greek, especially as used with prepositions, which finally led to the accusative's becoming a universal case with prepositions, as in Modern Greek. Many examples of this accusativics invalescens are cited by Geyer {Observ. Epigraph, p. 28 sq.) both with -apd and with other prepositions in inscriptions of about the

same period

Though

(c. 250-150 b. c.) with the accusative is occasionally found in the literature

as this

Trapd

after verbs of rest,! yet in nearly every instance cited, motion is distinctly implied by the context, and in the remaining cases, the idea is that of extension or nearness in the literal sense, so that they are not quite par-

use of irapd with the accusative of persons,

allel to this semi-figurative

after TiapafiEvu, a verb which has a strong aflSnity for the dative.

b)

A

peculiar use of 7:dp with the accusative occurs with the iTu8s\ /.^/.oiuazr^ Ev^wkuc Tzap raq -oXco^ to passive of d^ptO.uj od'^stov ana'^ out' dcptilezj) aoTu en obdkv nap rdv xij :

.

....

TtoXiv,

.

.

'and there

on the part of the

is

no further indebtedness to him

C

city.'

298. 29-34.

We should naturally expect the genitive with -dp here after bipelAeTTj as above after KeKo/iiaTrj, and as in irapeypatpei Trap Ilo?.iovKptTu C 295. 173, where r-dp with the genitive is equivalent to vk6 with the genitive after a passive This use of Kdf) with the accusative may, perhaps, be explained as verb. an extension of the use of rapd with the accusative to denote 'by reason "^

of,'

the idea of indebtedness being derived from that of cause, just as in we conversely get the idea of cause from that of in-

the Eniilish phrase

debtedness: "There city."

But

cf.

is

c) of Location,

laph

no further indebtedness to him on account of the

supra.

£1

'

along by, near

nap zd

[I'laplo;

13: ivrauOa ^v napd

rr^v

12.

.

.

' :

xarauxsudrTrj

3169. 9-10

.

(c/.

/.[pdva'^"]

Xen. An.

iv

ru

1. 2.

68ov xpr^'^r^.

TZ

s

p

i

.

With Genitive da'jsiu)

only, 'concerning': aoo.)u)iJ.ithtytiawJ\To -tp\ t5) 3054. 3-4; xaOoj- d ttw]/:- nepi ounov kd'a(fizra.\TO ibid. 1. 8;

TtdvTa n£p\ na\>z6^, 'all

absolutely 1

V.

3.1, p.

2(7/.

all.'

C

Kiihner ad Anab. 511.

Lutz,

Concerning everything'

= 'on

all

counts,

298. 34.

p. 153. 5).

I.

8.

5

and Kiihner-Gerth, Griechische Orammatik

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

64

t:ot,7:ot{, nod.

13,

With Dative:

1)

^

a) of Place, 'near':

Twv nod

doTU) ^AvTio^£'ia^

Aaixarpiw,

drjpaixivrjv

A-Kokkofdyfj^^ 'Adavo-

518. 3—5.

Adcp'^Tj

b) 'Besides,' 'in addition to': dofxzv aroOvypafov nor r^ uunap^warj oune[pa]/j.spi7j 3173. 148-150.^ .

.

.

With Accusative:

2)

'toward': "Opca Klw]mju))/ nor'

a) of Direction,

'Axpi^ty£'tal<:]

2792.

presence of:

b) 'Before,' 'in the

C

noTi zaT07r[Tac]

295. 38-39.

to

SXw/ia

npo'z

dnoXnyirraaTrj

with the accusative

the regular term in Attic prose for appearance or proceedings before a board of magistrates, as ri^v ahiav npoz Tooz Tptdxo'^Ta dntXuaw, Lysias XIIT. 75; id. XXIII. 13; is

Plato, Etithy. 2 A.

'In reference

to,'

arjTu nur\ dd;iov

2848.

c)

dfidvocav dtafuXdrrt

Itfsicuv

C

context

is

'toward':

.

2,

.

.

8-11; and in an inscription where the o6t£ nor rdv n6']Xcv ours nor lost: xi] [ y£ypa/j.;jL£va

rdv noXzjjLov, rov]

d) 'Against':

Twr; dff£J3c()VTa': to lapd\_v

'^povov

/

,

.

1739. 16-18.

in()[^Xifjiiov']

Boitorin

1)

v.

only, 'with,' 'together with':

fina nirrapa

incvo/jLta':

fixaTi, npo/Sdrw: ffohv

ijyu': /£tXir]<:'

15.

With Genitive only a) 'In behalf

rd\_':'\

nap£ypdc>£i nap HoXiouxpiTU)

C

dcaxaTirj<;

uunip.

7ro/[c]o'7 noXi/Jiap-^oi

unkp

noX\_iii\ap-j^o\^i'\

Nixapira':

Innvz

298. 36-40.

(in the sense of 'as representative

nap£iav uunip ra?

.

C

£lp.£v noTid£dop.iu()v

(Toov

^ou£(T(TL

:

of

aouv^(up£tdiv

.... -]or

2418. 1-3.

14. a

.

el/xsv

283.

rdv dpxdv

With Dative

eXe^e npo^s^wXeup-ivov

a regular formula in decrees; rdv ' d noXf^ H/oadevtrdfov nor rdv noXcv

.

C

.

ro[/l]:oT

....

295. 129 sg.; napzTav 3173. 5-6 ; Ncxapirr/

rapiiao

295. 174; {cf.

of):

C

xw

ounkp ra-

noXuii^

aXXo'; incwiprj

rtj

unkp

295. 114). onkp auToffauzcu dvi0£ix£ 3055. 9. S iniOwGav ounkp rdv oOn£pafi£pidwv C 295.

b) 'Concerning':

135—136; TO

C

r£

(l'd
ooro

xrj

rb

ounkp to?

295. 31. •

The text

is

not certain.

V.

§13. 6 ad

fin.

dno86(jio<^

THE VOICES: ACTIVE. c)

In rdv

re Goyypafov, av e^^duj'^xav ounkp

65 tcov ^psc/jArtov,

[^<)'\uTajv

the note which they gave for these moneys,' C 295. 19-20, the two senses, 'concerning' and 'representing,' '

are combined. 1.

1

§

The Voices. Active.

1.

The Future Active

kyyuw: duo meaning a \^dp'/d akXov 1739. 10. :

of

occurs with causative

kiifiaiviu

iffr

xaOiffrdei,

d^to'^^fpetia'^

dpyar:

i/i^d
2. The Aorist Active of dTtoSidtopn is found in the sense of 'pay back': oSr]a> d-iSo/xsv drro Tw xecpaX^io xrj d7r£:/i£ja[i'a/i£6'a, 'paid back on the principal and obtained a quittance,' 1737. 17, 14, 11. 3. The Active of xpdio is found in the sense of 'lend': 6'c

dpynupiov] ypeiai 4.

rrj t.6\_Xi

2383.

6.

The Active

Tw dpyupiu) apxovra

C

.

.

of «V/f"^ occurs several times: apyt roxcn ourw 1738. 6 «/0/£ TU) ypd'^cn 6 kvia.uru'Z 6 /xsza duvapyuv

.

;

298. 40-41; «>;^£t[v]

1739 ad fin.

[a]t)rd

Middle. 5.

Of the Direct Middle

i (f

d - T

o

fj.yj

upon,' 3201.

:

'

=:

to lay hands and regularly in Manumission inscriptions. fie]

7,

a few instances occur:

i^sliisv

p.stdsv\

iwdTrretrrr]

"azap-fj'. p£cvd~ Aaiiarpcu) oydorj lara/iivM 507. I5 509.

d(7T p

i

p-q:

(p

in tz {0£ p.7] ^TjvopTj: 6.

The

:

(7£/i]>tt)c d(7Tpi(ps.zrj

sTTtOspivu) zd) dd^puj

^yjv£[^czrj'\

.... 2849.

2406.

1.

7.

1.

2383. 16-17.

Indirect Middle

is

found with the following verbs,

often in a causative sense:

a[p ioj; '/rpioz d.nidioxa .... d'^eXupevo': zd^ (Touyypdcpw-^ 'I paid the debt and (took back for myself) recovered the notes,' C 298. 6 and 18 so t«v <j
OiffOvj -dp Fi^tddav C 295. wv itoOtiXezo nnOeiXezn Nr/.apiza Sixa, xij 295. 21.

6 zapia':

dition,'

.

.

.

.

.

.

—

=

143—146); xij chose in ad'

ypdipcj; aouyypa(fO'> ds ypd(l>a(T0r] =z' to have a Contract drawn 1737. up,' C 295. 143; [«]yra zd -/prjpaza dveypdi^'azo 'Ay ' 6; x£<paXd u>v d'^sypdi/'azo d Tzdkiz, 1737. 9; dve^/jd^'aro =: had re-

—

corded'

(cf.

d-Aypail'av xadujq

'they recorded how,'

etc.

C

i~oEi
295. 4-5

and 1737. 19);

zwv da^scwv^' dnoypafeadr),

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

66

=

C

298. 41-42, 47; Fi[/]aTifiTi£-: drzeypdcl'a'.Oo 'had ' 3067. 1; 4172. 3; so dmypdiliavrn . . . zd TdyfjLara 1750. 2-3, and the same verb in other military lists

'to register,'

themselves eurolled

h

.

(2809-2832, 2781-2789, etc.) ; t«7 br.spaiispia^ diaYpd4'aff0rj C 295. to get the record of the debts destroyed' (said of the debtor, cf. 8'.aYpd4'-q rdz ou7rep[_a/x]^pca': ibid. 75-76, 'to destroy the record,' said of the creditor). '

22,

duuXiddiu; 'to enslave'

i^sl/j.£'^

/jls)

p.scOs'A iipdTzrzffrrj iistdk xaradouXirTaffryj

(to oneself) 3201.

3083, 22;

7;

and regularly

=. in

Manumission

inscriptions. V d w. oTTwc xa xo/j.tzrdfjLevoc r^dv iXeoOspcav , 2406. 8, ' having recovered.' i-l di xa xo//;VJ[fkj]ri; Nixapiza TO dpyoijpiov ' when N. recovers the money from the city, ' ndp rdq T.o)M)q, /.

C

;j.

c

.

295. 148-150; xluiu-\d8lsy6-q ?.£iaivco: ourui

.

.

.

rd dpyoupuv,

aTtido/j.ev ditd rui x^eipaX.-qiD

—

x-^

C

.

295. 159-160.

diteXsi^a^.'dij.tOa

1737.

=

' 14 and 17, d;r£A££ava/j'.£^a obtained the destruction of a note,' i. e. a quittance (said of the debtor).

11,

same formula

ibid.

11.

Cf. the active itrhd'^t) (ixXscdvat) n. 3172= 'to destroy a note' after payment (said of the creditor), and v. Dittenberger ad n. 1737.

"«
....

^[""J'/Ja^fT

tcd':

dia).id>a(T\_Orf\

'the

-o/.e/j.dp'^uj':,

polemarchs shall see that the writs of execution are destroyed,'

C

295. 55-58. 7:0

dviypa(/'av xaOw-: inoeiffavOo rdy d-6(io(nv

iiw.

— 4-5,

rwv

Sa'^etwv

C

295.

= 'conducted'

(caused to be made) the payment Also rj Si xd nof the loan. 15. also 4, b) and 2849. 5-7. § Cf. 3080. 3081. claim to.' 'AOdvwM)^ d-yziTTou'iTf} 4; 4, 'lays case A of the middle of this verb is \j:pdrTzpdzrw. possible the in active the 49. Nicareta 3171. T£jr]7; Cf. inscription ino£C(Tai'do

:

(0 295, 3172) and TtOet/it: Ficptddav

C

Dittenberger ad

v.

cFouyypafov

de

295. 143-146

ypd(}'a
= 'to

loc.

...

.

xtj

OiaOirj

....

Tzdp

have a contract drawn up and

deposited with Wiphiades.' (pip

to:

Tov aritpavov

iTZ[a(pidduj:

vffzrrj

4136. 6-8.

iTzids} i-Ket/mtpiz-aTo

6 dd;j.nq

C

295. 11-12,

'

VOted

*

C/. the active, kTzz4'd
—

—

the same distinction between active and middle being observed as in Attic Greek).

As

Subjective Middle maybe regarded (T6i///?«AAo//r; zau l,To']v£[idko^0o h [r]()v vaJ[v .... 3l9l. 2; 3192, 'contributed' (from 7.

their

own

:

resources).

THE VOICES: MIDDLE.

67

Deponent Verbs. 8.

'command':

a'jayio iiTj,

ribv

-rapavrivujv

rii/a^£«,tt£v(o?)

2466.

6-7. t^eiXofi-q: 6 ^sdoiievo- 3080. 6

yivu X

!J.

apy

Tj

cv u

u-ozroc xa

fj.7]:

diofiTj-. Tui- dl (^i

i:

8 iy o

i)

5-6

o6z\ yivuTT) 1737.

:

(J.

Tj

'.

3081. 6-7.

;

3303. 6

Tzafiycvuuj-^Orj

C

;

C

295. 29.

283. 11-12

iMd. 7—8.

;

2858. 3-4.

dec;ii-^o'.^

iTZtd'^i^aaOT)

Tciiv

zd' aouyypd(fu)^ zd^

x't/iT]:

;

ypei/jLartuv

2iOG.

7.

C

-dp Eu(ppw^a

xiiiiva':

298.

6—8,

18 sqq.

Xdd 8 o

(=A d ^ u a i) taXiy o iMTj-. .... ij.ha-

8

ij

ij.

;j.

Tj

waze

'.

Xd88oi>ff6Tj

SialiyeadTj

3054.

6.

2410. 7 (fragmentary in-

scription). '

dizokoyiSSoiiTj,

reckon

' :

zo aXiUfxa d-nXoyizzaazTj

C

295. 39.

in two different senses, * to be /idvrj-'and 'to /la'^zeuo/xivw ['0]vy/ia(r-w 2723 (said of the god)

[xavzeuo iiTj give an answer nd fin., when 0. held the office of ijAvziq.' So in a series of inscriptions, 2723-2724 e. iiwjzsoaaixi'^io rm dzw xat dizoSovzo^ zdv ,

'

:

'

Ayaddv ^

X

£

[xa'^izeiav ;u

^ A «/zt;

2724. 2—3. ' ,

take care':

1780.15-16; 4136.

7.

ffzpaz£oojj.Tj: 294. 13.

zou

C

ypdofLTj'.

()[_68']az'.

Tzpoa-azzljiz-j

-pdzov

iiTzpozeuadij

ypsielffOTj [-ojrj'^u

auzwv

C

3169.

XTj

[_i:7:t],uikeff0at

292. 6;

C

293. 6;

8.

Passive. 9.

The

TToXipLapxo iffffeypdcpsv

Passive Voice occurs infrequently .

.

iv

1780. 10-11

.

86/xev

[rja

r^^eXzocpopaz'^

C

;

298. 33

;

-a[vra]

C

:

[dva]^za(7[^£]i- zb

295. 46-48; ibid.

2390.3; 2389.1—3;

\.

173;

T:a[^paxa.za'\zcO£zat

^[> r]ay xa ivsvtxdel. d dy
h

ouzo 3172.

150 {cf. § 13. 6 ad fin:) ; ir.'.iiiXz(7dai—oTZio- /is\ d8tximvdTj 3392. 6-7; zo\ 8k -oXi[iapyoi, kizi xa zo ipdifLffpa xoo\^p'\u)dei£i, dvypa(l
14-15;

yiypaizzTj

iTzeiffdei

Iw[.

.

.

529. 5;

3166.

9-10; 4128. 11-12; 1719. 10;

(in a fragmentary inscription) 3398.

5.

In zd (Tw/iupscdivza ypeijiaza C 295. 50, we find the Accusative of the Inner Object of an intransitive verb, made the subject of a neuter Passive Participle. 10.

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

68

§1 2.

The Tenses.

Present Indicative. The Present

Indicative in

its ordinary use, as representing a continued action in present time, occurs seldom :^ SfeiXi d TzoXtq out' ocpeilert) 1738. 4; ivzide) 'AOavrjuJv to! ^da/Kxrtot opa^/j.u';: 1,

.

in

auru,

xXeU

eific

4071,

.

.

C

3113, 593, 595, 599, 605, ITd, Kaydcpw ££

y.aXo'Z

4122,

.

.

'

Hyi-^-^io [.

.

.

~irTap']£':-

.

z]ovTa

.

— 'the

uut\

iv/ea'

sum

,

.

298. 29-34

C

;

283.

2849. 7-8; i7r<£>£ IJpo-

(T£/i]vwc d
9;

2, 4, 7,

.

ouOkv -dp rdv ndXtv, dXX' d~£)(i -Kavra

3969,

el/M

ytvory)

total is' ...

el/ic

(^dpy^(^oup^i(jj

(after a list of

.

sums) 1737. 5-6.

A

2. \ I

/ /

noteworthy use of the Present Indicative

found in the

is

numerous Manumission inscriptions (3301-3406, etc.)^ which have In these, the ordinarily the form of a dedication to a divinity. where we should is dwiOsiTt, used, expect the present, always aorist, dvidsixe, as in other dedicatory inscriptions

^ :

As^tTznw

ap-^

'

I

fiecvoc;

Epixaiiu

fidiaq

diibXaq

Tto'id/j.evo':

Tzsvrexrjdexdryj,

ZcutXav

xai

Aa;xdyeiTo<:

Aap-Uiv

did rcb auvsdpiio xdr rov

3406, 3081. 1

;

3082. 3

;

3083. 6

;

lapd';

Ka
rsT

Zapdrrec,

rdv

rar

dvdOsffcv

—

C

3301— 319, et sic Saepe 3199. 9-10 etc., so also, dcfktni vt)p.()v

;

Zdwv 'Ar^i^av iXeuOepov hw^ria rm A<7xXara(b 1779, 1780, or where the sense seems to require a future form as the apodosis of an implied or expressed condition A pyemia [^E^bpupsiX.oj

dp-(()VT<>^

d
^

^

:

apyu)

Bouim

//-££voc

TTevTexrjdsxdrrj,

AiouxXeli^

xij

KiuziXa

dvriffei'Ti

rdv

Pcdiav GpenTav, rj ovcuup-a ZwTzoupiva, lap[^dv'^ t£? —epaTzet, Tzapafiecvaffa^ ' aurel': a? xa !^ci)>Oc, C 320, provided she shall have remained with '

them, so long as they live (a frequent proviso in Manumission documents); ^['^J' '^' ['^f'] ^-c- Trd&et Eoroyor, Tza\^paxaTa\riOerai nura zd

rib 'A(TxXa~cu), xrX. ffto[//.]a[Ta] cvavzia

1780.

This use of the present tense is perhaps to be explained from the nature of the legal transaction recorded. In the case of immediate and unconditional emancipation, the use of the present tense might imply a continuous sanction on the part of the master of the freedom of a former slave 1

Owing

;

and

to the fact that by far the greater part of the inscriptions conwhich must refer to the future.

sists of records of past events, or of decrees,

2 In 3334. 1 the aorist is wrongly supplied by Dittenberger. The aorist occurs in some inscriptions in the nam/, e. g. 3376, 3378. In the Manumission inscriptions of other states than Boeotia, the aorist

is

used,

e.

g.

:

So C 21 and 'EKt:
'AviOeKe

C 22

(Laconia).

sion

documents of Delphi.

THE TENSES: PRESENT INDICATIVE.

69

in the case of emancipation deferred till the owner's death it would of course be necessary that his consent should be recorded before his death, i. e. in the form of a present dedication of the slave to a In this divinity.

would practically express only a present intention of an action to be really performed at a later date. The unlimited character of the present tense, as being, in a sense, inclusive of both past and future, would make its use natural in legal documents of this type. latter instance, the present

A

3.

somewhat similar employment of the Present where the

Aorist might be expected

Moyia didwTi za 3468,

is

found

an early vase inscription:

in

yuvaix} dmpov 3467. 1 (cf. Xdpef^ ediuxe Eu7:Xoiwvt

noi>j.avop':da-

fj.'

-iTzidiox^

2245, ante

a.

[is

350).

With this use of the present may be compared the use of the imperfect rather than the aorist of tteutzu and the imperfect eTroiei of artists' signatures.^ As by the use of these imperfects the personality of the sender or of the maker

is

made

to follow the messenger, or live in the

work of

art, in

a manner that would be impossible to the detachment of the aorist, so the present SlSuri may connect the giver with his gift as iSuKe could not. The ancient Boeotians were, perhaps, of the opinion of Lowell, that " The gift without the giver 4. 8,

bare."

^

Another Present Indicative that requires remark occurs in

financial transaction:

jisra

is

.... 1738. Piz'.a

kTZf^oiua^

6.

Similarly:

izirrapa

Epyoiiv^ioT

C

(J-pX-

ruj

dpyupiuj 6 ivtaurd': 6

Eh^diXo

TzondeSo/xivoy ypi'rMVj

el/ie'^

....

^

Swap'/ivj apyo'^ra

outw

ap'/c toxoj

Toi

ypoyu)

kvuioru'^

<>

6

psTO.

298. 36—41.

Here, the present apx' evidently refers to the future and is nearly or quite equivalent to an imperative. It may be explained as a present agreement as to a future act, or rather as the expreasion of a present obligation to be fulfilled in the future.

In the case of

all

these presents

{dvrtdscrc,

didmn, apyi)

it

seems

simpler to consider the action to be represented as merely brought to pass in the unlimited present, not as contiiiued or going on. In one instance, the Present is used nearly in the sense 5. of a Perfect, to express the continued result of a completed action,

— a-iyoj (have recovered) = 'am in possession of: EufiuiXo'i Tzdp

rar

£Ti oudkv

rd'^ tzuX'.'j,

iruXt

'

~dp

~oX'.i)^

to ddvetov dna'j

this

xyj

out

dXX^ d~iyi Tzdvra Tzep] rzavzo'',

zh 'iyo^ztz zd-: opoXoyia-'

Though

....

C

xij

k-:ds\ xzx6iu
298. 29 sqq.

usage does not occur in the Boeotian inscriptions,

§12. 12. 2

The conative

abro

dTzodeddavOi r^

signification, 'offer,'

seems here inadmissible.

cf.

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

yo

Imperfect Indicative.

The Imperfect

6.

6 (Jelva, in the

tense is always used in the phrase ki:eil'd
the presiding officer

is

given: EevaptnToj

apyjr^TO'z

'AXaXxo-

/j-bcvo':

^

/levio)

Tzerpddc

oltziovtoi;,

iTre^'a^r^^s

A-oXXodwpo^ Ka
'^/y/^?,

Ue^e, dedoxOrj roi 3d!xof C 364. 1-3; C 295. 8, 41 ; 504. 1 506. 2 ; 507. 1 ; 2861. 1, and in other Proxeny Decrees.

Boeotian usage agrees with the Attic,

505. 1

;

;

In this^

6 der^a i-£
This imperfect is probably to be explained as an imperfect of repeated 'So-and-So put to the vote' (all the motions of the session) i. e. was presiding officer.' i It is thus a little different from the imperfects of denominative verbs derived from names of officers, used in similar headings,

action

;

»

/cat dd/zw 'E^afof Ei;[f5d]//ov, sarpaTdyovt^ Hayja/)?;?, /crA. 105. 1 sqq. (Megara, 3d. cent.), [o 6elvn] kireaTdTet, C 156. 1-2 (C. I. O. 2d cent.), where the verb itself denotes a state of being

as kypafifidTEve (iovld

C

2483, Astypalaea, and the imperfect merely continuance in that state in past time. Boeotian inscriptions, such verbs, in the formulas of decrees,

always put 7.

ruv

(355-346

are

in the Genitive Absolute.

Other Imperfects are rare:

v\^Ttkp

In the etc.,

-u)

rco

l^apu)

B. c),

'

BeXfol.':

i/x

[

—h

to[v] -oXsfioy^

BouoTo\^i\ 2418.

l-oXiiJ.w.'

22-23

the war which the Boeotians were engaged

in.'

Future Indicative. 8.

The Future

Indicative, as

it

occurs in these inscriptions, in

documents, expresses an injunction and is with which it is somepractically equivalent to the Imperative, times coupled: ihxdrav de tntrir^Oi Tin l//[/3dvT£'r .... 1739. 15, ' 8i xd tj? l/i/Ja? .... iyr'^oi'Z those who enter shall bear a tithe rj

decrees and

legal

'

;

8uo d^ioy/peiia'^ xadtardti, Tzpor-^vi i/ift]dvTa

iv

iff^

d [dp/d uXXov, rov Se xrX. 1739. 9-11 ; r) Si xa STt

ip-lSdtn

ro Xeuxcofia ktrypdcln, (fdpw rov ^v r^

dcusc 'AffavoSwpa, ecffc 'A'ydptxo^

ri xa

Tzddec

AuttXw, ertira l{a]poq BaffiXe'io':

^^£1x15

'AOavoScopa, nap/ievl 'Avdpixo': tvv

iTTtpeXeiOetei

effToj

3083. 13-20;

rw vaw,

rdv (Tzifayov

xepiTTov Si xa

offTc:

vfferrj

6-8 (in a series of injunctions of an oracle, of are expressed by the infinitive). 9.

The Future

Indicative '

i(p'

(izpiar Xdipertf

3054. 9—10.

w),

is

1

(=

yP'''^"'-'

rui

57

8i

~"P

Jiu^ rut

(Hderai) 4136.

which the others

found once in a dependent clause

on condition that'

with ^^' v{=

yeypafxixivoV

Cf. § 12. 11

and

:

22.

tf'

h[

ra]? ur.epa-

THE TENSES: AORIST INDICATIVE.

71

Aorist Indicative.

The Aorist

tense, is, as would be expected, the most in these inscriptions. Its use is that of the ordinary factitive aorist, expressing a simple occurrence in past time, and without peculiarity. Most frequent at all periods is the aorist 10.

commoti

of ayariOetiit

wdOtut

in dedicatory inscriptions,

e.

g.\

daiz
Ka^ipot 2457 (5th cent.), so, a^Aetiv.z, 3671, 3607, 3738, 1793, 3091. 5, 3092. 2, 2230, 551, w^idti (probably aviOtixz) 3682, (all before 350 b. c), 1788, 2473, 2876, 3213, etc., wAOtiw^ ral r,n

=

Jdriarnt 1671, 1831, (before 350 B. C), so, (v^iO=.a-^ or a-AOEixa'^, 553, 2463, 3207. 1, 3087. 1, etc., aytOi-w^ 3211. 2, 2229 {c. 400 B. c). 11. The Aorist tXz^ ^ in the introductory formula of decrees

marks the 5e£i/a

ap-j^tr^-o^

hand

in

(l'd
M

transition

'

.

.

.

from the general heading of the day

(ra)

the particular

bill

i-£(/'d^idde

Eb^tOiw apyovro';

:

liawKria'-,

Met/.cojv

6

fjsivo'-

dsr^a)

to

Aafiarpiw oydurj

ItTrafii^io

rol

'Afpo8{zio sXe^s, dtdoj^drj

od/tot,

ize/.zX.

So 504. 2; 505. 2; 506. 2; 507. 2; 509. 1, and regularly in the Proxeny Decrees of Tanagra; C 295. 10, 42. £A£?c is also found in similar headings with a shorter preamble, as 3166. 3; 3287. 2; 2708. 1; or with no preamble, C 283. 1. So rh 4128. 1. (i]o6',s8pu Ue^av 4127. 2-3 12. The Aorist i-oeiffs in artists' signatures occurs several 938. 1-2.

;

times: raiizidsi-

1873, 2229, (both before 350 b. c), 530, 1130. The Imperfect does not occur.'

i-6ziffe

M

2471, 2532, 2729, 13. The Aorist I'Jole, in the formula IVJ^Is ml od;j.(n (2407. 2-3; 3167. 3; 1726. 1; 1729. 1; 3055. l),is less common than the

dedo/Orj dependent on the aorist Us^e (v. supra 11). Other Aorists are: sypatpav. ^petfidrwv aJv eypatl'rvj auz^ 3172. 138-139; and very frequently the aorists of the compounds of ypdfui, especially the middle and passive aorists, in legal documents: (J^jzypdil'ai}.z'j zo TijibkAu) 1737. 19; '^p-qiiaza ayzypdi^'azo ibid. infinitive 14.

iaatypdipt]rr^ h \j{\tlzoip6pa-: 2389, 2390, NrAapizri 295. 173, zuX u.-zypdipa'^On h TZsXzofopa' 2809-2832, TtapzypdifZi etc. d-idcoxa: ypio- d-iScjy.a C 298. 3-4; h-idopev 1737. 14 and 17;

6

11.

and

9

;

C

Utuy.s

3468, i-idwy.e 2245,

{cf.

§ 12.

3).

dTr^yvj^-v

{= d-r^veyy.ey.

iOail'w,'. 'I-T^dpayz a]-55'y£|£v[.J/]oV[/]«Tl737. 12. a^/7zs 2383. 13. ^/>cv 1880. 5; [i]-c^6ir^ze yi^pz- oozo; £^av''[«]^ -^^ 'Adavaiffzlrjl 687. 1

Cf. § 12.

6.

The imperfect is found in archaic artists' signatures though th.e aorist predominates. Cf. [UoA^vfiiSeg knoiee 2

of 6th cent.) and M. Homolle's note ad Gildersleeve, Synt. of Class. Greek, 213 n.

in other dialects,

hapyelog (first part loc, Bull. 24, p. 448. Cf. also

1.

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

72

^

ibid. 2-3.

k'/rratjs:

aTiSfTTeiXafie'^:

AiKpdkxsi- [sj^rai?' reo

0[[«]

fTU/xj36?.u)

roCi -/^.5r»v

iazpoTzuaOri'.

KtzoXut

i.-!:\

[^a]K£ffTeiXafX£v

C

iarpax-haOT,

iz)

yV

Aipjwt 579. 1737. 16.

«-fKJw[vrc-r

293. 6;

C

293. 6;

C

294.

13-14.

The Aorist

15.

used in dependent clauses where in English

is

the Pluperfect might be employed: izapy.a-aOeixav

«v

~ap

received from Pythion,'

33-37,

rpz~zb\jf\ira!; ray

Nv/jii^aiu)':

lUtoOiur^oq '

2420.

/.rk.

fixari,

8pa^;j.d^

eXajSsv

o

IlouOcrjoj^

sTtpa^e

Jd/iw^,

he had

the deposit which

etc.

Perfect Indicative.

The

16. iiztdii,

Perfect active occurs twice in dependent clauses after and so once the Perfect

in conjunction with present tenses,

The meaning

middle.

is

the ordinary one of the Perfect tense,

representing action completed in present time: ixTa07jxa>0i: evvota ix Tzpoyuvwv

i(TTC T7j TtoXi I^tipeituv 7Tpt)[^u^7zdp^oj
[z]aA? d xoXir

Taurd 8k

xij

rdz xovmi

i\Tz\i

8dp.ot,

xrX.

Hyoadevtrdiuv o-orrot xa

to\ 2Jf^£i[£]7

C

2—11

;

twc -apyv^ophioi

•

d-noSeSoavOi

Xzxopiffrrj,

EojSujXo^ Tzdp zd': KoXioq zb 8d<^ai(» arrav

....

.

zh

^TZiyop.io.':,

xzX.

C

The

SfioXoyiaz

298. 29-37.

.

/.t]

8ed6-/drj rtn xexdfitcrrr]

ouz' cxpsiXtz'q abz~j xij

d~ode86a'^dc

TtoziSeSofxivov

eT/z-sv

In

.

.

.

.]

^pu>ov

zrj

Euj^wX.u

oTrdzza TiapxixXeixe ab[zd<j

2406. 12, the immediate context is lost. Perfect passive oi ypdfw is used in the third person

6 Sdjioq 6 'Adavtjwv,

17.

xd{T^

'

zdg

£-(<)vze<;

.

.

s.T:t8e\

'.

xij

ezi obOkv izdp zdv noXiv, dXX' arrive Ttdvza Tzsp\ iravzoi;^ TZoXi

lt
-api\_u)~\,'6i

i-tdij

Tzpoedpiav

rdt ahrd^ rtpA-z ixzeOi^xavOi 'HyofrOeviTTj^

ffw^odiuq xaXiuvdi

283.

^v

xij

.

.

.

singular with reference to the settled provisions of decrees: ^y Tu] duyiiazt \_Yi^YP<J-'^'^'rj 1719. 10; [~«] uXXa -dvza, xaOd-sp xij zol^ aXXoit; TTpti^ivuq

xij

ebspyizTjq yiypa-ZTj 3166.

9-10; 529.

5.

In this conventional ptirase with KaOaKsp, in Proxeny Decrees, the verb

is

usually not expressed.

Pluperfect and Future Perfect. 18.

The Pluperfect and

the Future Perfect tenses do not occur.

Change 5

of Tenses.

19. An abrupt change of tenses occurs in one of the Manumission inscriptions: dvziOetzt x;^ xazifiaXs Spa-^p-dq . 3344. 2-5). 3303. 2-5 (C/*. d\yaziOrj<Ti ] xa\ xazijSaXe .

.

Here the a

sum

aorist,

of money,

V. § 12. 3.

.

.

.

Kareliake, denotes the single specific act of depositing while the present, avridein, has a more general force.

THE MOODS. Tenses

73

Other Moods.

of the

20. In the Subjiiuctive, Optative, Imperative, and Infinitive, the tenses are used simply to qualify the action, the Present as continued, the Aorist as merely occurring, the Perfect as com-

For examples, v. § 13. pleted, without designating time. 21. The Present has sometimes a conative force, as in y.aTadouX{d8s(()zrj et i
T£?

anybody

-q

8i xd

tries to enslave,' etc.

3198. 4-7.

The

Perfect tense in the infinitive SedoyOr^, which is regularly employed in decrees, emphasizes the idea of fixedness and 22.

permanence.

Tenses

of the Participle.

23. The tenses of the Participle express time relatively to that of the leading verb, the Present and Perfect denoting time The relatively present, and the Aorist time relatively past.

Future tense of the Participle does not occur.

Present Parti-

ciple:
.

.

.

C

dsduydy) to 3d/j.u

xo;±irrd!J.S'^ot

r[av kXeudspiav

For other examples, In

295. 24-28.

n. 3211. 2:

...]...

Aorist Participle: o-w^ xa (fikui 2406. 8—9.

diare/ucovd'.

v. § 15.

a-joptaa'. yopayur^zz.- 'nxdaayzsi^ A'.uy^baot. dvtdirwj,

the present participle

time relatively past.

used as an imperfect, denoting

yopayio'^rz:; is

Cf. the aorist participle yopaysiaavTeiz in

n. 3210.

The Moods.

§1 3.

Finite 1.

The only

Moods

finite

in

Simple Sentences.

moods found

in simple sentences are the

Indicative and the Imperative in their usual signification. 2. The Imperative of the second person is found only in grave stele inscrijjtions, especially yai p e (or yr^ p ^) farewell': Tcumv '

yy/ps

2089,

X^-V-P-l

A'speitriyo^ yjip-

2033, 'Apcffzo^oa yalps 2920, EudfjLspe

2952, 2042, IcDzr/pr/a /atps ayaOd 1704,

ol>zov

£aiffzirj]

3251,

etc.

.

.

.

'I--6;j.a'^e

yr^pe'

687, 2964, 3017, 3021, 3025,

This conventional expression, frequent occur in the early Boeotian epitaphs.

in

late inscriptions,

does not

so -pdffffe, in a metrical epitaph: KaXUa Aiy{(d)doio- zb 5' eu d?.X' Tzpdff^ff' oi] Tzapod&za 2852, and the aorist iffcdsffffs iffide^trds^

So

:

3225 (6th, or early 5th cent.

b.

c).

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

74

3. The Imperative of the third person is found chiefly in the conclusions of conditional or conditional relative sentences. It

occurs in the stipulations of the various forms of Manumission documents and in those of the Nicareta inscription. The tenses used are the present and the aorist with the usual distinction

between them, the present denoting a continued state or repeated

and the

action,

'AOdvwvv^

aorist a

xpol'ffTdvOu)

ru T£

6 lapeh^

zh tapdp^T]

xij

action,

momentary

nq

5i xd

rj

dvzir.ouiz-q

vvrtva wv Tponov, o6::£p8txt6vOio ddtx[^eT x^aO'

t:

e^t'ciXXo

3080.4

laps'isq, xrX. xij

Sqq.\

3081. 4 Sqg.] xovpioq

zb irouvsdpu aouXibvzer

xij

xij

£(TTU>

dap-iwovzeq 3200.

12-14 (so regularly in the Manumission inscriptions of Orchomenus). Cf. xij ru] (Toovedpu 8a/j.twv6io zuv ddixiovza 3198. 6; .

d[a.!iiu)vOu)

xri

,

.

rd 5e yevvrjOivza iq avzwv ihvOspnv 3377. 13

3199. 13.

8ouXa 3322. 11-13

.

eVrw zu

;

yevuixtvov

.

.

;

effffzioaav iTT\

8i xa

kffXtavdzw Ncxapiza xoiiid^deC\rrj Nixapiza zo dpyouptov Tzdp zdq, noXtoq,

rdq ouTtepa/xepia^ Vitpidba'Z

.

.

(tj

152-153)

(11.

.

.

.

xij

5j

8i xa

xij

rdv aobyypaipov d7r[«]5oT«> a. noXic; Nixapizrj zo

ar.odwei

jiti

dnndozio zdv ffooyypatpov^

ide'Xei

pa)

x(i)

Ft^id8a<:

150)

(1.

....

dpyoupiov di

.

x[^niJ.t^d8[^e'jfT67j

TtozaTTOzKTdzu)

.

.

.

xzX,

C

295. 148— 156j

Ncxapiza zo dpyoupcoy, dTzodozio (11.

160, 162)

xij

zij

ounepapepif)

axoopu vo hOio C 295. 160-165; C 298. 48-55; zo\ 8k izoXipapxoi^ iizi xa zb ^''ct^j^/ia xou\_p'\u)Otiei, dvypa(}>dvdu) C 283. 14-15 ; It:) 8i xa zskeuzdffei Eozuynq^ dn^^o^xapu^dzw

M

zib

^

pvdpazo'Z

ETzizipc;,

xzX,

here followed by the infinitive with imperative force). In the following sentence, we find in parallel clauses the future indicative with imperative force, and 1780. 18-21 (the imperative

the present imperative:
—

,

.

,

,

-dp

£TTiza

rj

is

8i xa ezi 8a>ei 'Adavo8wpa,

A'Apixbq

8i zi xa nddei 'A6a\/o8(upa, nap/ievl 'Ay8pcxd<; zdv Tzeptzzov

yj

!a\_pd<;

effzu)

— inserted

3083. 13-20.

Cf. n. 3082, parenthetically among the pro-

AcjiXov, e/TCza l[^a^pd<; dffzco

visions of a

'

el'^t

Manumission inscription.

The Present Imperative with p£ is used to express a Negative Command: Me) dizoypafpiadto 8k rJdova zCov yeypapphwv Iv zrj ffooyxwpdai C 298. 46-48. i

The corresponding perative force ibid.

1.

41 sqq.

:

aflSrmative expression is here the infinitive with imzd te Knvfiara tuv Trpo/Jdrwi', kt?,. .

'Anoypdfeadi/ 6e 'Ev[iu?.ov

.

.

.

TABLE OF CONJUNCTIONS.

75

Table of Conjunctions and Indefinite Relatives with Subjunctive and Optative. oTzco^ with the subjunctive,

3169. 6-7

2383. 16-19

C

283. 8-11

1780.14-18 oniw: ixsi with the subjunctive, onux; xa with the subjunctive, oTzwq xa with the optative, w? za with the subjunctive,

3392. 6-7 "

2406. 8-11 2406. 18

3467

de xa with the subjunctive: imperative or

Tj

3083. 13-20 bis

future indicative,

C

298. 48-55

3377. 11-12 3054. 12'

1739. 9-11 3200. 11-12

3198. 4-7 3199. 11-13 3201. 8-9

3203. 9-10 3080. 4-5

3081. 4-6 XTJ

xa with the subjunctive: infinitive with imperative force, /£££ with the subjunctive: imperative,

C C

298. 41-46

295. 154-159 3173.2-3' 5^ za) /I ££' with the subjunctive: imperative, C 295. 159-165 (t; oq xa with the subjunctive: infinitive with C 295. 142-146 imperative force, ibid. 43-51 (?) 1778. 4-10 (?) 283. 11-14 8<: with the optative, 7j

di xa

offTt? z a with the subjunctive,

«

«

"

"

"

1739. 7 participle with

3391. 6-7

imperative force, offTcq di xa with the subjunctive: future indicative, offTtq fiet with the subjunctive: infinitive

with imperative force, 1

Incomplete.

*

Incomplete.

4136. 6-8

3055. 5-7^ ^

incomplete.

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

'jd

oTvoTTix; xa with the subjunctive: infinitive

with imperative force, with the subjunctive: present

C

283. 11-14

indicative, <j7r«rr«? with perfect indicative: infinitive

C

283. 3-5

"

*'

with imperative force,

(?)

with present indicative: past

cJtto-toc

C

indicative, (?) o
522. 19-20 2406.12' 3167. 14-15

295. 43-51

xa with the subjunctive: future in1739. 14

dicative,

i-Ktxa with the subjunctive: infinitive with

imperative force, " with the subjunctive: imperative, irA di xa with the subjunctive: infinitive "

"

with imperative force, " with the subjunctive: imperative,

"

295, 28-30

C

283. 14-15

1778. 4-10

C

295. 148-151

1780. 18-21 iTz\

8i Ti xa "

"

"

present in1780. 10-16

dicative,

aw? za

or

d
za with the subjunctive: participle with imperative force from context,

2228. 4-6 3303. 4 3314. 3-4

3315. 5-6 3348. 4 3352. 6 1778. 1 1780. 9-10

aw?

z

a

with the subjunctive: infinitive with

I'rre zu;/

imperative force, with the subjunctive: infinitive with

3054. 7

(offTi,

iu}^

za=:

'until,'

1778. 1-4

with

the

subjunctive: participle with imperative force

from context, 1

Incomplete.

3343. 4

FINAL SENTENCES. Finite

Moods I.

Two

4.

yy

Compound Sentences.

in

Final Sentences.

kinds of Final Clauses are represented in these inscrip-

A. Clauses of Pure Purpose, and B. Object Clauses after There are no clauses with (iij after Verbs of EflFort or Care.

tions:

yerbs of fearing.

A. Clauses of Pure Purpose. Clauses expressing purpose are introduced by v t: ox; (once instance, the Optative).

w?) and take the Subjunctive (in one The final particle v a is not found.' 'I

07rw[?] h^w[^/\dt,

3169. 6-7;

do'/drj,

....

depending on xaraaxeodrTfj wv

OTZcjq

dtdoyOfj T]t5 ddjiu 2383.

x-q

a Tzultq

16—19

;

(frjvel^iTT]']

x^pdvav], after §£iuxra eu'^dpi[^ffro']^

oTToir u>v (payepov Iti,

on

rdv 6;xd-

voiav dia
rdwv

TToT

rdv rroXiv Zcfstujv, dedoyOrj

The vTZioq oTZUJiz

&ixa

nif}

C

283. 8—11.

occur once each with the Subjunctive: x\rj Xip.iva\_<;~\

dsdo'^Oat Tol dd/xv[^c

•/ aSav

Sdp.oc'

Particle za in Final Clauses.

xa xoixtrrdiitvoi t[

....

&q

xa and

rv'i

dcareXcoji'Oi

2406. 8—11; Moyia

3467 (Dittenberger's

text,

diduivt

fiXot \J6vTeq

za yuvatx) dwpov

Kaibel reads

x"-^^^'''^

an

adverb).

oTTw? xa is found once with the Optative, in an inscription where the context is unfortunately very imperfectly preserved, The final clause seems to depend on dedoyOat (after k'Xe^e at the

beginning of a long decree) 2406. 18. It will be

with wc

Ko),

The

:

]wv, o;rw? xa Siapivoi d ^[^tXia

nearest preceding verb

is

a present,

le]x'-

observed that these purpose clauses, with one exception (that are

found in decrees or resolutions of assembly. It may, therewith the subjunctive was the usual

fore, be inferred that oTrwf or biruc na final expression in formal language.^

And

the fact that in the only inscrip-

tion of a private and personal character containing a purpose clause, uf na with the subjunctive is used, may indicate that this form of expression was

more common ^

Cf.

and

in familiar discourse.

Weber's EntwicJcelungsgescMeJite der AbsicMssdise, Goodwin's Moods Appendix III p. 398, Meisterhans, Grammatik, p. 253.

Tenses,

^ 077wf alone occurs three times, ottw? Ka only once; hence it is probable that Boeotian usage in formal documents diflfered from the Attic as seen in the Attic inscriptions {v. Meisterhans, p. 253), where bnug av with the subjunctive is almost the only final expression in the Classical Period.

j

BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS.

78

In the single instance in which oiruq Ka with the optative is found in a purpose clause, although the context is not clearly preserved, the clause appears to depend on a primary tense (v. supra). Hence, the optative with Ka must here have a potential as well as a final force.

For

somewhat

this

Goodwin's Moods and

rare final potential optative, cf.

Tenses, 329, 330.

Object Clauses with

B.

ottio'z

after

Verbs

of Effort or Care. Object Clauses with

6' tt

found after in fiiXeffdai and

ox? are

t

take the Subjunctive. The negative is !J.ti. ative after or. m does not occur. our\_u)q 5]!

The Future

Indic-

Tzpoffzarelfiev

auTwv

<:

xij

[^tm'^/j.iXsffOat

an

.

tw

ost, iv

.

[oJTrto^ ^efisia el a!)[ro]fc « i^euOefi{a,

xadd Euro^oq

anavra ^p6->ov 1780. 14—18.

=

In the (subjunctive, y) is the reading of Meister and Dittenberger. text of the inscription stands e(//, defended by Larf eld as a form drawn from As the final clause depends on an infinitive with imperative the KOLvij. el

meaning and therefore future, the optative, eh], seems inadmissible, unless could be explained as due to the influence of the verb in the clause introduced by KaOa, which is presumably in a secondary tense. it

imtxiXeadat

—

onioi; fie) adixiwvdr)

II.

Conditional Sentences.

The only form

5.

is

scriptions

3392. 6-7.

of conditional sentence found in these in-

the Future Condition of the more vivid form.

The

introduced by rj di xa {=ai ds xa) and has the Subthe apodosis has usually the Imperative, sometimes the junctive, Future Indicative with an imperative meaning. Negative conditions are introduced hj ij 8 i xa /le or, in one case, apparently, is

protasis

i

by

/jt

£

t'

alone,

ij

Si xa ere

dcusc

efrrt

'AOavodwpa,

'Avdpcxoq
8i ri xa ndffei 'Adavodufpa, nap/iEvT 'Avdpixdq rov KspiTTov ^povov 7^ earoj 3083. 13-20 ; rj di xa. tk; [TzparreC^TTj Tzdp Aw'Uov, enira l\_a']pdq ,

.

.

.

TO ivvofiiov Eo^wXov, 6(p£tXir\_uj d rai^Xic^

toxov (ftpiru)

xjy

spTtpaxToq icrrw, xrX. C 298. 48-55 ; ei 8i xa y£vvd(7£c loupiva ert Zuxra': llapOivai;, zffTU) to yevoiievov ikebOepov 3377. 11-12 \ . . , xa

xij

intypd^'et

ypafov

3054. 12

(context lost)

xij

rd?-

idiXec 'x[^op{^88^e^(T0r)

ffouyypa<pov

.

h

;

5j

Si

xa

pe) dnodioet a tzoXk:

dnodoraj rdv couyyzypappivo '^povo, dd xa) fiel xrX. C 154-159 295. ounepapepiaq, ; (j;

Nixapirrj ru dpyoupcov

...

xij

tl>

.

.

.

Nixapira ro dpynup:ov, dnoddru} TzoraTzuTtffdTio

obntpapepiyj dxoupb vu hOu)

C

Nixapira 295. 159—165.

tyj

noXi

Ftyidda<; rdv .

.

.

.

xij

rij

CONDITIONAL RELATIVE SENTENCES. 7]

6e Ka has here

79

been omitted either through tlie carelessness of scribe or it can be supplied from ?} Jt' ku cnroduei d n6?,i(, a jlieI

stone-cutter or because

few

lines above. The omission is the more remarkable on account of the length of the preceding sentence. It can hardly be supposed that /lei alone was ever used as a negative conditional particle, although such a use might conceivably have been developed from a primitive paratactic construction :

Let N. refuse to receive the money, then W. shall return the note. [^ di xa] 7J

8i xd

d [a/J/a

ip-iSdrTt

1739. 9-11

11—12;

y)

yj

;

....

dr«[rfffarw] dtnkaffiav 3173. 2-3; duo iyYuw: d^co'\/pscia^ xaOtardec, em; ap-j^a; tov ds 7zpoTTj\>\ i/jLj31^d>Ta iv to keuxioiia kffypdiln

8taypdi/>e'.

;j.e\

Tci; tiJ.^a<;

a?J.0Vy

8i xd Tcq i^dTrracrrj, xvpux;

Si xd

Tt-:

Gofr.tdpo daptrnvdco rdv adixiovTa 3198.

3203. 9-10; •aJt/feT

3204);

{cf.

x'\ad^

ovriva

lapeit-, xrl. 3080.

earw 6

3200.

lapeh':, xrX.

xaradouU8d£(^t.')Ty) e? icpaTzreiTTj,

luv

4-5

i]

ru]

Si xd re- a'^rmou'irri 'AOdvwvo- el aXXo rt

ouxepdixtovdw so 3081. 4-6. rpoTTov,

;

xij

4-7; 3199. 11-13; 3201. 8-9;

xij

Tzpo'iffrd'^Ou)

ru re

In one conditional sentence, the protasis is introduced by x (by crasis, for xi) Tj xd r tv a'): 'AnoypdfSffOrj de Eo^tuXov rj

X d T IV a

xdr iviauTov ixaarov izdp rov raiiiav Tzpoj^driov t(ov0c

xij

XTj

TO

-^ycbv

TtX.e'ido^'

The

time).

rav

tolv

xij

C

fiouaiv

Z5j

rdv vofKovav rd re xaufiara rmv

xij

rdv

Irnziov

xij

xd riva

affafia.

298. 41-46 (a general condition in future

here formed by the infinitive with im-

is

apodosis

perative force. III.

The

Conditional Relative Sentences.

clauses are introduced by the 6 t: 6 tt oi; and the relative and pronouns adverbs of time ^ rr c'(= iiz e {) and aio ^. They nearly all belong to the class of more vivid Future Conditions and have in the relative clause the relative with xa and the Subjunctive, and in the principal clause the Imperative or some equivalent expres6.

sion

o c,

louyypayov de

:

relative

conditional

relative

S ypd(/'aff6Tj , tw dpyoupioj twc TtoXeiJ.dp'^w: ' Nixapira C 295. 142-146 ; EpyofMeviajv xij iyyobwq, &^ xa Soxijidddrj xa d uxTTCvddp'^d [^d^jxc/idddei 1739. 7; r:apiyyuwv ivavT^ov duolv, ^ jiecvaffav rdv iviaurov, offTt^ Si xa £/jt]c£ 5—7 . , . . intixeXeideiei xa /iet' Eb^otaxov apyec 3391. 6—7;' vaib, tov aretpavov uaer-q 4136. 6-8; xij offTt^ o(Tti^ iv Tpia TaXavTa 3055. avT{0e[^CTC ...].... ypafip.ev auT[_dv^ uitoTTOt xa TzapyivuiuvOrj Zi . ' ; iDittenberger: 2 tw The participle tive force. (5ow/idJf5[£<] 3172. 68. nap/xelvaaav, expressing a proviso, Cf. § 15. 4. e). has an implied impera- BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS. 8o a? datZoi u TT'J^AJtc, onap^i/iev aorol^ xaOdnep xtj ro?c TZuXiri^q' 283. 11-14 (a future general condition); Seda^OTj rd ddixw rcbc dufftaf^, C C XiOi'^av, xrX. xa int KoXeiidp-j^toi^y rd <^'d^C(T/ia 295. 28-30 ; to) 3k xobptov 283. 14-15; \_p']uiOeUi, d^Ypa4>d^^0oj ffzdXav iv acfypdiln) yi-^eirrj, TZoXipapy^ot, ini xa to ^ct^jff/jLa xou" di xa [r'jeXeuTdffei i:z\ Hdwv, ' tXeuOipav sl/iev A[_~^oXX.odu>pav xij ayf^J-a^ov, xij ve/j.ipe[^j Trp'^offraTav ' AiT„lXXodwpav liy xa leiXet'] 1778. 4-10; ^TTt 8i xa zo/^t^[5c-£]-r/ Nixapira to dpyoupw^ -dp to.-: tzoXio'^, kaXtavdroj Ntxapdra Td<; ounspafiepia^ C 295. 148-151 ; ^TTt di xa rsXsurdffet EvTuyoq, a-[o]za- pu^droj eupec, i.~\ To/JL TU) iivdp.aTO': 'Etzctc/jlo^, xtX. TipoTTjv) Nixapirai Tzapyevofiiva'- Tuv TtoXtv . kfi^dvTa . . 1780. 18—21 xij ; oaoc'] to [Xeoxwixa iffypd iv Biiuvor; Bet(n:ixd\_ tu [ava]y'xa TzoXifiapyu xa 14; [//jfoi' iTtcdel izpaTTwaa'^ to ddvecnv 6 xij Tap.ia'Z ffouyyw- xaT Tav ffouyypa^ov, (d^TTOTzrj \_T^d 7ra[i/Ta] oundpyioarj oui:£^p~^aiJ.epirj i\_-'Ti, rjav xa ivzviy^dil d dv<popd iv ouTOy C 295. 43-51. 8sd6x0rj TO ddpLu pziaavToi TU) dd/icu So/jlsv ' The text in this passage is doubtful. Dittenberger reads: 66fiev [/c]ar' avlrojv aovvypa(pov nor rfj ovnapx^c!?! 0V7rE[pa]iuepl7j, e[v r]dv Ka ivevixOel a avcpopa iv ovto 3172. 148-150. But ovTrepafiepla is not used elsewhere in the aii[ri'] singular. Simple present relative clauses 7. au[Tdv 6 are: JoTrdrra TzapxixXecxt where the conclusion is unand the conventional phrases: raXXa r.dvTa o-KozTa xij tu-: aXXw: TTpo^ivu:, 522. 19-20 (in a Proxeny Decree, for the usual xaddTzep tDc aXXuz, sc. yiypar^Ti] elixev, depending on the infinitive 8d;jio^ 6 'AOavrjwv 2406. 12, certain; with imperative force), xij rd u/.Xa C-KOTTa [x]ij tu'z aXXw: 3167. 14-15. In the following sentence there 8. is an apparent anomaly, in having a Present Indicative as the conclusion of a more vivid Future Condition: i[rc\i- 8i [rQxa ndOei Ei)Tuyoc,7:a\_paxaTa']TiOETat oura Ta ^ ivavTta tu> AaxXavAw -o.pd \^ E^-iTiiiov Zapiyoj ^ z[ry] Zd/xtyov auTWv xij {^xij^ KaX.XixpdTTjv liTZilaeXeffOat, xrX. E~iTi[j.\^ui\' «Sr[wc ^js ~poGTaT£~ip.£v 1780. 10-16. to be explained by the reference to the future which was, by custom, implicit in such present indicatives as irapaKaraTideTat. The slaves to be manumitted are noio entrusted to Epitimus, etc., in order that when This is Eutychus dies, they shall be free. Cf. § 12. 2. Clauses introduced by the particles awq or dc (=rswc), and errs (z^eVre) present no peculiarities of construction, as 9. 1 Dittenberger: /co/it-7f[(]-^ 3172. 71-72. THE INFINITIVE. 8l the particles do not occur in the sense 'until,' (except once ? wt), in the sense 'so long as' are construed like ordinary conditional relatives. The examples are all of the more vivid future form of condition, with a conclusion formed usually by a Par- and having the force of an Imperative: Ebavdpidaz UaacxpcTa ticiple AwTtupay 'Ap-dfX'./Jt EUsids(-q (sc. d'^TiOsvzi) lapdv slps'^ -a[p'];j.si>a(Tav xa diOiovOc EuaudpiSa^ xij llainxpira 2228. 4—6; dwiOstn. lapdv aujc .... daauru ~apaiiei'^a(Tay 'Ac'pixh.Tta'^ dq, X(x ^(DurjOi 3303. xij yoo^^^r^x^i ri^ So d' z[a] (6n 3314. 3-4; aw^ z[a] 4. 3315. 5-6; dc xa ^mti 3348. 4; a? xa 3352. 6; [. "^Co^^di . . awe] . . . , ^(DuivOi xa. a[w- x^a S^tu'^si 1778. 1-4, STT£, 'so long as,' occurs once with xa> and the Subjunctive, after a present infinitive with uxtts following a past 8(ht'., [zou^joi'] xTj tense: err; zav £T//,£i/ dojzt 3054. eujc; 10. £ M q '"HOaj>^a \-i-y)}J.<)du>pa^ 7. meaning 'until.' in the sense 'until' occurs once with xa and the Sub- junctive in a clause depending on a Participle, after dvrideirc, with the force of an Imperative. Expectation is implied. .... E'j(Uo6dap.oq 11. One [_d-^TLOecrt^ .... £u><; xa yajieiast. conditional relative clause 3343. 4. of the less vivid future is form, having the Optative in the condition, which is dependent upon another conditional relative clause: ottottoc xa -apyLvnu}\>dTq ZifsitDv i\> rac xoi^dq Ouaiaq, a- daf^ot 283. 11—14. roli; TZoXtrrj^ a. -o[A]!^, onap^ifjLsy aurolt; ' xaddnep xij General Conditional Relative Sentence Present Time. Of general conditional 12. example, having and in sentences relative the relative clause x in there is one a with the Subjunctive in the apodosis the Present Indicative: iv Tzposdpcav [zjaAf ' oitdrrot xa Hyoffffe'^CTatu:' Kapi[^(u\'./0t It d Tzd^iq §14. A. The The Infinitive. Infinitive in Indirect Discourse. 1. This construction occurs only in the following formula, in the heading of decrees: 6 dtlva e).£^£' r.po^zfimXzoiii'^ov fqizv abxh ran rdv dd,a,>, 522. 6-8; C 283. 1-2; C 295. 9-11; 512. 3; 1728. 1-2; 1730. 4-5; 2848. 2; 2849. 2-3 (all c. 230-150 b. c). • The whole expression, — npo^ejiuAEvuEvov dauov is often omitted, and 6 delva used, followed directly by the infinitive with imperative force, 6e66x^>i ~oi 6auoi; so regularly in the Proxeny Decrees of Tanagra. k'Ae^E alone is BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS. 82 The B. As object, the Infinitive is used with verbs which imply the like: (>; oi xa) ij.s\ kdiXet x[o/aj']oo[£](7^7j 295. 159-160; l will, C Discourse. Infinitive not in Indirect iwimr, and . . 46—50 . lne(}'afirzar() 6 dd;io'r dnodo/iev Nixapirrj Biiuvog rov rajuav ; aurav a o kniOcoae Siaypd^'aaO-q [no']Tifiu 3169. iroXiq C . . . . . . , xij tm^ nokeijAp^wz 295. 11-22; oiziur- s^tw^ffc . . aveXiad-q ... . . . . . . . xij o\_ud']aTt ^petelffOrj 8. As subject, the Infinitive is found chiefly with the imd oxei, in the form 8 sd uydrj, 'be it resolved,' in decrees of assembly: 8ed6y0rj ru Sd/iu .... xaraaxeudrr-r} x^pdvav'\ 3. personal verb 3169. 6-9. atT C . . rin aq So probably: rjpl(T\Orj 1719. 7-8 (c/. iv tD] indrroi xa irapyivixovdrj ddfioi' d 8atZ,ot 283. 11-14. Decrees: ....]... 7ro[/i]j?', ^v r^i? dpyr^pzai-q'z doy/iart {jilypaizTrj ibid. . UTzapyiixev aurol'^ -Kpziiuv xaOdnsp Iv rdq xtj ro'i'z 1. 10). xov^d^ noXcrrjc:' So in the regular forms of the numerous Proxeny deddyOf} toT 8dpoi ^uj(Tij3iov Aioaxopidan 'AXe^avopela npd^evov ebspyirav raq -oXioq 'Epyo/ievciov xij el\^,'i^ev auru yd':; xij fuxia(; litTzaaiv^xxX. 508. 3-6; 504. 2-3; 505. 3-5; 506. 3-4; etc., 2708. elfiev xij 2-3; 3287. 3. So, apparently, also with the impersonal verb del [s]? Bocwrcuv (pepipsv £? 5£?: dexdrav de ol'ffovdc ru] ip.^^dvre'; .] . . ^m -KoXtor; 1739. 16; xara8ooXirra and with e <7 ^ s (T r 'Avdptxuv fieiOeyi 3083. t (^e^effzi^: ij.s\ ifTff£tp.£v di: 21-23; 3198. 3-4; 3201. 7-8; 3199. 11; 3200. 9-11; 3203. 7-9; 3204. 12-14; 2228. 7-8. 4. The Infinitive is used (as an indirect object) to express ' t,' dedicate ^iXi-rjpoq 'ArraXw nepyapthr; purpose, after dvr {0 e c ^povov 1788, 1789 : ,u. dvideus rdv ydv r^c Mmarj'z r^c '^EXixwvtddsffffc lapdv elpsv iv rov Tzdvza Foxizaq loopov xij 1790), 3201. 5-6; and SO frequently in the Manumission inscriptions, 3198. 3; 3080. 1-3; 3081; 3083; 1781. 1-4. Once the infinitive is so used without d>riOeqj.i or any main verb dvrcOs'^rc {cf. rioq ftSicuq Soup\_i'\vav lapujq elfiev expressed: Eua^dptdw: 2228. 2-4. elpev 5. The Infinitive is ffouve^wpeC^ffe ware The absence of exact force of IJafrrxptra found once with Xddi^ouaOrj 3054. a complete context Lyare Jw~npav and the 'Aprdp.[5c u> re: xij ElXetdeifj lapdv aurdq [Fava^iwv 6. makes it impossible to determine the infinitive here. 6. The Infinitive, with subject-accusative, is used with the force of an Imperative of the third person, especially in decrees So most frequently with the formula or other public documents. THE INFINITIVE. 83 dtd6x0ri,^hQ\i resolved': >h56x0rj r/) ^wXij 3287. 2; dedoyO-q ro'i 283. 11; 504. 2; 505. 2-3; 506. 2-3, and regularly in the Proxeny Decrees of Tanagra, etc.; 8to6yOri rvq (rowidpw: xij ru Sdfun / Jaf/jiu] 2708, . . . a-o86!iv> rav tzoIiv 'Ep^ofjsviwv Nixapirrj .... dpayfidr; 2. -ouy-fpaipo'^ ds ypdipairOrj rib dpyoupiio rw<; [ioupia<;^ xr).. OiaOrj iiE(TiYY\u'\o'^ izdp Vt XT] These infinitives ^'Epxo/iev[_f\uv 1. 124 document: ibid. VdAtof, kaT^iavaTu) 'NiKapera, at/, Tov Ss Tariia/^ dyypdil'ri to fx;\ep{a- 6^o'ko[yL^a "NiKaper?/ . . k/) . rr; tt6?u In the remaining clauses of the contract sqq. Ithe imperative is used: ^'E~l tU Ka C -oXspApytuq 295. 133-148. C . . be somewhat influenced also by the substantive may ofiokoyia in the title of the ibid. . * * KOfxi6[^6(i]r7/ 148 1. 2849. 14 (l'd 295. 75-76; «>;^^f[v] S' 'NiKnpera to apyovpiov nap Tdf sqq. dcaypd&rj rac (>u-ep[^a- ; 1739 ad fin.; [a]^3ra xij van- am\_o'/^ Iv zpia rdXavra psiOe'A- xazadoukirraadrj, xrX. 3198. 3—5; [/ijs'i xaraiSsiSdwv dv-iOi[^CTC ...].... ypawipev 3055. 5-7; C 298. 36-37, 41-42. This construction occurs frequently in the provisions of Manumission inscriptions, as avriOs^vn rdv fidiov fuxirav 'A-o?.AU)vcov lapov elfiev . . . xij and 3201. 7; ka fie). Manumission inscriptions of so regularly in the Orchomenus, 3198-3204; iJ.e\ iaffeiiiv^ Sk dSutiffrj fj.tt.OvA (at the end of a Manumission inscription which has no main verb) 2228. 7—8; ds iit\ Xetrwpyliizv kaffe'iiiEv h r^? doaiTi^ 3083. 21—25 5[cu]£r £-£ Si xa 1-10; 'AffxXaTtcuJ xij [xobptov] [^T'\tXeuzdff£t xij d\/\^i^7:a 1778. '/zfj£,a£\_v e][itv iXsuOe'pa'.^ 7r|o]o Tza^paxara'^TiOsTat xapd ['^J-iVj/ioy uvza ^afit^tu * rd . . p. 19, n. 10. [^diXei] havria rib Idjuyov [z^] AaXXixpdzTjv auzwv xij ^i-i^/iiXeffdac, xzX. Jcw'/ou . . . xij 'Axpyjcfta z ' . . . A-6XXw/i xazayysXXi[isv 4136. 1-6,^ dyipijisv contain the answers of the god. Though xa o]i' ffm\_ix~\a^ra\ .... 1 x']a . . . zaJv dvze- examples of the imperative-infinitive occur in the avdipLSv elliptical. a[wc x[ij^ oracle-inscription, n. 4136: KaXXixXiSa': , 7rave/.£u- slptv 'A[^7:'\oXXo8c6pav 'A7:o^X/.o8(6pav o3t[w? 5]e TTpoazazelfiev 1780. 10-16; ir.tixiXsaOat 8s zov lapsla zw 0s(_i)p.ivwv 3392. 4-5. J\ [at)]-r(n? H0w>\_a 'A-']u?.X()86pa<; "HOatv, 'jE7r£T£'/jt[w] Several 8k el.iJ.sv ; " Oepiav 1780. 6-7; xij 8h xaradouXirTaadrj 'A'/8pixov fietdvA, 'Avdpixov d'^d>yscXs . . . xtj AsndSsia'.^ roi /js). dSixTpsM where the . . appears to depend on avdvyeils, the expression is really M. Holleaux's commentary, Bull, de corr. hell. XIV (1890) Note the contrast between the aorist, avdifiev, of a single act, avdijiev V. . infinitives] and the following presents, ayipefiev, KarayyeXXeuEv, of a process. BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS. 84 §15. The A. The Participle. Attributive Participle. 1. The Participle is used attributively with substantives with the article: 1719. 8; a ffzadeltra r]«(^ (Too>aydei<7a^ rt/jiac . apya tov s.\n']\ yeypafi/iivoc . . . . . . 3170. 1 ; h Tlie 1739. 12. y\_p6vot . . ru ye-^pafifiivu '^povo C 295. 155 ; h rol Participle more often than The article is then either placed before the noun and repeated before the Participle or used only with the Participle: h ru ypovu to Yeypaij.ii.ho C 295. 159 {cf. otherwise follows the noun. SUprcC) rav ; 6!j.u'^ina'> . . , -dv ix zaiv Tzpayovajv —apdoOslffav C 283. 298. 6—8 and 8-10; rd^ Gouy-ypdifu)^ zd- /.(.jj.iva'; -rdp EixpptrMi 18 55'§'.; zo \T:a'.dd^pu)v zo i^ anzd-: 3313. 4; Tzatodp'.ir^ zd yevdjievoy auzw h. zd': OptTZzdz 3301. 2 (fupuv zov i\/ r^ Oeurj yeypapfiivov 3083. 15— 16 T£[i Ui^pdpyri zo r/t dvzizi()V^yd-^(r^ze<; 3080. 5—6; zb lapdpyrj zo r;i Impyji iu'.zz- 3081. 6 {cf. 3084. 4-5 and 3085. 8). ; 5 2. The Participle with the article is often used substantively: dffefiitr^za'- zo lapo[^^ 2418. 3 (355—346 B.C.); ypB.iniii.d'z To?c dt dstiJ.ivoi^ 2858. 3—4; zu ttJot rtbc i(TTC 2406. 16; r^ [^06[o]y[T]£c t[> r]D Ahdty{o 3169. 7-8; rww aUwv 6 ^ed6fi£vo<; 3080. 6; 3081. 6-7; 3198. 6; (cf. 3084. 4-5; 3085. 8); 283. 7-8; zb in' [auryj^ zo)^ napycvofiivw: TO'./ d<^ixii)'^za 3303. 6 (c/. 11-12; 6 3198. 6—7 zo xazifiaXz 3354. 9; 3344. 5; 3307. 6); i!i^d[- z^dy ydv 1739. 5; dexdzav dk inan'/di zin afi£pcdu),> ; 295. ^/^[/Jfiti/Tec 174—175 rd.v 1719. 3 ; Sa;xtd)'^dw dpayp.d^ Fixazi d-.r,xu'.[zio]y npozr^'A zo/ji 3059. 1739. 14; ip[id'.za zo ffow/ywpttOh zd> ooTzepxazaXsKpOsvzs^ iv zol Iletpal^eu 1739. 15 rr/i] ; oyze[_': yivioijp.v^o'^ ; 2406. 2; twc] Sk elpsdivza^ 1719. 9; zd Sk yewrjOivza t^ aozaiv .... ztn d-eiX6zi(r^\_ze zdyij.a 1748. 3-4; 3392. 6. z'\(hv 2383. 5; d-s{l. Twi/ dvzs:0£(^i)!J.ivu)v 3. The Participle is sometimes used substantively even without the article, in both singular and plural: Ssoyizwv 'Iap\^i'\8ao ' xzk., zwv AydOiO'j /7a[^]aiv 7[7r7r]a[/);f]or, \^F]cXapyt(»ze': . zapayzi^ujv d.>ay-diiv^(^o':^ ^xdkt k'Z dvidtixw^'] [Ifsifi^iov' 2466. 2—8 \ivzcya>v. aKeiX[^ecXu'\Oiir^z£q apyovzoq T\_'.'\!io(TOi.i£t^ i.<; . \_E£'\>i)Xpizci> ; . . . . . 1749. 1—3; apyii\yzoi;'^ zd» i<pr^[dwv e^c . xtj zr^ ^jo^KtiXOeio'^zzq KaXX'.x\_p']^i.Z£0(; zcuv [^]^£t'[/5]wv £v zdy/ia d-eXr}Xoff6ze<; ix . (tO.oawMtq (zo'i^ Heol^) 1756, 1-4; zdypa 1757. 1—2). cipyovzo^ (cf. lipiou THE PARTICIPLE. The Circumstantial B. 4. The Circumstantial lowing relations a) Time fxerd ^AkaXxo/isvccu Tterpddi dmovrtx; 506. 1 Aajiarpiu) jU££i/()? ; duvafr/ov ap'^ovra jSs^dwv dvTtOelcTi 3055. 5 xarajSd'; . C 298. 40—41 xaTa,Sdl- ; 1739. 9 -iffei rdq aouyYpdtpio^ C dan^ xtj ; 15—19; otw- xa 3055. 8 ; rio^ avs-io/zev*? xofitrrdfjievot 2406. 8—9 xzl. duiTsliw^Oi, ; xara- ifj.;3d^ .... XP'-"~ dizidwxa ; 298. 3—7, ; [z-^]-' xd rj^ '^i rj 504. 1 509. 1 ; ; w^idec/.e ...]... 1—2; ....]... tkeudspiay 507. 1 lara/j.ivto oydorj dvdvyetXe 4136. . . ~po(Tzd^T^a^q T[di/ fol- : jizivoq : 518. 1 Participle. found expressing the is Participle 85 ; 2849. 5-7. b) Manner: JapAyeiTo^ Ziutkfv^ xai Aapw d^ridecrt dapwv lapdq Tcis Ftdia- douXai; Zapdizei, rdv d'i'ddstnv T:ni6p.tvoq rzT. M (hd TU) . .... Sevoxpdz'.i)^ dve}p ^:^?.6ffo Taideuwv^ (T-fuXd^diuv TU)"; [re i . . iv . . ru yupv^aatu drrrps^szrj tTep.y^uJ'^ 2849. 3-7; ^zi^Ooc; 09jxev dnocpdipevo? 1880. 5-6. Eu/dv ixxTeXirravn Aitovixru) C) Cause or occasion . . . ' : epyuij dvr' avSpsffffc dyadwv pvdp^ dvidr/xs •^opayiovreq vixdffavrt': 1794 rods Jiiuvuffat 350); 3211. 2; dviOeixav 3210. 2 ; dveffiruv (of delva) •j^opaysiaavTeq vixdaavreq AtojvixTin ^ Nsiip-qd-qz {(tnt6 a. ^ AX£^\q Ssvofikw lapsid^affa Bipizi 1816; lapstd^atra . . iTzeirxeoa^s . . . . dviOscxe AOavodwpa 2876 . . . Jdpojv EuapcSao ; " ap$aq xij I(rt, 'AvoOflc 3215. 1—2 (c/*. 3216); 2474. 1-2); 1834; T,h l-r.dzr, .... dvidiav 3087. 1—2; lapwvupoq, KaXX'i^ KXt^qviru) pvape'tov lapeirednaq lapdr.t, 2475. 1-3 (c/. ' , . . i/czaffavr^^ vixdaw^zoq Baniketa roc 1820); Niu)v Oio-: 552 (c. 350-300 MeXczujva l3uj?.dq EivMv EuSapoq zst tapov This use is 'Opolinyu) Apysddpw to dedication of monuments. 1819, dviOeixs pJ 6 -azr^p \_f\vi07jxs: d>zi(hizc zov [z«]r zov >6p(», pe\ -offscxovzl^a^ peiOvA ' confined cf. fiouiv douAnv ^apd^rrc^y zd> d'^dd£(Tiv Ttoidpevoq dtd zdq /^.^([^t'v] M 392; dv^riOsizC^ zov fcdcov diivXov MeXizwva iapov T£l lapd-t, pe] -oOixovza peifle'A, xzk. 1 C, Faffz<w[v^ao] dywvoOezti\_ .... 3091. 1-5; Mvdp' i-' 'Ohy£li'\da'. 6'avo[v]rj 1880 {ante a. 350). d) Purpose: B. M 393. Cf. 3318. 7-9 inscriptions expressing the occasion The main verb is sometimes omitted. of ; the- BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS. 86 3321. 3-4; 3336. 6-7; 3328. 6-7; 3329. 7-8; 3345. 3; 3349. 5-6; 3350. 4; 3357. 7; 3332. 4. So, after d^rcOstrr. nodr/.wffav 3081. 3. fie) TToOixovra 3080. 3 ; /jtej're . . . These participles, being in the present tense, express of themselves only an attendant circumstance, and get from the context a final force. Cf. liZLTa l[a\pog earu, fiel tvoO'ikuv fieidevl /leidiv 3083. 20, where the participle derives e) from the context an imperative The Condition. force. many Manumission inscriptions once the participle y£v6/i£vu<;: . . . 'Ayadei\_vyj'\ ac z« Tw? pidiwq dobXu)>z z[a] Cw££ 3314. 3303. 3—4; l^uxuvOi napaiisivavrar: xij r/j abrrj so lapdv ^«y[v7;z]( uurm .... Mtj^i^: ; d'^riOsizi (J delva) napafieivaffav dffauro 'Aypodtriai/ used with is participle Tzafja/j.etva^ conditional force in dvariOr/ZC [aJve^zXsi'rw? a So 3315. 5; 3321. 3; 3322. 7-8; 3. 3323. 6; 3324. 3; 3325. 3; 3328. 7; 3331. 8-9 (gen.); 3333. 4-5; 3344. 3; 3348. 4; 3352. 5; 3358. 3 3412. 2; ; ^ 2228. 4—6 AojIXd'z ; A\ Ti> 'Avdptxov Tzapp.eiva'.'Ta zu BaffiksTt 6 Tzareip Ttorira^e' 3083.5-13; euvow^y 7tapfj\_ij.Et.'^'jdvT£(n xrj ^ rdv paripa Tzdp rbv avrideiTi IpavrjU) ru fcdiov TpsftoMiu Oepdnovra lapov el/iev^ Adavodwpav Fina dixa^ xaOwi; elfiev de [ab~\Tin-; tti'£[^]x/££Vo[jc] navekeudepiav y[^e^vo,uivo[i;, xrX. 1780. 6-9. In 2873. 5-6, an inscription of Coronea, imperative form Trapa/ieivd [to>] 61: avroi^ fwf [av : Cf. 6e 7) t'l na ndOei ' ) the find 'E (!) corresponding re] elvai HevOEplpjv. ^ AvdpuviKog rbv nepLTTov xpovov Trap 3083. 16-20. Adaiwddjpa, napfiEvl Au'iAov [£]7r f we (uaiv, ktTi, Any Attendant Circumstance, the participle being simply descriptive. In two inscriptions of Thebes, containing ings, the participle exov is used Zxdna-;: laffniv e^uxrav ypouaidtov did lists of votive offer- merely in the sense of 'with': pirruj, SC. dviOeixe, 2420. 19—20; Tapa^vTlvov ^pdp.^p.ar' £/"v 2421. 4; 'Apctrrco Ta.pavr~ivov ~a\_pT:dp(pupov, ^d^fifiar' T7J [^iv ^X"[.^1 TzdXc ibid. .... 11. 4—5, 7—10; dv£\p «[?] t<55' ayaX/j' '[ [i]v^^a^£ tC*^]') dpdovrc *T£[ ^'^sitrd/isvo^ ^\oddda^ (ante a. 350). Circumstantial participles x«[ 1670 combined: i-KtSei • . dv£\p (pc^Xoffo^o^ i:ap£.]^£IT SevoxpdrttK Ma.x£^d(bv i-7 . TTida/j.icDv [^v T7j TzdXc, ra? iTzidi^i^-: T:t)C£t(rd,ti£\/()- £ti(5«[cw? xij £U7Tpe7Ta)q, m iv . . . Tu yo;xv'\a/Tiu (TynXd()8(uv 2849. 3-7. z(uq [r£ i^zijdu)^ -aidzbuiv, (T£!J.'\vu)q dffrpi- THE PARTICIPLE. The 87 Case Absolute. Participle with Genitive Absolute. 5. The Genitive Absolute occurs frequently, chiefly in certain fixed phrases in decrees or other documents. Such are: 1) d el TO) a V Nty-oXdu) ' ap^avroq. cipyovTO'^ ibid. Api(TZi(ovO'^ 16 1. a. 'ETZcxDudeiw 350); 2418. 5 ; up^ovro'^ ibid, ['A^ysifTtvLxuj ; 20 (355-346 B.C.); 2526 {ante Kopwviwq 2724. 1 (c. 1. afiyovror EdpLetXio lipxavroc; a. 315); Elpiao ap'/o'^TO^ 505. 1 ; 506. 1, and regularly at the beginning of the Proxeny Decrees of Tanagra, 504-531 ; 2809-2832 (c. 250- 200 B. c.) 2781-2789 ; 2715-2721 ; ; 3166, 3167, 3168, 31 69, 3173, 3174, 3175, 3176, 3178, 3180, 3181, etc. But ^p^ovmSo Aid^ 'EXeula/Mao 3207 (after a dedication), 3208. 'EncriXeo^ ap^ovro-: 2464 (late). ijovr o q r w dsTva, or the like, in giving of ofl&cers. acpsSpiaztoovnov MsXawcoi; NcxoxXelo-: 0spc(o<^t'^ 2) Yp a . ppar e names 'Ep^ofi£viw, xtX. (6 other reuovToi^ AtoxXslo- 3207; KaXovixw KXiaQebio^^ dovToc IIpoTZTzidao names in the genitive), ypappa- TzoXepap'/^iovTuyv Aapo^iMU) IIpo-Knidao, Jafioyapcdao, ypafifiarid2813. 3-6. Same formula in UoXiooya.pt.o': Aa.rj.(^o):c{vu) 2809-2832, 2781-2789, 2715-2720. TU) d eTv a,\xi Manumission 3) TT ap CO VT u inscriptions. (: ^ li^aptovToi: , . . oviw haXXi\_xpdT'^ior xij aouveuaorrj (piXwM 3329. 3—4; ru) Ap'.(TTo\_xX£2t. z]tj du^xiov^ro^ 3309. 8-11; Kapi\_o\vTO'; 3317. 2-3; 3381. 2; aoo'jtobuxiovrvjv 4) X 5J Tt o Xi 5-6; 507. p.u} 5, XTj i p dv aq and regularly Same formula, i (h aa q xr^ zmv 504. 4 oulihv ; 3301. 505. 6 ; 4. 506. Proxeny Decrees of Tanagra. in 3166. 8; 2407. 10-11; 2848. 7-8; 2849. xr[\ Ipdvaz i(hf!a\q XTj -oXifxu) 2861. 6; X7j 11-12; 2863. 3; lovToq TtoXi[j.io xij xTj etpd'^aq 280. ipdvaq, TtoXificu'] xrj \xrj xard . 6-7; 2862. 3; 4259. 10-11; 2869. 5 (c/*. § 9. 23. b)). . . Besides in these phrases, the Genitive Absolute is occasionally found expressing the various relations of the Circum6. stantial Participle, as nap0ivaq,e(TT(o . . . Time: 3377.12; el ivrcde). 8i xa yewdiret loupiva e-c Zmaaq iTTcOepivio rw 8d\_!iw .... 2406. 1. Cause or occasion: d'\7:ijvi^ev [^/]'5<5'[;^]r)C twv TroXe/idp^iov TzoTra^dvTiuv 1737. 12 and 14; rol 'A-6XXu)>i zdv zpiTtoda dviOecav Boiwzo\ liavzeoaaiiivu) inid£\ zw xai d-o86vzoq zdv dyaddv fiavzeiav 0eu> inei/'a^izzazu 6 ddfioe; . ... xij 2724. 2-3 ; ooza Fefuxovoaetovzwv zmv BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS. 88 Tw TTdXefj.dfj'^w^ xij C aTzadovroq za rajuLcao ttot' Omission of The 7. Participle to o-> Absolute in the phrase ^ oedo^Orj ro dd/io' AxpTqt 6pirr]^a^\'rtov ovroi^. {loyra^) is 8er^a dpyw, ru> .... y^fjs.iij.ara ^ 11—28; "Opta A [w]7ri;wv Ihnw\Tibv-] 2792; 2383. 10-14. 295. omitted in the Genitive which is regularly used Manumission inscriptions of Chaeronea that are written the Boeotian dialect: Me-^efiwXaj dpyjh 3301. 1. So 3302, 3303, in those in 3304, 3305, 3309, 3314, 3317, 3318, 3319, 3320, 3329, 3349, 3350, 3352, 3356, 3365, 3377, 3379, 3381, 3386, 3398. In the inscriptions of Chaeronea written in the common dialect/ we lind usually dp;<^oj^rof tov (hlva and this form occurs in two of the inscriptions in the Boeotian dialect, 3346 and 3355. The form roii ()dva (rw dslva) apxovTog ; occurs in four inscriptions in the in the Boeotian, 3313, 3315, 3348. KOLvij, 3332, 3345, 3382, 3412, and in three The phrase rw delva apxu does not occur elsewhere in the Boeotian inscriptions except in those of Chaeronea. In the remaining inscriptions, rw Se'iva ap^ovrog is commonly employed, occasionally apxovTog tu (hlva. Cf. supra 5. 1). 8. "OvTdi; is also omitted in an inscription of Acraephia, in the phrase 'OvoupAffTw Ni/m'/mUo Bziaintlo' ijAvzwr 2724 od fin. In the other inscriptions in which the 2724a, 2724b, fiavrevofiivu C. used : name of the 9. is found with The Supplementary X h p I 6 : £:'//£, (id fi7l.)', Binwzu)'^ 280. e'(TZ(u given, 2723, 2724a ad fin. Participle. in indirect discourse, diazslioj, 'continue,' and with iTTidrj ifrzi z7j tt6Xi l\ C 283. 2-3 {cf. C 295. 48-49 and OeorjyatTzo'; euvon^ iwv Scaze^/.^I zol xmvol kx Tpoyo^/io'^ iTTj^e^i] 1—3; o la.pth': xij 'am,' 'am authorized': twoia Tp«[^ij]T:dpyw(ra §13. 6 elp.t, fiavrtg is pavrevo/uivu ^Ofvpdarcj, ktX. Not in Indirect Discourse. The Supplementary Participle, not I. (I is euy\^p'\ti(Tziw\y'^ zh lapo-pyrj xij diaze/.\l.'^ 2383. 15-18; xoopw: zh ffoOvedpo aouXibvzsq 3200. 13-14 (so regularly in the xi^ dapLiaxr/zei; Manumission inscriptions of Orchomenus, 3198-3204). II. In Indirect Discourse. The Supplementary Participle, in indirect discourse, is found after verbs of appearing and proclaiming, the tense of the 10. Participle representing the tense of the Indicative in the direct • 3310, 3312, 3321, 3322, 3323, 3324, .332.5, 3326, 3328, etc. NEGATIVES. discourse: wv 07zu>q 16-18; d xij rw^ \_Ti/i]iw(Ta [7r]«[vTa? . -o/uq . . ^5jV£[:ri}] ayaOth .] 89 iuxra suydpi[^(Tzo'\q xrj [r: Tzoiio^raz ahza\y 2383. xij Id/uyo'- ' aiz\j>'\/.apo^aTU) . . . Etzitihoc; iXeuOepa [o(jr]a t« (Tw^/i^ara d^civra iv 'AaxXa7:ltec],n 1780. 19-25. A'a^.Xixpdrr^'; xi] xar [r]«i/ ardhv^ zdv Euru-j^()\> Note. The present participle aq>uvTa, after anoKapv^aru. represents the perpetual present of the direct discourse: EiVt);j;of CKpiein. V. §12. 2. § 1 6. Negatives. 1. The negative hut' .... auOiv particle 00 does not occur.' occur once as simple negatives of fact, 3171. 33. ooze once again, where the context is fragmentary, 1739. 16-18. 2. The fj.ec is used to express a negation thought of. It is found A. with the Subjunctive: (1) in final clauses: iT:i!J.ik£ negative particle — as willed or oTTttfc iiei clauses: di (rj xa) dtaypdil'ei clauses: /ie\ . . . dTTootoac ixti iOeXsc o xij 3392. ddixitovdrj 8i xa r/ . 3173. . C . 2. 6-7. a 295. . ;ie\ kaffeipsy So 3198-3204, 3083. 21-25; iie\ C 295. 154; di conditional [,«]££ xazaiSei^diov dyzi6e\_tzt B. with the Infinitive: . 159;' l^ in (3) . conditional in (2) 7:6Xt<; 8k . . adtxeU-r} dduifiev . xa] fie} relative 3055. 5. 2228. 7-8. p.si8ha ouzwq 4136. 3-4. C. with the Participle: iiei is used with the participle in the phrase occurring in certain decrees of Manumission, p£i0£vc, as Eivio^^ 'Apyeddpuj di'[z{0£czt^ rov douXov MeXiTutva iapov zel Zapdnt^ pe) Tzodixovza pstOsv}, TLoOetxovza li£\ fi'htiv M xzX. 393. The participle here takes the negative v. § 15. 4. d). expresses the will of the subject of the sentence, though For other examples, because fiei indirectly. it Cf. imra 'i[a]pb( icru, pel ttoOikuv pciOevl peiBev 3083. 20-21. D. with the Imperative: pei dr.oypaififfdu) After a general negative, compound strengthening or a distributive force pet 3. : C 298. 46-47. negatives have r.oOixir^za peize a auzei The absence of ov is due to the fact that the inscriptions, being mainly composed of decrees, dedications, legal documents, etc. (v. List of In' scriptions classified according to subject matter), have occasion for the negative of will, rather than that of fact. oi'K is read by Dittenberger in 2383. 10 and 12. 2 For the use of pel in this sentence, v. § 13. 5. BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS. go Sdojvt iitire aXXei [/z]ef^c/; xard /leiOiva -pnnov 3080. fieidiva ofWoj^ 4. As 4136. 3-4 negative conj unctions, id !j.s i xaTa8ouXirra(T-ri ; !i.e\ dStxT/uisv and, with correlative force, found: /i£; i^el/iev 3201. 7; 3198-3204. fi £ neize lieizz 3—4 3198-3204. ; ai'C fxeideA i r e fieidk iipdnrecTTi may be twice re- peated, thus connecting three members of a sentence fj-eire (Pdkw noffixtofTav //et're rDc xXapuvofiu^ abrdr; fieire aXXti fieideA xard /leidi-^a : Tp6-ov 3081. 3-4 3080. 3-4 supra). a negative phrase with (c/. To connect other parts of the sentence, not negatived, zry pei and fj.£\...8i are used: d\'zi0£']vTc Tov fidiov Foxirav xr; iJ.e\ iaffelfxev iietOev\ 3198. 3. lapu-^ el/iev 5. . . So in 3199-3204; . . . . 4136. 1-4). uti iaffsTfiev ds ddixe-iffj) fieiden 2228. 7-8. After //e'l ... Si, the positive part of the sentence may be resumed with di, as in 3083. 21-25: //et ^fftreTpLev dk (cf. ^ xaradouXtTTaffOr] So also after duairj':. ouTwz ['5]? fxtidsvi, 'A'/Sf)'.xdv p.s x-q i, 8k Avdptxov pel xTj XeiriupyTptv ddixipev psidiva h zrj<; ourwq. dyipipev, xrX. 4136. 3-4. §17. Conjunctions. Asyndeton. In conventional or legal language the conjunctions connecting two or more names may be omitted, as Ihwiwv, Mdarw: Tol ^laptivioi w^idtav 2455 (6th cent.?) ; Edav8pida<; Bafftxpi-a 1. Compare ' 2228. 2—5 'Aprdpidc AcJTZupav Uaffcxpira ibid. 11. 5-6). Trpo^i'^w: slpe^ (c/l a<w- xa 8d)ujv6i Euav8pi8a<: xij In the Proxeny Decrees usage varies. .... (PiXoxpdryjv ZuJiXu), Brjpapivrjv Aaparpiw, 518. 3-5 (so 523, three names, and 1728, four names) and 1722. 3-4 (three names connected by ziy's), 513, 3-4 and 519. 5-6 (two names with x-q), 1665. 1. Cf. 3372. 4-5 A-oXXoifd'^-qv \\0a'M)8(',ruj and 3376. 17 In {xot.yj). of objects dedicated, asyndeton occurs, especially if they are many, as 'Qxo06a dffrpaydXu)': -irrapa^, ff-pol^iXov, pdaTiya, pa^M,- XT) MivavSpoq 8at8a, dpyoupia 2420. 21-23 ; 2421. 6-7 {cf. T.i8iffxa- \dp'\xi)opia-: 2420. 26-28, 19-21). yttpiTziSar: xij 2. lists . . . Polysyndeton. 3. as xrj An elpev aortx; yd-: dffouXtav xij accumulation of xij zoXipto zd aXXa ndvza . . xr^ ^xi] . z ' 55 s is found ful^xta-: £7r7ta](Ttv ipdva^ l'\u)ffa in the xij xij Proxeny Decrees, fifforiXiav xard ydv 531. 4 sqq. (cf. 3201). xij xij datpdXia'/ xij xard OdXarrav, CONJUNCTIONS. 91 A. Coordinating Conjunctions. I. n. Copulative Conjunctions. (xai) in its ordinary connective use, exempla jmssiin, e. g. 4136. Z5J is also used often to emphasize particular Avords, as o~u)c; ujv X 1. ri a xTj T ^ 2. . . . la\fjdpyri . . s d'JtXindrj 8iaYpdil>a,y0ri C 3. C , . -£ -I) x-q. lapele-: 3080. 5-6 lieilofisvor; 298. 44-46. zdv rs Te[) xi/ 3081. 6-7 ; tw ; n.p.wiOutopov In the following example, xf^ twt to the position of re: ffvyypaipov . . . . /.r^ zdr, b-zpap.spia'z 295. 18-22. and,' with a certain stately emphasis, the Proxeny Decrees. So regularly, xy) -oXipM xij and xij xard ydv xij xard ddXarrav', lesS often xij auruv ... X1J, 'both x-q . . . in frequent cpdva': idi/rac iyyo'^w: 393. xij . x-q . an anacoluthon in regard is KuXsiidpyiw: is , to rr -podioupov iTZ£ffx£ba^t xa) dvideixs 2876. 1-adfin.; there . twv uXXiov 6 zr^ .... ^Adavodwna infra). {v. OV T XTj . 2383. 16-17, SO especially with -o'A:? ^7jvc[;r>j], xtX. other conjunctions 6-7; 2862. 2; and once xij ydz xr^ bxia-- "i-r.-aavj 393. 7-8. 4. 5y Tj^i occurs once in a metrical inscription: 'Ap.(pdXxei^ KizuXot r^d' k-\ Jsp/j.uc 579 (cmte a. 350). <5c. [£] For negative connectives, 5. II. 1. v. Negatives, § 16. 4, 5. Disjunctive Conjunctions. e: (=^), 'or,' and repeated, si . . . sT, 'either . . . or.' ^ 8i xd r:c xa-adouXidds^OrTj el k M h klj^^^dvzs-: . . .] del Botujzwv fepip-ev [e]? el l~\ r.oXio^ 1739. 16 (the text of this passage is uncertain). III. \. Adversative Con juncti^'^-'ii bi and ds XTj. 8 i is 01 ten used in headings to mark the distinction between various officials, as Zwazpozu) apyovzo^ B(i\^c(ve~£ 8s TtoXtor; Ka\K\o\j.Xi8m)'\ 2390, Vaaziao apyot/zoq Bokozu^, ToTc], i.v 8k AstSadsiTj A6pxa})/(><; 3083. . . (c/. . h 8k 3067. 3-5; "Apyovzoq iv 'Epyop.evu dumpytu 298. 25-27. Ms'MHzan C Similarly, 3068. 1-2 fsXazcTj 8i also 3191. 3 sqq. 3178. 3174. 1-3; 18-19; 1); occurs as a simple connective, with slight adversative force, 1719. 9; C 295. 39, 59, 142; 4136. 6. For 8k XTj, 'and also,' v. C 295. 31; 1719. 7; 2383. 14; C 283. 5. 8i xa, V. Conditional Sentences, § 13. 5, where it will For be remarked that this is the regular introductory phrase. In rj several of the instances there cited (C 298. 48; C 295. 154; BOEOTIAN DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS. 92 3300. 11; 3198. 4; 3080. 4; 3081. 4) the context shows that there a direct opposition to a command just expressed or implied. In the others the adversative force of fU' is less marked. is For ^n\ di xa,v. Conditional Relative Sentences, §13. lu 6. these cases, di gives a slight adversative force. all dim For v. negative sentences, Negatives, § 16. 4, 5. In the early grave-stone inscription, KaXXia Alyi(0)()tn<)' rh o' eo di conuects the imperative with the 7rpd(7[ B. C 298. 33—34. Subordinating Conjunctions. IV. Declarative Conjunctions. 1. oTi, 'that,' introduces Indirect Discourse after (pa^jzpov iazi: ortioT wv favspov I'ec, drt zdv opu'^oiav diatpuXdm rd'^ ix rdJv Tzpoydviov Tzapdodz'iaav dsdo^fffj Tol ' a -Koltq t:ot HyofTOs-ytrdiov tzoXv^ rd'^ li(ps:io>'^, 283. 8-11. ddpMi' V. Causal Conjunctions. iTTidei. This, the only causal conjunction that occurs, always used in the preamble of decrees or resolutions, in the sense 'whereas." The tenses employed are the aorist, for 1. is particular past acts, and the present and perfect for general present conditions, on which the decree is based. When the preamble is a long one, it is sometimes strengthened by a purpose clause with onw<; iuv inserted between the i - d e i-c\axx&e and 1 its . . apodosis, . .... dsdo'/Orj, as in the ^eoepyerimv diaTsAl d(fijXe o;ra»c u)v xij .... In a TzdXiq ...]... d\k'\ iT:idt\ .... d-rrodedoavOt xij ineiliaipiTTaTo KoXipapyu ^ Cf. Ev^mXoz C a ibid. ifXTC . . . el/zev ddp.i)';^ 11. Herwerden, . C . . . ,-ving sentence: .... 7. . 283. 2-11 rf/lT xt] d't ; »ut' dyetXsrrj niiTidedopi\>(>v . "IItt'\-cov . . [ . . . i-!:tds.\ . C . , «A/' dziyc 298. 29-36 . . . x-^ dedoyOrj r]'3 TiiJMv dtdoydrj 25^58. . . .... dtar£X\j~\ 2406. 1-11; i-ide\ decp.i<^(nc, 295. 11-12; . . i7:cde\ \ldd'^eC\(!z zby\^p'\s.i(rTiu>\_.''] eoydpi^trrii'^z iuxra ^peitripi'j(; xexdiuarT] . xi^ ddpn 2383. 2-19; so also, Jrjdd/.iu f*-"' 2-4; .... i~>.de\ ; [av«];'zarT[^£]> to 43-47. p. 76. Here, the fTr/Jf/'-clause is continued by two genitives absolute instead of by successive finite verbs, as in the previous example. '^ (v. § ir>. 6) CONJUNCTIONS. 93 VL Final Conjunctions. V. Final Sentences, § 13. 4. VII. Conditional Conjunctions. V. Conditional Sentences, §13.5. VIII. Comparative Conjunctions. 1. xaOdrz - (), 'even as.' This, tlie most exact of comparatives, is regularly used in the formal language of the Proxeny Decrees in the phrase: xrj raXXa — avra xaOdnsp r«?t alXotq Trptt^-voc!; xrj eospysTTj^' 504. 4-5; 505. 7; 506. 6-7; 507. 5-6; 508. 4-5, etc. There is an ellipsis of y iy paTcz-q, which is rarely expressed xaOd-sp is often strengthened by xtj, (529. 5; 3166. 9-10). — xaOd-£p a'AAoj? 'even as also':^ \y^ XTj, TZpo^i'^uq 1723, 1724, etc., xij C aXka. nd'^ra, enzpyizTj^ yiypa~rrj 3166. xaOdTzsp xij ro:- 9-10; 526. 6; 1722, 283. 13. xadd xyj^'as also,' in the same phrase as above: rj^vra xaOd aUug -po^ivo^ 4128. 11-12 (with yiypanrtj); 280. 6-7; 1721 ()£i 1780. 17-18. ad fin.', and xadd: xaOd Eutu'/oz dn 2. TUs xij . 3. xadwc;, Kapii-zha'^ra — 'as,' xaQiwz 'according 6 -orira^s -aT£\p w/iypa(^>a'/ xaOioq tTZOst/ra'^dt) . . . . as,' (in official C 3083. 295. 4-5. x or legal language): 4137. 4-6; 12-13; a u) ': x a: /.a6 xa Ti)Z (TU'^iS^pv' doxel 1719. 5. IX. Tem[)oral Conjunctions. F. Conditional Relative Sentences, § 13. 6. 1 Instead of Kadanep in this phrase we find twice the indefinite relative ndvTa oTToTTa la) rDf aXTivg 523. 19-20; 3167. 14-15; and twice the ondtToQ, — definite odof, 2 K>} — rravra van [«]?) ro?f 7MtTroic 4259. 12-15; una alone, as a comparative particle, Dittenberger's note ad loc. is k?/ tvc aAAV(; 2708. 6. read by Meister in 3708. 6, cf. o n ns % PLEASE CARDS OR DO NOT REMOVE SLIPS UNIVERSITY FROM THIS OF TORONTO POCKET LIBRARY

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